10/28/2014Cathodic protection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cathodic protection From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cathodic Protection (CP) is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell.[1] A simple method of protection connects protected metal to a more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode. The sacrificial metal then corrodes instead of the protected metal. For structures such as long pipelines, where passive galvanic cathodic protection is not adequate, an external DC electrical power source is used to provide sufficient current. Cathodic protection systems protect a wide range of metallic structures in various environments. Common applications are: steel water or fuel pipelines and storage tanks such as home water heaters; steel piers piles; ship and boat hulls; offshore oil platforms and onshore oil well casings; and metal reinforcement bars in concrete buildings and structures. Another common application is in galvanized steel, in which a sacrificial coating of zinc on steel parts protects them from rust. Aluminium sacrificial anodes (light colored rectangular bars) mounted on a steel jacket structure. Cathodic protection can, in some cases, prevent stress corrosion cracking. Contents 1 History Zinc sacrificial anode (rounded object) screwed to the underside of the hull of a small boat. 2 Types 2.1 Galvanic 2.2 Impressed current systems 0:00 MENU Pronunciation of the word "Cathodic" 3 Applications 3.1 Pipelines 3.2 Ships and boats 3.3 Marine 3.4 Steel in concrete 3.5 Internal cathodic protection 3.6 Galvanized steel 3.7 Automobiles 4 Testing 5 Problems 5.1 Production of hydrogen ions 5.2 Cathodic disbonding 5.3 Cathodic shielding http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 1/12 Wikipedia. The first application was to the HMS Samarang [3] in 1824. so the two metals must have a good electrically conductive contact. a galvanic anode. For effective cathodic protection. showing corrosion. when corroding. a piece of a more electrochemically "active" metal. It would be 100 years after Davy's experiment before cathodic protection was used widely on oil pipelines in the United States[5] — cathodic protection was applied to steel gas pipelines beginning in 1928[6] and more widely in the 1930s. so cathodic protection was not used further. Polarization of the target structure is caused by the electron flow from the anode to the cathode. Galvanic sacrificial anode attached to At that stage.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 2/12 .[4] Thomas Edison experimented with impressed current cathodic protection on ships in 1890. Faraday discovered the quantitative connection between corrosion weight loss and electric current and thus laid the foundation for the future application of cathodic protection. protected surface is removed. However.[7] Types Galvanic In the application of passive cathodic protection. the driving force for the corrosion reaction with the the hull of a ship. The driving force for the cathodic protection current is the difference in electrode potential between the anode and the cathode. The galvanic anode continues to corrode.[8] http://en. Copper. who continued his research after Davy's death. a side effect of the cathodic protection was to increase marine growth. the Royal Navy decided that it was better to allow the copper to corrode and have the benefit of reduced marine growth. Since excess marine growth affected the performance of the ship.wikipedia. Davy was assisted in his experiments by his pupil Michael Faraday. consuming the anode material until eventually it must be replaced. releases copper ions which have an anti-fouling effect. Galvanic anodes are selected because they have a more "active" voltage (more negative electrode potential) than the metal of the target structure (typically steel). the free encyclopedia 6 Standards 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History Cathodic protection was first described by Sir Humphry Davy in a series of papers presented to the Royal Society[2] in London in 1824. is attached to the vulnerable metal surface where it is exposed to an electrolyte.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection . but was unsuccessful due to the lack of a suitable current source and anode materials. In 1834. Sacrificial anodes made from iron attached to the copper sheath of the hull below the waterline dramatically reduced the corrosion rate of the copper. the potential of the steel surface is polarized (pushed) more negative until the surface has a uniform potential. wind power or gas powered thermoelectric generators.1 Mill scale on Steel -0.5 to -0.6 Commercially Pure Magnesium -1.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection .5 Cast iron (not graphitized) -0. magnesium and aluminium. Potential with respect to a Cu:CuSO4 Metal reference electrode in neutral pH environment (volts) Carbon.8 Commercially pure aluminium -0.5 Mild steel (rusted) -0.Wikipedia. ASTM International publishes standards on the composition and manufacturing of galvanic anodes. mixed metal oxide. Graphite. For pipelines. such as solar panels. impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems are used.2 Copper.8 Aluminium alloy (5% zinc) -1.2 to -0. graphite. 0.1 Magnesium Alloy (6% Al. or where electrolyte resistivity is high. The table below shows a simplified galvanic series which is used to select the anode metal. These consist of anodes connected to a DC power source.75 Impressed current systems For larger structures. alternative power sources may be used. brass. platinum and niobium coated wire and other materials. Common anodes are tubular and solid rod shapes or continuous ribbons of various materials. the free encyclopedia Galvanic or sacrificial anodes are made in various shapes and sizes using alloys of zinc.15% Mn) -1.2 High Silicon Cast Iron -0.05 Zinc -1. more negative) electrode potential than that of the cathode (the target structure to be protected).[11] The anode must be chosen from a material that is lower on the list than the material to be protected.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 3/12 . http://en. In the absence of an AC supply. often a transformerrectifier connected to AC power.2 Mild steel in concrete -0. anodes are arranged in groundbeds either distributed or in a deep vertical holes depending on several design and field condition factors including current distribution requirements.3 Platinum 0 to -0.2 Lead -0.wikipedia. These include high silicon cast iron. In these cases. galvanic anodes cannot economically deliver enough current to provide protection. the anode must possess a lower (that is. bronze -0. Coke +0.[12][13] Anodes for ICCP systems are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. 3% Zn.[9][10] In order for galvanic cathodic protection to work.5 Mild steel (clean) -0. A source of DC taps on the transformer windings and jumper terminals to select electric current is used to help drive the voltage output of the ICCP system. but this depends on several factors. including remote monitoring and control. The output of the ICCP system should be optimised to provide enough current to provide protection to the target structure. This is often the case on smaller diameter pipelines of limited length.Wikipedia. integral current interrupters and various type of electrical enclosures. The choice of groundbed type and size depends on the application.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection . The positive DC output terminal would be connected via cables to the anode array.wikipedia. Some Simple impressed current cathodic cathodic protection transformer-rectifier units are designed with protection system.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 4/12 . applications are made with solid state circuits to automatically adjust the operating voltage to maintain the optimum current output or structure-to-electrolyte potential. The AC power cable is connected to the rectifier input terminals. or array of anodes buried in the ground (the anode groundbed). The DC power source would typically have a DC output of up to 50 amperes and 50 volts. such as the size of the pipeline and coating quality. the free encyclopedia Cathodic protection transformer-rectifier units are often custom manufactured and equipped with a variety of features.[15] Analog or digital meters are often installed to show the operating voltage (DC and sometime AC) and current output. An ICCP system for a pipeline consists of a DC power source. often an AC powered transformer rectifier and an anode. location and soil resistivity.[18] http://en.[16] An air cooled cathodic protection rectifier connected to a pipeline.[17] The output of the DC source is then adjusted to the optimum level after conducting various tests including measurements of electrode potential. while another cable would connect the negative terminal of the rectifier to the pipeline.[14] The rectifier output DC positive cable is connected to the anodes. Applications Pipelines Hazardous product pipelines are routinely protected by a coating supplemented with cathodic protection. It is sometimes more economically viable to protect a pipeline using galvanic anodes. surrounded by conductive coke and backfilled. preferably through junction boxes to allow measurements to be taken. Anodes can be installed in a groundbed consisting of a vertical hole backfilled with conductive coke (a material that improves the performance and life of the anodes) or laid in a prepared trench. The output DC negative terminal is connected to the structure to be protected by the cathodic protection system. Cathodic protection the protective electrochemical transformer-rectifier units for water tanks and used in other reaction. ICCP system are often designed with multiple independent zones of anodes with separate cathodic protection transformer-rectifier circuits. For shore structures and other large complex target structures. it is a simple task to replace the galvanic anodes. jetties. and architecture. for example aluminium hulls with steel fixtures will create an electrochemical cell where the aluminium hull can act as a galvanic anode and corrosion is enhanced.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 5/12 .[22] If the steel fixtures are large.[20] Smaller vessels. Ship ICCP anodes are flush-mounted. In cases like this. Some ships may require specialist treatment. Ships and boats Cathodic protection on ships is often implemented by galvanic anodes attached to the hull and ICCP for larger vessels. Sometimes marine structures require retroactive modification to be effectively protected [24] Steel in concrete The application to concrete reinforcement is slightly different in that the anodes and reference electrodes are usually embedded in the concrete at the time of construction when the concrete is being poured. The current density required for protection is a function of velocity and considered when selecting the current capacity and location of anode placement on the hull. Galvanic anodes are favored. The anode cables are introduced into the ship via a compression seal fitting and routed to the DC power source. aluminium or zinc galvanic anodes can be used to offset the potential difference between the aluminium hull and the steel fixture.Wikipedia. Marine Marine cathodic protection covers many areas. a DC power supply is provided within the ship and the anodes mounted on the outside of the hull. For ICCP on ships. with non-metallic hulls. minimizing the effects of drag on the ship. specialized firms are often required to engineer structure-specific cathodic protection systems.[23] but ICCP can also often be used. several galvanic anodes may be required. such as yachts.wikipedia. composition.[19] Galvanic anodes are generally shaped to reduced drag in the water and fitted flush to the hull to also try to minimize drag. offshore structures. The usual technique for concrete buildings. The variety of different types of structure leads to a variety of systems to provide protection. are equipped with galvanic anodes to protect areas such as lower unit.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection . harbors. or even a small ICCP system.[25] but there are http://en. Because of the wide variety of structure geometry. Since ships are regularly removed from the water for inspections and maintenance. The white patches visible on the ship's hull are zinc block sacrificial anodes. and located a minimum 5 ft below the light load line[21] in an area to avoid mechanical damage. the free encyclopedia Water pipelines of various pipe materials are also provided with cathodic protection where owners determine the cost is reasonable for the expected pipeline service life extension attributed to the application of cathodic protection. The negative cable from the power supply is simply attached to the hull to complete the circuit. this application relies on a solid electrical connection between the anode and the item to be protected. As with all galvanic cathodic protection. bridges and similar structures is to use ICCP. only areas very close to the zinc are protected. which are self-limiting and need no control. Galvanized coatings are quite durable in most environments because they combine the barrier properties of a coating with some of the benefits of cathodic protection. Galvanic systems offer the advantage of being easier to retrofit and do not need any control systems as ICCP does. For pipelines constructed from pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP). Automobiles http://en.[34] ICCP and galvanic systems can be used.the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode.Wikipedia.[29] For ICCP.[35] A common application of internal cathodic protection is water storage tanks. the free encyclopedia systems available that use the principle of galvanic cathodic protection as well. the techniques used for cathodic protection are generally as for steel pipelines except that the applied potential must be limited to prevent damage to the prestressing wire. This makes for a more complicated system and usually an automatically controlled DC power source is used. bolt or similar.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 6/12 . A simpler option is to use galvanic anodes. while using the electrochemical principle of cathodic protection. in a typical atmospherically exposed concrete structure such as a bridge.[32] To implement ICCP therefore requires very careful control to ensure satisfactory protection. the use of galvanic anodes for atmospherically exposed reinforced concrete structures is considered experimental. However. Cathodic protection requires the anode to be separate from the metal surface to be protected.[31] The steel wire in a PCCP pipeline is stressed to the point that any corrosion of the wire can result in failure.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection . If the zinc coating is scratched or otherwise locally damaged and steel is exposed. the principle is the same as any other ICCP system. whereas in the case of galvanizing. Galvanizing. the surrounding areas of zinc coating form a galvanic cell with the exposed steel and protect it from corrosion. This means that any area of the protected structure within the electrolyte can be protected. Galvanized steel Galvanizing generally refers to hot-dip galvanizing which is a way of coating steel with a layer of metallic zinc.[26][27][28] although in the UK at least. possibly with an option for remote monitoring and operation. pipelines and tanks which are used to store or transport liquids can also be protected from corrosion on their internal surfaces by the use of cathodic protection. This is a form of localized cathodic protection . the treatment is similar to that of any other buried or submerged structure.wikipedia. also resulting in failure. An additional problem is that any excessive hydrogen ions as a result of an excessively negative potential can cause hydrogen embrittlement of the wire. is not actually cathodic protection. there will be many more anodes distributed through the structure as opposed to an array of anodes as used on a pipeline.[30] For buried or submerged structures. a larger area of bare steel would only be protected around the edges. with an ionic connection through the electrolyte and an electron connection through a connecting cable. Hence.[33] Internal cathodic protection Vessels. The failure of too many wires will result in catastrophic failure of the PCCP. Problems Production of hydrogen ions A side effect of improperly applied cathodic protection is the production of atomic hydrogen. and factory applied single or multiple solid film coatings. Interpretation of electrode potential measurements to determine the potential at the interface between the anode of the corrosion cell and the electrolyte requires training[41] and cannot be expected to match the accuracy of measurements done in laboratory work. Under normal conditions. with some coatings affected more than others.Wikipedia.[44] The degree of disbonding is also reliant on the type of coating. the free encyclopedia Several companies market electronic corrosion control devices for automobiles and trucks. The methods are described in EN 13509:2003 and NACE TM0497 along with the sources of error[40] in the voltage that appears on the display of the meter. are small enough to pass through the crystalline steel structure. Cathodic disbonding occurs rapidly in pipelines that contain hot fluids because the process is accelerated by heat flow. Hydrogen atoms. Cathodic shielding was first defined in the 1980s as being a problem.[42] leading to its absorption in the protected metal and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement of welds and materials with high hardness. The systems are not effective[36] and in 1996.[47] Protective electric current from the cathodic protection system is blocked or shielded from reaching the underlying metal by the highly resistive film backing. however. the atomic hydrogen will combine at the metal surface to create hydrogen gas. http://en.wikipedia.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection . which cannot penetrate the metal.[45] Cathodic protection systems should be operated so that the structure does not become excessively polarized. This phenomenon occurs because of the high electrical resistivity of these film backings. the FTC in the USA fined David McCready and ordered him to pay $200. Cathodic disbonding This is a process of disbondment of protective coatings from the protected structure (cathode) due to the formation of hydrogen ions over the surface of the protected material (cathode).org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 7/12 .[46] since this also promotes disbonding due to excessively negative potentials. and technical papers on the subject have been regularly published since then.[38][39] Testing Electrode potential is measured with reference electrodes.000 in consumer redress and stop marketing and selling his “Rust Evader" electronic corrosion control for cars. shrinkable pipeline sleeves.[43] Disbonding can be exacerbated by an increase in alkali ions and an increase in cathodic polarization. and lead in some cases to hydrogen embrittlement.[37] Systems marketed since that time are no more effective. Silver/silver chloride/seawater electrodes or pure zinc electrodes are used for seawater applications. Copper-copper sulphate electrodes are used for structures in contact with soil or fresh water. Cathodic shielding Effectiveness of cathodic protection (CP) systems on steel pipelines can be impaired by the use of solid film backed dielectric coatings such as polyethylene tapes. Requirements for Corrosion Control .1.Cathodic Protection Design .Transportation of hazardous liquids by pipelines: US minimum federal safety standards AS 2832.Evaluating Cathodic Disbondment resistance of coatings DNV-RP-B401 ." Cathodic shielding is referenced in a number of the standards listed below. Standards 49 CFR 192. impressed current from the CP system cannot access exposed metal under the exterior coating to protect the pipe surface from the consequences of an aggressive corrosive environment. Newly issued USDOT regulation Title 49 CFR 192.112 (http://www.600 bbl (3.General principles of cathodic protection in sea water EN 12474:2001 .gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2009-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2009title49-vol3-sec192-112.gpo.3. G 42 .4 . The CP shielding phenomenon induces changes in the potential gradient of the CP system across the exterior coating.2. cautions against use of external coatings that create electrical shielding in section 5. With the development of this CP shielding phenomenon.wikipedia.Requirements for Corrosion Control . This produces an area on the pipeline of insufficient CP defense against metal loss aggravated by an exterior corrosive environment.pdf).Cathodic protection for submarine pipelines EN 12495:2000 .451 .Wikipedia.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection . is referred to as CP shielding. cautions against the use of materials that create electrical shielding in section 4.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 8/12 .9. Tapes and shrinkable materials EN 12473:2000 . the NACE SP0169:2007 standard defines shielding in section 2.Det Norske Veritas EN 12068:1999 .551 . Also. External organic coatings for the corrosion protection of buried or immersed steel pipelines used in conjunction with cathodic protection. in the section for Additional design requirements for steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operating pressure requires that "The pipe must be protected against external corrosion by a non-shielding coating" (see coatings section on standard).Cathodic protection. and instructs readers to take 'appropriate action' when the effects of electrical shielding of cathodic protection current are detected on an operating pipeline in section 10.2. the dielectric nature of the coating and the unique electrochemical environment established under the exterior coating.Cathodic protection for fixed steel offshore structures http://en.280 m3) spill from a Saskatchewan crude oil line contains an excellent definition of the cathodic shielding problem: "The triple situation of disbondment of the (corrosion) coating. which acts as a shield to the electrical CP current.Australian Standard for Cathodic Protection ASME B31Q 0001-0191 ASTM G 8.Transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline: US minimum federal safety standards 49 CFR 195. which are further pronounced in areas of insufficient or substandard CP current emanating from the pipeline's CP system. The combination of tenting and disbondment permits a corrosive environment around the outside of the pipe to enter into the void between the exterior coating and the pipe surface.3. the free encyclopedia A 1999 report[48] concerning a 20. Cathodic Protection NACE SP0169:2007 .org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 9/12 .Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems See also Anodic protection Sacrificial metal Wetting voltage Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cathodic protection.304 12. Cathodic Protection of Underground Pipe Lines from Soil Corrosion.Wikipedia. ^ Baeckmann.6 2.Cathodic protection for harbour installations EN 13509:2003 .Evaluation of a.Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems NACE TM 0497 .ca/minerals-metals/materialstechnology/picon/3149)) 8. ^ ASTM B418 . p. 10:3 4. API Proceedings. ^ Ashworth. ^ Roberge p. ^ Peabody p. ^ Ashworth 10:10 http://en.Cathodic protection of buried metallic tanks and related piping EN 14505:2005 .09 11.07 10.Protection against corrosion by stray current from direct current systems BS 7361-1:1991 . Schwenck & Prinz.Cathodic protection of buried or immersed metallic structures.Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures EN 12696:2012 .External cathodic protection of well casing EN 15280-2013 . ^ Peabody p. ^ Davy.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection . ^ ASTM B843 . 179 cited in Baeckman 6. cited in Ashworth 1994 3.12 5. ^ Robert J. the free encyclopedia EN 12499:2003 .Cathodic protection measurement techniques EN 13636:2004 .c. 14. Redox Notes 1.Cathodic protection for steel offshore floating structures EN 13174:2001 .Cathodic protection of complex structures EN 15112:2006 .nrcan. ^ Natural Resources Canada Retrieved 23 JAN 2012([1] (http://www. General principles and application for pipelines EN 13173:2001 . 1933. Kuhn. ^ Scherer.Cathodic protection of steel in concrete EN 12954:2001 . 38(27). p157 7. Nov.wikipedia. corrosion likelihood of buried pipelines EN 50162:2004 .871 9. Vol.gc. gov/news-events/press-releases/1996/07/rustevader-inventor-settles-ftc-charges) 38. ^ EN 12473:2000 Sect. ^ Peabody p. ^ NACE TM0497 Section 5. ^ Baeckmann. p.2. p. ^ Covino et al/ 27.nace.. the free encyclopedia 13. 11.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection .Wikipedia.5 32.com/books? id=baHwfLpWpP8C&pg=PA174).2 20.1 23. ^ BS 7361-1:1991 Sect.876 24. p. 5. ^ Transportation Safety Board of Canada References A. p. ^ Highways Agency Sect. ^ NACE International Paper 09043 48. ^ Peabody p.1. ^ Peabody p.2. ^ BS 7361-1:1991 Sect. ^ NACE RP0100-2000 Sect.22 17.233 16. ^ Baeckmann.168 46.ftc. 6. ^ Daily 28. pg 3-11 22. ^ Britton p. 912270 37. ^ EN 12499:2003 35. ^ Roberge p. ^ Ashworth et al 10:82 26. ^ Robert Baboian .4 34.4. ^ NACE TM0497 Section 1.2 21.W. 8. ^ CP Engineer Website (http://www. ^ NACE RP0100-2000 Sect.google. 6. ^ Roberge Sect. 174. ^ Ashworth et al 10:112 36. ^ Roberge p.SAE International Paper No.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 10/12 . ^ Gummow 33.886 44.37 47. NACE International.5 31.167 45. ^ Highways Agency Sect.880 14.32 19.3. July 2009. Schwenck & Prinz.132 18. ^ CP-2 Cathodic Protection Technician-Maritime Student Manual NACE International. ^ Baeckmann. 2001. 4. Peabody.1 30.aspx?id=367&__taxonomyid=225) 40. ^ NACE International Primer on car electronic protection (http://www.com/Corrosion. Schwenck & Prinz. ^ Peabody p. Schwenck & Prinz.8 41. 2.158 15.wikipedia. 4.8 29. Peabody's Control of Pipeline Corrosion. ^ Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion (https://books.cpengineer.html#CP_For_Cars) 39.2 42. at Google Books 43. ^ Highways Agency Sect. 5. ^ Federal Trade Commission Press Release (http://www.1. ^ Peabody p. http://en. p.Technical. 2nd Ed.1 25.org/StarterApps/Wiki/Dynamic. tsb..uk/dmrb/vol3/section3/ba8302. Cathodic Protection For Use In Reinforced Concrete Highway Structures.. August 1991 US Army Corps of Engineers. [4] (http://www.pdf) (Retrieved 2011-01-04) Daily.standardsforhighways. 1998 [3] (http://www.. Proceedings of the 5th Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference. NACE Conference Oct 1999. 912270 Robert Baboian.. 3rd Ed. NACE Materials Performance Feb 2000 EN 12473:2000 . Pierre R.3. Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems Transportation Safety Board of Canada.co. Schwenck & Prinz. Corrosion98.09 Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes Roberge. the free encyclopedia ISBN 1-57590-092-0 Davy. Sect. Using Cathodic Protection to Control Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Marine Environments (published in Port Technology International) Gummow.asp) (formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers) .A technical society based in the UK http://en. PA.org/) .Wikipedia.. Vol.asp) Britton. Warrendale. Roy.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection . L. 114. March 2002 UK Highways Agency BA 83/02.151.3.com/22pipelineretrofit. 2.org/library/corrosion/CP/Introduction.ca/eng/rapports-reports/pipeline/1999/p99h0021/p99h0021. Soc. Bernard S. 3rd Edition 1997. State of the Art in Automobile Cathodic Protection. Engineering manual 1110-2-2704. 1999 [2] (http://www. (1939) ASTM B843 . P-250. Jim.htm) Covino.stoprust.Introduction to Cathodic Protection Institute of Corrosion (http://www.nace. Performance of Zinc Anodes for Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Bridges. Oregon Dept of Transport & Federal Highway Administration. F. 12 July 2004 External links NACE International (http://events. Report Number P99H0021. RA. Corrosion Vol. Oil and Gas Journal. USA. 1994. Steven F. Phil. Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection. et al..org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 11/12 . H. Part 3.Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures NACE RP0100-2000 Cathodic Protection of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipelines BS 7361-1:1991 .07 Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for Cathodic Protection ASTM B418 . Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Handbook of Corrosion Engineering 1999 ISBN 0-07-076516-2 NACE International Paper 09043 Coatings Used in Conjunction with Cathodic Protection Shielding vs Non-shielding Coatings NACE International TM0497-2002.icorr.General principles of cathodic protection in sea water EN 12499:2003 .242 and 328 (1824) Ashworth V.Cathodic Protection SAE International Paper No.gc.wikipedia. ISBN 0-88415-056-9 Scherer. ISBN 0-7506-1077-8 Baeckmann. Corrosion Control of Municipal Infrastructure Using Cathodic Protection. Trans. nace. the free encyclopedia Glossary (http://events. http://en.uk/upload/pdf/cathodic_protection.Offshore specific cathodic protection methods Retrieved from "http://en.pdf) .wikipedia.10/28/2014 Cathodic protection .npl.php?title=Cathodic_protection&oldid=616911197" Categories: Chemical processes Corrosion prevention Hydrogen technologies This page was last modified on 14 July 2014 at 13:40.wikipedia.com/corrosion_control_methods_cathodic_protection.pdf) . additional terms may apply.. you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.112 (http://www.Cathodic Protection Theory and useful documents on Cathodic Protection Cathodic Protection 101 (http://www.gpo. a non-profit organization. a beginner's guide National Physics Laboratory (http://www.A comprehensive glossary of cathodic protection and corrosion terms Cathodic Protection (http://www. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Cathodic Protection 101.112 requiring the use on nonshielding corrosion coating systems on steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operation pressure.org/w/index.Wikipedia.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2009-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2009title49-vol3-sec192-112.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection 12/12 . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation.htm) . Offshore Cathodic Protection Methods (http://stoprust.Short introductory paper on cathodic protection USDOT CFR 192. Inc.org/library/corrosion/glossaryletters/Introduction.com/technical-papers/27-offshore-platformcp-survey/) .corrosionist.cathodicprotection101.asp) .co. By using this site.com/) .USDOT regulations CFR 192.