Biometric passportFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Countries with biometric passports: Biometric passports available to the general public Announced future availability of biometric passports Symbol for biometric passports, usually printed on the cover of passports The contactless chip found in British passports A biometric passport, also known as an e-passport or ePassport, is a combined paper and electronic passport (hence the e-, as in e-mail) that contains biometric information that can be used to authenticate the identity of travelers. It uses contactless smart card technology, including a microprocessor chip (computer chip) and antenna (for both power to the chip and communication) embedded in the front or back cover, or center page, of the passport. Document and chip characteristics are documented in the International Civil Aviation Organisation's (ICAO) Doc 9303.[1][2][3] The passport's critical information is both printed on the data page of the passport and stored in the chip. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is used to authenticate the data stored electronically in the passport chip making it virtually impossible to forge when all security mechanisms are fully and correctly implemented. The currently standardized biometrics used for this type of identification system are facial recognition, fingerprint recognition, and iris recognition. These were adopted after assessment of several different kinds of biometrics including retinal scan. The ICAO defines the biometric file formats and communication protocols to be used in passports. Only the digital image (usually in JPEG or JPEG2000 format) of each biometric feature is actually stored in the chip. The comparison of biometric features is performed outside the passport chip by electronic border control systems (e-borders). To store biometric data on the contactless chip, it includes a minimum of 32 kilobytes of EEPROM storage memory, and runs on an interface in accordance with the ISO/IEC 14443 international standard, amongst others. These standards ensure interoperability between different countries and different manufacturers of passport books. Some national identity cards (e.g. in the Netherlands and Albania) are fully ICAO9303 compliant biometric travel documents. However others, such as the USA Passport Card, are not. Contents [hide] • • • • 1 Data protection 2 Attacks 3 Opposition 4 Types o 4.1 European Union o 4.2 Albania o 4.3 Armenia o 4.4 Australia o 4.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina o 4.6 Brazil o 4.7 Brunei o 4.8 Canada o 4.9 Croatia o 4.10 Dominican Republic o 4.11 Hong Kong SAR o 4.12 Iceland o 4.13 India o 4.14 Iran o 4.15 Iraq o 4.16 Macao SAR o 4.17 Macedonia o 4.18 Malaysia o 4.19 Moldova o 4.20 Montenegro o 4.21 Morocco o 4.22 New Zealand o 4.23 Nigeria o 4.24 Norway o 4.25 Sovereign Military Order of Malta o 4.26 Pakistan o 4.27 Philippines 30 Singapore 4. PA prevents modification of passport chip data. Using AA is optional. Using BAC is optional.28 Russia 4. The chip contains a private key that cannot be read or copied.35 Republic of China (Taiwan) 4. the picture) is changed. Random chip identifiers reply to each request with a different chip number.32 South Korea 4.40 United States 4. Before data can be read from a chip. Active Authentication (AA). etc. The chip contains a file (SOD) that stores hash values of all files stored in the chip (picture. EAC adds functionality to check the authenticity of both the chip (chip authentication) and the reader (terminal authentication). the date of expiry and the document number. but its existence can easily be proven. Using PA is mandatory.29 Serbia 4. AA prevents cloning of passport chips.41 Venezuela 5 Gallery 6 References 7 Further reading o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 8 External links [edit] Data protection Biometric passports are equipped with protection mechanisms to avoid and / or detect attacks: • • • • • Non-traceable chip characteristics. Readers need access to all used public country keys to check whether the digital signature is generated by a trusted country. Furthermore . Using random identification numbers is optional. an attacker cannot (easily) eavesdrop transferred information without knowing the correct key.34 Switzerland 4. This prevents tracing of passport chips. this can be detected since the hash value is incorrect.38 Tajikistan 4. the reader needs to provide a key which is derived from the Machine Readable Zone [Mrz]: the date of birth. If BAC is used.31 Somalia 4. Extended Access Control (EAC). BAC protects the communication channel between the chip and the reader by encrypting transmitted information. finger print.g. Basic Access Control (BAC).36 Thailand 4.• • • • 4.39 Turkmenistan 4.37 Turkey 4.33 Sudan 4. The digital signature is made using a document signing key which itself is signed by a country signing key.) and a digital signature of these hashes. Passive Authentication (PA). If a file in the chip (e. [11] Grunwald used a passport that did not use Active Authentication (anti-cloning) and did not change the data held on the copied chip to keep its cryptographic signature valid. This prevent unauthorized reading.[14] Also in 2008. Shielding the chip.including at least the US .[9] Note that in some early biometric passports BAC wasn't used at all.[10] Passive Authentication (PA). [edit] Attacks Since the introduction of biometric passports several attacks are presented and demonstrated: • • • • Non-traceable chip characteristics.[6][7] by sending specific BAC authentication requests. Basic Access Control (BAC). In 2005 Marc Witteman presented that document number of Dutch passports were predictable[8]. This can only be detected by checking the country signing keys that are used to sign the document signing keys.[16][17] Active Authentication (AA). In 2008 Jeroen van Beek demonstrated that not all passport inspection systems check the cryptographic signature of a passport chips. To check country signing keys the ICAO PKD[12] can be used. In 2008 a Radboud / Lausitz University team demonstrated that it's possible to determine which country a passport chip is from without knowing the key required for reading it. In 2005 Marc Witteman presented that the secret Active Authentication key can be retrieved using power analysis. In 2008 Jeroen van Beek . allowing an attacker to guess / crack the key required for reading the chip. allowing attacker to read the chip's content without providing a key.[8] This may allow an attacker to clone passport chips that use the optional Active Authentication anti-cloning mechanism on chips . In 2006 Lukas Grunwald demonstrated that it is trivial to copy passport data from a passport chip into a standard ISO/IEC 14443 smartcard using a standard contactless card interface and a simple file transfer tool. In 2006 Adam Laurie wrote software that tries all known passport keys within a given range.[5] The team fingerprinted error messages of passport chips from different countries. The resulting lookup table allows an attacker to determine where a chip is from. Some countries . using EAC is mandatory for all documents issued starting June 28. Only 5 out of 60+ countries are using this central database. thus implementing one of Witteman's attacks.[13] Van Beek did not update the original passport chip: instead an ePassport emulator was used. The Hacker's Choice implemented all attacks and published code to verify the results. flight coupons and other public information it's possible to significantly reduce the number of possible keys. In the EU. Using EAC is optional.[15] The release included a video clip that demonstrated problems using a forged Elvis Presley passport that is recognized as a valid US passport. Using online flight booking sites. EAC is typically used to protect finger prints and iris scans.have integrated a very thin metal mesh into the passport's cover to act as a shield when the passport cover is closed. In 2010 Tom Chothia and Vitaliy Smirnov documented an attack that allows an individual passport to be traced. 2009. Laurie demonstrated the attack by reading the passport chip of a Daily Mail's reporter in its envelope without opening it.• it uses stronger encryption than BAC. For his demonstration Van Beek altered chip information and signed it using his own document signing key of a non-existing country.if the chip design is susceptible to this attack.[4] The use of shielding is optional. interpreting data. Note that supplement 7 features vulnerable examples in the same document that . 2006.• demonstrated that optional security mechanisms can be disabled by removing their presence from the passport index file. The affected chips block read access until the future date is reached. so it is basically not doing what it is supposed to do. It is supposed to get a higher security level. Although this could allow ID-check computers to obtain a person's information without a physical connection. It is in places done the wrong way round ." and adding that the Future of Identity in the Information Society (FIDIS) network's research team (a body of IT security experts funded by the European Union) has "also come out against the ePassport scheme. which can become a major vulnerability. citing a specialist who states "It is much too complicated. These are under scientific study. but not yet implemented in biometric passports. The attack is documented in supplement 7 of Doc 9303 (R1-p1_v2_sIV_0006)[19] and can be solved by patching inspection system software.. the BBC published an article on the British ePassport.amongst others .when implemented . then verifying whether it is right. but the scientific security community recently also addressed the threats from untrustworthy verifiers. New cryptographic solutions such as Private biometrics are being proposed to mitigate threats of mass theft of identity. If the personal information and passport numbers on the chip aren't encrypted. [stating that] European governments have forced a document on its citizens that dramatically decreases security and increases the risk of identity theft. [edit] Opposition Privacy activists in many countries question and protest the lack of information about exactly what the passports' chip will contain.is stolen or compromised.[18] This allows an attacker to remove . such as corrupt governmental organizations. .result in a vulnerable inspection process. it may also allow anyone with the necessary equipment to perform the same task..anti-cloning mechanisms (Active Authentication). parsing data. and whether they impact civil liberties. On December 15. the information might wind up in the wrong hands."[21] Most security measures are designed against untrusted citizens (the "provers"). or nations using poorly implemented. The main problem they point out is that data on the passports can be transferred with wireless RFID technology.reading data first. an attacker can upload a false certificate with an issue date far in the future.[20] Grunwald states that if an EAC-key required for reading fingerprints and updating certificates . There are lots of technical flaws in it and there are things that have just been forgotten. Extended Access Control (EAC). It is not. In 2007 Luks Grunwald presented an attack that can make EAC-enabled passport chips unusable. citing the above stories and adding that: "Nearly every country issuing this passport has a few security experts who are yelling at the top of their lungs and trying to shout out: 'This is not secure. This is not a good idea to use this technology'". unsecure electronic systems. Technical specifications for the new passports has been established by the European Commission. 2007 contain two fingerprints. Passports are valid for 5 years. As of March 2009 all newly issued passports contain fingerprints. >24 years (valid 10 years) €59.08.76) (valid for 5 years).e. 100 CZK for children (valid 5 years) Cyprus (not yet available) Denmark (available since 1 August 2006): DKK 600 for adults (valid for 10 years).[23] The specifications are binding for the Schengen agreement parties.[30] Estonia (available since 22 May 2007): EEK 450 (€28. 115 DKK for children (valid for 5 years) and 350 DKK for over 65 (valid for 10 years).[24] These countries are obliged to implement machine readable facial images in the passports by 28.[31] Finland (available since 21 August 2006) €46 (valid for max. except Ireland and UK. 2009.2009. all newly issued passports contain fingerprints. As of June 16. all newly issued passports contain fingerprints. The German passports printed after November 1.[32] France (available since April 2006): €86 or 89 (depending whether applicant provides photographs).[33] Germany (available since November 2005): ≤23 year old applicants (valid for 6 years) €37. Bulgaria (introduced in July 2009. the price of the passport will be: • • • • • • • • • • Austria (available since 16 June 2006) An adult passport costs €69. The Netherlands also takes fingerprints and is the only EU member that decided to store these fingerprints centrally.[34][35] . As of June 29.[26] According to EU requirements.[citation needed] The European Data Protection Supervisor has stated that the current legal framework fails to "address all the possible and relevant issues triggered by the inherent imperfections of biometric systems". available since 29 March 2010): €20 for adults. only national that are signatories to the Schengen Acquis are required to add fingerprint biometrics. 2009. in addition to a digital photograph. while a chip-free child's version costs €26.90.2006.06. valid for 10 years. one from each hand. Norway and Switzerland.[29] Czech Republic (available since 1 September 2006): 600 CZK for adults (valid 10 years).[28] Belgium (introduced in October 2004): €71 or €41 for children + local taxes. and fingerprints by 29. As of June 29.[22] This combination of the biometrics aims to create an unrivaled level of security and protection against counterfeit and fraudulent identification papers.00 Passports issued from 1 November 2007 on include fingerprints. all newly issued passports contain fingerprints. 5 years).[edit] Types [edit] European Union European passports planned to have digital imaging and fingerprint scan biometrics placed on the contactless chip. one from each hand. The Romanian passports will also contain two fingerprints.[25] Currently. 2009. however this is being considered by the United Kingdom Passport Service. i.[27] In these EU nations. Passports are valid for 5 years. and the European Economic Area countries Iceland(part of Schengen). the British biometric passport only uses a digital image and not fingerprinting. the EU countries.50. valid for 2 years.50 for adults and £49 for children under the age of 16.• • • • Greece (available since 26 August 2006) €76. €28 for children up to 3 years of age.ordinary passport): €60 for adults (€50 for those who are over 65 years old). valid for 10 years. Since June 2009. otherwise they remain valid for 10 years). all newly issued passports contain fingerprints. valid for 10 years.33.[40] Luxembourg (available since 28 August 2006): €30.19€ valid for 10 years. 2006 .62 for 48 page book. For children up to 16 years old.[37][38] Ireland (available since 16 October 2006): €80. 10000 HUF (€40) valid for 10 years. Lithuania (available since 28 August 2006): LTL 100 (€29). August 28. valid for 10 years. no obligation to fingerprint biometrics) Italy (available since 26 October 2006): €44.[44] Spain (available since 28 August 2006) at a price of €20.[45] UK (introduced March 2006): £77. and for 3 years for those under 6. As of June 29. 2010. valid for 5 years. all newly issued passports contain fingerprints. valid 10 years. (Aged 30 or less a Spanish passport is valid for 5 years.[42] Portugal (available since July 31.40 (valid for 5 years). [39] • • • • • • • • • • • • • Latvia (available since 20 November 2007): An adult passport costs Ls15 (€21. a 48-page version is available at a €2 surcharge. no obligation to fingerprint biometrics. As of January 2010 newly issued passports contain fingerprints. while a chip-free child's(5–13 years) version costs 13. As of Jan 19. €45. 2009.[43] Slovakia (available since 15 January 2008) An adult passport(>13years costs 33. Passports issued from 21 September 2009 include fingerprints. valid for 5 years. Romania (available since 31 December 2008): 266 RON (€67). All passports have 32 pages. valid for 5 years.33) cost €49. valid for 5 years. Free for people over 65. valid for 10 years. €40 for children under 12. As of June 29. Slovenia (available since 28 August 2006): €36 for adults.66 for 32 page book. Valid for 5 years. 70PLN for students. Dutch identity cards are lookalike versions of the holder's page of the passport and contain the same biometric information. but valid only for 2 years. They include fingerprints of both index fingers as of October 2009.29€.53 [prior to June 25. valid for 10 years. €35 for children between 10–16 years (valid for 5 years) and €14 for children under 10 years (valid for 2 years). (Not Signatory to Schengen Acquis. 2008]).[36] Hungary (available since 29 August 2006): 6000 HUF (€24). Netherlands (available since 28 August 2006): Approximately €11 on top of regular passport (€38. new passport includes both facial images and fingerprints. 2009. valid for 5 years for those over the age of 6. Passports issued from June 29. All passports have 32 pages. Poland (available since 28 August 2006): 140 PLN (€35) for adults. 2009. 2006 . For persons over 16 years old. all newly issued passports contain fingerprints. As of June 29.27€ valid for 5 years and for children under 5 years 8. valid for 3 years. 2009. €31 for children from 3 to 18 years of age. valid max 5 years. As of June 29.special passport. passports contain fingerprints.) . all newly issued passports contain fingerprints. [46] (Not Signatory to Schengen Acquis. Sweden (available since October 2005): SEK 400 (valid for 5 years). 2009 include fingerprints of both index fingers.[41] Malta (available since 8 October 2008): €70 for persons over 16 years old. (€50) and is valid for 10 years.[50] [edit] Bosnia and Herzegovina See also: Bosnia and Herzegovina passport . the photo and all the data written on the passport. including a digitized photograph.Unless otherwise noted. [edit] Armenia See also: Armenian passport In April 2010 Armenia will introduce two new ID-documents to replace ordinary passports of Armenian citizens. and face recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates. The microchip contains the same personal information that is on the color photo page of the ePassport.[47][48] [49] [edit] Australia See also: Australian passport The Australian biometric passport was introduced in October 2005. [edit] Albania Albanian and a European Union biometric passport issued in 2009 See also: Albanian passport The Albanian biometric passport is available since May 2009. will be used locally within the country. costs 6000Lekë. Airport security has been upgraded to allow Australian ePassport bearers to clear immigration controls more rapidly. none of the issued biometric passports mentioned above include fingerprints as of 5 May 2010. and the biometric passport to be used for traveling abroad. One of the documents – ID card with electronic chip. Electronic chip of biometric passport will contain digital images of fingerprints and photo of passport holder. The microchip contains ten fingerprints. This method aims at increasing efficiency and accuracy of identifying people at the border crossing. is currently being used by some major airports that have kiosks set up to take digital pictures of a person’s eye as a means of identification. On June 1. Valid for 5 years. It was produced by German printer Giesecke & Devrient (G&D) following the Visa Waiver Program's requirements. Jim Flaherty. 2009 and costing 40 KM (€ 20. 2007. The future passports may contain a chip that holds a picture of the person and personal information such as name and date of birth. developed by Canada Border Services Agency. CANPASS. The Bruneian ePassport has the same functions as the other biometric passports.Available since October 15. 2010 Bosnia and Herzegovina issued its first EAC passport.51).[51] [edit] Canada See also: Canadian passport Canada has recently introduced biometrics in the use of passports with the help of digitized photos.[53] . Minister of Finance announced the electronic passport will be introduced in 2011. Produced by Bundesdruckerei. [edit] Brazil See also: Brazilian passport Brazil will start issuing ICAO compliant passports in December 2010. [edit] Brunei See also: Bruneian passport The Bruneian biometric passport was introduced on February 17.[52] Passport Canada began a pilot project in 2009 for special and diplomatic passport applicants. This technology is being used at border crossings that have electronic readers that are able to read the chip in the cards and verify the information present in the card and on the passport. In the 2008 Federal Budget. In Jan 2010. [edit] Dominican Republic See also: Dominican Republic Passport In the Dominican Republic. The Immigration Department pledges to complete the process of an application within 10 working days. Application fees & procedures remains unchanged.[54] [edit] Iceland See also: Icelandic passport Available since 23 May 2006 and costing ISK 5100 (ISK 1900 for under 18 and over 67). the cost of the passport was 1. 2009 and costing 390 HRK (€53). For children under 11 year of age not holding a Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card. Since January 18. 2010.[edit] Croatia See also: Croatian passport Available since July 1. Digital data including holder's personal data and facial image will be contained in the contactless chip embedded in the back cover of e-Passport and e-Doc/I. The chip contains two fingerprints and a digital photo of the holder. the processing time is 19 working days. Diplomatic missions and consular offices must implement new issuing system until June 28.250 DOP. The Dominican Republic is the only country whose passport does not have the biometric symbol on its cover. introduced the electronic Passport (e-Passport) and electronic Document of Identity for Visa Purposes (e-Doc/I) which are compliant with the standard of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). [edit] India See also: Indian passport . about 35-40 USD at that date. from 5 February 2007. 2010 only biometric passports can be obtained at issuing offices inside Croatia. [edit] Hong Kong SAR See also: HKSAR Passport The Hong Kong Immigration Department has. Existing HKSAR Passports and Documents of Identity for Visa Purposes will remain valid until their expiry. biometric passports began to be issued in May 2004. 000 biometric passport available to the frequent travelers. Pratibha Patil. 2009. [edit] Macedonia .the general passports directorate revealed new electronic system to issue the new A-series passports in contract with the German SAFE ID Solutions.[56] [edit] Iran See also: Iranian passport On July 1. The passport need not be carried in a metal jacket for security reasons as it first needs to be passed through a reader. the Iraqi Ministry of Interior .000 Iraqi dinars or about $20 USD. the new series is a biometric passport available to the public which would cost 25. The biometric passport has been tested with passport readers abroad and is noted to have a 4 second response time which is less than that of a US Passport (10 second response time). In 2008 there will be 15. In the beginning of 2009 ordinary and service biometric passports will be issued on a regular basis to the public. India plans to open 77 such centers across the country to issue these passports. Ordinary biometric passports cost 450.[57] [edit] Iraq See also: Iraqi passport In April.India has recently initiated first phase deployment of Biometric e-Passport for Diplomatic Passport holders in India and abroad. the new passports will have a 64KB chip with a photograph of passport holder and subsequently include the holder's fingerprint(s). The passport contains a security chip with personal data and digital images.[58] [edit] Macao SAR See also: MSAR passport Applications for electronic passports and electronic travel permits have been started and processed since 1 September 2009. the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran announced that the diplomatic biometric passports will be issued on July 10 this year. On 25 June 2008 Indian Passport Authority issued first e-passport to the President of India. the India Security Press and IIT Kanpur. The e-passport is under the first phase of deployment and will be initially restricted to Diplomatic Passport holders.[55] India has also given out a contract to TCS for issuing e-passports through passport seva kendra. It is expected to be made available to ordinary citizens from September 2010 onwards. The new passports have been designed indigenously by the Central Passport Organization.000IRR ($50USD). after which generates access keys to unlock the chip data for reader access. Initially. 2007. the rest of the technologies are the same. 2008. The difference lies in the storage of fingerprint template instead of fingerprint image in the chip. as it remains valid along with the existing passports. IRIS Corporation. after a local company. The new Moldovan biometric passport costs approximately 1250 MDL (€99)[59] and is not obligatory. [edit] Morocco . The passport of the Republic of Moldova with biometric data contains a chip which holds digital information. as well as the traditional information.[citation needed] Malaysia started issuing ICAO compliant passports from February 2010. Also the biometric passport was designed to be read only if the receiving country has the authorization from the Malaysian Immigration Department. [edit] Moldova See also: Moldovan passport The Moldovan biometric passport is available from January 1. €22. including the holder's signature. developed the technology. Malaysia is however not a member of the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) and its biometric passport does not conform to the same standards as the VWP biometric document because the Malaysian biometric passport was issued ahead of the VWP requirement. [edit] Montenegro See also: Montenegrin passport The Montenegrin biometric passport was introduced in 2008. It costs approximately €40. From 2011 the new version of the biometric passport will be obligatory for all Moldovan citizens.See also: Macedonian passport Available since 2 April 2007 and costing 1500 MKD or c. [edit] Malaysia See also: Malaysian passport Malaysia was the first country in the world to issue biometric passports in 1998. and the biometric passport is available from 25 September 2009 to all Moroccan citizens holders of an electronic identity card. In December 2009.[60] It costs approximately €27(300DH). €50. [edit] Norway See also: Norwegian passport Available since 1 October 2005 and costing 450 NOK for adults. and has done since 2008.the small symbol on the front cover indicating that an electronic chip has been embedded in the passport. or c. [edit] New Zealand See also: New Zealand passport Introduced in November 2005. and the polycarbonate leaf in the front (version 2009) of the book inside which the chip is located. early limited trials have been extended. [edit] Nigeria See also: Nigerian passport Nigeria is currently one of the few nations in Africa that issues biometric passports. . [edit] Sovereign Military Order of Malta See also: Sovereign Military Order of Malta passport Since 2005 the SMOM diplomatic and service passports include biometric features and are ICAO standarts compliant. like Australia and the USA. New Zealand is using the facial biometric identifier.Moroccan biometric passport / microchip embedded See also: Moroccan passport The Moroccan biometric passport was introduced in 2008. There are two identifying factors . 270 NOK for children. [63] Biometric passport issued after March 1.[edit] Pakistan See also: Pakistani passport In 2004 Pakistan became one of the first countries in the world to issue biometric passports compliant to ICAO standards. otherwise passport remain valid for 10 years. 2009. Singapore has met requirements under the US Visa Waiver Program which calls for countries to roll out their biometric passports before 26 October 2006. aged 3 to 14 it is valid for 5 years.) [edit] Singapore See also: Singapore passport The Immigation & Checkpoints Authority (ICA) of Singapore introduced the Singapore biometric passport (BioPass) on 15 August 2006. and from December 16. 2008. holographic laminate. As of 2010. It costs $100 USD to apply for Somalis living inside . [edit] Philippines See also: Philippine passport On August 11.500 rubles or approximately 80 USD. and a tamper-proof electronic microchip costing at around 950 pesos.0 (was 2. 2006.). it costs 2. use only printed data and photo (i. With this.000 RSD or approx.5)[64] (Aged 3 or less a Serbian passport is valid for 3 years. the first biometric passport was released for President Gloria MacapagalArroyo. no optional fingerprint etc.[65] [edit] Somalia The new "e-passport" of Somalia was introduced and approved by the nation's Transitional Federal Government on October 10.200 RSD or approx. The new e-passport has various security features.e. €20.€23. BACcrypted. [edit] Serbia See also: Serbian passport Available since July 7. including a hidden encoded image. 2010 costs 2.[61][62] [edit] Russia See also: Russian passport Russian biometric passport was introduced in 2006. 2010 is valid for 10 years. an ultra-thin. [edit] Sudan See also: Sudanese passport The Republic of the Sudan started issuing electronic passports to citizens in May 2009.[70] [edit] Thailand See also: Thailand passport The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand introduced the first biometric passport for Diplomats and Government officials on 26 May 2005. on 1 August 2005 a full operational service was installed and Thailand became the first country in Asia to issue an ICAO compliant biometric passport. Business men/women who need to travel often will have a commercial passport that will contain 64 pages. containing a photograph and two fingerprints recorded electronically.200. all issued passports are biometric.[71] . The new electronic passport will be issued in three categories. and $150 USD for Somalis living abroad.00 for children (-18 years old).of Somalia. [67] [edit] Switzerland See also: Swiss passport The Swiss biometric passport has been available since 4 September 2006. [69] [edit] Republic of China (Taiwan) See also: Republic of China passport Available since 29 December 2008 and costing NT$1. Smaller passports that contain 32 pages only will be issued to children.[68] The cost is fixed to CHF 140. and the validity of the citizen's passport will be 5 years.[66] [edit] South Korea See also: Republic of Korea passport South Korea now issues biometric passports to its citizens as of 2007.00 adult CHF 60. From 1 June 2005. Somalia is now the first country on the African continent to have introduced the "e-passport". a limited quantity of 100 passports a day was issued for Thai citizens. The microprocessor chip will contain the holder's information in addition to fingerprints. The citizen's passport (ordinary passport) will be issued to ordinary citizens and will contain 48 pages. Since 1 March 2010. and 7 years for the commercial passport. however. Cost to obtain a new passport will be SDG 250 . [73] Most recently Turkish Minister of the State announced that the government is printing the new passports at government minting office since the private contractor failed to deliver. special passports. Accordingly. Tajik Ministry of Foreign Affairs and German Muhlbauer signed a contract on purchase of blank biometric passports and appropriate equipment for Tajikistan.S.[edit] Turkey See also: Turkish passport Turkish passports which are compatible with European Union standards have been available since 1 June 2010. Department of Homeland Security at its ports of entry. bottle green and diplomatic passports wrap black colours. Non-biometric passports are valid until their expiration dates.[78] A high level of security became a priority for the United States after the attacks of September 11. In October 2004. However.[76] [edit] United States See also: United States passport and Basic Access Control The U. On August 27. in mid-Asia region to issue an ICAO compliant biometric passport. 360 TL (approximately US$ 230) for a passport valid for 5 years.S. Another issue troubling Turks who wish to obtain a passport is the astronomical cost. 2009. claret red. Department of State now issues biometric passports only. and does not have fingerprint information placed onto the contactless chip. it is unclear when such a system will be deployed by the U.[77] Although a system able to perform a facial-recognition match between the bearer and his or her image stored on the contactless chip is desired[by whom?]. The U.[75] [edit] Turkmenistan See also: Turkmenistan passport Turkmenistan became the first country in ex-USSR. Passport is available since 10 July 2008. regular passports.[72] Colours of the new biometric passports have also be changed.[74] [edit] Tajikistan See also: Tajikistan passport Biometric passports will be issued in Tajikistan from 1 February 2010.S. version of the biometric passport (sometimes referred to as an electronic passport) has descriptive data and a digitized passport photo on its contactless chips. 2001. the . the chip is large enough (64 kilobytes) for inclusion of biometric identifiers. High security required cracking down on counterfeit passports. [79] [edit] Gallery Covers of various biometric passports. The driving force of the initiative is the U. 2006. As for foreigners traveling to the U. [edit] Venezuela See also: Venezuelan passport Issued after July 2007. and testing.production stages of this high-tech passport commenced as the U.S. development. which states that such smartcard Identity cards will be able to replace visas. visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP). Government Printing Office (GPO) issued awards to the top bidders of the program. if they wish to enter U. they are now required to possess machine-readable passports that comply with international standards. such a passport must be a biometric passport if used to enter the U. visa-free under the VWP. for travelers holding a valid passport issued on or after October 26. The awards totaled to roughly $1.000. RFID chip has photo and fingerprints.S. Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the "Border Security Act")..000 for startup.S. Åland Islands Albanian Australian Austrian Belgian (Dutch-FrenchGerman version) Bosnian British British (residual nationality categories) . Additionally.S.S. Bruneian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch Estonian Finnish French German Gibraltar Greek Guernsey Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Japanese Jersey . Kazakhstani Korean Latvian Liechtensteiner Lithuanian Luxembourg Macedonian Maldivian Malaysian Maltese Manx Moldovan Montenegrin Moroccan New Zealand Nigerian Norwegian Philippine Polish Portuguese . Qatari Romanian Russian (International) San Marino Serbian Slovakian Slovenian (Slovenian-Italian Singapore version) Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spanish Sudanese Swiss Thailand Republic of China (Taiwan) Turkish Turkmenistan . why it will never work 21. 2.^ Security by politics . Retrieved 2010-06-05. 6 Aug 2008 26.europa.pdf 28. 4. Novinite.cn/6966/2009/03/30/2001s469447.^ Belgian Biometric Passport does not get a pass 11.org/consular_information/passport. Part 1. 200903-30. oktober 2004" (in Danish). 3. Dan Goodin. September 2006 22.estemb. 29.^ Hackers clone E-Passports 12. Retrieved 2010-06-05.^ ICAO PKD 13. Part 1.US Venezuelan [edit] References 1. ^ RFID-based Passports – What a bad bad idea 10. 6.^ "Austria Adopts Fingerprint Passports".^ "Estonian Passport Application".^ Elvis has left the border: ePassport faking guide unleashed 18.com/view_news.^ The Hacker's Choice ePassport tools 16.^ http://eur-lex. ^ a b Attacks on Digital Passports 9. http://english. http://www. Consulate General of Estonia in New York. 2009-10-01.^ The Hackers Choice (THC) ePassport RFID Vulnerability Demonstration 17. Budapest. 5.^ ‘Fakeproof’ e-passport is cloned in minutes 14. http://www.com (Sofia News Agency).cri.novinite. Retrieved 2010-06-05.^ Budapest Declaration on Machine Readable Travel Documents. FIDIS NoE.htm. 30.^ "Priser på pas gældende fra 1. Volume 1 (OCR machine-readable passports) ^ ICAO Document 9303.^ Doc 9303 supplement 7 20. Retrieved 2010-06-05. http://www.^ EC News article about the relevant regulations: Council Regulation (EC) 2252/2004.^ Dutch government to store fingerprints 27. Tom Chothia and Vitaliy Smirnov. 2009-12-29.com (China Radio International). . Danish National Police. Commission Decision C(2005)409 adopted on 28 February 2005 and Commission Decision C(2006)2909 adopted on 28 June 2006 24. CRIENGLISH. Volume 2 (e-passports) ^ ICAO Document 9303. politi.dk. Part 3 (credit-card sized ID cards) ^ Metal shields and encryption for US passports ^ Fingerprinting Passports ^ Defects in e-passports allow real-time tracking. see preamble 10-14 25.^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 of 13 December 2004. ^ ICAO Document 9303. 14th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2010 8.php?id=108362. The Register.^ "Decision-making under Pressure: The Negotiation of the Biometric Passports Regulation in the Council" 23.^ ePassport emulator 15. 31.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2004/l_385/l_38520041229en00010006.nyc.^ ePassport reloaded goes mobile 19.politi. 7.^ Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States. 26th Jan 2010 ^ A Traceability Attack Against e-Passports.dk/da/borgerservice/pas/paspriser/.^ "Bulgaria to Start Issuing Biometric IDs in March 2010". html.epractice.^ "Slovenia to begin issuing second-generation biometric passports". 38.hu. 2009-06-29.html.de/pa_g_1986/__5.hu/news/show/news_1891. 2008-12-25. 2010-02-22.plusworld. PLUS Journal. 47.eng. Retrieved 2010-06-05.fr/F14929. Retrieved 2010-06-05. 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Retrieved 2010-06-05.com. 75. Retrieved 2010-06-05.^ "( "الجواز اللكترونىin Arabic).tr/hizmet. http://www.^ Passport portal of the Kingdom of Morocco 61.gmanews. 78.com: After US tests.html[dead link] 72. 2009-08-11.^ The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . "Innovation by Policy: A Study of the Electronic Passport" (PDF).tj/en/news/198/58564. 2009-03-03.pdf. Retrieved 2010-0605. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-06-05. "First consignment of blank biometric passports for Tajikistan delivered to Dushanbe".asp?pr_id=582[dead link] 66.^ "Frequently asked questions regarding the 'e-passport'". India to get first e-passport 56. 63. 2006-09-22.tv/story/169543/frequently-asked-questions-regarding-the-39e-passport39. 2009-06-18. 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Part 2 ICAO Document 9303.org .org/wiki/Biometric_passport" Categories: Authentication methods | Biometrics | Data security | Identity management systems | Information sensitivity | Passports | Radio-frequency identification Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from June 2010 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 | All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2009 . Volume 1 Passport Forms & Services: Passport Application DS-11 Form US Passport Renewal Passports and Visa Forms & Requirements Free / open source utilities to read and copy passport chips: • • • • • • • • RFDUMP.Open Source RFID python library with e-passport test tools JMRTD.Open Source e-Passport reader software and wzMRTD — Open Source library for accessing e-Passports OpenSCDP. Volume 2 ICAO Document 9303.free software for reading and cloning ePassport chip content using a Nokia NFC-enabled cell phone wzPASS . Ivo (2007).Open Source Java Card implementation of the e-passport and Java API ePassport emulator . Part 1.wikipedia.org GPL tool for RFID ISO-Readers RFIDIOt. ISBN 978-1434823182.• Gipp.Open Source EAC-PKI for development and testing EJBCA. [edit] External links ICAO related information: • • • • • • • • • • • International Civil Aviation Organization Public Key Directory ICAO passport standards: ICAO Document 9303.php.epassportbook. Rössling. Retrieved from "http://en. Includes separate java development library for EAC certificates.free software for cloning / making your own ePassport chip using JCOP v4. Beel.509 and EAC PKI. ePassport: The World's New Electronic Passport: A Report about the ePassport's Benefits. Volume 1 ICAO Document 9303. Risks and its Security.org . Part 3.Complete Open Source X.org . Scotts Valley.com/download. CA: CreateSpace. Personal tools • • New features Log in / create account Namespaces • • Article Discussion Variants Views • • • Actions Search þÿ Read Edit View history Navigation • • • • • Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Interaction • • • • • • Toolbox • • • • About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation. See Terms of Use for details. 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