CREATION OF AN INTEGRATED LOCAL ACTION PLAN FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FOR THEMUNICIPALITY OF CAINTA RAMON A. ILAGAN CODY R. CAVESTANY LESTER G. CAVESTANY SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE ATENEO SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN PULIC MANAGEMENT APRIL 2013 ii The Governance Innovation Report attached hereto, entitled "CREATION OF AN INTEGRATED LOCAL ACTION PLAN FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FOR THE MUNICIPALITY OF CAINTA" prepared and submitted by RAMON A. ILAGAN, CODY R. CAVESTANY and LESTER G. CAVESTANY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Management, is hereby accepted. DR. ANTONIO G.M. LA VIÑA, JSD Adviser DR. MARY JEAN CALEDA Faculty Coordinator __________________________ Date signed ____________________________ Date signed Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Management. ANTONIO G.M. LA VIÑA, JSD Dean, School of Government Ateneo de Manila University __________________ Date signed iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We, RAMON A. ILAGAN, CODY R. CAVESTANY and LESTER G. CAVESTANY, would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this Governance Innovation Report (GIR) possible: Our esteemed adviser, Dean ANTONIO G.M. LA VINA, J.D., for inspiring us to work in the area of climate change and disaster preparedness and for his vital support in this Governance Innovation Report. Our faculty coordinator, Assistant Dean, MARY JEAN A. CALEDA, PH. D., for her constant reminders about deadlines and for the much needed motivation to graduate on time. Associate Dean MARIO C. VILLAVERDE, MD, for giving us permission to work on this GIR as a team. Our GIR readers, MS. JESSICA BERCILLA and MR. ANGELO APOSTOL, for helping us revise and improve the initial drafts of our GIR. MRS. VERON S. ILAGAN, for sharing with us your vision of creating a more progressive and flood-free Cainta. All the heads and staff of the various Offices and Departments of the Municipality of Cainta, for assisting us in the collection of valuable data and information. Since this GIR signifies the culmination and completion of our graduate studies at the Ateneo School of Government, we would like to also take this opportunity to express our indebtedness to all our Professors who have provided the necessary teachings and DE LEON (Power. PATRICK Z. LA VIÑA (Climate Change and Sustainable Development) PROF. MINA (Applied Economics for the Public Sector) DEAN ANTONIO G. AMELIA C. CO (Public Policy Development and Analysis) PROF. FERNANDO (Leadership in Public Service) PROF. VIRGINIO P. MARICEL “ISEL” V. CASTEL (Understanding the Bureaucracy) PROF. MILWIDA M. EDNA ESTIFANIA A. MANUEL “MANOLO” GREGORIO. (Organizational Development and Change Management) PROF.J. LOZADA (Local Planning and Development) PROF. ENRICO C. JR. DIAZ. MARIDES C. . TOM SAWYER. MS. VENUS VINLUAN and MR. GUEVARA (Public Finance and Budgeting) PROF. ANCOG (Governance Innovation Seminar) Special thanks to the staff and “frontliners” of the Ateneo School of Government: MR. ANNA KARMELA ZABAT. GILBERT G. Ethics and Accountability) FR.iv learning experiences for us to achieve the completion of our Master in Public Management degree program. MS. FULGENCIO (Local Investment and Enterprise Development) PROF. CYNTHIA G. MRS. AURMA M. and PROF. CORAZON ALMA G. FALGUERA. ALFREDO F. DE GUZMAN. S. ORTEGA and PROF. MANLANGIT (Modern Management in Local Government) PROF. PROF. MARY JANE C. for all the wonderful memories. the MPM BATCH 2010. we would like to praise and thank the Lord. in the name of public service. Diana Lumauig. Peter “Tonypet” Mallari and Nette Reyes. NIKKI and LEX.v To our families and parents for their invaluable support. LINDSAY JOY CAVESTANY. never-ending chain of recitations. Paolo Daleon. in accordance with your Divine Will. RABE. and EDDIE RABE. Ricardo “Oying” Angeles. yummy merienda and food breaks. and more we shall do. Finally. To the next generation of Cainteños. and most importantly. for making everything fall into place. parties and get-togethers. Special thanks to our groupmates in TEAM M. All these we have done. CORAZON S. the friendships forged that had led to family-like ties and lifelong bonds. especially to BERNICE. LEANDER CAVESTANY. MRS. Dennis de la Torre. loveteams. Our batchmates. who kept on believing in us. our God. and for your greater glory! Ad majorem Dei gloriam! . Mayor Angelito “Dondon” Dimacuha. hirits.: Atty. JONAH. CHARICE.I. JR. CRISTETA CAVESTANY and MRS. Words will never be enough to express our gratitude to you for always being there for us. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE i ii iii vi viii xiii xv xviii xix Title Page Approval Page Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Acronyms List of Tables List of Figures List of Appendices Abstract CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Rationale of the Study Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study Scope and Limitations of the Study 1 1 1 4 5 6 7 10 10 21 25 27 27 36 37 40 47 47 58 71 II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The Natural Hazards in the Philippines Disaster Risks and Effects in the Philippines and in the Municipality of Cainta The Legal Mandate of the Local Government III RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework Operational Framework Operational Definition of Terms IV RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design Locale of the Study Data Collection Methods and Analysis . CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings Conclusions Lessons Learned and Recommendations REFERENCES APPENDICES 80 80 92 106 121 130 130 135 140 148 154 . Policies and Programs Hazard and Climate Change Impacts Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Disaster Resilient Cainta VI SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.vii V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plans. viii LIST OF ACRONYMS ACRONYMS ADB AIP ASoG BDPW BFP BPO CBDRRMP CBFEWS CCA CCC CDP CIDA CLUP CMDRRMO COP CRI CSO CY DENR Asian Development Bank Annual Investment Plan Ateneo School of Government Barangay Disaster Planning Workshop Bureau of Fire Protection Business Process Outsourcing Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program Community-based Flood Early Warning Systems Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Commission Comprehensive Development Plan Canadian International Development Agency Comprehensive Land Use Plan Cainta Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office Climate Conference Climate Risk Index Civil Society Organization Calendar Year Department of Environment and Natural Resources . ix DepEd DILG DILG-MLGOO Department of Education Department of Interior and Local Government Department of Interior and Local Government – Municipal Local Government Operations Officer Department of Science and Technology Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Assessment Disaster Risk Management Disaster Risk Reduction Disaster Risk Reduction Management Disaster Risk Reduction Management Fund Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan Department of Trade and Industry Executive and Legislative Agenda Focus Group Discussion General Appropriations Act Gross Domestic Product Governance Innovation Report Geographic Information System Human Development Index Hyogo Framework for Action Homeowners Association DOST DR DRA DRM DRR DRRM DRRMF DRRMP DTI ELA FGD GAA GDP GIR GIS HDI HFA HOA . x IEC IPCC ISDR LAP LAP-DRR-CCA Information and Education Campaign Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Local Action Plan Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Local Climate Change Action Plans Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan Local Government Local Government Self-Assessment Tool Local Government Unit Light Rail Transit Management or Evacuation Center Management Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office Municipal Engineering Office Memorandum of Understanding Municipal Public Safety Office Micro. Small and Medium Enterprises LCCAP LDRRM LDRRMO LDRRMP LG LGSAT LGU LRT MCM MDCC MDRRMC MENRO MEO MOU MPSO MSME . Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration Philippine Area of Responsibility Pressure and Release Model Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Organization Philippine Economic Zone Authority Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Philippine Institute for Development Studies Programs.xi MSWDO NCCAP NDRRMC NDRRMP NEDA NFSCC NGO OCD OTOP PAGASA Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office National Climate Change Action Plan National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan National Economic and Development Authority National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Non-Government Organization Office of Civil Defense One Town. One Product Philippine Atmospheric. Projects and Activities Persons with Disabilities Republic Act Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment System Save Cainta River Movement PAR PAR PDRRMO PEZA PHIVOLCS PIDS PPA PWD RA REDAS SCRM . xii UN UNDP UNFCCC UNISDR V-ALERT United Nations United Nations Development Program United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Versatile Alliance of Local Emergency Response Team . xiii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 Total Damages by Top 5 recorded Natural Disaster Types in the Philippines (1901-2009) GIR Timetable Sectoral Representation of DRR CCA Summit Population per Barangay Land Areas of the Seven Barangays Slope Category Target Income and Annual Revenues (2004-2011) Commission on Audit's 2009 Annual Financial Report For Rizal Goal Achievement Matrix Scale PAGE 22 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 48 50 59 61 63 65 66 73 77 79 10 Sample Hazard Assessment Matrix 11 Scoring Scale . 2011 17 Livestock and Poultry Production. 2011 18 Evacuation Centers 79 94 95 105 109 110 115 .Level of Progress (Local Government Self-Assessment Tool for Disaster Resilience) 12 Excerpt from LGSAT 13 Hazard Assessment Summary 14 Flood Prone Areas and Number of Affected Families 15 Hazard Sensitivity of the Seven Barangays of the Municipality of Cainta 16 Agricultural Crops by Area. by Age Group and Gender 118 .xiv 19 Number of Respondents. xv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 2 3 The Philippines Philippines in the Pacific Typhoon Belt Annual number of serious earthquakes. volcanic eruptions and typhoons between 1900-2002 Monthly Average Frequency of Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones Frequency of Tropical Cyclone Passage Over Each Geographical Zones in the Philippines Geographical Zones and Tropical Cyclone Paths Distributions of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines Philippine Natural Hazard Map Pressure and Release Model (PAR) PAGE 11 12 13 4 5 16 17 6 7 8 9 18 19 20 32 33 35 36 38 10 The Access to Resource Model 11 Pelling's Human Vulnerability Framework 12 The LAP-DRR-CCA Planning Framework 13 Operational Framework for the Creation of Municipality of Cainta's LAPDRR-CCA 14 Operational Framework Toward a Disaster Resilient Municipality of Cainta 15 Milestone and Activity Timeline 16 Drafting the LDRRMP of the Municipality of Cainta 17 Geographic Location of Cainta 18 Seven Barangays of Cainta 39 48 55 59 60 . 2009-2011 24 DILG's Rationalized Local Planning System 25 Hyogo Framework for Action: 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters 26 Cash for Work in Cainta 27 Typhoon Incidence 28 Projected Rainfall Change (Dry Season) 29 Projected Rainfall Change (Wet Season) 30 Cainta Elevation Map 31 Hazard Map of the Province of Rizal 32 Flood Hazard Map 33 Earthquake Prone Areas in the Philippines 34 Cainta in the Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines 35 Cainta Valley Fault System 36 Valley Fault System Earthquake Scenario (Cainta) 37 Valley Fault System Earthquake Liquefaction Scenario (Cainta) 38 Liquefaction Map of Cainta (Wet Season) 39 Combined Risk to Climate Disasters 62 64 67 67 68 75 84 86 92 93 93 97 97 98 99 100 101 103 103 104 105 .xvi 19 Cainta River Network Map 20 Ground Shaking Map 21 Wealthiest Municipalities in the Philippines (2009 COA Report) 22 Expenditure Program (Distribution by Sector) 2011 Budget Year 23 Expenditure Program by Sector Comparative Trend. 2000 44 Populated Places 45 Settlement Areas 46 Aggregate Map of Informal Settlers in Metro Manila (2000) 47 Self-Assessment for Disaster Resilience Sectoral Representation 48 Gender Representation 49 Representation by Age Groups 106 108 111 112 112 113 114 117 117 118 . 2000 43 Population Density.xvii 40 Vulnerability to Disasters of the Philippines 41 Land Use Map of the Municipality of Cainta 42 Human Development Index. Projects. Activities) Local Government Self-Assessment Survey Tool List of CBDRRM informants Key Findings on the Municipality of Cainta's Self-Assessment for Disaster Resilience 2 3 4 5 .xviii LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 King Country Questionnaire for Preliminary Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Barriers LAP-DRR-CCA (Program. xix ABSTRACT Given its geographical location and geophysical characteristics. is a critical first step to build safer and more climate and disaster-resilient communities through the efficient utilization of public resources and the effective implementation of a climate and disaster risk reduction program. this local action plan addressed the Municipality’s vulnerabilities to natural hazards and climate change impacts. It also utilizes capacity-building strategies at the barangay level for disaster risk reduction and management and climate change adaptation. national and local policies. . and recommended programs. the proponents studied international. preparedness. response and recovery. strategic local planning. To strengthen the resilience of the entire Municipality. assessed vulnerability and capacity. practices and programs in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. the Municipality of Cainta is vulnerable to the risks of natural hazards and the impacts of climate change which cause disasters that lead to loss of lives. This Governance Innovation Report created an integrated and multi-sectoral local action plan for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation mainstreamed into the Annual Investment Plan of the Municipality of Cainta. projects and activities to be funded and implemented in 2013. disruptions in livelihoods and damage to properties. plans. anchored on international frameworks and national policies. Thus. Using the four-fold themes of mitigation. characterized natural hazards and climate change impacts. Rationale of the Study The Ondoy Experience On the 26th of September 2009. is the capstone achievement of the graduate students’ academic requirements in the Master in Public Management of the Ateneo School of Government.” More than 90% of . The Manual in the Preparation of Governance Innovation Report (Ateneo School of Government.CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study This study.” wherein the proponents analyzed the problems of natural disasters and climate change in areas where the residents of Cainta are vulnerable and formulated an integrated plan of action that would assist the local government to reduce disaster risks and enhance the climate change adaptive capacity in the Municipality of Cainta. Cainteños were awakened by the rush of floodwaters inside their homes caused by the nightlong rain of Tropical Depression Ketsana. 2011) described this form of GIR as an “Action Plan. more popularly known as “Super Typhoon Ondoy. referred to as the Governance Innovation Report (GIR). the damage to infrastructure and agriculture was estimated at PhP11 Billion. 15. Central and Southern Luzon. and 464 died. 529 people were injured.2 Municipality of Cainta was flooded. which was greater than the average rainfall for the whole month of September. including the National Capital Region.” R. 9729 mandated the Climate Change Commission to formulate a National Climate Change Action Plan . 16 cities of 26 provinces in 12 regions. 37 went missing. But the tragedy in Cainta was just a tiny part of a much larger disaster. Ondoy’s record-breaking rainfall. 2009) Through Ondoy. Policy Response Less than a month after Ondoy. In the aftermath. and some areas in the Visayas and Mindanao. Mother Nature sent the leaders in the capital city of Manila and its surrounding areas a catastrophic wake-up call to the harsh realities of natural hazards. The Philippine government finally saw how vulnerable we were and the Filipino people started to become more aware of the findings and warnings of global warming scientists.A. causing the death of 15 people and inflicting damages worth over PHP100 million.018 barangays. 172 municipalities. And there was no choice but to respond and to prepare for future disasters. (National Disaster Coordinating Council.798 families had to evacuate their homes. directly affecting about 5 million people in 2. caused widespread flooding all over Metro Manila. exacerbated by climate change. which recognized that the “State shall integrate disaster risk reduction into climate change programs and initiatives. Republic Act 9729 or the “Philippine Climate Change Act of 2009” was signed into law. 3 (NCCAP). With President Benigno S. strengthening the country's institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and building the resilience of local communities to disasters including climate change impacts. which would serve as a guide for local government units (LGUs) in writing their own Local Climate Change Action Plans. This integrated plan of action is in line with the Memorandum of Understanding signed in February 2011 by National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) and Climate Change Commission (CCC) to “support the implementation of disaster and climate risk reduction measures . one for climate change and another for disaster risk reduction and management.A. affirming the State’s duty to “uphold the people's constitutional rights to life and property” by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters. governors and mayors were expected to formulate and implement two separate local action plans. However. it was the humble opinion of the proponents that both plans could be integrated into a single Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (LAP-DRR-CCA). Aquino III’s signing of the first NCCAP on November 22. Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act was enacted in May 2010. R. 2011 and with the finalization of the NDRRMP in September 2012. 10121 required the development and implementation of a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that would serve as a template for the LGUs in crafting their own Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP). seeing the linkages and commonalities between both policies and advocacies. In addition. practices and programs in disaster risk reduction and climate change that had to be considered in the creation of the Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (LAP-DRR-CCA) of the Municipality of Cainta? 2) What were the natural hazards and climate change impacts which distressed the communities in the Municipality of Cainta and their vicinities that should be addressed in the LAP-DRR-CCA? 3) How did the local government officials assess the vulnerabilities of the exposed areas and the capacities of the communities in the Municipality of Cainta in terms of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation? 4) What were the programs.4 identified by local government units through joint disaster and climate risk information coordination and knowledge. would be an effective tool for building safer and more resilient communities in Cainta. the private sector. Statement of the Problem This study was conducted to provide answers to the following questions: 1) What were the international. plans. which is what this Governance Innovation Report is all about.” The formulation of the LAP-DRR-CCA for the Municipality of Cainta. projects and activities that should be included in the LAP-DRR-CCA of the Municipality of Cainta to strengthen the resilience of the entire Municipality. in coordination with government and development agencies. national and local policies. civil society organizations and other stakeholder? . national and local policies. and . civil society organizations. 2) Characterized the natural hazards and climate change impacts. 3) Assessed the vulnerabilities of the exposed areas and the capacities of the communities in the Municipality of Cainta in terms of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. plans. To achieve this. the proponents used a 4-step approach: 1) Studied the international. to build the local capacity for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.5 Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study was to create an integrated and multi-sectoral LAP-DRR-CCA that would be mainstreamed into the Annual Investment Plan of the Municipality of Cainta to help address the vulnerabilities to natural hazards and climate change impacts. in coordination with government and development agencies. marginalized groups and other stakeholders. practices and programs in disaster risk reduction and climate change that had to be considered in the creation of the Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation (LAP-DRR-CCA) of the Municipality of Cainta. the private sector. which distressed the communities in the Municipality of Cainta and their vicinities and which should be addressed in the LAP-DRR-CCA. and to strengthen the resilience of the entire Municipality. affect places and communities that are not able to cope with the forces of nature. exacerbated by climate change and the high incidence of poverty in the region. floods. droughts and typhoons. 2008) According to the 2011 World Disaster Report. which is susceptible to earthquakes and weather-related catastrophes. 2010) Eighty-five percent of our Gross Domestic Product (GDP) comes from areas that are experiencing the increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves. directly causing the loss of lives and damages to property. but also in severity. ninety percent of the disasters occurred in the Asia Pacific region. leaving 1. in particular.7 billion people. is classified as being at ‘extreme risk’ to the impacts of climate change and weather-related disasters since we ranked 10th in the world in the 2012 Climate Change Vulnerability Index and the Global Climate Risk Index. such as typhoons and earthquakes. affecting 2.070 disasters across the continents.3 million dead. Not surprisingly.6 4) Recommended programs. These . projects and activities in the LAP-DRR-CCA that should be included in the development and investment plans of the Municipality of Cainta. (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Significance of the Study Disasters happen when natural hazards. (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. The Philippines. Our country’s average of 19 typhoons will not only increase in quantity. disasters from 2001 to 2011 increased five times as there were 7. local governments should focus on the translation of global problems and national concerns into local plans to be implemented by local government units toward more effective risk governance. 2011). then more deaths and losses will occur when natural disasters strike. Strategic planning is a critical first step to build safer and more disaster-resilient communities through the efficient utilization of public funds and resources and through the effective implementation of a climate and disaster risk reduction program. With the overwhelming evidence of climate change and the tragic experiences of natural disasters. in the form of an Action Plan. “He who fails to plan. plans to fail. exposing our countrymen to a dengue epidemic. These impacts increase the incidence of climatesensitive diseases. In the case of the Municipality of Cainta. If the Philipine government does not come up with a plan of action that would reduce our risks and vulnerabilities. was an analytical study of an existing problem where the proponents provided management advice and professional support through a plan of action. making it harder to access clean water. These changes reduce the availability of water. Scope and Limitation This Governance Innovation Report. the existing problem is two-fold: . The age-old adage.7 impacts of climate change affect our productivity in the agricultural and aquatic sectors. thus creating havoc in our food supply. (Ateneo School of Government.” holds true today as it always has. typhoons and floods and their corresponding impacts. 2) The vulnerabilities of the exposed areas and communities – The researchers included a Community-Based Disaster Risk Assessment to study the vulnerability to risks and the capacity of the communities to cope with the hazards. The professional support from the proponents was done through the design and facilitation of a participatory planning process in creating the LAP-DRR-CCA by conducting seminars.8 1) The threats of natural hazards and climate change impacts that distress the Municipality of Cainta and its vicinity . The draft of the LAP-DRR-CCA was submitted to local government officials who are involved in creating the Local Development Plan and the 2013 Annual Investment Plan (AIP) of the Municipality of Cainta. workshops and group discussions for the local stakeholders. practices and programs in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. containing the consolidated proposals and recommendations from the communities in the different barangays. plans. also included management advice from the proponents which reflected their findings in their study of international. The first draft of the LAP-DRR-CCA.This study limited itself to the threats of earthquakes. The final output of this Governance Innovation Report served as the foundations of the Municipality of Cainta’s Local Climate Change Action Plan and the Local Disaster . national and local policies. The inputs from the department heads and heads-of-office in the local government were used to revise and finalize the LAP-DRRCCA. The LAP-DRR-CCA could also serve as a supporting document of the Municipality of Cainta to be nominated for the Sasakawa Award of the United Nations’ 2010-2015 World Disaster Reduction Campaign “Making Cities Resilient: My City is Getting Ready. 2012. .” The LAP-DRR-CCA was presented to the public on September 26.9 Risk Reduction and Management Plan. as a way of commemorating the third anniversary of the Ondoy Tragedy. which were both required under the law. with particular emphasis on earthquakes. between “natural hazards” and “natural disasters. Recognizing the disaster risks in the Philippines and in the Municipality of Cainta. as pointed out by Alcantara Ayala (2002). “natural disasters” are tragic incidents that occur . such as volcanic activity. and Describing the legal mandate of the local government.” “Natural hazards” are threatening events brought about by forces of nature. On the other hand.10 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This part of the study reviewed the various sources that relate to the objective of creating an integrated Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (LAP-DRR-CCA) for the Municipality of Cainta. typhoons and floods. in the following areas: Understanding the natural hazards in the Philippines and in the vicinity of the Municipality of Cainta. The Natural Hazards in the Philippines The first part of this review dealt with research on the natural hazards that affect the Philippines. cyclones. earthquakes. floods and others. Here it is important to note an important distinction. This served as the background in our characterization of the hazards that distress the country. org/category/asia-maps/page/2/ East Asia with such neighbors as Vietnam to the east.” also called “home” by the 94 million inhabitants. there are also natural hazards that have frequented the tropical islands since the ancient silk trade of the Malay sailors.11 when natural hazards have catastrophic consequences on human systems due to their economic. The Philippine archipelago forms a sovereign nation officially known as the “Republic of the Philippines. Two primary reasons cause these natural hazards: the country is on the western .wpmap. Indonesia and Malaysia to the south. and Taiwan in the north. the Philippine archipelago has 7.3 million square kilometers of oceanic water between 116° 40' and 126° 34' East of Greenwich and 4° 40' and 21° 10' North of the Equator.107 islands scattered across 1. Geographically speaking. It lies on the southwest of the Pacific Ocean and off the eastern coast of the Asian continent and is considered part of South Figure 1 The Philippines (in red) Source: http://www. social. political and cultural vulnerabilities. Alongside the abundant natural resources of the Philippines. 5 No. and hydrological events such as floods. PIDS. 22 active volcanoes out of 300. December 2005. Tropical cyclone is the general term for all storm circulations that originate over tropical waters. meteorological hazards.12 rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire. and the Philippines in the Pacific typhoon belt which is often struck by tropical cyclones. a region of active volcanoes and major earthquakes. The frequency of these natural phenomena in the Philippines is relatively 1 From pictures taken above the earth. a tropical cyclone resembles a huge whirlpool of white clouds. It is called hurricane over the Atlantic Ocean. and the 20 tropical cyclones that enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility every year. Vol.4 . Economic Issue of the Day. The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 (2011) enumerated the natural hazards experienced by the country including 20 earthquakes per day. cyclone over the Indian Ocean and typhoon over the Pacific Ocean. Tropical cyclone signals: bracing for the wind.1 Figure 2 Philippines in the Pacific Typhoon Belt Bankoff (2003) presented a historical account of natural hazards in the Philippines written by chroniclers from the time of the Spanish colonization to the modern times describing the high exposure of the Philippines to geophysical hazards including earthquakes and volcanoes. specifically tropical cyclones. Also. He showed that the annual average number of tropical cyclones. according to Gaillard. Figure 3 Annual number of serious earthquakes. the threats of cyclones and the flooding it may bring could possibly get worse for us. earthquakes with a magnitude of 6 or higher and volcanic eruptions also maintained a relatively stable number of occurrences. Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) (2005) as cited by Asian Development Bank (2009) noted the increase of 4. al. the number of earthquakes with a magnitude of 6 or higher.2 cyclones in the annual average of the frequency in cyclones entering the Philippine area . and the incidences of volcanic eruptions remained roughly the same in the 20th century. et. volcanic eruptions and typhoons between 1900-2002 Philippine Atmospheric. tropical cyclones that cross the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) have maintained an average of twenty to thirty per year. (2005 ). As shown in Figure 3.13 stable. However. with about fifteen storms that cross the archipelago. The Manila Observatory (2010) discussed how climate change would increase the magnitude and frequency of weather hazards in the Philippines . Tropical storm Ketsana. the principal sponsor and author of the Climate Change Act of 2009 cited a survey in October 2007 by the Nielsen Company and the Oxford University Institute of Climate Change in where respondents were asked. “How concerned are you about the following environmental issues? .” brought winds of up to 230 kilometer per hour (km/hr) and rainfall of up to 1. (2009) In August 2012. 2009) A few days later. Asian Development Bank (2009) discussed the actual and possible impacts of the observed and expected changes in extreme events and severe climate anomalies in Southeast Asia.000 mm in some areas. the weeklong monsoon rains known as “Habagat” resulted to another flooding disaster that hit the Municipality of Cainta and placed it under a State of Calamity. surpassing the highest 24-hour rainfall of 334 mm in Metro Manila recorded in 1967. (NASA. locally known as “Bagyong Ondoy” dumped 341 millimeters (mm) of rainfall in its first six hours over land. the Philippines topped the results with a 78% concern rating. In September 2009. The Philippines also had recent experiences with super typhoons. known internationally as “Parma. Typhoon Pepeng.14 of responsibility during the period 1990–2003. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies warned that due to climate change. but also in severity.Climate change / global warming?” Among the 54 countries surveyed. the Philippines’ average number of typhoons will not only increase in quantity. (2010) Senator Loren Legarda (2010). 15 caused by sea level rise, increase in average surface temperatures, and more intense rainfall. For climate change impacts, DOST-PAGASA (2011) projected seasonal temperature increase, seasonal rainfall change and frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under the medium-range emission scenario in Metro Manila and the Province of Rizal. Tropical cyclones that enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility are classified and described by PAGASA as follows: Tropical Depression - maximum sustained winds is from 45 to 63 kilometers per hour (kph) Tropical Storm - maximum sustained winds is from 64 to 117 kph Typhoon – maximum sustained winds is 118 kph and higher Gonzales (1994) as cited by Velasco and Cabanilla (2003), gave us an idea of the characteristics of the tropical cyclones that enter the PAR. Figure 4 shows the Monthly Average Frequency of Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the Philippine Area of Responsibility, depicting highest occurrences in the months of July, August and September, with three cyclones per month. October and November have about two per month and December has one. Cyclones from January to May are rare because this is considered the dry season. Things start to pick up again in June, which is officially the start of the cyclone/wet season. 16 Figure 4 Monthly Average Frequency of Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones These cyclones make landfall in different parts of the country. As Figure 5 shows, the geographical zones of the country have different frequencies of tropical cyclone passage. The upper parts of northern Luzon has the most frequent passage of hydrological hazards with 5 tropical cyclones in 2 years while the Southern, Central and Western Mindanao regions have the least number of tropical cyclone passage, with an occurrence of 1 cyclone in 12 years. Our area of interest, the Municipality of Cainta lies in a zone where there are 5 cyclones in 3 years. Each island group in the Philippines is divided into regions and two regions were of particular importance to Cainta and to this study: the National Capital Region and Region VI-A, which covers the Province of Rizal. 17 Figure 5 Frequency of tropical cyclone passage over each geographical zone in the Philippines 6 square kilometers. It is apparent that the safest months for the Municipality of Cainta would be the during the summer months starting from January to April. is up to 103. including the urbanized towns of Cainta and Taytay. Figure 6 Geographical Zones and Tropical Cyclone Paths Related to precipitation would be flooding. directly affecting hundreds of thousands of residents in the area. Figure 6 illustrates the various paths taken by the tropical cyclones in the course of a year.18 In addition. Zoleta-Nantes (2000) warned that the total flood prone area of Metro Manila. Liongson (2010) discussed the dynamics of the system of river basins and waterways in Metro Manila and the nearby towns in their capacity to handle hydrological hazards. . 19 On the topic of earthquakes. Figure 7 Distributions of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines . causing an annual average of 887 earthquakes. Figure 7 illustrates the Philippine Fault and other subsidiary faults and trenches that generate seismic activity in our country. the next part of this review described the disaster risks and impacts that these natural hazards pose. as discussed by Armillas. and identified the Marikina Valley Fault system. et. Philippine Fault and the Manila Trench. which poses the greatest threat to Metro Manila and its surrounding areas. Given the above account of the literature about the natural hazards that pose threats to our country and to the Municipality of Cainta. with estimated magnitudes of around 7 or higher. The Earthquake Impact Reduction Study for Metropolitan Manila (2004) cited studies of Valley Fault System. as the Figure 8 Philippine Natural Hazard Map lead causes of seismic hazards in the National Capital Region and its nearby towns. 1990 Luzon earthquake which had an epicenter magnitude of 7.al.20 The Municipality of Cainta is exposed to the earthquake hazards mainly because of the Marikina Valley Fault System. And these tectonic factors contributed to the July 16. . The West Valley Fault is approaching its active phases. (2009) reviewed the geological and tectonic setting for Central Manila and its surrounding area within 500 kilometers. et. including Cainta.al. (1990). Koo. formed by subduction of the Eurasian Plate under the Philippine Island arc.8 on the Richter Scale. But what is a disaster? De Guzman (2003) asserted that a standard universal definition is yet to be accepted. the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 defined disaster as a “serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human. the conditions of vulnerability that are present. with the vulnerabilities of human systems. material. which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. often result to great catastrophic losses and damages which then constitute the disaster. But both de Guzman and Britton cited the Australian Emergency Manual’s definition as worthy of mention. and insufficient . economic. emphasizing that the natural hazards combined. 2005). In other words.21 Disaster Risks and Effects in the Philippines and in the Municipality of Cainta A distinction was made earlier between natural hazards and natural disasters. economic or environmental losses and impacts.” In a similar vein. stating that a disaster is a “serious disruption to community life which threatens or causes death or injury in community and/or damage to property which is beyond the day-to-day capacity of prescribed statutory authorities and which requires special mobilization and organization of resources other than those normally available to those authorities. a disaster is defined in terms of how it impacts the populace and how it disrupts the social. Neil Britton supported this in the 396-page collection of articles entitled “What is a Disaster?” (Perry. infrastructural. Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard. environmental and/or environmental sectors in the affected area. from 1991 to 2010. injury. mental and social well-being. loss of services. with an average of 801 deaths and US$660 million in losses and damages per year. et. social and economic disruption and environmental degradation. Typhoons and floods also account for the worst natural disasters in the Philippines. in terms of deaths and damages. the Municipality of Cainta. The Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) measured by Germanwatch analyzed to what extent countries have been affected by the impacts of weather-related loss events (storms. heat waves etc.” With these definitions in mind. (Harmeling. the Philippines placed tenth in the world. together with damage to property. followed by floods. as shown in the table below where typhoons ranked as the worst disastercausing hazard. are often the ones least prepared to mitigate the risks of disasters.). all of them are developing countries. destruction of assets. physical. In the Long-Term Climate Risk Index for the 10-year period. this review delved into the literature about disasters in the Philippines and in particular. floods. 2011) Pacheco. Table 1 Total Damages by Top 5 Recorded Natural Disaster Types in the Philippines (1901-2009) .al (2010). including the Philippines.22 capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences. disease and other negative effects on human. Disaster impacts may include loss of life. These countries. confirmed the impact of storms and floods in the Philippines. It is also worth noting that among the ten countries most affected. floods affect at least 14 percent of the land area or 86. as cyclones bring 38 percent of the annual average rainfall in the country. 15 percent on private properties. (2011) Muto (2009) supported this prioritization. while the rest were brought about by heavy rainfall or monsoons.23 Bankoff (2003) related the pattern of tropical cyclones to the intensity of regularity of flooding in the Philippines. the Philippine government. estimating the number of slum dwellers in Metro Manila to be at 37 percent or 4 million as of 2010. In Metropolitan Manila. and 15 percent in danger zones.55 billion in 2012 for informal settlers.7 square kilometers. The problem has gotten the attention of the Aquino Administration. as noted by Zoleta-Nantes (2000). The slum areas are scattered across Metro Manila with 43 percent on government lands. and a third of them living below the poverty line. .6 square kilometers. through the Philippine Information Agency has announced a P38 billion socialized housing program over the next 5 years. with an allocation of P10. and if the towns of Cainta and Taytay are included. adding that the urbanization problems and political challenges were making matters worse. Ballesteros (2010) provided some staggering statistics on the slum population in the Philippines. the total floodprone area would be 103. especially between July and November. In addition. stressing that the poorest among the urban poor are extremely vulnerable because they do not have enough resources to relocate from danger zones and they find it hard to cope with the consequences of frequent typhoons or floods. 56 percent of all flooding incidents were caused by typhoons. prioritizing those whose homes are at-risk because they are very near rivers. creeks and other waterways. In fact. experiencing frequent floods during strong rains. During the Habagat Disaster in 2012.al. An area of concern. 80 percent of Cainta was submerged in rainwater with floods spanning from two feet to a high of ten feet. . in particular.” All of the seven barangays in Cainta are vulnerable to floods since Cainta is a natural floodplain. Six out of seven barangays were badly affected. San Juan and Brgy. San Andres had the most number of evacuees because of the number of informal settlers in their area.000 families whose residences are prone to flooding. et.153. But the risk of disasters is greatly increased by the presence of informal settlements on the banks of rivers and waterways in and around the Municipality. Due to the geographic low-lying location of Cainta.726 informal settlers along the Manggahan Floodway that spans the localities of Pasig City. (2006) estimated that there are 1. there are about 14. Barangay San Juan in Cainta even experienced a flood height of 5. Brgy. Vicente. is the Manggahan Floodway.0 meters during Typhoon Ondoy. Municipality of Taytay and the Municipality of Cainta.24 The Annual Report Calendar Year 2010 (Department of Environment and Natural Resources Region IV-A) stated that Cainta is “no stranger to typhoons and floods. encourage and support the development of appropriate and self-reliant scientific and . enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology. regional heads of departments and other government offices. promote health and safety. appropriate. Sections 15 of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code states “Every local government unit created or recognized under this Code is a body politic and corporate endowed with powers to be exercised by it in conformity with law. as well as powers necessary. it shall exercise powers as a political subdivision of the national government and as a corporate entity representing the inhabitants of its territory. As such. and those which are essential to the promotion of the general welfare. those necessarily implied therefrom. states that “Every local government unit shall exercise the powers expressly granted. Within their respective territorial jurisdictions.” And Section 16. among other things. local government units shall ensure and support.” In addition.25 The Legal Mandate of the Local Government Local governments have the legal duty to initiate and promote Local Economic Development policies and programs. or incidental for its efficient and effective governance. Section 14. and representatives from non-governmental organizations within the regions for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units therein and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region. Article X of the 1987 Constitution in its declaration of Local Government principles states that “The President shall provide for regional development councils or other similar bodies composed of local government officials. the preservation and enrichment of culture. improve public morals.” . and preserve the comfort and convenience of their inhabitants. maintain peace and order. promote full employment among their residents.26 technological capabilities. enhance economic prosperity and social justice. 27 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Conceptual Framework This Governance Innovation Report gave attention to the impacts of climate change and natural disasters in the Municipality of Cainta. 2012) The Bali Action Plan. decided in the Bali Climate Conference (COP 13) of December 2007. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) “Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis” released its scientific knowledge on climate change and concluded that extreme weather events are increasing and regional climate patterns are changing. can now be traced back to climate change caused by human activities. storm tracks and precipitation. committed to its core principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. identified adaptation as one of the key building blocks required for a strengthened future response to climate change. Heat waves and other weather extremes. 2007) It was in this context that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted as basis for a global response to the evident effects of climate change. The UNFCCC is an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to confront climate change challenges in which the Philippines is a State party. as well as changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. (United Nations Framework Convention . (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This served as the basis for a national program on climate change and established an agenda through the National Climate Change Action Plan. The NFSCC. 2012) Consequently. This Governance Innovation Report took off from NFSCC’s guiding principles. was rooted on IPCC’s knowledge about climate change’s serious implications on the country’s efforts to address poverty and sustainable development. special attention must be given to ensure . also known as the "framework". The National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC) of the Philippines was a result of the call to prepare a National Adaptation Program of Action by the IPCC and the Bali Conference. The goal to build the adaptive capacity of communities and optimize mitigation opportunities towards sustainable development. magnitude and impacts of risks. in accordance with common but differentiated responsibility. Make use of risk-based framework where strategies/activities shall be formulated. Adaptation measures based on equity. It gave more emphasis and urgency on adaptation to risks in an area due to variable and extreme climate conditions. prosperous and self-reliant communities. particularly (Climate Change Commission.28 on Climate Change. The Delhi Declaration highlighted the importance of adaptation as a “high priority for all countries”. 2010): Its vision of a climate risk-resilient Philippines with healthy. with decisions made based on causes. safe. and thriving and productive ecosystems. the proponents of this study came across several theoretical and conceptual developments that include a hazard paradigm. especially with indigenous peoples and other marginalized groups who are most vulnerable to climate change impacts. children and other vulnerable and disadvantaged sectors. The role of local governments as front-liners in addressing climate change. . resilience and extended alternative adjustments later known as adaptation. a vulnerability paradigm. The said framework created the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) to guide the local government units in the preparation of their Local Climate Change Action Plans (LCCAP). other government agencies and the civil society. including partnerships with the private sector. and The value of forming multi-stakeholder participation and partnerships in climate change initiatives. women.29 equal and equitable protection of the poor. In attempting to understand the critical concepts of disaster risk. The framework also recognized a consultative approach that seeks the consensus of stakeholders and their meaningful participation in the formulation of the action plan. The proponents utilized the NCCAP as template for developing the Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (LAPDRR-CCA) for the Municipality of Cainta. more economic development and greater social equity could buffer millions against deprivation and loss. Disaster results from the clash of two opposing forces: the socio-economic conditions creating human vulnerability and the natural processes that create geophysical hazards.al. there is no such thing as an innocent disaster. 2004) This theory became the basis for the proponents of this study to look into concepts that were critical in performing a hazard assessment by understanding the origin and classification of hazards as well as the different dimensions that characterize a hazard. continued to spark debate worldwide while engineers. geographers. seismologists and academicians tried to push governments into investing more money in preparing for natural calamities. this Governance Innovation Report adopted the concept of “hazardscape” that engages the . As a result. Ken Westgate and Phil O'Keefe. 2006) According to Prof.” Their paper laid the foundation for something now widely agreed on . Ben Wisner. arguing that better building standards and policies which are more rigorously enforced could save thousands of lives. landslides and floods. (Smith. a trio of scholars. Specifically. published a paper called “Taking the Naturalness Out of Natural Disasters. but humans are responsible for the deaths by failure of proper planning and putting preventive measures in place. that better education. Wisner and his hazard paradigm. The people most likely to die during disasters are the poor and the vulnerable. (Radford.30 Hazard Paradigm Thirty-five years ago.that nature makes earthquakes. the focus of attention has shifted to the needs of the most disadvantaged members of society and to the importance of vulnerability assessment and mapping in disaster risk studies. programs and projects. The paper by Wisner et. People possess different capacities to deal with exposure by means of various strategies of action (Chambers. This may occur through . Dynamic pressures are the processes and activities that transform the effects of the root causes into vulnerability and channel the root causes into particular forms of uncertainty related to hazards such as population growth.” Pressure and Release Model Vulnerability comprised the second important element to disaster risk. widespread economic. Blaikie et al (2004) developed the Pressure and Release Model (PAR). 2009): Root causes (or underlying causes) are a set of well-established. 2006). These three forces are defined as follows (Schilderinck. Unsafe conditions are the specific forms in which the vulnerability of a population manifests itself in time in conjunction with the hazard. To support this theory.31 physical susceptibility of the Municipality of Cainta and vulnerability of its people. This model explained disaster risks from a macro perspective and seeks to trace the progression of vulnerability from its root causes shaped by dynamic pressures that can give rise to unsafe conditions. demographic and political processes within a society that give rise to vulnerability (and reproduce vulnerability over time) and affect the allocation and distribution of resources between different groups of people. Hazardscape also substitutes for the term “natural hazards. which is considered as the most influential thinking around vulnerability in the disaster risk field. rapid urbanization and deforestation. which acts as a complement to their PAR model. lack of disaster planning and preparedness and a fragile environment. (Benjamin. al. This model compelled the proponents of this study to look into the level of access to resources . Figure 9 below summarizes the PAR Model and shows how disasters occur when unsafe conditions are combined with physical exposure to hazards.’s (2004) Access to Resource model.32 such processes as fragile local economic conditions. 2009) It explained how unsafe conditions at the household level influence their capacity to cope with disasters. Figure 9 Pressure and Release Model (PAR) Access to Resource Model and Human Vulnerability Framework This study also referred to Wisner et. the event hits the households. Improved access to resources is the key mechanism through which households could improve their livelihoods. A low level can turn the event into a disaster. During normal times. related to health or infrastructure (including communications) or be information-based.g. income. t3 and tn) but can also operate at the public level in the form of preparedness plans provided by the government or the community.33 of the communities in Cainta and to gauge their capacities to respond to the impacts of hazards. Social protection is a repeating process (expressed as t1. loans. whose choice of a specific livelihood is limited by the unsafe conditions (box 2) and influenced by the household’s social relations (box 1a) and surrounding structures of domination (box 1b). employment). Figure 10 below summarizes this model. After this period the households have the choice of either passively waiting for the next disaster or to strengthen their capacities and social protection as preparation (Polygon 8). In Polygon 6. having different effects depending on the level of social protection. Box 1 shows the normal life of households. Hazards (Polygon 3 in Figure 10) have both spatial and temporal dimensions (Polygon 4) that can often depend on a trigger event (Polygon 5). (Schilderinck. 2009) . and increase their resilience against shocks and their capacity to restore their livelihoods after a disaster. households create a form of defense coined as “social protection” to save their livelihoods from disruptions. make them sustainable. Resources referred to here could be economic (e. The impacts of the disaster and the household’s responses to them are iterative for a period of time (Polygon 7). t2. . Figure 11 below further illustrates Pelling’s Human Vulnerability Framework.34 Figure 10 The Access to Resource Model The Access to Resources model shows a clear relation between vulnerability and livelihoods and serves the same function of resistance as livelihood does in Dr. Mark Pelling’s Human Vulnerability Framework. . Capacity assessment. using the above-mentioned context. This study used the issues around livelihood and social protection to strengthen its vulnerability assessment.35 Figure 11 Pelling's Human Vulnerability Framework Since it is critical to acknowledge the importance of resilience in disaster risk. Therefore. this study required both hazard characterization and vulnerability and capacity assessment. the proponents factored in resilience in its risk assessment component. a participatory process. to generate a balanced approach to disaster risk assessment. was used to understand how the communities cope with and survive in times of crisis. Activities Budgeting Figure 12 LAP-DRR-CCA Planning Framework . Projects. The overall theoretical framework presented below guided the proponents in the conduct of this study: Threats of Natural Hazards Impacts of Climate Change Barangay / Community-Based Disaster Risk Assessment Hazard Characterization/ Assessment Local Development Planning Planning Environment Social Economic Institutional Environment al Vision Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Infrastructure & Land Use Issues/ Vision-Reality Gaps Sectoral Goals.36 Theoretical Framework This Governance Innovation Report was based on the mainstreaming guidelines framework formulated by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) to mainstream DRR and CCA in local development plans. Objectives and Targets AIP Sectoral Programs. c) formulation of goals. analyzing visionreality gap. The PPAs should exhibit reduction in risks by increasing resilience or reducing the vulnerability of Cainta. and specifying the appropriate Programs. & Rosales. 2008) Operational Framework This study used a community-based disaster risk assessment that involved a) hazard characterization. On the other hand. Projects and Activities (PPAs). and c) capacity assessment. b) vulnerability assessment. This paper also highlighted the fact that good governance requires the integration of reducing vulnerability and risk to natural hazards in order to achieve sustainable development especially in the Municipality of Cainta. the entry points in the plan were in the following: a) analysis of the multi-sectoral planning environment. Mollen. profiling. .37 The framework illustrated in Figure 12 involved two processes and described the steps this study went through in disaster risk assessment and identification of their entry points in the local development planning process. The second process looked at how the results of the risk assessment were used to enhance the aspects of the development planning process: from visioning. vulnerability and capacity assessment. objectives and targets. projects and activities. and d) identification of programs. (National Economic and Development Authority. transforming issues into goals. (Siebert. 2008) The process started with a community-based disaster risk assessment (DRA) focusing on hazard characterization. b) identification of issues and problems. objectives and targets. 2012) Hence it was important to assess the . The level of understanding of the community on their natural disaster risks – hazards. It involved an understanding of how people perceive and measure disaster risks. (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. a participatory and systematic process was used to identify and assess the hazards which threaten the community and the communities' vulnerabilities and capacities at the barangay level. Phase 1 Convened the Cainta DRR-CCA Summit Multi-stakeholder campaign: 7 barangays HOAs Business Sector Religious Sector Youth Academe CSOs NGOS Informal Settlers PWDs Phase 2 Conducted CommunityBased Disaster Risk Assessment & Planning Barangay Disaster Planning Workshop Multi-sectoral approach DRA Report Phase 3 Developed the Municipality of Cainta’s LAPDRR-CCA Grassroots approach Multi-sectoral PPAs 2013 Annual Investment Plan Phase 4 Building a Culture of Safety and Resilience in Cainta Presentation of LAP-DRR-CCA Multi-stakeholder (Summit participants) Sasakawa Award Figure 13 Operational Framework for the Creation of Municipality of Cainta's LAP-DRR-CCA To realize the adoption of appropriate and adequate countermeasures to prepare for and reduce disaster risks.38 This study went through a participatory risk assessment and planning process in four phases illustrated in Figure 13 discussed in detail in the next chapter. vulnerabilities and capacities –influence their level of resilience and the proper identification of appropriate and adequate risk reduction measures. competent and accountable local government Shared information base Empowered people Steps to anticipate and mitigate disaster (and climate change) impacts Able to respond. plans and actions. elements at risk and their survival or coping strategies and what resources they could use in disaster management activities. This particular phase of the study. particularly its programs. illustrated in Figure 14 showed that these four contribute to the elements of the Municipality of Cainta’s LAP-DRR-CCA. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION OF THEIR DISASTER RISK Socio-economic status Culture Insiders (community members) and outsiders Common understanding Local knowledge plus scientific and technical information OTHER COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT Hazard Vulnerability Capacity DEPENDENT VARIABLE DISASTER RESILIENT MUNICIPALITY OF CAINTA No informal settlements built on flood prone areas Inclusive. nature and behavior of hazards.39 people’s perception of risk. implement immediate recovery strategies and cope 10-Point Checklist Figure 14 Operational Framework Toward a Disaster Resilient Municipality of Cainta . This second operational framework also shows how the components of disaster risk assessment work together to generate data for a situational analysis needed to come up with community development projects. Vulnerability – the degree to which a system is susceptible to. (United Nations International Disaster Reduction . For the purpose of this study. property damage. phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury. This study also recognized hazard as the primary cause of human vulnerability. and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed. (Source: . projects and activities and its Annual Investment Plan (AIP) for 2013. the proponents only focused on natural hazards specifically earthquake. Vulnerability is a function of the character. Hazard – a potentially damaging physical event. The definitions in this study were taken mainly from the IPCC (as used in the Philippine Climate Change Act of 2009) and UNISDR combined with relevant definitions found in the literature review.40 Operational Definition of Terms The Local Action Plan referred to in this Governance Innovation Report ensured the strong focus of DRR and CCA by integrating both into one local action plan. magnitude. including climate variability and extremes. It sought to incorporate a comprehensive risk-reducing approach in climate change adaptation in the Municipality of Cainta’s programs. It can be characterized by its location. intensity and probability. adverse effects of climate change. social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. its sensitivity and its adaptive capacity. tropical cyclones/ typhoons. and flood. 2009) It can include potential conditions that may represent future threats and can have different origins. and unable to cope with. this is the capacity of a system. This concept when used in the study also covered the mechanisms to address these vulnerabilities by influencing the community’s capacity to cope with and adapt to the changing environment. social. High Risk Areas/ Danger Zones – areas at risk because they are prone to flooding and earthquake hazards Capacity – positive factors that increase the ability of people and the society they live in to cope effectively with hazards that increase their resilience or that otherwise reduce the susceptibility of a community to the impacts of hazards. All individuals and communities are to varying degrees vulnerable to hazards and all have capacities to reduce their vulnerability. community or society to resist or to change in order that it may obtain an acceptable level in functioning and structure. economic and environmental. This is .41 IPCC) The concept of vulnerability is central to disaster risk reduction. (United Nations International Disaster Reduction . (United Nations International Disaster Reduction . 2009) The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience to withstand the effects of natural hazards. This study worked with the physical and social dimension of the concept where physical vulnerability refers to exposure to hazards and includes environmental elements as well as location and standards of infrastructure while social vulnerability includes the overall organizational system. 2009) Coping Capacity – the means by which people or organizations use available resources and abilities to face adverse consequences that could lead to a disaster. Resilience . There are many dimensions of vulnerabilities according to the elements at risk – physical. economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. economic activity disrupted (or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. resilience is the ability of people to cope with or adapt to hazard as the effect of planned preparation undertaken or adjustments made. and structural reforms that enhance the capacities of communities to adapt. or expected loss of lives. This study covered both aspects in coming up with a comprehensive LAP-DRR-CCA for the Municipality of Cainta. 2009) A disaster results from the combination . Risk – the probability of harmful consequences. and the ability to increase its capacity for learning and adaptation. livelihoods.42 determined by the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing itself. 2009) This definition comprises both the biophysical hazard and vulnerability and was used in this study as it assessed the impacts and identified and reduced the vulnerabilities as a result of climate change. 2006) According to Pelling’s (2003) framework discussed previously. (United Nations International Disaster Reduction . material. property. Disaster – a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human. but also from the vulnerability of social and economic systems to the effects of these hazards. (United Nations Development Program. including the capacity to recover from a disaster. Climate-related risks come not only from direct exposure to natural hazards such as floods. people injured. (United Nations International Disaster Reduction . Responses to these risks should combine two approaches: short-term measures to react to hazards when they occur. 2006) Disaster Risk . the onslaught of Ondoy brought serious disruptions of the functioning of the entire municipality involving human.Risk to human populations is determined by the frequency of a hazard event. 1994) In the case of Cainta. Blaikie. physical injuries. economic and environmental losses and impacts. risk assessment was carried out to identify which hazards are more likely to occur and to have the biggest impact to the community or individual resources. property damages. (United Nations Development Program. a disaster cannot occur if only a hazard exists but there is no vulnerable population or vice versa (Wisner. which exceeded the ability of the local government to cope using its own resources. Risk to a disaster or “disaster risk” therefore refers to the probability of harmful consequences. It has two distinct components: Hazard assessment. disaster involves the extent and types of vulnerability produced by people’s situations and the manner by which society deals with hazard in terms of mitigation and preparedness. Thus. organizations. (Cannon. 2006). Risk Management – the systematic management of administrative decisions.43 of hazards. (United Nations International Disaster Reduction . Simply put. material. vulnerable conditions and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk. its intensity and people’s vulnerability (O’Brien et al. livelihoods and economic activity disruption. strategies and practices for disaster risk reduction. 2009) Risk Assessment – as stated in the operational framework. operational skills and responsibilities to apply policies. 2003). or environment damaged) resulting from the interaction . or expected losses (such as deaths. & Davis. Cannon. and Vulnerability and Capacity assessment. 2006) In simple terms. 2006) Mitigation – this term refers to the measures aimed at minimizing the frequency. 2006) In general. it means “to make less severe”. within the broad context of sustainable development. 2009) It speaks of adjustments in describing a planned preparation as a result of being resilient. environmental. strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society. training. planning. scale. It also referred to measures designed to prevent natural phenomena from causing disasters or emergencies. hazard mapping and public information and effective early warning. Measures may include community organizing. (United Nations Development Program. Disaster Risk Reduction – the systematic development and application of policies. to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse impact of hazards. (United Nations Development Program. respond to and recover from hazards. (United Nations Development Program. social and economical vulnerabilities of society (UNISDR. technological and biological disasters. 2004 and 2005).44 between natural or human-induced hazards with the physical. intensity and impact of a natural or man-made disaster on a nation or community in terms of casualties and damages. (United Nations International Disaster Reduction . Prevention – activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of hazards and related environmental. it is strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand. and of . Preparedness – this refers to pre-disaster actions and measures being undertaken in advance to avoid or minimize loss of life and property. DRR includes non-climatic disasters such as earthquakes. and adaptation addresses the longer-term impacts of climate change. whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.” for the latter connotes the “helpless victims” of disaster that are in desperate need of outside relief assistance. such as the loss of biodiversity. 2008) Mainstreaming – This refers to the integration of disaster risk reduction policies and measures that address climate change into local development planning and sectoral decision-making.45 government and implementing partners to establish speedy and appropriate interventions when the communities’ capacities are overwhelmed. Climate change adaptation (CCA) is an adjustment in natural or human systems. Climate Change – The Philippine Climate Change Act referred to this as a change in climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period. The term “adaptation” was used in this study more than “coping. This study noted that climate change is inevitable therefore it is . which occurs in response to actual or expected climatic changes or their effects. This study moved out of the way disaster victims in developing countries are seen and veer to a more proactive term: adaptation which refers to the vulnerable people’s way of finding themselves in everyday disaster situations that require them to learn to live with the situation and adjust their lifestyles accordingly. There are also important differences to note. subjects or systems. Adaptation and DRR have similar aims – to build people’s resilience in the face of hazards. Adaptation – IPCC defined adaptation as a response to (potential) environmental stimuli that affect given entities. typically decades or longer. (Institute of Development Studies. Hence DRR and CCA become part of the day-to-day business of the local government of Cainta and its stakeholders. plans and action. reduce and manage disaster risks by integrating reduction measures into sustainable development planning.46 important for flood prone areas like Cainta to anticipate. streams or coast. This study referred to earthquake liquefaction as a probable hazard applicable to the Municipality of Cainta. 2013) . (Wikimedia Foundation. Inc. . mainstreaming DRR and CCA in the various programs. Earthquake liquefaction used in this GIR refers to land instability or the cracking and movement of the ground down slope or towards margins of river. The conceptual framework in Figure 12 took off from the standard local planning process. Liquefaction –a phenomenon that pertains to the behavior of a soil’s reaction to stressors causing it to behave like a liquid. However. and even to the evaluation. were made between the public and the private stakeholders. unintended and unforeseen events such as the Habagat Disaster in August 2012 . in written form. The original timeframe meant for the phases to be done sequentially. Throughout the process of creating the LAP-DRR-CCA. the proponents provided management advice and professional support in guiding the local government officials and key stakeholders in a participatory planning process using the LAP-DRR-CCA Planning Framework (Figure 12). Research Design This Governance Innovation Report entailed the creation of the Municipality of Cainta’s Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (LAP-DRR-CCA). Partnership arrangements. wherein the local government worked together with key stakeholders in assessing the risks and in planning for programs. adapted from NEDA’s Mainstreaming DRR Guidelines Framework.47 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The creation of Cainta’s LAP-DRR-CCA used a participatory process. resulting in resilient and safe communities for the constituents. enabling the cooperation of concerned parties from the initial planning stages to the implementation of the plans. Table 2 GIR Timetable FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG PHASE 3 SEPT OCT NOV CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING Community Survey (May 22-31) PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 4 BDRRM Planning (Jul 30-Aug27) Plan Refinement CBDRRM Orientation (May17) BDRRM Orientation (Jul 26-27) Presentation of LAP-DRR-CCA (Sep 26) APR GIR Proposal (Apr 14) MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT MDRRMC OCT NOV RESILIENCE Workshop (May 7-11) DRR-CCA Summit (Jun 24) Review CBDRRM Seminar (Jun 13-14) LAP Consolidation (Aug 27-Sep 19) Budget Hearing (Sep 27-28) Figure 15 Milestones and Activities Timeline . The concurrent activities and milestones were done to keep up with the backlog caused by the Habagat disaster.48 compelled the proponents to carry out the phases simultaneously. with the purpose of achieving this study's overriding goal of including the LAP for DRR and CCA in the Municipality of Cainta's CY 2013 budget hearing. 2012 at the Entertainment Center Phase II of Sta. The Summit was held on June 24. With the leadership of the local chief executive. the DRR-CCA Summit became a venue for effective communication and constituency building by involving local stakeholders as early as possible to ensure their support and commitment in the succeeding phases of the study. the academic community and people’s organizations including the non-government organizations.49 Phase 1: Cainta DRR-CCA Summit and Data Gathering Following the format of the Flood Summit organized in 2010. the youth. More than 300 participants attended the event. The Summit laid the groundwork for the participatory process in the LAP-DRR-CCA. one of the proponents of this study. which have the need for a Disaster Risk Assessment in Phase 2. Lucia East Grand Mall in Cainta. Using the research undertaken by the proponents in rethsponse to the first objective of this study. civil society organizations and the religious sector. the homeowners associations. the business sector. the local government of Cainta launched a multi-sectoral campaign for disaster resiliency through the Cainta DRR CCA Summit by inviting the officers and members of the seven barangays. a presentation of the institutional and legal framework of DRR and CCA was presented in the summit to help explain the rationale and the significance of the creation of the LAP-DRR-CCA. broken down into the following sectors: . Other objectives of the summit included the establishment of baseline data and the identification of the communities and areas. The speaker called on the participants to join in the preparation to respond better to climate change. Barangay NGO CSO Persons with Disabilities Youth Religious Media NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS 42 26 22 51 45 34 28 6 31 22 5 TOTAL: 312 In the Summit Overview provided by Ms. it was mentioned that the summit intended to increase the level of preparedness of the people when typhoon strikes and to lower its impact. He said that in terms of safety. OIC-Municipal Administrator.Office of Civil Defense Region IV-A.50 Table 3 Sectoral Representation of DRR CCA Summit SECTOR Academe Private Informal Settler Homeowners’ Association LGU. Rizalino Timbol. presented by Director Vicente Tomazar. His presentation differentiated hazards from disasters and enumerated their respective effect on people's lives. The next part of the summit set the perspective of the summit through technical presentations by experts from the government. everyone was responsible for their . delivered the welcome address and his key message was to together toward making Cainta a disaster resilient community. It started by localizing DRRM. Regional Director . The summit urged the participants to do their share and not just rely on the local government to deal with the hazards and disasters brought about by the change in climate. (See Appendix 1 for PowerPoint presentation) Mr. Cecil Benavidez from the Asian Research Center for Climate Change. DILG IV-A. Director Renato Solidum of Phivolcs emphasized the risk reduction measures that need to be followed: Surveillance Safe location Safe construction Safe workplace. solutions must also be unique to the communities. Regional Director . family Simulate possible responses Save the environment The summit also laid the ground for the urgency of establishing DRRM and CCA plans for Cainta. school Safe individual. preparedness plans must be in place at the soonest possible time. It is vital to know the available resources before planning. hazards and climate change effects. he said. Director Josefina Castilla-Go. The plans. Since problems were identified per community. floods and earthquakes.51 own safety and in order to minimize the effect and damage of disasters. There is enough mandate or advisory that serve as basis for the creation and integration of a local action . gave the facts and figures of the damages caused by disasters in Cainta. they were brought down to the local setting of natural and humaninduced disasters focusing only on three: typhoons. which she said were compelling reasons for the creation of the plans and programs for action. After presenting the technical definitions and descriptions of disasters. must be community-driven and centered on hazards. The speaker urged all sectors to do more than belong and participate and always work under the spirit of solidarity and teamwork. response to recovery and rehabilitation. For this to happen. 3) determined and defined sectors' respective tasks and their contributions to disaster preparedness efforts of the LGU. 4) prepared a Sectoral Emergency and Adaptation Plan of Action . the summit was able to achieve the following results: 1) enhanced the culture of gender-sensitivity and disaster preparedness among all sector participants as basis for adopting measures and establishing strong mechanisms required for effective response and early recovery. 2) promoted understanding on various aspects of DRR and CCA from prevention/ mitigation. In line with this is the strengthening of the capacity of the LDRRM office and personnel to be equipped in disaster management and for the communities in Cainta to be ready at all times. In summary. Mainstreaming DRRM and CCA in the local development process would allow Cainta to be proactive and not only act when there is calamity. Mayor Ramon Ilagan. preparedness. He said that everyone is part of the solution and that the solution should start from each one of us. one of the proponents of this study. the local development plan of Cainta must be updated to incorporate the respective DRRM plans and CCA measures. ended the summit by emphasizing that everyone should face the threats of disasters and the impacts of climate change by being prepared and ready.52 plan in DRR and CCA. the proponents of this study worked with Mr. Leveling-off and establishing common understanding on DRR.53 Phase 2: Community-Based Disaster Risk Assessment Using the United Nations Development Programme’s “Integrating Disaster Risk Management in Local Governance: A Facilitator’s Guide and a Sourcebook for Barangay Disaster Risk Management Training Workshop”. Data gathering commenced on May 22. The activity deemed as CBDRRM Orientation held last May 17. . Through the "Cash for Work" program of the Municipal Social Welfare and Development (MSWD) headed by Ms. East Bank Floodway. which enabled the community leaders to gather necessary information on the vulnerability level and get baseline data on the communities' hazard and risk assessment. included discussions and presentations on the following: Basic information on DRR and the salient provision of RA 10121 useful in the development of community disaster risk reduction plans. principles and processes of DRR. Angelo Apostol of the Cainta Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CMDRRMO) to train ninety (90) community leaders from high-risk areas particularly of Barangay San Andres to conduct a community survey. Barangay San Andres. Leonor de Guzman. 2012 at the PFCI Session Hall. Fundamental approaches. the proponents assisted the local government in conducting community-based disaster risk assessment and planning focus group discussions in all the seven barangays of Cainta. and Reviewing and analyzing the survey by area. The Community Survey used a capture data form. This 5-day workshop was conducted to help LGUs formulate or update their local DRRM Plan that served as a road map on how to implement gender-responsive DRRM initiative and to align with the National DRRM Framework and National DRRM Plan. Workshop on Earthquake and Fire Drill .How To's. 2012. officers and representatives from Cainta attended a workshop on Local Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Plan (LDRRMP) sponsored by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in partnership with the NDRRMC as part of Building Community Resilience and Strengthening Local Government Capacities for Recovery and Disaster Risk Management or RESILIENCE Project. On June 13-14.54 2012. The seminar also included the following: Practical Tips on "What to do in times of disasters and calamities". Workshop on "Home and Community Disaster Survival". a 2-day CBDRRM Seminar was conducted to discuss the community leaders' actual survey experience and to understand the result of the information collected. The workshop was specifically designed to assist the cities of Pasig and Marikina and the Municipality of Cainta in creating their respective DRRM Plans.11. . 2012. and Community-based Flood Early Warning Systems (CBFEWS) Phase 3: Municipality of Cainta's LAP-DRR-CCA On May 7 . Cainta spent the whole month of May 2012 to formulate their draft DRRM action plan termed as the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP) of Cainta. This planning workshop was as a product of the mentoring process by the Cainta Municipal DRRM Office. 2012 4 THEMATIC AREAS OF DISASTER 1. This 2-day planning workshop held at Sierra Madre Resort in Tanay. Youth Sector Done in Subic under the Resilience Project on May 711. . BFP. Preparedness 3. Rizal was done to strengthen the Local Disaster Risk Reduction System of the local government and as technical assistance to its barangays to be DRR-compliant Barangays. Women. Prevention & Mitigation 2. Response 4. Local Police.55 L ocal D isaster R isk R eduction & M anagement P lan of Cainta (2013-2017) PRODUCT OF A CONCERTED PLANNING Represented by almost all Departments and local functionaries Represented by various local partners (DepEd. the proponents joined a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management Planning Workshop (BDRRMPW) for the seven barangays in the Municipality of Cainta led by the CMDRRMO. in coordination with the DILG-MLGOO. Recovery & Rehabilitation SUMMARY Basis of Planning Basis of planning LDRRMP FORMULATION FRAMEWORK Figure 16 Drafting the LDRRMP of the Municipality of Cainta On July 26-27. BJMP. the proponents worked with local government officials to create a multi-sectoral LAP-DRR- . 3) Increased understanding on resource allocation and mobilization for DRR specifically finding budget and means to disburse at the barangay level the Disasater Risk Reduction Management Fund (DRRMF).56 in order to assist each barangay in its formulating its own Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan. reduction of underlying risk factors and preparedness for effective response and early recovery. Using a grassroots approach to disaster resilience planning. Similar to the planning process in the communities. risk assessment. awareness raising. the proponents collected and analyzed the outputs and recommendations formulated by the various communities during Phase 2 and the BDRRMP. 2) Increased knowledge on first hand response in times of disasters and calamities. Each Barangay sent their respective BDRRMC members including duly recognized NGOs and produced the following outputs or outcomes: 1) A common understanding on DRR as input to the BDRRM plans and programs. Specifically. the planning workshop helped the seven Barangays in the development and formulation of policies and plans as well as implement actions and measures that concern various aspects of DRRM. and 4) Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (BDRRMP) for 2013. In order for the recommended Programs. the PPAs were included in the 2013 Annual Investment Plan (AIP) of the Municipality of Cainta. This activity served as a reminder to the people of Cainta of the threats of natural disasters and the impacts of climate change. 2012 at the People's Center at the Municipal Compound that marked the third anniversary of Supertyphoon Ondoy. The occasion was also used to rally support for the Municipality of Cainta’s nomination to the Sasakawa Award of United Nations’ 2010-2015 World Disaster Reduction Campaign “Making Cities Resilient: My City is Getting Ready. More than 200 participants and guests attended the forum held on September 26. Phase 4: A Culture of Safety and Resilience in Cainta The participatory planning process came full circle in this phase as the local government invited the participants of the DRR CCA Summit to a forum where the LAPDRR-CCA was presented to them.” .57 CCA for the Municipality of Cainta taking off from the draft LDRRM Plan. through the leadership of the local chief executive. Projects and Activities (PPAs) of the LAP-DRR-CCA to be implemented. and on the east and south by Taytay. An integration of DRR with CCA therefore becomes key to sustainable development in Cainta and in attaining their vision of striving to be a prosperous. Cainta’s aspiration to also become a city has been endorsed by the League of Cities of the Philippines.e. progressive and habitable city of responsible residents. With a population density of 11. Cavite which is now a city used to be the most populous municipality in the Philippines. It lies in the Marikina Valley. Cainta is bounded on the north by Marikina City and San Mateo. 2007) show that Bacoor.58 Locale of the Study Geographic Location and Population The first-class urban Municipality of Cainta in the Province of Rizal. based on the requirements set by the Constitution and the Local Government Code.833 on a land area of 4.81 sq km). flood prone areas). with a population of 289. the municipality experiences rapid (high) urbanization that results to an expansion of informal settlers who are more exposed to hazards and disasters brought by living in unsafe sites (i. on the west by Pasig City. with 10 percent rolling hills and 90 percent residential-industrial flatlands.63 people per sq km. 2 Official population data (as of Aug 1.” is the most populous municipality in the Philippines 2 .299 hectares (26. 2011) . known as the “Gateway to the East.810. (Pasaylo. highest in the province of Rizal. they have the following population figures: Table 4 Population per Barangay BARANGAYS San Andres San Isidro San Juan San Roque Santa Rosa Santo Niño Santo Domingo POPULATION 100.59 Figure 17 Geographic Location of Cainta There are seven barangays in the Municipality of Cainta and according to the 2007 Philippine Census Information.147 47.393 87.802 1.278 .589 6.609 39.015 7. San Andres in the south. . Niño and Sta. San Andres and San Roque by the Cainta River. Barangay San Juan is located at the eastern side of Cainta. Rosa in the Figure 18 Seven Barangays of Cainta east. Barangay Sto. Marikina City in the north. Barangay San Andres. Rosa is the smallest with a land area of only 2. Barangay San Juan in the east and Pasig City in the south.60 Political Subdivision Barangay San Isidro has the largest land area and is the third most populous barangay in Cainta.77 hectares. Domingo is the second largest barangay in terms of land area. It is situated in the northern part bounded by the City of Antipolo in the east. is also located at the eastern side of the Municipality and bounded by Barangays Sto. Barangay Sto. and Pasig City in the south. Niño is the second smallest Barangay with a land area of 41.14 hectares while Barangay Sta. Domingo in the north. It is separated from Barangays Sto. It is bounded by Barangays San Isidro in the north. Barangay San Roque is the least populous barangay. the most populous barangay. Niño. and portions of Barangays Sto. 90 Barangay San Juan** 675. .5 Barangay San Roque 66.14 Barangay Sto.158. It is traversed by five rivers: Cainta River (20 kilometers long).289. Rosa 2.96 Barangay Sta. Taytay River. Bulao Rive and Samberga River and three creeks: Balanti Creek. Buli River. Domingo** 1.61 Table 5 Land Areas of the Seven Barangays AREA (IN HECTARES) Barangay San Andres 322. But with the worsening state of the waterways and rivers. As is evident in the river network map in Figure 19.96 Barangay San Isidro** 2. which all drain into the Laguna Lake. Cainta is a natural flood-plain since it is a low-lying area that becomes the “catch basin” of rainwater from the mountains of Antipolo.77 Barangay Sto.29 Total 4. the flooding in Cainta has become a grave concern for the local government. Habangan Creek and Palilingonan Creek. Niño 41. combined with the urbanization problems and the impacts of climate change.021.52 ** areas where disputed territories are located Source: Municipal Assessor’s Office BARANGAY Rivers and Waterways Cainta has the highest number of rivers and streams in the Province of Rizal. A 1.62 Figure 19 Cainta River Network Map The experiences with Super Typhoon Ondoy brought many lessons to the people of Cainta. Continuous dredging and desilting of major waterways such as the Cainta River and nearby creeks and tributaries have also been ongoing simultaneously with sewer rehabilitation and riprap construction.2 kilometer drainage interceptor in a low-lying area in Barangay San Andres was recently constructed. Since then. . especially the local government. the development of flooding mitigation strategies for Cainta has been a top priority for the municipality. 2.1 .80 368.63 Soil and Topography Cainta used to be an agricultural land but due to the increase in population and rapid urbanization.5 2.25 AREA (HECTARES) 2. .southeast trending Binangonan Fault otherwise known as the East Marikina Valley Fault.1 .28 1.049. commercial and industrial land eventually reduced the agricultural activities and eventually gave way to commercial.6 . A detailed slope category is indicated in the table below: Table 6 Slope Category SLOPE CATEGORY (%) 0 .5 5.660.10 10.59 105. which roughly represents the boundary between Cainta's lowland and its hills. residential and industrial establishments.15 18 .89 115. Cainta's topography is generally level to nearly level (62%) with few sloping areas. the need for residential.09 PERCENTAGE (TOTAL LAND AREA OF CAINTA) 62% 9% 24% 2% 3% DESCRIPTION Level to nearly level Very gently sloping Gently sloping Moderately sloping Strongly sloping Major Fault System Cainta is crossed by the south . 64 Figure 20 Ground Shaking Map Public Funds for Public Services Effective fiscal management has direct impacts on the budgetary allocations of the services provided to the public, especially in today’s decentralized government structure where local government units are tasked to promote the general welfare and provide the basic services and facilities for the people. To ensure that the people’s needs are addressed and the municipality’s priority programs have sufficient funds, getting Cainta’s financial house in order was a priority for Mayor Ilagan. 65 The Municipality of Cainta has doubled its annual revenues from PhP331 million when Mayor Ilagan started in 2004, to PhP673 million in 2011. With the help of the Municipal Treasurer, Mr. Ed Villanueva, who is now the treasurer of Quezon City, and the budget head, Ms. Privada Gonzales, Cainta has consistently improved its financial condition and performance. Table 7 below gives a glimpse of how the Municipality of Cainta has consistently met its target income and increased its annual revenues. The revenues are channeled directly into public services that meet the municipality’s needs. Table 7 Target Income and Annual Revenues (2004-2011) YEAR 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 TARGET INCOME 340,000,000 405,000,000 450,000,000 450,000,000 480,000,000 550,000,000 600,000,000 650,000,000 ACTUAL INCOME 331,125,023.15 399,598,162.77 422,325,300.13 476,327,566.15 498,854,846.52 563,395,321.97 624,623,594.56 673,321,327.33 % INCREASE 20.68% 5.69% 12.79% 4.73% 12.94% 10.87% 7.80% ACTUAL EXPENSES 209,449,921.92 301,445,151.80 344,434,548.20 415,211,956.03 420,184,786.27 484,840,719.33 508,432,292.56 550,882,421.24 In addition, almost half of business taxes amounting to PhP474 million collected in 2010 from the municipalities by the Provincial Government of Rizal came from Cainta with a contribution of PhP206 million. Cainta, despite being the locality with the smallest land area of about 43 square kilometers, is also the biggest municipal contributor to the province’s real property taxes. The good financial standing of the Municipality of Cainta is reflected in the “Commission on Audit’s 2009 Annual Financial Report for Local Governments,” as detailed in the figure below: 66 Table 8 Commission on Audit's 2009 Annual Financial Report for Rizal With equity or net assets of P1.464 billion and a gross income of P627 million, the Municipality of Cainta is considered as one of the richest municipalities in the country. The graph in Figure 21 charts the equities (net assets) and gross incomes of the top ten wealthiest municipalities in the Philippines. Having sufficient funds meant that the LGU of Cainta is in a position to allocate budgetary resources to serve the people. As Gov. Joey Salceda of the Province of Albay once said, “Budget is the best articulation of public policy and instrument for its execution.” The power of the coffers should be utilized with good judgment, in accordance with the local government’s priority projects. The chart in Figure 22 shows Cainta's latest expenditure program. 67 Figure 21 Wealthiest Municipalities in the Philippines (2009 COA Report) EXPENDITURE PROGRAM (DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR) 2011 BUDGET YEAR Health and Nutrition Program 15% Social Welfare Services 22% Economic Services 5% Reserve for Calamity 5% Development Projects 8% General Public Services 45% General Public Services Health and Nutrition Program Social Welfare Services Economic Services Reserve for Calamity Development Projects Figure 22 Expenditure Program (Distribution by Sector) 2011 Budget Year . 516.000.588. The extension along Marcos Highway will .20 48.00 100.297.000.000.00 0.000.572.862.000.00 32.029.000.658.000.203.68 Figure 23 below shows the increasing allocations provided by the local government for the various sectors: EXPENDITURE PROGRAM BY SECTOR COMPARATIVE TREND.316.000.024.40 52.00 150.586.974.40 Health and Nutrition Program 82.00 145.00 30.60 288.97 136.237.00 Social Welfare Services 126.00 50.00 33.00 Economic Services 31.00 Reserve Fund for Calamity 27. It is like getting all the benefits of being in the metropolis but paying for them at provincial rates.500.00 2009 2010 2011 General Public Services 240.500.058.000.860. Cainta has adequate access to transportation and communication technologies and public utilities such as electricity from Meralco and water from Manila Water.00 200.000.861.26 27.000.861.465.971. 2009 TO 2011 300.263.000.000.43 274.60 2009 2010 2011 Figure 23 Expenditure Program by Sector Comparative Trend.00 250.14 83.000.000.196.849.00 98.00 Municipal Development Fund 39.393.248.241. The authorities are currently studying the Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line 2 Extension (East/West) Project.357.823.705. 2009-2011 Local Economic Development Cainta has a competitive advantage in attracting investors and residents because of its proximity to Metro Manila.996.979.000. Another way to help businesses in the municipality is to follow the lead of Thailand and Japan’s “One Town. Another kind of affirmative action policy that is good for employment generation is that local businesses are required to prioritize local residents in their job placements. One Product” (OTOP) project. Bangon Kababaihan Bagong Cainta. With the help of the women’s organization. the local government of Cainta is certainly one of the biggest employers and the biggest spender in town. small. At the moment. And this industry is certainly getting bigger and stronger. Cainta is home to Teletech. and market . Cainta also aims to be the Information Technology and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Hub of Rizal. the local government implemented the Water Lily for L. project. which is supported by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Meralco Foundation. Alternative livelihood programs to generate employment in the community are also being promoted. It provides not just good paying jobs. but also high-tech training to its employees. Inc. and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to manufacture. offer. fronting Robinson’s Place Metro East in Cainta. the Outstanding Employer of the Year for three consecutive years since 2008 and the newest member of the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) Hall of Fame. It is a good way to “support micro.F.69 go from the existing Santolan Station to the Masinag Junction in Antipolo City. the Philippines is now the number one Business Process Outsourcing country in the world.E. with an Emerald Station in between. According to IBM’s latest Global Locations Trend Annual Report.I. The local government provides support to local businesses by patronizing their goods and services. With a budget of almost PhP700 million. women’s groups.7 million pesos to cooperatives. Bibingka Capital of the Philippines. “Tulong Puhunan” has released funds amounting to PhP2.4 million to help qualified entrepreneurs to avail of loans with zero interest for livelihood development and enhancement. Cainta should be proud of its rich heritage in making native delicacies called “kakanin” or “bibingka. Some of the Sepoys stayed behind after the short British occupation of Manila and settled in Barrio Dayap in Cainta. and other indigenous groups. 2008) The local government of Cainta should take the lead in choosing and promoting a product or service that is viable and profitable for the residents of the municipality. the local government of Cainta already has a microfinancing project for small to medium enterprises. institutionalized by the Sangguniang Bayan in 2005. . Through the “Tulong Puhunan for Native Small Business Enterprises”. worker associations.” They should reclaim the title.70 distinctive products or services through the use of indigenous raw materials and local skills and talents. It is common knowledge among Cainteños that their bibingka is a localized version of the Indian/Goan dessert.” The Indian Sepoys who came with the British forces that occupied Manila in the 18th Century brought this dessert. Since its inception. the municipality allocated a revolving fund of PhP2. Aside from these areas for enterprise promotion.” (Department of Trade and Industry. “bebinca. After gathering relevant literature. especially in terms of research design and implementation. As the local chief executive of Cainta for . In addition. the proponents extracted information that helped in the creation of Cainta’s LAP-DRR-CCA. Angelo Apostol. Primary sources of data were also crucial forms of inputs from the key stakeholders. the proponents interviewed Mr. The technical aspects of the Cainta DRR-CCA Summit included the relevant policy frameworks at the international and national levels that affect the Municipality. a literature review was necessary. The literature review was important for the proponents to have a foundation on the theories and practices in DRR and CCA. the World Bank and national agencies such as the Climate Change Commission and NDRRMC. knowledge of the best practices in other localities drawn from the researchers’ review of case studies was useful in writing the first draft of the LAPDRR-CCA. Head of the Cainta Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (CMDRRMO). The proponents utilized Internet technologies and library resources to gain access to publications and materials from organizations such as the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).71 Data Collection Methods and Analysis In laying the foundations of this study. Interviews As an in-depth understanding of the plans and programs that are in place to address Disaster Risk Reduction and Management and Climate Change Adaptation in Cainta. patterned after the King County Questionnaire for Preliminary Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Barriers.72 nine years. MSWD and Engineering. planning documents and practices in disaster risk reduction and management and climate change adaptation were also compared to the information gathered from the interviews to determine their effectiveness and effectivity in the real world. (Center for Science in the Earth System-The Climate Impacts Group. The questionnaire used. 2007) Interviews were also conducted at the barangay level since the barangay officials and personnel are usually at the frontlines of disaster management operations. Interviews are excellent tools for understanding the complex dynamics of people and events in times of disasters because of the depth of information that can be accessed from personal interviews. This is one of the most important aspects of the data collection process of this study. Other questions asked during the interviews were: Share success and failure stories of DRRM that you have seen or experienced. 3 people who have lived in Cainta for at least 9 years . 2007) found in Appendix 2 can be summarized into the following main questions: What does their experience tell them about sensitivity to climate and weather events? What have they done within their respective departments on climate and weather impact? Past and present policies. along with long-time3 residents were also interviewed to find out the notable impacts of climate change and other weather events. Department Heads of MENRO. (Wamsler. Mayor Ilagan was also a vital primary source of data. What are the shortcomings of the local government in DRR and CCA and how can these shortcomings be met? Give the benefits of having an LAP-DRR-CCA. The proposed PPAs were ranked using a similar method to the Goal Achievement Matrix. the PPAs were refined and reviewed to determine which should be included in the Annual Investment Plan for CY 2013. were subjected to individual focus group discussions for the hazard and vulnerability and capacity assessment as mentioned in the previous chapter. described in the “Guide to Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) Preparation”: Step 1: Each member of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (MDRRMC) and the officer of the LDRRMO ranked every PPA that required funds using the following scale: Table 9 Goal Achievement Matrix Scale SCALE INTERPRETATION 3 PPA contributed greatly to building a disaster-resilient municipality 2 PPA contributed moderately to building a disaster-resilient municipality . In this discussion.73 Describe the negative effects and consequences of the natural hazards of earthquakes. together with community members of all seven barangays. Focus Group Discussions Barangay officials and personnel. typhoons and floods. The final draft of the LAP-DRR-CCA was presented to the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (MDRRMC) and subjected to an FGD. projects and .74 SCALE INTERPRETATION 1 PPA contributed slightly to building a disaster-resilient municipality 0 PPA did not contribute to building a disaster-resilient municipality PPA slightly inconsistent with the goal of building a disaster-resilient -1 municipality PPA moderately inconsistent with the goal of building a disaster-resilient -2 municipality PPA greatly contradicts the goal of building a disaster-resilient -3 municipality Step 2: The scores for each PPA were added up and ranked from highest to lowest to determine the PPAs that should be prioritized and included in the Annual Investment Plan for CY 2013. The planning workshops at the barangay and/or community levels were crucial to the success of this study. As stated in the Local Government Code. Workshops To accomplish the objective of getting proposals and recommendations for Cainta’s LAP-DRR-CCA. The people who actually experienced the disasters can best describe the realities of vulnerabilities and capacities in times of disasters. programs. projects and activities. the barangay is “the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies. they were able to identify the gaps and issues that needed to be addressed through programs. down to the barangays and communities. Through the guided planning sessions. it was important for disaster risk assessment and planning workshops to be conducted at the grassroots level. ” the proponents guided the participants to formulate important policies. programs and services to be included in a multi-sectoral DRR and CCA for their community. A Source Book 1st Ed.” Using the steps outlined in the DILG’s “Rationalizing the Local Planning System. Figure 24 DILG's Rationalized Local Planning System On July 26 .75 activities in the community. crystallized and considered. and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed. the proponents joined the Barangay Level DRRM Planning (Finalization and Review) Workshop led by the Cainta MDRRMO.” and “Guide to Comprehensive Development Plan Preparation.27. The proponents . The Hazard Assessment Matrix and the Format on Synthesis of Community Risk Assessment Matrix found in the “Integrating Disaster Risk Management in Local Governance: A Facilitator’s Guide and a Sourcebook for Barangay Disaster Risk Management Training Workshop” was used as tools in gathering information for community-based Disaster Risk Assessment through a 2-day Seminar Workshop conducted on June 13 – 14. containing the consolidated proposals and recommendations from the communities in the different barangays. the participants in the community workshops were asked the following questions: What are the specific hazards that have hit the community? How frequent have these hazards hit the community? What is the magnitude of the hazard? How strong was the hazard? . including the findings of the study of international. The Hazard Assessment Matrix is a tool that characterized the threats and impacts of the natural hazards that distress the community. 2012. plans. practices and programs in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. This served as the LAP-DRR-CCA found in Appendix 3. As described in the Voyage to Disaster Resilience in Small Islands: A Guide for Local Leaders (2011).76 collected and organized all planning outputs produced by the barangays and the other communities where the workshops were conducted. national and local policies. The analysis of the matrix brought about hazard-specific early warning system and community-based contingency plans and disaster preparations. . The synthesis of the community hazard risk assessment matrix and its analysis led to a better understanding of the disaster risks in the community and their preparedness. The Disaster Risk Assessment helped the community identify their needs in DRR and CCA. Table 10 Sample Hazard Assessment Matrix The hazard assessment was followed by the assessments of vulnerabilities and capacities. Program recommendations and project proposals were generated through the discussions that led to the planning workshop.77 How large was the area coverage of the damage? How long did the hazard persist? Where did the hazard occur? How severe was the damage brought by the hazard? Below is a sample of the Hazard Assessment Matrix taken from the “Integrating Gender into Community Based Disaster Risk Management Training Manual.” (2009). local academia. senior citizens. youth. informal settlers. the proponents administered a selfassessment for disaster resilience survey to 200 participants from the various sectors to set baselines and identify gaps in the disaster resilience of Cainta. The stakeholders accomplished a survey that represented their views on the “Self-Assessment for the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient” (2012). with each one phrased in a way that allows local governments and participating stakeholders to reflect on the level of progress that has been made to date. business community. homeowners. The Local Government Self Assessment Tool (LGSAT) consisted of 41 key questions. The proponents chose to ask 27 questions out of the 41 based on relevance to the objectives of this study. media and community-based organizations. PWDs. The data below is an excerpt from the LGSAT for Disaster Resilience used by the proponents in the group discussions (See Appendix 4 for the survey tool used): . civil society organizations.78 Survey Questionnaires During the Cainta DRR CCA Summit. religious group. The respondents were from the municipal and provincial government. 79 Table 12 LGSAT Scoring Scale . .Level of Progress Table 11 Excerpt from the LGSAT A community survey method was used to gather information on existing regulatory barriers and potential climate change vulnerabilities and to measure public awareness. It was also used to complete the community-based hazard identification and the community risk and vulnerability assessment. . he has been invited to four international meetings and conferences that focus on Disaster Risk Reduction and/or Climate Change. He identified two international organizations. as partners in translating and transferring global policies and programs into more concrete implementation activities at the local level. Japan on November 21-25. 2011 and in Bangkok. Ramon Ilagan. Policies. And during his nine-year term. 2011 provided the proponents with a glimpse on how the global movement towards disaster and climaterisk resilience is gaining ground with local leaders. His experiences in the two most recent international conferences he attended in Kobe. the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). one of the proponents. Thailand on December 6-9.80 CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plans. is the incumbent Mayor of the Municipality of Cainta. Programs International Level As mentioned earlier. accompanied the participants as they toured the Hyogo Disaster Management Center. Director Ronald Ignacio from the Office of Civil Defense. (the birthplace of the Hyogo Framework for Action) November 21-25. 2011 The five-day conference in Japan. The UNISDR officials. Maria Cecilia Dayot Panlilio from the Senate. Cebu. Japan. It was held in Kobe. Antique. Jerry Velasquez and Manny de Guzman. Vice-Mayor Alfredo Aranas Arquillano Jr. Plaridel Escalona Sanchez VI. The caucus highlighted the Hyogo Framework for Action and the role of local government officials in adapting them. Undersecretary Corazon Tecson Jimenez of the Metro Manila Development Authority. former mayor and Board Member of Pandan. the city where the World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held in 2005 when 168 member-states adopted the present Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. DZBB’s Nimfa Ravelo and the Philippine Star’s Edith Regalado. Kobe. and a courtesy call on Hyogo Prefecture Governor. Legarda. Camotes Island. was a caucus on linking disaster-risk reduction and climate change adaptation in effective risk governance. led by Yuki Matsuoka. the Toga River and Yakigahara Dam. Ms. Quezon City Vice-Mayor Joy Belmonte.81 A. organized by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) and Senator Loren B. of San Francisco. and this was embodied . Japan. Toshizo Ido. Etsuko Okazaki. Director Susan Rachel Galang Jose of the National Economic Development Authority. The other participants were Undersecretary Eduardo Garcia Batac of the Department of National Defense. national and local levels and is considered to be the latest important intervention in the field of disaster risk reduction.” (United Nations. It tackles disaster risks at the global. 2005) Figure 25 provides a summary of the Hyogo Framework enhancing themes. The expected outcome of the HFA by 2015 is the “substantial reduction of disaster losses. regional and international organizations. economic and environmental assets of communities and countries. Hyogo Framework for Action An approach to reduce disaster risks was set out in the United Nations-endorsed Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). 2005) This outcome will “require the full commitment and involvement of all actors concerned including governments. actors involved in the implementation and the following strategic goals (United National International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2009) The HFA is a global policy framework that directs actions to address and reduce disaster risks and build resilience of nations and communities by the year 2015. (Benjamin. 2005): . civil society. having been most acknowledged in disaster related research and papers since 2005. cross cutting issues. regional. B. the private sector and the scientific community” The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) system provides a vehicle for cooperation among the actors to assist in the implementation of the Framework.82 in the Memorandum of Agreement drafted and signed by the participants at the end of the caucus. adopted in 2005. It is a highly influential framework. in lives and in the social. (United Nations International Strategy on Disaster Reduction. It sets out strategies for reducing disaster risks through five priorities for action: (United Nations International Strategy on Disaster Reduction. mechanisms and capacities to build resilience to hazards. and 3) The systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches in the implementation of emergency preparedness. innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. . 3) Use knowledge. 2) The development and strengthening of institutions. 2) Identify. 2005) 1) Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning.83 1) The integration of disaster risk reduction into sustainable development policies and planning. response and recovery programs. and 5) Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response. 4) Reduce the underlying risk factors. December 6-9. participated in by two of the proponents. Ilagan. Sanny Jegillos. Lester G. Cavestany and Ramon A. Thailand. the Regional Program Director of the UNDP Asia-Pacific. Mr. focused on workshop sessions on economic recovery in post-conflict or post-disaster situations. Economic Recovery in Post-Conflict/Disaster Situations.84 Figure 25 Hyogo Framework for Action: 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters C. organized the workshop to emphasize a multi-sectoral approach in minimizing the adverse effects of conflicts or disasters on local . 2011 The four-day conference in Thailand. He also moderated a dialogue between the public sector leaders and the business sector panelists from Myanmar. children. board member of the Kadtabanga Foundation for Peace and Development Advocates. These are the following: 1) UNDP-led “Cash for Work Program” . such as the poor. and Khannapi “Sonny” Ayao. He facilitated this dialogue with respondents from the government. Inc. women. from the Municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat. Maguindanao. Sri Lanka and Nepal about the potential challenges and opportunities for public-private partnerships. Mayor Ilagan presented the economic recovery initiatives in his municipality. Timor-Leste. the proponents found two noteworthy projects that have been initiated by international organizations. especially the most vulnerable and marginalized in society. United Nations organizations and civil society groups who also shared their insights on how the partnerships among different stakeholders in post-crisis recovery can be strengthened to maximize benefits for communities affected by conflicts or disasters. International Initiatives for Local Action In our study of the Municipality of Cainta. Director of the Technical Management Services from the Office of the Regional Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. and the elderly. showcasing the Water Lily Livelihood Program and the UNDP’s Cash for Work project. people with disabilities. Team Leader of the Crisis Prevention and Recovery Team of the UNDP Philippines. Romeo Diocolano. Ilagan was accompanied in Thailand by another proponent.85 communities. Lester Cavestany and the other delegates from the Philippines were Alma Evangelista. The Ondoy victims were hired and paid to do community service. This initiative is an effective social protection measure that compensated for loss and prevented further adverse effects in health. with a cash total of about forty thousand US dollars. nutrition and productivity especially in the marginalized sector.86 2) CIDA-funded “Resilience Project” A. education. Figure 26 Cash for Work in Cainta . UNDP’s Cash for Work In 2009. UNDP through the Department of Social Welfare and Development Office Region IV-A. The table below provides details about the 700 beneficiaries who cleaned-up the streets and creeks and repaired houses damaged by typhoon Ondoy in the different barangays. The positive experience gained through this temporary employment program helped in scaling up disaster recovery efforts to reach those most affected by the tragedy. provided financial assistance to the victims of Typhoon Ondoy through the Cash for Work Program. especially the poor. to complement the direct relief and financial assistance measures. Marikina and Pasig. surfaced yet again in August 2012 when the weeklong monsoon rains and flooding disaster wreaked havoc in . PHIVOLCS and the Office for Civil Defense. National Policies and Programs towards Local Paradigm Shifts The plenary discussions in international conferences and in the national legislature play a vital role in addressing the impacts of climate change and natural disasters that are immediately felt by the people. Key activities included the creation of hazard maps. the reality of natural disasters in Cainta. While this study was being made. a 2 year-project that strengthened capacities for risk reduction. This project was implemented through the national agencies such as the weather bureau PAG-ASA. the volcanology and seismology bureau.87 Following UNDP’s lead. typhoons or floods. and the establishment of early warning devices for floods in Cainta. B. through its Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office. CIDA’s Resilience Project in Cainta The Municipality of Cainta is fortunate to have been selected as one of three LGUs chosen by the UNDP and the Canadian International Development Agency for its “Resilience Project”. the training in the Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment System Software. the Municipality of Cainta. especially those who have less financial resources. has adopted the Cash for Work scheme when assisting victims of fires. The proponents found the following policies and programs that evidence the active and pro-active implementation of measures to address disaster risk and climate change risk reduction and management: 1) Enabling laws 2) Disaster Management Roles including response. affirming the State’s duty to “uphold the people's constitutional rights to life and p roperty by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters.” Months later. strengthening the country's institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and building the resilience of local communities to disasters including climate change impacts.88 Cainta and other areas.” And on . which recognized that the “State shall integrate disaster risk reduction into climate change programs and initiatives. recovery and mitigation 3) Participatory local planning A.094 individuals in 43 evacuation centers were affected and the damage to infrastructure was estimated to be over a hundred million pesos. up to 5. Republic Act 9729 or the Philippine Climate Change Act was signed into law. Enabling laws Less than a month after Ondoy. preparedness. In the aftermath. Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act was enacted.462 families consisting of 27. prompting the Sangguniang Bayan of Cainta to declare the entire municipality under a state of calamity. The Habagat disaster was comparable to “Ondoy”. This enabling resolution paved the way to get the manpower and to allocate the financial resources needed to formulate plans and to implement them. both national and local. Another effect of the enabling laws is the paradigm shift in the role of the government. that guarantees at least P1 billion annual budget allocated for climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. This is in line with one of the principles in government bureaucracy that one of the most effective ways in institutionalizing change is by creating an office for the change you want to create. into their roles in Disaster Mitigation. One such institutionalized change is the mandatory creation of the local disaster risk reduction and management office in all the local government units.” And the change in name translated into the expansion of the role of the LGU from their primary role in disaster response. President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act 10171. Jesse Robredo+. and Post-Disaster Recovery. LGUs were reactive first responders. These laws ensure that the changes are institutionalized from the national agencies and spread across the local government units. And in Cainta. gave this order: “All local chief executives are hereby enjoined to utilize their local disaster risk . And they were only allowed to use their calamity fund during calamities. or the People's Survival Fund Act of 2012. 2012. through Sec.” DILG Memorandum Circular 2012-73. These are the criteria looked into by the DILG in their “Seal Of Disaster Preparedness. In the past. Preparation.89 August 16. when it comes to disasters. a priority resolution of the local council in 2012 was the creation of the Cainta Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Office. But the DRRM Act of 2010 changed the “Calamity Fund” and renamed it “Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund. Adequate life-saving equipment must always be on standby and the emergency response staff have to be well trained. Briones. now has one or more rescue boats.” The Municipality of Cainta knows too well the importance of having rescue and response equipment. translating to more lives lost and more damages incurred. and other rescue volunteers and personnel who came to the aid of their constituents. including Cainta. Dinoy And Mr. Aside from the regular drainage clean-up programs. And fortunately. almost every local government unit. the Cainta Public Safety Office headed By Mr. Cainta had zero casualties in the Habagat disaster. due to the heroism and selfless dedication of the various rescue teams composed of the Cainta Bureau of Fire Protection headed By Major Rosete. the members of the Philippine Army and the Philippine Navy. the rescue teams in Cainta were able to use their emergency response training and rescue equipment to save the constituents from the dangers of flooding in their homes. Before Ondoy. The lesson of Ondoy was clear: lack in the administrative and technical capacity to respond to disasters leads to a much bigger disaster. the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office headed by Mr. In the recent Habagat disaster. Apostol.90 reduction and management fund to ensure that basic rescue and response equipment are procured. the Cainta Philippine National Police headed by Col. Arevalo. only coastal towns had boats. the local government purchased heavy equipment for the dredging and desilting of the Cainta River and the other major . After Ondoy. the Municipality of Cainta drafted a 5-year LDRRM plan and also the contingency plan for Climate Change. We cannot be complacent and wait for another Ondoy or Pepeng. 10121 required the development and implementation of a Comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Plan (NDRRMP) that would serve as a template for the LGUs in crafting their own local disaster risk reduction and management plan.91 waterways.9729 mandated the Climate Change Commission to formulate a National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) which would serve as a guide for LGUs in writing their own local climate change action plans. On the other hand. From National Policies To Participatory Local Planning According to Senator Legarda. R. . A drainage interceptor was also constructed in one of the barangays to ease the flow of drains and sewers.A. Through this study and with the help of the Office of Civil Defense. for that matter. And these proactive measures should begin with good planning. the logical step in disaster preparedness is “to put in place proactive measures to reduce our risk to disasters. formulated in September 2012.A. the principal author of the Climate Change Act of 2009 and the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. R.” Or another Habagat. 92 Hazard Assessment and Climate Change Impacts Climate Change Impacts Risk Assessment Among the 10,020 people randomly surveyed in the community, 6,714 of them mentioned climate change as one of the underlying factors of the hazard they experienced at the barangay level, garnering a high 67 percent awareness rating. In particular, they identified heavy rainfall and increased intensity and frequency of typhoons as the main impacts they know. This means that people at the barangay level of Cainta are generally informed about the extreme weather events that climate change brings. According to the maps by the Manila Observatory and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the province of Rizal is identified to have a projected medium to high level of typhoon hits during the wet season due to climate change. Figure 27 Typhoon Incidence 93 Figure 28 Projected Rainfall Change (Dry Season) Figure 29 Projected Rainfall Change (Wet Season) 94 Hazard Identification Based on the community disaster risk assessment conducted at the barangay level, the community identified the following potential hazards for the municipality: 1) Severe typhoons 2) Floods 3) Landslides 4) Road accidents 5) Utility failures 6) Major fires in commercial areas and densely populated areas 7) Earthquake - Ground Shaking and Liquefaction Table 14 below summarizes the community's assessment regarding the identified hazards. Table 13 Hazard Assessment Summary HAZARD Typhoon LEVEL OF RISK High UNDERLYING FACTORS Proliferation of informal settlers Most of the structures are made of light materials All seven barangays are affected Climate change - increased typhoon intensity and frequency Flood “catch-basin” Degraded and ruined rivers and waterways Poor drainage system Malpractice of waste disposal – community, people, establishments Climate change - heavy rainfall Loss soil Denuded environment “Octupus” electrical connections that Flooding High Landslide High Fire High al. the geographic location of the Municipality of Cainta and its physical conditions make it generally prone to flooding. OF FAMILIES 119 Total: 190 25 28 18 225 Total: 225 . Fernandez St. Table 14 Flood Prone Areas and Number of Affected Families BARANGAY Sto.N. Cruz Nursery Road NO. (2011). Flooding is further aggravated by the presence of informal settlers occupying the banks of the waterways. and the siltation of rivers and streams. Figures 27 and 28 show that Cainta is a natural flood plain since it is a low-lying area that becomes the catch basin of rain water from the mountains of Antipolo.95 HAZARD LEVEL OF RISK Earthquake (including liquefaction) Moderate to High UNDERLYING FACTORS resulted to overload of electricity Structures are made of light materials Congested communities Proliferation of informal settlers Structures are made of light materials Absence of retrofitting scheme Soft soil Flood Hazard Risk Assessment According to a Geographical Information System (GIS) flood risk management case study of Cainta by Gatchalian et. 13. where its elevation is significantly lower than the neighboring towns with rivers and water systems surrounding the municipality.744 families are living in flood prone areas (i. According to MSWDO data. Dominic Creekside C. Niño San Roque LOCATION/ AREA Renea Compound N.e. near river easement) and are highly vulnerable to flooding. Cainta's location in the Marikina Valley.. makes it more susceptible to flashfloods. 1 Villarica Kasibulan Ascona St.300 30 130 50 45 1.300 200 1. Finance St. Marick Subd. Gregory Tribu Bayanihan Sitio Dagat-Dagataan Signal Corp Franchesca Creek Macopa TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION NO. UE Creekside Ruby St.96 BARANGAY San Andres LOCATION/ AREA Planters Bern Buklod Maralita Lakas Tao PFCI Berm Kabisig Lower/Kampi I & II Village East Ph.178 463 1. OF FAMILIES 1. St. Broncho St.500 1. Easter St. Dagat Dagatan Gruar Back of Puma (UMS) San Buena Country Homes Subd Kamagong St.834 200 200 260 60 39 120 1. UE Village Sampaguita St. Villa Cuana Riverside Arinda Exodus Berm Apras San Franscisco Special Block San Francisco Berm Don Mariano Creekside Tabang Bagong Silang Sitio Pag-Asa Mabolo St.000 35 130 Total: 194 18 21 20 36 36 3 1 2 10 6 2 28 62 1 4 3 13. Emerald St. Domingo San Juan San Isidro . Cobra St. Pasco St. Ilang-Ilang St.015 Total: 5. Waling-Waling Isidro Avenue Atis St.934 1.154 140 1.744 24% Sto.200 30 41 134 50 Total: 3.500 700 50 Total: 3. (St. Joseph) Irma St. 97 Figure 30 Cainta Elevation Map Figure 31 Hazard Map of the Province of Rizal . 000 families representing more or less 285. Sta. Rosa and Sto. San Juan. San Roque. Domingo. Figure 27 below shows the flood hazard map identifying Barangays San Andres. Figure 32 Flood Hazard Map . Niño as high-risk barangays in flooding. It affected 45. Sto.000 individuals. the rains brought about by the tropical storm Ondoy in 2009 submerged 98 percent of Cainta in flood water with heights ranging from 3 to 10 feet.98 According to the incident report prepared by the Municipal Disaster and Coordinating Council (MDCC). identified as an earthquake prone area having 29 to 47 projected annual earthquake hits with intensity ranging from 7.6 in magnitude. Figure 33 Earthquake Prone Areas in the Philippines . Figure 30 and 31 below show that the Municipality of Cainta also lies close to the active Marikina Valley Fault System that passes through its nearby towns. Marikina and Pasig. making it also susceptible to experience earthquakes with strong magnitudes.99 Earthquake Hazard Assessment Cainta is in the Rizal province.3 to 7. 100 Figure 34 Cainta in the Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines . 101 Figure 35 Cainta Valley Fault System . as highly susceptible not only to flooding but also to experience quakes with 7.50 and above intensity due to the valley fault system. Possible effects of earthquake liquefaction include structural damage (i. underground utility line breakage (e. Figure 34 gives an overview of the liquefaction hazard of the Municipality of Cainta most significant during the wet season. electric lines). which liquefies after experiencing pressures from many cycles of ground shaking. excluding San Isidro. . underground water brought upward by ground pressure which may cause damage to building contents and electrical services.102 Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment System (REDAS) maps provided by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) give an approximation of the scenarios in terms of earthquake intensity and liquefaction caused by the valley fault system.g. This study considered only the liquefaction effects on buildings and other infrastructures whose foundations are held up by soil or sand. open large cracks or fissures. and sloping ground or ground next to rivers and streams may slide on a liquefied soil. Figure 33 presents pictures of the possible liquefaction scenario during the dry and wet seasons that could happen due to the valley fault system. water pipes. Figure 32 concur with the flood hazard map in Figure 27 in identifying the six barangays.e. road destruction. foundation cracks and building destruction). 103 Figure 36 Valley Fault System Earthquake Scenario (Cainta) Figure 37 Valley Fault System Earthquake Liquefaction Scenario (Cainta) . .104 Figure 38 Liquefaction Map of Cainta (Wet Season) Hazard Sensitivity A study made by the Manila Observatory and DENR entitled “Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters”. ranked the province of Rizal 6th among the top 20 provinces at risk to climate change related disasters indicating a very high risk to typhoons and projected rainfall change. 105 Figure 39 Combined Risk to Climate Disasters Table 15 summarizes the sensitivity to hazards of each barangay that this GIR considered in the creation of an integrated LAP for DRR and CCA based on the maps presented above and in the previous chapters. Niño High High High Moderate . revealed that six barangays are highly susceptible to all three hazards featured in the LAP. with barangay San Andres rating high in all four. Table 15 Hazard Sensitivity of the 7 Barangays of the Municipality of Cainta Hazards San Andres High High High High San Isidro Typhoon Flooding Earthquake (Ground Shaking) Earthquake (Liquefaction) Barangays of the Municipality of Cainta San Juan San Sta. Rosa Sto. Roque Domingo High High High High High Moderate High High High High High High High High High Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Sto. The hazard assessment which utilized both the hazard maps and the community survey data. The country is estimated to attract 20 tropical cyclones annually. The figure below shows the country's rankings in terms of vulnerability to natural disasters. storms. floods. compiled by the Office of the President. the Philippines is one of the worst hit countries by the impacts of weather-related loss events because of droughts.106 Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Vulnerability to Disasters According to the Global Climate Risk Index. and other weather-related disasters. (Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office) Figure 40 Vulnerability to Disasters of the Philippines . nine of which make landfall. and leisure areas. the largest car manufacturer in the country. Based on the hazard assessment. . San Corporation. It is home to numerous manufacturing firms including the Mitsubishi Motors Philippines. It also has a number of vacant areas. formal settlements such as subdivisions. the Monde M. typhoon. major commercial areas. some heavy industries. transportation hubs. one of the nation’s leading biscuit manufacturers and BF Construction Philippines. barangay San Andres consists of the following: a large group of informal settlements located mainly along the Manggahan Floodway.Y.107 Land Use The hazard sensitivity matrix in Table 15 states that out of the seven barangays in the Municipality of Cainta. San Andres is the most vulnerable barangay from all four hazards. Looking at the most recent land use map of the Municipality. The town continues to attract businesses because of its proximity to Manila and the town’s burgeoning population. the abovementioned are considered highly vulnerable to flooding. Economic Vulnerabilities Cainta has a robust economy as evidenced by several commercial and industrial establishments that are in the area. educational facilities. cultural heritage sites. and ground shaking and liquefaction caused by earthquake. 108 Figure 41 Land Use Map of the Municipality of Cainta . 79 percent of agricultural land with rice as its main produce that is at high risk to typhoon. operators and managers and builders. San Juan.49 0.00 10.02 % of Total 1.05 0.13 0. Brgy. San Andres and San Isidro have the highest number of livestock and poultry production compared to other barangays.70 5. and other services like call centers and BPOs. agents and appraisers.50 0.91 1. brokers. Despite growing urbanization in Cainta.57 Vegetables Every barangay in Cainta has swine and poultry industries. Barangay San Andres being the most vulnerable barangay has 2. suppliers and contractors. the Business Permit and Licensing Office (BPLO) reported that Cainta has 26 real estate establishments that include realtors and developers. .11 38. Cainta also has 42 registered financial institutions.109 As of 2011. Commercial activities in Cainta includes wholesale and retail trade. Domingo Total Area Hectares 9.79 0.00 7. planners. Table 16 Agricultural Crops by Area. 2011 Major Crops Rice Barangay San Juan San Andres San Isidro San Juan San Isidro Sto. flooding and earthquake.41 2. the Municipality still has 38. lessors of real property. transportation and communications.02 hectares of land devoted to agricultural production with agricultural activities as mostly rice and vegetables.50 9. San Andres has a total of 830 livestock that is extremely vulnerable to disasters. 706 30 12 124 208 The study of the Manila Observatory and DENR also used Human Development Index (HDI) in assessing vulnerability.694 1.340 510 1. its vulnerability to disaster is consequently very high. . Simply. education and income.566 Total Livestock 1. Niño Sta.500 980 125 230 35 3. the lower the HDI. the higher the vulnerability to disaster and since the province of Rizal’s HDI is low.110 Table 17 Livestock and Poultry Production. HDI represents achievements of a country with regard to life expectancy. education and income factor and the inverse of HDI represented the vulnerability score found in Figure 42. The HDI measure used by Manila Observatory and this study encompassed health. 2011 Barangay San Juan San Andres San Isidro Sto.083 165 277 50 4. Domingo San Roque Sto.761 830 1. Rosa Total Swine 245 320 88 95 10 35 15 808 Cattle 95 21 8 Goats 81 85 Poultry 1. is regarded as those who are greatly vulnerable to disasters. . Having more than a 1.147 most affected people in San Andres as seen in Table 4. 2000 The Municipality of Cainta has the highest population density among all the LGUs in the province of Rizal.000 person per square meter. This entire population. it is also considered as one of the most populated places in the entire country. especially the 100.111 Figure 42 Human Development Index. 2000 Figure 44 Populated Places .112 Figure 43 Population Density. 153.020 informal settlers located in the six flood prone barangays and used them as key informants to the hazard and risk assessment conducted. according to the Manila Observatory and the Urban Research Consortium.113 Figure 45 and 46 show that the province of Rizal has a large number of settlements including the 1. (See Appendix 5 for list) Figure 45 Settlement Areas . The community survey in this study resorted to the 10.726 estimated number of informal settlers located along the Manggahan floodway. 114 Figure 46 Aggregate Map of Informal Settlers in Metro Manila (2000) . Table 18 Evacuation Centers BARANGAY San Andres San Juan Sto. Domingo EVACUATION CENTER Kabisig Elementary School Planters Elementary School Anak Pawis II Covered Court Lakas Bisig/ Feliz Elementary School Lakas Bisig Covered Court Lakas Bisig I Day Care Center Lakas Bisig II Day Care Center PCFI Covered Court Planters Day Care Center Planters Covered Court Mercedes PNP Outpost San Francisco Elementary School Exodus Elementary School Anak Pawis I Day Care Center Anak Pawis I Covered Courts Anak Pawis I Multipurpose Hall Arinda Elementary School Sto. Niño San Roque San Isidro Sto. This situation allows Cainta to accommodate the priority PPAs of this study's output into its CY 2013 Annual Investment Plan. In terms of the local government's rescue and response capacity. Cainta has a total of 22 evacuation centers located in six barangays as seen in Table 18 below. 1 Covered Court Gruar Day Care Center . Niño Barangay Hall Sto.115 Capacity Assessment The previous chapter discussed the financial capacity of the local government of Cainta to allocate resources and funds for DRRM and CCA. Niño Day Care Center San Roque Covered Court Balanti Covered Court Gruar Ph. 116 Majority of the families from the east and west Manggahan Floodway during the Habagat disaster in 2012 voluntarily evacuated to their respective evacuation centers as flood water started to rise. which meant that there are some institutional commitments and capacities to achieving DRR. mostly belonging to the Homeowners Association (34 respondents). . A total of 198 respondents completed the survey. Figures 47. 48 and 49 show the representation by sector. between the ages of 26 to 59 (117 respondents) and mostly male (98 respondents). Some who refused to leave early were forced to vacate their homes by means of the municipality's forced and pre-emptive evacuation policy. PLM.0 in terms of status and level of progress. Workers). MOA.e. Senior Citizens. The local government’s community-based self-assessment for disaster resilience tool administered via an FGD during the DRR CCA Summit to the 200 participants gave the local government of Cainta an overall average score of 3. GPACI. but progress is not yet comprehensive. age and gender wherein the unidentified sector includes responses that could not be classified (i. Health. 117 Blank 18% Unidentified 6% Media 0% Religious 4% Academe 9% Private 8% Informal Settlers 1% Youth 5% CSO 7% LGU 12% HOA 17% PWD 2% NGO 11% Figure 47 Self Assessment for Disaster Resilience Sectoral Representation 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Female Male Figure 48 Gender Representation . 118 Senior Citizens 12% Undisclosed 12% Male 40% Middle Age 71% Female 31% Youth 5% Figure 49 Representation by Age Groups The average age of the respondents was 39 years old. Table 19 shows a breakdown of the respondents according to age groups. the top five essentials that got the highest average rating among the respondents were: . The grouping was made for the convenience of specifying the youth and senior respondents. By Age Group and Gender GROUPS TOTAL Youth (16-25) 15 Middle Age (26-59) 117 Senior Citizens 34 (60 & up) Undisclosed Age 32 (blank) TOTAL 198 % 8% 59% 17% 17% 16% MALE 6 66 23 3 98 % 40% 56% 68% 9% 49% FEMALE 9 50 10 3 72 % 60% 43% 29% 9% 36% BLANK 0 1 1 26 28 % 0% 1% 3% 81% 14% Out of the ten essentials for a disaster risk reduction. Table 19 Number of Respondents. 98) 2) Essential 1: Put in place organization and coordination to clarify everyone’s roles and responsibilities (with an overall average score of 2. Essential 5 got the highest rating which reflected the efforts of the Municipality of Cainta to ensure the safety of its public schools. prepare and share risk assessment (with an overall average score of 2.79) 3) Essential 3: Update data on hazards and vulnerabilities. this meant that the local government of Cainta is institutionally committed and capable to address the following HFA priority for actions: .74) 4) Essential 10: Ensure that the needs and participation of the affected population are at the center of reconstruction (with an overall average score of 2. It received the highest rating because the affected population relied on the said facilities the most during disasters. out of the top five essentials stated above.71) However. And in terms of the core indicators of the five action priorities of the HFA that the national government use to monitor progress. The two questions under Essential 5 likewise obtained the highest ratings.73) 5) Essential 6: Enforce risk-compliant building regulations and land use planning.119 1) Essential 5: Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary (with an overall average score of 2. identify safe land for low income citizens (with an overall average score of 2. hospitals and health facilities from disasters so that they have the ability to remain operational during emergencies. This also implied that local risk assessments based on hazard data and vulnerability information are available and include risk. assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. and regular training drills and rehearsals are held to test and develop disaster response programs. This meant that disaster preparedness plans and contingency plans are in place at all administrative levels.Assign a budget and provide incentives for homeowners. 2) (#5) Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all level. Though not far behind the top rated essential. and while improvements are planned.41. “Essential 2” . low-income families and the private sector to invest in risk reduction – received the lowest status rating of an overall average of 2. The LGSAT result also revealed that the local government of Cainta rated low on the question "How much do warning systems allow for adequate community participation?" This could be interpreted in any (or combination) of the following ways: . This suggested that social development policies and plans are being implemented to reduce the vulnerability of populations most at risk and that economic and productive sectoral policies and plans have been implemented to reduce the vulnerability of economic activities.120 1) (#2) Identify. In terms of the core indicators of the five action priorities of the HFA that the national government use to monitor progress. its commitment and capacities are limited to address HFA priority for Action 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors. this meant that the local government of Cainta is close to having achievements but are incomplete. But the DRRM Act of 2010 gave the directive not only to change the “Calamity Fund” into “Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund” but also in allocating funding to prepare for disasters. or 2) Early warning systems are in place BUT NOT for all major hazards. The participants agreed upon the LAP’s strategic lines and objectives and identified programs to be developed and implemented.121 1) Early warning systems are NOT in place for all major hazards. the LAP for DRR and CCA also shifted from being reactive to becoming proactive. with outreach to communities. BUT WITHOUT outreach to communities (See Appendix 6 for key findings) Disaster Resilient Cainta In the past. Consequently. . or 3) Early warning systems are in place for all major hazards. The CBDRRM and BDRRM Planning helped define the vision of the DRR-CCA action plan intended by this study along with its mission and respective goals. local government units could only use the “Calamity Fund” if and when there was a calamity. with outreach to communities. Mission 1) To strengthen local stakeholders and become active partners in disaster risk reduction and management and on climate change adaptation 2) To elevate the level of consciousness and awareness of each community in Cainta and become knowledgeable to all forms hazards in the municipality 3) To continuously work on the safety of every family and become prepared in response to the onslaught of a disaster or a calamity 4) To work intensively by empowering barangays and other various organizations to make disaster risk management a priority 5) To advance and promote environmental protection and management through community participation and mobilization 6) To establish strong collaboration with all local sectors and other agencies in advancing the development thrust in relation to disaster risk management Goals 1) Strengthen vulnerable sectors for effective response during disasters 2) Establish technology mobilization 3) Institution building for effective participation of local stakeholders on disaster .122 Vision Cainta to become a more resilient municipality. a safer place to live by well prepared residents in response to emergency. 123 risk management 4) Institute local emergency response groups down to the barangay level and equip them with necessary skills and knowledge on emergency and quick response 5) Well managed and community-based environmental management DRR CCA Programs and Priorities The selected programs and priorities to institutionalize and sustain the DRRM plan and mainstream CCA were the following: 1) Strengthening Local Disaster Risk Management System - Institutionalization of LDRRM and Leadership Structure a) Completion of the LDRRM Office b) Creation of Local Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Council (LDRRMC) through SB Ordinance No. 2012-002 Organizational Functional Structure with clarity in reporting relationship between and among Council Members (Incident Command System) –Communication and Information Protocol was already established before, during, and after disaster c) Establishment of Cainta Municipal DRRM Office through SB Ordinance No. 2012-001 124 d) LDRRMO Resource Management – designation of local disaster officer and detailing of personnel while waiting for the approved plantilla positions as provided by RA 10121 2) Establishing Strong Collaboration and Partnership with DRR Stakeholders in All Levels a) On-going “Resilience Project” or “Building Community Resilience and Strengthening Local Government Capacities for Recovery and Disaster Risk Management” Project with OCD/UNDP/CIDA b) Active Membership – Alliance Of Seven (A7) c) Active Membership – Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Organization (PDRRMO) spearheaded by the Provincial Government d) Work intensively with Barangays through strengthening the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Council (BDRRMC) 3) Volunteerism and Innovation a) Strengthening the Cainta River Council Multi-sectoral groups (LGU, Barangay, Women, Youth, Local Police, Local Fire, Religious, Homeowners Associations – HOA, etc.) Off-shoot to Save Cainta River Movement (SCRM) b) Institute local emergency response group through formation of V-ALERT (Versatile Alliance of Local Emergency Response Team) Why “versatile” – scope is multi-hazard not just on flooding. 125 Composition – minimum of 7 individual volunteers from each barangay and already organized Emergency Response Group in Cainta like UVCOM, etc. c) Capacity Building of emergency response group and equipping them with necessary skills and knowledge on emergency and quick response. Coverage of Training Programs a. First aid and Basic Life Support b. Search and Rescue c. Fire rescue d. Vehicular extrication e. Camp Management or Evacuation Center Management (MSWD) f. Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment System (REDAS through PHIVOLCS and OCD) g. And other protective measures against Natural and Man-made calamities d) Continuous Simulation on Earthquake and Fire Drills with Schools, Business Establishments and Subdivision with the Cainta Bureau of Fire Protection 4) Strong and Effective IEC - Advocacy & Development a) Elevate the level of consciousness and awareness of every community in Cainta to become knowledgeable to all forms of hazards in the municipality – Constant dialogue, partnering, symposium, meetings with concerned sectors (i.e. DepEd, HOA, Business, youth, etc.) 126 b) Institutionalize effective participation of local stakeholders on disaster risk management through summits and conferences c) Develop materials of Cainta such as DRRM flyers and hand-outs d) Strengthen vulnerable sectors through the conduct of a Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program (CBDRRMP) – West and East Manggahan Floodway areas already done. Weakenesses. women. elderly. flood marker) The LDRRM Plan The Plan went through an inter-department participatory process of identifying the Strengths. Pampanga b) Updating of Comprehensive Land-Use Plan and Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) where DRR-CCA is integrated c) Forced and pre-emptive evacuation plan & policy under review for approval d) Stock-piling of relief goods e) Procurement of life saving & communication equipment f) Purchase and Maintenance of early warning system/devices (Rain-gauge devise. Outputs of CBDRRMP were “disaggregated data” (how many are children. etc… in the area/community?) 5) Institutionalized Planning and Budgeting For DRR CCA a) Revisiting Cainta Contingency Plan through “resilience project” to be held on June 25-28. Opportunities and Challenges of the LGU before determining . 2012 at Clark. people with disabilities (PWD). Evacuation e. Infrastructue redesign and/or modifications f. priority projects and demonstration sites were identified. The priority projects of the LDRRMP were: 1) Development of Contingency Plans 2) Development of IEC and advocacy materials on RA 10121. Response and Recovery was presented by the local chief executive to the MDRRMC. Preparation. Communications and information protocol before. All priority projects were to be implemented within the immediate or short term period from 2011 to 2013. List of Cainta DRRM Plan Priority Projects To fast track the implementation of the LDRRMP. Creation of DRRM teams c. Manual of operations of disaster operations centers g. during and after disasters b. The purpose was to either replicate good DRRM practices or implement projects in areas which need them most.127 gaps and barriers. Accreditation of stakeholders including volunteer groups . Criteria/standards for local flood early warning systems d. The LDRRM Plan which followed four distinct yet mutually reinforcing thematic areas of NDRRMP namely Mitigation. DRRM and CCA 3) Development of guidelines on a. 128 4) Establishment of a. Local flood early warning systems (through integrated and sustainable management river basins and water sheds – like the Cagayan River Basin (CRB) in Region 2 c. 10121. DRRM Training Institutes b. Monitoring and evaluation are essential components of results-based programming in DRRM and CCA. 5) Conduct inventory of existing DRRM and CCA resources and services. appropriate and needed revisions and/or changes . through monitoring and evaluation activities. being a long term plan which outlasts political terms. The Cainta DRRMP. need to be constantly reviewed in terms of its relevance and impact on the changing situations on the ground. End-to-End Early Warning Systems d. Establishment of local DRRM Councils and Offices and their operations centers. administrations and leaderships.A. Monitoring and Evaluation Feedback mechanisms are important aspects of gauging performance targets and learning from experiences on the ground. Also. as these would ensure the plan’s on-time implementation and that lessons from past experiences become input to the plan altogether. as prescribed by R. and 6) Development and implementation of DRRM and CCA activities using 5 percent of government agency’s allocation from the annual national budget or General Appropriations Act (GAA). (refer to Appendix 7 for some examples of means of verification). in case more appropriate ones are realized.129 could be identified. from the listed activities to the implementation mechanisms. . Monitoring and evaluation used the indicators. targets and activities identified in each of the four thematic areas of the DRRMP. Philippine Climate Change Act. workshops and survey questionnaires and were used in characterizing hazards. the proposed LAP was approved by the Cainta MDRRMC and the Sangguniang Bayan and adopted into the CY 2013 Annual Investment Plan of the Municipality of Cainta. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act and NCCAP. The LAPDRR-CCA's purpose of strengthening the resilience of the entire Municipality was done . focus group discussions. national and local policies. Primary data were gathered through interviews. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings This Governance Innovation Report was able to achieve its main objective of creating an integrated and multi-sectoral Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for the Municipality of Cainta that was mainstreamed into their Local Development Process. UNFCCC. plans. A thorough review of the secondary data allowed the proponents to study the international. By following the four phases. This study considered international and national frameworks and policies such as the HFA. Local Government Code.130 CHAPTER VI SUMMARY OF FINDINGS. determining climate change impacts and assessing vulnerabilities of the exposed areas and the capacity of the Municipality of Cainta in terms of DRR and CCA. practices and programs in DRR and CCA as reference materials in the creation of the LAP for Cainta. The DRR assessment process included: Carrying out a general study or diagnosis of the Municipality of Cainta. The second phase consisted of becoming better acquainted with the Municipality’s risks by conducting disaster risk assessments and analyzing the local environment and actors. national and local frameworks. Prioritizing strategic actions. The first phase involved preparing the institutional setting and raising public awareness by convening all actors and utilizing a participatory process. opportunities and challenges accompanied with an assessment of the resources and capacities of the Municipality in relation to disaster risk reduction was also part of the second phase. Community-based Hazard and Vulnerability assessment. and Empowering local communities to generate risk assessments. Information on DRR from existing international. civil society organizations. . Promoting discussions among all actors to reach consensus on priorities. as where the local government stands in terms of the Ten Essentials for making cities resilient developed by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). the private sector. The method involved drew an analogy between the identified hazards and its underlying factors and the perceived vulnerabilities based on historical data and projections. Internal and external analyses of the Municipality's strengths. policies and programs as well. were collected and systematized for better knowledge about risks. marginalized groups and other stakeholders. weaknesses.131 in coordination with other government and development agencies. actors and the community. the establishment of the necessary mechanisms and promotion of the management and mobilization of resources. 5) Incorporated all elements of the DRR into the Municipality of Cainta's local development plan. and financing for implementation of the plan's projects. and finally 6) Disseminated the plan to ensure that the entire community is fully aware of its content. national and international level for implementation of the plan. 4) Prepared a final plan. . 2) Prioritized projects or programs that must be carried out immediately. Phase three went through the following steps: 1) Pointed out programs to be developed and implemented by the LAP.132 The third phase involved the definition of the LAP's vision and mission. 3) Prepared a DRR local action plan and convened stakeholders to validate and integrate their observations. The fourth and last phase involved the following: a definition of responsibilities and roles of all agencies. objectives and goals and identification of key DRR and CCA programs and projects. It also ensured broad participation and ownership of all stakeholders with the following purpose: Guaranteed the validity of formal and informal institutional mechanisms that allowed all actors to take ownership of the plan. Established partnerships and alliances at the local. the local government got the highest rating in Essential 5. The risk assessment also revealed that San Andres. The LGSAT results also revealed that the local government of Cainta rated low on the question "How much . the risks of flooding. being the most populous barangay is the most vulnerable barangay from typhoon. so that they have the ability to remain operational during emergencies. implying that in terms of level of progress. the local government of Cainta has made achievements but are incomplete and commitment and capacities are limited in assigning a budget and providing incentives for homeowners. Essential 2 got the lowest rating. the local government is committed to ensure the safety of its main schools. flooding and earthquake. typhoon and earthquake were the most recognized hazards within the Municipality. hospitals and health facilities from disasters. which revealed that in terms of the level of progress or status. With regards to disaster resilience. low-income families and the private sector to invest in risk reduction.133 Enlisted the support of all sectors and actors in the preparation of the projects under each of the disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation programs. The previous chapters also established that the local government of Cainta has sufficient funds that put them in a position to allocate budgetary resources and serve its people including disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation efforts found in the local action plan. The community-based risk assessment done at the barangay level revealed that among the seven identified hazards in the municipality. realized that the sooner they mainstream DRR and CCA in their policies and programs.134 do warning systems allow for adequate community participation?" This could be interpreted in any (or combination) of the following ways: 1) Early warning systems are NOT in place for all major hazards. 2) Human security through reduced risks of the population from climate change and disasters. with outreach to communities. and 3) Knowledge and capacity development through enhanced awareness on and capacity to address climate change. which is to make Cainta a climate and disaster resilient municipality. The main purpose of the LAP-DRR-CCA. is aligned to Cainta’s vision of creating a progressive. . prosperous and habitable city of responsible residents. or 2) Early warning systems are in place BUT NOT for all major hazards. the easier it will be for Cainta to achieve their vision. with outreach to communities. or 3) Early warning systems are in place for all major hazards. BUT WITHOUT outreach to communities. The LAP-DRR-CCA priority programs and projects generally addressed the strategic priorities of NCCAP namely in terms of: 1) Ecosystem and environmental stability through enhanced resilience and safety of natural systems and communities. The local chief executive. as one of the proponents of this study. The discussions on the UNDP-led “Cash for Work Program” and the CIDA-funded “Resilience Project” provided a concrete glimpse of how international cooperation can drive local action.135 Conclusions As one of the proponents of this GIR and as the local chief executive. These changes are evident in the creation of the Cainta Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office. The triumvirate laws of Republic Act 9729 or the Philippine Climate Change Act of 2009. preparation. the expansion of the scope of “Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund” to include procurements and service contracts for disaster response. Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 and Republic Act 10171. mitigation. Ramon A. has had first-hand experience on why and how the Local Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (LAP-DRR-CCA) of the Municipality of Cainta has to consider the Hyogo Framework for Action and the various climate and disaster-risk resilience initiatives of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). Ilagan. and post-disaster recovery. ensure that institutionalized changes to improve disaster and climate-risk resilience are in place. The national government is also pushing institutional reforms and capacity-building through policies enacted by Congress and programs implemented by the national agencies and local government units. and . or the People's Survival Fund Act of 2012. Cainta went under a State of Calamity again as 80 percent of the Municipality was again submerged in floods spanning from 2 feet to a high of 10 feet.462 families were affected consisting of 27.136 the participation of national agencies and community members in the formulation of local action plans. the Municipality of Cainta regularly experience natural disasters of geological and meteorological in origin. The voice of the community identified typhoon.094 individuals in 43 evacuation centers and the damage to infrastructure (ripraps. These natural disasters had a considerable impact on the lives and livelihoods of the people of Cainta. More than 90 percent of Municipality of Cainta was flooded. The Municipality being part of Rizal consequently becomes highly vulnerable in this aspect.63 . number of informal settlers per barangay and number of affected families when disaster strikes. population density. Given its geographical location and geophysical characteristics. the proponents looked at its vulnerability to disasters through the province’s human development index. The province of Rizal ranked 6th most vulnerable among all the provinces in the country with regard to HDI levels. bridges. Cainteños were awakened by the rush of floodwaters inside their homes caused by the nightlong rain of Super Typhoon Ondoy. flooding and earthquake. causing the death of 15 people and inflicting damages worth over PHP 100 million pesos. particularly ground shaking and liquefaction. Having a population density as high as 11. In 2009. A total of 5. 810. as the top hazards that affect the Municipality of Cainta face. For the Municipality of Cainta. silt) accounted to approximately PhP108 million. In 2012. projects and activities were comprehensively aligned to the voice of the most vulnerable members of the community.137 persons per hectare. The proponents considered it an achievement that a number of municipal departments specifically MENRO. the major programs. utilizing a participatory process in the truest sense of the word. The LGSAT survey also revealed that the local government is generally dedicated in completing the Ten-point checklist for disaster risk reduction with Essential 5 as its strongest suit. The LAP and the AIP not only addressed the scientific concern of climate change but also considered the actual needs of the community. appropriate and implement an integrated local action plan for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation for the entire Municipality. high incidence of affected families in flooding. Barangay San Andres was also pointed out as the most vulnerable barangay in terms of the hazard maps and population density. This study established that the local government of Cainta is in a position to allocate funds to serve its people due to its consistent improvement of fiscal capacity. below were the thrusts of the local government regarding its LAP-DRR-CCA: . the people of Cainta becomes extremely vulnerable to the three hazards identified. Having said that. In terms of four thematic areas. As a result. needs to improve on Essential 2 and in allowing adequate community participation in warning systems. The local government however. the local government is able to create. MEO and MSWDO included climate change and disaster mitigation and adaptation programs in their AIPs. It has the highest number of informal settlers. Mainstream DRR-CCA in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) g. Involve Multi-sectors in awareness programs h. Train and build capacity of Emergency Response Team . Finalize multi-hazard maps j. Enhance early warning systems i. Goal: To enhance the emergency response capabilities and readiness of Cainta through strengthening its LDRRM System to become a more resilient municipality b.138 1) Mitigation a. Assess and inspect the safety/building codes of existing structures e. b. Goal: To strengthen the Local Risk Reduction and Management System of Cainta down to the grassroots level by adopting measures and formulating policies and plans and implementing various actions that concern risk assessment and early warning measures. Strengthen the Cainta River Council and partnership with other LGUs and organizations 2) Preparation a. Monitor and maintain rivers and waterways f. Create the LDRRM Office and establish the Operation Center c. Strengthen the Barangay DRMM Councils and Offices in all the 7 barangays d. Distribute wooden bridges for flooded areas Both the Christian doctrine and the legal principle state. Store enough reserves of relief goods d. Conduct Disaster Emergency and Response Drills 3) Response a. Formulate the Evacuation Plans of the Barangays d. Provide accessible means of transportation e. Provide relief goods to those in need 4) Recovery a. Institutionalize Cash for Work and Food for Work Program d. Purchase life-saving and emergency response equipment e. Deploy clean-up teams of Municipal Public Safety Office (MPSO) and Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) c. Recognize and continue to train the members of the Emergency Response/ Rescue Team c. Goal: To enable a fast psychosocial.139 c. where the less fortunate and people at-risk (elderly . Goal: To institutionalize the Incident Command System for effective and efficient response b. Implement Rapid Damage Needs Assessment of Infrastructure e. "Those who have less in life should have more in law". Listening to the voice of the most vulnerable then means adopting a rights-based approach. economic and structural recovery of disaster-affected communities b. They need the help of the community in the same manner as the community needs the help of their government.140 people. The ease of the local planning process depended on the degree of interest and support of the people. the participation of key stakeholders. and sound project management. Lessons Learned and Recommendations This Governance Innovation Report can be considered an exercise of good governance and accountability. children. Social Accountability Toward Successful Planning The success of this local action planning required the following key factors: the leadership and involvement of the local chief executive. as it required the local government to anticipate trends and changes that could affect their environment. balanced decision-making. it was necessary to have the . Accountability was also established in the barangay being the front liners in the impacts of climate change. open communications and transparency. FGDs. interviews and surveys we conducted. as is evident in the good participant turnout in the workshops. The elements of participation and transparency were utilized through the summits and community dialogues. people with disabilities. economy and the well being of the community. Climate change is a very big issue or problem that could not be handled alone by the local government units. Thus. women and people living in hazard prone areas) are given the first priority to be served. senior citizens. The premise was based on the fact that people in the community know their own needs. Social accountability also worked in an enabling environment in which the local government’s receptivity to citizen’s participation is embodied in the combination of the government’s advocacy and an enabling legislation. problems and concerns. Another important element in local action planning was the political will. to be applied in every stage of the action planning for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. 2010) The institutionalization of DRR and CCA into the local development planning was achieved with the support of planning frameworks such as the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and the ELA (Executive and Legislative Agenda). The Mayor and the officials demonstrated strong and determined commitment to implement DRR and CCA plans. business groups.141 concepts of social accountability. Vendors. Social accountability required partnership and collaboration between the public and the citizens to work. Inclusion of the poor and the marginalized sectors was regarded to be crucial in planning for DRR and CCA programs that are meant to come to the aid of the highly affected population. a process of constructive engagement. the youth and others were encouraged to attend the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Planning held in every community. During the formulation of the Barangay Development Plans. without bias to any political affiliations or soco-economic . the women's sector. active participation from all sectors in the community was solicited and all sectors were properly represented. (Affiliated Network for Social Accountability in East Asia and the Pacific. Mitigation is one of the pillars of addressing . NGOs. through issuances of newsletters. problems and achievements. Mayor Ilagan. press releases or public statements. business sector. public meetings. through his public speeches. After developing the message of disaster preparedness. Disseminate and Promote the Plan The proponents learned that people's awareness to climate change is crucial to allow appreciation and ownership of the DRRM-CCA plans. the community and different actors about the gaps. website. and the public in general. It was also necessary to acquire and maintain the support of local stakeholders. summits and workshops. the next step was to spread the message to everyone. Thus it is important to develop and nurture a culture of disaster preparedness.142 divisions. Incorporate Mitigation Efforts It is true that climate change has largely negative consequences to the economy but the planning process revealed that it might also create economic opportunities for LGUs especially in the long run. The proponents of this study recommend for future plans to include mitigation or corrective measures in local action plans other than disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. conveyed the need for action but balanced the challenge with optimism and inserted information on why local action was necessary. brochures. An internal and external communications strategy is necessary to inform local authorities. local government staff and personnel. fact sheets. Understanding. mitigation plans might produce more savings. Cainta's experiences with Ondoy and Habagat had shown that climate change would likely lead to irreversible losses if no action is taken. It might not be cost effective to do now for Cainta.143 climate change and shall be pursued as a function of adaptation. Calculate Greenhouse Gas as CCA Impact Measurement The Municipality of Cainta’s susceptibility to natural hazards due to its geographical location and geophysical characteristics created the need to integrate the climate change programs in the local action plan. “You can only manage what you can measure” and it is in this context that the proponents recommend doing a quantified list of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sources for the Municipality of Cainta to account for the amount of GHG it contributes in the atmosphere and from there build strategies to control them. climate change is indirectly attributed to greenhouse gas emissions from the earth. managing and reducing GHG emissions can bring several benefits: Knowing the present and historical GHG emissions of the locality . Hence. an American management consultant and educator once said. Peter Drucker. Greenhouse gases are the reason there is global warming. But in order for climate-smart development to take place in the local setting. planning for the future is a must. Therefore. the local government should not only end with being climate resilient (adaptation) but also strive for low emission development (mitigation). while global warming or the increase in atmospheric temperatures is said to force the climate to change. but in the long run. Adaptation is a local response to a global issue that is tailored to the vulnerabilities of the local communities. The type of planning used in LGU’s . homes. Cainteños cannot call themselves responsible residents if they do not have the skills and resources to respond to life-threatening situations. Climate Change Adaptation through Land Use Planning The local chief executive of the Municipality of Cainta realized that the sooner DRR and CCA programs. etc. computing emissions and setting reduction targets. There can be no progress and prosperity if the Municipality of Cainta does not prepare for the impacts of climate change and the onslaught of natural disasters. projects and activities are mainstreamed in the local government’s policies and programs. the easier it will be for Municipality to achieve its vision. vehicles. In the same manner. The Municipality of Cainta can also evolve to better adapt to climate change through land use planning. the local government would be technically equipped to implement actual climate change initiatives or projects in their own premises.144 Providing (scientific) information needed to prioritize actions which results to a reduction of waste and costs and improve on the quality of the local environment Providing data needed to monitor and assess the actions Demonstrating leadership and social responsibility. Some LGU management operations resulting from a GHG inventory could be protection of forests and save on energy usage in buildings. By identifying emission sources. (Sanborn) The proponents recommend for the local government of Cainta to update its land use map that was created 12 years ago. The proponents would like to recommend that the joint activities of the said national agencies be coursed . Empower the LDRRMO The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Climate Change Commission and the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) on February 28. The CLUP of the Municipality of Cainta is currently being re-developed and the proponents of this study aspire for DRR and CCA measures to be considered in the revisions.145 comprehensive land use plan (CLUP) takes an anticipatory approach that is proven to be less costly than reactive planning measures. both agencies will work together to support the plans and actions of the local government units around the country. According to their MOU. 2011. land use maps needs to reflect the most accurate and most recent land cover. especially in each LGU’s integration of disaster risk reduction and management into climate change action plans. And since land use planning requires knowledge of the current state of the landscape. especially the disaster-prone and climate change-affected ones. These joint efforts would provide the combined disaster and climate risk information coordination and knowledge management that local government units. with details on how it is being used. initiated the joint efforts of both national agencies to combine the related issues of climate-risk and disaster-risk resilience and help address them at the local level. need. In particular. 4) Prepare a clear timeline for carrying out the evaluation and delivering progress reports. During the implementation stage. suggestions or comments. Follow up and Evaluate the Plan The key to an effective plan is to be able to measure its progress and submit the plan to constant updating. the proponents recommend the following course of actions to be done at the implementation stage: 1) Develop a monitoring. evaluation and assessment strategy to implement the plan. the Cainta MDRRMO should also look into expending its mandate not also include strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. including responsibility for these tasks.146 through the respective local disaster reduction and management offices of the LGUs so to facilitate greater appreciation and application of the technical information would be achieved. it is crucial to put in place communication mechanisms that allow the community to provide input. including the role of the local community and the social or economic sector. 2) Define who is responsible for follow up and monitoring. Monitor. . 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To what extent do current plans. what process is necessary to identify adaptation strategies? . What additional information about climate impacts would help further your ability to manage climate change impacts? 6 Do you know of. 8. policy. potential economic impacts from climate change? Please state what the potential or expected impacts are and why they may occur. poor) If answering for more than one plan. or can you identify. policies. which present the greatest concern and why? 5. 2. fair. If specific recommendations are not identifiable. or regulation. or regulations for managing climate impacts? (very good. title(s) and division/ department completing this survey. What additional actions. please answer for each. good. How adequate are these existing plans. How is climate change likely to affect your natural or built resource? Of these impacts. How is your natural or built resource sensitive to present day climate variability? 4. or inherently provide a buffer against climate impacts? Please provide examples. and regulations explicitly account for the impacts of climate variability or change. What is the natural or built resource that is the focus of this questionnaire response? Please use above sector name: Assessing Sensitivity 3. or regulations are needed for managing climate change impacts? 10.154 APPENDICES Appendix 1 King Country Questionnaire for Preliminary Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Barriers General Information 1. policies. 9. Name(s) of person(s). Assessing the Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change 7. authorities. What recommendations can you make for near-term (less than 5 years) and longerterm actions or next steps? Cross-agency and Cross-sector Interactions 13. What other county departments or governmental jurisdictions need to be involved in developing and implementing adaptation responses to climate change for your natural or built resource? 16. To what extent do climate change impacts and adaptation activities in your resource affect other sectors (listed above)? Please specify. .155 11. Do you have existing forums or committees to do this? 12. Please provide any additional information that you would like to share. Is there currently a process or forum in place that facilitates this type of interaction? If so. 14. 15. 17. To what extent do climate change impacts and adaptation activities in other sectors (listed above) affect your resource? Please specify. please specify. Completion and Fully Operationalized 7M 2012-2013 1. Activities) 1) PREVENTION AND MITIGATION LGU Budget Targets including IMPLEMENT Programs/ Activities Key Output PS/ Gender concerns ATION YEAR MOOE/ CO Goals: To strengthen Local Risk Reduction and Management System of Cainta down the grassroots level by adopting measures and or formulating policies and plans as well as implementing various actions that concerns risk assessment and early warning knowledge-building and awareness-raising. Projects. River Monitoring and assessment of creeks. Strengthening the Local contingency plans for all Disaster Risk Reduction coordination and communication types of hazards and disasters and Management mechanism in-placed Council) Harmonization of PPAs of LDRRMC members Strong involvement Synchronized DRRM-CCA 500K Yearly 3. Building Assessment and/or inspection to determine strength and safety/ Implementation of building Code or “Retrofitting” (schools.156 Appendix 2 LAP-DRR-CCA (Program. roads and bridges (MENRO CONCERN) Strengthening & equipping Environment Enforcers (EEs) Clean rivers and safe roads Regular assessment report on the status of roads. bridges. business. creeks and Cainta river 500K 2013-2017 . Operation Center-C3 required equipment and supplies including furniture and fixtures Strong and effective Clear and synchronized 100K Yearly 2. ETC) – (ENGINEERING CONCERN) Commissioning of task force that involves men and women in the assessment Safe building structures – climate change adaptationcompliant structures Typhoon-resilient 2M 2013-2017 5. Management Council in at the community 7 barangays level 4. Establishment of Cainta Equipping of LDRRM Office with 3M 2014-2017 LDDRM Office or LDRRM Office complete human resources. Strengthening the of Barangays in plan of LGU and barangays Barangay Disaster Risk strengthening DRRDRR-CCA Focal person in Reduction and CCA implementation every barangay identified. etc.) No. 8. meetings. etc. Youth. workshops. fora. etc. Handouts. OSCA. Mainstreaming of DRR-CCA in sectoral plans and programs Number of IEC materials Disseminated (Flyers. of activities. meetings with other sectors (Academe. HOA.157 LGU Budget PS/ MOOE/ CO 500K Programs/ Activities Targets including Gender concerns Development & Production of Multihazards IEC Materials for knowledge management activities Conduct of Community-based disaster risk reduction and management programs (CBDRRM) Integration to DepEd lessons.) Inclusion of DRRCCA in updating CLUP/CDP Designation of equipped personnel Key Output IMPLEMENT ATION YEAR Yearly 6. and related activities like “contest” Orientation seminars. symposia. parents on DRR-CCA No. conducted 500K Yearly 200K Yearly 500K Yearly 7. students. of activities. symposia. conducted in the identified at-risk-communities Increased awareness of the community-at-risk Increased awareness of teachers. leaflets etc. meetings. fora. Enhancement of and Maintenance of EWS -Rain Gauged/-Flood Marker/ Communication (Radio)/siren (Note: Procurement of EWS under 2012 budget) Multi-Hazard Mapping Specific DRR/CCA Plans and Programs incorporated in CLUP & CDP Sufficient and effective early-warning system 300K 2012-2013 2M 2012-2017 a)Identification of vulnerable areas/ identification of hazard-prone areas per barangay b)Provision & reproduction of multi-hazard maps Developed comprehensive CBDRRM plan suitable for the classification of hazards within identified Community-at-risk per barangay identified Disaggregated data based established in at-riskcommunities 500K 2012-2017 . PWD.. Women. Institutionalization of local emergency response system through Formation & capacitating of VALERT (Versatile Alliance of Local Emergency Response Team) on multi-hazardin partnership with OCD (deleted) 10. Set of Hygienic kits & Medicines Good quality acquired training 1M 2M 2. Food & Non Food Items b. Strengthening the “Water-Lily for Life” project for women (GENDERRESPONSIVE DRR) 11.158 LGU Budget PS/ MOOE/ CO 1M Programs/ Activities Targets including Gender concerns Acquisition of legal personality and accreditation Formation & capacitating of VALERT (Versatile Alliance of Local Emergency Response Team) on multi-hazard Key Output IMPLEMENT ATION YEAR 2013-2017 9. Targets including Gender concerns 1. of programs and projects initiated by CRC – river rehabilitation.5 M Yearly . Strengthening of Cainta River Council Good quality & equipped emergency responders to be composed of individual volunteers and organizations from 7 barangays Defined and strengthened structure of V-ALERT Expansion of “Water Lily for Life Project” as Livelihood program to cater unemployed women at the barangay level Multi-sectoral participation and involvement in DRR programs No.5 2013-2014 2015 2016-2017 2. Stock piling Purchased Food & Non Food items MOA with business sector “GET NOW PAY LATER” 2. effective implementation of local environmental ordinances 200k 2013-2017 2) PREPAREDNESS LGU IMPLEM Budget ENTATI Programs/ Activities Key Output PS/MOO ON E/CO YEAR Goals: To enhance the emergency response capabilities and readiness of Cainta through strengthening its LDRRM System and Structure to become more resilient municipality. of women-beneficiaries per barangay 500K 2013-2017 No.e response and rescue operations) a. Capacity-building of VALERT on multi-hazard and DRR-CCA Enhanced technical KSA of V-ALERT on multi-hazard (i. 1. and disaster transfer of knowledge Zero casualty and 500K Yearly 2. Hospital. Schools Govt.O. Capacity Building of Enhance awareness Efficient streamline 500K Yearly Personnel Involved in ICS of all personnel operation during under ICS structure time of disaster through series of Provide effective orientation. / Private. Business Establishment.A. Purchase of Life-saving and response equipment Targets including Gender concerns Conduct regular emergency drill in collaboration with concerned agencies Key Output Increased level of resilience and climate change adaptation Acquisition of disaster equipment in relation to the Capacity-building programs for VALERT (can consider other requirements proposed or requested by local partners) 2M 3M 2013 2014-2017 3) RESPONSE Programs/ Activities Targets including Gender concerns Key Output LDRRM F IMPLEMENTA TION YEAR Goals: To institutionalize the Incident Command System (ICS) for effective response and early recovery. response during coaching. Identification of alternate routes. 4.A.Formulate guidelines for prefatality emptive Evacuation Plan emptive evacuation w/ Barangay Officials 3. Formulation of Force Pre. Disaster Emergency & Response Drill (Local.conduct Forging of MOA with H. H.O.159 LGU Budget PS/MOO E/CO 300K IMPLEM ENTATI ON YEAR Yearly Programs/ Activities 3. Brgys. and friendship routes between and among subdivision . to open up their roads Review the SB resolution regarding the FRIENDSHIP ROADS IDENTIFIED Availability of heavy operational transport services and vehicle Coordination meetings with HOA Effective Delivery / Distribution of Relief goods to affected areas – Building effective coordinative mechanism 300K 2013 . Development of Recovery Localized 2M 2013 and Rehab Plan Instrument/Tool/ 3M 2014 2. Capacity-building of Camp Managers . Conduct of Study/or Methodology 4M 2015-2017 Development of Effective Development for and Efficient Tool and RDANA Instrument on Post damage Enhanced KSA of assessment or RDANA local camp (Rapid Damage Needs managers Assessment) 3.160 4) REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY Programs/ Activities Targets including Gender concerns Key Output LGU Budget PS/MOOE/CO IMPLEMENTATION YEAR Goals: To enable a fast psychosocial and structural recovery of disaster-affected communities 1. macro and micro-insurance) available to vulnerable and marginalized households for pre-disaster times? 2.g.1 How regularly does the local government communicate to the community information on local hazard trends and risk reduction measures (e.1 How well are local organizations (including local government) equipped with capacities (knowledge. saving and credit schemes. official mandate) for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation? 1.2 What is the scope of financial services (e. including effective disaster response and recovery? 2. risk assessments from neighboring local authorities and state or provincial government risk management plans? 3.2 How well are local government risk assessments linked to.1 To what degree does the local government allocate sufficient financial resources to carry out DRR activities. such as chambers of commerce and similar.161 Appendix 3 Local Government Self-Assessment Survey Tool Name (Optional) ___________________________Sector______________________ Age____Gender __ Local Government Self-Assessment Tool for Disaster Resilience (Adapted from the ‘Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient’ TEN ESSENTIALS KEY QUESTIONS PER ESSENTIAL Score ESSENTIAL 1: Put in place organization and coordination to clarify everyone’s roles and responsibilities 1. private sector and local authorities to reduce risk? 1. support efforts of small enterprises for business continuity during and after disasters? ESSENTIAL 2: Assign a budget and provide incentives for homeowners.2 To what extent do partnerships exist between communities.3 How much does the local government support vulnerable local communities (particularly women. and supportive of. lowincome families and the private sector to invest in risk reduction ESSENTIAL 3: Update data on hazards and vulnerabilities. prepare and share risk assessments 3.3.g. policymaking. infirmed.3 To what extent do local business associations. experience. planning and implementation processes? 2. How well are disaster risk assessments incorporated into all relevant local development planning on a consistent basis? . including early warnings of likely hazard impact? 3. using a Risk Communications Plan). children) to actively participate in risk reduction decision-making. elderly. identify safe land for low-income citizens 5. hospitals and health facilities from disasters so that they have the ability to remain operational during emergencies 5. hospitals and health facilities? 6. building codes.g. adapt to climate change 7. land use plans. protection and sustainable management of ecosystems services. building codes.1 How well integrated are the DRR policies. education or training in disaster risk reduction (including climate-related risks) as part of the educational curriculum? 7.1 How well enforced are risk-sensitive land use regulations. including the Cainta river and tributaries? 8.162 TEN ESSENTIALS KEY QUESTIONS PER ESSENTIAL Score ESSENTIAL 4: Invest in and maintain risk reducing infrastructure.3 How adequate are the measures being taken to protect critical public facilities and infrastructure from damage during disasters? ESSENTIAL 5: Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary ESSENTIAL 6: Enforce risk compliant building regulations and land use planning.1 How much do warning systems allow for adequate community participation? ESSENTIAL 9: Install early warning .2 To what degree do local schools and colleges include courses.2 To what degree do civil society organizations and citizens participate in the restoration.3 To what degree does the private sector participate in the implementation of environmental and ecosystems management plans in your local authority? 9.) to support disaster risk reduction in your local authority? \ ESSENTIAL 7: Ensure education programs and training on disaster risk reduction are in place in schools and communities ESSENTIAL 8: Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate hazards.2 How strong are existing regulations (e.1 How regularly does the local government conduct awareness-building or education programs on DRR and disaster preparedness for local communities? 7.1 How far do land use policies and planning regulations for housing and development infrastructure take current and projected disaster risk (including climate related risks) into account? housing communication transportation energy 4. How safe are all main schools.1.2 How far are regular disaster preparedness drills undertaken in schools. etc. strategies and implementation plans of local government into existing environmental development and natural resource management plans? 8. and health and safety codes across all development zones and building types? 6. such as storm drainage 4.2 How adequately are critical public facilities and infrastructure located in high-risk areas assessed for all hazard risks and safety? 4.3 How aware are citizens of evacuation plans or drills for evacuations when necessary? 8. 3 How available are key resources for effective response. emergency shelters. psycho-social assistance)? 10.e.2 To what degree does the Contingency Plan (or similar plan) include an outline strategy for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.2 To what extent does the local government have an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and/or an emergency communication system? 9.1 How well are disaster risk reduction measures integrated into postdisaster recovery and rehabilitation activities (i. identified evacuation routes and contingency plans at all times? 10. build back better. livelihoods rehabilitation.163 TEN ESSENTIALS KEY QUESTIONS PER ESSENTIAL Score systems and emergency management capacities 9. including needs assessments and livelihoods rehabilitation? ESSENTIAL 10: Ensure that the needs and participation of the affected population are at the center of reconstruction . such as emergency supplies. Surigao Palmera Heights Creek JHENIL (Back of Digitel) Number of Individuals 22 48 42 17 .164 Appendix 4 List of CBDRRM Informants Area Barangay: Sto.700 9 Petron Compound 10 Buick Creekside (Village East) 11 Bronco Creekside (Village East) 12 Samahang Tabing Ilog 13 VENA (Village East) Sub-total Area Barangay: San Juan 1 2 3 4 L. Domingo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nagkrus Creek (St. Santos Street San Juan Heights Masgad. East) UMS Compound (PUMA) Number of Individuals 39 247 150 250 86 180 40 80 50 7 270 217 84 1. Joseph) Kasibulan Creek Sitio Kangkungan SMTI-San Buena Compound Gruar Riverside Creek Phase 1 Village East Creek Cobra People's Riverside (Vill. Sub-total Barangay: San Roque 1 Nursery Road Sub-total Barangay: San Andres 1 Lakas Tao 2 Planters BERM 3 Bagong Silang (Lakas Bisig) 4 Samahang Buklod Maralita 5 Everlasting Neighborhood 6 Lower Easement 1 7 Lower Easement II 8 Lower Easement III 9 Lower Easement 1V/Falcon Ville 10 Kampi I 11 Kampi II 12 BERMAI 13 United Neighborhood East 115 115 1.330 800 92 392 127 50 23 81 140 51 25 1. Ricarte Creek San Francisco (BERM) Sitio Kababan I Number of Individuals 11 27 13 201 212 520 75 170 200 155 120 1.833 10 Apras BERM 11 Lower Manggahan 12 Samahang Magkakapitbahay (Don Mariano) 13 Anak Pawis Creek 14 Sitio Kababan II 15 Samahang Pinagkaisa(Don Mariano)Quil St.577 387 . Francis Gen.165 Area 5 6 7 8 9 San Juan Heights (Motor Pool) Riverside St. V. Soliven (ICCT College) Samahang Pagkakaisa ng Mahihirap (V. Village St.V. Niño 1 2 3 St.525 Barangay: San Isidro 1 Balanti Creek 2 Katahimikan (Karangalan) 3 4 5 6 7 8 V. Soliven II) Tribu (Bayanihan Village) Emerald St. Greenpark Exec.166 14 Special Block Kabisig 15 Buli Creek Neighborhood Assn. 16 Karlangan 17 Isla De Cainta 18 Gitnang Parola (Cemetery) Sub-total Barangay: Sto.020 . Dominic 212 St. Dominic Renea Compound Sub-total 13 14 107 134 136 129 110 60 120 8. Gregory (Near School) Sitio Halang Sub-total 182 9 43 70 57 8 32 207 608 Grand Total: 10. 6) From Partner Organizations SECTOR Academe LGU's STRENGTHS Put in place organization and coordination to clarify everyone’s roles and responsibilities (3. adapt to climate change (2.1) LGU's WEAKNESSES Put in place organization and coordination to clarify everyone’s roles and responsibilities (2.4) Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary (3. low-income families and the private sector to invest in risk reduction (2.4) Private/ Business Update data on hazards and Ensure education programs .4) LGU's WEAKNESSES Invest in and maintain risk reducing infrastructure.167 Appendix 5 Key Findings on the Municipality of Cainta's Self-Assessment for Disaster Resilience From the Government SECTOR SB Members. Local Government Departments.6) Ensure education programs and training on disaster risk reduction are in place in schools and communities Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate hazards. Barangay.6) Assign a budget and provide incentives for homeowners. NGAs LGU's STRENGTHS Ensure that the needs and participation of the affected population are at the center of reconstruction (3. such as storm drainage (2. prepare and share risk assessments (3.9) Put in place organization and coordination to clarify everyone’s roles and responsibilities (2.0) NGOs CSOs From Other Sectors SECTOR Youth Religious LGU's STRENGTHS Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary (3.4) Install early warning systems and emergency management capacities (2.1) LGU's WEAKNESSES Media Assign a budget and provide incentives for homeowners.9) Enforce risk compliant building regulations and land use planning. prepare and share risk assessments (3.5) Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary (2.7) HOAs .1) Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary (2.4) Assign a budget and provide incentives for homeowners.6) Assign a budget and provide incentives for homeowners. adapt to climate change (3. low-income families and the private sector to invest in risk reduction (2.7) Update data on hazards and vulnerabilities. low-income families and the private sector to invest in risk reduction (2. low-income families and the private sector to invest in risk reduction (2.168 SECTOR LGU's STRENGTHS vulnerabilities.3) Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary (3. identify safe land for low-income citizens (2.7) LGU's WEAKNESSES and training on disaster risk reduction are in place in schools and communities (2.1) Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate hazards.
Report "Cainta Local Action Plan Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation"