Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field, Nonresponse Error, and Questionnaire ScreeningChapter 14 DATA COLLECTION IN THE FIELD, NONRESPONSE ERROR, AND QUESTIONNAIRE SCREENING GENERAL CONCEPT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. In an effort to increase the response rate in surveys, researchers sometimes have interviewers say "I am not selling anything" at the beginning of the conversation. Some research on this has concluded that including this statement: a. does increase response rates by about 2 percent b. does increase response rates by about 10 percent c. has no effect on response rates d. actually lowered response rates by about 2 percent e. actually lowered response rates by about 10 percent Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 391 2. Nonsampling error includes: a. all types of nonresponse error b. data gathering and handling error c. data analysis d. data interpretation error e. All of the above Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 392 3. Which is true about nonsampling error? a. it cannot be measured as can sampling error b. it can be measured as accurately as sampling error c. it can be measured more accurately than sampling error d. it cannot be measured in standard units e. it can be measured in standard units Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 392 208 researchers must know the sources of nonsampling error and learn how to minimize it. pays interviewers per completed interview b. misunderstandings Answer: (d) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 393 7. and Questionnaire Screening 4. Because it cannot be measured. pays interviewers the competitive rate e. Because it cannot be measured. data error out c. fatigue c. greater attempts must be made to measure it. Nonsampling error should be measured and controlled at all stages of the research process in order to ensure a 95 percent accurate study. pays interviewers more than the competitive rate c.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. directional and nondirectional nonsampling errors Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 392 6. nonresponse d. e. intentional and fieldworker d. These data collection errors may be divided into: a. pays interviewers above minimum wage Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 393 209 . unintentional and respondent error e. Answer: (b) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 392 5. d. data error in. Interviewer cheating may actually be encouraged by a compensation system that: a. Researchers must be aware that nonsampling error exists but because it exists only in a theoretical sense. b. fieldworker error and respondent error b. pays interviewers by the hour d. A variety of nonsampling error occurs during data collection. cheating e. there are no known safeguards to minimize it. Which of the following best represents what should be done about nonsampling error? a. Nonsampling error should be measured and controlled at all stages of the research process in order to ensure a 100 percent accurate study. falsehoods b. Which of the following is a type of intentional fieldworker error? a. c. Nonresponse Error. personal characteristics that can be a source of bias d. team players c.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. leading the respondent d." allowable margin of error is "too high" Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 396 210 . empathy e. sex. Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 396 12. An interviewer's accent. unintentional respondent fraud c. This is an example of: a. Falsehoods occur when: a. important for hiring purposes but have no effect on the respondent b. respondents fail to tell the truth in surveys b. fieldworkers become fatigued d. personal characteristics that the researcher may not consider due to the Interviewer Code of Responsible Behavior Act e. unintentional respondent error e. affinity d. important only in the training process Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 395 10. "e. and Questionnaire Screening 8. and demeanor of the interviewer may be considered: a. All of the above were mentioned. Interviewer misunderstanding would be considered: a. "e. Nonresponse Error. intentional interviewer error b. unintentional interviewer error c. are not to be considered in hiring interviewers due to equal employment opportunity laws c. "yes-saying" b." allowable margin of error is "too low" e. An interviewer gives the respondent very subtle cues such as saying "yes" to statements with which the interviewer agrees. fieldworkers fail to tell the truth in surveys c. interviewer misunderstanding e. Which of the following were mentioned in your textbook as being characteristics of outstanding telephone interviewers? a. misunderstandings Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 394 9. intentional respondent error Answer: (b) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 395 11. work orientation b. intentional fieldworker error d. and Questionnaire Screening 13. leading behavior Answer: (b) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 399 16. less likely to be employed e. An unintentional respondent error occurs when a respondent's interest in the survey wanes. younger. Answer: (b) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 397 14." a. Nonresponse Error. None of the above. attention sampling error d. Interviewer cheating may be controlled by: a." among others. a more withdrawn public.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. younger. hiring only interviewers who are honest b. The findings of their research shows that "Hard to Gets" are _________ and ________ than "Easy to Gets. attention loss c. Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 400 211 . response rates are actually increasing dramatically as professional researchers have a better knowledge of what motivates potential respondents. misunderstanding e. cheating cannot be controlled. more likely to be employed Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 399 15. and this is known as: a. ADD b. using one-way mirrors c. As stated in your text. are more talkative c. some believe that nonresponse is a problem because: a. ensuring anonymity and confidentiality e. Marketing researchers in the UK studied different types of potential respondents and labeled them as "Easy to Get" and "Hard to Get. younger. taller d. supervision and validation d. involvement in night TV and the Internet d. companies have reduced monetary incentives b. and desire for privacy c. taller. distaste for survey participation. None of the above. busy schedules. the newly adopted response rate formula adopted by the Marketing Research Society is much more conservative and yields lower rates than the former formula e. weigh more b. taller. misunderstandings c." Answer: (b) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 402 212 . misunderstandings e. reducing leading questions because a third party is listening d. A and B e. The "third-person technique" is useful for: a. When it comes to validation. falsehoods d. None of the above. reducing fieldworker cheating by having a third party witness the interviews e. Validation is used to reduce the intentional respondent error of: a. falsehoods b. 10 percent Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 401 18. take frequent breaks c. reducing falsehoods and nonresponse c. interviewer cheating Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 402 20. an industry standard is to randomly select ________ of respondents for call back. Nonresponse Error.3 percent d. fatigue b. Assuring anonymity or confidentiality is used as control for: a. read the interviewer code of ethical behavior b. leading the respondent c. 75 percent c. distractions d. B and C Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 402 19. there is no such "technique. and Questionnaire Screening 17. some researchers require interviewers to: a. reducing fatigue by bringing in another interviewer b. guessing e.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. alternate surveys d. a. 50 percent b. third-person techniques Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 402 21. 33. 25 percent e. To help control interviewer fatigue. direct interviewers where to find respondents e. "Prompters" may be used to: a. Only a handful of these companies can be counted on to effectively control nonsampling error. fatigue c. field data collection firms are relied on by researchers to know both the sources of and ways to control nonsampling error. Reversal of scale endpoints may be useful for controlling: a. These firms are waiting on technological advances to help in the control of nonsampling error. Which of the following has been labeled the marketing research industry's biggest problem? a. Although these companies give "lip service" to nonsampling error reduction. Nonresponse Error. Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 403 25. facilitate proper training d. Thus far. b. e. falsehoods c. eliminate misunderstandings Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 403 24. control for attention loss or fatigue b. they offer little help in the control of nonsampling error. item omissions e. distractions Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 404 26. attention loss e. d. interviewer error c. and Questionnaire Screening 22. misunderstandings d. misunderstandings Answer: (d) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 403 23. Which of the following is a data collection error that is unique to online surveys? a. multiple submissions by the same respondent b. nonresponse error d. falsehoods on the part of respondents c. nonresponse d. c. Because their existence relies on providing high quality data.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. population misrepresentation Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 404 213 . these companies have failed to recognize nonsampling error. Which of the following is true regarding the role professional field data collection companies play in terms of nonsampling error? a. sampling error b. cheating e. sampling error b. and refusal to answer a particular question (item omission) c. topics related to current TV shows that are also popular c. and then saw a downward fall that was just as dramatic e. item(s) omission d. refusals. Nonresponse Error. A respondent reaches a certain point in the interview. any topic dealing with sports b. which of those listed below was found by researchers to increase participation? a. This is known as: a. response rates have slowly declined over this period of years d. and misunderstandings Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 405 29. quitting b. Which of the following best describes the trend in nonresponse rates in telephone surveys conducted from 1979 to 2003? a. refusals. break-offs e. topics of interest to the potential respondent Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 406 214 . and refusal to answer a particular question (item omission) d. hang-ups. and then decides not to answer any more questions. attention loss. and then saw a downward fall that was just as dramatic Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 405 28. topics related to youth e. response rates have remained unchanged primarily due to the effects of online surveys c. break-offs. failure to communicate Answer: (d) Difficulty: (Moderate) Pages: 405–406 30.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. topics relating to taxation and social welfare d. response rates increased dramatically from 1979 to about 1988. break-offs. and call back e. What are the types of nonresponse errors? a. hang-ups. and Questionnaire Screening 27. attention loss. nonresponse c. response rates increased dramatically from 1979 to about 1985. hang-ups. and hang-ups b. Of the factors that determine whether or not a person will participate in a survey. refusals. response rates have continually increased b. 5 to 10 d. 3 to 4 Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 408 34. assurance of insurance. monetary incentives. promises not to "sell anything" Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 408 33. and no answers. 8 to 10 b. Which of the following methods used to reduce nonresponse error is best for reducing the number of not-at-homes. a. and no answers? a. advance notification. secondary. advance notification. primary and secondary questions have been answered c. increasing the "wrong targets" d. questions have been answered e. busy signals. and claims to be certified b. 7 to 10 c. monetary incentives. and follow-up contacts d. and Questionnaire Screening 31. post notification. classification questions have been answered Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 408 32. monetary incentives c. Callback attempts are important to reduce nonresponse and usually about ________ callback attempts should be made to the not-at-homes. and follow-up contacts c. assurance of insurance. advance notification b. 3 to 10 e. primary questions have been answered b. and follow-up contacts e. Incentives often used to reduce nonresponse error in survey research include: a. decreasing the "ineligibles" Answer: (d) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 408 215 . ex post facto notification. busy signals. One decision rule used in the research industry relating to how to define a "completed survey" is to define a completed survey as one in which all the: a. Nonresponse Error. and tertiary questions have been answered d. primary. callbacks e.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. dividing the number of completed interviews by the number of eligible units in the sample b. essentially enumerates the percentage of the population with which interviews were completed c. is the percentage of positive responses to questions dealing with important research objectives e. essentially enumerates the percentage of the total sample with which interviews were completed b. 55 percent/55 percent or 100 percent d. 45 percent/55 percent or 82 percent e.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. International Council for Response Rate Standardization Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 409 38. dividing the percentage of completed interviews by the percentage of eligible units in the sample d. None of the above Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 409 216 . If your response rate is 55 percent. Answer: (b) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 409 37. Which of the following organizations has provided the industry with a standard for calculating response rates? a. You cannot calculate the nonresponse rate by knowing only the response rate. American Marketing Association b. Marketing Research Association e. your nonresponse rate is: a. The response rate: a. International Marketing & Research Association (IMRA) c. Nonresponse Error. 55 percent b. Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO) d. 45 percent c. and Questionnaire Screening 35. is the percentage of qualified respondents who are screened out of the sample due to the incidence rate Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 409 36. dividing the number of completed interviews into the number of eligible units in the sample c. The nonresponse rate is calculated by: a. dividing the percentage of incomplete interviews by the incidence rate e. essentially enumerates the number of the total sample with which interviews were completed d. all respondents should be recalled by a supervisor to ensure that they were actually interviewed Answer: (b) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 413 41.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. be eliminated from the sample Answer: (e) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 415 217 . None of the above. Unreliable respondents. data entry follows b. Nonresponse Error. after conducting a survey. means to compute an overall score that adjusts for the nonresponse of that subgroup b. not be encouraged to participate in future research and their incentive. they should be sent to the tabulation room d. if promised. should: a. there should be a preliminary screening of the questionnaires c. unreliable response d. be weighted so as to provide reliable estimates as to how their population subgroup would have responded to the survey question d. applying weights (to accurately reflect the proportions of subgroups that represent the population) to subgroup. applying a weighted value of .or nay-saying b. applying weights to answers of subgroups until the answer is believed to accurately reflect the way the true subgroup in the population would have answered the research question c. applying a weighted value of . endzoning c. be resurveyed b.5 or less to all sample respondents' answers who are felt to be underrepresented in the sample data e. the respondent is obviously favorable or unfavorable toward the topic being evaluated. yea. and then recalculating the survey data d. it is known as: a. Essentially. it is determined that nonresponse is a problem. should be withheld e. they should be shown to the client to verify that they were completed e. be oversampled to reduce unreliability c.5 or less to all sample respondents' answers who are felt to be overrepresented in the sample data Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 412 40. After the surveys have been completed: a. and Questionnaire Screening 39. When respondents have a tendency to respond favorably or unfavorably regardless of the question. research with low variability e. If. weighting averages means: a. Answer: (a) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 414 42. one alternative that may be considered is weighting. identified in questionnaire screening. reproportioning subgroups in the population in a way that matches how they are proportioned in the sample. and Questionnaire Screening TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 43. sampling error and nonsampling error. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 392 47. we cannot predetermine the amount of nonsampling error we will have. We can predetermine (and control) the level of sampling error. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 393 49. Nonresponse Error. but fortunately we can eliminate this error by having a lower margin of allowable error (e). Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 392 48. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 395 218 . it may bias the respondent. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 391 44. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 392 45. Some research has concluded that including the statement "I am not selling anything" has a small beneficial effect on response rates but does not affect the percent of persons who terminate midinterview. Nonsampling errors stem primarily from either fieldworker errors or respondent errors. These "cues" should be properly taught to the interviewers during training so that the results may be guaranteed (within limits). One of the primary causes for interviewer cheating stems from the compensation method: payment per completed interview.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. If an interviewer has an accent. Very subtle "cues" from the interviewer may lead the respondent to answer the questions correctly. There are two kinds of error in surveys. Several types of nonsampling error exist. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 392 46. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 394 50. An industry standard for validation is to recall 50 percent of the respondents to verify that they were. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 401 58. the researcher will not divulge the name of the respondent with the responses. Respondents can misunderstand. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 396 52. suffer distractions. and Questionnaire Screening 51.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field." Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 399 55. "hard to gets" are typically older and less likely to be employed than "easy to gets. These are all examples of unintentional respondent error and they all contribute to nonsampling error. Falsehoods and nonresponse are two unintentional respondent errors. In research conducted to identify "hard to get" respondents and compare them with "easy to get" respondents. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 399 54. Supervision and validation are ways the marketing research industry controls for interviewers leading respondents. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 400 57. lose attention. and suffer respondent fatigue. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 402 219 . Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 402 59. One characteristic of outstanding telephone interviewers is work orientation: a hard worker who considers interviewing a personal skill. guess. interviewed. Anonymity occurs when the respondent is given assurances that his or her answers will remain private. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 400 56. Nonresponse Error. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 396 53. The "third-person technique" may be used to reduce falsehoods. in fact. Supervision and validation are ways the marketing research industry controls for interviewer cheating. If the objectives are met. recent research has shown this is false. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Difficult) Pages: 404-405 65. and Questionnaire Screening 60. item omissions may seriously threaten the achievement of the research objectives. break-offs are not considered a form of nonresponse. However. One of the problems with online surveys is that they may lead more people to submit bogus responses about themselves. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 403 61. Nonresponse Error. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 405 66. because many consumers are not connected to the Internet. An item omission refers to the failure to include an important question on a survey questionnaire." Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 404 62. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 407 220 . Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 404 63. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 405 64. the client will have greater satisfaction and will likely use the services of the research firm again. One of the problems with online surveys is that. creating "bogus respondents. A completed interview is always defined as an interview in which 100 percent of the questions have been answered and in a way that they are all supportive of the research objectives. they may misrepresent the intended population. Therefore. It was long thought that response rates increased if the respondents have a high level of interest in the research topic. The University of Michigan's Survey of Consumer Attitudes has shown that response rates are declining.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 406 67. Reversal of scale endpoints is helpful in order to change the results to more closely match the research objectives. Nonresponse is composed of refusal and item omission. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 408 72. the response rate formula omits the concept of eligibility. A method that may reduce nonresponse error is to provide potential respondents with an advance notification. A good definition for a completed interview is one that has all questions answered up to the demographic questions at the end of the survey. it is standard practice in the research industry to immediately substitute that sample member with the next person on the sample frame. either by telephone or by letter. then the nonresponse rate is 40 percent. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 408 71." that sample element is no longer usable and callbacks should not be made. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 408 70.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. To do otherwise will distort the response rate." it is impossible to estimate the percentage of those members of the sample who are not called (i. CASRO. therefore. If a respondent is called and is "not at home. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 409 73. Response rate is calculated as the number of units in the sample divided by the number of completed interviews. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 409 221 . If a respondent is not at home or if their telephone is busy. In calculating the response rate for studies with screening questions and. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 409 75. a certain percentage of the sample who are "eligible. that they are going to be asked to take part in some research. Nonresponse Error.e. if the response rate is 60 percent. the Council of American Survey Research Organizations. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Easy) Page: 409 74. not at homes. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 407 69. and Questionnaire Screening 68.) who are "eligible. busy signals. thus giving us response rates much lower than they should be. etc. has provided standards for calculating response rates." Therefore. Response rate and nonresponse rates are related. Rachel's decision to pay the interviewers this way will: a. One remedy for studies that are thought likely to have high nonresponse rates is to oversample. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 412 77. one remedy may be applying weighted averages that essentially increase or decrease a subgroup's proportion in the sample to that proportion known to exist in the population.00 to collect the information. Answer: (True) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 415 APPLICATION QUESTIONS 80. and Questionnaire Screening 76. which means we draw a sample larger than calculated in order to meet the required sample size calculated by the sample size formula. and the administration had given her a budget of $2. it signals that a good. Nonresponse Error. When a researcher sees a "middle-of-the-road pattern" during the questionnaire screening process. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 414 79. This is normally carried out by having two different questions that measure the same construct imbedded somewhere in the questionnaire.000. She would need to collect four hundred completed interviews in a five-day period. help control respondent misunderstandings Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 393 222 . At the meeting of the volunteers. help ensure that leading respondents will be held at a minimum because she is giving the fieldworkers ample time to conduct the interviews e. Rachel put posters up around the campus asking for students who wanted to earn extra cash by interviewing other students on campus. Sometimes a researcher will include an internal consistency check to ensure that reliable answers are being given by respondents.00 an hour and told them they should complete at least three interviews for each hour they worked. If a study is conducted and nonresponse error is a problem. Answer: (False) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 412 78. help ensure that there is a minimum of fatigue among the fieldworkers collecting the information c. Rachel offers to pay them $8. help ensure that her fieldworkers do not cheat d. help ensure there are no misunderstandings among the fieldworkers collecting the information b.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. Rachel Luecht was responsible for conducting a survey of her university to determine what extent the students were in favor of a number of changes the university administration was considering. average response was obtained by the survey and this is a good sign that the research process did not produce strange abnormalities. will be included in the denominator of the response rate formula d. Tennessee. of the research firm. a charitable organization in Memphis. Margaret Day Craddock is the director of MIFA. or not at homes) e. Because there will be a screening question. Today. Bob Smith is conducting a survey for Margaret Day Craddock. will be included in the denominator of the response rate formula e. busy signals. discussed in your text. Bob will use the CASRO formula. 100 percent of the sample. not have any impact on the response rate b. busy signals. and Questionnaire Screening 81. The formula essentially divides the number of completed interviews by the number of eligible units (respondents) in the sample. Tennessee. None of the above—because there is no CASRO formula Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Difficult) Pages: 409–410 223 . a charitable organization in Memphis. have an impact on the response rate in that only those respondents who are "eligible" (i. pass the screen). lower the response rate because many persons contacted will not be responsible for making contribution decisions Answer: (c) Difficulty: (Difficult) Page: 410 82. Nonresponse Error. is using a probability sample and he is taking safeguards to minimize nonsampling error. Bob Smith. ALL respondents are "eligible" whether they pass the screen or not c. Because Margaret plans on using the research information to help her set objectives and the budget for the coming year.Chapter 14: Data Collection in the Field. ("ineligibles" consist of those passing the screen) plus (the percentage of those ineligible among respondents we talked with) times (the number of respondents we did not talk with due to refusals [before the screen]. Not everyone contacted will be eligible to take part in the study as there is a screening question which asks if the potential respondent is the person in the household that is most likely to make decisions regarding the family's contributions to charity. Margaret has contracted with a marketing research firm in Memphis to conduct a telephone survey of Memphis MSA residents to assess their awareness of charitable organizations. she has instructed the research firm to ensure that the information is representative of the MSA. and intentions to contribute in the coming year. 100 percent of the sample—those failing the screening question b. Not everyone contacted will be eligible to take part in the study as there is a screening question which asks if the potential respondent is the person in the household that is most likely to make decisions regarding the family's contributions to charity. Bob is working on factors that will affect the response rate. fail to pass the screen).e. or not at homes) d. Margaret has contracted with Bob's marketing research firm in Memphis to conduct a telephone survey of Memphis MSA residents. Bob knows that this will: a. not have any impact on the nonresponse rate c. have an impact on the response rate in that only those respondents who are "ineligible" (i. tax code provisions for charitable donations. to determine the response rate for the study. ("eligibles" consist of those passing the screen) plus (the percentage of those eligible among respondents we talked with) times (the number of respondents we did not talk with due to refusals [before the screen]. the director of MIFA. no answers.e. attitudes toward charitable organizations. no answers. Which of the following best represents how the number of eligible units in the sample is calculated? a.