Biodegradable Scale Inhibitors Our biodegradable scale inhibition technology responds well to the need for environmentally responsibleproducts. Kemira's KemEguard™ products are designed to biodegrade quickly reducing the potential for chemical accumulation. This novel technology is not only a response to market needs, but also our aim to minimize the chemical ecological footprint of our products. Green, environmentally friendly products are certainly a topic for discussion in oilfield operations today. Unfortunately, the terms are not always well defined. At Kemira, we take the concept of environmental responsibility seriously by developing products that respond to a wider range of environmental concerns. Biodegradability is the most often identified green target. Also of great concern are the ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation associated with the system mass balance. Kemira introduces a new series of scale inhibitors that broadens our current product portfolio. This new technology provides excellent biodegradability, ecotoxicity, and low bioaccumulation. Kemira has a strong commitment to the environment across all of our product lines as we continue to develop products that meet an ever–changing environmental landscape for all aspects of oilfield operations. In addition to scale inhibitors, please ask your sales representative for more information on environmentally benign chemistries used in drilling, completion and stimulation, production, and EOR/IOR. Kemira products also show advantages when used jointly in various oilfield processes. With increasing amounts of oil production coming from offshore fields operating at greater depth.5 6. offer no compatibility issues. independent laboratory. while many polymers fail to meet minimum biodegradation requirements. like those of the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico operations.000 pH 6. It has excellent calcium compatibility in various brine systems up to temperatures as high as 120°C and as low as 4°C. temperature and pressure conditions Recommended for calcium carbonate and sulfate scales. .64 28 10.16 21 10. disperses suspended solids seawater. product performance and its footprint on the environment are of utmost importance.5 14 10. Conventional organophosphonates and polymeric products typically exhibit less than 10% biodegradability in a standard 28 day OECD Guideline 306 Closed Bottle Test.5 Typical Viscosity 60 180 60 380 Application Highly effective for mixed sulfate scales especially barium sulfate.34 1. In addition.08 33. Our product is also resistant to the presence of ferric ions which can deactivate simple polycarboxylic acid and phosphonate scale inhibitors. Biodegradation test was performed by Opus Plus. Kemira’s KemEguard product line complies with the guidelines of The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (known as the "OSPAR Convention") for >60% biodegradability. The current target is 60% or higher in 28 days as tested according to the Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development (OECD) Guideline 306 Closed Bottle Test. effective under severe brine. an effective scale inhibitor is needed. Moreover.2 1. Furthermore the new technology provides the ability to solve the most vexing scaling problems encountered in oilfield conditions. Typical brine conditions.5 6. Material 100% BOD* 18 38 Sum of BOD (mg 02 per bottle) 7 9.500 2. disperses suspended solids Recommended for calcium carbonate and sulfate scales. KemEguard™ 2593 Barium Sulfate Scale Inhibitor KemEguard™ 2593 is a biodegradable hybrid of the leading KemGuard™ 269 antiscalant developed for harsh barium sulfate scaling conditions of the North Sea. Environmental legislation in recent years has significantly reduced the number of available chemistries for use in scale inhibition to prevent inorganic scale formation during the production and separation of crude oil from produced water. disperses suspended solids Recommended for calcium carbonate and sulfate scales.000 1. KemEguard 2593 provides effective treatment for mixed sulfate scales including barium. and scale inhibitors are no exception.04 Percentage biodegradation 7 56 68 14 62 58 21 61 87 28 57 88 KemEguard 2593 KemEguard 2593 + Na Benzoate *Biochemical Oxygen Demand KemEguard 2593 MARINE BODIS.5 6. The following biodegradability data was developed for KemEguard 2593 by a recognized . the use of phosphonates is often severely impeded. KemEguard 2593 is designed to meet these requirements. It is generally recognized that Norway currently has the most restrictive regulation in the market. and thus presents no risk to production operations.000 4. Norway strongly favors the use of scale inhibitors for North Sea oil well applications that have high biodegradability in Biodegradable Product Range Product KemEguard 2593 KemEguard 5042 KemEguard 5040 KemEguard 5021 Description Polycarboxylic acid/ polysulphonate Polycarboxylic acid derivative Polycarboxylic acid derivative Polycarboxylic acid derivative Specific Gravity 1. The United Kingdom also favors at least a minimum of 20% biodegradability as judged by the same 28-day test. With these regulations.23 Mw <10. with the onslaught of environmental regulations and the need to meet certain harmonized standards to register products prior to their use.22 1. calcium and strontium.92 25.77 32.9 32.000 2000 3.Biodegradable Scale Inhibitors Biodegradability and ecotoxicity of products used in the oil and gas industry are of particular concern. 5 2 2. and 65°C. KemEguard 2593 outperforms a pentaphosphonate at pH of 6.5 3 KemEguard 2593 Pentaphosphonate ppm polymer added In Heidrun North Sea field conditions with moderate barium sulfate scaling potential. KemEguard products work through three main modes of action: threshold inhibition. Static jar testing was performed under conditions of 2000 ppm Ca2+. the pentaphosphonate efficiency is greatly diminished when the temperature reaches sea bed level of 4°C. they prevent the adherence and agglomerations to metal and rock formation surfaces. Threshold Inhibition Crystal Modification Particulate Dispersion KemEguard 5000 Series Polycarboxylic Acid Derivates KemEguard 5000 series was developed for the broad scale prevention needs of oilfield conditions. Another added benefit is the fact that these products exhibit greater than 60% biodegradability in OECD 306 testing. It maintains scale inhibition performance without the need to increase dosage at low temperatures (subsea 4°C) where scale tendency increases and pentaphosphonates lose their effectiveness. they prevent precipitation of salts at very low dosages by changing the stoichiometric ratio just enough to shift the equilibrium away from the scaling potential. As crystal modifiers. the most favorable condition for a pentaphosphonate. crystal modification. Additionally.8 ppm of the product. Under these same conditions. KemEGuard 2593 Efficacy in Static Barium Sulfate Scaling Conditions 50:50 Heidrun freshwater:seawater conditions KemEguard 2593 Efficacy in Static Calcium Sulfate Scaling Conditions 120 % Calcium Sulfate Inhibition 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 % Barium Sulfate Inhibition 50 ppm 85°C 500 ppm 50 ppm 4°C 500 ppm 0. and aiding in the dispersion of suspended salts to prevent the salt sweeping effect that precipitates and forms scales. Under these conditions. . KemEguard 2593 continues to provide a high level of efficacy at the same dosage as at 85°C.0. As threshold inhibitors. and in squeeze applications. KemEguard 2593 is also highly effective in controlling calcium sulfate scale. and particulate dispersion. As particulate dispersers.5. in continuous injection. thus greatly enhancing the life of production equipment and improving well production efficiency. 4800 ppm SO42-. pH 7. Its hybrid has been successfully deployed topside. KemEguard 2593 achieved 100% inhibition at a low dosage of 0.5 1 1.KemEguard 2593 is completely miscible with seawater and chemically stable at temperatures as high as 350°C. KemEguard 2593 provides excellent scale control in a range of North Sea scalable brine systems from moderate systems in the Heidrun field to the very harsh Miller field. they prevent the well organized crystal growth that makes scales hard and difficult to remove by interfering with the crystal pattern. These polycarboxylic acid derivatives are highly effective at preventing calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scales. as well as from the health.45 168 3. unloading.79 1. Georgia 30144 USA Tel + 1 800 347 1542 Fax +1 770 436 3432 P Box 330 .com .5 1. You must also instruct your employees. ordinances and regulations of any governmental authority applicable to the processing. delivery.2 0 KemEguard 5042 KemEguard 5040 KemEguard 5021 Standard Polyacrylate 5.2 7.7 5. agents.19 4.7 5. safety and environmental standpoint. 48 mg/L SO42-. 1950 Vaughn Road Kennesaw. They are suitable for topside.6 1.0 2.66 3. Static jar testing was employed to determine product efficacy.O.5 3. 65°C.9 3. Nothing herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with patents covering any material or its use.45 3. sale and use of each product.0 4. FI-00101 Helsinki Finland Tel + 358 10 86 11 Fax +358 10 862 1124 www.3 5.8 0.92 28 3.8 ppm KemGuard and KemEguard are trademarks of Kemira Oyj or its subsidiaries.2 7.34 5.61 21 1.0 0.2 1. KemEguard 5000 series products' typical performance in controlling calcium and barium scale is shown in the figures below.0 and 2+ 2- Test results show efficacy of the KemEguard 5000 series in static barium sulfate scaling conditions: 69 mg/L Ba2+. KemEguard 5000 series products provided control of barium sulfate scaling at Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) of 4.31 1. All information and technical assistance is given without warranty or guarantee and is subject to change without notice.kemira.4 0.1 2.57 2. You assume full liability and responsibility for compliance with all information and precautions and with all laws. discharge.8 1. pH 7.0 1.5 ppm of each product or less. and squeeze deployment.2 7. contractors. statutes.1 3.0 and 25°C. Our KemEguard 5000 series performed at least as well as a standard acrylic acid–based polymer. 600 mg/L SO4 .94 3.97 Percentage biodegradation 7 28 43 32 45 33 45 14 33 47 34 49 37 47 21 37 47 42 53 44 51 28 64 66 64 68 61 65 Innovative Chemistry KemEguard 5042 KemEguard 5042 + Na Benzoate KemEguard 5040 KemEguard 5040 + Na Benzoate KemEguard 5021 KemEguard 5021 + Na Benzoate 5. Kemira makes this information available as an accommodation to its customers and it is intended to be solely a guide in customers' evaluation of the products. customers or any third party which may be exposed to the products about all applicable precautions.4 1.0 0. pH 8.0 3.6 0. continuous.5 2.18 4.5 4.7 1.76 3.5 0 KemEguard 5000 Series Efficacy in Static Barium Sulfate Scaling Conditions KemEguard 5042 KemEguard 5040 KemEguard 5021 Standard Polyacrylate Test results show efficacy in controlling calcium carbonate scale under conditions of 200 mg/L Ca . storage.73 3.Material 100% BOD Sum of BOD (mg 02 per bottle) 7 14 1. transportation. KemEguard 5042 outperformed the acrylic acid based polymer and achieved 100% inhibition at a low MIC of 0. handling.21 3.29 3.45 KemEguard 5000 series products are chemically stable up to temperatures of 350°C.6 1. You must test our products to determine if they are suitable for your intended uses and applications. KemEguard 5000 Series Efficacy in Calcium Carbonate Scaling Conditions Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) (ppm) Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) (ppm) 1.