Chapter 10 BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN (1892 – 1896) The failure of the reform movement led even a reformist like Marcelo H. Del Pilar to think of revolution. “Insurrection,” Del Pilar wrote in La Solidaridad, “is the last remedy, especially when people have acquired the belief that peaceful means to secure the remedies for evils prove futile.” With Rizal’s La Liga Filipina, the struggle changed its recourse from reform to revolution. Upon Rizal’s arrest and exile to Dapitan, Andres Bonifacio, saw the futility of the peaceful campaign for reforms. He had a different idea; he would teach the people to depend for themselves for their salvation. He organized the Katipunan- the revolutionary society responsible for the Philippine Revolution of 1896. THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN and moral Three Primary Objectives of the Katipunan -Civic objective (based on the principle of self-help and defense of the weak and poor) -Political objective (separation of the Philippines from Spain.took note this society’s structure . -Used to minimize the danger of discovery by the Spanish authorities A new system similar to Masonry . Recto Avenue) -Created a secret society -These men were: Andres Bonifacio. -Example: Member Jose would recruit Pedro and Juan to become members. The new members knew Jose but they don’t know each other. Manila (now Claro M. and good moral character) Katipuneros .borrowed the structure of La Liga . secure the independence of the colony -Moral objective (focused on the teaching of good manners. and one or two others. Ladislao Diwa. Supreme and Venerable Association of the Sons of the People) Founders of Katipunan.In case of death.performed the blood compact ritual Blood Compact -A sign of patriotism and love of things that were Filipino -An ancient Filipino custom of sealing friendship or brotherhood (kapatiran) Triangle System -The members of Katipunan used this method to recruit Filipinos to become members. political.had seen and attended the only meeting of La Liga Filipina . (in English.The newspapers published Rizal’s arrest and the governor-general’s order to banish him to Dapitan A small group of patriotic Filipinos -This group met at a house on Azcarraga Street. Valentin Diaz. hygiene.The Katipunan members . Teodoro Plata. Society paid the funeral expenses THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT Bonifacio .July 7.were urged to help sick comrades and their families Damayan . Deodato Arellano. -They all belonged to the lower class of society -Arellano was the most educated among them . 1892.Organized KKK o Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.was adopted to speed up the process of enlisting members -each member would pay a membership fee and monthly dues THE AIMS AND STRUCTURE OF THE KATIPUNAN Andres Bonifacio -conceived the idea of organizing the Katipunan -laid down the three primary objectives of the Katipunan: civic. provincial and the municipal government Sangguniang Hukuman/ Judicial Council . and Pio Valenzuela .Secretary: Jose Turiano Santiago .Fiscal: Bonifacio .Equivalent of the central.remained the Supremo of the Katipunan until the establishment of the revolutionary government in Tejeros.Treasurer: Vicente Molina -Elected Councilors: Briccio Brigido Pantas.Only 100 were new members at the end of 1892 .Punishment: expulsion from the Society THE KATIPUNAN ELECTIONS Slow and Ineffectiveness of Triangle Method . and Ladislao Diwa Bonifacio.Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa . as observed by Bonifacio . Teodoro Plata.the Katipunan had enough members .was not very active in the Society.became the reason why all members were allowed to get as many new members as circumstances permitted Increased of membership of the Society .Sangguniang Bayan/ Provincial Council . Emilio Jacinto.Supremo: Roman Basa .passed judgment on members who violated the rules of Society Katipunan Assembly Composed of: .was then thought that a set of officers would be elected Elected Officers of the first Supreme Council .Three Governing Bodies .early in 1893.Comptroller: Andres Bonifacio .Secretary: Teodoro Plata . Teodoro Gonazales.had elected himself as replacement of Basa .Treasurer: Valentin Diaz Arellano(busy man) as the President of Katipunan . Cavite MEMBERSHIP .Presidents of the Provincial and Popular Councils Secret Chamber .President/ Supremo: Deodato Arellano .Sentenced members who exposed the secrets of the Katipunan . Restituto Javier. he was replaced by Roman Basa through an election Second Supreme Council Officers .was not contented of Basa as supremo . early in 1895 .Kataastaasang Sanggunian/ Supreme Council (highest of these governing bodies) .Supreme Council’s members .Sangguniang Balangay/ Popular Council .Composed of Bonifacio. Three Kinds of Katipunan members: first grade ( katipon ) .“Rizal” .second grade ( kawal ) .“Gom-Bur-Za” .third grade ( bayani ) Passwords -“Anak ng Bayan” . people considered as enemies by the Katipunan THE KATIPUNAN FLAGS Benita Rodriquez. and as he passed the other member he would close his hand and bring his index finger and his thumb together.Last of which was made in Cavite in March 1897 Changes in the codes of the Katipunan . FIRST SECRET CODE Spanish Equivalen Spanish Equivalen Alphabe t in the Alphabet t in the t Katipunan Katipunan Alphabet Alphabet A Z M V B B N I C C O C D D P P E Q Q E F H R R G G S S H F T T I R U M J L V M K K W W L J X U LL N Y Y Three more Katipunan alphabets . a member.In the streets.requested by Bonifacio to make a flag for the Katipunan Gregoria de Jesus.were devised by Bonifacio . upon meeting another member.a symbol of their unity .necessitated by Spaniard’s discovery of the previous codes .to make it difficult for the Spaniards to read the Katipunan letters or any written communication.How to be recognized each other . helped Benita and a flag was made Flag. would place the palm of his right hand on his breast.Bonifacio’s wife. THE KATIPUNAN CODES A System of Writing was invented by Bonifacio . 9. In so far as it is within your power. as you guard your home. and for your brothers and countrymen. Bonifacio’s own personal flag .K. Inside the circle representing the sun was the letter K in the ancient Tagalog script. for your wife and children. too. 7.prepared by Bonifacio .consisted of a rectangular piece of red cloth with three white letter K’s arranged horizontally in the middle .may be described as a Decalogue.it was changed a few weeks after the revolution broke out in August 1896 New Official Flag of the Katipunan . 1. All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have serenity. is love of one’s fellowmen. -He called this commandments: “Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan” ( Duties of the Sons of the People ) .to guide the Katipuneros in leading a highly moral life. 5. 3. Ou responsibilities to ourselves and the performance of our duties will be the example set for our fellowmen to follow.K. Guard the mandates and aims of the K. reason and faith in your acts and endeavor. constancy. Love God with all your heart 2. 8. Bear always in mind that the love of God is also love of country.Official Flag of the Katipunan . Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all good work.love for your own self.consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with a white sun were the three K’s arranged horizontally. 4. Believe. 10. Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you is the true basis of love-. It is the duty of all to defend. 6. . And this. THE TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN Ten Commandments for the members . at the risk of their own lives and wealth anyone who run great risks in the performance of his duty. Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and happiness is to die for the freedom of your country. share your means with the poor and the unfortunate.consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with a white sun and eight white rays in the middle. KALAYAAN . Eligible for membership -only the wife. for the will of the people is also the will of God. that the aims of K. Pio Valenzuela -Suggested the name of the newspaper. sister.Likewise. where the women were singing and dancing.these two writings of the great katipuneros constituted the “Teachings of the Katipunan. and a few selected women to minimize the danger of exposing the Society to women who were not reliable. . Prominent Women Members of the Katipunan -President: Josefa Rizal -Vice President: Gregoria de Jesus -Secretary: Marina Dizon -Fiscal: Angelica Lopez Rizal (Rizal’s niece) -Keeper of the Katipunan documents: Gregoria de Jesus THE KALAYAAN Bonifacio and Jacinto believed that a printing press was needed to easily propagate their revolutionary ideas. Are Gpdgiven. daughter of a Katipunero. Katipunera’s duty -Helped the male members in propagating the ideas and ideals of the Society.K. Capiz -gave the Katipunan the money to purchase a printing press -won one thousand pesos in a lottery The printing press -was worth four hundred pesos -once transferred to the house of Bonifacio Jacinto purchased some templates for the Katipunan newspaper (other templates were stolen from a Spanish printing press) Ulpiano Fernandez and Faustino Duque -Two experienced printers -both Katipuneros -managed the press Dr.K.” THE WOMEN OF THE KATIPUNAN Bonifacio suggested that women be taken as members of the Katipunan. -Make the police authorities believe that no Katipunan meeting was being held in the house -They engaged in dancing and singing in full view of the people on the street while the male members were holding a meeting in a room behind a sala. The organization had no money to purchase a printing machine Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo -Two Visayan patriots from Kalibo. from Manila in the center to Nueva Ecija on the north. a different society from La Liga -Katipunan aimed to make the Philippines a free country by force of arms. Kalayaan was destroyed by Fernandez and Duque -to prevent confiscation from Spanish authorities Fiery pen. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupang (Love of Country) were also published -easily influenced many Filipinos to become members of the Society -writers didn’t sign their true names for them not to be discovered Pen Names -Jacinto: Pingkian and Dimas-Ilaw -Bonifacio: Agapito Bagumbayan -Valenzuela: Madlang-Away January 1896. Andres Bonifacio -Born on: November 30. and Batangas on the South. Jacinto. Del Pilar Spanish authorities -Jacinto’s Pahayag (Manifesto) and Bonifacio’s poem. and in the Tagalog provinces. Procopio.proved effective and unifying the people towards kalayaan TWIN SOULS OF THE KATIPUNAN Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto -both believed that that they should change their strategy and tactics Katipunan.Kalayaan -Came out in the middle of March 1896 -written in Tagalog -contained articles written by Bonifacio. La Liga used evolutionary of peaceful means. and a former municipal official in Tondo) Catalina de Castro (Spanish-Chinese of Filipino origin from Zambales. and political will of Bonifacio-Jacinto tandem in the newspaper.the total number of members didn’t exceed 300 Places where Kalayaan was distributed and reached a total number of membership of 30 000: -Pampanga. Tarlac. and Valenzuela -they put the place of publication: Yokohoma to mislead the -editor: Marcelo H. and Troadio Sisters: Espiridiona and Maxima -he sold canes and paper fans in his early years . 1863 -In: a small nipa house on what is now Azcarraga Street near the present Manila Railroad station -Parents: (belonged to the middle class) Santiago Bonifacio (was a tailor. revolutionary spirit. worked at a cigarette factory) -Bonifacio’s parents died while he was in his teens and so he had to support the family Brothers: Ciriaco. a boatman. immoral. Revolution of 1896 -the Katipunan Revolution -sowed the seeds of the national independence in the masses’ minds -Bonifacio: leading thinker of the Revolution of 1896. An agent of the German trading. humble. A Mi Patria (To My Country) -wrote such pieces: Kartilla. Bonifacio and Jacinto wrote in Tagalog -believed that the people could be reached through their own language -the very reason why they succeeded in uniting the people behind them The reformists failed -Because they wrote for the intellectuals and Spaniards who read only in Spanish . for him. -about 18. civil employees or officials.. intelligent. and lazy. Fressel and Co. Sa Mga Kababayan. Manila -on: December 15. -he wrote in Tagalog except for one poem in Spanish. Liwanag at Dilim. cruel. Emilio Jacinto -twin soul of Bonifacio in the Katipunan -born in: Tondo.-Due to poverty. and others.Whether they were friars. and industrious. -He read newspapers and books at night and all written in Spanish -He taught himself to read and write in Spanish and became literate He read the following books: -Original Spanish version of Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo -French Revolution of 1789 When Rizal was executed on December 30. he was not able to finish the equivalent grade four today -He worked: as a messenger of J. -was loved by Bonifacio because of being serious-minded. Pahayag. 1875 -his father died at his early age -he was sent by mother to his uncle’s house for support -first studied at San Juan de Letran -transferred to the University of Santo Tomas and studied Law. 1896 -Bonifacio felt sad and angry because a great Filipino was executed (his cause to fight for justice and liberty) Bonifacio was anti-friar and anti-Spanish . he heard about Katipunan and immediately joined. an English trading firm. “Tapunan ng Lingap” and “Ang Mga Cazadores” -poems written in Tagalog by Bonifacio -attacked the Spaniards furiously -He called the Spaniards “white cattle” “Huling Hibik ng Pilipanas” -Bonifacio’s poem which openly called for independence from colonial rule. they were all the same: greedy.M Fleming and Co. Jacinto fought side by side with Bonifacio as the Revolution broke out Jacinto was assigned by Bonifacio to lead rebels in Laguna April 6. . 1899 in Mahayhay. Laguna -Jacinto died at the young age of twenty-four.