Cagayan Man

Cagayan Man Cagayan Man refers to a group of humans that inhabited the Cagayan Valley area during theIce Age and which are generally held to be the earliest human inhabitants in the Philippines. This species is also held to be Homo erectus Philippinensis. The largest amount of prehistoric evidence of human existence in the Philippines was found in the Cagayan Valley. This evidence dates back to the Paleolithic Age, showing that Cagayan Man settled in the area over 500,000 years ago. One theory states that the Cagayan Man followed prehistoric animals to the then uninhabited Philippines from another area, through land bridges that connected the islands to the rest of the continent. The Cagayan Valley was then wet and marshy, and Cagayan Man opted to live in the drier forests surrounding the area. Cagayan Man was believed to have settled in communities that consisted of thirty to sixty individuals each, occupying an area of around ten kilometers. Families, composed of close kin and extended relatives, marked out their own territories. The communities settled in areas where food was plentiful and moved to another place when the food supply started to run out. Scientists discovered fossil remains of large animals in Tuguegarao, Cagayan, along with fragments of stone tools which may have been made and used by Cagayan Man for the purpose of hunting and butchering these animals. The fossilized animal bones were identified by Dr. Yves Coppans to be skulls, teeth and tusks from rhinoceros, stegodons, and elaphas (a pygmy elephant). It can thus be said that the Cagayan Man was a cave dweller who used tools made from pebbles and rocks. The sides of the stones were chipped off to create a sharp edge that could be used for cutting. There has also been evidence that these tools have been worked on and refined to give it a better shape. Larger tools were made from rock cores hammered to form a sharp point. These fossilized tools were similar to those found with Java Man and Peking Man and were dated to the same time period; however, scientists failed to find fossilized proof of Cagayan Man's bones. Unlike Tabon Man, whose bones were found by archaeologists in western Palawan, Cagayan Man's remains eluded archaeologists for a long time. The only proofs of his existence are the tools that he had produced and used, and the bones of the animals that he had hunted down. Austronesian languages From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Austronesian (disambiguation). The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia that are spoken by about 386 million people. It is on par with Indo-European, Niger-Congo, Afroasiatic and Uralic as one of the best-established ancient language families. Otto Dempwolff, a German scholar, was the first researcher to extensively explore Austronesian using the comparative method. Another German scholar, Wilhelm Schmidt, coined the German word austronesisch[1] which comes from Latin auster "south wind" plus Greek nêsos "island". The name Austronesian was formed from the same roots. The family is aptly named, as the vast majority of Austronesian languages are spoken on islands: only a few languages, such as Malay and the Chamic languages, are indigenous to mainland Asia. Many Austronesian languages have very few speakers, but the major Austronesian languages are spoken by tens of millions of people and one Austronesian language, Indonesian, is spoken by over 185 million people, making it the 8th most spoken language in the world. Also, some Austronesian languages are official languages of their respective countries (see the list of Austronesian languages). Different sources count languages differently, but Austronesian and Niger-Congo are the two largest language families in the world, each having roughly one-fifth of the languages counted. The geographical span of Austronesian was the largest of any language family before the spread of Indo-European in the colonial period, ranging from Madagascar off the southeastern coast of Africa to Easter Island in the eastern Pacific. Hawaiian, Rapanui, and Malagasy (spoken on Madagascar) are the geographic outliers of the Austronesian family. According to Robert Blust (1999), Austronesian is divided in several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively on Taiwan. The Formosan languages of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of Austronesian. All Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan (including its offshore Yami language) belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch, sometimes called Extra-Formosan. the majority ethnic groups of East Timor. Indonesia and Malaysia. the cultures and ethnic groups of the Austronesian peoples began on Taiwan approximately 6. the Austronesian people originated in the island of Taiwan. and spread to the islands of Melanesia and Micronesia between 1200 BE. . the Austronesian people migrated south-east to the rest of the Philippine Islands. and are spread as far away as Madagascar in the Indian Ocean and the Polynesian islands of the Pacific Ocean. one of the Austronesian languages. a large scale Austronesian expansion began around 50002500 B. or had ancestors who spoke. According to most Western scholars. and later on to Madagascar.CO. Borneo. however. and into the islands of the Celebes Sea. The Austronesian people themselves have a variety of different traditions and history of their origins. the Proto-Austronesian language. According to mainstream Western studies. respectively.C. and Indonesia.DO.000-6000 B. The Austronesian inhabitants that spread westward through Maritime Southeast Asia had reached some parts of mainland Southeast Asia.C. Over the next thousand years. Apart from the Polynesian people of Oceania. These first settlers may have landed in northern Luzon in the island of the Philippines intermingling with the earlier Austral-Melanesian population who had inhabited the islands about 23.. and 500 A. The Austronesian people of Maritime Southeast Asia sailed eastward.000 years earlier. the Austronesian people include: Taiwanese Aborigines. Western scholars believe the Austronesian people originated on the island of Taiwan following the migration of pre-Austronesian-speaking peoples from continental Asia approximately 10. Due to a lengthy split from the Pre-Austronesian populations.AUSTRONESIAN PEOPLE The term Austronesian peoples refers to a population group present in Southeast Asia or Oceania who speak. Population growth primarily fuelled this migration.000 years ago. the margin of error is quite large at 11. right? We can?t go on written records to answer that.000 years so it can be as recent as 36.000 years. the Australian National University and the Museum of Natural History in Paris. Don?t think of an entire skeleton here?all we had. As students. China and Indonesia.9 million years ago in Africa. Java Man and Peking Man are actually Homo erectus (we are Homo sapiens. Luzon. the oldest remains were that of Tabon Man from Palawan. since then. We keep going back to the question: So when did humans arrive in the Philippines. for many years. and reported in the Journal of Human Evolution.000 years when another test was conducted.000 years.Callao Man By Michael Tan Philippine Daily Inquirer First Posted 00:17:00 07/02/2010 Filed Under: Archaeology. which can be tools made by humans or. Let me start out by asking you. which has been dated to 18. The Tabon findings are impressive but have tended to cause a bit of an inferiority complex for Filipino archaeologists and anthropologists. was a skullcap. The report?s main author is Armand Mijares of the Archaeology Studies Program at UP Diliman who worked with a multinational team from our National Museum. dated to be about 42. The news has been picked up by international newspapers and magazines but hasn?t been featured locally. but we also need to anchor ourselves in the past. as is Tabon Man) which existed from 70. better still.000 years old in 1999 but revised to 40. human remains. history MY COLUMN FOR TODAY is something I?ve been planning on for more than a month. we really know far too little about our prehistory. ?When did humans first arrive in the Philippines?? Tough one. What we do have is the archaeological record. named after a lake in New South Wales.000 years or as old as 58. I am going to share a story that takes on the qualities of a detective story. It?s about a toe bone recently found by archaeologists in Callao. western Asia. Unfortunately. the Tabon Cave has yielded many more artifacts.000 years ago using uranium series (which is more accurate than radiocarbon dating). or in the region? The oldest Homo sapiens remains in our part of the world come from the Niah cave in Borneo. there?s Mungo Man. first dated to be 62. which date way back in time.? .000 to 1. Tabon Man was discovered in 1962. this time dated 47.) Now we have this exciting report with a very staid journal title: ?New evidence for a 67. Philippines. Presidential inaugural speeches are about today and tomorrow. we would read about Java Man and Peking Man. Until recently.000-year old human presence at Callao Cave. Cagayan. In Australia. as well as a femur. and for the Philippines.000 years. (Archaeologists and physical anthropologists argue a lot about names and dates. Archaeologists from UP. no conclusions can yet be made. and from there just short island hopping. sea levels tend to be lower. that will still be about 60 km to Mindoro. Look at the map and you?ll see that land bridges could have allowed human migration from the mainland into Palawan. There?s still some controversy surrounding the findings. Right MT3 is the middle toe on the right foot.000 to 95. During the lowest sea level. who identified one of the bones?this tiny metatarsal?as human. the finding in Cagayan suggests that humans may have arrived in the Philippines by sea. When there?s more ice in the polar areas. the National Museum and the Australian National University had been working hard to ?find? those humans but all they kept coming up with were deer and pig bones. an Australian team of archaeologists and biological anthropologists uncovered Homo floresiensis in Indonesia. or some totally new species. First. Callao has been a major archaeological site for several years now. It?s tiny so you can imagine how tedious archaeological excavations can be. It was in May 2009. that an e-mail arrived giving a more definite date. it isn?t clear yet if ?Callao Man? (or Woman) was Homo sapiens or another species. the bone is identified simply as coming from a Homo species?it could be sapiens. which meant humans had inhabited the area. and how observant archaeologists have to be. we have to refer quickly to the last Ice Age. That means there were land bridges between parts of the Philippines and mainland Southeast Asia. but with only one bone as evidence. while Mijares was in Callao doing fieldwork. Homo floresiensis co-existed with Homo sapiens from 17. Second. The Callao bone has some similarities with that of Homo floresiensis. some disagreeing with the ?floresiensis? label and saying they were probably Homo sapiens as well.? But the bone had to be sent overseas for dating.000 years ago. To explain that. floresiensis.? They celebrated ?with a few San Mig beers. and there were difficulties doing this.000 years ago.? The Callao toe bone tells us humans arrived in the Philippines as early as 67. Mijares speculates: ?My current hypothesis is they crossed the open sea from the Sundaland (tip of Palawan) to Mindoro then to Luzon. for now. Tabon Man (or his ancestors) probably took that route. Mijares said he realized that they had ?discovered an important piece of our history. an Australian zooarchaeologist currently teaching at UP. It has yielded stone tools dated to about 26.? . A few years ago. From Sundaland to Luzon The findings in Callao require other explanations considering it?s so far from other land masses. It was Phil Piper. but it also raises new questions. Mijares says the team members ?were shocked and elated upon learning that it was way older than we expected.Piece of history The metatarsal is a bone that constitutes the lower part of our toe. In fact. closely resembling Homo sapiens but their adults were only about a meter tall.000 years ago. Rainer Grun. . The report appears in the Journal of Human Evolution.Mijares is optimistic that there?s much more waiting to be discovered. and in the region that will require textbooks to be rewritten. the authors are Armand S. Vol. Mijares. Guillaume Champion. In all my anthropology classes. I always tell the students that their generation is a lucky one. all of whom have been pouring in money and technical expertise for various archaeological projects. Isabela and other areas in the western Sierra Madre could yield more artifacts and bones. there will be more human fossil and archaeological discoveries in the world. Mijares is proud that the particular excavation that yielded the metatarsal was funded by UP. Alexandra de Leon and Eusebio Dizon. Nida Cuevas. What we learn in the region provides new insights into humanity everywhere. For people interested in going deeper into the report. The participation of the Australians tells us that they too are interested in helping to piece together the picture of human origins and migration. 2010. Philip Piper. Florent Detroit. but acknowledges the support of the National Museum. 30. dated April 8. Maxime Aubert. PeterBellwood. Mijares says. Contact Mijares at 9241836 for more information. In the next few years. the Australian National University and the Museum of Natural History (Paris). It need not be just Cagayan. dances. Though like this. It is believed that they came to the Philippines through Palawan and Mindoro. legends. and have no system of writing. H. and their shelters are built of grass and branches of trees. and by gathering greens and wild fruit. came and settled in the Philippines as early as 22 thousand years ago. Agtas. however. They do not live in the Permanent homes. They live by hunting animals in the forest. Otley Beyer. black kinky hair. Their descendants–called Negritos. in different periods. They. It was said that the Negritos are the earliest known inhabitants of the Philippines who reached the country from the Asian mainland by way of the ancient land bridges. songs. there was no planned and organized waves of migration in the Philippines. with Borneo as their most probable land of origin. They cook their food with fire. or Balugas–still exist. an authority in Philippine prehistory and anthropology. both a weapons and for hunting. have their own folktales. The Philippine Pygmies–or Negritos–have the primitive culture of the Old Stone Age. Atis.According to Dr. small hands and feet. They use the bow and arrow and the blowgun with great skill. . and well-proportioned bodies. Aetas. with dark skin. Their clothes are made of leaves and the barks of trees. small flat noses. and musical instruments. which–before matches arrived–they produced by rubbing two sticks together. by fishing. have no organized government. it was still certain that ancient men. Anthropologists have identified them as being proto-Malays. 2. and adult". Some of the Mangyan groups are composed of smaller units or subgroups. in the present century.18. The exact etymology of the word Mangyan has not been identified or traced.000 The Iraya occupy the northwestern part of Mindoro.500 Buhid . Thus the meaning of the word is "people from upstream" or "uplanders". The southern groups are the Hanunoo. and the Taubuhid who are also known as "Batangan" or "Bangon". the Ratagnon (sometimes called "Latagnon" or "Datagnon").500 Alangan . The northern groups are the Iraya. where one of the country's highest peaks. Alangan. there are at least six different groups scattered throughout the island. and west of the Bicol region.500 Tadyawan .000 Hanunoo .mangyan by: Miniña R. and the rest are coastal areas. There are still small stretches of flatlands. however.denoting people. Buhid.500 Ratagnon . south of Batangas and the mainland southern Luzon.35.10. a Visayan language. and Ilocano.000 Iraya . until they were pushed further inland by settlers from other places. Servano "Mangyan" is the collective name of seven ethnolinguistic group inhabiting most of the highland region of Mindoro. The word also means "man". Mount Halcon. Visayan. the seventh largest island in the northern end of the vast basin of the Sulu Sea. These plains are home to non-Mangyan groups such as Tagalog. and "raya". The Buhid and Batangan are closely related groups. "person". is located. Rough estimates of population from NCCP-PACT: 1998 give the following figures: Batangan . Based on existing studies. a variation of "laya" which means "upstream. The word "Iraya" is derived from the prefix "i" . . Most parts of the island are mountainous. all speaking related languages.6. is said to be non-indigenous to Mindoro because they speak Cuyunon.36.13. and theTadyawan. that there were actually several diverse groups making up the Mangyan population on the island." "upriver" or "upland". the Iraya occupied the coastal region in some distant past. Historically. A seventh group. It had been in use for a long time before the realization. which is the capital of Occidental Mindoro. which means among other things "uncertainty". and use the term Hanunoo Mangyan or Mangyan Hanunoo only to distinguish themselves from the other Mindoro groups. One theory about this term is that it could mean "a group of people whose culture is awkward". The word "batangan" derives from "batang". Bu'id. They live in a region where mountains tower 1950 m high. To the north lie the Buhid. The Batangan or Taubuhid (also Tawbuhid). according to the group's language called Minagyan. The Ratragon occupy the southernmost tip of the island province. Of these groups. Bulalacao. probably a swidden field."Mangyan of the flatlands" -to distinguish them from the former who live in the higher hinterland of the island. quite close to the coast facing the Sulu Sea. and Buhil. two places where the language spoken is Cayunon. Despite their proximity to the lowland settlements of the Christians. and a certain part of San Jose. which is also used by the Ratagnon. human beings can be classified into two categories: . "doubt" or "precariousness". There is scant information available regarding the Tadyawan. who live in sparse settlements in the northeast part of the island. They lie nearest the aquatic route going to Busuanga Island in the northernmost Palawan and the Cuyo islands. the Buhid. Their territory is under the municipal jurisdiction of Mansalay. The Buhid occupy the south central part of Mindoro. and "an". The Hanunoo Mangyan live in a mountainous area about 800 sqkm in the southeastern part of the island. However. occupy the central highlands of the island in the Occidental Mindoro. meaning "trunk of a felled tree". meaning "place". the Hanunoo have been the most studied in terms of ethnography. Other names used to refer to them are Bukid. from the Tagalog word alangan. They are often referred to by their Buhid neighbors as the Mangyan patag . Local subgroups include the Bayanan and Saragan. "Hanunoo". and this has helped them preserve their basic culture. and refers to a place where felled tree trunks may be found.The Alangan occupy northwest central Mindoro. "real" or "true". As far as the Hanunoo are concerned. despite the fact that there is a separate identifiable group to the south. Their territory just about equally straddles the eastern and western provinces comprising the island. The Batangan are also known as Bangon or Taubuhid. and to the southwest the Ratagnon. Buhid. the most numerous of the Mangyan groups. meaning "genuine". mainly in Oriental Mindoro. The main economic activity of the Batangan is slash-and-burn farming. Christian lowlanders surround them on the east. the members of this group call themselves Mangyan. the Hnunoo Mangyan have succeeded in insulating themselves from lowland influences. such as ceramics. which contributed to the shaping of an indigenous material culture among the early inhabitants of Mindoro. written in 1225. It appears that the Mangyan have traditionally been an unwarlike people. mentions the island of Ma-i. It is believed that they had come from the southern regions of the archipelago. the term is defined early on some kind of bogeyman of threat-object among the Hanunoo. The term damu-ong is refer to all non-Mangyan peoples. which mention Mindoro and its people. . the Hanunoo. and all those who wear the traditional loincloth (Miyamoto 1975:14). Thus. Chao Ju-Kua's Chu Fan-Chi. and glass object are evidence of precolonial trade. because their traditional wear is the loincloth (Miyamoto 1975:14). or that which sounds like the present day word.Mangyan. porcelain. The Mangyan settled along the shores of Mindoro Island approximately 600-700 years ago. "Mait" is believed to be an old Chinese term meaning "gold". did not completely isolate the latter and instead continued bartering their commodities with forest products which were in turn traded with foreign merchants plying Philippine seas. Mang-Yan San. Other names associated with the island include Mait. and to all outsiders. History The pioneer settlers of the Mindoro Islands were the Aeta. believed to be the ancient name of the present day Mindoro. could be evidence that it existed in earlier times. one of the many islands regularly visited by Chinese merchants. As used by Hanunoo mothers to hush up their crying babies. Min-to-lang. beads. One Hanunoo said that Conklin "was not a Christian" because "he was a very kind person" (Miyamoto 1975:16). Objects unearthed on the island. and Ka-Ma-Yan.Mangyan and non. Minolo. Chinese references to the term " Mangyan". It is for this reason that the Hanunoo Mangyan can speak of the Cordillera Ifugao as being Mangyan too. It has been theorized that when the Malay immigrants arrived in Mindoro. They all remembered him fondly. The former. suggest that before the coming of the Spanish conquistadors. choosing to give up an area uncontested rather than fight for it. The island was a viable and busy trading port. This was observed by Miyamoto who asked several old Mangyan if they remembered anthropologist Conklin who conducted fieldwork between 1947 and 1957. however. Buhid. are found 13th century Chinese dynastic records. A number of Chinese state documents. They were gradually forced to leave their coastal settlements by more aggressive groups. particularly those written in the Sung and Ming dynasties. Ratagnon. The earliest accounts. commercial trade was flourishing between the inhabitants of Mindoro and Chinese merchants. referred to in the early Spanish accounts as the Chichimecos. large earthenware. The word kristiyano is often used as a synonym for "damu-ong" and suggests the negative image the Mangyan have of their Christian neighbors. they pushed the Aeta deep into the interior. A plague of malaria made conditions even worse. As a result of the Moro-Christian wars. The local warriors also used metal weapons. the encounter with Islam in the Philippines was but a continuation of the centuries-old conflict in Europe and in the "holy Land". The island went through a period of depopulation. tremendous pressure was brought to bear upon the lives of the Mindoro natives. Spanish chroniclers relating events in Mindoro referred to the people there as the "Moros of Mindoro". which surprised the Spanish forces. For the Muslims on the Philippine archipelago. the wars with the Spaniards were simply a reaction to European incursion in the islands where Islamic influence had built up and spread over a long. however. For the European colonizers. The colonialists imposed the Christian faith and their political will with much harshness and taught the Mangyan the ways of loyal subjection to the faraway European monarch. imposed onerous monopolies and demanded forced service from thesubjugated people. the Muslim expeditions were mainly responses to Spain's occupation and control of Muslim territories. The conquistadors attacked villages. Branded as piratical attacks in some accounts. Preacher-traders from southern Philippines had earlier succeeded in spreading the Islamic faith among a number of Mindoro natives. and pillaged the inhabitants of their possessions. evolutionary period of conversion and commerce. casually wore gold on their bodies. the people of Mindoro fled to the mountains. sold as slaves. more significantly. During the Spanish colonial period. a fact. Excellent knowledge of metallurgy and martial skills characterized the defenders of Mindoro. Spanish accounts describe the inhabitants of the coast as a well-dressed people who "wore showy headdresses of many colors turned back over their heads".In the 16th century Spanish colonizers overran the native settlements of Mindoro and reduced the island to vassalage. One factor that could explain the outright hostility of the Spaniards towards the inhabitants of Mindoro was the presence of an old foe: Islam. which were surrounded by moats. As a result. Trading deteriorated badly. . who found themselves the object of contention between two armies fighting for their spheres of influence. Muslim incursions into Spanish-held territories intensified in the 17th century. The Spaniards exacted heavy tributes. destroyed settlements. and sometimes killed without mercy. But predictably. the technological superiority and firepower of European weaponry carried the day for the marauders. such that the Mangyan suffers extreme pain and privation. and who. There existed native forts. The rivalry of Christian and Muslim forces in the island of Mindoro went on intermittently for most of the 333 years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. the Mangyan of Mindoro were taken captives. Yet the natives were not completely defenseless or given to passive surrender. difficulties in taming the wild and rugged land. American arms came with American anthropology. referring to tribal communities in the Philippines such as the Mangyan. have exacerbated their subsistence level of life. Displaced and dislocated. The process of cultural disintegration and ethnic extinction appears to be irreversible. economic exploitation of Mindoro's . and Worcester in particular. "minority" and "non-Christian" entered current usage. withdrawn. As with the Spanish derogation such as "savage" and "infidels". The cumulative effect of centuries of exploitation is being felt to this day. labor contracts. "Illiteracy" has prevented them from coping with the challenge posed by "mainstream" society in terms of legal issues concerning land as well as development schemes that threaten their culture and ecosystem. When Secretary of the Interior Dean C. much like those created for the native American Indians. Such traits were valuable for an American-owned sugar estate that was to be established in Mindoro. Wily lowlanders time and again have tricked the Mangyan intodubious debts. Worcester. approved the purchase and lease of a large piece of land to an American company. the various Mangyan groups sought peace and freedom from the harassment in the deeper and higher parts of the mountainous interior of Mindoro. the concept of "pagan". The shy. Natural disasters. but the colonization of the Mangyan continued --. who had an explorer's background. non-Mangyan. and therefore their survival as a people. It is no wonder that the Mangyan have become only too wary of the damuong. if proper intervention is not effected soon.and their marginalization with the rest of the other Philippinegroups grew apace with the imposition of the American colonial rule in the archipelago. the transgressor. The racist tribal policies adopted by the Americans abetted and perpetuated the discrimination against non-Christian indigenous groups in the Philippines. Worcester's activities didn't go unnoticed. which gave rise to a controversial suit in 1908. and hardworking nature of the Mangyan came to the attention of the American entrepreneurs who saw their potential as a labor force. Nationalist writers of the El Renacimiento denounced him in a celebrated editorial. barters. The editorial pilloried the American colonial administration.The Spanish regime ended. inclement weather. The Mangyan were forced to live in reservations. and relocated to areas far from lowland settlements inhabited mostly by the Tagalog. and often succeeded in displacing the natives from their ancestral domain with the use of spurious land titles. for exploiting the tribal peoples of the country in guise of "benevolence". The American government favored such an isolation since "a people divided cannot effectively press for freedom" (Lopez 1976). but their life has continued to be precarious. "Aves de Rapina" (Birds of Prey). Counterinsurgency campaigns. he set off a process of economic exploitation that perpetuated the pattern of colonial extraction started by the Spanish government. limited food supplies. The Hanunoo Mangyan believe in a Supreme Being who is referred to as the Mahal na Makaako. their spiritual beliefs are related to their means of livelihood. called sinukuban ("that which is covered) or kalibutan ("the whole surrounding") has a globular shape "like a coconut". landgrabbing and speculation. The labang can take on animal and human forms before killing and eating their victims. The kalag paray must be appeased. even losing territory they have long occupied. live in this space. they continue to face instability in their living conditions and economic dislocations. Some of these rituals include the panudlak. and then the mining corporations. and the more gradual but potentially erosive influx of modernization and assimilation into lowland cultures are constant threats to the survival of the Mangyan and their centuries-old folkways. Characteristically. the rite of the first planting. She is married to the spirit Bulungabon who is aided by 12 fierce dogs. to ensure a bountiful harvest. which is dagat (sea). In the process. The paragayan or diolang plates play an important role in Batangan religious . The daga (land) is surrounded by a border area. Beyond the dagat is the katapusan. They are believed to roam the areas they used to frequent during their mortal existence until they move on to dwell in Binayi's garden. visible or invisible. who are all naked. which follows the harvest. The stratum of the earth is called the usa ka daga. Erring souls are chased by these dogs are eventually drowned in a caldron of boiling water. where all spirits rest. This is the home of the labang or the horrible creatures and evil spirits greatly feared by the Hanunoo. Two come from the sun and are male. the rite of rice planting itself. All beings. Binayo is a sacred female spirit. and the pamag-uhan. this process of dislocation and dispossession continues to the present. two come from the upper part of the river and are female. After Christian settlers came the loggers. caretaker of the rice spirits or the kalag paray. Batangan cosmogony is less clear. covered with thick woods and rocks. the edge of the universe. who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them. Today the Mangyan find themselves with increasingly less space in which to conduct their age-old subsistence activities. and the rites of harvesting which consist of the magbugkos or binding rice stalks. They believe in four deities. They believe that the universe. Agricultural rites suggest the importance of farming and the belief in spiritual beings or forces that can influence a good harvest. the Mangyan avoid trouble at all costs. Sadly.natural resources. Nothing lies beyond it. They are believed to be children (Kikuchi 1984: 7). It is for this reason that specific rituals are conducted in every phase of rice cultivation. Back to top Religious beliefs and practices Since the Mangyan are swidden farmers. in curing a sick person (white beads only). Miyamoto believes that the pakudus motif might also be explained by the sacred number four and the mandala symbol often seen in Southeast Asian art. and other bladed instruments. dye. tinder. the kaitong or belt. This motif is common on their bayong. males wear bahag or loincloth fashioned from a tree bark. The males wear a jacket with simple embroidery during gala festivities and carry flint. Women wear the hulon. and are considered heirlooms. Some Ratagnon males still wear the traditional loincloth. These plates are owned by only a few families. an indigo-dyed short skirt. Back to top Visual arts and crafts A common attire for the Mangyan groups is the ba-ag or loincloth worn by males. Clothing is considered by the Mangyan as one of the main criteria distinguishing them from the damu-ong. spears. from the Spanish word cruz. men forge and repair blades for knives. the lingob or belt. religious and judiciary purposes. A Hanunoo Mangyan male wears his ba-ag. A female wears the ramit. axes. and weave cotton cloth for clothing and blankets. in rituals presided over by the pandaniwan. and the women wear a wraparound cotton cloth from the waistline to the knees. and for paying fines. They are essential in summoning the deities to all religious and curing rituals (Kikuchi 1984: 7). made from tigbi seeds. They wear necklaces called kudyasan.practices. These beads are used not only for decoration but also for magical. Their traditional shirt and blouses have on the back an embroidered motif called pakudus. which bears its shape. while men carve the handles . Among the Iraya. Strings of beads or copper wire may adorn their necks. They are used as adornments by lovers. Hanunoo Mangyan of all ages and both sexes are fond of wearing necklaces and bracelets made from beads. bolo or long knife. around their waist. Tailoring and embroidery of garments is usually women's work. and other paraphernalia for making fire. They weave a breast covering from nito or vine. Hanunoo men and women wear the hagkus or willed rattan belt with a pocket. and sometimes wear a headband made of beads or buri or nito. and the sagpan or pamanpan to cover the breast. They wear their hair long. bags made from the palm leaf buri and the black fern nito. Women traditionally spin. and the talawak or headband. a belt made from nito. the quantity depending on the severeness of the wrongdoing. topped by a balukas or cotton shirt. and the panalingnaw or earrings. The females wear the tapis or skirtlike covering made from bark. They also carry betel chew and its ingredients in bamboo containers. and a lambung or blouse. Among the Hanunoo. meaning "cross". Both men and women wear coils of red-dyed rattan at the waistline. is the budyung. Variations in the weaving process produce the many designs of the basket. and the kalutang. and other goods are craftedby both sexes. and leatherlike in texture. . a kind of lute. from 18-20 cm in diameter. but sewn goods. a three-string indigenous violin with human hair for strings. The Hanunoo use several kinds of flute.and scabbards. twisted cordage. Back to top Performing arts The musical instruments found among the Mangyan are the gitara. which consists of two light gongs played by two men squatting on the floor: one man beats with a light padded stick on the rim of one of the gongs. Lane (1986: 141-144) describes the various kinds of Mangyan baskets. the lantoy. The pituh is a flute which is diatonically tuned. a transverse nose flute. The Hanunoo use the guitar to play harmonic chords and interludes between verses sung in one or two tones. which are then overlaid with nito strips. A young man and his male friends strum the guitar and play the gitgit to announce their arrival at the house of the woman. the kudyapi. a bamboo trumpet which is also found among the Mandaya in Mindanao. and fourths (Maceda 1966: 646). The Hanunoo baskets are small. The transverse flute has five stops (unlike the Buhid's palawta which has six). thirds. and is tuned diatonically. The covers fit snugly with the container. Another Iraya basket is the open grain basket made from bamboo strips. Basketmaking is well developed among the northern Iraya and southern Hanunoo groups. a bean-pod rattle used in ensemble with other kinds of instruments . Two idiophones are used by the Hanunoo: the buray dipay. and the kudlung. has finger-holes. a homemade guitar. Another type of aerophone. or other shapes. The Hanunoo also have an agung ensemble. Other types of Hanunoo basketry include purses and betel-nut carriers which come in round. Various designs such as the pakudus or cross pattern are created with split nito or red-dyed buri laid over strips of buri. Both performers play a simple duple rhythms (Maceda 1966: 646). fine. a parallel-string bamboo tube zither. which are first blackened and dried. The base of the basket is square but the mouth is round. the gitgit. which is always made in small sizes. Woven basketry is mainly women's work. The bangsi is an external duct flute. which are percussion sticks played in pairs to produce harmonies on seconds. aside from the flutes. polygonal. The materials used consists of soft and narrow strips of the buri palm leaf. The Iraya have the hexagonal household basket. but no thumb hole. which has a chip glued on to the tube of the flute. Most of these instruments are used by a male suitor in wooing a Mangyan female. the Hanunoo Mangyan pay court to the women. lamentations. and stories based on persona. lovelyrics. food is eaten. recollections of war exploits in the distant past. Accompanying themselves on these instruments as they recite their love poems. songs are sung. .Music for the Hanunoo is part of celebrating ordinary and festive occasions. musical instruments are played. The songs of the Mangyan are lullabies. and wine is drunk. During the wedding rituals. For instance those Filipinos who belonged to the unprivileged families would still fight at all cost just to make both ends meet and parents who are sacrificing all just to let their children finish in school. Barong Tagalog 4. Filipino parents work hard and sacrifice more for the sake of their children so in return. bakya But since being up to date especially in clothing is somehow what Filipinos love. Filipinos are good achievers as well. These Filipino talents are famous in various fields may it be in music. These Filipino achievers would include the Filipino fashion designers who have introduced the style of Filipino clothing in the world. and Mich Dulce. Though Filipinos are having conflicts at times. noted for their incomparable hospitality as well as courtesy. They are dedicated to what they do as they are vicious in a battle. There are many talented Filipinos in the world such as Levi Celerio. They have these exceptional characteristics that foreign people love: > intelligence > talents for science and art > retentive memory > quick perception Aside from these characteristics. Unlike . which is probably inherited from the Spaniards. Born to be artists. Filipinos are also famous of the close ties with its family. Allan Pineda of the Black Eye Peas and Filipino fashion designers such as Monique Lhuiller who introduce the modern Filipino clothing to the world. Filipino Clothing Evolution Basically. Baro't saya 3. 1. and Japanese invaders of their precious native land. Many of them are now known internationally. They have embraced fashion and the tradition Filipino clothing has now become a part of the history. art or literature. Americans. Filipino clothing is just one of the most significant parts of the Filipino traditions. Filipinos are noted to be one of the most talented people as they can do everything as long as they love what they are doing. Filipinos are said to be cheerful people. the children will give them respect. Since the Philippines is a tropical country with just two seasons which is hot and dry from the month of November to June. they unite. Maria Teresa Calderon. All of them are now competing with the other famous foreign fashion designers which Filipinos can truly be proud of. poets. Some of these famous fashion designers include Diane Monique Lhuillier. and musicians. Roberto de Ocampo. And would you believe that they have ranked as one of the bravest people in the world? Bravery is just one of the primary weapons that Filipinos have. which appear from their battle against the Spanish. Here are the various types of the traditional Filipino clothing and accessories.Filipino Clothing In Retrospect Filipinos are said to be one of the friendliest people in the world. and rainy from the month of July to October. Rafe Totengco. Filipinos are brave and liberty loving people. It's not only use in a battle but in any situations as well. the clothing trends will be like shirts and pants while jackets are added during December as it is cold. but when someone needs their help. support and become cooperative as they value the virtue of helping other people that manifest in the bayanihan tradition meaning cooperation. love and most of all take care of them when they reached old age. Bahag 5. The Filipino Pride Filipinos have this exceptional love for their beautiful country making them passionately romantic. Abaniko 2. Filipinos nowadays would dress according to the new trend. hence. music and fashion. As defined. you can evidently see the change of the original pre-colonial fashion. such as the tendency to follow everything western from various lifestyles. Since Filipinos are also invaded by Americans who also influence their way of dressing. but now almost everyone can enjoy the fashion at its peak. . a barong tagalog would be a good substitute. The common attire for men particularly if expecting to attend any occasion which would usually need a jacket as well as tie which is not good for a hot weather. embroidered shirt and considered as men's formal dress. the barong tagalog is traditional Filipino clothing. those who are privileged can only afford the latest clothing. Today. Filipinos dress for the weather. Before. In the evening skirts are commonly substituted for shorts and the T-shirts are tucked in.the other countries that still promote wearing their traditional clothes. The casual attire for women are shorts and light blouses while men are collared T-shirts which are worn over slacks. It comes with a price of at least 1000 pesos but worth buying. the indigenous Austronesian people of what is now called the Philippines were adherents of a mixture of shamanistic Animism. the Austronesians or more specifically. Iglesia Ni Cristo at 2. with influence from Chinese. language. Mexican and Spanish influence can be seen in the language. had received lots of Hispanic influence. Indians. Islam is the religion for 5% of the population. and other Asian cultures. After them. From a census in 2000.S. today they preserve a very traditional way of life and culture. Catholics constitute 82.Culture of the Philippines The culture of the Philippines reflects the country's complex history. After being colonized by Spain.[1] Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of Roman Catholicism and Western culture in the 16th century. ethnicity. dance. religion.8%. with Evangelical Christians at 2. costumes. Ryukyu and other places. The remaining 0. Aglipayan 2%). India. after more than three centuries of colonization. territory for about 40 years. Islam. Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism.9% (Roman Catholic 80. while 1. food. although their numbers are few. architecture.9%. When the Spanish colonized the islands. The Philippines being governed from both Mexico and Spain. It is a blend of the Malayo-Polynesian and Hispanic cultures. and the modern pop culture. the other being East Timor.6 did not specify a religion while 0. and other Christian denominations at 4. Influence from the United States is seen in the wide use of the English language.5%. food. arrived on the islands. Borneo.8% practice other religions. dance and almost every aspect of the culture. The Philippines was first settled by Melanesians. the Middle East.[2] . as a result their cultures have also left a mark on Filipino culture. Today the Austronesian culture is very evident in the ethnicity. they had heavily impacted the culture. the Philippines became a U. Arabs. crafts and many other aspects of the culture.1% are irreligious. festivals. Malayo-Polynesians.3%. These Austronesians engaged in trading with China.  Religion The Philippines is one of two predominantly Roman Catholic nations in Asia-Pacific. Tagalog.000 BC has been found in Sanga-sanga Cave.[3][4] Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored pigmentation. the making of pottery was practiced throughout the country. Folk art and Primitive art consist of classic and modern features that flourished as a result of European and Indigenous influences. written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. with qualities of sweetness. Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Mexican and Spanish period. Sulu and Laurente Cave. sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility. The art of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo showed a trend for political statement. Philippine literature is written in Spanish.Filipino arts Arts of the Philippines cover a variety of forms of entertainment. Visual arts Painting Early Filipino painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar. Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th century Spanish period. as well as engravings. whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the 'Painted People' of the Visayas. Further evidences of painting are manifested in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos. Early modernist painters such as Damián Domingo was associated with religious and secular paintings. It has been proven that by 5. and light.[5] The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes. English and other native Philippine languages. and at about the same time as the Thais as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology. Evidence of Philippine pottery-making dated as early as 6. religious imagery from Biblical sources. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries produced a mixture of religious. political. Perhaps. dark. some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranao who are well known for the Naga Dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or King's House. Early Filipinos started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors. Filipino. Literature The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines. and landscape art works. The . Cagayan.000 BC. Considered lost art and highly collectible art form. Performing arts ] Music . The merging of these ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines. red hornbill beaks. In the early 1980s. animal and plant themes. Islamic art Islamic art in the Philippines have two main artistic styles. Other peoples such as the Ilongot make jewelry from pearl. and signs his name with his own blood on the right side of his paintings. and is associated with women. He uses his own hair to make his paintbrushes. Kut-kut art A technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process. nature and harmony. Abaca is a plant closely related to bananas. and metals. The Lumad peoples of Mindanao such as the B'laan. Very few known art pieces existed today. multi-layered texture and an illusion of three-dimensional space. and its leaves are used to make fiber known as Manila hemp. other unique folk artist exist one of these is Elito Circa as amangpintor the famous Filipino folk painter. Their weaving can also be identified by beaded ornamentation. The technique was practiced by the indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A. While other artist such as Fernando Zóbel used realities and abstract on his work.first Philippine national artist Fernando Amorsolo used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture. Indigenous art The Itneg people are known for their intricate woven fabrics. encaustic and layering. The fiber is dyed by a method called ikat. This style is associated with men. Kut-kut is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques—sgraffito. Mandaya.D. Woven fabrics of the Ga'dang people usually have bright red tones. Weapons made by Muslim Filipinos such as the kampilan are skillfully carved. plants. The Marananaos make similar carvings on housings called torogan. The binakol is a blanket which features designs that incorporate optical illusions. One is a curved-line woodcarving and metalworking called okir. The Tausug and Sama–Bajau exhibit their okir on elaborate markings with boat-like imagery. Ikat fiber are woven into cloth with geometric patterns depicting human. similar to the Middle Eastern Islamic art. The other style is geometric tapestries. He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance from masters. Mansaka and T'boli are skilled in the art of dyeing abaca fiber. Dance A Chavacano dance in Philippine Hispanic tradition. Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles. trumpets and drums. The formative years of Philippine cinema. Molina. Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock. Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music. de Leon. Hariraya. Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries. and Fort Santiago theatres. Modern day Philippine music features several styles. including flutes. many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. In the southern region of Mindanao. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan. starting from the 1930s. By the 21st century. guitar. Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. were a time of discovery of film as a new medium of expressing artworks. and groups associated with the guilds of Manila. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. Scripts and characterizations in films came from popular theater shows and Philippine literature. Barangay-Barrio. violin.The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous. . Many Filipino musicians have risen prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J.[6] Guide to Philippine Cultural and Folk Dances [edit] Cinema and television Main article: Cinema of the Philippines The advent of the cinema of the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897 when a Spanish theater owner screened imported moving pictures. ukelele. the Karilagan Ensemble. the composer Felipe P. known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes. Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Cariñosa. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments. Filipinescas. Nationalistic films became popular. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama. western. . This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism in films. adult. The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry. Award-winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings. teen-oriented romantic comedy. By the 1960s.In the 1940s. Regional variations include the use of thicker. and 200 films a year during the 1980s. action. In addition.[8] The Philippines. however. comedy and action films. drama. remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. As the decade drew to a close.[9][10] The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige.[7][8] with the emergence of more artistic and mature films. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. It is characterized by use of simple materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main sources of wood. the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by an angular wooden roofs. the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007. adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad.[9][10] From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s. The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema. the artistry established in the previous years was in decline. being one of Asia's earliest film industry producers. and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. Architecture The Nipa hut (Bahay Kubo) is the mainstream form of housing. Cogon grass. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era. and denser roof thatching in mountain areas. sound and writing. bringing both positive and negative changes. Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy season. Over the years. Nipa palm leaves and coconut fronds are used as roof thatching. or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built over water. the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts. and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences. Philippine cinema brought the consciousness of reality in its film industry. puto (white rice cakes). A typical Pinoy diet consists at most of six meals a day. Cuisine Filipinos cook a variety of foods influenced by Western and Asian cuisine. dinner and again a midnight snack before going to sleep. Rice is a staple in the Filipino diet. flan. empanadas. lunch. and sinigang (tamarind soup with a variety of pork. sisig. pescado frito (fried or grilled fish). and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities. and sliced tropical fruit). fish or prawns). Other popular dishes brought from Spanish and Southeast Asian influences include afritada.The Spaniards introduced stones as housing and building materials. Some also eat with their hands. Rice. and the surrounding provinces. American style suburban-gated communities are popular in the cities. pancit (a noodle dish) and lechón (roasted pig) are served on plates. Popular snacks and desserts such as chicharon (deep fried pork or chicken skin). ensaymada (sweet roll with grated cheese on top). mani (roasted peanuts). asado. Contemporary architecture has a distinctively Western style although pre-Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas. pan de sal (bread rolls). bibingka (rice cake with butter or margarine and salted eggs). halo-halo (crushed ice with evaporated milk. longanisa (sweet sausage) and dinuguan (soup made from pork blood). pinapaitan. polvoron (powder candy) and tsokolate (chocolate) are usually eaten outside the . lumpia (meat or vegetable rolls). chorizo. Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings such as mosques and temples. The Coconut Palace is an example of Philippine Architecture. including Manila. Filipinos regularly use spoons together with forks and knives. corn. kare-kare (ox-tail stew). pinakbet (vegetable stew). kilawen. torta (omelette). Eating out is a favorite Filipino past time. breakfast. especially in informal settings. The introduction of Christianity brought European churches. paksiw (fish or pork. Vigan. Some delicacies eaten by some Filipinos but may seem unappetizing to the Western palate include balut (boiled egg with a fertilized duckling inside). Iloilo. snacks. it is usually eaten together with other dishes. snacks. cooked in vinegar and water with some spices like garlic and pepper). and when eating seafood. Jaro and other parts of the Philippines. Spanish architecture can be found in Intramuros. The Philippines is considered a melting pot of Asia. and popular dishes such as adobo (a meat stew made from either pork or chicken). The uniforms of Catholic schools usually have an emblem along with the school colors. bagoong and banana catsup are the most common condiments found in Filipino homes and restaurants. after which they enter college or university (3 to 5 years). Wendy's. Most Catholic schools are unisex. two-week semestral break in October and Christmas and New Year's holidays. Other types of schools include private school. with a two-month summer break from April to May. international school. students enter elementary school (6 to 7 years). Education Education in the Philippines has been influenced by Western and Eastern ideology and philosophy from the United States. and Pananjakman (the boxing component of Filipino martial arts). Patis. Every province has its own specialty and tastes vary in each region. Of these schools. Philippine students enter public school at about age four. Catholic schools are preferred in the Philippines due to their religious beliefs. Filipino martial arts include Eskrima (emphasizes weapon-based fighting. and US$852 in Thailand. the Philippines spent about US$138 per pupil compared to US$1. similar to how Silat describes the martial arts practiced in Asia. for example. KFC and Pizza Hut are a common sight in the country.728 in Japan. Martial arts Filipino martial arts is a term used to describe the numerous martial art forms that originated in the Philippines. starting from nursery school up to kindergarten.[11] Sports . This is followed by high school (5 years). Students then take the college entrance examinations (CEE). Western fast food chains such as McDonald's. foods are generally spicier than elsewhere in the Philippines. Tanduay Rhum. Panantukan (empty-handed techniques). and its neighbouring Asian countries.582 in Singapore. In 2005. suka. At about seven years of age. Spain. preparatory school. The school year in the Philippines starts in June and ends in March. private Catholic schools are the most famous. and science high school.three main meals. lambanog and tuba. also known as Arnis and in the West sometimes as Kali). laboratory high school. In Bicol. Popular Philippine beverages include San Miguel Beer. toyo. US$3. A professional basketball game being played in the country. [edit] Traditional Filipino games Main article: List of traditional Filipino games One Traditional Filipino game is luksong tinik. pusoy and sungka.[17] Indigenous groups The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines consist of a large number of Austronesian ethnic groups. a national sports festival. ten-pin bowling and chess. football. The "Salagubang gong" is a toy described by Charles Brtjes. chess. football. as the most popular sport in the Philippines. bahay kubo. boxing.[14][14][15] Sungka is played on a board game using small sea shells in which players try to take all shells. billiards. Popular sport stars include Manny Pacquiao. Basketball has regarded many Filipinos. Dodgeball and badminton are also popular. Flash Elorde and Francisco Guilledo in boxing. is the national sport in the Philippines. The winner is determined by who has the most shells at the point when all small pits become empty. Eugene Torre in chess. has its origin in an annual sporting meet of public schools that started in 1948. an American entomologist. They are the descendants of the original Austronesian inhabitants of the Philippines. Rafael Nepomuceno in ten-pin bowling. Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante in billiards. who traveled to Negros and discovered a toy using beetles to create a periodic gong effect on a kerosene can as the beetle rotates above the contraption. taekwondo. softball. piko. Carlos Loyzaga.[16] Filipinos have created toys using insects such as tying a beetle to string. swimming. Paulino Alcántara in football. a form of martial arts. horse racing and cockfighting. table tennis. ten-pin bowling. competing at school and national level contests. and volleyball. Private schools and universities eventually joined the national event. Tong-its is a popular gambling game. and Mark Munoz in MMA. archery. Individuals play the game by trying to get rid of all the cards by choosing poker hands wisely. baseball. Arnis. golf. A very popular game to Filipino children where one has to jump over the tinik and cross to the other side unscathed. Robert Jaworski and Ramon Fernandez in basketball. billiards. volleyball. which became known as the "Palarong Pambansa" in 1976. that . chess. and sweeping it circular rotation to make an interesting sound. gymnastics. The Palarong Pambansa. patintero. These are boxing. badminton. The year 2002 event included football. It serves as a national Olympic Games for students. tennis.[13] Other traditional Filipino games include yo-yo. Filipinos have gained international success in sports.[12] Among the most popular sports include basketball. track and field. who built the Rice Terraces thousands of years ago. baskets. have as much contact with the outside world. The folk arts of these groups were. Ibaloi.[18] In 1990. in a sense. Isneg. weapons and spoons. Other Indigenous peoples include the Lumad peoples of the highlands of Mindanao. clothing. the isolated highland peoples have retained their Indigenous cultures. Kalinga and Kankana-ey. They showed a high degree of creativity such as the production of bowls. The highland peoples are a primitive ethnic group like other Filipinos. as a group. These groups have remained isolated from Western and Eastern influences. These peoples ranged from various groups of Igorot people. Over the centuries. They have also covered a wide spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with Christian Filipinos. .settled in the islands thousands of years ago. These peoples displayed a variety of native cultural expressions and artistic skills. although they did not. more than 100 highland peoples constituted approximately 3% of the Philippine population. the last remnants of Indigenous traditions that flourished throughout the Philippines before the Islamic and Spanish contacts. a group that includes the Bontoc. and in the process have retained their Indigenous customs and traditions. Ifugao.