Description
Li c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I British Standard A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to man-mcgibew2 man-mcgibew2 06 January 2005 This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most current version of this document by searching British Standards Online at bsonline.techindex.co.uk | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 445 : 1997 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 The European Standard EN 445 : 1996 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.100.10 ; 91.100.30 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Grout for prestressing tendons Ð Test methods L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I BS EN 445 : 1997 Issue 2, December 1997 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 November 1997 © BSI 1997 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference B/525/2 Draft for comment 91/10645 DC ISBN 0 580 28311 9 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Text affected 9876 December 1997 Indicated by a sideline in the margin Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/2, Structural use of concrete, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Consulting Engineers British Cement Association British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd. Concrete Society Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment) Department of the Environment (Construction Sponsorship Directorate) Department of Transport (Highways Agency) Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers Steel Reinforcement Commission L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I © BSI 1997 i Issue 2, December 1997 BS EN 445 : 1997 | | National foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2 and is the English language version of EN 445 : 1996 Grout for prestressing tendons Ð Test methods published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 445 was produced as a result of European discussions in which the UK took an active part. The UK voted against this standard at the CEN Formal Vote stage because UK industry considered the standard to be insufficient in providing suitable specification requirements for grouting materials and procedures, particularly for highway bridges. The UK conducted significant development work and subsequently published Concrete Society Technical Report No. 47 Durable Bonded Post Tensioned Concrete Bridges, prepared by a Concrete Society Working Party in collaboration with the Concrete Bridge Development Group (September 1996), to which reference may be made. At the CEN Formal Vote stage, however, the analysis of voting resulted in a positive vote and in accordance with CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations Part 2 : Common rules for standards work EN 445 was accepted as a European Standard. Cross-reference Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard EN 196-1 : 1994 BS EN 196-1 : 1995 Determination of strength Textual error The textual error set out below was discovered when adopting the text of the European Standard. It has been reported to CEN in a proposal to amend the text of the European Standard. Figure 2 in the published EN version is not correct. In the national annex NA (informative) of this BS EN an updated version of the figure is given until such time as the EN is amended. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I ii blank L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation EuropaÈ isches Komitee fuÈ r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels © 1996 Copyright reserved to CEN members. Ref. No. EN 445 : 1996 E EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 445 NORME EUROPE  ENNE EUROPA È ISCHE NORM March 1996 ICS 91.100.30 Descriptors: Cables, ropes, prestressed concrete, grouting, viscosity, tests English version Grout for prestressing tendons Ð Test methods Coulis pour caÃble de preÂcontrainte Ð MeÂthode d'essais EinpreûmoÈ rtel fuÈ r Spannglieder Ð PruÈ fverfahren This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1994-10-28. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I Page 2 EN 445 : 1996 © BSI 1997 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104, Concrete Ð Performance, production, placing and compliance criteria, the Secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 1996, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 1996. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword 2 0 Introduction 3 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 3 Testing of grout 3 3.1 General conditions 3 3.2 Fluidity test 3 3.2.1 Immersion method 3 3.2.1.1 Principle of test 3 3.2.1.2 Apparatus 3 3.2.1.3 Calibration procedure 3 3.2.1.4 Test procedure 3 3.2.1.5 Reporting the results 5 3.2.2 Cone method 5 3.2.2.1 Principle of test 5 3.2.2.2 Apparatus 5 3.2.2.3 Test procedure 5 3.2.2.4 Reporting of results 5 3.3 Bleeding test 5 3.3.1 Principle of test 5 3.3.2 Apparatus 5 3.3.3 Procedure 5 3.3.4 Reporting of results 6 Page 3.4 Volume change test 6 3.4.1 Principle of test 6 3.4.2 Cylinder method 6 3.4.2.1 Apparatus 6 3.4.2.2 Procedure 6 3.4.2.3 Reporting of results 6 3.4.3 Can method 6 3.4.3.1 Apparatus 6 3.4.3.2 Procedure 6 3.4.3.3 Reporting of results 6 3.5 Compression strength test 6 3.5.1 Prisms 6 3.5.1.1 Principle of the test 6 3.5.1.2 Apparatus 7 3.5.1.3 Procedure 7 3.5.1.3.1 Moulding of the test specimens 7 3.5.1.3.2 Curing of test specimens 8 3.5.1.3.3 Compression test 8 3.5.1.4 Reporting of results 8 3.5.2 Cylinders 8 3.5.2.1 Principle 8 3.5.2.2 Apparatus 8 3.5.2.3 Procedure 8 3.5.2.4 Reporting of results 8 L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I Page 3 EN 445 : 1996 © BSI 1997 0 Introduction In post-tensioned prestressed concrete construction, the grouting of tendons is an important operation. This European Standard provides methods of test for grout specified in EN 447. Some tests given herein are alternatives and it will be necessary to relate the chosen test method to the specified requirements. 1 Scope This European Standard describes the methods of test for grout specified in EN 447. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 196-1 : 1987 Methods of testing cement Ð Determination of strength EN 447 Grout for prestressing tendons Ð Specification for common grout ISO 4012 Concrete Ð Determination of compressive strength of test specimens 3 Testing of grout 3.1 General conditions The grouts shall be tested by competent personnel experienced in the subject. The normal conditions of temperature and relative humidity at test shall be as follows: ± temperature (20 ± 2) ÊC; ± relative humidity > 65 %. These conditions are for the specification of the grout. Variations in temperature and humidity on site may cause variations in the test results and shall be reported. The grout for the tests shall be made from materials specified in clause 4 of EN 447 and mixed in accordance with clause 6 of EN 447. The temperature of the freshly mixed grout is to be given in all test reports. 3.2 Fluidity test 3.2.1 Immersion method 3.2.1.1 Principle of test The test consists of measuring the time a plunger needs to drop through a defined amount of grout in a tube. 3.2.1.2 Apparatus a) Calibrated immersion equipment, according to figure 1. b) A 0,5 m spacer rod, according to figure 1. c) A stopwatch. 3.2.1.3 Calibration procedure Calibrate the immersion equipment with glycerol (analytical grade) having a density of 1,226 g/cm 3 at (20 ± 0,5) ÊC. The temperature of the room, immersion equipment and glycerol shall be (20 ± 0,5) ÊC during the calibration. Fill the cylinder with about 1,9 l glycerol up to approximately 260 mm below the rim. After filling the immersion equipment the glycerol shall be allowed to rest for about 1 h. Then immerse the plunger to expel the air bubbles from the glycerol, which may have been introduced into the glycerol during the filling of the cylinder. After at least 1 h position the plunger so that its stop on the tail rod lies on the spacer placed at the top of the tube. Then pull the spacer away to allow the plunger to sink to the stop of the tube. Record this time to the nearest second. Repeat the calibration at least three times. The mean value of all measured immersion times shall be (34 ± 1) s. If the test result deviates from this value the weight of the plunger shall be increased where t > 35 s or reduced where t < 33 s. This is done by varying the quantity of the lead pellets in the plunger. Delay repeating the calibration procedure for at least 30 min to ensure that no air bubbles are in the glycerol resulting from the preceding calibration procedure. 3.2.1.4 Test procedure Preparation The adjustment of the immersion equipment shall be tested before it is used. Adjustment of the immersion equipment shall be tested subsequently once a year and/or after any damage. Directly before the test place the equipment vertically and dampen the inside of the tube and the plunger so that the surface is moist but without free water. Procedure Fill the cylinder with approximately 1,9 l grout up to approximately 260 mm below the rim, so that the plunger is fully immersed on introduction if its stop on the tail rod lies on the spacer placed at the top of the tube. Then pull the spacer away; the plunger sinks to the stop in the tube. Then raise the plunger back to its initial position, insert the spacer, pull it away again and measure the time until the stop lies on the tube. Measure the immersion times of the grout immediately after the mixing process and after 30 min. For the test after 30 min, grout from the same mix as that used for the immersion test immediately after the mixing process shall be used; the grout is to be kept in motion with the stirrer until the carrying out of the test after 30 min. Each test is carried out three times in succession with the same filling. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I Page 4 EN 445 : 1996 © BSI 1997 1 Stop 2 Guide rod 3 Wooden rod (as spacer) 4 Cu-Zn tube 5 Final position of the plunger 6 Level 7 Wooden rod (as measuring rod) 8 White dye 9 Guide cam 10 Grout level in the starting position of the plunger 11 Grout level without plunger (∼ 1,9 l) Figure 1. Immersion equipment for determining the immersion time L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I Page 5 EN 445 : 1996 © BSI 1997 3.2.1.5 Reporting of results Report the result as the average of the immersion times to the nearest second of the second and third immersion, ignoring the first immersion time. 3.2.2 Cone method 3.2.2.1 Principle of test The fluidity of grout, expressed in seconds, measured by the time necessary for a stated quantity of grout to pass through the orifice of the cone, under stated conditions. 3.2.2.2 Apparatus The following apparatus is required for the test. a) Cone, a cone of the dimensions given in figure 2. It shall be robust and manufactured from materials not reactive with any materials specified in clause 4 of EN 447. The volume of the cone (excluding the cylindrical portions at top and bottom) shall be 1,7 l ± 10 %. b) Sieving medium, the sieving medium aperture shall be 1,5 mm and the sieving medium shall be fitted as shown in figure 2, and be removable. c) Stopwatch. d) Container, of 1 l capacity. 3.2.2.3 Test procedure Preparation Mount the cone with its axis vertical and its largest diameter uppermost. Fix the sieving medium at the position indicated in figure 2. During the test prevent the cone from vibrating. Place the container under the cone outlet. All surfaces of the cone shall be clean and shall be dampened so that the surfaces are moist but without free water. Close the lower cone orifice. Procedure Pour the grout through the sieving medium to fill the conical section of the cone. Pour the grout sufficiently slowly to prevent the build-up of air in the grout in the cone. Open the lower cone orifice and at the same time, start the stopwatch. Measure the time taken to the nearest 0,5 s to fill the container. The presence of lumps on the sieving medium shall be reported. Three tests shall be carried out, the first immediately after the grout is mixed and the remaining two tests 30 min after mixing or injection. While testing is in progress the grout shall be kept agitated. 3.2.2.4 Reporting of results Report the time taken to the nearest 0,5 s. Report also the presence of lumps. Report the result as the average of the times determined to the nearest 0,5 s of the second and third tests, ignoring the results of the first test. Dimensions in mm Figure 2. Cone for fluidity test 3.3 Bleeding test 3.3.1 Principle of test The test consists of measuring the quantity of water remaining on the surface of the grout which has been allowed to stand protected from evaporation. 3.3.2 Apparatus A transparent 100 ml cylinder 25 mm in diameter and 250 mm in height graduated in ml. Alternatively, a transparent cylinder 50 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height graduated in mm. 3.3.3 Procedure Preparation Place the cylinder on a surface free from shocks or vibration. The grout used should be from the same batch as that used for the fluidity test. Procedure for 25 mm diameter cylinder Pour 95 to 100 ml of grout into the cylinder. Note the level of the grout (v) ignoring the meniscus. After 3 h, measure the quantity of water on top of the grout (v 1 ), taking appropriate measures to prevent evaporation. The test is carried out on one sample of grout. Procedure for 50 mm diameter cylinder Pour grout into the cylinder to a height of approximately 150 mm. Note the height to the top of the grout (h) ignoring the meniscus. After 3 h, measure the height of water on top of the grout (h 1 ) taking appropriate measures to prevent evaporation. The test is carried out on one sample of grout. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I Page 6 EN 445 : 1996 © BSI 1997 3.3.4 Reporting of results Bleeding at the end of 3 h is given by 3100 % for 25 mm diameter cylinder v 1 v and 3100 % for 50 mm diameter cylinder h 1 h where: v 1 is the volume of water in ml on the surface of the grout after 3 h v is the initial volume in ml of grout h 1 is the height in mm of water on the surface of the grout after 3 h h is the initial height in mm of grout. The report shall state the temperature at the time of test. 3.4 Volume change test 3.4.1 Principle of test The volume change is measured as a percentage of the volume of grout between the start and the end of the test. The test measures mainly the volume change caused by segregation or expansion. The grout used in this test may have been used for the bleeding test (see 3.3). 3.4.2 Cylinder method 3.4.2.1 Apparatus A transparent cylinder, 50 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height. 3.4.2.2 Procedure Place the cylinder on a surface free from shocks or vibration. Fill it with the grout to a height h. 24 h after filling the cylinder measure the height (h 2 ) of the grout in the cylinder. 3.4.2.3 Reporting of results The volume change at the end of 24 h is given by 3 100 % h 2 2 h h where: h is the initial height in mm of grout (see 3.4) h 2 is the height of grout in mm after 24 h. 3.4.3 Can method 3.4.3.1 Apparatus a) Three metal cans, 120 mm high and approximately 100 mm in diameter, with lids capable of preventing the loss of moisture. b) Measuring rod or sliding calipers. c) Plates: ± stop plate, for placing on the can with a diameter of 120 mm (see figure 3); ± transparent stop plate, for placing on the grout and having a diameter of 98 mm and weight of 10 g approximately (see figure 4). d) Filling gauge. 3.4.3.2 Procedure Place the cans on a surface free of vibration and heat radiation and store for 24 h. Immediately after mixing, pour the grout into each can using the filling gauge, to a depth of 100 mm. Carry out a measurement of the distance from the top of the can to the top of the grout: ± immediately after the containers are filled; and ± 24 h after the containers are filled; by one of the following methods. a) Measurement with the stop plate on the can Take the first measurement immediately after the cans have been filled with grout, by measuring the distance between the surface of the grout and the top edge of the can, with the stop plate on the can, in at least six places with the depth gauge or by other means (first measurement). The marking shall coincide with the top edge of the can (reference point). Then seal the cans by covering the lid with a weight of approximately 300 g until the second measurement. Carry out the second measurement 24 h after the filling of the cans. In the second measurement, measure the distance between the firm surface of the grout and the top edge of the can at the same places with the same means as for the first measurement. b) Measurement with the stop plate on the grout Immediately after filling the cans, put the stop plate (figure 4) on the fresh grout and measure with the depth gauge the distance between this plate and the top edge of the can in at least six places (first measurement). Then seal the cans. Carry out the second measurement 24 h after the filling of the cans. In the second measurement, measure the distance between the stop plate and the top edge of the can at the same six places as for the first measurement. 3.4.3.3 Reporting of results The difference of the average values between the first and second measurement(s) in mm corresponds at 100 mm grout level to the volume change in percent and is reported as the percentage change in volume. Report the percentage change in volume as the average of the three containers to the nearest 0,1 %. Report increase of volume as (+) and decrease as (2). 3.5 Compression strength test 3.5.1 Prisms 3.5.1.1 Principle of the test The compression strength of grout in this test (which is an adaptation to grouts of the mechanical tests described in EN 196-1) is determined on the broken halves of prisms. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I Page 7 EN 445 : 1996 © BSI 1997 3.5.1.2 Apparatus a) Mixer for grout, in accordance with the requirements of EN 447. b) Ventilated drying cupboard, with a temperature of (20 ± 1) ÊC and a relative humidity of (95 ± 5) %. c) Test machines, and the devices in accordance with 4.7 and 4.8 of EN 196-1. d) Metal moulds, in accordance with 4.5 of EN 196-1. e) Metal straight edge, in accordance with figure 3 of EN 196-1. Dimensions in mm a) Container b) Plate Figure 3. Plate on the can Dimensions in mm a) Container b) Plate Figure 4. Plate on the grout 3.5.1.3 Procedure 3.5.1.3.1 Moulding of the test specimens The moulds and accessories shall be prepared and the specimens made in accordance with EN 196-1, with the exception noted as follows. Each mould shall be filled with the prepared grout. As an exception to the procedure in EN 196-1 (and because of the liquidity of grouts) the test specimens shall not be subjected to any vibration or shock. Immediately strike off the excess grout with the metal straight edge held almost vertically and moved slowly, with a transverse sawing motion once in each direction. Smooth the surface of the specimens using the same straight edge held almost flat. Then cover the specimens with a glass plate. Label or mark moulds to identify the specimens. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I Page 8 EN 445 : 1996 © BSI 1997 3.5.1.3.2 Curing of test specimens Cure test specimens in accordance with EN 196-1, until they are tested. 3.5.1.3.3 Compression test The compression test shall be carried out in accordance with EN 196-1. The compression strength shall be measured on six test specimens from three prisms broken in flexure. 3.5.1.4 Reporting of results The report shall provide all the results of the compression tests, in MPa. The value obtained for each test shall be the mean of the individual results. 3.5.2 Cylinders 3.5.2.1 Principle The compressive strength of grout in this test is determined on the three cylinders used in the volume change test given in 3.4.3. 3.5.2.2 Apparatus a) The cans, as described in 3.4.3.1. b) A compression test machine, as described in ISO 4012. c) Equipment, for sawing and grinding test specimens. 3.5.2.3 Procedure After measuring the volume change, store the three cylinders in water at (20 ± 1) ÊC until they are to be prepared for test. Immediately prior to test, carefully demould the specimens. Prepare each specimen for test by sawing through the cylinder near the upper surface and then grinding both circular surfaces of the cylinder until the disc to be loaded in the test has a thickness of 80 mm. Then test each specimen in accordance with ISO 4012 until the maximum load (F c ) is reached. 3.5.2.4 Reporting of results Calculate the compressive strength R c in N/mm 2 from R c = F c A where F c is the failure load in N A is the cross-sectional area in mm 2 and shall be measured on three specimens, the mean value of which shall be reported as the compressive strength. The report shall provide all the test results. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I © BSI 1997 Issue 2, December 1997 Page 9 BS EN 445 : 1997 National annex NA (informative) Cone for fluidity test | Ø 152 ± 3 Ø 10 ± 0,1 2 8 0 ± 1 0 6 0 ± 3 1 1. Sieving medium Figure NA1. Cone for fluidity test L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I 10 blank L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I © BSI 1997 BS EN 445 : 1997 List of references See national foreword. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BSI Ð British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter. Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel: 020 8996 9000. Fax: 020 8996 7400. BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards. Buying standards Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be addressed to Customer Services. Tel: 020 8996 9001. Fax: 020 8996 7001. In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless otherwise requested. Information on standards BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre. Tel: 020 8996 7111. Fax: 020 8996 7048. Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel: 020 8996 7002. Fax: 020 8996 7001. Copyright Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means ± electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise ± without prior written permission from BSI. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior written permission of BSI must be obtained. If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing agreement. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager. Tel: 020 8996 7070. L i c e n s e d C o p y : m a n - m c g i b e w 2 m a n - m c g i b e w 2 , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n c h e s t e r - ( J I S C ) , 0 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , ( c ) B S I
Copyright © 2024 DOKUMEN.SITE Inc.