Carumbo Final Report

BI ODI VERSI T Y RAPI D ASSESSMENTOF T HE L AGOA CARUMBO ARE A, LUNDA NORT E, ANGOL A RAPI DA A VALI AÇÃ O DA BI ODI VERSI DADE DA ÁRE A DA L A GOA DE CARUMBO, LUNDA NORT E, ANGOL A 2011 "#$%&'(')* +,$$)-(%& ./ 01234015 6"4671893: República de Angola MINISTÉRIO DO AMBIENTE 2 REPORT ON THE EXPEDITION BIODIVERSITY RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE LAGOA CARUMBO AREA, LUNDA NORTE, ANGOLA Brian J Huntley (Compiler) August 2011 CONTENTS 1.1 Resumo e destaques .... 3 1.2 Summary and highlights .6 1.3 The story of Lagoa Carumbo .7 2. Project outline 2.1 Project purpose . 9 2.2 Background to the project . 9 2.3 Project concept and planning . 11 2.4 Political endorsement . 11 2.5 Logistic and operational support . 11 2.6 Financial support . 12 2.7 Scientific team . 12 2.8 Field programme . 13 3. Acknowledgements . 15 4. References . 16 5. Annexes 1. Biophysical Profile of Lunda Norte, Angola. (B J Huntley) . 17 2. Biogeographical Overview of the Lunda Region, northeast Angola (F.P.D.Cotterill) . 45 3. Report on the Rapid Botanical Survey of the Lagoa Carumbo region, Lunda Norte Province, Angola, April/May 2011. (D. Goyder, I. Darbyshire, F. Chase and A. Gomes). 58 4. Birds of the Lagoa Carumbo area, Lunda Norte, Angola. (M. Mills) . 99 5. Report on the Ichthyofaunal Survey of the Lagoa Carumbo area, Lunda Norte, Angola. (E. Swartz) . 110 6. Herpetofauna of the Lagoa Carumbo area, Lunda Norte, Angola. (W. Branch and W. Conradie) . 118 7. Indicative list of Mammals of Lunda Norte, Angola. (F. P. D. Cotterill) . 129 S 1.1 RESUMO E DESTAQUES O Ministério do Ambiente da República de Angola, como Parte da Convenção da Diversidade Biológica, e fazendo cumprir com o que estipulado pela Convenção em aumentar a percentagem de Áreas de Conservação de 6,6% a 15% do território nacional até 2020. Quatorze áreas com alto valor paisagístico e de Biodiversidade foram identificados como possíveis novas Áreas, incluindo a área da Lagoa de Carumbo que situa-se na Província de Lunda Norte. A Direcção Nacional da Biodiversidade, com apoio de uma especialista internacional em Biodiversidade, orientou tecnicamente a Expedição para se realizar uma avaliação da Área da Lagoa de Carumbo durante o período de 28 de Abril à 10 de Maio 2011. O propósito da Rápida Avaliação da Biodiversidade da Área da Lagoa de Carumbo foi o de se preparar uma proposta com base técnica-científica para a criação de uma nova Área de Conservação que poderá se denominar Lagoa de Carumbo, seguindo as prioridades definidas na Estratégia e Plano de Acção Nacionais para a Biodiversidade (NBSAP 2006) e o Plano Estratégico da Rede Nacional de Áreas de Conservação de Angola (MINAMB 2011). O Projecto que contou com a autorização e anuência de Sua Excelência Senhor Presidente da República, Eng.º José Eduardo dos Santos, Coordenado pelo Ministério do Ambiente e coadjuvado pelo Governo da Província da Lunda Norte, foi possível com o apoio logístico e operacional da De Beers Angola Prospecção, pela concessão de # 8911- 11 do Comité de Pesquisa e Conservação, e a Expedições da Sociedade Nacional Geográfica. Os 18 membros que integraram a Equipe da Expedição incluíram participantes de Angola, Inglaterra, Portugal e África do Sul. Foi montado um acampamento às margens do Rio Luele, que fica a cinco quilómetros da Lagoa de Carumbo. Foi possível fazer durante sete dias pesquisas intensivas de campo na área de Capaia, na zona de confluência dos Rios Luxico e Luele, e entre os planaltos e escarpas, bem como nos vales dos rios Luele, Luxico e Lovua e na Lagoa Carumbo propriamente dita. Resultados e Conclusões- 1. A Biodiversidade da Área da Lagoa de Carumbo é de importância muito elevada por três razões fundamentais: A Área da Lagoa de Carumbo, encontra-se situada entre duas interfaces principais de divisões biogeográficas da África central - as florestas da Guineo-congolês e as savanas e bosques Zambeziacos; A rica diversidade de habitats inclui diversas espécies de plantas e animais, muitas encontradas somente na área da Lagoa de Carumbo; A Área da Lagoa de Carumbo tem muito pouca ou quase nenhum assentamento humano. Os habitats, incluindo as extensas galerias florestais, que estão em condições tranquila e sem perturbação. 4 2. A pesquisa de plantas indica que a Área da Lagoa de Carumbo é de interesse botânico especial. Durante os sete dias de trabalho intenso foi possível colectar trezentos e trinta e oito (338) espécies de diversas plantas em duplicadas, que permitiu o estudo taxionómico do material no Herbário de Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew que culminou com uma inventário de quinhentos e trinta e sete (537) táxons para a Área da Lagoa de Carumbo. Destas trinta e seis (36) espécies são espécies novas descobertas para Angola. Treze (13) espécies são possivelmente novas para a ciência, e trinta e oito (38) são consideradas espécies de importância especiais para a conservação. A inventario das plantas da Área da Lagoa de Carumbo é a listagem mais abrangente e precisa para qualquer local em Angola e várias vezes maior do que para qualquer uma das Áreas Protegidas existentes em Angola, a maioria dos quais ainda precisam ser pesquisados. 3. O levantamento feito para se saber o tipo de aves que habitam e ou co-habitam na Área da Lagoa de Carumbo confirmou a importância biogeográfica da área, pelas razões apresentadas acima. A lista de aves para a área inclui cento e noventa e cinco espécies, das quais uma é um novo recorde para Angola, treze espécies são muito raras e conhecidos de menos de três observações anteriores, e sete são novos registos para a província de Lunda Norte. 4. Os resultados semelhantes que obtivemos mas com menos espécies, foram encontrados para os peixes vinte e cinco espécies; os anfíbios dezasseis espécies e répteis dezanove espécies, foram colectados durante a pesquisa. A área é conhecida por ser muito alta em diversidade de peixes e de répteis, mas a Expedição teve lugar no final das chuvas e início da temporada de outono que é mais frio, que foi um factor limitante na colecta de amostras desses grupos. Apesar disso, várias espécies de peixes, sapos e répteis, foram descobertos para a ciência e também novos registos para Angola. 5. O levantamento sobre os mamíferos não foi realizado, mas os registos existentes, e as informações fornecidas pela população local, indicam que pelo menos cento e quatro (104) espécies de mamíferos são conhecidos da área e vinte e uma (21) espécies de grande porte não são encontradas em Áreas Protegidas existentes de Angola. Com base nos resultados da pesquisa da Biodiversidade, as seguintes recomendações podem ser feitas - 1. Uma área de aproximadamente duzentos mil (200 000) hectares, incluindo a área entre os Rios Lovua no leste e Caluango no oeste, a partir de 7,15 graus da latitude sul e 8,40 graus de latitude sul, e albergando os Rios e Vales da Luele e Luxico, e bem com a própria Lagoa de Carumbo, devem ser considerados para a proclamação de uma nova Área da Protecção, após feita a auscultação e ou consulta publica com todos os interessados. Os limites exactos precisam ser mais claramente definidos após pesquisa de campo. 2. A possibilidade de se realizarem outros inquéritos sobre a Biodiversidade da Área da Lagoa de Carumbo deve ser realizada em diferentes épocas do ano, especialmente depois da época de incêndios, para ampliar o conhecimento existente nesta área de Biodiversidade muito importante. Os detalhes do contexto e de planeamento da Expedição, a execução, e os S reconhecimentos são dados neste relatório. Em anexos apresentamos detalhes sobre as características biofísicas e biogeográficas da Lunda Norte. Os resultados preliminares das avaliações de plantas, aves, peixes herpetofauna e dos mamíferos também são fornecidos. Os registos fotográficos das paisagens, da fauna e flora da Área da Lagoa de Carumbo colhidos foram devidamente seleccionados e apresentamos também em anexos. As recomendações detalhadas para a justificação técnico-científico para a criação e ou proposta de uma nova Área Protegida será apresentada em um relatório separado. 6 1.2 SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Angola, as a signatory of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and in compliance with the Convention, aims to increase the cover of Protected Areas from 6,6% to 15% of national territory by 2020. Fourteen areas of high biodiversity and landscape value have been identified as possible new Protected Areas, including the area of Lagoa Carumbo, in the province of Lunda Norte. The National Directorate for Biodiversity, with the support of an international specialist, provided technical guidance to an expedition that undertook a rapid biodiversity assessment of the Lagoa Carumbo area during the period 28 April to 10 May 2011. The purpose of the expedition was to prepare a science-based proposal for the creation of a new protected area at Lagoa Carumbo, following the priorities set in Angola's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP, MINUA 2006) and the Plano Estratégico da Rede Nacional de Áreas de Conservação de Angola (MINAMB 2011). The project, approved and supported by His Excellency the President of the Republic, Eng.º José Eduardo dos Santos, and coordinated by the Ministry of Environment with the assistance of the Government of the Province of Lunda Norte, was provided with logistic and operational support by De Beers Angola Prospecting, and by grant #8911 - 11 from the Research, Conservation and Expeditions Committee of the National Geographic Society. The 18 members of the expedition team included participants from Angola, Britain, Portugal and South Africa. A base camp was established on the banks of the Luele River, five km from Lagoa Carumbo, and seven days of intensive field surveys were conducted in the area from Capaia to the confluence of the Luxico and the Luele rivers, on the plateaus and escarpments, and the Luele, Luxico and Lovua river valleys and at Lagoa Carumbo. The Expedition provided the following results and conclusions- 1. The Lagoa Carumbo area is of very high biodiversity importance for at least three reasons. First, the area is situated at the interface of the two major biogeographic divisions of central Africa - the Guineo-congolian forests and savannas; and the Zambesian savannas, woodlands and grasslands. Secondly, the rich diversity of habitats each includes diverse animal and plant species, many only found in the Lagoa Carumbo area. Third, the whole area has very low or no human populations, with the result that habitats, including the extensive gallery forests, are in an undisturbed and mostly in a pristine condition. 2. The survey of plants indicates that the area is of special botanical interest. In the seven days available in the field, the botanists collected 338 species, and subsequent studies of herbarium material in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, resulted in a checklist of 537 taxa for the area. Of these, 36 species are new discoveries in Angola with 62 species new to Angola excluding Cabinda, 13 species are possibly new to science, and 38 are considered of special conservation importance. The checklist for the plants of the Lagoa Carumbo area is the most comprehensive and accurate listing for any site in Angola, and several times larger than for any of Angola's existing Protected Areas, most of which have yet to be surveyed. 3. The survey of birds also confirmed the biogeographic importance of the area, for the reasons presented above. A checklist for birds for the area includes 195 species, of which one is a new record for Angola, 13 are very rare and known from less than three previous records, and 7 are new records for the province of Lunda Norte. 4. Similar results, but based on fewer species, were found for fish (25 species), frogs (16 species) and reptiles (19 species) collected during the survey. The area is known to be of very high fish, frog and reptile diversity, but the timing of the Expedition, at the end of the rains and start of the cooler autumn season, was a limiting factor in collecting specimens of 7 these groups. Despite this, several species of fish, frog and reptile, either new to science or new records for Angola, were discovered. 5. A survey of mammals was not undertaken, but exisiting records, and information provided by local people, indicate that at least 104 species of mammal are known from or may be expected to have occurred in the area, of which at least 21 of the larger mammal species are not found in any of Angola's existing Protected Areas. Based on the results of the biodiversity survey, the following recommendations can be made - 1. An area of approximately 200 000 ha, including the area between the Lovua and Luango rivers, from x degrees south latitude to x degrees south latitude, and embracing the Luele and Luxico valleys, and Lagoa Carumbo, should be considered for proclamation as a new Protected Area, after due consultation with all stakeholders. The exact limits to be more clearly defined following further field survey. 2. Further surveys of the biodiversity of the Lagoa Carumbo area should be conducted at different times of the year, especially after the fire season, to extend the existing knowledge of this highly important biodiversity area. Details of the background to and planning of the Expedition, its execution, and acknowledgements are given in this report. Annexes provide details on the biophysical and biogeographic characteristics of the Lunda Norte province, and preliminary results on plant, bird, fish, herpetofaunal and mammal assessments are provided. Selected photographic records of the landscapes, fauna and flora of the area are included in the Annexes. Detailed recommendations for a new Protected Area will be presented in a separate report. 1.3 THE STORY OF LAGOA CARUMBO The existence of a relatively large lake (350 ha, unusually large for natural inland water bodies in Angola - and the largest undisturbed lake in the country) immediately raises questions about its formation as an isolated lake in the mid-course of the Luxico River. Local folklore explains the lake's origin - "Many millennia ago, a woman had been cast out by her people, and had wandered far and wide in search of sanctuary. She came upon a riverside village, Nacarumbo, in the beautiful valley of the Luxico River, and begged for a place to stay. The villagers chased her away, but one family eventually took her in. One night she had a vision of the coming of a great flood, and warned the villagers to move to higher ground, but none listened to her. The flood came, forming Lagoa Carumbo, and drowning the whole community. Even to this day, the chatter and village sounds of the community may be heard, on certain occasions. The spirits of the lake must be respected.¨ This is the story of Lagoa Carumbo, called Nacarumbo by the people of the region, as told by the village elders of Samuenge. The seriousness with which the story is regarded in the area was demonstrated at the outset of the project. The local traditional leaders insisted that a ceremony be held at the lake to appease the spirits before our research could commence. A goat was bought, sacrificed, and together with many other gifts, carried to the lake - across the Luele River, up the high ridge separating the Luele and the Luxico - and down the escarpment to the lake. After a short ceremony attended by a dozen of the local traditional leaders, the gifts were offered to the lake, and the solemn party headed back home. Having completed the traditional tribute to the lake spirits, our work could proceed. 8 Fishing is not normally permitted at the lake, and there is no settlement or agriculture around its shores - an extremely unusual situation in a resource poor region, where advantage would be taken of the close proximity of fish, water and good agricultural soils. Lagoa Carumbo is located in a sparsely populated area of Lunda Norte, a consequence of the very low nutrient status of the region's Kalahari sands, and the very low nutrient levels of the streams and waters of the Luele and Luxico drainages. The few villages in the area are small, with from 10 to 50 households, with limited subsistence agriculture (manioc, groundnuts, mangoes) and with low returns on fishing in the rivers, supplemented by bushmeat hunting for local consumption. Despite their humble socio- economic status, the Chokwe/Lunda people of the Lagoa Carumbo region have a rich history, and their knowledge of ecosystems, species and the uses of the region's biodiversity is impressive. Team members and traditional leaders visiting Lagoa Carumbo 9 2. PROJECT OUTLINE 2.1 Project purpose The purpose of the Biodiversity Rapid Assessment of the Lagoa Carumbo area was to prepare a science-based proposal for the creation of a new protected area at Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte, Angola, following the priorities set in Angola's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), approved by government in 2006. The new protected area would significantly increase the representation of key biodiversity-rich ecosystems to Angola's protected area network, adding at least 200 000 ha towards achieving the national target of 15% of national territory under formal protection by 2020. 2.2 Background to the project Angola has one of the greatest diversities of WWF recognized 'ecoregions' of any African country, yet most of these ecoregions have no formal conservation status in Angola. Angola's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP, MINUA 2006) gives high priority to the need to 'conduct and widely disseminate studies on terrestrial and coastal habitats and ecosystems with high biological value', specifically identifying the gallery forests of Lunda Norte Province as of high importance. The Province of Lunda Norte has no formally established protected areas, yet is a region of very high biological diversity (details in Annex 1). It is also an area of high levels of landscape transformation as a consequence of over ninety years of alluvial diamond mining. The limited available information on the region's biodiversity resources indicates that priority should be given to the field assessment of sites of high conservation value for consideration within the national protected areas expansion strategy. Extensive field surveys of Angola were undertaken in the period 1971 to 1975 in order to identify areas of high importance for biodiversity conservation (Huntley 1973, 1974; Huntley and Matos 1992, 1994). During 2005, Golder Associates undertook a "Biodiversity and Social Scan of Lunda Norte, Angola, (Golder Associates, 2006), on contract to De Beers Angola Prospecting Limited. The study included a review of existing information on the region's biodiversity, as well as ground and aerial surveys. The report made preliminary recommendations on possible new conservation priorities in Lunda Norte, and identified three target areas for further action - Luia, Lagoa Carumbo and the Luachimo River at Chitato. The early surveys were supplemented by more recent field work in Huila, Namibe, Cuanza Sul and Huambo, (Huntley 2009, Mills et al 2011) and synthesized in an 'Angolan Protected Area Expansion Strategy - APAES' (Huntley 2010). The APAES report was submitted to the Angolan Ministry of Environment (MINAMB) in 2010, and formed the basis for proposals presented by MINAMB to the Angolan Conselho do Ministros in April 2011 (MINAMB 2011). Map 1 indicates the position of the proposed new Protected Areas, including Lagoa Carumbo in the north-east of the country (Huntley 2010). The APAES describes approaches to the identification and prioritization of new protected areas on the basis of their biodiversity importance, (richness, endemism, replaceability), urgency for action (vulnerability to transformation pressures) and the presence of opportunities (political, financial, logistic) to implement conservation actions. 1u Map 1. Existing and proposed new Protected Areas and Protected Rivers in Angola On the basis of the APAES approach, the Lagoa Carumbo area was identified as a national priority, in accord with the recommendations of the approved National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan as cited above. In order to collect more detailed information on which to make specific recommendations for a new protected area in the Lagoa Carumbo area, a Biodiversity Rapid Assessment was planned for execution in April/May 2011. By happy coincidence, the APAES was approved by Angola's highest decision-making organ, the Conselho do Ministros, on 28 April 2011, the day on which the Carumbo Expedition left for the field. 11 2.3 Project concept and planning In terms of both the NBSAP and the APAES, a first requirement to identifying new protected areas is the synthesis of available, and collection of new information on the biophysical and socio- economic situation of the selected area within its regional and national context. In view of the relative paucity of recent information on such key attributes for much of Angola, new field-based observations are essential. Unfortunately, little field experience and taxonomic expertise is available in Angola, as a consequence of the decades-long civil war that severely reduced such resources. Recent collaborative studies, such as the 2009 field surveys in Huila and Namibe Provinces (Huntley 2009), indicated that with careful planning, field research in Angola may be successfully executed through collaboration between Angolan and foreign institutions. Preliminary proposals for a 'Carumbo Project' were discussed by B. J. Huntley with potential stakeholders during 2009 and 2010, with formal planning commencing in late 2010. Key to the development of the plans was the early commitment of logistic support from De Beers Angola Prospecting, political support from MINAMB, and towards the conclusion of the planning phase, the financial support of the National Geographic Society's Research, Exploration and Conservation Committee. Institutional support was also provided by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity; Bayworld/Port Elizabeth Museum; Birdlife South Africa; and University of Cape Town. 2.4 Political endorsement During 2010 a series of meetings with senior officials in the Ministry of Environment led to agreement that a Biodiversity Rapid Assessment of the Lagoa Carumbo area would comply with Ministry priorities. On 23 March 2011, the Environment Minister, Dr Fatima Jardim, signed an official 'despacho', approving the project, with concordance from the Office of the President, Jose Eduardo dos Santos signed on 14 April. During the course of the expedition, meetings were held in situ with the traditional leaders of the area, with the Administrador for the Comuna da Capaia, and with the acting Governor of Lunda Norte at the Provincial capital, Dundo. At these meetings the purpose of the project, as defined in the Ministerial 'despacho', was explained to the local leadership, and their approval for the work plan obtained. 2.5 Logistic and operational support The key challenge to undertaking biodiversity assessment fieldwork in Angola is the availability of logistic support in remote areas. The Carumbo focus area lies 220 km north west of the village of Lucapa, itself over 1000 km from Luanda, linked by poor roads and unreliable, and distant, airports. The project required the support of a highly experienced field team. This support was generously offered by De Beers Angola Prospecting (DEBAP), which has operated in Lunda Norte for over a decade. DEBAP undertook a preliminary feasibility assessment of the field operations needed in 2010, and selected the site for a 'fly camp' and communication and supply lines. The campsite, on the banks of the Luele river, lies five km east of Lagoa Carumbo, and one km south of the destroyed bridge across the Luxico river below its confluence with the Luele. DEBAP established a tented camp with full logistic and operational support, including transport and accommodation to and from their base camp at Lucapa, Lunda Norte. An important aspect of the support provided by DEBAP was the attention given to health and safety. Team members received a briefing on H&S policy and practice on arrival in Lucapa, and 12 the DEBAP H&S Director accompanied the team to Carumbo. The boat used for crossing the Luele was provided with life-jackets, and all DEBAP staff had been fully trained in H&S protocols and behaviour, including environmental management standards to be observed at the campsite. Without the very significant logistic and operational support of DEBAP, the execution of a field survey with 18 scientists and collaborators in as remote and inaccessible area as Lagoa Carumbo would have been impossible. 2.6 Financial support This project was rather unique in that it was developed through the voluntary contributions of all participants, without a single institutional 'home', and with minimal financial support. Each participant found institutional or private support to travel to Luanda, or in a few cases airfares were drawn from the National Geographic Society grant # 8911-11. The provision of accommodation, land transport and other logistic support by DEBAP considerably reduced direct costs, while the costs of travel by road to Carumbo by the two Angolan teams was supported by the NGS grant. The NGS grant also covered the costs of air travel for the visiting team from Luanda to Saurimo and back. In as much as the political support of MINAMB was critical to the approval of the project, and the logistic and operational support of DEBAP was essential for its execution, the financial support of the NGS made it possible for a strong collaborative team of Angolan and foreign scientists to participate. 2.7 Scientific team. Given the lack of prior biological surveys in the Lagoa Carumbo area, and the difficulty of access to the site, it was decided that a core team of highly experienced specialists would be invited to provide the scientific leadership to the project, and that colleagues from Angolan institutions would complement the team, both to share their knowledge and to benefit from field experience with their peers. The team comprised Angolan, Portuguese, South African, and British specialists (ornithologists, botanists, herpetologists, icthyologists, mammalogists) plus a small group of Angolan graduate students. The team comprised 18 persons. Angola Aristofanes Ponte - forester - Ministry of Environment Sanga da Sa - agriculturist - Ministry of Environment Noe Pinto -botanist - Ministry of Environment Filipe Kodo - botanist - Ministry of Environment Pedro vaz Pinto - biologist - Fundacao Kissama Sendi Baptista - biologist - Universdade Catolica, Luanda Ninda Baptista - biologist - University of Lisbon Amandio Gomes - botanist - Universidade Agostinho Neto Portugal Jorge Palmeirim - ecologist/mammalogist - Universidade da Lisboa 1S South Africa Brian Huntley - ecologist - University of Cape Town (expedition coordinator) Michael Mills - ornithologist - Birdlife South Africa Bill Branch - herpetologist - Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Ernst Swartz- icthyologist - SAIAB, Rhodes University Woody Cotterill - ecologist - University of Cape Town Werner Conradie - herpetologist - Bayworld, Port Elizabeth United Kingdom David Goyder - botanist - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Iain Darbyshire - botanist - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Francis Crawford - botanist - Royal Botanic gardens, Kew Expedition members at De Beers Angola Prospecting base camp, Lucapa, Lunda Norte 2.8 Field programme The international team arrived in Luanda on 27 th April and departed for Saurimo by air on the 28 th , where they were met by the DEBAP team and driven to Lucapa that day. The Angolan team drove from Luanda to Saurimo on the 28 th , and joined the international team in Lucapa on the 29 th , from which the full team, with DEBAP support, continued to the fly-camp at Luele river, near Lagoa Carumbo, arriving after a seven hour drive on the roads and tracks that end at the destroyed 14 bridge over the Luxico river. The camp, on the banks of the Luele, was at the site of a former pontoon crossing which previously gave access to the road to Lagoa Carumbo, but which had been destroyed in the early 1970s. Using the fly-camp as base, the various teams radiated from this to collect in the diverse forest, savanna, wetland and riverine habitats, mostly within walking distance of the camp. An aluminium boat with outboard motor provided a ferry service across the Luele, and from the west bank, an overgrown track led up the hill that divided the Luele from the Luxico and Lagoa Carumbo, approximately five km distant. The absence of a bridge across the Luxico restricted the survey to the immediate surrounds of the fly-camp, but several trips were made south along the main tract back to Capaia. Plateau grasslands, savannas and dry forests, plus escarpment woodland, were visited along this track. As a consequence, despite the very limited access to most of the area, all key habitats could be sampled, with the exception of the lowland forests of the lower Luxico. Seven days of fieldwork was possible, with one day spent on visiting the Provincial government offices (and meeting with the acting Governor) in Dundo. Due to the continued closure of the Museu do Dundo (which is undergoing renovations), it was not possible to visit this highly important museum to examine the state of its scientific collections. One of the museum assistants was able to confirm, however, that the collections were being well cared for. On return to Luanda via Saurimo on the 7 th May, collections were separated into material for deposition with the Angolan institutions, and for transfer to other institutions for identification. On the 8 th and 9 th May, debriefing meetings were held with the Minister of Environment, Dr Fatima Jardim and officials at the Ministry of Environment, De Beers Angola Prospecting, and the Centre for Fitogenetic Resources. Rio Luele, immediately upstream of Expedition Base Camp 1S 3. Acknowledgements This project was made possible by the generous support of many individuals and organisations. All deserve our special thanks. The encouragement and support of the Ministry for Environment was especially valuable. The personal interest in the project, and support for its execution, provided by Her Excellency the Minister for Environment, Dra Fatima Jardim, is gratefully acknowledged. The National Director for Biodiversity, Dra Paula Francisco, gave her full support to ensuring that government endorsement and support at the highest level was obtained for the project. She also selected and appointed a team of professionals from the Ministry to participate in the expedition. Dr Soki Kuendikuenda, Director of the National Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, gave early support to the project. His Excellency the Vice Governor of Lunda Norte, Dr Moises Chingongo and the Administrador, Comuna da Capaia, Snr Augusto Lupatchi, are thanked for their interest in the project. The sustained interest and support of De Beers Angola Prospecting was critical at all stages. From early discussions on the feasibility of the project, through the planning and preparation phase, to implementation in the field, the DEBAP team was remarkably supportive. The Director, DEBAP, Dr Charles Skinner, and the Technical Manager, Dr Gleuber Alves, provided their personal encouragement and direct support in many ways. The team in Luanda - Snrs Adriano Brito, Valdemar Mateus, Sra Cecilia Canzamba; and at Lucapa - Snrs Joao (Balas) Gonga - who played a key role in all field logisitics, Facatino Mateus, Canga Xiaquivuila, Toni Gaspar; and at Carumbo - Snrs Mario Fernando Muhunga, Amorim Francisco Lamba, Joao Miudo, and Snr Baptista - provided their unstinting support to all activities. Without the logistic and operational support of De Beers Prospecting Angola, the project would not have been possible. Financial support for participation of Angolan team members, and the travel of some of the visiting team, was made possible through grant #8911 - 11 from the National Geographic Society's Research, Conservation and Expeditions Committee. The guidance of Dr John Francis, Ms Linda Huffman, Ms Catherine Workman and Ms Barbara Moffet in the project application and administration process is gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks are also due to Snr Bras da Costa of the Angolan Consulate, Cape Town, for assistance in attending to visa formalities. The Angolan teams, under that leadership of Dr Aristophanes Ponte (Ministry of Environment) and Eng. Pedro vaz Pinto (Kissama Foundation) provided energetic support and comradeship to the visiting scientists. The people of Lunda Norte, most especially those of the village of Samuenge, are thanked for their warm friendship and support in the field. The brothers Nilson, Nilito and Manual Samuenge were especially generous in sharing their intimate knowledge of the area. Inspiration for this project results from early field surveys of the Lunda Norte facilitated by the late Dr Antonio da Barros Machado, Director of the Laboratorio de Investigacoes Biologicos at the Museu do Dundo. His contribution to Angolan biology deserves permanent recognition. 16 4. References (see also annexes) Golder Associates 2006. Biodiversity and Social Scan of Lunda Norte, Angola. Consultancy report to De Beers Angola Prospecting Limited, Luanda. 147 pp. Huntley, B. J. 1973. Proposals for the creation of a strict nature reserve in the Maiombe forest of Cabinda. Ecologist's report no. 16. Servicos de Veterinaria, Luanda. Huntley, B. J. 1974. Ecosystem conservation priorities in Angola. Ecologist's report no. 26. Servicos de Veterinaria, Luanda. 22 pp. Huntley, B. J. 2010. Preliminary outline of freshwater ecosystem conservation priorities in Angola. Report to MINAMB, Luanda, Angola. Huntley, B. J. and Matos, E. 1992. Biodiversity : Angolan environmental status quo assessment report. IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. 55 pp. Huntley, B. J. and Matos, E. 1994. Botanical diversity and its conservation in Angola. In - Huntley, B. J. (ed) Botanical Diversity in Southern Africa. Strelitzia 1: 53 - 74. Mills, M. S. L., Dean, W. R. J., Olmos, F., and Melo, M. (2011) The avifauna of the highlands of Western Angola and the importance of conserving shrinking Afromontane forests at the proposed Mount Moco Special Reserve. Bird Conservation International. MINAMB 2011. Plano Estratégico da Rede Nacional de Áreas de Conservação de Angola, Direcção Nacional da Biodiversidade, Ministerio da Ambiente, Luanda. 35 pp. MINUA 2006. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Ministerio do Urbanismo e Ambiente, Luanda. 54 pp. 17 Annex 1. (Repiouuceu fiom a iepoit to uoluei Associates, 2uu6)* Biodiversity Profile of Lunda Norte, Angola Brian J Huntley May 2006 Contents 1. Overview 3. Biophysical Setting 2. History of Biodiversity Research in Lunda Norte 4. Biogeographic Divisions 5. Flora 6. Vegetation 7. Agricultural Potential 8. Birds and Important Bird Areas 9. Mammals 10. Conservation Priorities 11. Research Needs 12. References 13. Maps 14. Photographs *Golder Associates 2006. Biodiversity and Social Scan of Lunda Norte, Angola. Consultancy report to De Beers Angola Prospecting Limited, Luanda. 147 pp. 18 1. OVERVIEW This report provides an overview of current knowledge on the biodiversity of Lunda Norte, in the Angolan and African context. Although very important biodiversity inventories resulted from the work of the Museu do Dundo, Lunda Norte remains poorly known in terms of its major habitats and their fauna and flora. The present study was limited to extensive aerial overflights and several hundred kilometres of ground survey during a visit of four days in April 2006. Previous surveys of the region in 1971/75 provided a background to this synopsis, which focuses on Lunda Norte, but which refers, in places, to the 'Lundas' as the two provinces were known before sub-division into two provinces after 1975. Lunda Norte has a diversity of landscapes and ecosystems, a moderately rich flora and an extremely rich freshwater fauna. Its mammal fauna has been greatly reduced in numbers and species, while its rich bird life, frogs, reptiles and other animal groups are probably stable. The fish fauna of those rivers subject to extensive open cast mining has probably been seriously reduced. Land transformation through shifting cultivation has had significant impacts in the more populated areas to the east of the Chicapa river, but extensive areas to the west of the Chicapa, especially in the Luximo, Luele and Lovua river valleys and interfluves, are mostly free of transformation. These valleys contain extensive, essentially pristine forest and wetland habitats of great biodiversity interest. A broad-based assessment of biodiversity conservation status and research needs is presented. 2. BIOPHYSICAL SETTING Angola, a country of 1 246 700 km 2 , comprises a relatively narrow coastal plain leading to a steep escarpment with an extensive interior plateau - the planalto - with 73% of the country's area lying at over 1 000m. Lunda Norte lies in the far north east of the country, on a gently tilted plateau of between 850 to 1050m altitude, dissected by northwards-draining rivers of the Cassai-Congo basin, which drains approximately 20% of Angola. The geology of the Lundas, and indeed half of Angola, is dominated by the extensive Tertiary Kalahari sands, up to 250m in depth, overlying the diamondiferous gravels of the Cretaceous Calando group of the Karoo system, and the granites and gneisses of the Precambrian. These earlier formations are exposed along the deeply incised rivers. The Kalahari sands provide poorly developed soils of low fertility and rapid drainage, and frequently contain bands of laterite, silcrete or calcrete at varying depths, creating locally perched water tables with considerable influence on the vegetation. The Karoo and Precambrian systems develop ferralitic soils with frequent bands of laterite, often forming an indurated layer. The relationship between geology, soils, drainage and vegetation has not been analysed in Lunda Norte, but the general patterns would be expected to follow those described by Duvigneaud (1951) for the Cuango valley in neighbouring DRC, (Figure 1). The climate of Lunda Norte comprises hot, wet summers and warm, dry winters. Records for Dundo (Silveira 1973) give an average of 1 600mm per annum, with May to August accounting for only 100mm of this total. The mean annual temperature at Dundo, 24,2°C, ranges from monthly means of 23,8° (June) to 24,5 (May). Relative humidity at midday ranges from 67% in November to March, dropping to 35% in July. Several writers (Redinha 1961, Gossweiler and Mendonça 1939, Barbosa 1970) have remarked on the desiccating effect of the hot dry winds from the interior, a feature of smoke columns in the fire season, and the predominance of south easterly winds recorded at Dundo and Saurimo (Silveira 1973). 19 Figuie 1. Piofile of geology, soils anu vegetation in the uppei Cuango, BRC, fiom south to noith (fiom Buvigneauu 19S1) Key: Stipple ! Kalahaii Sanus; White ! banu of the gies polymoiphe; Batcheu ! ieu clays of the Kaiioo Fe ! Wooulanu of !"#$%&'()*+#¡,'-.)"/+0+#; Fg ! ualleiy foiest; FT ! Noist foiest; Na ! Nixeu uiy foiest (Nabwati); St ! uiasslanu, uiy oi moist; T ! wetlanus, with 1&"+'; SSt ! wooueu giasslanu; Ni ! seconuaiy uiy foiest (Nikwati); Sav ! Seconuaiy wooulanu, with 2&3)0-$#"4+# 3. HISTORY OF BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH IN LUNDA NORTE 3.1 Introduction Despite Angola's unusually rich biodiversity, including ecosystems ranging from the ultra-desert of Namibe, the extensive savannas and woodlands of the vast interior plateau, and Afromontane forests and open grasslands on the central highlands, to the rain forests of Cabinda, very little has been published in English on this huge country's fauna, flora and ecosystems. The inability of most English speaking biologists to read Portuguese, French and German, has resulted in Angola remaining largely terra incognita, while even the papers in these languages describe the country as it was prior to 1975, with no significant new field studies having been undertaken since independence. 2u 3.2 The Laboratório de Investigações Biológicas, Dundo Without doubt, the biological knowledge base of Lunda Norte benefited enormously through the vision and energy of a single dedicated scientist, Antonio de Barros Machado, who established, in 1953, the Laboratório de Investigações Biológicas at Dundo, at the Angolan Headquarters of the Compania de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang). Diamang was founded in 1917, following the discovery by a Belgian prospector, of a diamond in the Kasai basin in the neighbouring area of the then Belgian Congo, in 1907. A condition of the concession granted to Diamang in 1921 was the requirement to study and report on the socio- economic and cultural conditions and needs of the people of Lunda, and to collect, describe and preserve information on its fauna and flora. In the period 1953 to 1973, Barros Machado, assisted by his wife, Dora Lustig Machado, and his technical assistant, Eduardo Luna de Carvalho, established the modest Museu do Dundo and its collections as one of the most important centres of biodiversity exploration in Africa. Through his active collaboration, with over 300 specialists from more than 30 countries, Barros Machado distributed 80 collections of diverse species collected in the Lundas, which served as the base to 336 major publications, the majority of which (267) were published in the biological series of Publicações Culturais, the elegantly produced journal of Diamang (Barros Machado 1995). The importance of Barros Machado's dedication to biodiversity surveys for the Lundas, Angola and Africa cannot be overstated. The collections that he made with his small team resulted in the description of 2 500 new African taxa, from family to variety, including 220 new genera and nearly 2 200 new species. All vertebrate groups (fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, mammals) were included, plus many invertebrate groups, most especially insects. At the time he handed over the Laboratório de Investigacoes Biológicas to the scientists of the new government in 1975, he left collections of over 15 000 specimens of vertebrates and uncountable numbers of insects, arachnids, etc., including many type specimens. Barros Machado concentrated on animal groups, but facilitated the publication, by Alberto Cavaco (1959) of the extensive collections of plants made by John Gossweiler (1873 - 1952), a Swiss- born botanist who worked throughout Angola from 1899 to 1948. The fact that most studies on the biodiversity of Angola, and particularly of the Lundas, have been published in Portuguese, French and German, results in few of these publications being used or even referred to by the largely English speaking, mono-lingual conservation scientists of the past several decades. Consequently, despite the enormous contribution of Antonio de Barros Machado, his work and that which he stimulated remains almost wholly unknown to the modern researcher. 3.3 Botanical Research in Angola Botanical research in Angola commenced with the description of Maerua angolensis, collected near Luanda in 1824 (Gossweiler 1939). This contrasts with the much earlier collections, in 1597, of the first plants from South Africa, and the very extensive collections made in the Cape during the late 18 th and early 19 th century. Serious botanical collections only started in Angola on the arrival of the Austrian naturalist, Friederich Welwitsch in 1853, who collected extensively, but not in the Lundas, until 1861. The first collections from the Lundas date from Pogge who visited in 1875 and 1880 - 1884, with Buchner, another German, visiting the area in 1878. Other early collectors in the Lundas included Buttner 1884-1886 and Marques 1884-1888. 21 In the 20 th century, the most important collector was John Gossweiler, a Swiss botanist in the employ of the government of Angola from 1902-1942, returning in 1946 and 1948 to make collections in Lunda at the request of Diamang (Cavaco 1959). Cavaco provides a detailed account of the material collected by Gossweiler and others in Lunda. Gossweiler collected of 14 000 specimens in Angola. In addition to his contribution to our understanding of the flora of Angola, Gossweiler was the first botanist to map the principal vegetation units for the country (Gossweiler and Mendonça 1939). Unfortunately Gossweiler tried to apply the terminology of the Zurich-Montpellier school of phyto-sociology to the vegetation units he defined for Angola, a decision which makes his classic work difficult to interpret, despite its great value. Gossweiler's further classic contributions to Angolan botany are Flora Exotique d'Angola (1950) and Nomes indigenes de Plantas de Angola, published posthumously in 1953. This indefatigable botanist is remembered in a bronze statue erected by Diamang in the botanical garden at Dundo. Thirty one years after the publication of Gossweiler's Carta Fitogeográfica de Angola, Barbosa (1970) published his Carta Fitogeográfica de Angola, using the classification and terminology agreed on by African ecologists, and with greater detail due to a better understanding of the taxonomy and distribution of the key Angolan genera Brachystegia and Combretum. All subsequent accounts of Angolan vegetation have used Barbosa as their base, but most of them add little detail to our knowledge of the Lundas. The early collections from Lunda Norte, by Pogge and Buchner, were lost in the fire that destroyed the Berlin-Dahlem herbarium during the Second World War. Other collectors during the 20 th century include Young (1923), Carrisso and Mendonça (1927) Carrisso and Exell (1937) described in Exell (1938). Perhaps the most detailed plant ecological studies in Angolan vegetation were those of Monteiro (1970), but the analysis of geomorphology, climate and vegetation at the landscape scale done by Jessen (1938) was highly original for its time. 3.4 Zoological Research in Angola Cabral and Mesquitela (1989) have synthesised the history of vertebrate collections in Angola (excluding fishes) in a very valuable gazetteer of over 1 000 collecting sites. The history of zoological research in Angola, like that of the flora and vegetation, is relatively sparse. Notable exceptions are the great collectors of the 19 th century (Anchieta, 1864-1897), and the 20 th century (Ansorge 1903-1909, Lynes, 1926-1931, Barros Machado 1948-1974, Rosa Pinto 1958-1974). A series of expeditions by German (Pogge, von Mechow 1875-1884, Trense 1952-1954, Heinrich 1954-1958), Belgian (von Wissman 1884-1885), Portuguese (Capello and Ivens 1877-1878, Carvalho and Marques 1884), French (Rohan-Chabot 1923-1914), South African (Shortridge 1924), American (Vernay 1925, Gray 1929, Pulitzer 1930-1931, Philips-Bradley 1932-1933), Italian (Fenaroli 1930), British (Hall 1957) collectors provide the base of our knowledge of the Angolan vertebrate fauna. Angolan institutions such as the Instituto de Investigação Cientifica de Angola (Rosa Pinto 1958-1974, Crawford Cabral 1961-1974), Instituto de Investigação Medica de Angola (Ribeiro 1963-1972) made major contributions, the most important relative to Lunda Norte was that of the Museu do Dundo (Barros Machado 1948-1974). Poll (1967), in describing the fish fauna of Angola, summarises the history of collections in the country, of which the largest contributions came from Barros Machado and colleagues at the Museu do Dundo. 22 3.5 Research Post-1975 Due to the difficulties created throughout the post-Independence period of civil war, which affected much of Lunda Norte, little if any biological surveying has taken place in the province, or, indeed, the rest of Angola, since 1975. The return to normality now makes possible a new programme of biodiversity survey and research, and it is expected that the results of this present biodiversity scan will initiate not only a new phase of field work, but also a new generation of Angolan biologists. 4. BIOGEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS Development planning for any sustainable socio-economic activity is dependent on accurate knowledge of the nature and distribution of resources. This is as true for biodiversity conservation as it is for mining exploration. Over the past two centuries, a wide diversity of systems have been developed for classifying the flora, fauna and habitats of the globe. Unfortunately, biogeographers, or chorologists as some call themselves, burden the literature with cumbersome terminologies which are unhelpful to the general reader. For review purposes, such studies relating to Lunda Norte, need brief comment, but their usefulness in understanding the vegetation on the ground is mainly academic. Africa was divided into the Palearctic Realm (from the Sahara desert northwards) and the Ethiopian Realm (Africa south of the Sahara) by Wallace (1876), a major global classification that is still widely respected. Today, the term Afrotropical is used for Wallace's Ethiopian Realm. Within the Afrotropical Realm, botanists and zoologists have devised a variety of classifications for their particular purposes. White's (1983) phytochoria provides the most useful floristic classification, while Chapin (1932) is usually followed by zoologists. Both these scientists had extensive field knowledge of the biodiversity of tropical Africa, unlike many previous and subsequent writers. White (1983) distinguished two Regional Centres of Endemism which embrace the whole of Angola and Lunda Norte: the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism (mainly lowland rainforests) and the Zambezian regional centre of endemism (mainly savannas and woodlands). Between these two regional centres of endemism, White (1983) describes the Guinea-Congolia/ Zambezia regional transitional zone, within which the whole of Lunda Norte lies. Within Angola, two very different systems of vegetation classification have been followed at the national scale. Gossweiler and Mendonça (1939) followed the Zurich Montpellier system of Brockmann-Jerosch and Rubel (1930) with its complex Latinized terminology, suitable perhaps for Europe, but almost incomprehensible in Africa. Barbosa (1970) followed the tradition developed by botanists working in central, east and southern Africa, using the Yangambi system (Anon. 1956) which is well integrated into the rest of the region, and compatible with the broader scale synthesis of White (1983). At a local scale, the classification of vegetation and habitat units by the Chokwe people of Lunda Norte (Redinha 1961) is most useful and will be referred to in the account on the vegetation units below. While botanists and zoologists use units such as realms, phytochoria, districts, noda, etc., a more pragmatic approach is used by conservationists. Thus Huntley (1974) divided Angola into four biomes and followed Barbosa's (1970) 32 vegetation types to evaluate conservation priorities. Recent emphasis (Burgess et al. 2004) has been on ecoregions, defined as "large units of land or water that contain a distinct assemblage of species, habitats, and processes, and whose 2S boundaries attempt to depict the original extent of natural communities before major land use change (Dinerstein et al. 1995). Using this system developed by WWF, Africa is divided into 119 terrestrial ecoregions (Burgess et al. 2004) and 93 freshwater ecoregions (Thieme et al. 2005). Of these ecoregions, 11 terrestrial and 7 freshwater ecoregions fall within Angola. Lunda Norte comprises, primarily, the Southern Congolian Forest-Savanna Mosaic terrestrial ecoregion and the Kasai-Congo Forest River freshwater ecoregion. The rich botanical knowledge of the people of the Lundas was recognised by Exell (1938) and recorded in detail by Gossweiler (1953). Redinha (1961) provides a valuable account of the classification of vegetation formations - on ecological, utilitarian and aesthetic grounds - in Lunda Norte. Unfortunately, he provides very few scientific names to identify these units, but Barbosa (1970) provides some guidance. Their terms are referred to in the vegetation descriptions that follow and in Table 1. Their current use by the Chokwe people has not been verified in the field. 24 Table 1. Terms used by the Chokwe people to classify landscapes and vegetation formations (Redinha, 1961) The Upland, Plateau Areas (Cutunda), comprise: Wooded Savannas and woodlands a) Tchana - general term for open scrub and tree savannas b) Ussaqui - tall, dry, dense semi-deciduous forest with good soils for cultivation c) Tumba - evergreen forests of the plateaux, sacred forests, not cultivated d) Mussengue or tchipapa - closed woodland (miombo) e) Tchingulunga - glades at stream heads in woodlands f) Tchissungo - an association or stand or "issungua¨ - on rich soils and highly favoured for cultivation g) Tchicosso - an association or stand of "icosso¨, fertile soils h) Tchirhuto - secondary growth on savannas, with Hymenocardia and Imperata Open grasslands a) Tchana - open treeless grasslands b) Cabengui - extensive grasslands (Camissombo, Sombo, Corumbo) c) Cuco or mabalabala - shallow rocky soils of escarpment Lowland Areas (Camuanda) comprise: Closed forests a) Muchito - gallery forests b) Damba or Tchimdamba - extensive evergreen forest c) Tchissocola - secondary gallery forest, often on islands Wetlands and river margins a) Tenga - wetlands, often with standing pools b) Tchinema or tchicuco - alluvial fans and river margins Other Units a) Casselena - bare, eroded patches b) Lussanza - stands of the thatch grass "lussanza¨ c) Iculo - sites of old villages, secondary growth, with Imperata d) Mucapacapa - communities of Borassus, especially near Luia 5. FLORA The flora of Angola is estimated to comprise 5 185 species of higher plants with 1 260 endemics (Pteridophytes, Angiosperms and Gymnosperms) (Bamps 1975) - a figure which is probably an underestimate, given the relative scarcity of intensive botanical collections from the country. White (1983) estimates the floras of the Guineo-Congolian and Zambezian regional centres endemism at 8 500 and 8 000 species respectively, with the Guinea-Congolia/Zambezia transition zone to have an impoverished flora of about 2 000 species. No estimate is available for the number of species endemic to Lunda Norte, but given its position at the transition from Guineo-Congolian to Zambezian regional centres of endemism, it is unlikely that many local endemics would be limited to the province. Knowledge of the flora of the Lundas is based on the intensive collecting done in the area by Gossweiler in 1946 and 1948, with very little collecting undertaken thereafter. Cavaco (1959) 2S provides a review of Gossweiler's collections from the Lundas. His treatment lists 268 species of flowering plants, but appears to be incomplete, as significant species such as Brachystegia spiciformis is not included. The flora of Lunda Norte almost certainly exceeds 500 species, given its diversity of landscapes and ecosystems. 6. VEGETATION A transect running from east to west across Lunda Norte will reveal a repeating series of vegetation assemblages according to soil type, depth of the water table and position on the landscape. Thus the plateaux are occupied by extensive open grasslands, grasslands with scattered shrubs and trees, wooded grasslands, woodlands with a grass understorey, closed woodlands, dry forests and in the north, areas of closed semi-deciduous to evergreen forest. The escarpments carry open grassland to forest, dependent on soil depth and drainage, leading to wetlands, swamp forests, gallery forests and blocks of evergreen lowland forest. The region falls into Burgess et al. 2004 Southern Congolian Forest-Savanna Mosaic ecoregion. The vegetation of Lunda Norte has not yet been studied, nor described in any detail. The descriptions given by Gossweiler and Mendonça (1939) (summarised in Airy Shaw 1947) and Barbosa (1970) are very sketchy and at times confusing. The interpretation given by Redinha (1961) of the Chokwe classification of Lunda vegetation remains the best local description. Note: The absence of recent taxonomic reviews of the flora and fauna of Angola accounts for possible inconsistencies in the scientific names used in this report. 6.1. Moist forests (muchito, damba) Three forms of moist forest are sharply visible from the air in Lunda Norte. They are often invisible from the main roads, which run along the crests of the interfluves, and in the most actively mined areas, they have been cut down - either for mining operations or for cultivation. The forest groupings found in Lunda Norte belong to White's (1983) 'Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo- Congolian rainforest'. These forests, in the lower (northern) reaches of the Cassai tributaries, usually occur as narrow galleries (muchito), but are not confined to the banks of rivers, and also occur on the fertile soils of the rejuvenated land surfaces and are often several kilometres wide (damba or tchimdamba). The largest trees, are up to 30m in height. Species recorded by Gossweiler and others include : Alstonia congensis, Bombax reflexum, Brachystegia lujae, Canarium schweinfurthii, Ceibe pentandra, Chlorophora excelsa, Corynathe stipulosa,Elaeis guineensis, Entandrophragma angolense, Klainedoxa gabonensis, Prunus africana, Raphia sp., Uapaca guineensis, Mitragyne macrophylla, Treculia africana, Xylopia aethiopica, Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, Memecylon sapinii, Onkolea gore, Milletia acuticarina, M. eetveldeena, Celtis zenkeri, Musanga cecropoides. In the valley bottoms, and on the perched perennial seepages on some escarpments, patches of swamp forest occur, which include Ficus congicus, Mitragyna stipulosa, Spondias preussii, Nauclea diderichii, Treculia africana, Symphonia globulifa, Bielschmidia hermannii, Syzyguim cordatum, S. owarense, Xylopia aethiopica, Uapaca guineensis, Anthocleista scheinfurthii, Phoenix reclinata, Raphia sp., Rauvolphia caffra, etc. 26 6.2 Woodlands (mussengue, tchipapa) Grasslands, savannas and woodlands form an interdigitating mosaic in central southern Africa, occasionally sharply defined along soil moisture or fire regime gradients, but usually grading imperceptibly from one mix of species composition, density and height onto the next. At the ends of this continuum, one finds the extensive open grasslands of Gossweiler and Mendonça's (1939) Chanas da borracha, at the other, the closed, tall dry forests of White's (1983) Zambezian dry evergreen forest. In the opinion of some authors, much if not most of the open savannas and woodlands of central Africa were, in earlier times, closed woodland and forest. Over the past millennia, these have been transformed by cultivation and fire from closed communities of fire sensitive, shade tolerant species on more fertile soils to open, fire resistant, sun tolerant species on heavily leached soils that result from shifting cultivation and hot, regular fires. Support for this view is provided by the long-term burning experiments conducted at Ndola from the 1930s (White, 1983). The impact of shifting cultivation and recurrent, intense burning is very obvious in Lunda Norte, and the phenomenon incorporated into the terminology used by the Chokwe for various vegetation formations. Satellite imagery also reflects the patterns of human induced land transformation across the previously richer soils below a forest or woodland canopy, always selected first for cultivation of manioc crops. The loss of nutrients by the cultivation, burning, ash production, cropping and removal from this low nutrient pool is a common feature of the miombo and similar woodlands across the breadth of Africa. The resultant mosaic of vegetation communities, of varying age, height, composition and density, makes the fine-scale mapping of the region difficult. Thus most botanists tend to use terms such as 'transition', 'complex', mosaic', undifferentiated' etc as a compromise to drawing clear lines on the map. In Lunda, the mix of the base set of species of these communities is very varied, with Burkea africana, Hymencardia acida, Dialium engleranum, Combretum psidiodes, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Erythrophleum africanum, Ochna pulchra, Parinari curatellifolia and Swartzia madagascarensis being widely dispersed and common. The following trees are also widespread in the woodlands of Lunda Norte : Albizia antunesiana, Amblygonocarpus obtusanguls, Combretum zeyheri, Diospyros batocana, Lannea discolor, Maproun Africana, Ochna pulchra, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Pterocarpus angolensis,Strychnos pungens, Terminalia sericea, and Vangueriopsis lanciflora. In addition, Brachystegia longifolia, B. puberula, B. wangermeeana, Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus and Julbernardia paniculata are found. But the typical miombo genera, such as Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia are seldom dominant over large areas, in contrast to the greater area of the Angolan planalto. 6.3 Dry evergreen forest (Ussaqui) This rather unusual vegetation type is known as 'ussaqui' in Lunda Norte, 'muteshi' in Zambia, 'muhulu' in Shaba, and 'mabwati' in the DRC. Dry evergreen forest, which rarely exceeds 25m in height, except for a few emergents, represents part of a transition, both floristic and physiognomic, from Guineo-Congolian rain forest to Zambezian woodland. It occurs on deep, water-retaining soils of the plateaux. Dry evergreen forest is simpler in structure than rain forest and is relatively poor floristically. The leaves of the dominant trees are more leathery than those of rain-forest species and few have "drip-tips¨. 27 Zambezian dry evergreen forest varies greatly in floristic composition from place to place. There are eight dominant and emergent tree species, namely, Berlinia giorgii, Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus, Daniellia alsteeniana, Entandrophragma delevoyi, Marquesia acuminata, M. macroura, Parinari excelsa and Syzgium guineense subsp. afromontanum. Although none of the dominants occurs throughout, each overlaps considerably with most of the others. Fire seldom penetrates these dry forests. Both Redinha (1961) and White (1983) refer to sacred forests on the uplands (Tumba). Despite searching for these, Barbosa (1970) could not find any examples. 6.4 Secondary woodland and wooded grasslands and shrub lands (tchirhuto) Where regular fire or cultivation occurs, the dry evergreen forest and deciduous woodlands degenerate into transformed vegetation types. Trapnell (1943) applied the term chipya (from Bemba "cipya¨) to vegetation in which various trees other than Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia grow mixed in very tall grass. Such vegetation burns fiercely and the trees are remarkably fire-resistant. It occurs locally on suitable soils on the Central African Plateau. In Lunda Norte it is represented by what Redinha (1961) refers to as 'tchiruto', and what is known in the DRC as 'mikwati'. It is now well established that chipya occurs on sites formerly occupied by forest or transition woodland and owes its existence to cultivation and fire. Three herbaceous species, namely Afromomum biauriculatum, Pteridium aquilinum and Smilax kraussiana, which are absent from most types of miombo woodland, are almost universally present in chipya. Chipya usually consists of a complex mosaic representing different stages of degradation and re- establishment of the original vegetation, though in most places it is the more degraded phases that predominate. At one extreme, it consists of tall, almost pure grassland, though coppice of many fire-hardy trees may persist after the death of the original trunks by fire. At the other extreme the canopy is virtually closed, evergreen species are plentiful, and the community is well on its way to reverting to forest. The whole spectrum is treated as a single dynamic continuum and is classified here as woodland only for convenience. The fire-hardy trees in chipya, which are sometimes 20m or more high, include Albizia antunesiana, Amblygonocarpus andongensis, Burkea africana, Erythrophleum africanum, Parinaria curatellifolia, Pericopsis angolensis and Pterocarpus angolensis. Smaller trees are Anisophyllea boehmii, Combretum collinum, C. celastroides, C. zeyheri, Diospyros batocana, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Heeria reticulata, Hymenocardia acida, Maprounea africana, Ochthocosmus lemaireanus, Oldfieldia dactylophylla, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Swartzia madagascariensis, Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense, Terminalia sericea, Zylopia odoratissima and Zanha africana. The field layer is dense and usually between 2 and 3m high. The dominant grasses are Hyparrhenia diplandra, H. familiaris, Loudetia arundinacea, Digitaria uniglumis, and Andropogon gayanus. 6.5 Grasslands (tchana, cabengui) The best known vegetation of Lunda Norte is the extensive tall grasslands, locally known as the 'chanas da borracha' after the rubber producing shrub Landolphia parvifolia var. thollonii - or, in Chokwe 'cabengui' - which cover much of the plateaux of the interfluves. The nutrient poor Kalahari sands on which it occurs, has often been redistributed by wind or water, and is seasonally waterlogged. Trees are virtually absent and are replaced by rhizomatous short shrubs most of which are closely related to forest or woodland trees or lianes, and are usually less 28 than 0.6 m tall. At least under present-day conditions, their stems are normally burnt back to ground level every year. Flowering occurs early, before the end of the dry season, either from the axils of fallen leaves at the base of the burnt-back shoots or on the new shoots before the latter have completed their development. At this time the grasses are still dormant. In the absence of fire, these specialised short shrubs (known as geoxylic suffrutices), in particular, Landolphia parvifolia var. thollonii, Parinari capensis, are capable of a limited amount of upward growth, but eventually their stems become moribund and die. The underground parts are usually of massive proportions and the phytomass of the shrub rootstocks greatly exceeds that of the grasses. The communities they form are really "underground forests¨ (White, 1976), but for most of the year they look like grasslands and are treated as such here. Landolphia simplex is the dominant grass, but also common are Andropogon schirensis, Hyparrhenia bracheata, H. diplandra, H. newtomii, Miscanthus teretifolius, Monocymbium ceresiiforme, Setaria sphacelata, Themeda triandra and Trachypogon spicatus. 6.6 Wetlands (tenga) In the bottomlands and floodplains of the main rivers, often extensive wetlands with ox-bow lakes and marshlands and associated hydrophytes are common. These communities are characterised by an abundance of Cyperaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae and Nymphaeaceae. Grasses include Acroceras macrum, Echinochloa pyramidalis, E. scabra, Leersia hexandra, Panicum repens and Vossia cuspidate. 7. AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL A key factor determining the socio-economic development momentum of any region is its agricultural potential, which in turn has impacts on biodiversity conservation. For this reason, a brief summary, drawn from Castanheira Diniz (1991), is provided. Due to the dominance of the very poor sands of the Kalahari throughout Lunda, agriculture, both traditional and commercial, has contributed very little to its socio-economic development. Of 40 crops evaluated by Castanheira Diniz, only 10 (groundnuts, pineapple, banana, sweet potato, lablab bean, pawpaw, manioc, mango, urena and voandzeira) were considered appropriate for cultivation in Lunda Norte. Of these, only manioc is used as a subsistence crop, the others have very minor production levels and no commercial activity. In terms of animal production, most villages keep goats, chickens and pigs, with limited numbers of sheep and cattle. During the 1950s to 1970s, Diamang maintained large herds of beef cattle, in the order of 20 000 head, under intensive grazing systems in the Reserva Pastoril do Sanguege on the chanas west of Lucapa. Similarly, dairy cattle provided milk for the mining towns around Dundo, and vegetable gardens supplied most of the fresh vegetable needs of these villages. 8. BIRDS AND IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS Angola possesses a rich avifauna of c. 912 species, of which c. 800 species breed or are assumed to breed in Angola (Dean 2000). There are relatively few endemic bird species (13 compared to 166 for southern Africa), endemics occurring mostly on the western escarpment of Angola. The avifauna of Angola, despite the singular work of Rosa Pinto (Pinto 1983), remains poorly known. Dean, who undertook an extensive review of the literature and several field trips to Angola since the 1970s, provides a modern synthesis on the Angolan avifauna (Dean 2000). In a further paper (Dean 2001), he provides a brief survey of Important Bird Areas of Angola. The choice of areas included several existing protected areas and additional sites of special conservation interest 29 described by Huntley on the basis of extensive field surveys undertaken in 1971 - 1975 (Huntley 1973, 1974; Huntley and Matos 1992, 1994). Of the 23 Important Bird Areas identified by Dean (2001), three (Lagoa Carumbo, Luachimo, and Luia) occur in the Lunda Norte. These coincide with sites suggested for new protected areas by Huntley (1974). Dean (2001) provides descriptions for each of these sites, plus the number of bird species for which museum specimens are available for each site. Due to the paucity of accurate field observations (or checklists) for most of Angola, the number of species determined on the basis of museum records is very conservative. Thus Dean (2001) lists 156 species collected in Cuango; 109 species for Luia; 67 species for Lagoa Carumbo and 313 species for Luachimo. These statistics reflect the level of field work by previous ornithologists in the various sites, not the real diversity of the avifauna. The above descriptions confirm the need for further intensive bird surveys in the Lundas, especially ecologically diverse sites such as Lagoa Carumbo. Dean (2001), for instance, notes that the 313 species recorded in the relatively small area around Chitato on the Luachimo include 18 species unknown (or very restricted) elsewhere in Angola. 9. MAMMALS: DISTRIBUTION AND RECENT STATUS Huntley (1973, 1974) provides a synthesis of the distribution, abundance and conservation needs for 80 species of larger mammals in Angola. A list of species occurring, or known to have occurred, in Lunda Norte is given in Table 2. Barros Machado (1969) describes several new records of species for Angola, mostly from Lunda Norte, while Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo (2005) gave extensive details on the past distribution of the ungulate fauna of Angola. Since Huntley (1973) surveyed the status of large mammals throughout Angola, it is probable that seven species: wild dog, cheetah, elephant, eland, sable, Lichtenstein's hartebeest and Cape buffalo, have become extinct in Lunda Norte, while most other species of larger mammals have been significantly reduced in numbers. Table 2: Mammals known to have occurred in Lunda Norte (names follow Stuart and Stuart 2000) Order Primates Common name Habitat Galago demidovi Dwarf Galago Gallery forests Galago crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Galago Woodlands Papio cynocephalus Savanna Baboon Woodlands Cercocebus aterrimus Black Mangabey Gallery Forests Cercopithecus ascanius Black-cheeked White-nosed monkey Gallery Forests Cercopithecus neglectus De Brazza's Monkey Gallery Forests Cercopithecus aethiops Vervet Monkey Woodlands Colobus angolensis Angola Black & White Colobus Gallery Forests Order Insectivora Potamogale velox Giant otter shrew Rivers Order Tubilidentata Orycteropus afer Aardvark Grasslands and woodlands Order Hyracoidea Dendrohyrax arboreus Tree hyrax Forest Su Order Carnivora Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter Rivers Aonyx congica Congo Clawless Otter Rivers Lutra maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter Rivers Canis adustus Side-striped Jackal Woodlands Lycaon pictus Wild Dog Grasslands and Woodlands Panthera pardus Leopard Widespread Panthera leo Lion Woodlands and Grasslands Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Grasslands Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat Widespread Poecilogale albinucha Striped Weasel Widespread Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Widespread Atilax paludinosus Water Mongoose Rivers Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose Woodlands Mungos gambianus Gambian Mongoose Woodlands Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Woodlands Felis silvestris African Wild Cat Widespread Leptailurus serval Serval Woodlands Civettictis civetta African Civet Widespread Nandinia binotata Tree Civet Forest Genetta tigrina Large-spotted Genet Widespread Genetta angolensis Angolan Genet Widespread Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose Widespread Herpestes ichneumon Large Grey Mongoose Widespread Order Pholidota Manis tricuspis White-bellied Tree Pangolin Forest Order Lagomorpha Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Woodlands Order Rodentia Atherurus africanus African Brush-tailed Porcupine Woodlands, Forest Hystrix africaeaustralis South African Porcupine Widespread Colomys goslingi Water Rat Rivers Thryonomys gregorianus Giant Rat Widespread Thryonomys swinderianus Giant Rat Widespread Protoxerus stangeri Giant Squirrel Woodlands Order Proboscidea Loxodonta africana Elephant Forest, Woodlands Order Artiodactyla Hippopotamus amphibious Hippopotamus Rivers Potamochoerus larvatus Bush Pig Forests and Woodlands Taurotragus oryx Common Eland Grasslands Phacochoerus africanus Warthog Woodlands Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga Woodlands, Wetlands Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Widespread Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope Woodlands Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope Woodlands Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa Defassa Waterbuck Woodlands S1 Kobus vardoni Puku Woodlands Redunca arundinum Reedbuck Widespread Alcelaphus lichtensteini Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Woodlands Cephalophus silvicultor Yellow-backed Duiker Forest Cephalophus dorsalis Bay Duiker Forest Cephalphus nigrifrons Black-fronted Duiker Forest Cephalophus monticola Blue Duiker Widespread Sylvicapra grimmia Grey Duiker Grasslands Syncerus caffer caffer Savanna Buffalo Widespread Syncerus caffer nanus Red Buffalo Widespread NB: Hyemoschus aquaticus (Water Chevrotain) is cited by Crawford Cabral and Verissimo (2005) as having been recorded by De Seia (pers. comm.) from Lunda Norte, near the Cassai River. This record is unverified and unlikely given the known distribution of this species. 10. CONSERVATION PRIORITIES 10.1 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Any proposals on conservation priorities need to conform with national initiatives. The Angolan government has recently approved its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) (Angola 2006) which builds on the framework provided by the Convention on Biological Diversity, which Angola ratified in 1997. The NBSAP describes the constitutional, legal, institutional and administrative arrangements relating to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Angola. It also identifies strategic areas and objectives and the associated actions, budgets and timetables relative to their achievements. In relation to Lunda Norte, several specific recommendations are made in the NBSAP. These include, in summary form: Strategic Area A: Research and communication of information. A.1.5 a) Studies on the gallery forests of the Cassai, Luachimo and Cuango A.1.9 Research in the biodiversity of the interior wetlands and associated drainage basins A.2.1 Assess the rate of deforestation and erosion A.2.7 Study traditional ecosystem management systems A.2.9 Study the state and trends of invasive alien species Strategic Area C: Management of Biodiversity within Protected Areas C.2.1 Identify and create protected areas to include ecosystems not yet protected, for example the gallery forests of Lunda Norte Strategic Area D: Sustainable Use of the Components of Biodiversity D.4.1 Ensure that Environmental Impact Assessments are undertaken where projects might have negative impact on biodiversity D.4.2 Ensure that concession holders for the exploitation of diamonds are obliged to formulate and implement Environmental Management Plans, to mitigate impacts and rehabilitate disturbed areas D.5.2 Implement a moratorium on the hunting of wild species threatened with extinction D.5.3 Control the exploitation of endemic, rare or threatened plants in terms of national and international Red Lists S2 Strategic Area E: The Role of Communities in Biodiversity Management E.6 Undertake detailed research on traditional uses of indigenous plants and animals Strategic Area F: Institutional Development F.1 Develop a programme for the development of biodiversity scientists and specialists F.2.2 Develop a programme of foreign cooperation and technical assistance to assist in the development of Angola's scientific potential 10.2 Biodiversity Conservation Priorities A brief background to biodiversity conservation in Angola (Huntley 1974) describes the establishment of the first national parks and game reserves and hunting areas (coutadas) in the 1930s, following the London Convention of 1933. All the protected areas established at that time, and until the present, were focussed on large mammal populations. Areas of considerable biodiversity interest, but with no "charismatic megaherbivores¨ such as Mount Moco, Maiombe forest, the gallery forests of Lunda Norte, the escarpment forests of Cuanza Sul, etc., were excluded from the protected area network. On the basis of extensive field surveys from 1971 to 1975, Huntley (1973, 1974), Huntley and Matos (1994), identified a network of 26 new sites for protected areas. These sites included three in Lunda Norte: Luia, Carumbo and Luachimo. These sites remain high priorities, but need detailed surveys to define the exact delimitation of areas to be protected. Luia. The valleys of the Luembe and Cassai rivers, to the south and east of the village of Luia, are of interest due to the records of Lichtenstein's hartebeest, sable antelope, puku, eland and Cape buffalo, and the uncertain record of water chevrotain, coming from the area (Crawford Cabral and Verissimo 2005). It is possible that al these species, plus waterbuck, elephant and hippo have disappeared from the area, but the fact that many species rare or unknown elsewhere in Angola were recorded here makes the region of interest due to the possibility of rare species of other taxonomic groups - birds, reptiles, frogs, fishes - occurring here. The presence of Borassus aethiopicus palm savanna, a habitat type not found elsewhere in Angola, is also significant. Dean (2001) records 109 bird species from the area, but considers this a very conservative sample of the avifauna. Lagoa Carumbo. The valleys of the Luele and Luxico rivers, including Lagoa Carumbo, include extensive pristine examples of the major forest, savanna, woodland and wetland habitats of Lunda Norte. This very rich area has been poorly studied and deserves strict protection until an adequate inventory of its biodiversity has been made. Luachimo river, Chitato. Although much of this valley has been transformed through mining and agriculture, remaining packets of the gallery forest near Dundo should be protected as the sites from which a major portion of the biological collections of the Museu do Dundo were made. A total of 313 bird species are reported by Dean (2001), including 19 species unknown elsewhere in Angola. 10.3 Ecoregional Synopsis The recent major reviews of the Terrestrial (Burgess et al. 2004) and Freshwater (Thieme et al. 2005) Ecoregions of Africa provide a fair synopsis of the biodiversity values of Lunda Norte, given the limited quantity and quality of data available. In terms of terrestrial biodiversity, Burgess el al. (2004) indicate that the area has only moderate biodiversity richness and endemism, an opinion shared by White (1983). This conclusion could be SS due to the very limited field surveys of the flora, and the absence of any large extant populations of mammals. But compared with the diversity of Congolian rain forests or Zambezian arid savannas, the Lundas are relatively depauperate. Further research might change this view, however. In contrast, the freshwater systems of the Lundas, the Kasai Moist Forest River Ecoregion of Thieme et al. (2005), are unusually rich. "This ecoregion has an incredibly rich fish fauna, with more than 200 known species, about one quarter of which are endemic. The ecoregion is also extremely rich in frogs, about 60 species known from the Kasai.¨ (Thieme et al. 2005). Thus it is the river systems, and the wetlands, swamp forests and gallery forests that feed them, that are of special biodiversity conservation interest. 10.4 Current status of ecosystems With the exception of those areas subjected to intense open cast mining along the river valleys, and to shifting cultivation around the main villages, the major portion of Lunda Norte is relatively free of significant land transformation or habitat destruction. But where impacts have occurred, they are profound and of widespread impact on downstream ecosystems. The brief survey undertaken during this study could only provide rather general impressions on the state of ecosystems, and more detailed studies will be required to provide accurate and site specific evaluations. But in broad terms, the following types of impacts were considered. 10.4.1 Infrastructure With the exception of the diamond mining areas and the villages associated with them, Lunda Norte has almost no major infrastructure (industrial, dams and irrigation systems, power stations and transmission lines, railway systems, airports, etc). The existing main road between Saurimo and Chicapa is in very poor repair, and most subsidiary roads and bridges are barely passable. The planned upgrade of the main national road from Luanda to Saurimo and on to Chicapa over the next several years will, however, make Lunda Norte much more accessible to development and pressures on its natural resources. Thus the present low levels of transformation might be expected to rapidly increase during the coming decade. 10.4.2 Agriculture Due to the low agricultural productivity of the Kalahari sands which dominate the Lunda Norte landscape, agriculture is of limited potential in the province. Traditional shifting cultivation to produce manioc crops, the stable food of the region, result in deforestation of woodland and dry forest and resultant second growth wooded grasslands and shrub savannas. This form of land transformation does not lead to the extinction of any species - it merely changes the structure of habitats and as a result the distribution and abundance of constituent species. The highest levels of land transformation due to shifting cultivation lie to the east of the Chicapa river, concentrated around the mining towns and traditional villages. 10.4.3 Charcoal production A primary driver of habitat transformation over much of Angola, especially on the planalto and in the south west, is charcoal production for transport to and sale in the main cities. The impact of deforestation on woodlands and dry forests in neighbouring Shaba and Zambia, has been long- term and profound, resulting in the disappearance of many major habitats. In Lunda Norte, charcoal production is relatively unimportant, and to the west of the Chicapa, during the course of this study, only two charcoal burners were seen along the roadside over a distance of 200 kms through the very sparsely populated Chicapa/Lovua interfluve. S4 Once an accessible market is opened up by the rehabilitation of roads, charcoal burning will undoubtedly become the main cause of land transformation in Lunda Norte. 10.4.4 Forestry and afforestation Neither commercial timber extraction nor afforestation with exotic plantation species has yet occurred in Lunda Norte. The Guineo-Congolian forests are mostly too inaccessible for timber extraction, and the soils too unproductive for commercial plantations. 10.4.5 Invasive alien species One of the most important threats to biodiversity in southern Africa is the impact of alien plant and animal species and micro-organisms. It would appear that Lunda Norte is still free of significant invasive alien species. Vulnerable habitats include the wetland and river ecosystems, particularly from aquatic animals that could be introduced for food production purposes - but this seems improbable in the medium term. Other invasives of aquatic habitats, such as the weeds Eichornia crassipes and Azolla sp. require relatively calm, nutrient enriched waters, which do not occur in Lunda Norte. 10.4.6 Urbanization and soil erosion The position of many mining villages on the lip of escarpments, and the absence of appropriate storm water management systems, has resulted in severe erosion canyons cutting back into the villages, roads and infrastructure. In addition, the rapid growth of many villages due to their occupation during the war by refugees, and the inadequacy of waste management systems, results in high levels of littering, untreated sewage and associated environmental and health risks. 10.4.7 Hunting The diverse mammal fauna of Lunda Norte probably never occurred in the abundance of the better known wildlife areas of the southern provinces of Angola. But it is evident that all species have been severely reduced in abundance, some to local extinction, over the past several decades. Large mammals (elephants, buffalo, hippopotamus) have disappeared over most of Lunda Norte, while populations of the favoured hunting species (roan, reedbuck, bushbuck, sitatunga) have also been greatly reduced. The arrival of large numbers of garimpeiros from central Africa possibly added severely to the impact of the bushmeat trade on smaller mammals and some reptiles. Information on this trade is not available, but the trade is probably significant. 10.4.8 Mining Open cast diamond mining along several of the major river (Chicapa, Luachimo, Tchihumbe, Luembe) has been a feature, and the base to the Lunda Norte economy, for nearly a century. The highly destructive methods used to access the diamondiferous gravels of the river beds, and the general lack of any environmental management practices, results in intense habitat and substrate destruction, and massive disruption and siltation of river systems along and below the mines. In addition to the legal, commercial mining operations, the presence of several thousand, perhaps tens of thousands, of informal miners (garimpeiros) over much of Lunda Norte, results in a widely dispersed network of relatively small but significant impacts on habitats and biodiversity. While the surface area transformed by mining operations might total less than 5% of Lunda Norte, the dramatic direct and indirect impacts of these activities accounts for far wider negative consequences, especially on the biodiversity of wetland and riverine ecosystems. SS 10.4.9 Habitats and Species of Concern The poor level of knowledge of the current status of plant and animal species in Angola accounts for the lack of anything but broad based assessments of Red List species or ecosystems. Even recently published lists, such as that for plants (Dombo, Da Costa and Neto 2002) use totally dated and inappropriate lists from desk studies undertaken with no recent field information. It is thus pointless to try to identify threatened species beyond general statements. In terms of mammals, we know that species such as sable, Lichtenstein's hartebeest and cheetah have not been sighted in Lunda Norte during the past thirty years, while others, such as elephant, buffalo, hippopotamus and eland have probably disappeared in the last decade. Species likely to be under threat include most of the larger primates, roan antelope, defassa waterbuck, puku, reedbuck and red buffalo. The two crocodiles, Crocodylus cataphractus and C. niloticus, are also probably under pressure. As has been indicated above, the impact of open cast mining on river and wetland habitats, especially in terms of the millions of tonnes of silt carried downstream every year, must be exerting a profound negative impact on the extremely rich and endemic fish fauna of affected rivers. The absence of recent surveys gives no measure of this impact, however. With regard to the flora, species level impacts seem minimal. Only one species of CITES-listed plant (Encephalartos poggei) occurs in Lunda Norte. This species is occasionally collected for horticultural display in gardens, but the state of E. poggei populations in the wild has not been assessed. In terms of habitats, those cleared for mining operations are obviously severely affected, but due to the vast areas of Lunda Norte with extensive river valleys and plateaux that are still in relatively pristine condition, no specific habitat type could be said to be threatened at this time. However, should market access open the province to charcoal exploitation, the situation could rapidly deteriorate. 11. Research Needs Despite the invaluable contribution made by the Museu do Dundo to our knowledge of Lunda Norte, much still awaits discovery and description before a meaningful account can be given on the present status and future needs of the biodiversity resources of the province. More specifically, the existing impacts of mining operations, and the implementation of rigorous environmental management systems to mitigate further and rehabilitate existing impacts will need careful field studies. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan already gives clear guidance on priorities, as outlined above. In order to give effect to the NBSAP, a key requirement will be the development of Angolan specialists in biodiversity assessment and management. A carefully designed biodiversity field survey of Lunda Norte could make a major contribution in this regard. Such a survey could focus on two groups of sites - The proposed new protected areas (Carumbo, Luachimo, Luia) Existing and proposed mining areas The first set of sites need review of their suitability as long term protected areas and how their designation as such would affect the existing local residents. The second set of sites need to be evaluated in terms of the feasibility of rehabilitation and of current and future environmental impacts and the development of Environmental Management Plans. S6 The costs and logistics of such field surveys are significant challenges, but initially, pilot studies could focus on selected high priorities, such as Carumbo, and pre-developmental assessments of new mining ventures. Further, the use of available satellite imagery could provide a rapid assessment of the nature and extent of existing mining related land transformation. Proposals for such a pilot survey will be prepared as a supplementary report to this biodiversity profile. 12. References Airy Shaw, H. K. 1974. The Vegetation of Angola. J. Ecol. 35: 23 - 48. Angola: 2006. Estrategia e Plano de Acção Nacional para a Biodiversidade. Luanda,. Mimeograph. Bamps, P. 1975. Plantes Nouvelles au Rares de l'Angola. Garçia de Orta Ser. Bot 2(2): 71 - 76. Barbosa, L. A. 1970. 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La flore et la vegetation du Congo Mreidional. AETFAT, Brussels Exell, A. W. 1939. Dr Carisso's Botanical Mission to Angola. J. Bot. 76: 121 - 134. Exell, A. W. and Gonçalves, M.L., 1973. A statistical analysis of a sample of the flora of Angola. Garçia de Orta Ser. Bot. 1(102): 105 - 128. Gossweiler, J. 1939. Elementos para a historia da exploração botanica de Angola. Buletim da Sociedade Broteriana 13: 283 - 305. Gossweiler, 1950. Flore Exotique d'Angola. 57 pp. Gossweiler, J. 1953. Nomes indigenas de plantas da Angola. Agronomia Angolana 7: 587 pp., Luanda. Gossweiler, J. and Mendonça, F. A. 1939. Carta fitogeografica de Angola. Governo Geral de Angola, Luanda. 242 pp. Huntley, B. J. 1973. Distribution and status of large mammals of Angola, with special reference to rare and endangered species - first report on the current status. Serviços de Veterinária, Luanda, Angola. Huntley, B.J. 1974. Outline of Wildlife Conservation in Angola. J. Sth. Arf. Wildl. Mgmt. Assoc. 4: 157 - 166. Huntley, B. J. 1974. Ecosystem Conservation Priorities in Angola. Serviços de Veterinaria, Luanda. 25 pp Mimeograph. Huntley, B. J. and Matos, E. 1992. Biodiversity: Angolan Environmental Status Quo Assessment Report. IUCN, Harare, Zimbabwe. 55 pp. Huntley, B.J. and Matos, E. M. 1994. Botanical Diversity and its Conservation in southern Africa. Strelitzia 1: 56 - 74. Monteiro, R.F.R, 1970. Estudo da flore e da vegetacao das florestas abertas do planalto do Bie. Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica da Angola, Luanda. 352 pp. Pinto, A. A. de Rosa 1983. Ornitologia de Angola. Lisbon. Instituto de Investigação Cientifica Tropical. Poll, M. 1967. Contribution à la faune ichthologique de l'Angola. Publ. Cult. Co. Diam. Ang.: 75, 381 pp. Redinha, J. 1961. Nomenclaturas nativas para as formaçoes botánicas do noreste de Angola. Agronomia angolana 13: 55 - 78. Silveira, M. 1973. Estudo climático dos distritos da Lunda, Angola. 181 pp. mimeograph. Stuart, C. and T. 2000. Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa. Struik, Cape Town. 318pp. Thieme, M. L., Abell, R., Staissny, M. L. J.. Skelton, P. 2005. Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar. A conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington. 431 pp. Wallace, A. R, 1876. The geographic distribution of Animals. Vol 1. MacMillan and Co. London S8 White, F. 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. Paris: UNESCO/UNSO. S9 14. Photos 1. 5%#0#' 4# .-""#$%# ! extensive giasslanus with scatteieu shiubs. Wooulanu on the hoiizon. 2. Gallery forests along the Lumaca tributary of the Lumanhe river. Mixed woodland on west (left) bank, with wooded grasslands and open tchanas on seasonally waterlogged soils of the east (right) bank. 4u S. Wetlanus along the Luele iivei floouplain, with swamp foiest anu galleiy foiest patches on maigins, anu wooulanus on uplanus. 4. uuineo-congolian semi-ueciuuous foiest on lowei ieaches of Luxico iivei valley, with mixeu wooulanus on uistant uplanu plateaux. S. Lagoa Caiumbo, on Luele iivei. Floouplain wetlanus suiiounu the lake, with swamp foiest anu galleiy foiest patches. 6 & 7. Patch of 7#"89)'+# ! 5"&:(-'):#/93 uiy foiest on maigin of giasslanu tchana. 41 8 & 9. !-"#''9' #)(%+-:+$# savanna south of Luia. 10. Dr Antonio do Barros Machado and Mrs Machado. Lunda, December 1974. 11. ualleiy foiest on maigin of Luachimo iivei, Bunuo. 42 12. Nixeu wooulanu, noith of Camissombo. 13. Interior of semi-deciduous dry forest. 14. Nanioc plantation in cleaiing within uiy foiest. ;/#(&$)"+93 stag-hoin fein on ueau bianch. 4S 1S. Banks of Chicapa iivei, with iemnant tiees of foimei galleiy foiest. Calunua. 16. <-94)(+# '+3:/)= giasslanus of extensive tchanas south west of Camissombo. 17. Inteiioi of seconuaiy wooulanu subject to fiequent fiie. 44 18. Escaipment wooulanu above Chicapa valley. 19. Laige !"#$%&'()*+# ':+$+>-"3+' on maigin of uiy ueciuuous foiest noith of Camissombo. 20. Swamp forests on perched water table along escarpment above Luxico river. 4S Annex 2. Biogeographical Overview of the Lunda Region, northeast Angola ! #$ %$ &$ '())*+,-- !"#$ & !'()*+ "+(,- #./0(1+,2(3 $0,42(5 607+(,809, 2' :02;2<)*+; =*)09*0/> ?9)10(/),3 2' @+70 A249 B29C0.2/*- DDED =2F,- !'()*+ ./0 1233 !"#$%&'(#)%" As LreaLed here, Lhe Lunda reglon - hereafLer Lunda - of norLheasL Angola lncorporaLes Lhe admlnlsLraLlve provlnces of Lunda Sul and Lunda norLe. 1he dralnage ls characLerlzed by norLh-flowlng rlvers LhaL for convenlence have been classlfled by 1hleme eL al (2008) lnLo Lhe kwllu, Loange, kasal-1schlkapa, 1schllumbe, and upper kasal (llsLed from wesL Lo easL across nL Angola). Lago Carumbo ls malnLalned by Lhe Luxlco rlver, a prlnclpal wesL bank LrlbuLary of Lhe Luele, whlch LogeLher form Lhe headwaLers of Lhe Loange rlver. 1he laLLer's confluence wlLh Lhe kasal aL ~4 o 17'S, upsLream of Lhe laLLer's [uncLlon wlLh Lhe Sankuru (a ma[or easL-bank LrlbuLary), ls locaLed aL a slgnlflcanL dlsLance norLh of all Lhe oLher rlvers dralnlng easLern Lunda (perLlnenLly Lhe Lovua, Chlkapa and LongLshlmo), Lhese all [oln Lhe kasal souLh of 6 o S. 1he prlnclpal blogeographlcal elemenLs comprlslng Lhe blodlverslLy of Lunda reglon LesLlfy Lo Lhe lnLerplay of scale-dependenL processes, whlch exLend from LecLonlsm aL geologlcal scales (10 7 - 10 4 yr) Lhrough Lo Lhe vlclsslLudes of palaeo-cllmaLes. A consensus of oplnlon draws on a sulLe of cross-dlsclpllnary evldence, from dlsparaLe palaeo-envlronmenLal records, Lo raLe cllmaLlc and LecLonlc forclng as Lhe domlnanL conLrols over Lhe Lempo and mode of bloLlc evoluLlon. 1he laLLer are lnvoked Lo have forced alLernaLlng arld versus weL condlLlons across souLh-cenLral Afrlca, and magnlLude of Lhese osclllaLlons has lncreased over Lhe pasL ~2.8 mllllon years wlLh a domlnanL slgnal of 10 4 yr. 1ecLonlcs lnLeracLed wlLh cllmaLlc conLrols over eroslon Lo forge Lhe prlnclpal landforms over Lhe laLe Cenozolc. So some elaboraLlon on Lhese conLrols ls a prerequlslLe Lo developlng any blogeographlcal synLhesls for Lunda. 8eyond Lhe challenges of esLabllshlng robusL ages (emplacemenL) of Lhe maln llLhologlcal unlLs, lles Lhe lnLracLable problems of asslgnlng ages Lo Lhe prlnclpal landforms of Lunda.A promlnenL paLLern LhaL begs explanaLlon ls Lhe co-occurrence of foresL and savanna specles ln Lhe landscape mosalc of Lunda Loday. Lqually perplexlng quesLlons are presenLed ln Lhe admlxLure of Congo and Zambezlan elemenLs ln Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy, whlch exhlblL lnLeresLlng parallels Lo Lhese ln Lhe LerresLrlal hablLaLs. Pere, our evldence ls lncompleLe, lf noL fragmenLary, buL lLs synLhesls ls persuaslve. neverLheless, Lhls synLhesls ls prellmlnary and can be employed as a seL of worklng hypoLheses. 1easlng ouL lndlvldual roles of Lhese mulLlple facLors LhaL accounL for Lhese mlxed occurrences - of LerresLrlal and aquaLlc elemenLs - encounLers several challenges of undersLandlng Lhe blogeography of Lhe reglon. 1hese represenL evoluLlonary processes operaLlng aL subconLlnenLal scales. lor example, phyLographlcally, Lhe reglon lles near Lhe cenLre of WhlLe's Culneo-Congollan 1ranslLlon Zone. +,- .-%/%0)(1/ +-23/1#- 1he landscapes of Lunda are characLerlzed by Lhe ublqulLous, lf noL unlversal, lnfluence of deep kalaharl sedlmenLs, whlch overlle a more heLereogenous maLrlx of ºbasemenL" rocks, of Lhe older craLons and moblle belLs. LrupLlons of Lhe klmberllLe sulLes across norLhern Angola and Lhelr subsequenL eroslon of Lhelr craLer facles (conLrlbuLlng Lo Lhe Calando sedlmenLs of Lhe upper karroo) seLs a mlnlmum LaLe 46 CreLaceous age on Lhe eroslon surface on Lo whlch Lhe kalaharl was Lhen emplaced. lL ls slgnlflcanL LhaL Lhe kalaharl comprlses an older sedlmenLary sequence, whlch formed from Lhe laLe Mesozolc lnLo Lhe early Cenozolc, whlch ls dlsLlncL from an overlylng sulLe of younger sedlmenLs. Þreclse ages for Lhese kalaharl sedlmenLs remaln eluslve, and explanaLlons of Lhelr orlglns are conLenLlous. lL ls even more dlfflculL Lo place rellable daLes on Lhe ages of domlnanL kalaharl landforms. neverLheless, evldence complled ln subreglonal synLheses (ue Þloey eL al 1968, Moore and ulngle 1998, Clresse 2003, Paddon and McCarLhy 2003, Mlller 2008) allow several generallLles Lo be drawn across Lhe formaLlon as a whole. A relaLlvely recenL reallsaLlon ls LhaL Lhe kalaharl sedlmenLs were orlglnally emplaced by fluvlal and lacusLrlne agencles, such LhaL aeollan lnfluences have been secondary and relaLlvely recenL. lnlLlaLlon of Lhls aeollan reworklng of Lhe kalaharl surfaces ls consLralned by formaLlon of Lhe dune flelds, so characLerlsLlc of Lhe souLhern kalaharl, ln Lhe laLe Þllocene. Ceoblologlcal conLrols over blodlverslLy evoluLlon on kalaharl landscapes are of equally profound lmporLance, and are fundamenLal Lo undersLand noL only Lhe ecology of exLanL bloLa buL Lhe anomalous geomorphologlcal characLer of Lhe upper kalaharl lormaLlon (CoLLerlll eL al. submlLLed). 1he prevalllng paradlgm ln evoluLlonary blology slngles ouL Lwo sulLes of abloLlc processes as Lhe promlnenL conLrols LhaL explaln Afrlca's blogeographlcal hlsLory (8romage and Shrenk 1999, deMenocal 2004) -cenLral Afrlca. Cne ls palaeo-cllmaLlc - elaboraLed on below - Lhe oLher cenLres on geologlcal deLermlnanLs LhaL have formed Lhe landscape. 1he Lunda reglon sLraddles Lhe norLhern porLlon of Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau (as deflned by de WlL 2007). ÞerslsLence of Lhe anomalous elevaLlon of Lhe vasL (subconLlnenLal) expanse of Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau ls anclenL, as lL was already ln place before Condwana break up ln Lhe Mesozolc (de WlL 2007). MalnLenance of perslsLenL anclenL conLrols over lLs elevaLed, albelL subdued, rellef Lopography are Lhe ulLlmaLe deLermlnanLs of Lhe pecullar sulLe of ecologlcal condlLlons. 1hls slLuaLlon ls accenLuaLed on Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau ln Lunda, where Lhe ecology ls LlghLly conLrolled by geomorphologlcal facLors assoclaLed wlLh Lhe upper kalaharl lormaLlon of neogene age (Mlocene and Þllocene). 1he search for local and even reglonal undersLandlng of kalaharl ecology and geomorphology ofLen overlooks Lhe subconLlnenLal exLenL of Lhe enLlre formaLlon. Cne lndex of Lhe kalaharl's exLenL ls how lLs youngesL facles comprlse Lhe world's largesL sandsea. noL only do Lhese domlnaLe mosL of Lhe wesLern margln and lnLerlor of souLhern Afrlca, buL Lhey sLraddle over half of Angola, much of Lhe Congo basln, and exLend lnLo Cabon (8aLeke ÞlaLeau). 1hese sedlmenLs overlle a sulLe of depocenLres (ln norLhern namlbla, norLhern 8oLswana, souLhwesL Zambla, and cenLral Angola). Second, Lhe sLraLlgraphy of Lhls upper kalaharl unlL holds remarkable lmpllcaLlons Lo undersLand how Lhe lnlLlal emplacemenL and Lhen reworklng of sedlmenLs lnLerrelaLed abloLlc and bloLlc processes. A recenL synLhesls (CoLLerlll eL al submlLLed) lnvokes Mlocene fosslls (lncludlng molluscs) ln souLhern Congo sedlmenLs Lo consLraln lnlLlal emplacemenL of Lhe upper kalaharl (ue Þloey eL al 1968, Clresse 2003, 8. Llnol pers. comm.). LxLendlng Lo ~160m LoLal depLh, Lhe ?ounger kalaharl reveals pervaslve evldence of bloLurbaLlon. lLs bloLlc processes have lnLeracLed wlLh abloLlc lnfluences - noLably aeollan slfLlng, and deep leachlng and subaerlal weaLherlng. 1helr comblned acLlons has over mllllons of years (Lhrough Lhe neogene) reworked Lhe younger kalaharl facles ln Lhelr enLlreLy (CoLLerlll eL al. submlLLed). 1he Mlocene age consLralnlng lnlLlal formaLlon of Lhe upper kalaharl esLabllshes a neogene wlndow wlLhln whlch Lhe overall surface was levelled subsequenLly by endogenous and exogenous earLh surface processes. 1he evenLual resulL formed a relaLlvely homogeneous landform (130 m maxlmum depLh) capped by a remarkably unlform eroslon surface. SelecLlve leachlng of flner parLlcles and nuLrlenLs esLabllshed profound ecologlcal condlLlons wlLhln Lhls geomorphlc complex of anclenL sedlmenLs. lL ls lnLeresLlng how Lhe orlglns of Lhe upper kalaharl lormaLlon - noLably lLs wldespread, perslsLenL bloLurbaLlon - corresponds Lo Lhe laLe Mlocene radlaLlons of noL only C4 grasses (Ldwards eL al. 2010) buL also LermlLes ( CoLLerlll eL al. submlLLed). 1he mosL recenL geologlcal evenLs enLalled eplsodes of neoLecLonlcs, whlch modlfled Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau repeaLedly Lhrough Lhe laLe Cenozolc. neoLecLonlcs re[uvenaLed eroslon across Lhe norLhern margln of Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau, whlch conLlnues Lo dlssecL Lhe reglonal landscape - Lhe kalaharl ÞlanalLo - Lo form a sulLe 47 of younger landforms. Lago Carumbo llkely formed as a consequence of an lmpounded dralnage, ln response Lo faulLlng, and/or upllfL of Lhe underlylng durlcrusL (Cres Þolymorphe, ue Þloey eL al. 1968). 1he norLhern margln of Lhls kalaharl ÞlaLeau has been deeply lnclsed by Congo dralnage, erodlng souLhwards. Lvldence for Lhe laLLer cenLres on faunal assoclaLlons of Lhe aquaLlc bloLa, and especlally relles on Lhe domlnanL complemenL of Zambezlan flshes ln upper Congo dralnage baslns (see below). Þrellmlnary analyses of remoLe senslng lmagery reveal a wealLh of evldence for lmpacLs of neoLecLonlcs on Lhe dralnage, wlLh redlrecLed and abandoned channels across Lhe souLhern Congo basln. 1hls on golng eplsode of renewed eroslon has been lnvoked Lo explaln Lhe anomalous dralnage of Lhe souLhern Lunda reglon, characLerlzed by abrupL swlLches ln rlver Lopology from Lhe souLheasL and easL Lo norLh, was flrsL noLed by veaLch (1933) who slngled ouL Lhe plracy of Zambezlan headwaLers by Lhe kasal (SkelLon 1994). 1hese dralnage capLures provlde Lhe mosL llkely mechanlsm LhaL explalns Lhe admlxLure of Lhe Zambezlan and Congo flsh faunas (see below). 1he landscapes of souLhwesL Zambla and Lunda are speckled wlLh Lhe lnundaLlons of local pans and perched dralnage feaLures (whlch can be loosely Lermed dambos). 1helr orlglns are aLLrlbuLed Lo relaLlvely recenL upllfL, where lmpounded rellef conLalns runoff, a condlLlon accenLuaLed by underlylng calcreLes, ferrlcreLes or sllcreLes. 1hese anomalous landforms ln Lhe Lunda landscape furLher emphaslze Lhe slgnlflcance of how reglonal upllfL has modlfled Lhe hydrology, ln addlLlon Lo Lhe more obvlous evldence of scarp dlssecLlon. +-$$-4#$)1/ 5)%&)6-$4)#7 1hree ma[or mechanlsms are lnvoked Lo explaln anomalous specles' ranges and/or speclaLlon paLLerns ln cenLral and norLh Angola, wlLhln Lhe conLexL of Lhe Zambezlan and nelghbourlng blomes. 1he flrsL, and more obvlous, paLLern ls reflecLed ln souLh-norLh conLracLlons and expanslons of Lhe maln foresL belL, of whlch Lhe gallery foresLs can be classlfled as Lhe mosL souLhern Lendrlls. 1hls conLrol over Lhe vegeLaLlon across Lhe reglonal Afrlcan landscape - and lLs assoclaLed faunal elemenLs - was recognlzed decades back, perLlnenLly for AfroLroplcal blrds (8enson and lrwln 1963, Moreau 1966) and mammals (Ansell 1978), and furLher evldence endorses Lhls lnLerpreLaLlon (uowseLL eL al. 2008). SouLhward expanslons of Lhese foresLs ln Lhe pasL ln[ecLed novel dlverslLy lnLo Lhe reglonal bloLa. 1hls ls clearly revealed ln Lhe lkelenge Þedlcle of norLhwesL Zambla (and ad[acenL Angola and Congo) where a slgnlflcanL complemenL of local endemlcs has evolved, dlsLlncL from slsLer specles ln Lhe maln Congo foresL block. 1hese lnclude aL leasL Lwo specles of rodenLs, and aL leasL one specles of shrew, !"#$%&'"( (*+,--#"'.. All collecLlons of Lhese small mammals are wlLhln sLands of gallery foresL (CoLLerlll 2002). 1he admlxLure of Congo and Zambezlan specles ls evldenL ln Lhe sLlll lncompleLe knowledge of Lhe baLs recorded ln Lhe Lunda reglon. lLs specles rlchness (currenLly LoLalllng only 33) ls domlnaLed by cosmopollLan specles, buL also feaLures Lhe promlnenL slgnaLure of Congo elemenLs. Alongslde lnsecLlvores, Lhls ls represenLed by several fruglvores and necLlvores (ÞLeropodldae), wlLh ranges conflned norLh of Lhe Zambezlan savannas. 1he ranges of Lhese specles all cenLre on Lhe Congo basln, exLendlng Lhrough Lhe foresL blomes of wesL Afrlca (1able 1). 8129-:)1" .$144/1"&4 SouLh-cenLral Afrlca, beLween laLlLudes 4 o S and 22 o S supporLs whaL ls arguably Lhe world's hlghesL specles rlchness and endemlsm of grassland blrds (M. Þ. S. lrwln pers. comm. 2003). Crasslands domlnaLe Lhe Zambezlan phyLochorlon and reglonal mosalc boudlng Lhe Congo basln - exLendlng from wesLern Angola Lo Lhe kllombero and Malagarasl floodplalns ln 1anzanla. 1hls avlan dlverslLy ls domlnaLed by passerlnes, wlLh many represenLaLlves ln genera whose Laxonomy ls noLorlously problemaLlc, perLlnenLly !%+/%$#-( and 0%(1"(. 1he grass-dwelllng weavers, seedeaLers, flnches and canarles also exhlblL a hlgh rlchness across Lhe reglon, whlle Crlmwood's Longclaw, 0($"#*23 4"%.5##&%, ls one of Lhe more obvlous of Lhese endemlcs (CoLLerlll and Pumphrles unpubllshed manuscrlpL). 1hls sLrong blogeographlcal slgnaLure ln Lhe conLlnenLal (and lndeed) Lroplcal avlfauna remalns poorly appreclaLed, neverLheless, lL ls noL surprlslng when reconclled wlLh WhlLe's observaLlon LhaL dambo grassland º.occuples up Lo 20 per cenL of Lhe plaLeau surface." (WhlLe 1983: 99). Moreover, Zambezlan grasslands consLlLuLe Lhe slngle largesL unlL mapped 48 among all vegeLaLlon unlLs ln Lhe Zambezlan phyLochorlon, and grasslands on deep kalaharl Sands domlnaLe Lhe Culneo-Congolla/Zambezla 8eglonal Mosalc (WhlLe 1983). lL ls currenLly unclear how Lhe age of Lhese souLh-cenLral Afrlcan grasslands relaLe Lo Lhe Mlocene radlaLlon of C4 grasses across Lhe Lroplcs, demonsLraLed by Ldwards eL al. (2010). 1here are several enlgmaLlc grassland blrds, currenLly classlfled as subspecles, wlLh lsolaLed ranges ln Lhe grasslands of norLh and cenLral Angola's. Cne ls Lhe populaLlon of Angolan lark, 0%(1"( (*4#-,*+%+ (*/#*%%, resLrlcLed Lo easLern Angola and ad[acenL norLhwesL Zambla. lLs apparenL slsLer Laxa are Lhe nomlnaLe form conflned Lo wesLern Angola and Lhe Marungu lark, 06 .("'*4,*+%+, resLrlcLed Lo sandy plaLeau (dllungu) ln kaLanga (CoLLerlll 2006a). 1hls sLrldenL blogeographlcal slgnal from so many grassland blrds hlghllghLs Lhe reglonal conLexL of Lhe Lunda reglon, especlally as lLs rlch dlverslLy of grassland hablLaLs provlde a range of hablLaLs for plaLeau and weLland speclallsLs. lL ls furLhermore reveallng how Lhe avlfauna assoclaLed wlLh Lhe grasslands of norLhern Angola exhlblLs a sLrong assoclaLlon wlLh slmllar hablLaLs on Lhe 8aLeke ÞlaLeau, comprlslng kalaharl pedlmenLs (norLhwesL Congo basln). lndlcaLor specles of Lhls kalaharl ÞlaLeau avlfauna lnclude Congo MoorchaL, 02.".,#$#$%$7-( /7#--#*%, and 8lack-chlnned Weaver, 8-#$,'+ *%4",.,*/'. buL Lhe relaLlonshlps beLween lLs endemlc populaLlons across Lhls archlpelago requlre furLher collecLlons (CoLLerlll and Pumphrles unpubllshed manuscrlpL). 8logeographlcal afflnlLles beLween Lhese kalaharl grasslands, lsolaLed norLh and souLh of Lhe Congo basln, provlde yeL furLher evldence for former llnkages across Lhe Mega-kalaharl Sandsea (llg. 1). 1hls slgnal ls presumably mlrrored ln Lhe psammophllous herpeLofauna, and also Lhe flora assoclaLed wlLh Lhls ºkalaharl-ÞlaLeau Archlpelago". AlLhough Lhe flora of Lhe kalaharl grasslands - whlch so characLerlze Lhe Angolan ÞlanalLo - appears Lo lack endemlcs, lL ls lnsLrucLlve Lo conslder lLs close physlographlc and florallsLlc llnks wlLh Lwo sulLes of closely relaLed landforms, whlch each supporL local blogeographlcal anomalles. Cne of Lhese anomalles cenLres on Lhe klbara, kundelungu, 8la, and Marungu plaLeau ln kaLanga, whlch form an archlpelago capped by Lhelr manLle of rellcL kalaharl sands Lermed dllungu (ue uapper 1988), on golng dlscoverles of geoxyllc suffrlLlces hlghllghL Lhe slgnlflcance of local endemlc planLs on kaLanga's plaLeaux (uesseln eL al. 2003). 1he second blogeographlcal anomaly ls far more wldespread, and lL ls by no means conflned Lo kalaharl Sand grasslands. 1hls ls hlghllghLed by Lhe geoxyllc suffrlLlces (hlghllghLed by WhlLe 1976, 1983), whose cenLre of specles rlchness ls cenLred on Lhe 8ulozl floodplalns (upper Zambezl) on kalaharl Sands (8aroLseland and ad[acenL Angola). AlLhough flerce, annual flres characLerlze Lhese landscapes, WhlLe (1976) lnvoked geomorphologlcal deLermlnanLs as Lhe ulLlmaLe deLermlnanL of Lhe speclaLlon of Lhe ºunderground foresLs" ln Lhese seasonally waLerlogged hablLaLs. 1he abundance of pans and slmllar feaLures of lmpounded dralnage across Lhe pedlmenLs and valleys of Lunda reflecL relaLlvely recenL upllfL (where lmpounded rellef conLalns local runoff). 1hese waLerlogglng effecLs are accenLuaLed where pedogenlc durlcrusLs (calcreLes, ferrlcreLes and sllcreLes) cemenLlng Lhe underlylng sedlmenLs, formlng derlved landforms on Lhe hlghly leached caLena on kalaharl Sands. .')"-%;<%"0%/)1" =7"12)(4 Alongslde Lhe flora, some of Lhe small mammals assoclaLed wlLh foresL hablLaLs ln Lunda are lnsLrucLlve lndlcaLors, as Lhey polnL Lo hlsLorlcal afflnlLles of Lhe foresL elemenLs. loresL monkeys exhlblL congruenL dlsLrlbuLlons LhaL reflecL LlghL dependency on gallery foresL hablLaLs. 8ased on a recenLly updaLed Laxonomy (8uLynskl 2002), Lhe gallery foresLs of Lhe souLhern kasal basln are slngled on crlLerla of Lhelr reglonal endemlsm and dlverslLy of foresL monkeys (Colyn and uavenporL 2002). As exempllfled by Lhe Lovua, Lhe laLLer's assoclaLlon wlLh gallery foresLs exLends souLh lnLo Lunda norLe along foresLed rlvers. Þerhaps Lhe mosL sLrldenL slgnaLure of how lnLeracLlons beLween prlmary blogeographlc elemenLs (foresL and savanna) has elevaLed Lhe blodlverslLy of Lunda resldes ln Lhe geneLlc consLlLuLlon of elephanLs ln souLh-cenLral Afrlca. 1he complex phylogeography of Afrlcan elephanLs reveals an lnLeresLlng slgnaLure LhaL sLraddles Lhe Lunda reglon (as [udged from sampllng across Lhe Congo and Zambezl baslns). lrrespecLlve of recenL hlsLorlcal depredaLlons, Lhe range of loresL elephanL, 9#3#&#*/( $2$-#/%+ ls cenLred on Lhe Congo basln, whlle LhaL of Savanna elephanL, 96 (1"%$(*(, was formerly wldespread across Lhe savanna and semlarld blomes of souLhern and easLern Afrlca. 1he savanna-foresL mosalc - represenLed ln Lhe Congo- 49 Zambezla mosalc - broadly deflnes Lhe zone of hybrldlzaLlon beLween Lhese Lwo specles, whlch ls characLerlzed by male medlaLed lnLrogresslon of 96 (1"%$(*( lnLo 96 $2$-#/%+. Moreover, Lhe Lunda reglon lles norLh of a souLherly exLenslon of $2$-#/%+ mLunA genoLypes, whlch characLerlse Lhe gene pool of elephanLs Loday occurrlng ln savanna, Lhls slgnaLure exLends - as a Longue - as far souLh as Lhe Chobe, MaLeLsl and Pwange reglons (nL 8oLswana, nW Zlmbabwe). 8eyond male-medlaLed lnLrogresslon, Lhls geneLlc flngerprlnL ln exLanL souLhern Afrlcan elephanLs LesLlfles Lo a hlsLory of profound range shlfLs. lL can be explalned as a complex lnLerplay beLween Lhe processes of gene flow, and a posLulaLed former expanslon ln Lhe foresL hablLaL of 96 $2$-#/%+, whlch Lhen reLracLed and was replaced by savanna elephanLs, domlnaLed by asymmeLrlcal gene flow from Lhe larger bulls lnLo 96 $2$-#/%+. ln summary, Lhe range of 96 $2$-#/%+ formerly exLended far souLh - Lo reach Lhe Ckavango-Chobe graben - from Lhe Congo basln (8oca eL al. 2003, 2007). LxplanaLlon of Lhls anomaly can loglcally lnvoke palaeocllmaLlc forclng. lLs role ls lnsLrucLlve, noL leasL as lL polnLs Lo wlder congruence, whlch forms a ºgeneLlc melLlng poL" of foresL and savanna specles across Lhe reglonal foresL-savanna mosalc. Þhylogeographlc sLrucLurlng of elephanLs can be read as Lhe flngerprlnLs of Lhese vlclsslLudes of ÞlelsLocene cllmaLlc changes LhaL saw foresL and savanna blomes expand and conLracL across Lhe LemplaLe of kalaharl sands, when Lhese meslc and xerlc exLremes correspondlng Lo lnLerglaclal and glaclal maxlma, respecLlvely (CoLLerlll 2006a,b). lL ls equally lnLeresLlng how Lhls exLended 9#3#&#*/( hybrld zone covers Lwo characLerlsLlc planL assemblages on kalaharl Sands. Cne ls Lhe evergreen Mavunda foresLs (norLhwesL Zambla and easL Angola) domlnaLed by Lhe emergenL !"2:/#+,:(-'. under hlgher ralnfall reglmes. 1he second are Lhe º1eak" or Cusu foresLs domlnaLed by ;(%<(,( and ='%>#"/%( on drler kalaharl Sands. All Lhese Lrees have dlrecL Congollan afflnlLles, and are presumably ÞlelsLocene rellcLs. 1hls remarkable congruence wlLh Lhe zone of elephanL hybrldlzaLlon LesLlfles Lo Lhe dynamlcs of hablLaL change across Lhe reglonal landscape, whlch lnvokes cllmaLes drlvlng swlLches beLween foresL and drler savanna. lL ls lmporLanL Lo emphaslze LhaL Lhe Lunda reglon form Lhe wesLern core of Lhls evoluLlonary vorLex LhaL exLends easL across kaLanga. >?'1#)( 5)%&)6-$4)#7 ClasslflcaLlon of aquaLlc blodlverslLy follows 1hleme eL al. (2003), whlch employed a landscape perspecLlve Lo classlfy Afrlcan weLlands lnLo a nesLed hlerarchy of ecoreglons. Lunda sLraddles Lhe kasal [21] and Zambezlan PeadwaLers [76] freshwaLer ecoreglons, whlch are characLerlzed by dlsLlncLly dlfferenL aquaLlc bloLa of Congo and Zambezlan afflnlLles, respecLlvely, reflecLed ln Lhe spaLlal llnks beLween Lhe kasal and upper Zambezl PeadwaLers (SkelLon 1994). AlLhough Lhe flshes are Lhe besL known Laxon group ln Lhe aquaLlc bloLa (Þoll 1967), promlnenL, lf noL charlsmaLlc, Congollan elemenLs ln Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy lnclude Lhe Slender-snouLed crocodlle, !"#$#&2-'+ $(/(:7"($/'+, WaLer cobra, ;#'-,*4,"%( sp and CLLer- shrew, 8#/(.#4(-, ?,-#3. Whlle Lhelr co-occurrence polnLs Lo relaLlvely recenL admlxLure of Lhe Congo and Zambezlan aquaLlc fauna, Lhls expllcaLlon ls compllcaLed by paLLerns of local and reglonal endemlsm ln Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy of Lhe Congo basln (3.6 mllllon km 2 ), whlch ls sLlll lncompleLely mapped. Plgh hablLaL dlverslLy ls lnvoked as an lmporLanL deLermlnanL of lncreased specles rlchness ln Lhe Congo basln. vegeLaLlon exerclses equally lmporLanL conLrol over weLland dlverslLy, as evldenL ln swamp and gallery foresLs, and grasslands are assoclaLed wlLh Lhe rlchness of freshwaLer hablLaLs along dralnage llnes. 1he role of Lhls paLchlness ln Lhe dralnage neL of Lunda has yeL Lo be mapped ln reveallng deLall, buL Lhe lnfluences of conLrols of edaphlc, slope and llLhology can be lnvoked as facLors LhaL accounL for Lhe reglonal paLchlness of aquaLlc hablLaLs. 1hls paLchlness ln Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy also reflecLs how geologlcal evenLs have rearranged Lhe dralnage Lopology, slnce ÞlelsLocene upllfL of Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau re[uvenaLed sLream head eroslon of upper Congo LrlbuLarles. 1he neL resulL has been souLhward mlgraLlon of Lhe Congo-Zambezl waLershed. Lxposures of sllcreLe and ferrlcreLe durlcrusLs (gres polymorphe) malnLaln perslsLenL ln knlckpolnLs , conLalnlng flshes from upsLream hablLaLs. 1helr surface expresslon polnLs Lo focal lmpacLs of neoLecLonlcs on Lhe landscape (see above). As lnLerpreLed by anomalous range gaps ln lndlcaLor flsh specles, exLanL knlckpolnLs on some Congo LrlbuLarles are lmporLanL barrlers LhaL conLaln dlspersals of Congo flshes upsLream lnLo Lhe souLhern Su headwaLers. 1he Luele sysLem exhlblLs a LexLbook example of Lhls paLLern, where geomorphologlcal conLrols are lnvoked Lo explaln lLs depauperaLe fauna. Consplcuous absenLees from Lhe Luele flsh fauna lnclude promlnenL Congo predaLors, noLably CollaLh 1lgerflsh, @2&"#$2*'+ 4#-%(/7, and equally Lhe lack of dlsperslve Zambezlan specles, perLlnenLly @2&"#$2*'+ ?%//(/'+, whlch appear Lo have dlspersed wldely across Lhe Congo basln vla a rouLe from Lhe upper Zambezl lnLo Lhe kasal. Þrellmlnary comparlsons of Lhe proflles of Lunda rlvers reveals no less Lhan Lwo ma[or knlckpolnLs on Lhe Luele (upsLream of Lhe Luele- Loxlco confluence). 1hese are posslble barrlers Lo flsh dlspersal upsLream (souLhwards) from ma[or Congo LrlbuLarles. 1hese knlckpolnLs represenL elLher llLhologlcal boundarles and/or ma[or faulLs assoclaLed wlLh neoLecLonlsm across Lhe margln of Lhe souLhern Congo basln. 1hese blogeographlcal anomalles dlscovered ln Lhe upper Luele may also reflecLs on how lLs confluence wlLh Lhe kasal, whlch aL ~4 o 17'S, ls locaLed slgnlflcanLly norLh of all Lhe oLher rlvers dralnlng easLern Lunda (perLlnenLly Lhe Lovua, Chlkapa and LongLshlmo), Lhese all [oln Lhe kasal souLh of 6 o S. ln summary, Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy of Lunda exhlblLs profound lnfluences of Lhe Zambezl headwaLers LhaL are Loday lsolaLed, aL leasL ln parL, by Lhe CreaL LquaLorlal ulvlde along lLs souLhern margln. lL remalns Lo be lnvesLlgaLed as Lo how Lhe aquaLlc bloLa of Lunda has lnLeracLed wlLh Lhe Cuanza Lo Lhe wesL. ln addlLlon Lo Lhe Congo-Zambezl exchanges, an lnLeresLlng hypoLhesls Lo LesL ls Lhe posslblllLy LhaL Lhe Lunda blodlverslLy has been complemenLed by faunal exchanges across Lhe waLersheds Lo Lhe wesL shared wlLh Cuanza headwaLers. @'221$7 1he lnLerplay of a sulLe of hlsLorlcal processes - boLh geologlcal and palaeo-cllmaLlc -lnvoked Lo explaln Lhe complex, and equally subLle, blogeographlcal paLLerns across Lhe Lunda reglon, hlghllghLs lLs cenLral, key poslLlon wlLhln Lhe subconLlnenLal expanse of Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau. Alded and abeLLed by verLlcal reworklng of lLs sedlmenLs (especlally bloLurbaLlon), Lhe perslsLence of deep, dysLrophlc kalaharl deposlLs over Lens of mllllons of years has malnLalned ausLere consLralnLs over ecologlcal processes. lLs landscapes have been buffeLed, repeaLedly, by xerlc and meslc exLremes of vaclllaLlng cllmaLe Lhrough Lhe Þllo-ÞlelsLocene. CllmaLe and landscape evoluLlon across norLhern Angola has been domlnaLed by aeollan processes durlng recurrenL arld eplsodes. 1here lnLerleaved wlLh meslc condlLlons, when slgnlflcanLly elevaLed reglonal ralnfall was assoclaLed wlLh an expanslon of molsL foresLs. lL ls unclear how such meslc condlLlons alLered Lhe grasslands, and Lhe assoclaLed flre reglme. lnLeresLlng evldence for Lhese complemenLary, lf noL synerglsLlc, lncldenLs of palaeo-envlronmenLal forclng are archlved ln Lhe form of geneLlc flngerprlnLs ln exLanL populaLlons, perLlnenLly elephanLs. 1helr genomes (and gene pools) reveal a complex hlsLory of gene flow across Lhe reglonal landscape. 1hls fasclnaLlng palaeoenvlronmenLal hlsLory presenLs lnLeresLlng research challenges LhaL are only beglnnlng Lo recelve deservlng aLLenLlon. CompleLeness and represenLaLlveness of Lhe prlmary dlsLrlbuLlonal daLa ls Lhe lmporLanL caveaL underscorlng Lhe veraclLy of any blogeographlcal synLhesls, where Laxonomlc preclslon and phylogeneLlc accuracy are especlally lmporLanL facLors. 1hese deLermlne whaL we can say wlLh any confldence abouL paLLerns of local endemlsm, and lnvoke Lhe key processes LhaL explaln deLalls of blogeographlcal hlsLory. ln Lhls respecL, Lhe maps (from 8rooks eL al. 2011 - appended) hlghllghL lnadequacles ln prevalllng knowledge (llgs 8.7). neverLheless, desplLe Lhese gaps ln knowledge, and Lhus speculaLlon enLalled ln blogeographlcal reconsLrucLlons Lo explaln Lhe orlglns of Lhe blodlverslLy of Lhe Lunda reglon, Lhere ls sufflclenL evldence Lo draw Lhe followlng concluslons: 1he Lunda reglon comprlses a complex landscape, whose exlsLence LesLlfles Lo Lhe deep hlsLory of geologlcal evenLs, whlch emplaced and preserved a sedlmenLary formaLlon of subconLlnenLal exLenL. 1he anLlqulLy of Lhls kalaharl lormaLlon, emplaced before Lhe Þllocene and subsequenLly dlssecLed ln response Lo neoLecLonlcs, has malnLalned a perslsLenL sulLe of blophyslcal consLralnLs, whlch have LlghLly consLralned ecologlcal processes. Sub[ecL Lo appllcaLlons of dlrecL geochronologlcal measuremenLs, Lhe ages of landforms of Lunda comprlse Lwo dlsLlncL sulLes, wlLh Lhe older, llnear fragmenLs of Lhe formerly conLlguous plaLeau (pedlmenLs) lnclsed Lo form Lhe much younger ÞlelsLocene valleys and scarps. 1he former appear S1 Lo be of neogene age (upper kalaharl Surface). lL ls however unclear wheLher Lhe vegeLaLlon (foresLs and grasslands) assoclaLed wlLh Lhese respecLlve weLlands, exhlblL a correspondlng dlchoLomy ln Lhelr orlglns. 1hls can only be LesLed on lndlcaLor Laxa uslng phylogeographlc sLudles LhaL employ molecular clocks. A LesLable hypoLhesls ls LhaL Lhe swamp foresLs and valley grasslands are much younger Lhen Lhe gallery foresLs on Lhe older plaLeau. As demonsLraLed by Lhe vegeLaLlon, admlxLure of Congo and Zambezlan specles represenL a domlnanL blogeographlcal elemenL, wlLh Lunda blodlverslLy demonsLrably enrlched by boLh Culneo-Congollan and Zambezlan elemenLs. Local endemlsm appears Lo be lmporLanL (as [udged from lkelenge) buL remalns Lo be quanLlfled. AlLhough Lhls prlmary blogeographlcal lnfluence characLerlzes boLh aquaLlc and LerresLrlal blodlverslLy, Lhelr respecLlve orlglns reflecL very dlfferenL evoluLlonary mechanlsms. 1he orlglns of Lhe LerresLrlal bloLa - enLalllng speclaLlon and reglonal dlspersal evenLs - lnvokes palaeo-cllmaLlc forclng as Lhe domlnanL agenL over Lhe Þllo-ÞlelsLocene. 1hese enLalled repeaLed, and complemenLary, expanslons and conLracLlons of meslc and xerlc hablLaLs, whlch corresponded Lo hoL, weL versus cooler, drler cllmaLes, respecLlvely. 1he orlglns of Lhe aquaLlc blodlverslLy lnvokes geologlcal forclng as Lhe prlmary agenL, whlch has rearranged dralnage Lopology Lhrough Lhe Þllo-ÞlelsLocene. upllfL of Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau re[uvenaLed sLream head eroslon of upper Congo LrlbuLarles whlch have mlgraLed souLhwards. 1he neL resulL has been a souLhward mlgraLlon of Lhe Congo-Zambezl waLershed. As lnLerpreLed by anomalous gaps ln Lhe dlsLrlbuLlons of lndlcaLor flsh specles, exLanL knlckpolnLs on some Congo LrlbuLarles are lmporLanL barrlers LhaL conLaln dlspersals of aquaLlc specles downsLream. 1hls mechanlsm ls lnvoked Lo explaln Lhe depauperaLe fauna of Lhe Luele sysLem, whlch lacks noL only promlnenL Congo specles, and also dlsperslve Zambezlan specles, perLlnenLly @2&"#$2*'+ ?%//(/'+. As revealed by lLs dlsLlncLlve avlfauna, key specles assoclaLed wlLh Lhe grassland plaLeau hablLaLs polnL Lo hlsLorlcal llnks wlLh plaLeaux lsolaLed Loday on escarpmenLs Lo Lhe easL (kaLanga) and wesL (cenLral Angolan ÞlaLeau) and norLh (8aLeke ÞlaLeau). AlLhough Lhe specles comprlslng Lunda foresL hablLaLs appear Lo be local represenLaLlves of Lhose ln Lhe maln Congo foresL belL (e.g. foresL prlmaLes and 86 ?,-#3) Lhe posslblllLy of Lhelr reglonal lsolaLlon cannoL be dlscounLed. 1hls posslblllLy endorses research Lo LesL for local endemlcs, whlch are ofLen characLerlzed by Lhelr crypLlc speclaLlon. 1hls posslblllLy ls relnforced by Lhe dlsLlncL congruenL slgnaLures of local foresL endemlcs, documenLed ln beLLer known hablLaLs (perLlnenLly Lhe lkelenge Þedlcle, CoLLerlll 2002) and ls supporLed by evldence for local endemlcs ln beLLer known dralnage baslns wlLhln Lhe kasal AquaLlc Lcoreglon (llg. 8.8). 1he Lunda reglon can be slngled ouL as blodlverslLy hoLspoL on Lhe crlLerlon of lLs rlch evoluLlonary hlsLory. lLs landscapes form Lhe nexus, where Lhe ebb and flow of geologlcal and cllmaLlc changes have drlven expanslons and conLracLlons of xerlc and meslc hablLaLs. Angola's anclenL kalaharl ÞlanalLo consLlLuLes Lhe perslsLenL LemplaLe LhaL has been buffeLed by ÞlelsLocene neoLecLonlsm. lLs lmporLanL consequences have been Lhe reconflgured Congo-Zambezl dralnage whlch has lnclsed a new sulLe of landforms across Lhe now fragmenLed plaLeau. 1he lack of knowledge for Lhe Lunda ls lndlcaLed by assessmenLs for Lhe Congo basln, whlch reveal poorly surveyed reglons represenLed by daLa-deflclenL bloLlc lndlcaLors. neverLheless, Lhese deflclencles do noL obscure lmporLanL slgnals ln beLLer researched blogeographlcal lndlcaLors. 1he Lunda reglon deserves Lo be slngled ouL as a naLural laboraLory ln whlch Lhe rlch and deep geoblologlcal hlsLory of Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau can be declphered. ldeally, mulLl-dlsclpllnary research should LargeL lLs unlque landscapes and blodlverslLy. Such research can employ geochronologlcal and phylogeographlcal meLhods Lo reconsLrucL Lhe shared evoluLlonary hlsLorles of represenLaLlve landforms and specles. S2 1able 1 ChlropLera recorded from Lunda 8eglon, norLheasL Angola reveal how foresL speclallsLs augmenL Lhe overall fauna. 1hls llsL lncludes wldespread, cosmopollLan specles for whlch maLerlal evldence ls lacklng buL are known from nelghbourlng u8C, Zambla and elsewhere ln Angola. uaLa complled from Monad[em eL al (2010) wlLh addlLlons. @()-"#)A)( B12- @#1#'4 A%&#-#* 7,-?'. 8eglonal mlgranL A:#.#:7#"'+ cf (*4#-,*+%+ A:#.#:7#"'+ $"2:/'"'+ A:#.#:7#"'+ 4"(*&%+ A:#.#:7#"'+ 5(7->,"4% A:#.#:+ &#>+#*% 0%$"#:/,"#:'+ :'+%--'+ loresL 0%$"#:/,"#:'+ %*/,".,&%'+ loresL 0,4(4-#++'+ 5#,".(**% loresL 02#*2$/,"%+ /#"B'(/( loresL 8-,"#/,+ (*$7%,/(, @2:+%4*(/7'+ .#*+/"#+'+ loresL @%::#+%&,"#+ "'>," C($$#-(%.'+ :,-% loresL D(:7#E#'+ .('"%/%(*'+ F2$/,"%+ ("4, loresL F2$/,"%+ 7%+:%&( F2$/,"%+ %*/,".,&%( loresL F2$/,"%+ .($"#/%+ F2$/,"%+ 4"(*&%+ SuspecLed Cccurrence F2$/,"%+ *(*( loresL !7(,",:7#* $7(:%*% =-('$#*2$/,"%+ ?("%,4(/( =-('$#*2$/,"%+ ("4,*/(/( loresL 02#/%+ 5,-5%/+$7%% F,#"#.%$%( *(*( F,#"#.%$%( /,**'%:%**%+ F,#"#.%$%( E'-',*+%+ C$#/#,$'+ $1 7%*&,% C$#/#:7%-'+ &%*4(*%% C$#/#:7%-'+ cf ?%"%&%+ C-A-$-"(-4 Ansell, W. l. P. (1978) 1he Mammals of Zambla. Þarks and Wlldllfe Servlce, Chllanga. 8arham, L. (2000) D7, 0%&&-, C/#*, G4, #1 H(.>%(I C#'/7 !,*/"(- G1"%$(. WesLern Academlc and SpeclallsL Þress, 8rlsLol. SS 8enson, C. W. & M. Þ. S. lrwln (1963) Some wesL easL dlsLrlbuLlonal gaps ln blrds of evergreen foresL ln souLh-cenLral Afrlca. ln: Snowball, !. C. C$%,*$, (*& 0,&%$%*, %* !,*/"(- G1"%$(6 8"#$6 J*& 0,&6 (*& C$%6 !#*4"6, Lusaka 1963. Þergamon Þress, Cxford. pp. 309-320. 8romage, 1. C. & l. Schrenk (1999) G1"%$(* ;%#4,#4"(:72I !-%.(/, !7(*4,I (*& @'.(* A?#-'/%#*. Cxford unlverslLy Þress, Cxford. 8rooks, L.C.L., Allen, u.!. and uarwall, W.8.1. (Compllers). 2011. D7, C/(/'+ (*& K%+/"%>'/%#* #1 L",+75(/," ;%#&%?,"+%/2 %* !,*/"(- G1"%$(. luCn, Cland, SwlLzerland and Cambrldge, uk. 8uLynskl, 1. (2002) 1he guenons: An overvlew of dlverslLy and Laxonomy ln: 17, =',*#*+M K%?,"+%/2 (*& G&(:/(/%#* %* G1"%$(* 0#*<,2+. M. L. Clenn and M. Cords (eds). pp. 3-13. kluwer, new ?ork. Colyn, M. and M. uavenporL (2002) 1he guenons: An overvlew of dlverslLy and Laxonomy. ln: D7, =',*#*+M K%?,"+%/2 (*& G&(:/(/%#* %* G1"%$(* 0#*<,2+. M. L. Clenn and M. Cords (eds). pp. 61-78. kluwer, new ?ork. CoLLerlll, l. Þ. u. (2002) noLes on a mammal collecLlon and blodlverslLy conservaLlon ln Lhe lkelenge Þedlcle, Mwlnllunga ulsLrlcL, norLhwesL Zambla. N$$(+%#*(- 8'>-%$(/%#*+ %* ;%#&%?,"+%/2 no. 10: 1-18. 8ulawayo: 8lodlverslLy loundaLlon for Afrlca. CoLLerlll, l. Þ. u. (2006a) 1axonomlc sLaLus and conservaLlon lmporLance of Lhe avlfauna of kaLanga (souLheasL Congo 8asln) and lLs envlrons. D7, N+/"%$7 77: 1-21. CoLLerlll (2006b) CoLLerlll, l. Þ. u. (2010). D7, A?#-'/%#*("2 @%+/#"2 (*& D(3#*#.2 #1 /7, kobus leche +:,$%,+ $#.:-,3 #1 +#'/7O$,*/"(- G1"%$( %* /7, $#*/,3/ #1 8(-(,#OK"(%*(4, K2*(.%$+. unpubllshed Þhu 1hesls, unlverslLy of SLellenbosch. CoLLerlll, l. Þ. u., l. LckardL and A. L. Moore SubmlLLed. 8loLurbaLlon undermlnes Lhe fldellLy of 1L and CSL daLlng of landforms ln Lhe kalaharl, SouLhern Afrlca. CoLLerlll, l. Þ. u. and C. Pumphrles unpubllshed manuscrlpL. LxcepLlonal specles rlchness and endemlsm of blrds ls cenLred on Lhe kalaharl ÞlaLeau, souLh-cenLral Afrlca. ue uapper M 1988. Ceomorphology of Lhe sand-covered plaLeaux ln souLhern Shaba, Zalre. ln: uardls Cl and Moon 8Þ (eds). =,#.#":7#-#4%$(- C/'&%,+ %* C#'/7,"* G1"%$(. pp 113-133. 8alkema, 8oLLerdam. DeMenocal, P. B. (2004) African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene- Pleistocene. ?#"(% ;/#0)(@ A$+@ <)((. 220: 3-24. ue Þloey, !., Lepersonne, !., SLopps, C., (1968) SedlmenLologle eL orlglne des sables de la Serle des sables ocres eL de la Serle des ºCres polymorphes" (SysLeme du kalaharl) au Congo occldenLal. Mus. 8oy. Afrlque CenLr., 1ervuren, 8elglque, 61: 1-72. de WlL, M. !. (2007) 1he kalaharl epelrogeny and cllmaLe change: dlfferenLlaLlng cause and effecL from core Lo space. C6 G1"6 P6 =,#-6 110: 367-392. uesseln S, nLore S, 8obbrechL L and SmeLs L 2003. Þollen and seeds reveal LhaL C:,".($#$, /72.#%&,( (Afrlcan 8ublaceae, Spermacoceae) represenLs Lhree endemlc or dls[uncL specles from Lhe Zambezlan hlgh plaLeaus. C2+/,.(/%$ ;#/(*2 28: 130-144. uowseLL, 8.!., u. 8. Asplnwall and l. uowseLL-Lamalre. (2008) ;%"&+ #1 H(.>%(. 1auraco Þress and Aves, Llege (www.aves.be). S4 Ldwards, L. eL al (2010) 1he orlglns of C4 grasslands: lnLegraLlng evoluLlonary and ecosysLem sclence. C$%,*$, 328: 387-391. Clresse, Þ. (2003) Mesozolc-Cenozolc hlsLory of Lhe Congo basln. P6 G1"6 A("/7 C$%. 43: 301-313. Crubb, Þ., C. Þ. Croves, !. Þ. uudley & !. Shoshanl (2000) Llvlng Afrlcan elephanLs belong Lo Lwo specles: 9#3#&#*/( (1"%$(*( (8lumenbach, 1797) and 9#3#&#*/( $2$-#/%+ (MaLschle, 1900). A-,:7(*/ 2:1-4. Mlller, 8. McC. (2008) D7, =,#-#42 #1 F(.%>%(. 3 volumes, Ceologlcal Survey of namlbla. 1364pp. Monad[em, A., Þ. !. 1aylor, l. Þ. u. CoLLerlll And M. C. Schoeman (2010) ;(/+ 1#" C#'/7,"* (*& !,*/"(- G1"%$(M ( D(3#*#.%$ C2*/hesls. WlLs unlverslLy Þress, !ohanessburg. 396 pp. Moore, A. L. & 8. v. ulngle (1998) Lvldence for fluvlal sedlmenL LransporL of kalaharl sands ln cenLral 8oLswana. C6 G1"6 P6 =,#-. 101: 143-133. Moreau, 8. L. (1966) D7, ;%"& L('*(+ #1 G1"%$( (*& %/+ Q+-(*&+. Academlc Þress, London. Þoll M. (1967) ConLrlbuLlon a la faune lchLhyologlque de l'Angola, Museo do uundo/subsldlos para o esLudo da blologla na Lunda. !#.:(*7%( &, K%(.(*/,+ &, G*4#-( RKQG0GF=S, no 73, 381 pp., Llsboa 8oca, A. L., n. Ceorgladls & S. !. C'8rlen (2003) CyLogeneLlc genomlc dlssoclaLlon ln Afrlcan elephanL specles. F(/'", =,*,/. 37: 96-100. 8oca, A. L., n. Ceorgladls & S. !. C'8rlen (2007) CyLo-nuclear genomlc dlssoclaLlon and Lhe Afrlcan elephanL specles quesLlon. T'(/,"*6 Q*/,"*. 4: 169-170. SkelLon, Þ. P. (1994) ulverslLy and dlsLrlbuLlon of freshwaLer flshes ln easL and souLhern Afrlca. Ann. Mus. r. Afr. CenLr., Zool. 273:93-131, 1eugels, eL al. . 8lologlcal ulverslLy ln Afrlcan fresh- and bracklsh waLer flshes. Ceographlcal Cvervlews - Symposlum. 1hleme, M.L., Abell, 8., SLlassny, M.L.!., SkelLon, Þ., Lehner, 8., 1eugels, C.C., ulnersLeln, L., kamdem 1oham, A., 8urgess, n. and Clson, u. 2003. L",+75(/," ,$#",4%#*+ #1 G1"%$( (*& 0(&(4(+$("M ( $#*+,"?(/%#* (++,++.,*/6 lsland Þress, WashlngLon uC, uSA. 1hleme, M., A. Shaplro, A. Colom, u. Schllewen, n. Slndorf and A. kamdem 1oham (2008) Q*?,*/(%", U(:%&, &,+ H#*,+ @'.%&,+ U,:"V+,*/(/%?,+ ,* UV:'>-%B', KV.#$"(/%B', &' !#*4#. 8amsar and Wll-uS. Avallable aL: hLLp://www.ramsar.org/pdf/wurc/wurc_dr-congo_lnvenLalre2008.pdf. 1homas, u. S. C. & Þ. A. Shaw (1991) D7, W(-(7("% A*?%"#*.,*/. Cambrldge unlv. Þress, Cambrldge. veaLch, A. C. (1933) LvoluLlon of Lhe Congo basln. 0,.6 =,#-6 C#$6 G.,". 3: 1-183. WhlLe, l. (1976) 1he underground foresLs of Afrlca: a prellmlnary revlew. Slng. Card. 8ull. 24:37-71. WhlLe, l. (1983) 1he vegeLaLlon of Afrlca. A descrlpLlve memolr Lo accompany Lhe unLSCC/AL1lA1/unSC vegeLaLlon map of Afrlca. naLural 8esources 8esearch no. 20. unesco, Þarls. SS llgure 1. 1he approxlmaLe exLenL of Lhe Mega-kalaharl sand-sea and lLs relaLlonshlp Lo Lhe kaLanga- Chambeshl area. lollowlng 8arham (2000), Lhe shaded blomes represenL Lhe hypoLheslzed exLenLs of ma[or vegeLaLlon assemblages, when Lhey conLracLed under reglmes of arld palaeo-cllmaLes, noLably Lhrough Lhe Þllo-ÞlelsLocene. AbbrevlaLlons denoLe prlnclpal depocenLres and weLlands. 1he doLLed arrows represenL expanslons and conLracLlons of Congo foresLs (norLh-souLh) whlch lnLerleaved beLween expanslons of deserL and arld savannas (easL-wesL). lrom CoLLerlll (2006b) and modlfled afLer 1homas & Shaw (1991) and 8arham (2000). 1he hypoLheslzed rouLe of Lhe Arld Corrldor denoLes Lhe lnLermlLLenL llnkages beLween Afrlca's norLheasL and souLhwesL Arld blomes. S6 S7 S8 Annex 3. REPORT ON THE RAPID BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE LAGOA CARUMBO REGION, LUNDA NORTE PROV., ANGOLA, APRIL/MAY 2011 Iain Darbyshire, David Goyder & Frances Crawford Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. Amândio Luís Gomes Agostinho Neto University, Luanda 1. Introduction This report documents our current knowledge of the plant diversity, main vegetation types and phytogeographical affinities of the Lagoa Carumbo region, Lunda Norte Province, Angola. The findings are based primarily on a rapid botanical survey conducted in the Lagoa Carumbo region between 28 th April and 5 th May 2011. This rapid survey represents perhaps the most intensive single botanical survey in the Lunda region in history. Friedrich Welwitsch and Hugo Baum, the well known prolific plant collectors generally associated with Angola, never reached the Lundas. It appears that the first collections from the study area were made by the German geographers and explorers Paul Pogge, Hermann von Wissmann and Max Buchner, who collected in the area of Vila Henrique de Carvalho [Saurimo] in present-day Lunda Sul in the mid 1870s. In 1880, Pogge and Wissmann travelled north along the ridge west of the Chicapa River, and some way to the east of Lagoa Carumbo, at the start of their 1880-1883 expedition to the Congo (Wissmann 1891: map facing p. 1, reproduced here), but appear to have made remarkably few collections at this stage of the expedition, and only at the Luachimo River (Mendonça 1962). British naval officer Hubert Lynes made some collections around Dundo and Saurimo in 1919 and 1933; and Coimbra professor and phytogeographer Luiz Carrisso passed through the area in 1927 accompanied by Francisco Mendonça on the first Botanical Mission to Angola, and again in 1937 with Francisco de Sousa. But these appear to represent the entirety of botanical collections from the region before the Serviços Cuturais of the Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (DIAMANG) commissioned Swiss botanist John Gossweiler to collect in the DIAMANG concession area in 1946 and 1948. Almost all of the material from this collecting programme comes from the area immediately around Dundo, but some other sites were visited, as far as the Kasai River in the east and the Chicapa River west of Dundo.Gossweiler's collections were studied in Paris by Alberto Cavaco, who took advantage of both collections and specialist expertise in Brussels (BR) and in London at the British Museum (BM) and Kew (K). The results were documented in volume 42 of the Museu do Dundo cultural publications as a Flora of the region (Cavaco 1959). Small collections were made subsequently by Barros Machado, Mário Fontinha, Cavaco, and Vicente Martins, curator of the Museu do Dundo. This report incorporates the work of these earlier plant collectors where appropriate, in order to give a more complete picture of the plant diversity and conservation importance of the range of habitats found in northern Lunda Norte Province. 2. Sampling Strategy The botanical team at Lagoa Carumbo in April/May 2011 consisted of staff from the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, U.K., Agostinho Neto University, Luanda and the Ministério do Ambiente, Angola. The team used a combination of general walk-over survey, plant specimen collection and sight observations to aid the characterisation of the vegetation and the compiling of an inventory of the plant species present in the region. Over 300 herbarium specimens were collected, mostly of flowering and fruiting plants, but some sterile collections (ie lacking flowers or fruits) were made of the more common or important species which were not flowering or fruiting at the time of our visit. Due to the highly limited time available, no plot-based surveys to quantify the composition of the different vegetation types were conducted at this stage. It is recommended that a longer follow-up survey period should include some plot-base work, particularly in the riverine and dry forests where the tree species in particular remain under-surveyed. Plant specimens were collected in duplicate or triplicate, with one set deposited with MINAMB Angola for incorporation into a chosen Angolan herbarium, the remaining set(s) being taken back to the UK where they S9 were identified through comparison to material housed in the Kew herbarium. A range of botanical specialists were consulted to help in the identification of difficult plant groups. Due to the paucity of useful literature on Angolan plants, and to the limited previous botanical work in the region, it was not possible to name all collections made, particularly sterile material, but we were able to name the large majority. Those named only to genus are nevertheless included within the checklist in Appendix 1. As the vegetation of the Dundo region, approximately 100 km to the north-east, is broadly comparable with that of Carumbo we would expect that most of the species recorded by Gossweiler and colleagues will also extend along the river valleys to the Carumbo region and so they are included in the species inventory in Appendix 2. Only those species from Cavaco's list for which we could locate specimens at Kew are included; whilst we do not have a complete set of collections from these expeditions, we were able to locate material for the large majority of species on the list. Those for which no specimens were located are excluded since there is the possibility that they were misidentified by Cavaco. The recent Angolan plant checklist by Figueiredo & Smith (2008) is used as the basis for assessing species records and distributions in the country. The African Plants Database (http:¡¡www.ville- ge.ch¡musinfo¡bu¡cjb¡afiica¡iecheiche.php) and the World Checklist series for a number of plant families (http:¡¡apps.kew.oig¡wcsp¡home.uo) are used as the standards for up-to-date taxonomy of African plant species. 3. Results & Discussion 3.1 Phytogeographical context Lunda Norte falls within the "Southern Congolian Forest-Savanna Mosaic¨ ecoregion of Burgess et al. (2004), with the vegetation of the Lagoa Carumbo region having two principal phytogeographical affinities, following the classification of White (1983): the riverine forest strips represent the southernmost extension of the Guineo-Congolian forests that dominate west and central Africa. Many of the forest species recorded are widespread within this phytogeographical region but are often rare or previously unrecorded in Angola. However, several more localized and rare forest species were recorded and there appears to be an element of local endemism within the forest flora (see sections 3.5 and 3.6) the grasslands and wooded-grasslands of the plateaux contain mainly Zambesian species, some reaching their northwestern limit in this region of Angola. The Loudetia grasslands also contain a significant localised element, with a number of species restricted to Lunda Norte or extending only as far as the southern Kasai region of D.R. Congo. The more dense woodlands and dry forests recorded along the escarpment slopes are ecotonal in nature, linking the forests and grasslands to form a rich habitat mosaic across the escarpment slopes. Edaphic wet grasslands (dambos) are also widespread. It is the meeting of these two important African phytogeographical regions, together with the rich mosaic of largely undisturbed habitats, that results in the considerable plant diversity in this region. 3.2 Principal vegetation types and dominant species This section provides an overview of the main vegetation types and their dominant species as recorded by the rapid botanical survey, hence covering mainly the region between Capaia and Lagoa Carumbo; a wider overview of the biodiversity of the region is provided by Huntley (2006). The habitat types outlined here are also assigned to each of the species listed in Appendix 2. 3.2.1 Plateau Grassland (Gra) (Surveyed at: Capaia-Carumbo road; ridge above Lagoa Carumbo) The extensive free-draining sandy interfluvial plateaux support an open, largely treeless grassland that extends largely uninterrupted for mile upon mile. The dominant grass over most of these sandy plains is Loudetia simplex, although in some areas the taller and more robust L. demeusii (previously unrecorded in Angola) can dominate. Hyparrhenia schimperi is frequent, though never so dominant as on the deeper soils of the escarpment and valley floors (see 3.2.2). 6u Suffruticose subshrubs with large woody underground parts are common, most notably Parinari capensis, Landolphia thollonii (the rubber after which the plateau, the "chanas da borracha¨, are named) and Oldfieldia cf. dactylophylla. Trees are very scattered and are of the speies commonly recorded in adjacent woodland (see sect. 3.2.2), for example Ochna pulchra, Guibourtia coleosperma and Albizia adianthifolia. The herb flora in April/May was not diverse, with only a few regularly encountered species including the abundant Humularia cf. welwitschii, a potentially new species. However, in the few areas of recent burning a whole different suite of herbs and suffrutices were recorded including a number of rare species (see sections 3.4 and 3.5), and it is likely that a good number of additional species will occur following the more extensive burning later in the dry season. The rapid survey indicates that a considerable proportion of the flora of these grasslands is highly localized or endemic to this region. 3.2.2 Woodland and wooded grassland (Woodl) (Surveyed at: Luele River valley and escarpment near Lagoa Carumbo; escarpment between Capaia and Carumbo) A mixed woodland and wooded grassland mosaic dominates the escarpment slopes and free-draining areas of the valleys; it grades into open grassland on the plateaux and dry forest in the valley floors. The trees are typically 2-4 m in height and diversity is rather low, with dominant species including Combretum spp., particularly C. psidioides subsp. kwinkiti, Hymenocardia acida, Maprounea africana, Ochna pulchra, Strychnos cocculoides, S. pungens, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon and a range of leguminous species, notably Pericopsis angolensis, Pterocarpus angolensis and Albizia adianthifolia. On the steep escarpment slopes between Capaia and Carumbo, Dialium englerianum and Guibourtia coleosperma are also frequent. Occasional larger trees (up to c. 8 m or more) are recorded, principally of the charismatic Daniellia alsteeniana. The typical genera that dominate much of the "miombo¨ and associated woodlands in northern Zambia, such as Brachystegia. Julbernardia, Isoberlinia, Cryptosepalum and Marquesia, are either absent or infrequent (we did record Brachystegia spiciformis and Marquesia acuminata from tall woodland between Capaia and Carumbo, but they were not common). The understory of these woodlands is dominated by dense stands of the 2-3 m tall grass Hyparrhenia schimperi. Herb diversity is low within this grass layer, but three species are particularly common and widespread: Aframomum alboviolaceum, Smilax anceps and the fern Pteridium aquilinum. These species are believed to be indicators of disturbance, in particular excessive burning. This suggests that human influence on the landscape is greater than we may expect from the current low population densities. More obvious signs of disturbance are recorded mainly from along roads and regularly used tracks (see sect. 3.2.6). 3.2.3 Dry forest (FDry) (Surveyed at: escarpment slope between Capaia and Carumbo (small patches); between Luele and Luxico Rivers near Lagoa Carumbo) This habitat type was only covered rather briefly in the current survey. It forms an ecotone between woodland and wet forest and contains elements of both habitat types. The grass layer of the woodland falls away (any grasses within the dry forest are forest rather than savanna species such as Olyra latifolia and Streptogyna crinita and occur as scattered individuals), with the herb flora being sparse below an often dense shrub layer. In one site studied near the Luxico River, the understory was completely dominated by Chazaliella obovoidea subsp. rhytidophloea, a new record for Angola, but this species was absent at other sites. The trees are more diverse than in woodland, but some of the woodland species are still present, with Daniella alsteeniana particularly prominent. Other tree species recorded include common pioneer species such as Hymenocardia ulmoides and Harungana madagascariensis. However, a full survey of the tree diversity was not carried out due to time constraints; a list of additional tree taxa in this habitat is given by Huntley (2006). 3.2.4 Riverine & swamp forest (FWet) (Surveyed at: Luele and Luxico Rivers near Lagoa Carumbo; Lovua River at Capaia; this habitat was surveyed extensively by Gossweiler, primarily along the Luachima River at/near Dundo) Most of the main river valleys in the region hold narrow strips of wet riverine forest, although they can be discontinuous and patchy in some areas. Patches of swamp forest are also frequent on the floodplains though these were largely inaccessible at the end of the wet season in April/May. 61 As would be expected, plant diversity is considerably higher in this habitat than in any other surveyed. The species composition varies considerably from site to site; for example, many of the species recorded as common in the mature riverine forest at Capaia were apparently absent in the forest patches along the Luele and Luxico Rivers and vice versa; this will certainly be in part due to the differing drainage since the former site was on level floodplain with waterlogged soils, whilst the latter sites were on steep riverbanks with freer drainage. Away from permanently inundated areas, no dominant tree species were recorded (although it should be noted that a full survey of tree species was not conducted and it is recommended that plot-based survey be carried out in future to better characterize this vegetation type). Trees typical of Congolian riverine forest were noted such as Symphonia globulifera and Hallea stipulosa. Immature trees of a Carapa species (genus currently under revision) were particularly common along the Luele River, though few mature individuals were noted. Pioneer and forest margin species such as Mussanga cecropioides and Anthocleista cf. nobilis are often common because the forest strips are thin and discontinuous. This also results in significant light availability in some forest patches, promoting a dense understory of shrubs, treelets and lianas ÷ diversity is high here, with a good number of species of the Rubiaceae family particularly notable. Herbs are rather scarce except in clearings, although the presence of two saprophytes, Gymnosiphon longistylus and Sebaea oligantha (both new to Angola), is worthy of note. The (?)permanently inundated areas of forest have a significantly lower diversity; along the Luele River we found them to be dominated by just a few species, notably Ficus trichopoda, Englerophytum magalismontanum, Hallea stipulosa, Cathormion altissimum and Martretia quadricornis, with the subherbaceous Sabicea africana abundant along the river margin. Large stands of Pandanus cf. welwitschii are frequently recorded, as is Raphia sp. (awaiting identification from palm specialists). 3.2.5 Wet grassland, marshes (Wetl) (Surveyed at: Carumbo area around Luele River; between Luele & Luxico Rivers; Lagoa Carumbo) Large seasonal wetlands (mostly burnt during the dry season) are a frequent occurrence along the river floodplains throughout the region. They are vegetated by a mixed herb community, with species composition varying greatly depending on water level, timing of burning etc. In tall wet grassland, Loudetia phragmitoides is particularly prominent, together with a range of sedge (Cyperaceae) species. Other frequently encountered herbs include Xyris congensis, Dissotis thollonii, Heterotis canescens, Clappertonia ficifolia, Otomeria elatior and Plectranthus africanus. A number of globally rare species are also recorded from this habitat (see sect. 3.4 and 3.6), some of which such as Kotschya stolonifera and Justicia mendoncae can be locally abundant. Along the margins of Lagoa Carumbo there are considerable areas of permanent wetland and pools where Nymphaea nouchali subsp. caerulea and Nymphoides forbesiana are common, with a range of sedges dominating the more densely vegetated areas including abundant Cyperus pectinatus and Eleocharis dulcis. The very extensive wet grasslands and marshes around the West and Southwest sides of the lake were unfortunately inaccessible at the time of our visit. 3.2.6 Ruderal & secondary habitats (Sec) (Surveyed at: Capaia-Carumbo road ÷ mainly sight records) Human population density throughout the region is low, and large extents of intact habitat remain undisturbed. Excessive burning in the woodlands results in the development of a species poor grass understorey with characteristic secondary herbs (see section 3.2.2). However, more clearly disturbed / ruderal habitats tend to be localised to the vicinity of the scattered villages, roads and tracks. Common ruderal herbs include Urena lobata, Schwenkia americana and, around villages, Tithonia diversifolia and Hyptis cf. pectinata. Roadside grasses include Pennisetum polystachyon, Melinis repens and the ubiquitous Hyparrhenia schimperi. The commonest subsistence crop grown in the region is manioc (cassava). 3.3 Plant Diversity Through a combination of the April/May 2011 expedition and historic plant specimen data captured from the Kew herbarium, a total of 537 taxa (species and subspecies/varieties) are recorded of which 338 were recorded by us. These are presented in Appendix 2. This represents c. 8% of the total plant diversity in Angola. Whilst this is a sizable list, it is certainly not exhaustive and we are likely to record many more species in future through: 62 more prolonged collecting efforts in key habitats, most notably the mature riverine forest which has so far only been sampled only briefly plot-based survey in the forest to record all species present within a defined sample area visiting seasonal habitats such as dambos and fire-prone grassland during different growing seasons e.g. post-burning, early- and mid-wet season. Having said this, the low nutrient content of the underlying Kalahari Sands undoubtedly provides a significant limiting factor on the plant diversity in each habitat. For example, the herb flora of the wet grasslands was markedly low in diversity in comparison to similar sites we have visited from elsewhere in Africa. However, the rich mosaic of habitats compensates for this fact, resulting in high overall plant diversity in the region. 3.4 New plant records for Angola The April / May 2011 expedition registered 36 confirmed new species records for Angola including four new generic records, with a further 13 new records for Angola excluding the separate province of Cabinda (table 1), and a host of new records for the province of Lunda Norte. In addition, a further 13 species for which we have good flowering and/or fruiting material have not been matched to any known species and are very likely to be additional new records for Angola and, in many cases, undescribed species (listed separately in section 3.5). Together, this gives a total of 62 confirmed or likely new species records for Angola excluding Cabinda, approximately 20% of the total number of species recorded on the expedition. Whilst this strikingly high number of new records in part reflects the highly limited previous botanical research in the region, it also serves to highlight how unique within Angola the plateaux and river systems of Lunda Norte are in botanical terms. The majority of new records are of Guineo-Congolian forest species which reach their southernmost extent in the riverine forests of Lunda Norte. Of these, a good number are apparently absent from the well- botanised forests of Cabinda, the province with the largest extent of primary Guineo-Congolian forest in Angola. This indicates that the Lunda forests are quite different in composition to those of Cabinda, undoubtably driven by the significant differences in climate and geology. Also significant in table 1 are the number of new records from the wet (dambo) grasslands. Whilst the majority are widespread African wetland species (e.g. many of the Cyperaceae), there is again a more localised element, restricted to the wet grasslands of the Congolian/Zambesian transition zone. 3.5 Potential new / unmatched species The Angolan flora, and that of adjacent areas of southern D.R. Congo, remain poorly known for many plant groups, hence confident identification of new, undescribed species is often difficult. However, highlighted below are 13 taxa collected during the April-May 2011 expedition that have not been matched to any known species in the collections at Kew and may well prove to be new to science. In all cases, further research (including comparison to material from southern Congo held at the National Botanic Garden of Belgium ÷ BR), and in most cases further collections, will be required to draw final conclusions on their status. Baphia sp. cf. aurivellerea (Leguminosae) Darbyshire 676 FWet This small tree of riverine forest margins was collected in fruit from the forest along the Luele River near the Carumbo campsite. This specimen has not so far been matched and is being researched further by Dr Barbara Mackinder, African Legume specialist at Kew. Flowers will, however, be needed if it is to be described as a new species. Buchnera sp. aff. lippioides (Orobanchaceae) Crawford 829 Gra This erect hemiparasitic herb was frequent in Loudetia grassland on the ridge above Lagoa Carumbo and also recorded on plateau grassland between Capaia and Lucapa. It is certainly close to B. lippioides, a rare species recorded from Lunda, southern D.R. Congo and northwest Zambia, and may prove to fall within the overall variation of that species yet it differs in several notable respects from the material seen at Kew ÷ specimens from BR have been requested to see the full variation in B. lippioides. Cola sp. aff. diversifolia (Malvaceae) Darbyshire 746 FWet A treelet common in the waterlogged riverine forest at Capaia. This species has been studied by Dr Martin Cheek, expert in African Cola, and has not been matched at Kew. It falls within the difficult Cola hispida complex and specimens from this group from D.R. Congo held at BR would have to be consulted before 6S reaching a firm conclusion. Only male flowers have so far been collected; collections of female flowers and fruits are desirable. 64 Costus sp. not matched (Costaceae) Goyder 6267 FDry / Woodl This herb of dry forest margins was found with only old, withered inflorescences remaining; it was seen at a single site along the escarpment slope between Capaia and Carumbo. The genus is in need of revision in Africa, but this collection does not exactly match any of the known species; it appears closest to "Costus sp. A¨ of Flora Zambesiaca. Good flowering collections are required. Emilia sp. not matched (Asteraceae) Goyder 6251 Gra This slender herb was collected from unburnt Loudetia simplex grassland between Capaia and Carumbo where it was uncommon. It requires further investigation but initial study by Dr Henk Beentje, Asteraceae specialist at Kew, found no match. Humularia sp. aff. welwitschii (Leguminosae) Goyder 6248 Gra This perennial herb, abundant in the plateau Loudetia grasslands between Capaia and Carumbo, has not been exactly matched, though it is allied to the rather variable H. welwitschii. Better specimens, including flowers and fruits are required, as we were past its flowering season at the time of our trip. Indigofera sp. not matched (Leguminosae) Crawford 784 Gra This trailing herb was collected from disturbed ridge-summit grassland near Lagoa Carumbo where it was growing commonly on bare earth. We did not expect this to be anything of great interest, yet we have been unable to match it, despite having shown it to Dr Brian Schrire at Kew, expert on African Indigofera; further work is ongoing on this collection. Kohautia sp. aff. caespitosa (Rubiaceae) Goyder 6224 Wetl A slender perennial herb of burnt seasonally wet grassland, this plant is very different to the form of K. caespitosa previously recorded from Angola and adjacent D.R. Congo but looks more similar to some plants from Kenya also assigned to that variable species; it may be that this plant should be treated as a further subspecies within K. caespitosa or an allied new species. Memecylon sp. aff. myrianthum (Melastomataceae) Darbyshire 658 FWet This shrub was collected in fruit from riverine forest by the Luele River near Lagoa Carumbo. Images have been shown to the leading authority on African Memecylon, Doug Stone (Univ. KwaZulu-Natal) who noted several differences to the widespread M. myrianthum (which we also collected at Capaia); the next step is to send a specimen to Dr Stone for closer examination. Flowers are needed to assist with identification. Monanthotaxis cf. diclina (Annonaceae) Darbyshire 747, 748 FWet A woody climber or free-standing shrub, frequent in the waterlogged riverine forest at Capaia. This species is close to the Congolian M. diclina but differs in several respects, most notably the markedly thickened outer petals. Only male flowers have so far been collected; female flowers and fruits are needed to reach any further conclusions. Pavetta sp. aff. vanderijstii (Rubiaceae) Crawford 747 FWet A small treelet of wet streamside thicket collected near the Carumbo campsite. This plant is close to P. vanderijstii, a rare species from southern D.R. Congo, and may prove to be an extreme variant of it but differs in several respects from the specimens of that species seen at Kew. A review of the specimens at BR is needed. It is certainly a new species record for Angola. Psychotria sect. Confertaefolia sp. nov. (Rubiaceae) Darbyshire 752 FWet An undershrub, very common in the waterlogged riverine forest at Capaia. Photographs of this species have been shown to the expert on African Psychotria, Olivier Lachenaud (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium) who confirms it as new to science; this species will be written up in the near future. Renealmia sp. ?nov. (Zingiberaceae) Darbyshire 749 FWet A slender perennial herb with glossy red fruits, again recorded from waterlogged riverine forest at Capaia where frequent. The specimen does not match any material held at Kew or known species from D.R. Congo, but this genus is in need of a full revision. 3.6 Rare, endemic and threatened species in the Lagoa Carumbo region Only 193 Angolan plant species have currently been formally assessed for their conservation status using the standard IUCN Categories & Criteria (www.ieulist.oig). Of these, the large majority are species treated 6S under the Sampled Redlist Index programme (http:¡¡thieateneuplants.myspecies.info), and many are widespread and common species assessed as of Least Concern. Of the few Angolan species listed as globally threatened, only Hallea stipulosa (Vulnerable) has so far been recorded from the Lagoa Carumbo region. This is a common tree in swamp forest and can be a pioneer of forest margins and secondary regrowth; we recorded it at all the riverine and swamp forests visited. It is considered Vulnerable on the grounds that it is commercially overexploited for its timber. Although not recorded by us, it is considered likely that a second redlisted species on account of commercial overexploitation, Entandrophragma angolense, will occur in the riverine forests of Lunda Norte, it having been mentioned in the biodiversity profile by Huntley (2006). The IUCN Redlist, however, does not give us an accurate indication of the true regional distribution of threatended plants, since the vast majority of species have never been assessed. This is certainly true of Angola where very little species-level work has been carried out for plant conservation priorities. Whilst the Lagoa Carumbo region would not be considered a principal centre of endemism in Angola (indeed, most of the species recorded are widespread ÷ see section 3.1), it does contain a number of highly restricted species which may well prove to be threatened when assessed against IUCN Criteria. Table 2 provides an initial list of these species, recorded by our surveys and/or Gossweiler's work. Of course, the 13 potentially new / unmatched species on section 3.5 can also be added to this list, since they are almost certainly rare and/or range-restricted. The riverine forests appear to be particularly important for rare and localised species; indeed, in just a one hour survey of the mature forest at Capaia, of the 13 species collected, three are known to be either rare or very localised, and a further four are potentially new species. Clearly, this site is worthy of a much more thorough future survey. In addition, in view of the low current human population density and relatively intact habitats, this region is likely to be of importance for the conservation of a good number of localised and scarce species that would not necessarily qualify as threatened using IUCN Criteria. A good example is Daniellia alsteeniana; this impressive tree is one of the most prominent components of the denser woodlands and dry forests in the Carumbo region. Globally, it occurs in a belt along the transition zone between the Congolian and Zambesian vegetation elements, being rare in Zambia but more widespread in southern Congo where it is, however, potentially threatened by exploitation for timber. The Carumbo region therefore appears to be a stronghold for this charismatic species. 3.7 Conclusions We surveyed key sites in north-central Lunda Norte Province within the largely intact ecosystems of three valleys undisturbed by commercial diamond extraction ÷ the Luchico, Luele and Lovua valleys. The extensive mosaic of grassland, woodland and forest associated with these valleys is an important area for plant diversity in Angola. This region contains important extents of two habitat types not widely encountered elsewhere in the country: (1) Loudetia simplex plateau grassland on deep, heavily leached Kalahari sand deposits, and (2) inland Guineo-Congolian riverine forest where the rivers have cut through to the base of the Kalahari sands. Both these habitats, together with the seasonally wet edaphic grasslands common in the region, contain many species restricted in Angola to this region and a number of rare and/or endemic species of very restricted range. The low human population in areas away from those valleys in which diamond mining is commercially viable means that the vegetation is largely intact and relatively undisturbed. References Burgess, N.; Hales, J.D.A.; Underwood, E.; Dinerstein, E. (2004) Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar ÷ a Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington. Cavaco, A. (1959) Contribution à l'étude de la flore de la Lunda d'après les récoltes de Gossweiler (1946- 1948). Companhia de Diamantes de Angola. Publicações culturais 42. Figueiredo, E.; Smith, G.F. (2008) Plants of Angola / Plantas de Angola. Strelitzia 22, South African National Biodiversity Institute. 66 Huntley, B.J. (2006) Biodiversity Profile of Lunda Norte, Angola. Unpubl. Technical Report. Mendonça, F.A. (1962) Botanical collectors in Angola. In: A. Fernandes (ed.) Comptes Rendus de la IV e réunion plénière de l'Association pour l'Étude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale. Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Lisboa. White, F. (1983) Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa & A descriptive memoir to accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. UNESCO, Paris, France. Wissmann, H. von (1891) My second journey through Equatorial Africa from the Congo to the Zambesi in the years 1886 and 1887. Chatto & Windus, London. Part of map taken from Wissmann (1891) covering the Angolan portion of the expeditions. The First Expedition (1880-1883) started at S. Paolo de Loanda, and travelled east along the line marked by alternating dots and dashes as far as Kimbundu (presumably close to present-day Saurimo), before heading due north along the plateau to the west of the Chikapa River. Lago Carumbo appears on this map as a small circle just north of the then border with the Belgian Congo. 67 Table 1: species newly recorded for Angola during the April/May 2011 rapid botanical survey. * denotes new generic records for Angola. Family Species New record for: Previous distribution Habitat Notes Araceae Culcasia parviflora Angola Guinea to DR Congo & Burundi FWet Asteraceae Vernonia longipedunculata var. longipedunculata Angola DR Congo, Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique Wetl New varietal record only Burmanniaceae *Gymnosiphon longistylus Angola Guinea to DR Congo FWet Scarce and scattered; a new generic record Combretaceae Combretum porphyrobotrys Angola DR Congo FWet May be a synonym of C. mannii,which would still be a new record for Angola Convolvulaceae Calycobolus cf. africanus / micranthus Angola N/A FWet Not an exact match for either species, but the specimen is sterile Cyperaceae Fimbristylis madagascariensis Angola DR Congo, East Africa, Madagascar, prob. Gabon Wetl Cyperaceae Fimbristylis splendida Angola DR Congo, Congo- Brazzaville, ?Rio Muni Wetl Uncommon Cyperaceae Kyllinga erecta subsp. albescens Angola DR Congo Wetl Cyperaceae Pycreus scaettae fa. Angola Ghana to Tanzania & Zambia Wetl Our plants have cream- coloured, not pale brown spikelets, a possible new variety Cyperaceae Scleria iostephana Angola Ghana to DR Congo, Zambia & Tanzania Wetl Dichapetalacea e Dichapetalum mombuttense Angola excl. Cabinda Cameroon to DR Congo FWet Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea semperflorens Angola Cameroon, CAR, Gabon, DR Congo FDry Woodl Scarce Dracaenaceae Dracaena laxissima Angola Nigeria to Sudan, south to DR Congo & Mozambique FWet Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia teke Angola Cameroon, CAR, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo FWet Scarce ÷ assessed as globally "Near Threatened¨ Euphorbiaceae Macaranga saccifera Angola CAR, Gabon, Congo- Brazzaville, DR Congo FWet Gentianaceae Sebaea oligantha Angola Guinea to DR Congo FWet Scarce and scattered Lamiaceae Plectranthus densus Angola Zambia, Malawi & SW Tanzania Gra Uncommon Lamiaceae Plectranthus monostachyus subsp. monostachyus Angola excl. Cabinda Guinea Bissau to DR Congo FDry Woodl Patchily distributed Leguminosae Aphanocalyx cyometroides Angola Cameroon to DR Congo FWet Leguminosae Baphia pilosa subsp. pilosa Angola excl. Cabinda Cameroon to DR Congo FWet Scarce Leguminosae Eriosema humile Angola DR Congo (Kasai) Gra Very rare - two previous records Leguminosae Microcharis butayei Angola CAR, DR Congo, Uganda, Zambia Woodl Very scattered Family Species New record for Previous distribution Habitat Notes Linaceae Hugonia cf. obtusifolia Angola Nigeria to DR Congo FDry Our specimen sterile but probably this species Linaceae Hugonia cf. reticulata Angola DR Congo (Kasai) Woodl Our specimen sterile; no specimens of H. reticulata seen but matches the description - very rare 68 Marantaceae Marantochloa congensis var. congensis Angola excl. Cabinda Guinea to DR Congo FWet Melastomatace ae Spathandra blakeoides Angola excl. Cabinda Guinea to DR Congo FWet Uncommon; in central Africa usually restricted to coastal lowlands Opiliaceae *Rhopalopilia pallens Angola Cameroon, Gabon, DR Congo FWet Uncommon; a new generic record Orchidaceae Diaphananthe pellucida Angola Guinea to Uganda & D.R. Congo FWet Orobanchaceae *Micrageriella aphylla Angola Zambia Wetl Very rare; a new generic record Passifloraceae Barteria dewevrei Angola CAR to DR Congo & NW Tanzania FWet Our material immature but a good match for Ugandan sapling specimens Phyllanthaceae Maesobotrya vermeulenii Angola excl. Cabinda Nigeria to Zambia Woodl Phyllanthaceae *Martretia quadricornis Angola Sierra Leone to DR Congo FWet Scattered, a swamp forest specialist; a new generic record Poaceae Andropogon tenuiberbis Angola Guinea to DR Congo & Tanzania Wetl Poaceae Hyparrhenia wombaliensis Angola DR Congo Wetl Rare Poaceae Loudetia demeusii Angola DR Congo Gra Locally common in the Carumbo area Poaceae Loudetia vanderystii Angola Gabon, DR Congo Wetl Scarce Poaceae Streptogyna crinita Angola excl. Cabinda Sierra Leone to Ethiopia, south to DR Congo and Tanzania; India, Sri Lanka FDry Rubiaceae Chassalia pauwelsii Angola CAR, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo FWet One previous specimen from Dundo, but not recorded on Angola checklist Rubiaceae Chazaliella obovoidea subsp rhytidophloea Angola Cameroon, DR Congo FDry Uncommon; this taxon will be separated from true C. obovoidea in a forthcoming revision Rubiaceae Craterispermum cf. inquisitorium Angola excl. Cabinda Gabon, DRC, Cabinda FWet Rare; our material has rather short peduncles for this species Rubiaceae Geophila renaris Angola excl. Cabinda Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Cabinda FWet Rare and mainly in lowland coastal forest Rubiaceae Hymenocoleus scaphus Angola excl. Cabinda Cameroon to DR Congo FWet Rubiaceae Lasianthus repens Angola excl. Cabinda Guinea to DR Congo FWet Uncommon Rubiaceae Otomeria micrantha Angola Cameroon, Gabon, DR Congo Woodl Sec Rubiaceae Psychotria cyanopharynx Angola excl. Cabinda CAR to DR Congo FWet Rubiaceae Psychotria nodiflora Angola CAR, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo FWet Rare, only recently described Family Species New record for Previous distribution Habitat Notes Rubiaceae Rytigynia lewisii Angola Southern DR Congo, western Zambia Gra Uncommon Rubiaceae Sherbournia hapalophylla subsp. wernhamiana Angola Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo FWet Rubiaceae Trichostachys microcarpa Angola excl. Cabinda CAR, DR Congo, Cabinda FWet Woodl 69 Table 2: rare and/or potentially threatened species recorded from the Lagoa Carumbo and Dundo regions. Family Species Distribution Habitat Notes Acanthaceae Justicia mendoncae LUNDA ENDEMIC Wetl Few previous records from Saurimo and Chicapa River Anacardiaceae Ozoroa cf. mildredae LUNDA ENDEMIC Gra Previously recorded from Saurimo area; our plat a good match except for differing indumentum Annonaceae Piptostigma exellii LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler Asteraceae Vernonia lampropappa LN, Malange, Cuanza Norte Gra Wetl Three coll. At Kew; our plants have a different leaf base and may be distinct Balsaminaceae Impatiens mendoncae LN, LS, Moxico, Congo-Brazzaville FWet Wetl Very localised; few records Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea poggei LN, DR Congo Gra Very few sites in DR Congo; second collection from Angola Cyperaceae Hypolytrum angolense LN, Moxico FWet recorded by Gossweiler; probalby recorded by us at Capaia but specimen too young Leguminosae Berlinia lundensis LN, DR Congo FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known from only two collections Leguminosae Crotalaria sapinii LN, LS, Malange, S DR Congo Gra Very localised; few records Leguminosae Dalbergia carringtoniana LN, W Angola FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known from few collections outside LN Leguminosae Eriosema humile LN, DR Congo Gra Two previous records from Kasai region of DRC Leguminosae Kotschya stolonifera LN, Moxico, DR Congo, Burundi, Tanzania Wetl widespread but very scarce, only two coll. at Kew; locally common at Carumbo Leguminosae Millettia acuticarinata LN, Cabinda Woodl recorded by Gossweiler; only two coll. at Kew Linaceae Hugonia cf. reticulata LN, S DR Congo Woodl Previously restricted to Kasai region; our material is sterile but probably this species Linaceae Hugonia sapinii LN, S DR Congo FWet Very localised; few records Loganiaceae Strychnos moandaensis LN, W Angola, Congo- Brazzaville, W D.R. Congo FWet Scarce; the Lunda plants were noted by Leuuwenberg to have larger flowers and may be distinct Melastomataceae Calvoa angolensis LN, Congo-Brazzaville Wetl recorded by Gossweiler; known from only two collections Ochnaceae Campylospermum katangense LN, DR Congo, Congo Brazzaville FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known from few collections Family Species Distribution Habitat Notes Ochnaceae Ouratea (Campylospermum) lundensis LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known only from the type Orobanchaceae Buchnera cf. baumii LN, S Angola Gra B. baumii only known from the type; our specimen is close but hte leaves are broader Orobanchaceae Buchnera lippioides LN, S DR Congo, NW Zambia Gra Rare within a restricted range Orobanchaceae Micrageriella aphylla LN, N Zambia Wetl Previously known from 5 sites in NW and NE Zambia only Poaceae Hyparrhenia wombaliensis LN, DR Congo Wetl Rare in DR Congo (5 collections at Kew) and new to Angola Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea vilhenae LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler; three collections from Dundo Rubiaceae Bertiera lujae LN, ?Uige, DR Congo FWet Very few collections at Kew Rubiaceae Cephaelis (Psychotria) gossweileri LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known only from the type Rubiaceae Geophila renaris LN, Cabinda, DR Congo, Congo- Brazzaville FWet Very few collections, mainly coastal 7u Rubiaceae Oxyanthus bremekampii LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet recorded by Gossweiler; known only from the type Rubiaceae Rytigynia lewisii LN, S DR Congo, NW Zambia Gra Very few previous collections; new to Angola Sapindaceae Allophylus gossweileri LN, W Angola, Cabinda FWet recorded by Gossweiler Sterculiaceae Cola welwitschii LN, NW Angola, DR Congo, Congo- Brazzaville FWet Very localised; few records Violaceae Rinorea youngii LUNDA ENDEMIC FWet Ours was the third collection, the other two from Dundo 71 Appendix 1: plant portraits 72 7S 74 Appendix 2: checklist to the flowering plants, gymnosperms and pteridopytes of Lunda Norte Prov, Angola The following list combines the species records compiled during th rapid botanical survey of April/May 2011 in the Lagoa Carumba-Capaia area, with the collections held at Kew of the expeditions ot Lunda Norte (primarily undo region) by Gossweiler and colleagues in the 1940s. For each species, the habitat(s) and the herbarium collection(s) are recorded; species for which no herbarium collections were made are noted as Carumbo Sight Records. PTERIDOPHYTA Adiantaceae Adiantum vogelii Mett. ex Keyserl. FWet Gossweiler 13982 Aspleniaceae Asplenium dregeanum Kunze FWet Gossweiler 13756 Asplenium emarginatum P.Beauv. FWet Gossweiler 14022 Asplenium sandersonii Hook. FWet Gossweiler 13640 Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Sec Carumbo sight records 8 Dryopteridaceae Bolbitis acrostichoides (Afzel. ex Sw.) Ching FWet Gossweiler 14069 Bolbitis boivinii (Mett. ex Kuhn) Ching FWet Gossweiler 13910 Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis undulata (Afzel. ex Sw.) J.Sm. Woodl Carumbo sight records 43; Gossweiler 14125 Pteridaceae Pteris atrovirens Willd. FWet Gossweiler 13980 Pteris similis Kuhn FWet Gossweiler 14103 Sinopteridaceae Pellaea doniana J.Sm. ex Hook. FWet Gossweiler 13981 GYMNOSPERMAE Zamiaceae Encephalartos poggei Aschers. Woodl Gossweiler 13900 ANGIOSPERMAE: MAGNOLIIDS Annonaceae Artabotrys monteiroae Oliv. FWet Gossweiler 13775 Isolona hexaloba Engl. & Diels FWet Gossweiler 13738 Monanthotaxis cf. diclina (Sprague) Verdc. FWet Darbyshire 747; Darbyshire 748 Monanthotaxis lucidula (Oliv.) Verdc. FWet Darbyshire 717; Gossweiler 13803 Monanthotaxis poggei Engl. & Diels FWet Gossweiler 13858 Monodora angolensis Welw. FWet 7S Gossweiler 13706 Piptostigma exellii R.E.Fr. FWet Gossweiler 14048 Uvaria angolensis Welw. ex Oliv. Woodl Goyder 6234 Uvaria poggei Engl. & Diels FWet Gossweiler 13674; Gossweiler 13726 Xylopia aethiopica A.Rich. FWet Crawford FC 813 Xylopia batesii Pierre ex.Engl. & Diels FDry Crawford FC 773 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea heudelotii Planch. Wetl Crawford FC 788 Nymphaea lotus L. Wetl Carumbo sight records 2 Nymphaea nouchalii Burm.f. var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc. Wetl Crawford FC 824 Piperaceae Piper umbellatum L. FWet Gossweiler 13995 ANGIOSPERMAE: MONOCOTS Amaryllidaceae Crinum sp. Gra Goyder 6260 Scadoxus cinnabarinus (Decne.) Friis & Nordal FWet Darbyshire 730; Gossweiler 13770 Araceae Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl. FDry Carumbo sight records 30 Cercestis congensis Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13866 Culcasia parviflora N.E.Br. FWet Darbyshire 666 Lasimorpha senegalensis Schott FWet Wetl Crawford FC 740 Arecaceae Calamus deeratus G.Mann & H.Wendl FWet Gossweiler 13644; Gossweiler 13644b; Gossweiler 13644c Elaeis guineensis Jacq. FWet Carumbo sight records 31 Eremospatha sp. cf. cabrae (De Wild. & T.Durand) De Wild. FWet Carumbo sight records 32; Darbyshire 711 Eremospatha cuspidata (G.Mann & H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. FWet Crawford FC 781 Raphia sp. FWet Carumbo sight records 29 Asparagaceae Asparagus sp. Woodl Crawford FC 790 76 Dracaena aubryana Brongn. ex E.Morren FWet Darbyshire 722 Dracaena laxissima Engl. FWet Darbyshire 750 Dracaena mannii Baker FWet Carumbo sight records 23 Dracaena sp. aff. ovata Ker Gawl. FDry Goyder 6270 Burmanniaceae Gymnosiphon longistylus (Benth.) Hutch. & Dalziel FWet Darbyshire 713 Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm.f. subsp. scandens (Welw. ex C.B.Clarke) Oberm. Wetl Crawford FC 846 Commelina spectabilis C.B.Clarke Gra Goyder 6274 Cyanotis caespitosa Kotschy ex Peyr. Wetl Goyder 6208 Floscopa glomerata (Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Hassk. Wetl Crawford FC 795; Goyder 6229 Floscopa gossweileri Cavaco Wetl Gossweiler 14008 Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan Wetl Goyder 6225 Palisota ambigua (P.Beauv.) C.B.Clarke Wetl Crawford FC 752 Costaceae Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K.Schum. Woodl Gra Gossweiler 13714 Costus sp. not matched FDry Woodl Goyder 6267 Cyperaceae Bulbostylis filamentosa (Vahl) C.B.Clarke Gra Goyder 6255 Bulbostylis laniceps C.B.Clarke Wetl Goyder 6226 Bulbostylis trichobasis (Baker) C.B.Clarke Gra Gossweiler 13690 Cyperus articulatus L. Wetl Gossweiler 13869 Cyperus difformis L. Wetl Gossweiler 14067 Cyperus pectinatus Vahl Wetl Crawford FC 826 Cyperus tenuiculmis Boeckeler var. tenuiculmis Wetl Goyder 6223 Cyperus sp. FWet Carumbo sight records 35 77 Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch. Wetl Crawford FC 825 Eleocharis variegata (Poir.) C.Presl Wetl Crawford FC 797 Fimbristylis madagascariensis Boeckeler Wetl Goyder 6213 Fimbristylis cf. madagascariensis Boeckeler Wetl Goyder 6204 Fimbristylis splendida C.B.Clarke Wetl Goyder 6218 Fimbristylis sp. Wetl Goyder 6205 Fuirena umbellata Rottb. Wetl Carumbo sight records 3 Hypolytrum angolense Nelmes FWet Gossweiler 13882 Hypolytrum cf. angolense Nelmes FWet Darbyshire 751 Kyllinga erecta Schum. subsp. albescens Lye Wetl Goyder 6203 Kyllinga odorata Vahl var. cylindrica (Nees) Kük. Wetl Goyder 6227 Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J.Kern Wetl Crawford FC 789 Pycreus scaettae Cherm. fa. vel aff. Wetl Goyder 6217 Rhynchospora candida (Nees) Boeckeler Wetl Goyder 6216 Scleria catophylla C.B.Clarke Wetl Goyder 6209 Scleria iostephana Nelmes FDry Woodl Crawford FC 791 Scleria melanomphala Kunth Wetl Carumbo sight records 1 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea cayennensis Lam. FWet Gossweiler 14044 Dioscorea semperflorens Uline FDry Woodl Goyder 6237 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon latifolium Sm. FWet Darbyshire 744 Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Korn. Wetl Darbyshire 737 Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis angustifolia Lam. FWet Gossweiler 13898; Gossweiler s.n. 78 Iridaceae Gladiolus gregarius Welw. ex Baker Woodl Goyder 6263 Marantaceae Hypsodelphys poggeana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh. FWet Gossweiler 13676; Gossweiler 13685 Hypsodelphys scandens Louis & Mullend. FWet Gossweiler 13902 Marantochloa congensis (K.Schum.) J.Léonard & Mullend. var. congensis FWet Crawford FC 746 Marantochloa leucantha (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh. FWet Gossweiler 13769A Marantochloa purpurea (Ridl.) Milne-Redh. FWet Gossweiler 13693; Gossweiler 13769; Gossweiler 14002 Orchidaceae Angraecum eichlerianum Kraenzl. FWet Gossweiler 13898 Diaphananthe bidens (Afzel. ex Sw.) Schltr. FWet Gossweiler 13875 Diaphananthe pellucida (Lindl.) Schltr. FDry Crawford FC 768 Eulophia angolensis (Rchb.f.) Summerh. Wetl Gossweiler 13889 Platycoryne guingangae (Rchb.f.) Rolfe FWet Gossweiler 13852 Platycoryne odorata Lindl. FWet Gossweiler 13822 Polystachya golungensis Rchb.f. FWet Crawford FC 776 Vanilla imperialis Kraenzl. FWet Gossweiler 14214 Zeuxine elongata Rolfe FWet Gossweiler 13998 Pandanaceae Pandanus cf. welwitschii Rendle FWet Darbyshire 672 Poaceae Andropogon tenuiberbis Hack. Wetl Crawford FC 828a Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr. Wetl Gossweiler 14050B Brachiaria brizantha (A.Rich.) Stapf FWet Gossweiler 13966 Bromuniola gossweileri Stapf & C.E.Hubb. FWet Darbyshire 667 Ctenium newtonii Hack. Wetl Crawford FC 839 Eragrostis tremula Steud. Sec Gossweiler 14075 79 Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf var. diplandra Gra Gossweiler 13971; Gossweiler 14076 Hyparrhenia niariensis (Franch.) Clayton Wetl Gossweiler 14080; Gossweiler 13854 Hyparrhenia schimperi (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stapf Gra Goyder 6254 Hyparrhenia wombaliensis (Vanderyst ex Robyns) Clayton Wetl Goyder 6211 Loudetia arundinacea (A.Rich.) Steud. Woodl Crawford FC 819 Loudetia demeusei (De Wild.) C.E.Hubb. Woodl Crawford FC 820 Loudetia phragmitoides (Peter) C.E.Hubb. Wetl Goyder 6284 Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. Woodl Crawford FC 835 Loudetia vanderystii (De Wild.) C.E.Hubb. Wetl Goyder 6210 Melinis amethystea (Franch.) G.Zizka Woodl Gossweiler 14114; Gossweiler 14046 Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka subsp. repens Woodl Goyder 6291 Olyra latifolia L. FDry Carumbo sight records 37 Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv. FWet Gossweiler 13984 Oryza longistaminata A.Chev. & Roehrich Wetl Crawford FC 814 Panicum brazzavillense Franch. Woodl Crawford FC 817 Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Wetl Carrisso 636; Gossweiler 14066 Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. Woodl Crawford FC 792 Perotis vaginata Hack. Wetl Gossweiler 13851 Sacciolepis typhura (Stapf) Stapf Wetl Crawford FC 827 Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston Woodl Crawford FC 821 Schizachyrium sp. Gra Carumbo sight records 41 Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz FWet Darbyshire 679; Gossweiler 13985; Gossweiler 14084 8u Sporobolus congoensis Franch. Wetl Goyder 6206 Sporobolus festivus Hochst. ex A.Rich. Woodl Gossweiler 13814B Streptogyna crinita P.Beauv. FDry Crawford FC 769 Smilacaceae Smilax anceps Willd. Woodl Sec Carumbo sight records 7 Xyridaceae Xyris congensis Büttner Wetl Crawford FC 786; Darbyshire 736 Zingiberaceae Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridl.) K.Schum. Woodl Sec Carumbo sight records 9; Gossweiler 13663 Aframomum giganteum (Oliv. & D.Hanb.) K.Schum. FWet Gossweiler 13645 Renealmia sp. ?nov. not matched FWet Darbyshire 749 ANGIOSPERMAE: EUDICOTS Acanthaceae Acanthus montanus (Nees) T.Anderson FWet Carumbo sight records 25; Gossweiler 14200 Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson subsp. micrantha (Nees) Ensermu Woodl Carumbo sight records 12 Barleria brownii S.Moore FWet Gossweiler 14206 Brillantaisia owariensis P.Beauv. FWet Carumbo sight records 28 Crossandra nilotica Oliv. FWet Gossweiler 13965 Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R.Br. FWet Gossweiler 13994 Justicia mendoncae Benoist Wetl Crawford FC 793 Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) R.Br. ex Griseb. FWet Gossweiler 14054B Nelsonia smithii Oerst. FWet Carumbo sight records 27 Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet subsp. poggei (Lindau) M.Manktelow FWet Darbyshire 674 Whitfieldia elongata (P.Beauv.) De Wild. & T.Durand FWet Darbyshire 677 Achariaceae Buchnerodendron speciosum Gürke FWet Gossweiler 13580 Caloncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) Gilg FWet Gossweiler 13606 81 Lindackeria dentata (Oliv.) Gilg FDry Crawford FC 758 Phyllobotryon paradoxum (Baill.) Hul FWet Gossweiler 13810 Poggea alata Gürke FWet Gossweiler 13564; Gossweiler 13774 Amaranthaceae Pandiaka angustifolia (Vahl) Hepper Woodl Goyder 6289 Pandiaka rubro-lutea (Lopr.) C.C.Towns. Woodl Crawford FC 837 Anacardiaceae Lannea antiscorbutica (Hiern) Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13666 Ozoroa cf. mildredae (Meikle) R.Fern. & A.Fern. Gra Goyder 6286 Searsia kirkii (Oliv.) Moffett var. polyneura (Engl. & Gilg) ined. Woodl Crawford FC 802 Sorindeia juglandifolia (A.Rich.) Planch. ex Oliv. FWet Woodl Darbyshire 688; Gossweiler 13626b; Gossweiler 13812 Anisophylleaceae Anisophyllea boehmii Engl. Woodl Crawford FC 775; Crawford FC 823 Anisophyllea meniaudi Aubrév. & Pellegr. FWet Darbyshire 724 Apiaceae Diplolophium zambesianum Hiern Woodl Gossweiler 14158 Apocynaceae Ancylobothrys scandens (Schumach.) Pichon FWet Gossweiler 13583 Cryptolepis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schltr. Woodl Gossweiler 13847 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll.Arg.) Pichon Woodl Goyder 6288; Gossweiler 13599 Glossostelma spathulatum (K.Schum.) Bullock Woodl Gossweiler 13867 Landolphia camptoloba (K.Schum.) Pichon FDry Woodl Crawford FC 770; Goyder 6231; Gossweiler 13634 Landolphia dewevrei Stapf FWet Gossweiler 13701 Landolphia lanceolata (K.Schum.) Pichon Gra Cavaco, A. 1263; Gossweiler 13622 Landolphia thollonii Dewèvre Gra Goyder 6293 Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels FWet Gossweiler 13856 Pachycarpus bisacculatus (Oliv.) Goyder Woodl Gossweiler 13891 82 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. subsp. daemia FWet Gossweiler 13979 Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K.Schum.) Stapf FWet Gossweiler 13682; Gossweiler 14051 Raphionacme welwitschii Schltr. & Rendle Woodl Gossweiler 13845 Strophanthus welwitschii (Baill.) K.Schum. FWet Gossweiler 13596 Tabernaemontana crassa Benth. FWet Gossweiler 13694 Tabernaemontana eglandulosa Stapf FWet Gossweiler 13743; Gossweiler 13901 Tabernaemontana inconspicua Stapf FWet Barros Machado s.n. in Gossweiler 14041b; Darbyshire 682; Gossweiler 14041 Tabernanthe elliptica (Stapf) Leeuwenb. FWet Gossweiler 13930 Tabernanthe iboga Baill. FWet Gossweiler 13672 Tacazzea apiculata Oliv. FWet Crawford FC 807; Gossweiler 13751 Tacazzea pedicellata (K.Schum.) Bullock FWet Gossweiler 13684 Tylophora congolana (Baill.) Bullock Gra Gossweiler 13853 Vahadenia laurentii (De Wild.) Stapf FWet Gossweiler 13790 Voacanga africana Stapf FWet Gossweiler 13705 Voacanga thouarsii Roem. & Schult. FWet Goyder 6283 Xysmalobium holubii Schltr. Wetl Goyder 6219 Asteraceae Anisopappus chinensis Hook. & Arn. Gra Goyder 6250 Aspilia kotschyi (Sch.Bip. ex Hochst.) Oliv. Woodl Crawford FC 842 Bidens cf. pinnatipartita (O.Hoffm.) Wild Woodl Sec Goyder 6281 Crassocephalum uvens (Hiern) S Moore Wetl Goyder 6282 Dicoma anomala Sond. Gra Goyder 6249 Emilia coccinea (Sims) G.Don FWet Wetl Darbyshire 756 8S Emilia sp. not matched Gra Goyder 6251 Helichrysum keilii Moeser Gra Goyder 6252 Launaea rarifolia (Oliv. & Hiern) Boulos Woodl Gossweiler 14045 Pleiotaxis welwitschii S.Moore FWet Crawford FC 735 Stomatanthes africanus (Oliv. & Hiern) R.M.King & H.Rob. Woodl Gossweiler 13686; Gossweiler 14095 Tithonia diversifolia A.Gray Sec Carumbo sight records 14 Vernonia chthonocephala O.Hoffm. Woodl Gossweiler 14052B Vernonia conferta Benth. Woodl Carumbo sight records 38 Vernonia jugalis Oliv. & Hiern FWet Gossweiler 14031 Vernonia lampropappa O.Hoffm. Gra Wetl Darbyshire 735 Vernonia longipedunculata De Wild. var. longipedunculata Wetl Goyder 6222 Vernonia perrottetii Sch.Bip. ex Walp. Wetl Darbyshire 755; Gossweiler 14058 Vernonia subaphylla Baker Woodl Gossweiler 14021 Vernonia wollastonii S.Moore FWet Gossweiler 13991 Vernoniastrum ugandense (S.Moore) H.Rob. Wetl Goyder 6221 Balanophoraceae Thonningia sanguinea Vahl FWet Darbyshire 712 Balsaminaceae Impatiens mendoncae G.M.Schulze FWet Wetl Darbyshire 743 Bignoniaceae Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague Woodl Goyder 6266 Stereospermum harmsianum K.Schum. Woodl Gossweiler 13608A Boraginaceae Cordia millenii Baker Woodl Gra Gossweiler 13608 Calophyllaceae Mammea africana Sabine FWet Gossweiler 14042 Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia perrottetii (A.DC.) Thulin Woodl Crawford FC 787 84 Capparaceae Cleome sp. Sec Carumbo sight records 15 Cardiopteridaceae Leptaulus holstii (Engl.) Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13796 Leptaulus zenkeri Engl. FWet Darbyshire 710; Gossweiler 13725 Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea eriantha Hochst. ex A.Rich. var. effusa (Oliv.) Turrill Wetl Gra Woodl Crawford FC 838 Polycarpaea poggei Pax Gra Goyder 6277 Cecropiaceae Musanga cecropioides R.Br. FWet Carumbo sight records 21 Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia buchneri (Engl.) Prance & Sothers FWet Gossweiler 14039 Dactyladenia gilletii (De Wild.) Prance & F.White FWet Gossweiler 13820; Gossweiler 13913 Dactyladenia sp. FDry Crawford FC 759 Maranthes glabra (Oliv.) Prance Woodl Gossweiler 14196 Parinari capensis Harv. Gra Gossweiler 13628; Gossweiler 13628 B; Goyder 6256; Goyder 6278 Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. Woodl Darbyshire 705 Clusiaceae Garcinia huillensis Welw. ex Oliv. Woodl Gossweiler 13766; Gossweiler 14195 Symphonia globulifera L.f. FWet Darbyshire 708 Combretaceae Combretum celastroides Welw. ex M.A.Lawson subsp. laxiflorum (Welw. ex M.A.Lawson) Exell FDry Woodl Darbyshire 683; Gossweiler 13696; Gossweiler 14191 Combretum cinereopetalum Engl. & Diels FWet Fontinha, M. s. n. in Gossweiler 14250 Combretum collinum Fresen. subsp. suluense (Engl. & Diels) Okafor FDry Woodl Darbyshire 684; Gossweiler 14122 Combretum cuspidatum Planch. ex Benth. FWet Gossweiler 13741 Combretum falcatum (Welw. ex Hiern) Jongkind FWet Gossweiler 13782 Combretum porphyrobotrys Engl. & Diels FWet Darbyshire 675 Combretum psidioides Welw. subsp. kwinkiti (De Wild.) Exell Woodl Darbyshire 707; Gossweiler 14052; Gossweiler 14190; Gossweiler 13750 Combretum zeyheri Sond. Woodl 8S Gossweiler 14121 Terminalia mollis M.A.Lawson Woodl Gossweiler 14068 Connaraceae Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill. FDry Crawford FC 771 Cnestis corniculata Lam. FWet Darbyshire 681 Cnestis ferruginea DC. FWet Gossweiler 13968 Manotes expansa Sol. ex Planch. Woodl Goyder 6246 Convolvulaceae Calycobolus cf. africanus (G.Don) Heine FWet Darbyshire 726 Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh Woodl Carumbo sight records 17 Ipomoea involucrata P.Beauv. FWet Sec Carumbo sight records 16 Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Sec Carumbo sight records 19 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum angolense Chodat FWet Gossweiler 13877A Dichapetalum congoense Engl. & Ruhland FWet Gossweiler 13789; Gossweiler 14073 Dichapetalum heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill. var. heudelotii FWet Gossweiler 13653; Gossweiler 13711; Gossweiler 13857 Dichapetalum mombuttense Engl. FWet Darbyshire 654 Dichapetalum mundense Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13757; Gossweiler 13861; Gossweiler 14088 Dichapetalum staudtii Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13578 Dilleniaceae Tetracera masuiana De Wild. & T.Durand Woodl Darbyshire 699; Gossweiler 13586; Gossweiler 13632 Tetracera poggei Gilg Woodl Gossweiler 13773; Goyder 6240 Dipterocarpaceae Marquesia acuminata (Gilg) R.E.Fr. FDry Goyder 6268 Ebenaceae Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. FWet Gossweiler 13649 Diospyros iturensis (Gürke) Letouzey & F.White FWet Gossweiler 13614; Gossweiler 13894; Gossweiler 13894b; Gossweiler 13894b Diospyros polystemon Gürke FWet Gossweiler 13862 Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. FWet 86 Gossweiler 13764 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg. Wetl Crawford FC 805 Alchornea hirtella Benth. FWet Woodl Darbyshire 690 Alchornea yambuyaensis De Wild. FWet Gossweiler 13620 Chaetocarpus africanus Pax FWet Gossweiler 13675; Gossweiler 13885; Gossweiler 14056B Cleistanthus polystachyus Hook.f. ex Planch. FWet Gossweiler 13762; Gossweiler 13811 Croton sylvaticus Hochst. Woodl Goyder 6238 Euphorbia teke Schweinf. ex Pax FWet Darbyshire 754 Macaranga saccifera Pax FWet Darbyshire 663 Macaranga schweinfurthii Pax FWet Gossweiler 13675; Gossweiler 13689 Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll.Arg. FWet Gossweiler 13859 Manniophyton fulvum Müll.Arg. FWet Darbyshire 715; Gossweiler 13700 Maprounea africana Müll.Arg. Woodl Goyder 6287; Gossweiler 14007; Gossweiler 14007b Sclerocroton cornutus (Pax) Kruijt & Roebers FWet Darbyshire 680 Gentianaceae Sebaea oligantha (Gilg) Schinz FWet Darbyshire 652 Hypericaceae Harungana madagascariensis Poir. FDry Woodl Carumbo sight records 20 Vismia cf. affinis Oliv. FWet Woodl Darbyshire 689 Icacinaceae Icacina guessfeldtii Asch. ex Engl. Woodl Gossweiler 13905; Gossweiler 13996; Gossweiler 14150; Goyder 6233 Irvingiaceae Irvingia smithii Hook.f. FWet Gossweiler 13568; Gossweiler 13753 Irvingia wombulu Vermoesen FWet Gossweiler 14049 Ixonanthaceae Phyllocosmus lemaireanus (De Wild. & T.Durand) T.Durand & H.Durand Woodl Crawford FC 830 Lamiaceae Clerodendrum fuscum Gürke FWet Gossweiler 14040 Haumanniastrum villosum (Benth.) A.J.Paton Woodl Sec 87 Goyder 6202; Goyder 6280 Hyptis cf. pectinata (L.) Poit. Sec Carumbo sight records 44 Kalaharia uncinata (Schinz) Moldenke Woodl Gra Gossweiler 13577; Gossweiler 14054 Ocimum gratissimum L. subsp. gratissimum Sec Gossweiler 14124 Plectranthus africanus (Baker ex Scott-Elliot) A.J.Paton Wetl Gossweiler 14035; Goyder 6200 Plectranthus decurrens (Gürke) J.K.Morton FWet Gossweiler 13968A Plectranthus densus N.E.Br. Gra Goyder 6285 Plectranthus djalonensis (A.Chev.) A.J.Paton Woodl Sec Crawford FC 785; Darbyshire 738 Plectranthus guerkei Briq. Wetl Goyder 6201 Plectranthus monostachyus (P.Beauv.) B.J.Pollard subsp. monostachyus FDry Woodl Goyder 6230 Vitex congolensis De Wild. & T.Durand Woodl Crawford FC 844 Vitex madiensis Oliv. subsp. milanjiensis (Britten) F.White Woodl Goyder 6232 Vitex sp. FDry Crawford FC 757 Leguminosae-Caes Aphanocalyx cynometroides Oliv. FWet Darbyshire 716 Aphanocalyx richardsiae (J.Léonard) Wieringa FWet Barros Machado s.n. Baikiaea insignis Benth. subsp. minor (Oliv.) J.Léonard FWet Darbyshire 718; Gossweiler 13609A; Gossweiler 13609B Berlinia giorgii De Wild. FWet Crawford FC 800; Darbyshire 753 Berlinia lundensis Torre & Hillc. FWet Gossweiler 13745 Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. FDry Woodl Carumbo sight records 40; Gossweiler 13616; Gossweiler 13742 Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene Wetl Goyder 6214 Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene Woodl Gossweiler 13807 Cynometra pedicellata De Wild. FWet Gossweiler 13637; Gossweiler 13727; Gossweiler 13761 Daniellia alsteeniana P.A.Duvign. FDry Woodl 88 Darbyshire 650 Dialium angolense Welw. ex Oliv. FWet Gossweiler 13716; Gossweiler 13895; Gossweiler 13932; Gossweiler 13987 Dialium englerianum Henriq. Woodl Darbyshire 694; Gossweiler 13911; Gossweiler 13911b; Gossweiler 13932; Goyder 6236; Goyder 6261 Dialium pachyphyllum Harms FWet Gossweiler 13776; Gossweiler 13816a; Gossweiler 13816b Erythrophleum africanum Harms Woodl Darbyshire 696 Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J.Léonard FWet Gossweiler 13829 Guibourtia coleosperma (Benth.) J.Léonard Woodl Crawford FC 780 Piliostigma thonningiii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. Woodl Carumbo sight records 39 Prioria buchholzii (Harms) Breteler FWet Gossweiler 13683 Tessmannia dewildemaniana Harms FWet Gossweiler 14105 Leguminosae-Mim Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight Woodl Gossweiler 14203; Goyder 6292 Cathormion altissimum (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dandy FWet Crawford FC 778; Gossweiler 14050 Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan FWet Gossweiler 14057B Samanea leptophylla (Harms) Brenan & Brummitt FWet Gossweiler 13778 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. FWet Gossweiler 13658 Leguminosae-Pap Abrus canescens Welw. ex Baker FWet Gossweiler 13975; Martins 52 Abrus melanospermus Hassk. subsp. tenuiflorus (Benth.) D.K.Harder FWet Darbyshire 678 Aeschynomene sensitiva P.Beauv. Wetl Darbyshire 740 Baphia capparidifolia Baker subsp. multiflora (Harms) Brummitt FWet Gossweiler 13574; Gossweiler 13607; Gossweiler 13909; Gossweiler 13909B; Gossweiler 13909C Baphia pilosa Baill. subsp. pilosa FWet Darbyshire 721 Baphia sp. cf. aurivellerea Taub. FWet Darbyshire 676 89 Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema Woodl Gossweiler 13659; Goyder 6235 Burkea africana Hook. Woodl Darbyshire 700; Gossweiler 13719 Crotalaria glauca Willd. Wetl Darbyshire 733 Crotalaria goreensis Guill. & Perr. Woodl Darbyshire 701 Crotalaria ononoides Benth. Woodl Crawford FC 815; Darbyshire 702 Crotalaria sapinii De Wild. Gra Goyder 6272 Dalbergia boehmii Taub. Woodl Gossweiler 13579; Gossweiler 13846; Gossweiler 13846A Dalbergia carringtoniana E.P.Sousa FWet Gossweiler 13593a; Gossweiler 14085; Gossweiler 14085B Dalbergia hostilis Benth. FWet Darbyshire 673; Gossweiler 13964; Gossweiler 14057 Dalbergia nitidula Baker Woodl Darbyshire 706 Dalbergiella welwitschii Baker f. Woodl Gossweiler 14032 Dalhousiea africana S.Moore FWet Gossweiler 13695 Eriosema humile Hauman Gra Goyder 6273 Eriosema parviflorum E.Mey. Woodl Crawford FC 833 Humularia aff. welwitschii (Taub.) P.A.Duvign. Gra Goyder 6248 Indigofera capitata Kotschy Woodl Crawford FC 834 Indigofera congesta Welw. ex Baker Woodl Darbyshire 697; Darbyshire 734 Indigofera erythrogramma Welw. ex Baker Woodl Crawford FC 840 Indigofera simplicifolia Heyne Wetl Goyder 6212 Indigofera sp. Woodl Crawford FC 784 Kotschya stolonifera (Brenan) Dewit & P.A.Duvign. Wetl Crawford FC 796 Leptoderris laurentii De Wild. FWet Gossweiler 13817 9u Leucomphalos mildbraedii (Harms) Breteler FWet Gossweiler 13574a; Gossweiler 13574b; Gossweiler 13739; Gossweiler 13739B Microcharis butayei (De Wild.) Schrire Woodl Crawford FC 816 Millettia acuticarinata Baker f. Woodl Gossweiler 14011 Millettia cf. sapinii De Wild. FWet Darbyshire 664 Millettia drastica Welw. ex Baker FWet Crawford FC 753; Gossweiler 13828; Gossweiler 13868 Millettia eetveldeana (Micheli) Hauman FWet Gossweiler 13567; Gossweiler 13903 Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen Woodl Wetl Darbyshire 704; Gossweiler 14025; Gossweiler s.n.; Goyder 6228; Goyder 6259 Pterocarpus angolensis DC. Woodl Darbyshire 695 Gossweiler 13733 Tephrosia sp. Gra Woodl Carumbo sight records 42 Vigna nigritia Hook.f. Wetl Darbyshire 703 Zornia glochidiata Rchb. ex DC. FWet Crawford FC 754 Leguminosae-Pap Indet. FWet Darbyshire 719 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia benjaminiana Oliv. Wetl Crawford FC 756 Linaceae Hugonia cf. obtusifolia C.H.Wright FDry Crawford FC 762 Hugonia platysepala Welw. ex Oliv. FWet Gossweiler 13815 Hugonia cf. reticulata Engl. Woodl Goyder 6243 Hugonia sapinii De Wild. FWet Darbyshire 655 Hugonia villosa Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13842 Linderniaceae Torenia thouarsii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze Wetl Crawford FC 794 Loganiaceae Anthocleista cf. nobilis G.Don FWet FDry Carumbo sight records 36 Mostuea brunonis Didr. var. brunonis FWet Darbyshire 720; Gossweiler 13569 Strychnos cocculoides Baker Woodl 91 Crawford FC 782 Strychnos moanadaensis De Wild. FWet Darbyshire 728; Gossweiler 13779 Strychnos pungens Soler. Woodl Crawford FC 783; Goyder 6242 Usteria guineense Willd. FWet Gossweiler 14202 Loranthaceae Phragmanthera usuiensis (Oliv.) M.G.Gilbert subsp. usuiensis FWet Darbyshire 692 Malvaceae Bombax buonopozense P.Beauv. FWet Fontinha, M. s.n. in Gossweiler 14256 Clappertonia ficifolia (Willd.) Decne. Wetl Crawford FC 742 Cola sp. aff. diversifolia De Wild. & T.Durand FWet Darbyshire 746 Cola welwitschii Exell & Mendonça FWet Darbyshire 662; Darbyshire 714 Kosteletzkya buettneri Gürke Wetl Gossweiler 13850 Kosteletzkya grantii (Mast.) Garcke Woodl Gossweiler 13678 Sida linifolia Cav. Woodl Sec Carumbo sight records 18 Sterculia subviolacea K.Schum. FWet Crawford FC 811 Triumfetta dekindtiana Engl. Woodl Sec Carumbo sight records 11 Urena lobata L. Woodl Sec Carumbo sight records 6 Melastomataceae Calvoa angolensis A.Fern. & R.Fern. Wetl Gossweiler 13808 Cincinnobotrys acaulis (Cogn.) Gilg FWet Carumbo sight records 26 Dissotis debilis (Sond.) Triana var. lanceolata (Cogn.) A.Fern. & R.Fern. Wetl Crawford FC 755 Dissotis hensii Cogn. FWet Crawford FC 749 Dissotis thollonii Cogn. ex Büttner var. thollonii Wetl Carrisso, L.W. s.n.; Crawford FC 741; Gossweiler 14055 Heterotis canescens (E.Mey. ex R.A.Graham) Jacq-Fél. Wetl Crawford FC 798 Melastomastrum segregatum (Benth.) A.Fern. & R.Fern. FWet Crawford FC 809 Memecylon myrianthum Gilg FWet 92 Darbyshire 745 Memecylon sp. nr. myrianthum Gilg FWet Darbyshire 658 Spathandra blakeoides (G.Don) Jacq.-Fél. FWet Crawford FC 736 Warneckea sapinii De Wild. FDry Woodl Gossweiler 13604; Gossweiler 14024 Warneckea sp. FWet Darbyshire 668 Meliaceae Carapa sp. FWet Darbyshire 693 Trichilia welwitschii C.DC. FWet Gossweiler 13783 Menispermaceae Triclisia sacleuxii (Pierre) Diels FWet Darbyshire 671 Menyanthaceae Nymphoides forbesiana (Griseb.) Kuntze Wetl Crawford FC 828b Moraceae Dorstenia kameruniana Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13612; Gossweiler 13794; Gossweiler 13800 Ficus subcostata De Wild. FWet Darbyshire 729 Ficus trichopoda Baker FWet Crawford FC 777 Myrtaceae Eugenia malangensis (O.Hoffm.) Nied. Wetl Gossweiler 13629; Goyder 6220 Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. Woodl Gossweiler 13621; Goyder 6241 Ochnaceae Campylospermum katangense Farron FWet Gossweiler 14107 Ochna afzelii R.Br. ex Oliv. subsp. congoensis (Tiegh.) N.Robson Woodl Gossweiler 13592; Gossweiler 13771; Goyder 6290 Ochna latisepala (Tiegh.) Bamps FDry Gossweiler 13673 Ochna multiflora DC. FWet Gossweiler 14098 Ochna pulchra Hook.f. Woodl Crawford FC 845 Ochna pulchra Hook. subsp. hoffmanni-ottonis (Engl.) N.Robson Gra Gossweiler 14027; Goyder 6279 Ouratea (= Campylospermum) andongensis (Hiern) Exell FDry Crawford FC 772; Gossweiler 13570B Ouratea (= Campylospermum) lundensis Cavaco FWet Gossweiler 13570 Rhabdophyllum welwitschii Tiegh. FWet Darbyshire 687; Gossweiler 13707; Gossweiler 14106 9S Olacaceae Olax gambecola Baill. FWet Gossweiler 13836 Ongokea gore (Hua) Pierre FWet Gossweiler 13889; Gossweiler 14092 Oleaceae Jasminum pauciflorum Benth. FWet Gossweiler 13887 Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H.Hara subsp. diffusa (Forssk.) P.H.Raven Wetl Machado s.n. in Gossweiler 14247 Ludwigia sp. not matched Wetl Darbyshire 742 Opiliaceae Rhopalopilia pallens Pierre FWet Crawford FC 737; Darbyshire 725 Orobanchaceae Buchnera cf. baumii Engl. & Gilg Gra Goyder 6275 Buchnera lippioides Vatke ex Engl. Woodl Gossweiler 13874 Buchnera sp. ?nov. aff. lippioides Vatke ex Engl. Woodl Gra Crawford FC 829 Micrargeriella aphylla R.E.Fr. Wetl Goyder 6207 Sopubia simplex (Hochst.) Hochst. Wetl Goyder 6215 Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze Woodl Sec Darbyshire 739 Oxalidaceae Biophytum helenae Buscal. & Muschl. FWet Wetl Gossweiler 13818 Passifloraceae Adenia cissampeloides Harms FDry Woodl Carumbo sight records 34 Barteria dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand FWet Woodl Darbyshire 691 Paropsia brazzeana Baill. Woodl Darbyshire 685 Phyllanthaceae Bridelia atroviridis Müll.Arg. FWet Gossweiler 14089 Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. FDry Goyder 6265 Hymenocardia acida Tul. Woodl Goyder 6239 Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. FWet Carumbo sight records 33; Gossweiler 14096 Maesobotrya vermuelenii (De Wild.) J.Léonard Woodl Crawford FC 731 Martretia quadricornis Beille FWet Crawford FC 806; Crawford FC 810 94 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. FWet Crawford FC 804 Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell Woodl Gossweiler 13623 Phyllanthus polyanthus Pax FDry Crawford FC 766 Thecacoris lucida (Pax) Hutch. FWet Gossweiler 13662; Gossweiler s.n. Thecacoris trichogyne Müll.Arg. FWet Crawford FC 743 Uapaca heudelotii Baill. FDry Wetl Crawford FC 734; Gossweiler 14049B; Goyder 6264; Machado s.n. in Gossweiler 14244 Picrodendraceae Oldfieldia dactylophylla (Welw. ex Oliv.) J.Léonard Woodl Crawford FC 774 Oldfieldia cf. dactylophylla (Welw. ex Oliv.) J.Léonard Gra Goyder 6257 Podostemaceae Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng. Wetl Gossweiler 13600 Polygalaceae Carpolobia alba G.Don FWet Fontinha s.n. in Gossweiler s.n.; Gossweiler 13598; Gossweiler 13924; Gossweiler 14087 Polygala spicata Chodat Wetl Darbyshire 732 Polygala welwitschii Chodat subsp. pygmaea (Gürke) Paiva Woodl Crawford FC 818 Polygonaceae Persicaria glomerata (Dammer) S.Ortiz & J.A.R.Paiva Wetl Gossweiler 14072 Persicaria cf. glomerata (Dammer) S.Ortiz & J.A.R.Paiva Wetl Carumbo sight records 4 Persicaria madagascariensis (Meisn.) S.Ortiz & Paiva Wetl Crawford FC 803; Darbyshire 741 Primulaceae Embelia welwitschii (Hiern) K.Schum. FWet Gossweiler 13814A Proteaceae Protea petiolaris (Hiern) Baker & C.H.Wright Woodl Crawford FC 832 Putranjivaceae Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. FWet Gossweiler 13660; Gossweiler 13676 Ranunculaceae Clematis brachiata Thunb. FWet Gossweiler 13989 Rhamnaceae Gouania longipetala Hemsl. FWet Gossweiler 14006 Lasiodiscus fasciculiflorus Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13914; Gossweiler 14005 Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea vilhenae Cavaco FWet 9S Gossweiler 13571; Gossweiler 13655; Gossweiler 14101 Rubiaceae Bertiera lujae De Wild. FWet Darbyshire 670 Calycosiphonia spathicalyx (K.Schum.) Robbr. FWet Gossweiler 13881; Gossweiler 14020 Cephaelis (Psychotria) gossweileri Cavaco FWet Gossweiler 13883 Chassalia cristata (Hiern) Bremek. FWet Gossweiler 13833 Chassalia pauwelsii O.Lachenaud sp. nov. ined. FWet Crawford FC 745 Chazaliella gossweileri (Cavaco) E.M.A.Petit & Verdc. FWet Gossweiler 13799 Chazaliella obovoidea Verdc. subsp. rhytidophloea Verdc. FDry Crawford FC 763 Colletoecema dewevrei (De Wild.) E.M.A.Petit FWet Darbyshire 661 Craterispermum cf. inquisitorium Wernh. FWet Darbyshire 659 Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Benth. FDry Gossweiler 13603; Gossweiler 13963 Cuviera latior Wernham FWet Gossweiler 14023 Didymosalpinx lanciloba (S.Moore) Keay FWet Gossweiler 13813 Diodia sarmentosa Sw. Woodl Goyder 6244 Fadogia triphylla Baker var. triphylla Woodl Crawford FC 831 Gaertnera paniculata Benth. Woodl Darbyshire 686 Gardenia imperialis K.Schum. FWet Crawford FC 732 Gardenia vogelii Hook.f. FWet Gossweiler 13893 Geophila renaris De Wild. & T.Durand FWet Darbyshire 651 Hallea stipulosa (DC.) Leroy FWet Wetl Carumbo sight records 22 Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G.Taylor subsp. crinita FDry Cavaco 1257; Crawford FC 767; Gossweiler 13626; Gossweiler 13788 cf. Hymenodictyon floribundum (Hochst. & Steud.) Robbr. Woodl Goyder 6262 Hymenocoleus hirsutus (Benth.) Robbr. FWet Darbyshire 653 96 Hymenocoleus scaphus (K.Schum.) Robbr. FWet Darbyshire 723 Ixora brachypoda DC. FWet Gossweiler 13625; Gossweiler 13625B; Gossweiler 13784 Keetia gueinzii (Sond.) Bridson FWet Gossweiler 13777 Keetia venosa (Oliv.) Bridson Woodl Darbyshire 698 Kohautia sp. aff. caespitosa Schnizl. Wetl Goyder 6224 Lasianthus repens Hepper Wetl Darbyshire 731 Leptactina benguelensis (Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f.) R.D.Good var. benguelensis Woodl Gra Goyder 6258 Leptactina leopoldii Büttner FWet Gossweiler 13840 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. Woodl Gossweiler 13883A Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC. subsp. fugax (Vatke) Verdc. Woodl Crawford FC 841 Otomeria elatior (A.Rich. ex DC.) Verdc. Wetl Crawford FC 799 Otomeria micrantha K.Schum. Woodl Sec Crawford FC 801 Oxyanthus bremekampii Cavaco FWet Gossweiler 13754 Oxyanthus speciosus DC. subsp. speciosus FWet FDry Crawford FC 748; Crawford FC 764 Oxyanthus unilocularis Hiern FWet Gossweiler 14201 Pavetta aff. vanderijstii Bremek. FWet Crawford FC 747 Pentodon pentandrus (Schumach. & Thonn.) Vatke Wetl Carumbo sight records 5 Psychotria cyanopharynx K.Schum. FWet Darbyshire 660 Psychotria djumaensis De Wild. FWet Crawford FC 733 Psychotria kikwitensis De Wild. FWet Crawford FC 744; Gossweiler 13931 Psychotria nodiflora O.Lachenaud & D.J.Harris FWet Darbyshire 665 Psychotria sp. nov. FWet Darbyshire 752 97 Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri (Sond.) Robyns var. zeyheri Gra Goyder 6276 Rothmannia whitfieldii (Lindl.) Dandy FDry Goyder 6269 Rutidea olenotricha Hiern FWet Darbyshire 727 Rytigynia lewisii Tennant Gra Goyder 6253 Rytigynia rubiginosa (K.Schum.) Robyns subsp. rubiginosa FWet Gossweiler 13617 Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns FWet Gossweiler 13740 Rytigynia sp. FDry Crawford FC 760 Sabicea africana (P.Beauv.) Hepper FWet Wetl Crawford FC 812 Sherbournia hapalophylla (Wernham) Hepper subsp. wernhamiana (N.Hallé) Sonké & L.Pauwels FWet Crawford FC 750 Spermacoce pusilla Wall. Gra Sec Carumbo sight records 10 Tarenna gossweileri S.Moore var. gossweileri FWet Crawford FC 738 Tarenna pallidula Hiern FWet Darbyshire 656; Gossweiler 13835 Tricalysia coriacea (Benth.) Hiern FWet Crawford FC 739 Tricalysia pallens Hiern var. dundensis (Cavaco) N.Hallé FWet Gossweiler 13992 Tricalysia sp. FWet Darbyshire 709 Trichostachys microcarpa K.Schum. FWet Woodl Crawford FC 751 Rubiaceae Indet. FDry Crawford FC 761 Salicaceae Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. FWet Gossweiler 13731A Sapindaceae Allophylus gossweileri Baker f. FWet Gossweiler 13860 Blighia unijugata Baker FWet Fontinha s.n. in Gossweiler 14263 Eriocoelum microspermum Radlk. ex De Wild. FWet Gossweiler 13786; Gossweiler 14038 Haplocoelum acuminatum Radlk. ex Engl. FWet Gossweiler 13884 98 Paullinia pinnata L. FWet Gossweiler 13702 Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum welwitschii Engl. FWet Darbyshire 669 Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sond.) T.D.Penn. FWet Crawford FC 779; Crawford FC 808; Darbyshire 657; Gossweiler 13785 Simaroubaceae Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. FWet Gossweiler 13712 Solanaceae Schwenckia americana L. Woodl Crawford FC 836 Thymelaeaceae Craterosiphon quarrei Staner Woodl Goyder 6245 Dicranolepis sp. FWet Carumbo sight records 24 VItaceae Cissus rubiginosa (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. FDry Goyder 6271 Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta sp. Sec Carumbo sight records 13 Violaceae Rinorea cf. angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. subsp. ardisiiflora (Oliv.) Grey-Wilson Woodl Goyder 6247 Rinorea dentata (P.Beauv.) Kuntze FWet Gossweiler 13990 Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze FWet Gossweiler 13650 Rinorea youngii Exell & Mendonça FWet Crawford FC 765; Gossweiler 13990A Vitaceae Cissus rubiginosa (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. Woodl Crawford FC 843 Cyphostemma sp. not matched Woodl Crawford FC 822 99 Annex 4. BIRDS OF THE LAGOA CARUMBO AREA, LUNDA NORTE, ANGOLA Michael Mills, Birdlife South Africa Survey approach Prior to the present biodiversity assessment, the avifauna of the Carumbo area was poorly known, with a total of 67 bird species recorded by G. Heinrich in the 1960s (Dean 2001). During this assessment Michael Mills (Birdlife South Africa) made field observations and sound recordings of bird song in as wide a range of habitats as possible, including in the Capaia area, to document the avifauna as completely as time would allow for. Forty four 15-species counts were also conducted to give some measure of relative abundance of different bird species. Some mist-netting of birds was done by Jorge Palmeirim (Lisbon University) and Pedro vaz Pinto (Fundacao Kissama). This technique added just one species, albeit an important one, to the inventory list. A total of 174 species was recorded. Avifaunal affinities Initial assessments of the results indicate that the rich diversity of habitats in the Carumbo region is reflected well by the avifauna, with habitat-specialist birds found in each of the main habitat types (see the, below). However, the 15 most commonly recorded species include mainly widespread *savanna and **Congo forest bird species, with only Orange-tufted Sunbird considered to be localised and Trumpeter Hornbill being a forest species of the savanna belt. In decreasing order of abundance, these were **Little Greenbul Andropadus virens, *Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor, *Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens, *Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster, Orange-tufted Sunbird Cinnyris bouvieri, **Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus, *White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys, **Western Nicator Nicator chloris, **Green Crombec Sylvietta virens, *Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava, *Red-necked Spurfowl Pternistis afer, *Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer, *Stonechat Saxicola torquatus, *Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis, *Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus and Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator. The following birds were associated with the relevant habitats: Gallery and swamp forest: White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra, Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta , Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina, Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator, Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis, Red-tailed Leaflove Phyllastrephus scandens, Fire-crested Alethe Alethe diademata Dry forest: Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae, Green Malkoha Ceuthmochares aereus, Black Bee-eater Merops gularis, Red-bellied Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone rufiventer, Cabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi, Spotted Thrush-Babbler Ptyrticus turdinus, Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor, Black- throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata Open grassland: Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegates, Banded Martin 1uu Riparia cincta, Congo Moor Chat Myrmecocichla tholloni, Sooty Chat Myrmecocichla nigra, Black-chinned Weaver Ploceus nigrimentus, Fawn- breasted Waxbill Estrilda paludicola, Black-chinned Quail-Finch Ortygospiza gabonensis, Fülleborn's Longclaw Macronyx fuellebornii Savanna woodland: Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer, Chinspot Batis Batis molitor Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus, Grey Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli, Whistling Cisticola Cisticola lateralis, Short-winged Cisticola Cisticola brachypterus Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava, Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops, Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster, Orange-tufted Sunbird Cinnyris bouvieri, Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens Wetland/swamp: Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens, Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis, Marsh Tchagra Bocagia minuta, Winding Cisticola Cisticola marginatus, Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus , Broad-tailed Warbler Schoenicola brevirostris, Compact Weaver Ploceus superciliosus, Marsh Widowbird Euplectes hartlaubi Birds of special interest Despite the high prevalence of widespread species among the most abundant birds, an impressive number of rarer birds were recorded, including one species new to the Angolan country list, numerous range extensions and new provincial records, and some very rare Angolan birds. These species, along with the high species count and distinctive bird communities related to different habitat types, make the Carumbo area a priority for bird conservation in Angola. Among the most significant records were: Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus. One hunting along the Lovua River at Capaia before sunrise. First record for the province. Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens. Four groups heard and sound recorded in the Carumbo area, and another two groups heard at Capaia. One bird seen briefly in flight at the latter locality. Sound recordings have been sent to expert R. Stjernstedt, who has verified their identity. Previously this species is known in Angola from only one record, a specimen taken in 1925 at Chitau, Bie Province. White-bellied Kingfisher Alcedo leucogaster. One mist netted, a juvenile bird, at the Lovua River at Capaia. First record of leopoldi subspecies in Angola, and the first for province. Perrin's Bushshrike Chlorophoneus viridis. About four birds heard in the Carumbo area. First records for province. Black-and-rufous Swallow Hirundo nigrorufa. Two in grasslands along the Luele River and another one along the Lovua River. These constitute the most northerly Angolan records of this rare and localised species. Greater Striped Swallow Cecropis cucullata. Fairly common throughout the Capaia and Carumbo areas, with at least 50 birds seen in grasslands at the Lovua River and in the Capaia-Carumbo grasslands. New for the province. South African Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon spilodera. Two seen well drinking over the Lovua River and at least another two with Greater Striped Swallows on the Capaia-Carumbo road. These are the first records for the country (Dean 2000). 1u1 Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans. Three groups heard and sound recorded in lightly wooded grassland near Lake Carumbo. Known only from five specimens from Huambo and Lunda Sul (Dean et al. 2003). Tinkling Cisticola Cisticola rufilatus. One heard in grasslands on the Capaia- Carumbo road. New for the province. Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus. At least 10 birds seen and heard in the floodplain grasslands of the Lovua River. First record for the province. Lemon-bellied Crombec Sylvietta denti. One bird heard and sound recorded along the Lovua River at Capaia. Second record for Angola, the first from Dundo. Spotted Thrush-Babbler Ptyrticus turdinus. One group seen, heard and sound recorded in dry forest near the Luele River. Previously known only from Dundo. Black-chinned Weaver Ploceus nigrimentus. One female seen in sparsely wooded grassland about 30 km south of Capaia, and another two females and one male on the Capaia-Carumbo road. A colony of ten weaver nests found where the first bird was seen probably belong to this species, and would constitute the first breeding record for Angola. One nest was collected for identification. These are the first records in Angola outside of the Huambo highlands, 700 km to the south. Black-chinned Quail-Finch Ortygospiza gabonensis. Four birds seen on a short grass dambo near the Luele River, and another four on the Lovua River floodplain. First record for province References Dean WRJ (2000). The Birds of Angola. BOU Checklist Series 18. British Ornithologist's Union, Tring. Dean WRJ (2001). Angola. In: Fishpool LDC, Evans MI (eds) Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands: priority sites for conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 11. Pisces Publications and BirdLife International, Newbury, pp 71-91. Dean WRJ, Irwin MPS and Pearson DJ (2003). An isolated population of Singing Cisticola, Cisticola cantans, in Angola. Ostrich 74: 231-232. Table 1. Birds of the Carumbo Area - Annotated Species List of confirmed species *denotes interesting records Coqui Francolin Peliperdix coqui: Three in the lightly wooded grassland between Capaia and Carumbo. Red-necked Spurfowl Pternistis afer: Common in Carumbo area. Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus: One seen along the Luele River. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis: A flock seen on several occasions along the Luele River. Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus: A couple along the Luele River and on Lake Carumbo. Darter Anhinga melanogaster: A couple along the Luele River and on Lake Carumbo. *Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus: One hunting along the Lovua River at Capaia before sunrise. First record for province. Black Kite Milvus migrans: Yellow-billed Kite (parasitus) was regular between Capaia and Carumbo, especially at bush fires. A few were seen a Lake Carumbo. 1u2 Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis: Quite common along the Luele River (a group of 15 seen flying away from the river in the late evening, probably to roost). Two seen at Capaia. Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus: One near the Luele River. African Harrier-Hawk Polyboroides typus: A couple in the Carumbo area. *African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro: Early morning displaying birds along the Luele River and at Capaia. New provincial record Red-necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis: A few seen on the Capaia-Carumbo road. Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus: Two seen between Carumbo and Capaia. Denham's Bustard Neotis denhami: One seen in the floodplain grasslands adjacent to the Lovua River at Capaia. White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra: Heard in swamp forest along the Luele and Lovua Rivers. *Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens: Four groups heard and sound recorded in the Carumbo area, and another two groups heard at Capaia. One bird seen briefly in flight at the latter locality, although could not be identified on plumage.. Previously only known from one record, 1925, Chitau, Bie Province. Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos: One along the Luele River. Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus: One along the Carumbo-Capaia Road. Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta: Several along the Luele River and one at the Lovua River. Western Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba iriditorques: Several heard in the Carumbo area. Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata: Regular in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola: A few along the Carumbo-Capaia road. Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer: Several birds seen in the Carumbo and Capaia areas were the only species of Turtur identified, although other species may have been heard. African Green Pigeon Treron calvus: A few in the Carumbo area. Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae: Heard in the Carumbo area and seen at the Lovua River at Capaia. Green Malkoha Ceuthmochares aereus: A few seen in the Carumbo area. Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas: One heard in the Carumbo area. Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius: A few heard in the Carumbo area. African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii: One heard at night along the Luele River. *Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis: At least 10 birds seen and heard in the floodplain grasslands of the Lovua River. New provincial record. African Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus: A few around a village on the Carumbo-Capaia Road. Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina: A few heard along the Lovua River. Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus: One seen in grassland on the Capaia- Carumbo road. Blue-throated Roller Eurystomus gularis: One seen perched in gallery forest along the Lovua River at Capaia. Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti: One seen in the Carumbo area. Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica: Several heard in the Carumbo area, and one heard at Capaia. African Pygmy Kingfisher Ispidina picta: A few seen in the Carumbo area. *White-bellied Kingfisher Alcedo leucogaster: One mist netted, a juvenile bird, at the Lovua River at Capaia. First record of the leopoldi subspecies in Angola, and first for province. Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata: One seen along the Luele River, and one on the floodplains of the Lovua River. 1uS *Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima: One seen along the Luele River. New for province. Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis: One seen along the Luele River. Black Bee-eater Merops gularis: Several groups heard in the Carumbo area. Seen by P. vaz Pinto. Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus: One group seen in a tall-grass dambo in the Carumbo area. Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus: Common in floodplain grasslands in the Capaia and Carumbo areas. Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides: Small numbers in both the Carumbo and Capaia areas. African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus: One flock seen near the Luele River. Pale-billed Hornbill Tockus pallidirostris: Seen once and heard once in the Carumbo area. Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator: About 20 birds were seen near the Luele River, and heard along the Lovua River at Capaia. Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus: Seen and heard regurlarly in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus: A couple heard in the Carumbo area. Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator: One bird seen and another heard in the Carumbo area. Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens: Two birds seen in the Carumbo area. African Broadbill Smithornis capensis: A couple heard along the Luele River. Black-and-white Flycatcher Bias musicus: Heard twice along the Lovua River and another probably heard along the Luele River. Chestnut Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia castanea: A few seen and heard in the Carumbo area, and one netted along the Lovua River. Chinspot Batis Batis molitor: Two seen in the Carumbo area, and another heard in woodland adjacent to the Lovua River. Black-headed Batis Batis minor: Seen and heard on two occasions in the Carumbo area. Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata: A pair seen in dry forest near the Luele River and another heard at the Lovua River. White Helmetshrike Prionops plumatus: One flock of about 20 birds seen in the Carumbo area. Orange-breasted Bushshrike Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus: One heard at Lake Carumbo. *Perrin's Bushshrike Chlorophoneus viridis: About four birds heard in the Carumbo area. First record for province. Marsh Tchagra Bocagia minuta: One pair seen in floodplain grasslands of the Lovua River and several more heard in tall grassland in the Carumbo area. Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis: About three birds heard in the Carumbo area. Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus: Several heard and seen in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla: Fairly common in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus: Several birds heard distantly in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Black Cuckooshrike Campephaga flava: One female seen in flight along the Luele River. Common Fiscal Lanius collaris: Common in the grasslands between Capaia and Carumbo. 1u4 Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus: Several heard in the Carumbo area. Red-bellied Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone rufiventer: One seen in dry forest near the Luele River and two netted on the Lovua River. African Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis: Several seen in the Carumbo area. Cape Crow Corvus capensis: At least 10 birds seen in grasslands in the Capaia area. Grey Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli: Seen on two occasions in the Carumbo area. Black Saw-wing Psalidoprocne pristoptera: Common in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Banded Martin Riparia cincta: Large numbers seen in the Carumbo-Capaia grasslands, and a few over the floodplain grasslands of the Lovua River. White-bibbed Swallow Hirundo nigrita: At least two seen along the Luele River. *Black-and-rufous Swallow Hirundo nigrorufa: Two in grasslands along the Luele River and another one along the Lovua River. Most northerly Angolan record. *Greater Striped Swallow Cecropis cucullata: Fairly common throughout the Capaia and Carumbo areas, with at least 50 birds seen in grasslands at the Lovua River and in the Capaia-Carumbo grasslands. New for province. Lesser Striped Swallow Cecropis abyssinica: A few in the Carumbo area. Red-throated Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon rufigula: A small flock seen in grasslands along the Lovua River. *South African Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon spilodera: Two seen well drinking over the Lovua River and at least another two with Greater Striped Swallows on the Capaia-Carumbo road. First country record. *Rufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana: Common in the grasslands on the Carumbo- Capaia Road. Not studied in detail, but brief observations suggested the display behaviour fitted the malbranti subspecies, which is sometimes regarded as a separate species Malbrandt's Lark. Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea: Two heard along the Capaia-Carumbo road. *Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans: Three groups heard and sound recorded in lightly wooded grassland near Lake Carumbo. Known only from a couple of specimens from Huambo. Whistling Cisticola Cisticola lateralis: Common in rank-grassed woodland in the Carumbo area. *Tinkling Cisticola Cisticola rufilatus: One heard in grasslands on the Capaia-Carumbo road. New for province. Winding Cisticola Cisticola marginatus: Common in floodplains grasslands along the Luele River. *Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus: At least 10 birds seen and heard in the floodplain grasslands of the Lovua River. First record for province. Short-winged Cisticola Cisticola brachypterus: Common throughout the area. Dambo Cisticola Cisticola dambo: A few seen, including in display, on the Capaia- Carumbo road. Hundreds of small cisticolas were seen in these grasslands could mostly have been of this species. Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava: Seen throughout the Carumbo and Capaia areas. White-chinned Prinia Schistolais leucopogon: Two groups seen in the Carumbo area. Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis: One pair seen and another heard along the Lovua River. The male seen had a white throat. Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata: Several heard in the Carumbo area. Miombo Wren-Warbler Calamonastes undosus: One seen and another two heard in the Carumbo area. Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor: Common in the Carumbo area. Little Greenbul Andropadus virens: Common in the Carumbo and Capaia areas; at least three birds mist-netted. 1uS Slender-billed Greenbul Andropadus gracilirostris: Two seen along the Luele River. Honeyguide Greenbul Baeopogon indicator: One heard along the Luele River. Simple Greenbul Chlorocichla simplex: One seen and another two heard in the Carumbo area. Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis: Common along the Luele and Lovua Rivers. Red-tailed Leaflove Phyllastrephus scandens: Common in swamp forest along the Luele and Lovua River; one mist netted on the Lovua River. Cabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi: One group seen and heard in dry forest near the Luele River. Red-tailed Bristlebill Bleda syndactylus: Several heard and two mist-netted in the Carumbo area. Black-collared Bulbul Neolestes torquatus: One seen in the Carumbo area, and one on the Lovua River floodplain. Western Nicator Nicator chloris: Regular in dense vegetation in the Carumbo area. Broad-tailed Warbler Schoenicola brevirostris: One in grassland on the Luele River, and at least 10 on the Lovua River. Moustached Grass Warbler Melocichla mentalis: One seen and another two heard in the Carumbo area. Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus: One seen in tall grassland along the Luele River. Green Hylia Hylia prasina: At least two birds heard in the Carumbo area. Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops: Several groups seen in the Carumbo area. Black-necked Eremomela Eremomela atricollis: One group seen and sound recorded in woodland in the Carumbo area. Red-capped Crombec Sylvietta ruficapilla: Two birds heard in the Carumbo area. Green Crombec Sylvietta virens: Several heard in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. *Lemon-bellied Crombec Sylvietta denti: One bird heard and sound recorded along the Lovua River at Capaia. Second record for Angola; range extension. Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescens: Heard once in swamp forest near the Luele River. *Spotted Thrush-Babbler Ptyrticus turdinus: One group seen, heard and sound recorded in dry forest near the Luele River. Range extension. African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis: At least two heard in dry forest near the Luele River. Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster: Common in the Carumbo area. Rufous Flycatcher Thrush Stizorhina fraseri: One heard along the Lovua River. Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa: One seen between Lucapa and Saurimo. African Thrush Turdus pelios: One seen and another two heard in the Carumbo area. *Fire-crested Alethe Alethe diademata: Two heard in swamp forest near the Luele River and one netted on the Lovua River. Range extension. White-browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini: One bird heard distantly at Lake Carumbo. Red-capped Robin-Chat Cossypha natalensis: One seen in dry forest near the Luele River. Miombo Scrub Robin Cercotrichas barbata: Three heard in the Carumbo area. White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys: Common in woodland in the Carumbo area. Stonechat Saxicola torquatus: Several in floodplains grasslands along the Luele and Lovua Rivers. Congo Moor Chat Myrmecocichla tholloni: Very common in grasslands between Carumbo and Capaia, with at least 50 birds seen. 1u6 Sooty Chat Myrmecocichla nigra: Common in the grasslands between Carumbo and Capaia, outnumbering Congo Moor Chat in the more wooded areas. One pair also on a short-grass dambo near the Luele River. Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus: Four birds seen in the Carumbo area. Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens: Two seen near the Luele River. Cassin's Flycatcher Muscicapa cassini: Several birds seen along the Luele River. Grey Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus: One seen and another one heard in the Carumbo area. Western Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes longuemarei: Several seen in woodland of the Carumbo area. Little Green Sunbird Anthreptes seimundi: One seen well feeding in a flowering tree in the Carumbo area. Grey-chinned Sunbird Anthreptes rectirostris: One pair seen near the Luele River. Collared Sunbird Hedydipna collaris: At least four seen in the Carumbo area. *Reichenbach's Sunbird Anabathmis reichenbachii: Two birds seen along the Luele River. Only locality from which known in Angola (exluding Cabinda). Blue-throated Brown Sunbird Cyanomitra cyanolaema: Common by voice, and a few seen, in the Carumbo area. Western Olive Sunbird Cyanomitra obscura: Common in forest in the Carumbo and Capaia areas, with three birds mist netted. Green-throated Sunbird Chalcomitra rubescens: At least three seen near the Luele River. Amethyst Sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina: One male bird seen in the Carumbo area. Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis: Several seen in woodland in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Olive-bellied Sunbird Cinnyris chloropygius: One male seen near the Luele River and another two on the Lovua River. Orange-tufted Sunbird Cinnyris bouvieri: The most numerous sunbird in woodlands of the Carumbo area. Copper Sunbird Cinnyris cupreus: At least 10 seen in woodland in the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Yellow-throated Petronia Gymnoris superciliaris: At least 6 birds seen and heard in the Carumbo area. *Black-chinned Weaver Ploceus nigrimentus: One female seen in sparsely wooded grassland about 30 km south of Capaia, and another two females and one male on the Capaia-Carumbo road. A colony of ten weaver nests found where the first bird was seen probably belong to this species, and would constitute the first breeding record for Angola. One nest was collected for identification. These are the first records in Angola outside of the Huambo highlands, several hundred kilometres to the south. Range extension. *Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis: One heard at Lake Carumbo and another at Capaia. First for province. Compact Weaver Ploceus superciliosus: Seen twice in floodplain grasslands along the Luele River, and at least 30 birds seen in floodplain grasslands on the Lovua River. Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor: Two seen and heard in dry forest near the Luele River. *Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops: Two breeding plumage males seen in tall, damp grassland near the Luele River. First for province. Black-winged Red Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus: Two males in breeding plumage seen in the Carumbo area. Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macroura: Quite common in dry grassland in the Carumbo area and especially on the Carumbo-Capaia Road. 1u7 Marsh Widowbird Euplectes hartlaubi: At least 10 males still in breeding plumage seen on the Lovua River floodplain. Some birds were loosing their breeding dress. Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens: Common in tall grassland in the Carumbo area, with many males in full breeding dress. Grey-headed Nigrita Nigrita canicapillus: Two heard in the Carumbo area. African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata: About six heard, and one seen briefly, in the Carumbo area. Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu Uraeginthus bengalus: Four seen in the Carumbo area. Fawn-breasted Waxbill Estrilda paludicola: Seen in tall grassland in the Carumbo and Lovua River areas, with c. 50 and 200 birds respectively. Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda: About 20 birds seen in the Carumbo area. *Orange-breasted Waxbill Amandava subflava: Two birds seen and heard in flight near the Luele River. First for province. *Black-chinned Quail-Finch Ortygospiza gabonensis: Four birds seen on a short grass dambo near the Luele River, and another four on the Lovua River floodplain. First record for province. Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata: Small numbers throughout the Carumbo and Capaia areas. Black-and-white Mannikin Lonchura bicolor: Two seen adjacent to a village in the Carumbo area. Dusky Indigobird Vidua funerea: One bird mimicking African Firefinch was observed, sound recorded and captured in the Carumbo area. Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura: Small numbers through the area, including along the Carumbo-Capaia Road. Broad-tailed Paradise Whydah Vidua obtusa: At least three breeding plumage males seen in the Carumbo area. Fülleborn's Longclaw Macronyx fuellebornii: Three birds in a short-grass dambo adjacent to the Luele River, and at least four birds on the Lovua River floodplain. *Short-tailed Pipit Anthus brachyurus: One bird seen and heard in flight on a short- grass dambo adjacent to the Luele River. Rare species in Angola. Yellow-fronted Canary Crithagra mozambica: About five birds seen in the Carumbo area. Golden-breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris: Two seen in the Carumbo area. Species previously recorded (Dean 2001) but not confirmed during this study Barrow's Korhaan Eupodotis barrowii: A couple of short croaks heard in the Carumbo- Capaia grasslands was probably this species. B. J. Huntley saw one in this area. The Angolan birds have rufous hind necks, suggesting that they belong to this taxon, rather than White-bellied Bustard. Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia Black-bellied Bustard Lissotis melanogaster Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus Anchieta's Barbet Stactolaema anchietae Miombo Pied Barbet Tricholaema frontata Green-backed Woodpecker Campethera cailliautii Buff-spotted Woodpecker Campethera nivosa: One bird seen briefly inside swamp forest along the Lovua River was probably this species. White-winged Black Tit Parus leucomelas: A Parus species heard at Lake Carumbo was thought to be this species, but could not be seen. Miombo Tit Parus griseiventris Little Grey Greenbul Andropadus gracilis 1u8 Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster: Two birds heard briefly in the Carumbo area, but could not be confirmed. Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina Bannerman's Sunbird Cyanomitra bannermani: Several birds heard and one male seen briefly near the Luele River appeared to be this species rather than Green- headed Sunbird C. verticalis. Vieillot's Black Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus: Two dull weavers seen distantly in the Carumbo area were thought to be of this species. Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis Cuckoo-Finch Anomalospiza imberbis Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis Grimwood's Longclaw Macronyx grimwoodi Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis Black-faced Canary Crithagra capistrata Cabanis's Bunting Emberiza cabanisi: One bird heard at Lake Carumbo was thought to be this species, but could not be seen and may have been Golden-breasted Bunting. Other species not confirmed or seen outside of the study area, en route Little Swift Apus affinis: Several around the airport at Saurimo. Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys: At least 10 pipits on a short-grass dambo near the Luele River appeared to be this species; plain, dark-brown backs and orange bill bases. African Cuckoo-Hawk Aviceda cuculoides: Poor views of what was most likely one juvenile seen next to a patch of miombo woodland between Capaia and Carumbo. Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus: A few on the Capaia-Carumbo road. Shining-blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys: Two kingfishers heard in gallery forest along the Luele River are suspected to be of this species. W. Branch saw one bird in this area. Pied Crow Corvus albus: Seen between Lucapa and Saurimo. Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis: A few on the Luachimo River near Lucapa. Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis: One heard between Lucapa and Saurimo. Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus: One raptor seen distantly in flight appeared to be a male of this species, but it was hard to be certain. Dark Chanting Goshawk Melierax metabates: Seen between Lucapa and Saurimo. Meyer's Parrot Poicephalus meyeri: Heard in the woodlands between Capaia and Lucapa, and seen between Lucapa and Saurimo. Black-billed Turaco Tauraco schuettii: Turacos heard but not seen in the Carumbo and Capaia areas are thought to be this species. Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis: Smaller coucals calling in the Carumbo area may have included this species. Coppery-tailed Coucal Centropus cupreicaudus: Large coucals heard in the Carumbo area were probably of this species, although Blue-headed Coucal could not be eliminated. White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus: Smaller coucals calling in the Carumbo area may have included this species. Western Oriole Oriolus brachyrhynchus: One bird seen inside gallery forest on the Lovua River appeared to be this species. Salvadori's Eremomela Eremomela salvadorii: One bird heard at Lake Carumbo was probably this species, although was not seen so Yellow-bellied Eremomela E. icteropygialis could not be excluded. 1u9 Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus: Several at Lucapa. Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus: One active breeding colony at Lucapa. Black-bellied Seedcracker Pyrenestes ostrinus: One bird seen briefly in flight in the Carumbo area was thought to be this species. Brown Twinspot Clytospiza monteiri: Heard along the Luachimo River near Lucapa. Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala: Two seen at Lucapa. 11u Annex 5. REPORT ON THE ICHTHYOFAUNAL SURVEY OF THE LAGOA CARUMBO AREA, LUNDA NORTE, ANGOLA. Ernst Swartz, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Introduction There is only one major publication on the fishes of Angola (Poll, 1967) and no major ichthyological surveys have been done during Angola's conflict years. SAIAB and INIP have recently resumed surveys of the interior of Angola, starting with the Kwanza River system. The fishes of the Kwanza are still being identified and will be compared to other specimens in the region (including the present survey) before final identifications, or in some cases species descriptions, can be done. A major problem in identifying Angolan fishes is the lack of type material that has either burned down with the Lisbon Museum in Portugal or has been unavailable (possibly destroyed) in the Dundo Museum in Angola. The work of Poll (1967) suggests that the Carumbo region could be hyper-diverse, with both Zambezian and Congolan elements due to past connections between these major drainage systems. With historical collections possibly destroyed, it is vital that new material be collected to study the relationships of the taxa, biogeography of the region and the significance of the fauna for future conservation. Collecting programme Ernst Swartz from the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) and Woody Cotterill from the African Earth Observation Network (AEON) at the University of Cape Town (UCT) led the ichthyological survey. Other team members, namely Bill Branch, Werner Conradie and Michael Mills, assisted with ad hoc collections and local fishermen collected specimens and provided information about local species and how to fish for them. Local guides and members of the Ministry of Environment team assisted with the deployment of gear during the surveys. Sampling gear used included hand, fyke, seine and gill nets, fish traps, angling and use of the biodegradable poison rotenone. The extremely low conductivity meant that electric fishing could not be used. A total of 12 localities were surveyed, which included tributaries of the Luele River (3 sites), main stem sites on the Luele and Luchico rivers (7 sites), a nearby dambo (1 site) and margins of Lagoa Carumbo (1 site). The main rivers and their tributaries flow over Kalahari sand and they were moderately clear. Sampling was mainly done along the flooded margins or over sandy bays of the main rivers, except when the gill net was deployed in the main current of the Luele River. In the dambo and Lagoa Carumbo, the flooded margins dominated by sedges were rotenoned and hand nets were used to collect specimens. The rotenone activity only lasted about 2 hours and only a very local area was affected (about 5m 2 ). 111 Checklist The high flows at the end of the rainy season made it impossibly to survey all habitat types and fish are generally very dispersed during high flows making them more difficult to collect. Especially the larger river habitats (especially riffle habitats) were not sampled effectively due to the high flows. It is therefore possible that several habitat specialist species were missed during the current survey, but the flooding also meant that other species that invade flooded margins were easier to collect. It is difficult to make a judgement whether the number of species collected represents particularly high diversity or not, due to the difficult sampling conditions of the present survey and because neighbouring regions have not been sampled effectively. More research will have to be done on the relationships of the Carumbo fishes, so that effective identifications can be done and affinities to other regions can be better understood. Nonetheless, a possible 25 species were collected that belong to 19 genera and 11 families, with some species already indicating some interesting links to both Zambezian and Congolan faunas (Table 1). Some range extensions have also already been confirmed. Dundocharax bidentatus was previously only known from its type locality (Lucoge River in the Kasai catchment of the Congo River system in Angola). The discovery of this species in the Carumbo area is therefore a major range extension for the species and suggests that it may be widespread in the Congo tributaries of north-eastern Angola. Further investigation is required to identify all the cyprinid species and in general, the classification of cyprinids in Africa requires further research. Especially the genus 'Barbus' is recognised as a "waste bin taxon¨ in Africa, since the only true Barbus are the tetraploid barbs of Europe and northernmost tip of Africa along the Mediteranean. One of the 'Barbus' species collected may represent or be closely related to Barbus inermoides (described from the upper Kunene in Angola) that is currently a junior synonym of Barbus unitaeniatus. Further investigation might reveal that the former is a separate species (Paul Skelton, personal communication) and that might or might not include the species collected in the current survey. Several of the 'Barbus' species could be part of or related to the Barbus eutaenia species complex, identified here as Barbus "eutaenia large scales¨, Barbus "yellow large scales¨ and Barbus cf. chiumbeensis. It is well known that this complex requires a revision, since several undescribed species have been collected in recent years and most of the recognised species seems to have regional variation that needs to be assessed (Denis Tweddle, personal communication). A single Raiamas species species was collected that superficially looks similar to a species collected in the Kwanza River system. Species of the family Cichlidae are know for their rapid evolution. Especially the one haplochromine cichlid and Tilapia species collected in Lagoa Carumbo could have evolved local morphs, but this would have to be tested against regional morphs. Similarly, the Parauchenoglanis (family Claroteidae) seems to have 3 different colour patterns with one pattern restricted to Lagoa Carumbo. 112 Preliminary identification suggests that Schilbe marmoratus and Channallabes apus were collected in the present survey. Based on Poll (1967) and known widespread distribution ranges in the Congo River system, it is not unexpected that these species were collected in the Carumbo area. Apart from these two species and the identification of Dundocharax bidentatus, all other species need to be investigated further, before more accurate species names can be proposed. Biogeography and conservation It seems as if the area does not have Tigerfish (Hydrocynus sp.), a dominant top predator. The local fishermen seem to know Tigerfish and suggested that they occur lower down in the system. Very fast flowing areas of the Luchico River below the confluence with the Luele were seen that could lead to cascades and waterfalls that are impassable for Tigerfish. The possible absence of Tigerfish is interesting from a biogeographic perspective and could have allowed other fishes to evolve different forms. There are excellent opportunities to investigate the drainage history of the area, with more than 25 potential species in the Carumbo region and with most the taxa with potential Zambezian or Congolan relationships, lending itself to data rich comparative phylogeography research. For example, Dundocharax bidentatus could be closely related to Neolebias lozi in the Zambezi River system, but further research is required to compare all species in this group of characins. The possible link between a 'Barbus' species collected in the present survey and Barbus inermoides that is currently not recognised, needs to be investigated and could lead to interesting Zambezian links. Preliminary identifications nevertheless suggest Zambezian and Congolan species with some widespread taxa or species complexes that that have representative populations in most major African drainage basins. The rivers in this area could have been captured by the Congo system, which could explain the species linked to the Zambezi River system. The area is therefore important to conserve as a transitional zone. Further research is required to assess whether narrow endemics occur in the area, but this is only likely for taxa that could have evolved unique forms in Lagoa Carumbo, e.g. Haplochromis, Tilapia and possibly Parauchenoglanis based on the current survey. The healthy habitat, currently low levels of fisheries activities and reasonably high diversity of fishes makes the Carumbo area important for fish conservation, especially if upstream catchments can be kept intact in future. 11S References Poll, M. (1967). Contribution à la faune ichthyologique de l'Angola. Lisboa: Publicações Culturais No. 75. Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang). Table 1. CHECKLIST OF FISHES OF THE CARUMBO REGION Scientific name Common name Localities in the Carumbo area Possible affinities Cyprinidae Barbus "eutaenia large scales¨ Barb Tributaries and main stem rivers W Barbus "red fins! Barb Main stem rivers C Barbus "yellow large scales! Barb Lagoa Carumbo ? Barbus cf. chiumbeensis Barb Main stem rivers C Barbus cf. inermoides Barb Main stem rivers Z Labeobarbus sp. Yellowfish Main stem rivers Z Raiamas sp. Main stem rivers C Poeciliidae Aplocheilichthys cf. katangae Topminnow Lagoa Carumbo Z Alestiidae Micralestes sp. Robber W Distichodontidae Dundocharax bidentatus Tributaries and Lagoa Carumbo Z Hemigrammocharax sp. Citharine Tributaries and main stem rivers W Nannocharax sp. Citharine Main stem rivers W Clariidae Clarias cf. dumerilii Catfish Tributaries and main stem rivers C Clarias cf. liocephalus Catfish Tributaries and main stem rivers Z Channallabes apus Eel catfish Tributaries and flooded margins C Schilbeidae Schilbe marmoratus Shoulderspot catfish Tributaries and main stem rivers C Claroteidae Parauchenoglanis sp. Grunter All, except the dambos W Mochokidae Synodontis sp. Squeaker Main stem rivers W Anabantidae Microctenopoma sp. Ctenopoma Tributaries and Lagoa Carumbo Z Cichlidae Tilapia cf. rendalli Tilapia Lagoa Carumbo W Tilapia cf. sparrmanii Tilapia Dambos and Lagoa Carumbo W Haplochromis sp. Happy Laboa Carumbo W Hemichromis Jewelfish All. Except dambos W Mormyridae Marcusenius sp. Bulldog All, except dambos W Petrocephalus sp. Churchill Main rivers W C = Congolan; Z = Zambezian; W = widespread 114 11S 116 117 118 Annex 6. 9"78"24;1<01 4; 29" 51641 :17<=>4 17"1? 5<0@1 0472"? 106451 A B>'CCD >-E*FG E*& A%-*%- :)*-E&'%? >E/H)-C&I8)-( "C'JE.%(G =,K%,L Introduction The herpetofauna of Angola remains one of the most poorly documented on the continent. The only synthesis dates from the 19 th Century (Bocage 1895) and this is now very out-of-date. Due to the protracted civil war, modern biodiversity surveys in the country are just beginning, (e.g. Huntley 2009) and large areas of the country have never been scientifically surveyed. Most previous reports on the country's herpetofauna have been restricted to the western or southern regions, e.g. Monard (1931, 1937), Schmidt (1933), Parker (1936), Mertens (1938), Hellmich (1957a,b), FitzSimons (1959) and Branch & Mcartney (1992). An exception to the regional neglect of the herpetofauna of northeast Angola is a series of reports in by Laurent (1950, 1954, 1964), based on collections in the Museo du Dundo. These collections documented an exceptional herpetofauna diversity in the greater Dundo region, that contained elements of both of southern Zambezian and northern Congolian faunas. Among the reptiles the collections documented a single tortoise (Kinixys belliana), three terrapins (Pelusios castaneus, P. gabonensis and P. subniger), a crocodile (Mesticops cataphractus), 15 lizards and 50 snakes. In a subsequent report, Tys van den Audenaerde (1967) reported on an additional 118 snakes from the Dundo region, recording three additional species for the region, i.e. Telescopus s. semiannulatus, Thrasops j. jacksoni and Chlorophis heterodermus carinatus (= Philothamnus carinatus). A very high amphibian diversity in the Lunde Norte and Lunde Sul provinces, particularly around Dundo, was also recorded by Laurent (1950, 1954, 1964), who listed over 50 taxa. However, many of the names listed by Laurent are either no longer valid, or they have been affected by changes in our knowledge of species boundaries and distributions. The true identity of many of these identifications can only be confirmed be checking the surviving specimens in the Museo du Dundo collection with those of modern surveys. Unfortunately the material in the Museo du Dundo collection upon which Laurent's reports are based has not been accessible for modern study for over 50 years. The physical condition of this material, particularly the types of the numerous new taxa that Laurent (1954, 1964) described, remains unknown and it constrains assessment of modern surveys. Collecting programme - team, methods, use of local collectors The current herpetological survey was undertaken by Prof. Bill Branch and Werner Conradie, both scientists experienced in Africa and based at Bayworld (formerly Port Elizabeth Museum), South Africa. Opportunistic specimens were also collected by other members of the survey, particularly during the fish surveys (Ernst Swart and 119 Woody Cotterill) and by Pedro vaz Pinto and students. A number of water snakes captured in fish traps were also supplied by local fishermen. Two drift fence 'Y'-shaped arrays, comprising four 20 litre buckets and six double ended funnel traps where placed for 4-5 days in different habitats. Trapline 1, 500m SE of Base camp, 5km from Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte, Angola (07°45'15.5¨S, 19°57'27.7¨E, 783m) Trapline 2 at Stream 2, 500m north of Base camp, 5km from Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte, Angola (07°45'10.6¨S, 19°57'24.2¨E, 772m) Due to the dry, relatively cool conditions and lack of reptile movement neither trapline was very successful. In the first array a Southern Burrowing Asp (Atractaspis bibronii) was collected in a funnel trap, whilst in the other array a small frog (Arthroleptis ?) and Forest File Snake (Gonionotophis poensis) were caught. Checklist of herpetofauna Due to problems of accessibility to the Lagoa Curambo region during the heavy summer rains, the survey could only be undertaken at the start of the cold, dry season. Unfortunately reptile and amphibian activity at this time was relatively quiet as breeding activity had declined and many species were entering a period of seasonal dormancy. The difficult access also meant that travel from Luanda required 3-4 days of travel to access the site. These factors curtailed a detailed herpetological survey, but did permit an assessment of habitat diversity in the region and allowed sampling of common species encountered in the region. In total 16 amphibian and 19 reptile species were documented, the greater majority with voucher specimens. Tables 1 and 2 list the amphibians and reptiles encountered in Lunde Norte district during the survey. Representatives of seven amphibian families and 13 reptile families were identified. Species of special interest Despite the relatively low diversity of amphibians and reptiles collected, a number of important discoveries were made. Among the amphibians these included: A very large ranid (Fig. 1) that was relatively common (4 specimens collected) in the gallery forest habitat bordering the small forest streams adjacent to the base camp. This spectacular ranid appears unknown from Angola. It has morphological affinities with Hylarana lepus, described from Cameroon and which is currently recorded from diverse localities in the northern areas of the Congo River drainage. The species occurs from southwestern and southern Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of Congo, with records from Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic and Gabon. It is presumed to occur in the Cabinda Enclave of Angola, but this is unconfirmed. Given the large disjunction between the known range and the Curambo specimens the possibility of a cryptic species cannot be discounted. Genetic analysis is to be used to resolve this issue. Reed Frogs (Hyperolius) - These characteristics frogs of sub-Saharan Africa are a source of great taxonomic confusion (Sciotz 1999). Laurent (1950, 1954, 1964) records no less than 14 taxa of Hyperolius in the greater Dundo region, including a number of new species, i.e. H. machadoi and H. vilhenai. The former was synonymized by Laurent (1964) with H. steindachneri. The latter 12u remains known only from the single juvenile type collected at "Cuilo along the Luita River¨ (Laurent 1964). 21>5" MN :9":O53+2 4; 29" 1=893>310+ 4; 5<0@1 0472" @3+273:2? 04729 "1+2"70 106451 +F'%*('P'F 0EL% :)LL)* 0EL% 5)FEC'(/ 2/$% 1PP'*'('%K 1=893>31 1-(G-)C%$('&E% 1-(G-)C%$('*E% B"(%"-/):(+' ': Squeakei Caiumbo v . B"(%"-/):(+' =)0-$%+"9' Plain Squeakei Lucapa v C >,P)*'&E% B3+)(-:%"&09' *9((9"#/+' uuttuial Toau Caiumbo v W B3+)(-:%"&09' >90)")9' Sombei Toau Caiumbo v C 9/$%-)C''&E% 2&:)"-/+9' $> $+0)")9' Ashy Reeu Fiog Caiumbo, Lovua v,A,T C 2&:)"-/+9' $> 0#'9(9' Long Reeu Fiog Caiumbo v, A W 2&:)"-/+9' #0*-/)0'+' Angola Reeu Fiog Caiumbo v, A Z 2&:)"-/+9' $> '()+04#$%0)"+C:#"4#/+' "#$%&'()*&$+,- /$$' 0+12 Lovua v, A C 2&:)"-/+9' ':@ Caiumbo T . D#''+0# $> E9F#0*)0'+' Kuvangu Kassina Caiumbo, Lovua T C D#''+0#C;%&/(+3#0(+' ': Caiumbo T . 8G-/*).E(-EFG'&E% ;%"&0-.#("#$%9' 3#.#.+)0'+' Nababe Puuule Fiog Caiumbo v Z 8'$'&E% 1)0-:9' :)()"'+ 3$#$+-, 34(#(&&( Caiumbo v Z 8(/FGE&%*'&E% ;(&$%#4)0# 9G90*H)0'+' 0uzungwa Riugeu Fiog Caiumbo v,T C 8/#'F%$GEC'&E% 7E*'&E% 2&/#"#0# $> /):9' 5&'$+--1&,- 6(7$+11& 0+12 Caiumbo v, A C 2&/#"#0# 4#"/+0*+ . White-lippeu Fiog Caiumbo v, T Z K,.()(EC 16 2 =W, 7 = C, 4 = Z v = vouchei, A = Auuitoiy, T = Taupole, W = Wiuespieau, C = Congolian, Z = Zambian 121 A number of Hyperolius were collected during the present survey (Fig.1) and have provisionally assigned to various species. Genetic studies may help resolve some of the species assignments. A series of two very large tadpoles that appear referable to Kassina (Fig. 2). The first, smaller and more boldly patterned is referred provisionally to the poorly known Kassina kavungensis, described by Monard (1937) from Kuvango in Angola. It has subsequently described from Zambia (Poynton & Broadley 1987, Channing 2001), but the Carumbo and Capaia specimens constitute the northern records for the species. The present collection has made only a preliminary assessment of amphibian diversity in the region, and future surveys can be expected to considerably increase the regional diversity. Although relatively few reptiles were collected, the survey revealed a number of exciting discoveries, including: The first record for Angola of the Annulated Water Cobra (Naja (Boulengerina) annulata). A subadult (Fig. was collected along the edge of the Lulele River adjacent to the Base camp, 5km from Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte, Angola (07°45'10.6¨S, 19°57'24.2¨E, 772m). A juvenile Hook-nosed snake (Scaphiophis albopunctatus) was collected at Capaia Village, Lunde Norte Province, Angola (07°20'08.0¨S, 20°13'00.5¨E, 1007m). This is the second record for Angola, the only other specimen being collected from Muita River (07°48'S, 21°27'E) (Laurent 1950). No Angolan records were listed by Broadley (1994) when revising the species, although it was recorded from southern DRC and northern Zambia. An adult Forest File Snake (Gonionotophis poensis) was collected in a trap array in gallery forest near the base camp (Stream 2, 500m north of Base camp, 5km from Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte, Angola; 07°45'10.6¨S, 19°57'24.2¨E, 772m). This is the third record for Angola, the species being previously recorded from Muita River (Laurent 1950) and Dundo (Tys van den Audenaerde 1967). Zoogeographic affinities The herpetofauna shows distinct Congolian affinities, with the majority of amphibians (7 of 11, 63.6%; 3 unidentified species cannot be assigned to a realm) and many reptiles (7 of 16, 36.8%) having the greater part of their range in the Congo region. A majority of reptiles, particularly snakes, were represented by common widespread species (e.g. Black Mamba, Puff Adder, White-lipped Cat Snake, etc). 122 21>5" QN :9":O53+2 4; 29" 7"8235"+ 4; 5<0@" 0472" @3+273:2? 04729 "1+2"70 106451 +F'%*('P'F 0EL% :)LL)* 0EL% 5)FEC'(/ 2/$% 1PP'*'('%K 7"823531 :-)F)&/C'EN :-)F)&/C'&E% 5"-$-4&/9' 0+/-(+$9' Nile Ciocouile Caiumbo v W +E,-'EN 1RELE'&E% B$#0(%-$)"$9' $&#0-*#'()" Blue-heaueu Agama Caiumbo, Lucapa v Z :GELE%C%)*'&E% 5%#3#)/)- 4+/):+' Flap-neck Chameleon Caiumbo v W 6%SS)*'&E% 2)3+4#$(&/9' 3#.-9+# Tiopical Bouse uecko Caiumbo, Lucapa v W 6%--G)KE,-'&E% I)""%-'#9"9' .9/'+ 894,- 34(#$' :%;(+' Caiumbo, v C +F'*F'&E% J"#$%&/):+' 3#$9/+/#."+' Speckle-lippeu Skink Caiumbo, Lucapa v C J"#$%&/):+' H#%/.)"*+ <(*4=$+2,- "#+%>$' "?%&? Lucapa S Z ;#0#':+' H#%/.)"*+ Snake-eyeu Skink Caiumbo, v Z +%-$%*(%KN 1(-EF(EK$'&'&E% B("#$(#':+' .+."-0+ Southein Buiiowing Asp Caiumbo, v Z 5EL$-)$G'&'&E% I-0+-0-(-:%+' :-)0'+' Foiest File Snake Caiumbo, v C 8KELL)$G'&E% ;'#33-:%+' c.f. 3-''#3.+$9' 0live uiass Snake v W "CE$'&E% K#L# (!-9/)0*)"+0#) #009/#(# Banueu Watei Cobia Caiumbo, v C M)04"-#':+' :-/&/):+' Black Namba Caiumbo, S W :)C,.-'&E% M+':%-/+49' (&:9' :90$(#(9' Spotteu Boomslang Tiack to Caiumbo v C 5"-(#:%-:)/(+' %-(#3.-)+# White-lippeu Snake Caiumbo, v W A$#:%+-:%+' #/.-:90$(#(9' Book-noseu Snake Capaia v C 0E(-'F'&E% <+30-:%+' .+$-/-" Stiipeu Watei Snake Caiumbo, v C T'$%-'&E% 5#9'9' "%-3.)#(9' Rhombic Night Auuei Caiumbo, v W !+(+' #"+)(#0' Puff Auuei Capaia v W K,.()(EC 19 W = 8, C = 7, Z = 4 W = Wiuespieau, C = Congolian, Z = Zambian ;'RU M 3L$)-(E*( EL$G'.'E*K F)CC%F(%& &,-'*R (G% K,-V%/U 2&/#"#0# cf. 4#"/+0*+ anu 2&/#"#0# cf. /):9' "#$%&'()*+ ,-+*.*+ E*& "/ -,0'(%,+)+ 124 TE-'),K F)C),- $GEK%K )P " FPU 1),%&%*+ 12S ;'RU W <*,K,EC 2-++),- (E&$)C%K F)CC%F(%& &,-'*R (G% K,-V%/U 2E&$)C% E*& L%(EL)-$G )P 2-++),- 3*4-,0%,+)+ BXD +(-E*R% (E&$)C% B56#1.)7-,.)+ K$ XD 126 ;'RU W :)LL)* C'JE-&K F)CC%F(%& &,-'*R (G% K,-V%/U 8%&&6'+-*&*+ 9*(+) Y,V%*'C% 5-,-+$)+ :-6(9%&0) ;&-16#(%$)+ 7-1*()(-9&)+ <1-,.6'1%&1*+ 1#-,'0-+.%& 127 ;'RU Z 3L$)-(E*( K*ES%K F)CC%F(%& &,-'*R (G% K,-V%/U =->- B?'*(%,0%&),-D -,,*(-.- ! ;'-K( -%F)-& P)- 1*R)CE ;)-%K( ;'C% +*ES% B8',)','.'$6)+ $'%,+)+D ! +%F)*& -%F)-& P)- 1*R)CE 128 @1-$6)'$6)+ -(9'$*,1.-.*+ ! +%F)*& -%F)-& P)- 1*R)CE 8&-#)- '&,-.- Y,V%*'C% 129 Annex 7. Indicative checklist of mammals of Lunda Norte. (F. P. D. Cotterill) Mammals known or believed to have occurred in Lunda Norte (names follow Stuart and Stuart2000; Groves 2001; Simmons 2005) * Chiroptera species likely to occur based on currently known range and in consideration of extremely patchy collecting Order Primates Common name Habitat Galagoides demidovi Dwarf Galago Gallery forests Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Galago Woodlands Papio kindae Kinda Baboon Woodlands Lophocebus aterrimus Black Crested Mangabey Gallery Forests Cercopithecus ascanius atrinasus Black-cheeked White-nosed monkey Gallery Forests Cercopithecus ascanius katangae Black-cheeked White-nosed monkey Gallery Forests Cercopithecus neglectus De Brazza's Monkey Gallery Forests Chlorocebus pygerythrus Vervet Monkey Woodlands Colobus angolensis Angola Black & White Colobus Gallery Forests Order Chiroptera Eidolon helvum African straw-coloured fruit bat Migratory Epomophorus cf angolensis * Angolan epauletted fruit bat Savanna Epomophorus grandis Sanborn's epauletted fruit bat Savanna-forest Epomophorus crypturus Peters's epauletted fruit bat Woodlands Epomophorus wahlbergi Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat Woodlands Epomops dobsonii Dobson's epauletted fruit bat Savanna-forest Epomops franqueti Franquet's epauletted fruit bat Gallery Forests Hypsignathus monstrosus Hammer-headed fruit bat Gallery Forests Lissonycteris angolensis * Angolan soft-furred fruit bat Savanna-forest Megaloglossus woermanni Woermann's long-tongued fruit bat Gallery Forests Micropteropus intermedius Hayman's lesser epauletted fruit bat Gallery Forests Micropteropus pusillus Peters's lesser epauletted fruit bat Gallery Forests Myonycteris torquata Little collared fruit bat Gallery Forests Plerotes anchietae * Anchieta's broad-faced fruit bat Mesic miombo Hipposideros fuliginosus * Sooty leaf-nosed bat Gallery Forests Hipposideros gigas * Giant leaf-nosed bat Gallery Forests Hipposideros ruber Noack's leaf-nosed bat Gallery Forests Saccolaimus peli * Pel's pouched bat Gallery Forests Taphozous mauritianus Mauritian tomb bat Woodlands Nycteris arge Bates's slit-faced bat Gallery Forests Nycteris grandis * Large slit-faced bat Gallery Forests Nycteris hispida Hairy slit-faced bat Gallery Forests Nycteris intermedia Intermediate slit-faced bat Gallery Forests Nycteris macrotis Large-eared slit-faced bat Woodlands Nycteris nana Dwarf slit-faced bat Gallery Forests Chaerephon chapini Pale free-tailed bat Woodlands Mops condylurus* Angolan free-tailed bat Woodlands 1Su Mops annulus* Dwarf free-tailed bat Gallery Forests Mops niveiventer* White-bellied free-tailed bat Woodlands Mops thersites* Railer free-tailed bat Gallery Forests Glauconycteris argentata Common butterfly bat Gallery Forests Glauconycteris machadoi Machado's Butterfly Bat Woodlands Glauconycteris variegata Variegated butterfly bat Woodlands Laephotis angolensis* Angolan long-eared bat Woodlands Myotis welwitschii Welwitsch's myotis Woodlands Neoromicia nana* Banana bat Woodlands Neoromicia tennuipinnis White-winged serotine Woodlands Neoromicia zuluensis Zulu serotine Woodlands Pipistrellus (Afropipistrellus) grandidieri* Dobson's pipistrelle Woodlands Scotoecus hindei/albigula* Dark-winged lesser house bat Woodlands Scotophilus dinganii Yellow-bellied house bat Woodlands Scotophilus viridis Green house bat Woodlands Order Tenrecoidea Potamogale velox Giant otter shrew Rivers Order Tubilidentata Orycteropus afer Aardvark Grasslands and woodlands Order Hyracoidea Dendrohyrax arboreus Tree hyrax Forest Order Carnivora Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter Rivers Aonyx congica Congo Clawless Otter Rivers Lutra maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter Rivers Canis adustus Side-striped Jackal Woodlands Lycaon pictus Wild Dog Grasslands and Woodlands Panthera pardus Leopard Widespread Panthera leo Lion Woodlands and Grasslands Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Grasslands Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat Widespread Poecilogale albinucha Striped Weasel Widespread Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Widespread Atilax paludinosus Water Mongoose Rivers Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose Woodlands Mungos gambianus Gambian Mongoose Woodlands Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Woodlands Felis caffra African Wild Cat Widespread Leptailurus serval Serval Woodlands Civettictis civetta African Civet Widespread Nandinia binotata Tree Civet Forest Genetta tigrina Large-spotted Genet Widespread Genetta angolensis Angolan Genet Widespread Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose Widespread 1S1 Herpestes ichneumon Large Grey Mongoose Widespread Order Pholidota Manis tricuspis White-bellied Tree Pangolin Forest Order Lagomorpha Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Woodlands Order Rodentia Atherurus africanus African Brush-tailed Porcupine Woodlands, Forest Hystrix africaeaustralis South African Porcupine Widespread Colomys goslingi Water Rat Rivers Thryonomys gregorianus Giant Rat Widespread Thryonomys swinderianus Giant Rat Widespread Protoxerus stangeri Giant Squirrel Woodlands Order Proboscidea Loxodonta africana Bush Elephant Savanna Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant Forest Order Artiodactyla Hippopotamus amphibious Hippopotamus Rivers Potamochoerus larvatus Bush Pig Forests and Woodlands Taurotragus oryx Common Eland Grasslands Phacochoerus africanus Warthog Woodlands Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga Woodlands, Wetlands Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Widespread Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope Woodlands Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope Woodlands Kobus ellipsiprymnus penricei Penric's Waterbuck Woodlands Kobus vardoni Puku Woodlands Redunca arundinum Reedbuck Widespread Alcelaphus lichtensteini Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Woodlands Cephalophus silvicultor Yellow-backed Duiker Forest Cephalophus dorsalis Bay Duiker Forest Cephalphus nigrifrons Black-fronted Duiker Forest Philantomba cf monticola Blue Duiker Widespread Sylvicapra grimmia Grey Duiker Grasslands Syncerus caffer caffer Savanna Buffalo Widespread Syncerus caffer nanus Red Buffalo Widespread 1S2 Taxonomic Notes Cercopithecus ascanius atrinasus Machado 1965 is known only from a small area around the type locality near Zovo, where its total range was mapped within 8-9 o S and 18-30 o E by Machado (Groves 2001). Opdenbosch's Mangabey Lophocebus opdenboschi occurs in Angola adjacent to its principal range in southwest Congo in forests associated with the Kwango, Wamba and Kwilu rivers (Groves 2001) Epomophorus grandis is very poorly known (total of only four specimens) comprising the type material from Dundo and one other locality in the Congo (Monadjem et al., 2010). Machado's Butterfly Bat, Glauconycteris machadoi is likely a northeast Congo endemic - collected from Lago Carumbo! To cite recent appraisal - Simmons (2005), following Hayman and Hill (1971), lists G. machadoi Hayman 1963 (BM 62.2074, Holotype, from Lago Calundo) as a valid species pending further evidence, although Koopman (1971) treated this taxon as a subspecies of G. variegata, possibly a melanistic form. Crawford-Cabral (1989) doubted the specific validity of machadoi, stating that 'the occurrence in Angola of an endemic species outside of the Angolan Plateau or Escarpment Zone is not likely to be accepted'. Nevertheless, comparisons with G. variegata led Hayman (1963: 107) to conclude, 'The contrast in overall colour with the pale creamy buff of the dorsal surface, and whitish head, of G. variegata and G. v. papilio, both of which have been recorded from Angola, is so striking that I feel the only possible taxonomic treatment is to regard this as a distinct species, in spite of the obvious relationship to G. variegata.' Here we treat it as part of G. variegata, but suggest that a detailed study of this species group is necessary to resolve this matter (Monadjem et al. 2010: 417). Felis caffra is likely the available name for Angolan wildcats, as F. lybica is the northeast arid sister species, with F. silvestris confined to western Palaearctic. Hyemoschus aquaticus (Water Chevrotain) is cited by Crawford Cabral and Verissimo (2005) as having been recorded by De Seia (pers. comm.) from Lunda Norte, near the Cassai River. This record is unverified and unlikely given the known distribution of this species. Nevertheless, its occurrence on the west bank of the Kasai is congruent with outlying historical records of Sable antelopes and Lichtenstein's hartebeest (mapped in Crawford Cabral and Verissimo 2005). The baboon of mesic miombo and also northern Angolan savannas is the Kinda baboon, Papio kindae () Gray-foots (Papio griseipes) drop out in the south (central Zambia). Yellow baboon, P. cynocephalus, are confined east of the Muchinga escarpment (in the Luangwa valley) but it is unclear how far south they extend across the L Zambezi in central Mozambique Both species of elephants occurred historically, according to Grubb et al (2000). See especially recent phylogeography of L. africana into L. cyclotis (Roca et al., 2005; Roca). It appears that P. m. defriesi Rothschild 1904 is the available name for Blue duikers in northeast Angola. Here classification of Blue duiker follows Ansell (1972) but Philantomba monticola and P. maxwelli clearly are two species in a species complex, and is in dire need of revision. This is especially given recent discovery of an 1SS overlooked cryptic species of "Blue¨ duiker Philantomba walteri in the Dahomey Gap (Colyn et al. 2010). Kobus penricei is the available name for Angolan waterbucks, as defassa is confined to East Africa (Uganda) and the closest lineage in the complex s-c Africa (Katanga, and NE and central Zambia is K. crawshayi. In comparison to K. ellipsiprymnus, all these vicariants appear to comprise a defassa complex. Exact details of the distributions of crawshayi and penricei across the southern Congo basin is unclear, so both lineages could occur in eastern Angola. References Ansell, W. F. H. (1972) Order Artiodactyla. In: J. A. J. Meester and H. W. Setzer (eds). The Mammals of Africa: an Identification Manual. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. pp 1-84. Colyn, M., J. Hulselmans, G. Sonet, P. Oudé, J. De Winter, A. Natta, Z. Tamás Nagy and E. Verheyen (2010) Discovery of a new duiker species (Bovidae: Cephalophinae) from the Dahomey Gap, West Africa. Zootaxa 2637: 1-30. Groves, C. P. (2001) Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. Grubb, P., C. P. Groves, J. P. Dudley & J. Shoshani (2000) Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant 2:1-4. Hayman, R. W. (1963) Mammals from Angola, mainly from the Lunda District. Publ. Cult. Comp. Diamantes Angola, Lisboa 66:81-139. Hayman, R.W. & Hill, J. E. (1971) Order Chiroptera. In: J. A. J. Meester and H. W. Setzer. (eds) The Mammals of Africa: an Identification Manual. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. pp 1-73. Monadjem, A., P. J. Taylor, F. P. D. Cotterill And M. C. Schoeman (2010) Bats for Southern and Central Africa: a Taxonomic Synthesis. Wits University Press, Johanessburg. 596 pp. Roca, A. L., N. Georgiadis & S. J. O'Brien (2005) Cytogenetic genomic dissociation in African elephant species. Nature Genet. 37: 96-100. Roca, A. L., N. Georgiadis & S. J. O'Brien (2007) Cyto-nuclear genomic dissociation and the African elephant species question. Quatern. Intern. 169-170: 4-16. Sarmiento, E. (1997) Current problems with Papio taxonomies. African Primates 3 (1-2): 48-52. Simmons, N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: Mammal Species of the World, Wilson, D. E. and Reeder, D. M., (eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.