Case Study On_ Ganga Water Pollution

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Share it with your network Share Case study on: Ganga water pollution Shraddha Samant . 16. Implication of cultural and religio. A Percept Media Company. Management Trainee at Allied Media..... 16/11/2014 Case study on: Ganga water pollution Shraddha Samant . another in a spring or a lake. India has a large number of http://www. or somewhere else. which grow wider as smaller streams and rivers join them along their course across the land.C. water extraction and climate change all take their toll.047 views Post Share your thoughts.777 views 0 Comments 1 Like Statistics Notes Ganga polution Snju Lehri 1.106 views Full Name Comment goes here.282 views Ganga action plan (2) Geeta Bhandari 2.774 views river…………………………………………………………. A Percept Media Company. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. One river might have its source in a glacier..451 views Samant.747 views Eventually they flow into seas or oceans. 133 A Case Study On: The 9.409 views 0 0 0 Uploaded on Jan 06. Indus. 2. Even today.C Roll no. 2 The Ganges………………………………………………………………………. There are serious water quality problems in the cities. 2. All of us have seen a river ... Save Ganga Nidhi Gupta 6. 13 Ganga cleanup action plan Archana Kulshrestha References……………………………………………………………………….net/shraddhasamant98/pdf-29721299?qid=0ccd392a-7f19-4fc8-b344-344f58a23c6d&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1 15/19 .. and even cattle are not spared from Save Ganga Presentation By Mallika Bhanot ManushiIndia the onslaught of pollution. The Ganga System Army public school Be the first to comment Transcript 1. The Ganges. There has been a steady deterioration in the quality of water of Indian rivers over several decades. The pollution of environment is the ‘gift’ of the industrial revolution. Rivers are nothing more than surface water flowing down from a higher altitude to a lower altitude due to the pull of gravity. and other material as they flow downstream. 14 1 Name: Shraddha 2. industrial and agricultural wastes. Salween-Nu and Mekong-Lancang rivers make up half of the WWF’s “top ten” most threatened river basins..368 views Introduction………………………………………………………………………. Management Trainee at Allied Media.227 views India’s fourteen major. Rivers carry dissolved minerals. small grains of sand. fisheries are on decline. towns and villages using these serving over 870 million people are among the most threatened in the world. 7 Present Implication of cultural and religious practices on ganga Chandranshu Garg Situation………………………………………………………………… 8 Cleaning 5. gravel. 3 Exploitation of the work……………………………………………………………………. Unfortunately most of the world's major rivers are heavily polluted. Rivers begin as small Mission clean ganga aajinkya_gupta streams. Prior to this the agrarian cultures created significant environmental deterioration in the form of soil erosion. Most of these rivers have been rendered to the level of sewage waters.330 views flowing drains.528 views flowing through our town. 6 Previous efforts………………………………………………………………… 11 Conclusions and Lessons learnt………………………………………………. 2014 Table of Contents Ganga Religion And Water Pollution nkuhn 7.slideshare. In the following case study we would study how the sacred river of Ganga has been polluted along the years and what is its present situation.through deforestation and overgrazing. 13 Recommendations……………………………………………………………….. The environmental degradation is a by product of modern civilization. 2014 Introduction Most ancient civilizations grew along the banks of rivers. as dams. Yangtze. millions of people all over the world live on the banks of rivers and depend on them for their survival.251 views Ganga river water pollution. Ganga action plan Institute of Science + Follow 0 15. 2014 Environmental issues-The ganges issue More in: Education . either Ganga action plan (3) Geeta Bhandari 1. 3. Technology Ganesh Pg 10. organic compounds. Water borne diseases are rampant. The pollution of environment is the ‘gift’ of the industrial revolution. 12 hours ago Delete • Reply • Spam • Block GANGA THE POLLUTED PURIFIER Udit Arora 1. According to World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) five rivers in Asia 3. Roll no.large or small. Submitted by: Shradddha Samant MMS Marketing Div. 55 minor and several hundred small rivers receive millions of litres of sewage. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. Div. 133. which depend on rainfall for their water. Gandak. a fact which has also been observed. Damador and Yamuna rivers. These rivers normally drain towards silt lakes or flow into the sand.slideshare. due to rapid progress in communications and commerce. the Ganga has been India's river of faith. 5 Name: Shraddha Samant. Ghaghara. Roll no. To millions of people it is Presentation ganges Prafullchandra Patel sustainer of life through multitude of canal system and irrigation of the wasting load. 7.538 views form the Ganga. 4. Gomti. people carry treasured Ganga Can river ganga be like before Archit Jindal 686 views water all over India and abroad because it is "holy" water and known for its "curative" properties. From times immemorial. • The entire Ganga basin system effectively drains eight states of India. This is why these are perennial. however. Legend says that the river has descended from Heaven on earth as a result of the long and arduous prayers of King Bhagirathi for the salvation of his deceased ancestors. Ganges brdav 3. Prayag. it winds its way to the Bay of Bengal. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. that is. abuse and pollution of the http://www. there has been a swift increase in the urban areas along the river Ganga. The river also has an unusual ability to retain dissolved oxygen. However. devotion and worship. which depend on the rains. River Ganga (Ganges) of India has been held in high esteem since time immemorial and Hindus from all over the world Pollution of the Ganges and Yangtze Brandon Smith 2.645 views country's urban population lives in the towns of the Ganga basin. Today. the river is not just a legend. Kashi and Patliputra at its bank.000 persons ritually bathe daily in the river. 133. An estimated 2. Roll no.net/shraddhasamant98/pdf-29721299?qid=0ccd392a-7f19-4fc8-b344-344f58a23c6d&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1 16/19 . Out of the 2.126 views no. 2014 The Holy Ganga. The Ganga receives over 60 per cent of its discharge from its tributaries.16/11/2014 Case study on: Ganga water pollution rivers that are lifelines for the millions living along their banks. and of these. the purity of the water depends on the velocity and the dilution capacity of the river. However.500 km through the provinces of Uttar Pradesh.000. The contribution of most of the tributaries to the pollution load is small. The belief the Ganga river is "holy" has not. Ganga is the most important river of the country and beyond doubt is closely connected with the history of civilization as can be noticed from the location of the ancient cities of Hardwar. Div. The Ganga river carries the highest silt load of any river in the world and Evs presentation burhanuddinmp 1. It flows swiftly for 250 km in the mountains. More than 400 million people live along the Ganges River. 6. receiving and transporting urban wastes away from the towns. Roll no. for which separate action programmes have already started under Phase II of "The National Rivers Conservation Plan". Div. 133. from where it Ganga cleanup plan 2014 Prof Sanjeev Bahadur 252 views is recharged by its tributaries. 2014 The Ganges The river Ganga occupies a unique position in the cultural ethos of India. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. preventing large-scale epidemics. 133. • About 47 per Holy river ganga Madhavi Mahajan 709 views cent of the total irrigated area in India is located in the Ganga basin alone. The coastal rivers.000 m above mean sea level. The rivers in the inland drainage basin of west Rajasthan. Div. Sone. After entering the plains at Hardiwar. Div. prevented over-use. • The Indo-Gangetic plain has witnessed the blossoming of India's great creative talent. These rivers can be categorized into Pollution of Ganga four groups: 1. Sai.C. Rivers that flow down from the Himalayas and are supplied by melting snow and kumud__ glaciers. covering 2. descending steeply to an elevation of 288 m above mean sea level. which are short and do not retain water throughout the year. 100 are located along the river bank itself. In the Himalayan region the Bhagirathi is joined by the tributaries Alaknanda and Mandakini to 23817120 case-study-on-effect-ofpollution-on-taj-mahal (1) Manish Kumar Sinha 12. 3. The The ganges river Bhati Gujjar combination of bacteriophages and large populations of people bathing in the river have apparently 311 views produced a self-purification effect. it is also a life-support system for the people of India. It is important because: • The densely populated Ganga basin is inhabited by 37 per cent of India's population. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. The Ganga river The Ganga rises on the southern slopes of the Himalayan ranges (Figure 2) from the Gangotri glacier at 4. 2. 2014 Exploitation of the river In the recent past.300 towns in the country. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Figure 1: Location map of India showing the Ganga River Figure 2: Map of India showing the route of the Ganga river 4 Name: Shraddha Samant. 2 Name: Shraddha Samant. The rich mangrove forests of the Gangetic delta contain very rare and valuable species of plants and animals and are unparalleled among many forest ecosystems. they never dry up during the year. It is believed.817 views cherish the idea of a holy dip in the river under the faith that by doing so they will get rid of their sins of life.C. A large part of the flow of the Ganga is abstracted for irrigation just as it enters the plains at Hardiwar. As a result the river is no longer only a source of water but is also a channel. Historically also. Even today. Yamuna. especially those on the west coast.372 views 4. 133. that the water of Ganga never decays even for months and years when water of other rivers and agencies begins to develop bacteria and fungi within a couple of days. The Deccan 657 views Plateau Rivers. Bihar and West Bengal (Figure 1). Action plans rajakamit 224 views 5. This selfpurification characteristic of Ganga is the key to the holiness and sanctity of its water. In the plains it is joined by Ramganga. • It has been a major source of navigation and communication since ancient times. 3 Name: Shraddha Samant. From there it flows as a trickle for a few hundred kilometres until Allahabad. 692 are located in this basin. Hundreds of the 635 views villages and even the big cities depend for their drinking water on this river. Kosi and Damodar along with many other smaller rivers. except from the Gomti. one third of the Case study of TAJ MAHAL aakansha26 2. in which water-borne bacteria such as dysentery and cholera are killed off.C.C.883 views the deposition of this material in the delta region results in the largest river delta in the world (400 km from north to south and 320 km from east to west). Millions of Hindus accept its water as sacred. Roll Chandrashekhar Chandrashekhar Vishwakarma 1. The principal sources of pollution of the Ganga river can be characterised as follows: 6 Domestic and industrial Study on-effect-of-pollution-on-tajmahal Ankush Goja 426 views wastes. Ganga. Mass bathing and ritualistic practices Name: Water Pollution Shraddha Samant.S. Lakshminarayana (1965) published a series of papers reporting the results of studies carried out at values of the most of the parameters decreased during rainy season while no marked variation was Latest issue on environment. Along the main river course there are 25 towns with a population of more than 100. international conferences held. industrialization and rapid urbanization have put 105. the country's explosive growth (at nearly 1.3ppm (minimum) in winter to 16. pointed out that industries manufacturing nitrogenous Save Ganga Presentation By Mallika Bhanot guest9291066 2.ppt bmbks321 discharge huge amounts of effluents containing organic wastes and heavy metals. M.slideshare. Sinha (1986). sub-basin inventory of water pollution in the Ganga basin part-II” was published in 1984. The natural assimilative capacity of the river is severely stressed.K. Antaghat storm drain and Krishnaghat storm drain. Mandiri and Krishnaghat. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. U.al. Water pollution powerpoint rsalonga India's population is second only to China's). Things have come to such a pass that the Ganga water is at present not fit just for http://www. At the pollution in the river Ganga in presence of the then Prime Minister Mrs. i. The chemical pollution of the river Ganga in Patna city in Bihar state has been found somewhat alarming beside the storm drain.e copper.152 views 1981 session of Indian Science Congress at Varanasi. raise the river bed and lead to devastating floods in the rainy season and stagnant flow in the dry season. According to this report sewage of 27 class I cities and towns and effluents from 137 major industries were the main source of pollution of the river. Present Situation For some time now. Div. Solid garbage thrown directly into the river.2 and 12.26 × 106 m3 d-1 of industrial sewage are going into the river.C. According to the study. agenda. (1966) made a systematic survey of 1. But a recent study by Uttarakhand Environment Conservation and Pollution Control Board says that the level of pollution in the holy river has reached alarming proportions.589 views fertilizers have significant role in polluting the river water.102 views copper is highest in the sediments collected from near the Krishnaghat storm drain suggesting the presence copper due to utensil work being done in Thatheri Bazar and hospital wastes also. During the past three decades. it was observed by him that the the chemical quantity of Ganga at Kanpur. ten textile mills and several other industrial units discharged 37.0ppm (maximum) in summer. 7 Name: Shraddha Samant.609 views unyielding pressure on the sacred stream. He concluded that the tanneries significantly increased the pollution load of river as they RiverPollution_Yamuna: By Suresh Babu. 133. especially in the regions like Rajapur. In addition there are 50 smaller towns with populations above 20. In addition cremation of ad human bodies and dumping of carcasses aggrevated the pollution of the river. the dry weather flow India. studies were conducted on the ‘Sources’ of pollution including all human activities. Fifty-five of these industrial units have complied with the regulations and installed effluent treatment plants (ETPs) and legal proceedings are in progress for the remaining units. the concentration of iron is higher in sediments collected from 10 metres along the bank at Mandiri region. Climate Change. Indira Gandhi who Ganga For Moef Presentation By Sunita Narayan ManushiIndia inaugurated the session. New Delhi to conduct studies on the state of the river Ganga. and Adaptation in the Ganges River Basin D5Z 7. varied from 5. Rampant deforestation in the last few decades. 1957 and March. points dis…… Pratibha Khemchandani observed during winters and summers.4 × 106 m3 d-1 of domestic wastewater and 0. resulting in topsoil erosion in the catchment area. Bihar and Bengal and the centre for study of Man and Environment Kolkata Case study of taj mahal Aman Roy (Calcutta). has become polluted for some years now. It has been estimated that about 1. Div.115 views has been reduced to a trickle. At her instance.O. 1958. The concentration of Water protection act Shubham Gupta 3.C. Dr. Nonpoint sources of pollution from agricultural run-off containing residues of harmful pesticides and fertilisers. There are also about 100 identified major industries located directly on the river.7 ppm and the river was found to be alkaline in nature except in rainy reported that forty five tanneries. Water. Roll no. Roll no. River Pollution Mr Cornish 9. A year later Saxena et. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. Thio Kiat 1. i. the then member. It was Chandra (1981) who conducted studies on the pollution status of river Ganga at Allahabad. Due to over-abstraction of water for irrigation in the upper regions of the river. the most sacred of rivers for Hindus.e. B. this romantic view of the Ganges has collided with India's grim realities. It was further 9.16/11/2014 Case study on: Ganga water pollution river. from the settlements along the river course. of which 68 are considered as grossly polluting. In collaboration with the State Pollution Control Boards of Uttar Pradesh. Swaminathan. All the towns along its length contribute to the pollution load.net/shraddhasamant98/pdf-29721299?qid=0ccd392a-7f19-4fc8-b344-344f58a23c6d&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1 17/19 . It has been assessed that more than 80 per cent of the total pollution load (in terms of organic pollution expressed as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)) arises from domestic sources. has increased silt deposits which. The concentration of zinc is highest in the sediments collected from near the Mandiri storm drain. land 920 views use pattern and water quality of the river at selected sites during 1981-82 and report entitled “Basin. in turn. The chloride season.158 views Varanasi during the period between March.15 million gallon per day of waste water generating BOD load of approximately 61630 Kg/day. 133. the biological oxygen demand.162 views populations above 50. nickel and cobalt are higher in all the sediments collected from near the storm drain and diminishes towards mid-region of the river.000 and about another 23 towns with Ganga Water Keeper India 1.2 billion people.e.000.000. Animal carcasses and half-burned and unburned human corpses thrown into the river. 2014 According to the report published in a 9. The concentration of all the toxic metals i.D. Planning 4.919 views book by Mr.183 views 8. said report. Defecation on the banks by the low-income people. zinc. scientists expressed concern at the growing Commission asked the Central Board for Preventation and Control of Water Pollution. 2014 Previous studies A number of investigations have been carried out on the physiochemical and biological characters of the Ganga.479 views ranged between 9. The steering Committee of the National River Conservation Authority reviewed the progress of the GAP and necessary correction on the basis of lessons learned and experiences gained from the GAP phase. 42% and 89% of the river water. The amount of sewage disposed into the river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when nearly 15 lakh pilgrims visit the state between May and October each year. A study by Environmental Biology Laboratory. diverted and treated.043 and 0. chromium. Consequently. dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen. Analysis of upstream and down stream water and sediment revealed a 10-fold increase in chromium level. Roll no. 10 Name: Shraddha Samant. 11. Monitoring of Ganga River from Rishikesh to Varanasi indicated that Kannauj to Kanpur and Varanasi are the most polluted stretches of the river Ganga . the Leather-tanning sector is included in the Red category of industries due to the potential adverse environmental impact caused by tannery wastes. showed the presence of mercury in the Ganga river in Varanasi city. As of http://www. the hides take up only 5070%. while the level of coliform present in water should be below 50 for drinking purposes. The result has been the gradual killing of one of India's most treasured resources. Phase-II of the program was approved in stages from 1993 onwards. 12. 2014 Nearly 89 million litres of sewage is daily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal towns that fall along its route till Haridwar. the concentration is 3. primarily in the form of liquid effluents containing organic matters. sediment. 2 schemes have been completed under this plan. drift slowly by. Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the river Ganga and its tributaries have been carried out by several workers. 44%.75%. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. Since the Ganga waters at Haridwar have more than 5000 coliform and even the level of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen doesn't conform the prescribed standards.00191 ppm. As per the UECPCB urbanization in ganga study. In the study annual mean concentration of the metal in the sediments was 0. 8 Name: Shraddha Samant.000 pilgrim-bathers. 2014 As Ganga enters the Varanasi city. 133. Water Policies in India Meghana Agrawal 215 views According to the study. Ganga river at Varanasi was found well within the maximum permissible standard of 0. Pollution becomes acute when tanneries are concentrated in clusters in small area like Kanpur. while the rest is discharged as effluent.012 ppb respectively. soil and vegetation samples respectively. urine and sewage directly into the river from its starting point in Gaumukh till it reaches Haridwar via Rishikesh. The mercury studied in the Ganga river could be traced in biotic as well as abiotic components of the river at the study site. Study done by Indian Toxicological Research Centre (ITRC).slideshare. B. 2014 Cleaning efforts Ganga Action Plan (GAP) The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched in April 1986 in order to reduce the pollution load on the river.71 Crore Therefore. the study put the water in A.000 faecal coliform bacteria per 100 millilitres. Roll no. India's most sacred city. about 80-90% of the tanneries use chromium as a tanning agent. it has been put in the D category. 120 times more than is considered safe for bathing. the Ganges' main tributary. Allahabad district and Dakshineswar as 0. 0. The Hindu devotees take bath in the river where mercury was detected in 28%. Hinduism’s sacred river contains 60. According to the study. of semi-cremated adults or enshrouded babies.000 times higher than the standard established as safe by the United Nations world Health Organization. Highly polluted sediments are adversely affecting the ecological functioning of rivers due to heavy metal mobilization from urban areas into biosphere.067 ppm. As per an estimate. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. One stretch of the Yamuna River. the coliform bacterial count is at least 3. Sediments constitute a major pool of mercury in fresh water. 9 Name: Shraddha Samant. Four miles downstream. 96%. 133. this plan was withdrawn on 31 March 2000. While A category is considered fit for drinking.16/11/2014 Case study on: Ganga water pollution drinking and bathing but has become unusable even for agricultural purposes. its presence in the river system is worrisome. benthic fauna. Div. the Ganges becomes black and septic. Patna University. annual mean concentration of mercury in the river water was 0.C. Lucknow during 19861992 showed maximum annual concentration of mercury in the Ganga river water at Rishikesh.net/shraddhasamant98/pdf-29721299?qid=0ccd392a-7f19-4fc8-b344-344f58a23c6d&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1 18/19 . C and D categories. A million litres of sewage is targeted to be intercepted. Based on the level of coliform. Div. Roll no.00023 ppm. Corpses. less than Vani Kaushal 500 for bathing and below 5000 for agricultural use— the present level of coliform in Ganga at 886 views Haridwar has reached 5500. The tannery industry mushrooming in North India has converted the Ganga River into a dumping ground. Div. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. C for agriculture and D is for excessive pollution level. Though mercury contamination of the river water has not reached an alarming extent. has been devoid of all aquatic creatures for at least a decade. In places. Damodar and Mahananda. The concentration ranged from NT (not traceable) to 0.C.C. sulphide ammonium and other salts.081. Coliform are rod-shaped bacteria that are normally found in the colons of humans and animals and become a serious contaminant when found in the food or water supply. 133. and included the following tributaries of the Ganges: Yamuna. Apart from sewage disposal of half-burnt human bodies at Haridwar and hazardous medical waste from the base hospital at Srinagar due to absence of an incinerator are also adding to pollution levels in the Ganga. In Varanasi.000 times over the safety limit. But the efforts to decrease the pollution level in the river became more after spending Rs 901. Gomti. Of this. B for bathing. with inputs from 24 gushing sewers and 60. 10. The tanning industry discharges different types of waste into the environment.001 ppm prescribed for drinking water by the World Health Organization. the main cause of high level of coliform in Ganga is due to disposal of human faeces. Department pf Zoology. fish. 13.com/exact- sciences/physics/1637757-holistic-studymercurypollution-ganga/ ganges. English Français Español Português (Brasil) Deutsch About Careers Developers & API Press Blog Terms Privacy Copyright Support Contact Linkedin Twitter Google Plus Facebook RSS Feeds LinkedIn Corporation © 2014 http://www. 133. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. Some studies have reported that the river retains more oxygen than is typical for comparable rivers.html http://www. in some cases.slideshare. Roll no. 11 Name: Shraddha Samant.net/shraddhasamant98/pdf-29721299?qid=0ccd392a-7f19-4fc8-b344-344f58a23c6d&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1 19/19 . higher grit loads.html http://www. which continues to remain deficient with respect to environmental sanitation. This could not be tackled before because of a lack of safe and suitable technology but is now being attempted through research and by developing a suitable indigenous technology. because the existing levels of depletion and contamination of groundwater resources. which are already overexploited and fairly contaminated.shvoong. fewer sewer connections.in/~amit/other/ganges.C. It also declared Ganges as the "National River" of India.com/word- http://www.ac. National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA) NRGBA was established by the Central Government of India.C. This is an aspect difficult to control in surface waters in tropical areas. avoids involvement in long-term town planning. More information on polluted groundwater resources in the respective river basins will prove useful. considered much higher than the actual BOD loading.16/11/2014 Case study on: Ganga water pollution 2011. which should not impart traces of any harmful residues in the treated effluent detrimental to the aquatic life. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. http://www. Div. 2014 Conclusions and Lessons learnt Poor resource recovery due to poor resource generation because of the lower organic content of Indian sewage.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage. This may be due to less nutritious dietary habits.iitk. as the only economical source of drinking water. in which water-borne bacteria such as dysentery and cholera are killed off thus preventing large-scale epidemics. 12 Name: Shraddha Samant. Roll no. This was due to a lack of practical experience within India and the fact that western experiences were not entirely appropriate. Div. 133. This is due to a lack of overview by any stakeholding agency and to the blinkered foresight by the already beleaguered city authorities who remain perpetually short of funds for their daily crisis-management. higher water consumption. Its effectiveness could however be enhanced if these efforts could be integrated and well accepted within the long-term objectives and master plans of the cities. insufficient flows and stagnation leading to bio-degradation of the volatile fractions in the pipes themselves. 2014 References: http://www. on 20 February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act. The most important lesson learned was the need for control of pathogenic contamination in treated effluent. will increase the dependency in the future on the rivers. Scientists and religious leaders have speculated on the causes of the river's apparent self-purification effect.C. 14. Div. The river pollution plan being "action" orientated. Roll no. Recommendations The Action Plans start as "cleanliness drives" and continue in the same noble spirit with the same zeal and enthusiasm on other major rivers and freshwater bodies. Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court has been working on the closure and relocation of many of the industrial plants like tulsi along the Ganges and in 2010 the government declared the stretch of river between Gaumukh and Uttarkashi an “eco-sensitive zone”.wordfocus. The chair includes the Prime Minister of India and Chief ministers of states through which the Ganges flows. but it is very important for the Ganga because the river water is used directly by millions of devout individuals for drinking and bathing.cse. This aspect has not been seriously considered in any long-term planning. which are constantly under preparation without adequate attention to the disposal of wastes.accessmylibrary. The assumed BOD design load of the plants were.com/coms2/summary 13 Name: Shraddha Samant. this could be a factor leading to fewer disease agents being present in the water. 1986. 133. it is currently under implementation.