The Department of Export Agriculture Module-Commercial Horticulture Processing of Animal by Products LP 4106W.W.M.B.P.B.Weerasinghe O8 \AG\026 EG555 For not less than three hours. In this method gets meat and bone meal.What is bone meal? Bone meal is a mixture of finely and coarsely ground animal bones and slaughterhouse waste products.52% protein. The minimum requirement to accomplish this shall consist of exposure to steam under pressure (approximately 15 pounds gauge pressure) at not less than 248 degrees F. or dry heating at not less than 284 degrees F. Research in the 1980s found that many bone meal preparations were contaminated with lead and other toxic metals. It is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and as a nutritional supplement for animals. 812% fat. It is typically about 48 . Bone meal Processing of bone meal Bone meal (ground or crushed animal bones) for feeding purposes shall in the process of manufacture be heated sufficiently to destroy all disease producing organisms. . 33-35% ash. and is no longer recommended as a calcium source. including spores. For not less than 30 minutes. Bone meal once was often used as a human dietary calcium supplement. Also bone meal can get through the general rendering process. provided that all parts of the material reach the temperature above indicate. It is primarily used in the formulation of animal feed to improve the amino acid profile of the feed. and 4-7% moisture. In the 1980s. Bone meal produced in the 1970s from the corpses of sheep bearing scrap may have caused BSE in cattle when it was fed to them. bone meal generally is recommended for bulbs and roses but can be used in just about any situation where a controlled-release form of phosphorus is needed. As fertilizer As a slow-release fertilizer. they must be converted to a form that plants can use. bone meal was identified as a vector for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE. It releases nutrients gradually as it breaks down. but does not provide enough nitrogen to be beneficial to plants.Properties of bone meal Bone meal is high in phosphorus and calcium. but the pathogen very rarely crosses species. though some steamed bone meals have N-P-K of 1-13-0. . bone meal is primarily used as a source of phosphorus. The type of processing can determine if the infectious agent would be passed on. As natural organic fertilizer. or "mad cow disease") among livestock. Because the nutrients from bone meal and other slow-release fertilizers are insoluble in water. Plants can only get phosphorus from bone meal if the soil pH is below 7. the N-P-K (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium) ratio of bone meal is generally 412-0. Uses of bone meal 1.0. poultry and cattle. Finely ground bone meal may provide a quicker release of nutrients than the coarser ground version of bone meal. as well as salmonella. But when using as cattle feed there is risk about mad cow disease. Use as animal feed For dogs. 2. making it a natural slow-release fertilizer. As a fertilizer. It is used as a nutrient supplement. Bone meal is also an excellent source of calcium. so it is more likely to have spread from cattle bone meal. according to recent Colorado State University research. being transferred to any other livestock.Proper heat control can reduce/eliminate the chance of BSE. Feather meal Processing of feather meal Start of the rendering process.A continuous process with medium to high capacity c) Continuous direct hydrolyser . that is not digestible. There are three methods for hydrolyzing. A most important by-product at a rendering plant is feather meal. the bioavailability of this nitrogen may be low. like hair. like hair. Then do hydrolyzing process to make it digestible.What is feather meal? Feather meal is a byproduct of processing poultry.A simple process with low to medium capacity b) Continuous indirect hydrolyser . Feathers constitute 9% by weight of the live bird. This protein is in a form. that is not digestible. To make it digestible it must first be converted through a hydrolysis process. Feather meal is used in formulating animal feed and organic fertilizer. This protein is in a form. Feathers constitute 9% by weight of the live bird. a) Batch hydrolyser .An energy-efficient continuous process with medium to high capacity . it is made from poultry feathers by partially hydrolyzing them under elevated heat and pressure. Although total nitrogen levels are fairly high (up to 12%). and they are rich in protein content. and then grinding and drying. and they are rich in protein content. The feathers are steam hydrolyzed under high pressure and temperature (approx. Continuous Hydrolisation Type CFH The Haarslev Hydroliser consists of a single vessel where the hydrolysation takes place. The system does not include the agitators. . reactor and economiser vessels.Direct hydrolysation of the feathers at high pressure results in a very short retention time at minimum heat exposure and therefore an end product with excellent pepsin digestibility.All vessels are installed vertically and displacement of the material is accomplished as a result of the pressure differences. Continuous Hydrolisation Type ACH The Haarslev hydroliser consists of three combined vessels . 140°C) for a period of time sufficient to hydrolyse the chemical bonds of the feathers and thereby converting the feathers to a digestible protein source.Batch hydrolisation The Haarslev batch hydrolyser which normally is used to produce meat and bone meal can also be used for batch hydrolysation of feathers.The hydrolysation takes place by means of a high internal pressure at a short retention time.compression. The horizontal vessel is furnished with a patented rotating agitator and supplied with a special infeed and discharge system. Feather meal was found to be digestible by pepsin and trypsin by releasing 670 mg protein/g feather meal after 18h of digestion. Amino acid content of present feather meal was comparable to CSH produced by keratinolytic bacterium Vibrio kr6 except for few quantitative differences. It is not water soluble and does not make a good liquid fertilizer. absorption and utilization that occurs in a broiler. 3. Use as organic fertilizer Containing up to 12% nitrogen.2%w/w sulfur and 1. Feather meal was observed to be rich in essential amino acids in comparison to steam cooked/ acid hydrolyzed feather meal.4%w/w hydrogen which suggests that feather meal is a protein rich meal with 87% protein by weight. B. it is a source of slow-release. Properties of feather meal The feather meal contained 14%w/w nitrogen. . This moisture must be reduced to 8% for the product to have an adequate shelf life as an animal feed. organic. 44%w/w carbon.Hydrolyzed feathers are produced with moisture contents in the range of 45% to 65%. Vincent rotating drum dehydrators are used to remove this excess moisture. Use as animal feed There is value in considering the results since the feather protein that bypasses the rumen will be subjected to the same digestion. high-nitrogen fertilizer for organic gardens. Uses of feather meal A. htm http://cats.htm . v.References i.lcafood.htm http://www. iv.713.engormix.com/od/catfoodglossary/g/meatmeal. ii.haarslev.about.dk/processes/industry/bonemeall.com/Feather-Processing.com/content/feather-meal-ii http://www.com/MA-dairy-cattle/nutrition/articles/feather-meal-its-nutritionalt79/p0.aspx http://en. iii.vincentcorp. http://www.