KENDRIYA VIDYALAYAAFS,BORJHAR BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT TOPIC: EYE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. Submitted by: Shubham Sunar Class: XII-B Roll no. : 33 BON AFID E This is to certify that Shubham Sunar, a student of class XII (B) has successfully completed the research on the project titled “Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents” under the guidance of Mrs. Sarjubala Devi(Subject Teacher) during the year 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of Biology practical examination conducted by AISSCE. Signature of External Examiner Mrs. Sarjubala Devi (Biology Teacher) Mr. Dhirendar Kumar Jha (Principal) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support. Then I would like to thank my parents who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. . INDEX Sl. Sarjubala Devi. Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.No Table of Content Page no. whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project.I would like to thank my Biology teacher Mrs. sight. or vision.1) Abstract 2) Introduction 3) Methodology 4) Data Collection 5) Data analysis 6) Treatment 7) Conclusion 8) Bibliography ABSTRACT Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing information that is contained in visible light. the resulting perception is also known as eyesight. . this project is focused on eye disorders: how it is caused. why it is caused. they detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. .eyes are the organs of vision. in addition. eyes can be prone to many diseases and disorders. each having an eye disorder. a survey was taken among 50 students. the data and other features are attached to the report as well. how to prevent/treat it are inscribed here. The thick wall of the eyeball contains three covering layers: the sclera. in the manner of a crystal raised above the surface .INTRODUCTION EYE The human eye is a spheroid structure that rests in a bony cavity (socket. The sclera is the outermost layer of eye tissue. or orbit) on the frontal surface of the skull. and the retina. part of it is visible as the "white" of the eye. In the center of the visible sclera and projecting slightly. the choroid. of a watch. Behind the iris is the lens. is visible because it is not covered by the sclera. elastic. to focus). The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmentation of the choroid layer. it is dilated and contracted by muscular action of the iris. the choroid. but solid ellipsoid body that focuses the light on the retina. Underneath the sclera is the second layer of tissue. the conjunctiva. composed of a dense pigment and blood vessels that nourish the tissues. a transparent membrane that acts as the window of the eye. Near the center of the visible portion of the eye. is the cornea. The ciliary body in turn merges with the iris. A delicate membrane. . a diaphragm that regulates the size of the pupil. which contains the muscles used to change the shape of the lens (that is. covers the visible portion of the sclera. a transparent. the choroid layer forms the ciliary body. usually brown or blue. The pupil is the round opening in the center of the iris. the third and innermost layer of tissue. thus regulating the amount of light that enters the eye. The large spheroid space in back of the lens (the center of the eyeball) is filled with vitreous humor. . notably the rods and cones. The retina is a network of nerve cells. a thin. a jellylike substance. and nerve fibers that fan out over the choroid from the optic nerve as it enters the rear of the eyeball from the brain. Between the cornea and iris and between the iris and lens are small spaces filled with aqueous humor. watery fluid. Unlike the two outer layers of the eye. the retina does not extend to the front of the eyeball. blur more easily. The farsighted eye is usually slightly shorter than a normal eye and may have a flatter cornea. Therefore. Hypermetropia (Farsightedness) Farsighted individuals typically develop problems reading up close.SOME COMMON EYE DISORDERS Myopia (Nearsightedness) Nearsighted individuals typically have problems seeing well at a distance and are forced to wear glasses or contact lenses. This will make distant images appear blurred. when light passes through the cornea and lens. Near objects require even greater focusing power to be seen clearly and therefore. it is focused in front of the retina. Thus. The nearsighted eye is usually longer than a normal eye. . and its cornea may also be steeper. the light of distant objects focuses behind the retina unless the natural lens can compensate fully. The eye itself looks normal. or allergies. more farsighted. This condition is also sometimes called lazy eye. or a feeling of something in the eye. itching. Amblyopia Amblyopia is the medical term used when the vision of one eye is reduced because it fails to work properly with the brain." It can cause redness. tearing. exposure to chemicals and irritants. discharge. Conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis is a condition in which the tissue that lines the eyelids and covers the cornea becomes inflamed. but for various reasons the brain favors the other eye. burning. or has more astigmatism . Conjunctivitis occurs in people of all ages and can be caused by infection. Amblyopia can occur when one eye is more nearsighted. It is sometimes called "pink eye" or "red eye. g. . Symptoms include increased tears and a feeling of pain. blurred vision. and is not usually noticed until several hours after exposure. computer work. headache and occasional double vision. intense sunlight at high altitudes) or artificial sources. likened to having sand in the eyes. Photokeratitis is akin to a sunburn of the cornea and conjunctiva. Photokeratitis Photokeretitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural (e. Symptoms often occur after reading. Asthenopia Asthenopia or eye strain manifests itself through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue. or other close activities that involve tedious visual tasks. pain in or around the eyes. 2015 at Borjhar.Methodology The survey was taken on Dec. Guwahati particularly at KV AFS Borjhar Total students were 50 each having an eye disorder. Questions that were asked: 1)Name and age of the person 2)Information on their eye disorder 3)Age when the disorder was diagnosed No specific tool was used. The age range is 6 to 18. A friend to assist proved to be helpful. . 28. 21. 24. 12. 19. 18. Mazumdar Kushboo Basar Millo tomo Jarmin Sangha P. 25. 6. 5. 27. 4. Tok Minam Bakin Naso Ampi Nabam Rajni Thakur Toyang Kipa Rohan Deb Michi Sophia Sange Preti Tagru Allapan Joel S. Hanna Abhishek Mog Khuru c. 16. 20. SL.DATA COLLECTION Data is in the order of increasing age. 9. 22. Wancsu Jiencha Mitu Hage Tunya Eye disorder Amblyopia Amblyopia Amblyopia Hypermetropia Myopia Myopia Myopia Myopia conjunctivitis Myopia Myopia Hypermetropia Myopia Myopia Myopia Amblyopia Myopia Asthenopia Myopia Myopia Myopia Myopia Myopia Myopia Hypermetropia Myopia Myopia Myopia Age when eye Gender disorder was (male ‘M’ detected Female ‘F’) <06 F <06 F <06 F 05 M 06 F 07 F 08 M 08 F 08 M 09 F 09 F 10 M 10 M 10 F 10 M 10 F 11 F 11 F 11 F 11 M 11 F 11 F 11 F 11 M 12 M 12 F 12 F 12 F . 7. Name Binter Priyam Sen Taba Ompu Rindo pertin Pradipta k. No. 15. 13. 11. 17. 23. 3. 10. 8. 2. 1. 26. 14. 37. 30. 32. 44. 38. 47. Kajum Gimar Rimpi Atul Kumar Kampoan Tangjang Hage Minia R. Rhonya Tage Welly Dimini Saksham Puja Solanki Raghubir Singh Myopia Myopia Myopia Hypermetropia Myopia Myopia Hypermetropia Myopia Photo keratitis Myopia Photo keratitis Myopia Myopia Amblyopia Myopia Asthenopia Myopia Myopia Myopia Myopia Myopia Myopia 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 F F F M F F M F F F F F F F F F F M F M F M . 45. 41. 49.29. 40. S. 46. 34. 48. 42. 43. 50. Akhil Rigbi Jumngam Kampu Yaya Meyo Jessica Rijiju Riya Choudhury Sikha Sadani Chaitanya v. 39. 31. 33. 35. 36. 1 out of 25 people have the problem of eye pain. Myopia stands as the most common refractive disorder in children and teens with a big 70%.DATA ANALYSIS Pie Chart: Eye Disorder % Amblyopia Asthenopia Conjunctivitis Hypermetropia Myopia Photo keratitis 4% 10% 4% 2% 10% 70% The pie chart shows relative percentage of people having certain disorders. 7 out of 10 people having a disorder are diagnosed with Myopia 1 out of 10 people have Hypermetropia. 1 out of 10 people have Amblyopia 1 out of 25 people have Asthenopia. . It highlights that children below or at the age of twelve are more prone to acquire an eye disorder. . Frequency 12 11 10 8 8 Frequency 6 6 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 0 5 >6 1 1 6 7 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Age The Chart is used here to compare the age (when eye disorder was detected) to number of people.Column Chart: Age vs. 35 persons are diagnosed with a disorder at/below the age of 12 and 15 above the age of 12 The average age is 11. the more nearsighted one is. Hyperopia: . In LASIK — the most common refractive procedure — a thin flap is created on the surface of the cornea. Refractive surgery can reduce or even eliminate the need for glasses or contacts. Nearsightedness can be corrected with glasses. The higher the number. In PRK the laser removes a layer of corneal tissue. the first number ("sphere") on the r or contact lens prescription will be preceded by a minus sign (–). The most common procedures are performed with an excimer laser. a laser removes some corneal tissue. 1. contact lenses or refractive surgery. 2. which flattens the cornea and allows light rays to focus more accurately on the retina. and then the flap is returned to its original position.TREATMENT Myopia: If a person is nearsighted. like +2. Amblyopia becomes much more difficult to treat after about 7-9 years of age Asthenopia: . In cases of mild amblyopia.If a glasses or contact lens prescription begins with plus numbers. Amblyopia: The most common treatment for amblyopia is to force the brain to start using the "bad" eye. the doctor might recommend using an eye drop called atropine in the "good" eye instead of a patch. Farsightedness can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses to change the way light rays bend into the eyes. This is done by putting a patch over the "good" eye. Atropine dilates the pupil and blurs the vision in the "good” eye.50. Refractive surgery. such as LASIK or CK. then the person is farsighted. It can take weeks or months for an eye patch to improve vision. is another option for correcting hyperopia. forcing the "bad" eye to do most of the work. Surgery may reduce or eliminate your need to wear glasses or contact lenses. Most children with amblyopia will also need glasses to help focus. Photokeretitis: Photokeratitis can be prevented by using sunglasses or eye protection that transmits 5–10% of visible light and absorbs almost all UV rays. though care should be taken to not use anything cool enough (such as ice) to damage the eyes themselves. Preventative measures. Bacterial Conjunctivitis Antibiotic eyedrop 2. 3. such as taking breaks from activities that cause eye strain are suggested. Viral Conjunctivitis There is no treatment for most cases of viral conjunctivitis. and allow the eyes to relax in darkness. the virus needs time to run its course — up to two or three weeks. The most effective way to ease the pain or discomfort that the affliction causes is to remove all light sources from a room. Cool compresses also help to some degree. Allergic Conjunctivitis different types of eyedrops for different allergies . Conjunctivitis 1. Instead. the progression of any vision loss. Many sight-threatening diseases. Eating green veggies. etc. Although Myopia is not a very harmful disorder for the eye and can be treated easily but the numbers are alerting and we should take preventive measures to avoid it. . can be cured or treated to prevent.CONCLUSION: 7 out of 10 people were diagnosed with myopia according to the survey taken. fish. carrots. A complete eye checkup once every one to three years is very beneficial. if detected early. are essential for our eyes for functioning well. or slow. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.google.in .co. org/wiki/ .wikipedia.en.