12/22/2014Bridges - Steelconstruction.info Home Print PDF SteelConstruction.info The free encyclopedia for UK steel construction information BCSA TATA Steel SCI Steel Knowledge Log in / create account Search Views Bridges From Steelconstruction.info Steel is widely used around the world for the construction of bridges from the very large to the very small. It is a versatile and effective material that provides efficient and sustainable solutions. Steel has long been recognised as the economic option for a range of bridges. It dominates the markets for long span bridges, railway bridges, footbridges, and medium span highway bridges. It is now increasingly the choice for shorter span highway structures as well. Society gains in many ways from the benefits delivered by steel bridge solutions. Landmark steel bridges embody good design, they are fast to build, and have stimulated the regeneration of many former industrial, dock and canalside areas. Steel bridges are an essential feature of a country’s infrastructure and landscape. Few man-made structures combine the technical with the aesthetics in such an evocative way. Look closely at the next ‘landmark’ bridge you see; the chances are that it is made of steel. Peace Bridge, DerryLondonderry (Video case study) http://www.steelconstruction.info/Bridges The Footbridge, MediaCityUK Jarrold Bridge, Norwich Borough High Street Bridge, London 1/16 info Gem Bridge.1 Beam bridges 2. environmental. Hull Loughor Viaduct Replacement.3 Truss bridges 2. and offers a broad range of benefits addressing the economic. Economic priorities Efficient use of resources Minimum disruption Durability Adaptability http://www. Steel also scores well on all the sustainability measures.Steelconstruction.4 Arch bridges 2. Dartmoor National Park Scale Lane Bridge. South Wales River Taff Central Link Bridge.5 Cable-stayed bridges 2. and social priorities of the ‘triple bottom line’ of sustainability.info/Bridges 2/16 . rapid construction. aesthetics.12/22/2014 Bridges .2 Box girder bridges 2. minimal maintenance and flexibility in future use.6 Suspension bridges 3 Materials 4 Design 5 Construction 6 Durability 7 Case studies 8 References 9 Resources 10 See also 11 External links 12 CPD Attributes Main Article: Sustainable steel bridges Modern steel bridges taking advantage of the latest advances in automated fabrication and construction techniques are able to provide economic solutions to the demands of safety.steelconstruction. shallow construction depth. Merthyr Tydfil Contents 1 Attributes 2 Forms of construction 2. Structural steelwork is used in the superstructures of bridges from the smallest to the greatest. Steel has broad architectural possibilities. able to carry loads in tension. beam bridges. entire bridges have been relocated and bridges can be designed with ease of future relocation in mind. http://www. and Tied-arch bridges Steel is a most versatile and effective material for bridge construction. the girders can be cut into manageable sizes to facilitate Recycling route diagram demolition. Some 99% of structural steel either finds its way back into the steelmaking process where it is used to create new steel products or is reused. Alternatively.info Environmental priorities Recycling and re-use Minimum CO2 and energy burdens Minimum waste Lightweight construction Social priorities Sustainable communities Health and safety Minimum impact Aesthetically pleasing bridges Prefabrication of steelwork (Image courtesy of Mabey Bridge Ltd. Steel is the most recycled construction material and choosing it for bridges represents a sustainable management of natural resources. Steel bridges can be made to look light or reassuringly solid. Minimum self-weight is also an important factor in the cost of transporting and handling components.info/Bridges 3/16 . cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges. Forms of construction Main articles: Multi-girder composite bridges. Box girder bridges. and minimises the length and cost of approach embankments.) The high strength-to-weight ratio of steel minimises the structural weight of superstructures and thus minimises the substructure costs.Steelconstruction. component parts of steel bridges can be reused in other structures. and can be sculptured to any shape or form. Ladder deck composite bridges. The painting of steelwork introduces colour and contrast. arch bridges.steelconstruction. Use of steel facilitates shallow construction depths. and returned to steelworks for recycling. which is particularly beneficial in poor ground conditions. There is a wide variety of structural forms available to the designer but each essentially falls into one of four groups. and repainting can change or refresh the appearance of the bridge. There is no degradation in the performance of recycled steel. Integral bridges. compression and shear. Modern fabrication methods can easily provide curvature in plan and elevation.12/22/2014 Bridges . The high surface quality of steel creates clean sharp lines and allows attention to detail. Half-through bridges. When a steel bridge reaches the end of its useful life. which overcomes problems with headroom and flood clearances. Steelconstruction. where the deck is rigidly connected to the abutments.12/22/2014 Bridges .steelconstruction. Between them. This eliminates the need for expansion joints and bearings. Cross sections Cross section of a multi-girder highway bridge Cross section of a ladder deck bridge Examples Twin multi-girder bridge structures. the depth between the trafficked surface (or rails) and the underside of the http://www. or composite bridge is one where a reinforced concrete deck slab sits on top of steel I-beams. There are two principal forms of this beam and slab construction.tatasteelconstruction. showing bracing locations Lagentium Viaduct.info Beam bridges A beam and slab. and are suitable for spans ranging from 13m up to 100m. such composite bridges are adopting ‘integral construction’. Castleford (Image courtesy of Tata Steel (http://www.info/Bridges 4/16 . and acts compositely with them in bending.com) ) Increasingly. notably for railway bridges. The choice between the two forms depends on economic considerations and site-specific factors such as form of intermediate supports and access for construction. multi-girder construction and ladder deck construction. they account for the majority of medium span highway bridges currently being built in the UK. which minimises future maintenance requirements.com) ) A twin ladder deck bridge Hunslett Viaduct.tatasteelconstruction. Leeds (Image courtesy of Tata Steel (http://www. In some situations. info/Bridges 5/16 . an all-steel orthotropic deck may be used instead of a reinforced concrete slab.steelconstruction. where they are specially shaped for optimum aerodynamic performance. box girders are an alternative to plate girders at the upper end of the span range. Above about 200m.info bridge is severely constrained and there is little depth available for the structure. closed by the deck slab. with the deck slab over the top. Longer spans of 100 to 200m typically use either a single box or a pair of boxes with crossbeams. In beam and slab bridges.Steelconstruction. or an open top trapezoidal box.12/22/2014 Bridges . where they offer a lower steel weight. box girders are likely to be part of a cable-stayed bridge or a suspension bridge. which may be required on highly curved bridges. Such composite box girder decks may take the form of multiple closed steel boxes. where minimising structural weight is very important. General arrangement of a half-through bridge Box girder bridges Box girders comprise two webs that are joined top and bottom by a common flange creating a closed cell that offers very good torsional stiffness. In these circumstances. ‘half-through’ construction is used. For such long spans and for bridges such as lifting bridges. although this has to be balanced against increased fabrication costs. Box girder bridges http://www. info/Bridges Through truss railway bridge. truss bridges do offer a very stiff. as cantilevers (Forth Rail Bridge) or as stiffening girders to suspension bridges (Forth Road Bridge). the truss girder form of construction usually proves expensive to fabricate because of the large amount of labourintensive work in building up the members and making the connections. Peterborough Bridges .org/resources/designawards/2011/certificate-of-merit/new-cross-gate-flyover6/16 . Lincoln Truss bridges A truss is a triangulated framework of individual elements or members which act primarily in tension or compression.info Open top box girders curved in plan Fossdyke Bridge. demountable bridges (Bailey bridges).steelconstruction. London (http://www. However. New Cross Gate Flyover.Steelconstruction. for through or half-through forms. gantries and longer span railway bridges (over 50m). lightweight solutions with minimum structural depth. Today. as arches (Sydney Harbour Bridge). they are widely used in the UK for footbridges. Truss bridges Half-through warren truss footbridge http://www. Hence. Trusses have been used in a similar way to beams in composite decks (Oresund Approach Spans). so they are seldom used for ordinary highway bridges.steelconstruction.12/22/2014 Variable depth trapezoidal closed top box girders River Nene Viaduct. resting on arch below. partly because the use of an arch from which to hang the deck allows the construction depth of a suspended deck to be kept shallow. a steel arch has a similar structural action to old masonry arch bridges.Steelconstruction. The arch elements act primarily in compression.info (Image courtesy of Nusteel Structures Ltd.info/Bridges Tied-arch bridge Tied-arch bridge River Usk Crossing. even at longer spans.steelconstruction.12/22/2014 Bridges . arches and tied-arches have become a little more common. where the ground cannot withstand the large horizontal thrusts from arching action.tatasteelconstruction.) east-london-line. The horizontal thrusts from the arching action are resisted by tension members between the arch springings. Arch bridges Arch skew to the line of the deck Hulme Arch. Arches are sometimes skew to the line of the deck and sometimes the arch planes are inclined for dramatic visual effect. Manchester http://www.com) ) Arch bridges In the traditional form. This form is suited to the soft soils of riverbanks. Effectively the deck acts as a tension tie. and is supported by hangers from the arch above.html) (Image courtesy of Tata Steel (http://www. or it may be suspended on hangers from the arch above. and partly because arches make a clear architectural statement.html) 7/16 . Newport Infinity footbridge. In recent years. A tied-arch or "bow string" arch is a particular development of the arch form. Stockton (http://www. The deck may either be supported on struts.steelconstruction.tatasteelconstruction.org/resources/design(Image courtesy of Tata Steel awards/2005/award/river-usk-crossing(http://www.com) ) newport-southern-distributor-road. The arch springs from the foundations and exerts horizontal thrusts on them. The deck girders sustain compression forces as well as bending forces. Derby (http://www. H-frame or columns). often the side spans are hung from these portions of the cables. the main girders are supported at intervals along their length by inclined tension members (stays) connected to a high mast or pylon.Steelconstruction. to give support and stiffness to an otherwise very light structure.html) River Suir Bridge.steelconstruction. and a deck is supported from the two cables by a series of hangers along their length. Examples of cable-stayed bridges include: Swansea Sail Bridge (http://www.html) Suspension bridges A suspension bridge is fundamentally simple in action: two cables are suspended between two supports (‘towers’ or ‘pylons’).info/Bridges 8/16 .steelconstruction. Carmarthen (http://www. On a more modest scale. or two planes.12/22/2014 Bridges .org/resources/designawards/2007/commendation/pont-king-morgan-carmarthen. In addition to its action in carrying traffic. N25 Waterford Bypass (http://www. the deck acts as a stiffening girder running the length of each span.info Cable-stayed bridges In this form of bridge.html) Cathedral Bridge. The combination of grace and grandeur in such situations leads to the acknowledged view that many of the world’s most exciting bridges are suspension bridges. Recent developments in the modelling and analysis of dynamic behaviour and the use of sophisticated damping against oscillation have extended the realm of the cable-stayed bridge to spans in excess of 1000m. They are frequently considered appealing or eye-catching.org/resources/des awards/2004/award/the-swansea-sailbridge-river-tawe-swansea. Swansea (http://www.html) Pont King Morgan.steelconstruction.steelconstruction. cable-stayed construction is sometimes used for footbridges. MediaCityUK The Sidings Bridge. such stiffness is needed against both bending and twisting actions. The towers act in compression and can have a variety of forms (A-frame.org/resources/design-awards/2010/commendation/cathedralbridge-derby. hanging in a shallow curve.html) Newport City Footbridge The Footbridge. either side of the main towers. even dramatic. one on each side of the bridge. The graceful curve of the suspension cable combined with the strong line of the deck and stiffening girder generally give a very pleasing appearance. which had previously been the almost exclusive domain of suspension bridges. Derry-Londonderry http://www. The stiffening girder spreads concentrated loads and provides stiffness against oscillation. suspension bridges have been used for the longest bridge spans. The cables and hangers are in simple tension and the deck spans transversely and longitudinally between the hangers. Because of their fundamental simplicity and economy of structural action.steelconstruction. There may be either a single plane of stays down the centre of the bridge. The visual appearance of stayed structures can be very effective.steelconstruction.org/resources/designawards/2011/commendation/river-suir-bridge-n25-waterford-bypass. Humber Bridge One recent example of a smaller suspension bridge is Peace Bridge.org/resources/designawards/2008/commendation/the-sidings-bridge-swansea. In most cases the cables are anchored at ground level. The quality assurance that is attained should give confidence to all clients and engineers who specify steel for their bridge project. channels.info Materials Main articles: Material selection and product specification and Weathering steel Structural steel is a high-quality material that is readily available worldwide in certified grades. S420 and S460 steels can offer advantages where selfweight is critical or the designer needs to minimise plate thicknesses. angles. up to the ‘yield point’ and thereafter has a significant capacity for plastic straining before failure. In exposed conditions they need to be protected by a coating system. assembly. The excellent quality control is achieved through a thorough testing regime at the steel mills and during the fabrication processes of cutting and drilling.com) ) tensile and compressive forces. The achievement of a suitable yield strength whilst maintaining other properties has been the driving force behind the development of modern steel making and rolling processes.steelconstruction. and protective treatment. then there is a need to control the alloy content (notably the Silicon content). The selection of an appropriate grade of steel for a bridge requires an awareness of the steel manufacturing process. stiffness or the instability of very slender members is the overriding design consideration. etc or hollow sections). the use of such steels confers no benefits in applications where fatigue. weldability. These steels are also less readily available in the UK for plate thicknesses exceeding 50mm. In the structure.Steelconstruction. with the exception of ‘weathering steel’.tatasteelconstruction. either standard open sections such as beams. However. an appreciation of the relevant product standards and an understanding of several issues including: Material properties Design requirements Availability and cost of steel Product specifications Steel derives its material properties from a combination of chemical composition. http://www. as it is readily available. Structural steel generally responds in a linear elastic manner. S355 steel is predominantly used in highway bridge applications. S275 steel is often used on railway bridges. mechanical working and heat treatment. where stiffness rather than strength governs the design. Prefabrication of steelwork in controlled factory conditions leads to high quality work at minimum cost. one component to (Image courtesy of Tata Steel another. Steel material is supplied in two product forms – ‘flat products’ (steel plate and strip) and ‘long products’ (rolled sections. There are no special requirements of the steel material for ordinary coating systems. For structural use in bridges these products are inevitably Scunthorpe plate mill control room cut (to size and shape) and welded. and corrosion resistance. Other mechanical properties of particular importance to the bridge designer include ductility. have a similar resistance to corrosion. and generally gives the optimum balance between stiffness and strength. All these aspects of steel material are utilised by the designer of a steel bridge. welding.info/Bridges 9/16 . including both aluminium and zinc metal spray. in products of various shapes and sizes. or where fatigue is the critical design case. toughness. The yield strength is probably the most significant property that the designer will need to use or specify. All structural steels. However. the material is subject to (http://www.12/22/2014 Bridges . if the steel is to be galvanized. whilst minimising both costs and risks. This extends from initial concept design. Stiffeners.com) ) Designers of steel bridges are well supported with a wealth of guidance to assist them in designing the most economic solution for their clients. the designer takes the outline requirements of the alignment engineer (the road. for steel composite highway bridges. rail or pedestrian layout. and is often based on crude estimations of load distribution. Bridge articulation and bearing specification. Most bridge construction in the UK currently takes place under collaborative arrangements and thus access to steelwork contractors and main contractors should be readily available to the designer. which is more of a checking process than original creative design. Plan curvature in bridges. designers should at least discuss the options with a steelwork contractor at an early stage. The corrosion rate is so low that bridges fabricated from unpainted weathering steel can achieve a 120 year design life with only nominal maintenance. There may be little detailed calculation at this stage but there should be consultation with steelwork contractors and main contractors. through detailed design verification and on to appropriate specification.info/Bridges 10/16 . Modelling and analysis is carried out for the selected structural arrangement for the various loading conditions (including fatigue) taking full account of any curvature and skew. and resulting bending moments and shear forces. design for construction). Connections in bridges. designers should consider how the steelwork will be fabricated and erected. the health and safety of all A wealth of design guidance those concerned in the construction of the bridge and in its maintenance throughout its life is the responsibility of all those people making decisions about the procurement of the bridge. Skew bridges.12/22/2014 Bridges . While minimising cost may be the most obvious consideration when embarking on the design of a steel bridge. Bracing systems. as well as aiming for a structurally efficient solution. Modelling and analysis of beam bridges. So. Preliminary sizing is part of the concept design. and how the bridge will be maintained. In the absence of a collaborative arrangement.initial design.e. preliminary design charts and an associated software tool are available to facilitate far more accurate initial girder sizes Detailed design is effectively design verification to the Eurocodes.steelconstruction. to inhibit further corrosion. Design for half-through construction. Design Main articles: Bridges . and Specification of bridge steelwork A typical weathering steel bridge over the A1 at Wetherby (Image courtesy of Tata Steel (http://www. how the deck will be completed (i. cross section and vertical profile) and derives a structural solution that suits the topography and restrictions of the site. However. Design of beams in composite bridges. In the concept design stage.tatasteelconstruction. Shear connection in composite bridge beams. The adequacy of the main members http://www.info Weathering steel is a high strength low alloy steel that in suitable environments forms an adherent protective rust ‘patina’. The chosen bridge erection scheme will clearly have a big influence on the type and location of any connections.Steelconstruction. Fatigue design of bridges. ) required for the structure and produces the programs for the automated fabrication equipment. Production CAD model of a multi-girder bridge efficiencies are further enhanced within modern (Image courtesy of Mabey Bridge Ltd. piece-by-piece. steelwork detailing and planning the proposed erection scheme. The steelwork contractor can provide assistance with design for construction. The project specification should generally follow recognised industry standards.12/22/2014 Bridges . or they can be slid or transported into position.) factories by working on a number of projects in parallel to achieve profitable utilisation of the space. they can be launched by sliding or rolling from the abutment. The main output from the design process is often seen as a set of drawings. requiring unnecessary quality and excessively tight tolerances will lead to higher costs. but designers should also recognise the importance of an appropriate specification.e. A wide range of construction methods and sequences are available for steel bridges.info/Bridges 11/16 . The involvement of a steelwork contractor during the concept design and detailed design stage depends very much on the form of contract. as it allows them to establish and maintain access for haul roads. stiffeners and bracing elements etc. http://www. these are called ‘Hybrid schemes’. the definition of the structural concept. The speed of bridge construction made possible by steel allows disruption to road and rail users to be kept to a minimum.) is then checked in detail to ensure that they are adequate to carry the applied moments and forces. half-through beams. In some instances a combination of erection methods are needed. which creates a list of components (girder webs and flanges. with significant positive knock-on effects for the UK economy. if not eliminated. Construction Main article: Design for steel bridge construction Offsite prefabrication of steel components means that construction time on site. Details such as shear connection. such as the Specification for Highway Works[1]. where standards allow options and alternatives. The relatively low weight of structural steel components permits the erection of large sections. in some circumstances complete bridges can be moved into position overnight. They can be lifted. is minimised. girder assembly and welding steel.Steelconstruction. it is usually then blast cleaned and painted prior to transportation to site. once erected. This ensures that the costs associated with steelwork contract are minimised.steelconstruction. often in hostile environments. Steel offers flexibility in terms of erection sequence and certainty in terms of the programme and. One of the key drivers behind the success of steel bridges in the UK since the 1980s has been the continuous investment by steelwork contractors in automated fabrication equipment for cutting and drilling. Speed of steel bridge construction also benefits main contractors even on ‘green field’ sites.info (composite beams. i. stiffener sizes and bracing member sizes. etc. by cranes or strand jacks. The fabrication process begins with 3D modelling the bridge steelwork with CADCAM software. It is important that a project specification (and the accompanying drawings) should express clearly the particular requirements for a structure and. The project specification should also avoid over-specification. are chosen at this stage to suit the global actions of the main members. Once the steelwork has passed through the factory. Failure in clarity will lead to extra provisions for risk and extra costs in resolving queries. equipment and permanent workforce. which additional requirements apply. the steel girders provide platforms for subsequent deck construction operations. and box girders etc. The model is also used to locate and rectify conflicts and can even carry out a virtual trial erection. but even with relatively ‘ordinary’ structures it is desirable to seek their advice at an early stage. Furthermore. The solution was to replace the concrete deck with a new lightweight steel one. One notable example is the Tamar suspension bridge in Plymouth.be) on White Rose Way. which requires almost no maintenance. 2. Loughor Viaduct Replacement (http://www. Mallard Bridge (http://www. Steel bridges also lend themselves to easy and rapid strengthening or repair in the event of accidents. which rarely compromises the structural integrity of a bridge. Any signs of deterioration are readily apparent.youtube.youtube. Arch lift on the Central Link Bridge (http://www. as it is recognised as the ultimate low maintenance option for bridge construction. The result was that the widened 5-lane bridge was only 25 tonnes heavier than the old 3-lane structure. Durability Erection of Lagentium Viaduct. the use of unpainted weathering steel.12/22/2014 Bridges . A1(M) Darrington to Dishforth (Image courtesy of Mabey Bridge Ltd. which was completed in 1890. and any problems may be swiftly addressed by repainting the affected areas. The scale and size of this significant landmark was a major achievement in construction engineering. 4. which needed widening and strengthening due to increased traffic loads and volumes. is increasingly popular.com/watch? v=vlCS44w8f1U&feature=youtu. with well proven techniques like heat straightening ensuring that damaged structures are soon back in use.) Main articles: Corrosion protection and Weathering steel Forth Rail Bridge Steel bridges now have a proven life span extending to well over 100 years. Borough High Street Bridge.youtube. and the structure has stood the test of time.youtube. and add steel cantilever sections.info/Bridges 12/16 .Steelconstruction. Corrosion is a surface effect. London (http://www. and was able to accommodate 44 tonne trucks. without the need for extensive investigations.com/watch?v=nO7OOd6scpM) in Merthyr Tydfil. http://www. 3. A notable example is the imposing Forth Rail Bridge in Scotland. Doncaster being installed over the East Coast Main Line using one of the largest mobile cranes in the UK. Steel has a predictable fatigue life and the structural elements are visible and accessible. Steel bridges are readily adaptable to changes in road configuration and increased loading that would render other types of structure obsolete ahead of their original design lives.com/watch?v=Xk2g8RIBr1U) being installed using specialist transporters. Advances in coating technology and an industry commitment to the training of coating applicators mean that the latest protective systems are expected to last well beyond 30 years before requiring maintenance.com/watch?v=k6ogsu5eIjw) near Swansea shows a 15 hour bridge slide in 70 seconds.info Videos of bridge construction: 1.steelconstruction. Modern specifications Tamar Bridge widening. intermediate coat(s) and finish coats. Glasgow Infinity Footbridge. Derryhttp://www.steelconstruction.info/Bridges 13/16 . and the different types are applied in a particular sequence of primer followed by intermediate/build coats in the shop. and finally the finish or top coat on site. The protective paint systems usually consist of primer. although its use is generally limited to smaller bridges due to the nature of the application process. Hot-dip galvanizing is an alternative durable coating that is sometimes used.Steelconstruction. usually comprise a sequential Plymouth coating application of paints or (Image courtesy of AECOM) alternatively paints applied over thermally sprayed metal coatings to form a ‘duplex’ coating system. Case studies A40 Perryn Road Footbridge Bishops Bridge Road Bridge Clyde Arch Bridge.) The majority of steel bridges in the UK are protected against corrosion by the use of paint coatings.12/22/2014 Bridges . Each coating ‘layer’ in any protective system has a specific function.info The fundamental requirements to fully realise the potential durability of a steel bridge include: An understanding of the corrosion process Good design and detailing Thorough surface preparation Use of high quality coatings Correct coating application Appropriate specifications Inspection and quality control Airless spray application of paint (Image courtesy of Mabey Bridge Ltd. Stockton Peace Bridge. Norwich Borough High Street Bridge. Series 1800 Structural Steelwork. August 2014.co. MediaCityUK Jarrold Bridge.standardsforhighways.info Newport City Footbridge Sheppey Crossing M53 Bidston Moss Viaduct strengthening The Footbridge. TSO (http://www.Steelconstruction. South Wales River Taff Central Link Bridge. Hull Loughor Viaduct Replacement.12/22/2014 Bridges . Merthyr Tydfil Londonderry (Video case study) Gem Bridge.uk/ha/standards/mchw/vol1/pdfs/series_1800.steelconstruction. Elgin London Bridge station redevelopment Scale Lane Bridge. Volume 1: Specification for Highway Works.info/Bridges 14/16 . ^ Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works (MCHW). Northside Bridge. Dartmoor National Park References 1.pdf) http://www. London Workington Adur Ferry Bridge. Shoreham-by-Sea Pansport Bridge. BCSA Carbon footprint tool for steel composite highway bridges Preliminary steel bridge design charts: Chart finder Spreadsheet tool User manual All three of which can be found on the BCSA web site (http://www. (Publication no. 38/05).gov. (2012) Determining the buckling resistance of steel and composite bridge structures. D. SCI Iles.C. D.html) See also Sustainable steel bridges Multi-girder composite bridges Ladder deck composite bridges Integral bridges Half-through bridges Box girder bridges Tied-arch bridges Material selection and product specification Weathering steel Bridges .org/resources/technical/bridges-preliminary-design. 2005. (2004) Design guide for steel railway bridges (P318) SCI Iles. D. 2010. (P393). (P357 including corrigendum.htm) Highways Agency MCDHW (Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works) http://www. Guide to the Erection of Steel Bridges. (2012) Design of composite highway bridges curved in plan.Steelconstruction.C. (2010) Steel Bridge Group: Guidance Notes on best practice in steel bridge construction (5th Issue).info/Bridges 15/16 .R. D. SCI Iles.steelconstruction.C. (P185). (2010) Composite highway bridge design: Worked examples. C. 51/10).C.C.initial design Modelling and analysis of beam bridges Design of beams in composite bridges Shear connection in composite bridge beams Design for half-through construction Fatigue design of bridges Bracing systems Stiffeners Connections in bridges Bridge articulation and bearing specification Plan curvature in bridges Skew bridges Specification of bridge steelwork Design for steel bridge construction Corrosion protection Welding Preloaded bolting Accuracy of steel fabrication External links Highways Agency DMRB (Design Manual for Roads and Bridges) (http://www. (Publication no. (P356 including corrigendum. SCI Steel Bridges: A practical approach to design for efficient fabrication and construction. (ED008). (2010) Composite highway bridge design. 2014). SCI Iles. SCI Iles.steelconstruction.C. BCSA.dft.info Resources Hendy. Iles. D.. D.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/index.12/22/2014 Bridges . 2014). info (http://www.12/22/2014 Bridges .info/Bridges" Category: Bridges Sitemap Contact Cookies http://www.steelconstruction.gov.htm) CPD Weathering steel bridges Retrieved from "http://www.Steelconstruction.steelconstruction.info/Bridges 16/16 .dft.uk/ha/standards/mchw/index.