Biodiversity Study

Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.Kanla-on Natural Park PNOC-Energy Development Corporation 4 October 2007 Document No.: R07-052 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park R07-052 Prepared for PNOC-Energy Development Corporation Prepared by Maunsell Philippines Inc 11/F Ayala Life - FGU Center, 6811 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines T +632 843 6336 F +632 843 6125 www.maunsell.com 4 October 2007 51052707 © Maunsell Philippines Inc 2007 The information contained in this document produced by Maunsell Philippines Inc is solely for the use of the Client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared and Maunsell Philippines Inc undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document. All rights reserved. No section or element of this document may be removed from this document, reproduced, electronically stored or transmitted in any form without the written permission of Maunsell Philippines Inc. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Quality Information Document Ref Date Prepared by Reviewed by Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 51052707 4 October 2007 Pastor Malabrigo Jr., Phillip Alviola, Abba Grace Sanchez Jess Bayrante, Leah Bufi, Butch Aragones Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island, Philippines 1.1.1 Flora 1.1.2 Fauna 1.2 The Biodiversity Study 1.2.1 Objective of the Study 1.2.2 Project Location Methodology 2.1 Flora 2.1.1 Survey Method and Location 2.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens 2.1.3 Data Analysis 2.2 Fauna 2.2.1 Survey Location 2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens 2.2.3 Data Analysis Results and Discussions 3.1 Flora 3.1.1 Floral Diversity 3.1.2 Noteworthy Species 3.1.3 Conservation Status 3.1.4 Resource Use 3.2 Fauna 3.2.1 Avian community 3.2.2 Mammalian community 3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 3.2.4 Noteworthy Species 3.2.5 Conservation Status Impacts and Mitigating Measures Environmental Monitoring Plan Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Flora 6.2 Fauna References 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 7 7 7 9 9 10 10 11 13 14 14 14 20 22 23 23 23 27 30 31 32 33 39 42 42 43 44 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 1.0 Introduction In pursuit of reducing the energy dependence on the foreign market and meeting the increasing energy demand in the country, the Philippine National Oil Company – Energy Development Corporation (PNOC EDC) is continuing its effort to explore and develop alternative energy sources. In 2003, DOE drafted the Renewable Energy Policy Framework, which envisioned the country to be the world’ leader in geothermal energy. s The Philippines is the second largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. In 2006, geothermal energy contributed about 18% to the country’ energy production. In addition to the five steam fields s operated by the PNOC EDC, exploratory activities are still being conducted to locate untapped geothermal sources in the country. In Northern Negros, the exploratory drillings carried out in 1994 verified potential geothermal sources, which is projected to provide 40 to 80 MWe of power. An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was prepared and submitted on 25 January 1995 for the development of the Northern Negros Geothermal Project (NNGP). The Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) was granted on 5 December 1995. The government entered into a Geothermal Service Contract (GSC) with PNOC EDC. Based on the contract, the geothermal block will cover a total land area of 4,650 hectares. Of this total area, 2,800 hectares were classified as alienable and disposable lands (A & D), while the remaining 1,850 hectares were part of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (MKNP). The initial geothermal development was established in the A & D lands, which generates 40 MW and targets to sustain power for 25 years. In order to achieve this projection, additional back-up maintenance and replacement wells will be needed, which can be provided by the areas inside the MKNP but covered by the GSC. As earlier cited, the GSC included 1,850 hectares inside the park but due to environmental concerns, the Congress, stakeholders, together with the World Bank park consultants of the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Program (CPPAP), and PNOC EDC agreed to limit the development area to 169 hectares (out of 1,850 hectares), which is the minimum area needed to reach the geothermal resource. Consistent with NIPAS Act, Republic Act (RA) 9154 or the MKNP Act allotted the 169 hectares of Mt. Kanlaon’ land area for the establishment of buffer zone for geothermal development and utilization. In s 2001, then DOE Secretary conducted a meeting with the environmental NGOs relative to the intent of using the buffer zone. While the use of the buffer zone is legal, during the meeting, it was agreed that PNOC EDC will conduct a comprehensive biodiversity study (both flora and fauna), which will precede the geothermal developmental activities. This will ensure that environmental and conservation measures will be identified to mitigate the impacts of the activity at the buffer zone. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 1 1.1 1.1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island, Philippines Flora The moist forests of the Philippines, which include the montane and sub-montane forests of the Northern Negros Forest Reserve (NNFR), are now classified as the eighth most vulnerable forest ecoregion in the world (WWF 2001). This area contains the most endemic species that are ‘ functionally extinct’or critically endangered within the whole of the Philippines. Less than 4% of the original forest cover remains intact in Negros, putting a huge amount of pressure on the remaining endemic species (Heaney & Regalado 1998). Considering most of the botanists’claim that the Philippines is the most diverse country in the world on an acre per acre basis, it would be justified to assume that there could have been a high rate of species extinction in the island. Thus, the comparison of the previous documentations on the Negros biodiversity to the primary data generated in the current study is important. The few recent studies on the Negros forest are confined to the North Negros Forest Reserve including Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (Turner et al., 2002 and Hamann et al.1999). Based on Merrill” (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana, s 614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families are expected to be present in Negros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Of which 364 species (59.3% endemism) are reportedly endemic species (Lagunzad et. al. 2004). As cited by Lagunzad (2004), the previous plant collection from the Island of Negros and Siquijor include Cuming (1837), Steere (1875, 1888), Schandenberg (1881), Ch. S. Banks (1902), H. Long (1903), Usteri (1903), E. B. Copeland (1903-04), Muñoz (1904), Whitford (1906), Elmer (1908), H. D. Everett (1908), E. D. Merrill (1910), H. M. Curran (1933), Fairchild (1940) and Edaño (1947). The most extensive collection was done by Elmer in 1909 in Cuernos Mountains from March to June near the Bonyao River (Lagunzad et. al. 2004). Detailed botanical and floristic and ecological inventories are very disproportionately low, although copious collections have been previously done. Hamann et al. (1999) is the only published floristic study, which involved a one-hectare permanent plot and reported 645 individuals sampled belonging to 92 species, 54 genera and 39 families. The structure of the transitional forest type was determined by the dominance of species belonging to the following families: Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae and Icacinaceae. The family Dipterocarpaceae registered a low importance values. Other recent studies include that of the EIS of NNGP (PNOC EDC) in 1995 and a Biodiversity Inventory of Mt. Kanla-on led by Dr. Robert S. Kennedy from Cincinnati Museum of Natural History (CMNH), Cincinnati, Ohio. The reports contain information on vegetation types as well as a listing of plant species, conservation status and uses. There is however no single available published material on these studies. 1.1.2 Fauna As early as the 1750s, biological explorations have been done in the Philippines marking its beginnings with Pierre Poivre who visited Manila and probably Zamboanga between 1751-1755 and from it came the descriptions of 31 new species from the Philippines (Brisson, 1760 as cited by Dickinson et al., 1992). Through the succeeding years, several expeditions were made on several islands in the Philippines, focusing on several parts of Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Mindoro and Cebu. Most notable among these early expeditions were the Cuming (from 1836-39) with the British Museum (BM) and Challenger Expeditions (1874-1875 in Tweeddale, 1877). Over a hundred years have passed before any explorations were done in Negros, starting with A.H. Everett in 1877-1878 which he also visited during that period the islands of Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao and Palawan (Sharpe, 1877). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 2 Moreover. of the California Academy of Sciences and Siliman University. collected extensively in the north-central section of the mountain.. In addition. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.. Flame-templed Babbler (S. Virtually all early explorations (pre-war) on Mt. Kanlaon were made in 1991 by a team of ornithologists from Cambridge University (Brooks et al. then with Siliman University. two of which are threatened (Stachyris speciosa and Coracina ostenta). Heideman and Heaney. Result of the expedition was reported by Dillon S. collected amphibians and reptiles in Mt. Recent explorations in Mt. Rabor. a total of 18 endemic birds were recorded including two Negros-Panay endemics. and White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike (Coracina ostenta).. Even A. In 1998. Cuernos de Negros (1961 and 1964) while the type locality of Negros endemic mammals such as the Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina). four amphibians and 10 reptiles within the portion of Murcia and Bago City. the famous English naturalist. amphibians and reptiles were done on the southern portion of the Negros Island. of which 48 species of the birds recorded are resident breeders (DENR-CMNH. Kanlaon were focused on birds as early work on mammals. followed suit in 1953 where he collected practically the same places Whitehead worked. 1993) the results of which include sightings of several Negros-Panay endemic birds such as the Visayan Tarictic (P. panini).H. field work by the PNOC EDC EIA survey team revealed presence of at least 68 species of birds. Mr. Negros naked-backed fruit bat (Dobsonia chapmani) were from southern Negros as well.The first exploration of Mt. 1989). Kanlaon dates back from the period between March and April. 12 mammals. Recent mammalian survey on the island were made on Mt. At least 63 species of resident birds were observed of which 38 species are forest dwellers (PNOC EDC. 1987. Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni). Guinsayawan by the team from University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and Siliman University in 1982 to 1984 (Heidemann et al. In 1995. a group led by DENR and CMNH conducted an inventory of the mountain resulting to documentation of 53 species of birds and 10 species of mammals. Everett’ 1877-1878 mammals and herpetofaunal collections were from southern Negros as well. respectively. including the Visayan Tarictic (Penelopides panini). 1992 and Evans et al. Ripley of the Yale Peabody Museum and Rabor (Ripley and Rabor 1956) which included the description of the Negros Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 3 . s Walter Brown and Angel Alcala. both of which are listed as threatened species. Whitehead brought with him to BM several skins (some of which reported for the first time on Negros Island). both mammals described by Rabor (1952). A substantial proportion (38 species) of these resident birds are forest-dwellers and the 22 endemic species were also found on forest. 1995). Dioscoro S. three species of birds were restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region. 1896 when John Whitehead (as published by Ogilvie-Grant (1896). speciosa) and the White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis). 1999). A small portion of the buffer zone (ca. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. The survey was exclusively conducted within the 169-hectare buffer zone (Figure 2). the buffer zone is covered with forest represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed second-growth at the lower elevations (900 to 1. Kanla-on is the highest peak in the Visayas region at 2. known as the MKNP Act of 2001.9 kilometers until it reaches the vicinity of the proposed Pad M1 and Pad M2 (Figure 2). and enhancement of flora and fauna inside the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP. it is included as a priority area under the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Project (CPPAP) (funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)). It is located in the island of Negros.557 hectares. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 4 . 1 hectare). The specific objectives of the study are the following: 1. La Carlota City and San Carlos City in Negros Occidental.2. Occupying an elevation of 900 to 1.2 Project Location Mt. declared Mt. Murcia of Negros Occidental. and 4. PNOC EDC’ NNGP operates within the boundaries of Barangay Mailum. On August 11. pipelines. and support facilities are confined within the 70-hectare alienable and disposable (A & D) land acquired by PNOC EDC. Bago City and Barangay s Minoyan. were classified as the nature park and 169 hectares were set aside as buffer zone. Kanlaon Natural Park by conducting: a. Site visits and surveys were conducted from 1 to 31 May 2007.200 masl elevation.1 The Biodiversity Study Objective of the Study PNOC EDC commissioned Maunsell Philippines Inc.435 meters above sea level (masl). had already been covered with grassland-parang vegetation and with occasional rows of banana and ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala).1. The existing facilities of the project such as power plant. 3. 100% inventory within the proposed development area of PNOC-EDC b. MKNP falls under the jurisdiction of La Castellana. Murcia. of which 24. To determine the biodiversity status of the study area.2. Adjacent to this area is the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP designated for geothermal development under the MKNP Act. Subsequently.200 masl. and Vallehermoso and Canlaon City in Negros Oriental.000 masl) and lower montane forest at the 1. 2001.388 hectares . minimize or mitigate development impacts at all phases of the project for the protection.100 to 1. To identify the potential impacts of the proposed geothermal expansion to the flora and fauna within the 169-hectare buffer zone. adjacent to Well Pad B. mixed second-growth and agroforest and NNGP infrastructures are found below the boundaries of the 169-hectare buffer zone (north-west of the buffer zone). 2.2 1. well pads. (Maunsell) to prepare the Biodiversity Study for the 169-hectare buffer zone. To characterize floral and faunal composition within the 169-hectare buffer zone of Mt. 5% sampling on the remaining area within the buffer zone. Kanla-on as a Protected Area under the category of a “ natural park” It covers about 24. Bago City. 1. conservation. Boundary delineation of the proposed access road has already been conducted from the grassland-parang area (0 meters) and continuing to a length of approximately 2. approximately 36 kilometers southeast of Bacolod City (Figure 1). To design and propose environmental and conservation measures to prevent. RA 9154. Agricultural plantations (corn). Location map of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park.Figure 1. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 5 . Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 6 . The proposed road system and well pads inside the 169-hectare buffer zone.Figure 2. Design of sampling quadrats for trees. while Braun-Blanquet survey method was used for grasses and other ground cover. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. 20 m 4m 1m 1m 4m 20 m Figure 3.0 2. The DBH. specimens were collected and brought to the UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources Herbarium for drying and identification. Frequency of shrubs. For unidentified plant species. 30 meters for relatively flat area. Kanla-on Natural Park was adopted (Figure 3). Individual plants (Ferns and Allies. 40 meters for mild sloping area and 50 meters for the rugged terrain (Figure 2).1.12 hectares were laid out and surveyed (Figure 4).1 2. poles and saplings were counted. merchantable height (MH). the P-line was segmented into 200 meter length for each plot and the width varied from 30 to 50 meters depending on the slope of the area. For the inventory along the road system.9 kilometer P-line (center-width of the proposed road system) and the boundary clearings of the proposed well pads were used as reference points for the 100% inventory. al. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 7 . Woody plants that have diameter at breast-height equal (DBH) or greater than 10 centimeters were properly numbered. species). Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) inside the proposed development area were identified to its corresponding taxon (family. A total of 178 quadrats (20m x 20m) equivalent to 7. The quadrat design used by Kennedy et. Area Outside the Proposed Development Area but still within the MKNP Buffer Zone Quadrat sampling technique was used for obtaining the quantitative information about the structure and composition of the plant communities of the buffer zone outside the proposed development area. saplings and understories. genus. in their 1998 Biodiversity Inventory of Mt.2.1 Methodology Flora Survey Method and Location Proposed Development Area Inside the MKNP Buffer Zone The established 2. and total height (TH) were also measured. This method is applicable for forests where almost all of the major plant communities are present. Map showing the approximate location of the vegetation sampling plots.Note: Quadrats in red color are the most diverse quadrats Figure 4. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 8 . Also. commonly known as wet collection method. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 9 . The Evenness index is the ratio of the observed diversity to maximum diversity.0) software. DBH and TH were noted down. and Evenness index (E). This involves the soaking of properly labelled specimens in ethyl alcohol.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens The Sweinfurth’ method. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. on the other hand. Importance values were determined using the following formula: Density = number of individuals area sampled density for a species total density for all species x 100 Relative Density = Frequency = number of plots in which species occur total number of plots sampled frequency value for a species x 100 total frequency for all species basal area or volume for a species area sampled dominance for a species x 100 total dominance for all species Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative Dominance Relative Frequency = Dominance = Relative Dominance = Importance Value = Using the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP 3.1. slope and aspect. which include the Shannon index (H). gives the probability of getting different species s when two individuals (with replacement) were drawn inside a plot. physiognomy. Simpson’ index (D). Simpson’ index. the relative frequency. the diversity indices of the different sampling areas. Copious information as to the habitat. The relative density.3 Data Analysis Information gathered in the field were tabulated and analyzed to characterize floral composition within the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP.2. which is the standard measurement in forest ecology to determine the rank relationships of species.1. The Biodiversity Professional (BdPro32) software provided other statistical analysis such as similarity matrix and ordination analysis based on species composition of the quadrats. characteristics of the plants that will be lost after drying. The specimens were then packed in polyethylene bags and sealed for further analysis at the laboratory. s were characterized. relative density and relative dominance indicate different aspect of the species importance in a community. It gives an estimate of species richness and distribution. relative dominance and relative frequency values for each species were determined to obtain their Importance Value (IV). 2. was employed for specimens s that were difficult to identify in the field. Shannon index assumes that individuals are randomly sampled from a large population and that all species are represented in the sample. 2. as the survey line extends further and passes through the contours of mountain ridges. and consequently gains in elevation (ca. The elevation at this site is between 900 to 950 masl.250-meter mark and ends at the 2. Mosaics of mixed second-growth and agroforest lands (mostly banana and corn) are also found within the 880-meter mark.) dominates the first 750 meters of the trail until the vegetation shifts to a transition zone of lowland forest and lower montane forest. Site 2 (N 10 º28” 51.2.550-meter mark. the vegetation at this point is represented by grassland-parang (at the beginning of the survey line) and edges of lowland dipterocarp forest. particularly at the edge of the buffer zone. 1200 masl).050-meter mark of the access-road survey line.5” . The start of the survey line bisects the northern portion of the buffer zone and increases in elevation. 10. abacca (Musa textilis) and coffee (Coffea sp.g. There is a hiker’ trail within the site that is used to reach the peak of Mt. The end of the survey line (at 2. Site 1 (N 10º28’ 45.9” E 123 º 07” .2” E 123 º 07’31.2) This site begins at the 1. A trail bisects this portion of the buffer zone and runs along the edge of the MKNP boundary. 1000-1100 masl.200-meter survey mark. mist-nets and live traps were placed along and within the vicinity of the survey line. the whole 169-hectare buffer zone was compartmentalized into four sites in order to cover as much area sampled as possible (Figure 6).200-meter mark. until it reaches a flat ridge at the 2. the access road survey line enters the interior of the buffer zone. terminating at the 1.2 2. ) The sampling area starts at the 2.4” E 123 º 06’31” . Consequently.100 masl). This portion of the buffer zone is designated as free from any of the power plant’ activities.700-meter mark) is situated within a mixture of lowland dipterocarp forest (at ravines) and assemblages of lower montane forest (e. s Kanla-on. At the 900-meter mark (about 1. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 10 . Vegetation at this area can be characterized as transition of lowland dipterocarp forest and lower montane forest (especially at ridgetops). Most of the route of survey line (up to the 880-meter mark) skirts along the edge of the buffer zone. Transect lines for birds and herpetofauna.1 Fauna Survey Location For the study of fauna. ca. A mixed vegetation of second-growth forest and agroforest plantation of banana (Musa). s Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.5” E 123º06’ . Site 3 (N 10 º 28’52. ) This site is situated at the southern portion of the buffer zone adjacent to well pad A. The bird and herpetofaunal transect extended beyond the end of the access-road survey line. The survey line at this point enters the contours of the several ridges.1” ) Site 1 starts at grassland-parang portion of the buffer zone and follows the access road survey line until it reaches the 1. while the mist nets and live traps were placed along the vicinity of the flat ridge. The mist nets and live traps were concentrated along the edges of the survey line. A relatively wide river bisects between Pad M1 and M2 and runs parallel with the survey line. 42. Lithocarpus and Almaciga).000-meter mark. Site 4 (N 10 º 28’43. marking the beginning of a lower montane forest. feeding singly. number of individuals. ridgetops. while the rest were released after proper identification. During each sampling period. Captured species were processed by taking standard biometric measurements that include total length (TL). gape (g) and weight (wt). Fifteen to 21 mist nets were used for each study site and were placed either singly or in series at strategic areas where birds are known to fly (e. Two voucher specimens were collected for each species per site.g. if seen singly or in a group. tail-vent length (TV).2 kilometer transect line that was established on the access-road survey line (Site 1 to 3) and established trail (Site 4). Map showing location of transects for wildlife sampling. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. Nets were usually operated from 0600 to 1800 h. 2. all bird species seen or heard were noted using the following information: species name. The species were also photographed and identified using Kennedy et al (2000) and photographs. but on several occasion nets were left opened until the following day for nocturnal birds.Figure 5. bird census was carried out in pre-determined sampling intervals (0600 to 0900 h and 1500-1730h) by walking through 1 to 1. seen. wing cord (WC). All captured specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. bill (b). perched. across rivers and creeks and along trails). which required observation for at least five minutes. Mist nets (6 and 12-m long. All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.2. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 11 . heard. as a group or in mixed flocks (if possible.2 Birds In each of the sampling sites. General observations were used from dusk until 2100 h to record crepuscular and nocturnal birds. Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. 4 shelves. flat areas within understorey. Special attention was allocated for mixed-flock congregations. tarsus (t). Sampling was terminated after three consecutive days of transects. 35-mm mesh) were used to capture cryptic and shy species that were difficult to observe during transect counts. and stored in 70% ethanol. elevation. habitat. foraging behavior). species of feeding tree) and others (flying. buttresses. Brown et al. fins (for Agamids). trapped animals with certain identification were released at the site of capture. forest floor. fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol. Interviews with the local guides were conducted. date. Brown et al. Mistnets were used for capturing bats and were set on ridgetops. Sampling periods were usually conducted in the afternoon and the rest of the evening. frogs were also located and identified by call. As much as possible. epiphytes. Nomenclature and classification were based on Crombie (1986). Nets were either set near the ground or were hoisted four to five meters aboveground and in some cases almost reaching the canopy. These microhabitats include tree holes. and at edges of clearing adjacent to forest. Voucher specimens were measured. which is from early dusk (about 17:30) until about 21:00. All collected specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History. and bats were removed at dawn. (1998) whereas population and threatened status follows IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor. ear (EAR). Upon capture. and deer. Age determination includes examination of gonadal condition. Aside from species identification (if ascertained). W. were noted. Brown et al. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. leaf axils. otherwise juvenile or sub-adults are properly noted in the standardized field catalogue. Body measurements taken include total length (TL). although sampling in the morning was occasionally done after servicing the nets and traps. All captured specimens were photographed. Population and threatened status follows IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor. 1998) for frogs and reptiles were examined intensively for the duration of the fieldwork. time observed and habit/behavior prior to capture. Any given net was left in place for three or four days at a time in all but a few instances. and on top of fallen logs). (2000) for frogs and Alcala (1986). (1999) for reptiles. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 12 . Nets were left open thereafter. Population and threatened status follows the IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor. which were necessary for species identification (e. Instead. 2002) and Alcala and Brown (1998). decaying logs. When possible. Alcala and Brown (1998). were obtained from knowledgeable local guides and hunters encountered during field work. the traps were placed in various suitable locations (i.Nomenclature and classification of birds were based on Kennedy et al. tail-vent (TV). examined for reproductive condition. R. wild pigs. For the ground surface trapping. including civets.(2000).. Nomenclature follows Heaney et al. across trails and streams. along runways. Mammals Cage traps were used to capture rodents and shrews. and presence of secondary sex characteristics such as vocal sacs. tree ferns and bodies of water. 2002) and Mallari et al (2000). in front of burrow entrances. snout to vent length (SVL)). 2002). All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History. Information on the presence and perceived abundance of large mammals. a wide array of possible microhabitats (sensu Alcala and Brown. Traps were baited with either live earthworms or fried coconut coated with peanut butter. descriptive and quantitative measurements. under root tangles. altitude. other important information were recorded during sampling such as microhabitat captured. all measurements were taken from adult specimens. and either preserved as complete bodies in formalin (transferred to ethanol) or prepared as complete skeletons. In addition.g. Nets were tended continuously during the peak of the activity. R. Amphibians and Reptiles No standardized method was employed in the survey of herpetofauna. weather.(1999).e. All traplines were maintained for three nights. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. nuptial pads. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. hindfoof (HF). forearm for bats (FA) and weight (wt). (2) habitat and disturbance types (e. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 13 . rendering any quantitative analysis not possible. secondary forest.3 Birds Data Analysis Community diversity indices were calculated from a mathematical formula that takes into account both species richness and the relative abundance of each species in the community.2. grassland-parang vegetation. Mammals Relative abundance in the form of trapping or netting success was used to analyze mammalian patterns. standardization of data sets was not possible. The community diversity was mathematically calculated using the Shannon-Weiner Index. lower montane forest. agroforest and grassland). the number of captures per 100 net/trap-nights). the main point of discussion will rely on presence/absence of species and its habitat associations. second-growth and forest edge vegetation and agroforest plantation. Relative abundance was also calculated to determine which study site or vegetation/habitat types each species is most abundant. It is computed by the equation: 2c -------a+b where a= number of species in first area b= number of species in second area c= number of species common to a and b Amphibians and Reptiles As the method used in determining herpetofaunal diversity was gathered solely on opportunistic sampling. As such.2. effort allocated was not quantified. At least two levels of distribution patterns will be generated for the analysis of mammals: (1) elevational distribution (which the four study sites represent different elevations from 900 masl to 1200 masl). Information on the range of vegetation occupied for each herpetofaunal species was noted. Relative abundance refers to the number of individuals of a given species divided by the total number of individuals of all species found. all the study sites represent various categories from lowland forest.e. The study sites were found to represent different vegetation types. To offset this limitation. The value of the Shannon-Weiner index (represented by the symbol H’ was calculated using ) the following formula: H = -Σ[ni/N ln ni/N] The following diversity indices (parameters) were also used to determine the degree of species diversity in all sampling sites: 1) Species Richness index simply refers to the number of species in each sampling site 2) Dominance (D) index was mathematically calculated using the following formula: D = (Hmax – H).g. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. where H = Diversity Hmax = Maximum diversity = ln (n) 3) Evenness (e) index = H’ /Hmax 4) Sorensen Similarity Index which measures the degree of similarity of bird assemblage between two sampling sites.. ranging from lowland dipterocarps. Total relative abundance was calculated as the number of captures at a given study site divided by the number of trap-nights x 100 (i. lower montane forest. 000 4800 (60%) 695 Negros 614 364(59. The number of recorded families is 81. Table 1. it is important to note that the 36-hectare area sampled. Taxon Angiosperm Gymnosperm Fern Total Family 81 (2) 2 14 97 (2) Genera 207 (7) 5 22 234 (7) Species 350 (58) 5 39 (11) 394 (69) *Numbers inside parentheses are taxa that have not been identified to the corresponding rank. CMNH (1998). Number of families. The most speciose families are: Moraceae (30). However. The determination of the correct rank and position (identification) of the species is very much dependent on the variation exhibited by the reproductive structures. Floral Diversity on Philippines. Table 1 shows the number of families. Negros. Rubiaceae (20). Table 2. The resource assessment conducted focused mainly on the vascular plants.1 Results and Discussions Flora Floral Diversity A total of 394 morpho-species belonging to the seed plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms). PNOC EIA (1995).3%) - Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. genera and species that were recorded.0 3. out of the 169-hectare area of the buffer zone is more than enough to obtain reliable sampling results. ferns and their allies were recorded from the 36 hectares (sampling area). gymnosperms and pteridophytes. There is a wide discrepancy on the total number of species recorded understandably because of the different area coverage for each tally (Table 3).1. Sphagnum sp.76%) 10 CMNH Inventory (1998) 197 50-55% 9 Biodiversity Study (2007) 394 160 (49%) 22 Philippines All species Philippine Endemics Threatened Species 8. is the dominant in the project site. genera and species that was identified. Litsea (8). Most of these are sterile specimens (without flowers or spores). respectively. Euphorbiaceae (15). Two of the taxa were not identified even up to the family level due to inaccessibility of useful specimen for identification. 2. Urticaceae (16).1 3. Piper (8). and the results of this Biodiversity Study. Sixty nine species have not been identified to the species level or have been tentatively assigned to the most probable taxon (family or genus). it was observed that among the nonvascular plants. and Orchidaceae (15). Calamus (6) and Elatostema (6). The number of species identified for this study was compared with the total tally for the whole country. island. and 14 for angiosperms. and that of the previous studies (Table 2).3. Palaquium (7). The most speciose (having several species) of all genera is Ficus with 26 species followed by Syzygium (11). Lauraceae (20). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 14 . Nevertheless. PNOC EIA (1995) 253 50 (19. 439 cubic meter per tree. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.100 to 1. Similarly. Palaquium (5). Syzygium (8). White Lauan. Table 4 presents the ten most important species based on the computed Importance Value. and Minoyan (9001200masl) 36 ha 100% survey and Quadrat Sampling 394 160 (49%) Bakan.Table 3. Benguet Pine.84 ha Quadrat Sampling (21 quadrats) 197 50-55% Baguilomboi. The most abundant species is Litsea philippinensis with 377 individuals. cumingiana (173). The most speciose genera are: Ficus (16). Shorea contorta (114). Litsea (8). while Appendix 1 shows the taxonomic list of the inventoried woody trees with their corresponding Importance Value. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 15 . gracilis (120). Tanguile. followed by Symplocos ophirensis ssp. The total volume computed for the whole area is 1. which is about 1. The most speciose family is Moraceae with 20 species followed by Lauraceae (17). Neonauclea lanceolata ssp. and Rubiaceae (7). Euphorbiaceae (11). and Macaranga (4).402. Pagatpat Biodiversity Study (2007) Brgy.200 masl. Sotsa. the buffer zone is represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed second-growth forest. Almaciga. the proposed development area.58 cubic meters with an average of 0. Tangile. Ilijan. White lauan. CMNH (1998) and this Biodiversity Study (2007). 88 genera and 48 families. Philippine Maple Area surveyed Methods used All Species Endemic Species Dominant/ Important Species The results of this Biodiversity Study were also compared to the two previous surveys conducted within Mt. belongs to the lower limit of a tropical upper montane rainforest. The DBH of trees ranges from 10 to 210 centimeters and MH is from 1 to 35 meters. as well as sampling locations. and Pataan (open/disturbed areas) NA (not area based). Kanlaon and are presented in Table 3. with some patches of disturbed ecosystem particularly on the lower part of the proposed road system. the three studies showed variable results because of the difference in methodology. 13 sampling stations Line Intercept and Point Center Quarter 253 (14 pteridophytes) 50 (19. Almaciga. Nato.200 masl. Igem. Syzygium oleinum (114) and Palaquium luzoniense (107). Katugasan. Comparison of the floral studies of the PNOC EIA (1995). Mahogany.76%) White Lauan. Mailum. while density is at 266 individuals per hectare. the area manifested a lower montane forest cover. Neonauclea (4). • Proposed road system (P-Line Data) The entire length of the proposed road system recorded a total of 3. Bagtikan Kaldemon. Myrtaceae (9). Astronia (4).192 large woody trees belonging to 153 morpho-species. At the interior of the buffer zone.000 masl). with elevation varying from s 900 to 1. Baugit. Bakan CMNH Inventory (1998) Brgy. At the lower elevation (900 to 1. and Mailum (800-2250masl) 0. Proposed Development Area Based on Whitmore’ forest formation. PNOC EIA (1995) Sampling Site Sitios Hagdan. Since the canopy is relatively closed ( 70% cover). a total of 165 species were observed (Appendix 2). Common Name Bakan Sotsa White lauan Nato Baugit Almaciga Tiroron Malaruhat bundok Sablot Philippine maple IV 37. 47 genera and 34 families were recorded for epiphytes.B. Only 61 species belonging to 51 genera and 30 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses (Appendix 3).734 woody trees belonging to 108 morpho-species. Euphorbiaceae (6). followed by Asplenium nidus (11). The high elevation of the area (1.Table 4. Piperaceae (4). Shorea contorta (218). Myrtaceae (5) and Clusiaceae (5).691 6. Ten most important species based on computed Importance Value from the area covered by the proposed road system. The most speciose family is family Moraceae with 13 species followed by Lauraceae (9). Table 5 shows the ten most important species based on the computed Importance Value. A total of 69 species. cumingiana var. The most abundant species is Dendrobium sp. 1 (11). Syzygium (4). Meliaceae (6).519 For the poles and saplings.200 masl) is a limiting factor for some species to survive that has resulted to a lower diversity level.463 10. Rubiaceae (7). the elevation provides a suitable environment for some important species of Gymnosperms.) C.) Agathis philippinensis Warb. Litsea glutinosa (Lour. Rob.235 12. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Turpinia ovalifolia (229). Polypodiaceae (3) and Pteridaceae (3). MH and Importance Value. Freycinetia sp. Zingiber negrosense (11). 2 (10). Curculigo capitulata (9) and Christella dentata (9). The average density is 529 individuals per hectare. Appendix 4 shows the complete taxonomic list of epiphytes observed in the proposed road system. However. Cyathea philippinensis (205). Moraceae (3). Palaquium (3). diameter DBH. Epiphytes or canopy plants are one of the indicators of forest status. Acer laurinum Hassk. Sarchandra glabra ssp. Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr. cumingiana Shorea contorta Vidal Palaquium luzoniense (F.) Vidal Syzygium oleinum (Wall. with 12 subplots occurrence. Canthium (3).) Merr. and Nephrolepis biserrata (9). Family LAURACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE SAPOTACEAE MYRTACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE RUBIACEAE MYRTACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE Species Litsea philippinensis Merr. Litsea (4). Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr.322 10. More than 50% of the area is covered by forest litter. and Davaliaceae (3).674 6. The most speciose genera include Ficus (12). Freycinetia sp. brachystachys var. The most speciose families include Orchidaceae with 9 species followed by Araceae (8). The most abundant species is Laportea densiflora with 243 individuals followed by Angiopteris palmiformis (233).838 18. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. it is expected to have low diversity at the understories. 68 genera. and 41 families were recorded in the proposed well pad area. Dysoxylum (3). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 16 .815 11. 1 (10). brachystachys (10). Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. Syzygium subcaudatum (183) and Litsea philippinensis (182).892 8. The most frequently occurring is the Selaginella wildenowii which was observed in 12 subplots (out of the 14 subplots) followed by Pandanus exaltatus (11). • Proposed Well Pads A total of 4. ssp. Neonauclea (4). Canarium asperum (216). Piper sp. while Appendix 5 presents the complete taxonomic list of all the species including their frequency.391 8. Astronia (3) and Terminalia (3).-Vill. The older and more intact forest has higher diversity of canopy plants. 363 10. Urticaceae and Rubiaceae are the most speciose families with 10 and 5 species. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.216 12.834 11. Chr. Ten most important species from the proposed well pads area. Agathis philippinensis. A complete taxonomic list of poles and saplings in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequency (number of individuals) is shown in Appendix 6. Family LAURACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE LAURACEAE MYRTACEAE PODOCARPACEAE PODOCARPACEAE SAPOTACEAE LAURACEAE MYRTACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Species Litsea philippinensis Merr.) Vidal Acer laurinum Hassk. Cyathea philippinensis Cyathea contaminans (Wall. Cyathea integra Litsea philippinensis Merr.365 12. Ten most abundant pole and sapling species in the proposed well pads.) Merr.152 It is important to note that three species of Gymnosperm (i.B. Table 6 shows the ten most abundant species in terms of number of individuals observed. Poles and saplings recorded higher species diversity with a total of 186 morpho-species. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Canarium asperum Benth. respectively. Rob. This is because of the higher accumulated forest litter leaving minimal area for the seedlings and saplings to grow. are more diverse with 75 species belonging to 34 families. However. the stocking is relatively denser (278 individuals per hectare) than that of P-line (266 individuals per hectare). The trees at the proposed well pad area have a higher DBH but slightly shorter than those at the Pline.54 cubic meter per tree. Elevation is the greatest contributing factor for such dominance. Dacrydium beccarii and Dacrycarpus imbricatus) are included in the ten most important species. Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav. The most speciose families are Orchidaceae and Araceae with 10 species each followed by Piperaceae with 5 species. Despite the larger diameter trees.221 10. Pinanga philippinensis Becc. The approximately 17 hectares proposed well pad area has a total tree volume of 2571.) C.5 to 25 meters. Common Name Bakan Almaciga Sablot Magolumboi Lokinai Igem Nato Philippine maple Baugit Balumti IV 34.) Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr.161 11. Common Name Lipang kalabaw Salaguisog Tree fern Bakan Pagsahingin/Salong Tree fern Tree fern Philippine maple Saluai Bungang-dakigan Freq 356 346 242 226 224 213 186 182 140 126 A total of 65 species belonging to 29 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses. Family URTICACEAE MARATTIACEAE CYATHEACEAE LAURACEAE BURSERACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYATHEACEAE LAURACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE Species Laportea densiflora C.31 cubic meters.466 11.) C. respectively.Table 5. the average stocking (367 individuals per hectare) is far below the computed density at the P-line (529 individuals per hectare).e. Dacrydium beccarii Parl.-Vill. Syzygium crassissimum (Merr. The DBH ranges from 10 to 190 centimeters.437 15. and epiphytes. Palaquium luzoniense (F. Agathis philippinensis Warb.175 10.B. Rob. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 17 . Syzygium oleinum (Wall. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Appendix 7 and 8 give a complete list of herbaceous plants and grasses. Epiphytes. Acer laurinum Hassk. Table 6. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. while MH is from and 1.) Copel. having an average of 0. on the other hand. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 18 . shrubs.960 0.997 Q 173 1130 2.969 0.890 Q 166 1040 2.920 Q 05 1020 0.052 Q 63 1150 3.959 Q 172 1100 2.942 due to the absence of dominant species in the area. and epiphytes. Shannon index Quadrat Elev H' Q 178 1080 3.867 Q 65 1130 2.930 Q 54 1030 0.920 Q 68 1110 0.929 0. as well as the elevation of each quadrat (Figure 4).811 Q 161 1140 2.942 Q 09 1060 0.011 Q 81 1080 2. Table 8 below shows the most similar sampling quadrats while Figure 6 shows the location of the most similar quadrats.956 0. The data can be used on deciding what particular area or quadrat can be sacrificed for some development activities.935 Q 160 1140 0. Q 81 recorded the highest Simpson’ index at 0. 4m x 4m plots (herbs.930 0. the Simpson’ and s Evenness indices are relatively low due to dominance of some species.929 Q 65 1130 0. In the same that similar management strategies can be applied to related quadrats/habitats.786 Simpson's index Quadrat Elev D Q 81 1080 0. The most diverse quadrats based on computed diversity indices and their elevations. Table 7. however. The quadrat that obtained the highest Shannon index is Q 178 at 3. Appendix 9 to 12 provide a complete list of species observed from the 20m x 20m plots (large woody trees).102.977 0. Likewise.929 Q 63 1150 0. The most even quadrat is Q 04. a matrix showing the percentage similarity among sampling quadrats. The highest frequency s recorded at Q 81 is five individuals making the distribution among the 23 species more balance. the most important and most dominant species are the same for all plant forms as compared to the proposed development area.933 0.Quadrat Sampling From the 178 randomly selected sampling quadrats 254 morpho-species were recorded.102 Q 160 1140 3.916 Evenness Elev 1020 1060 1020 1030 1080 1050 1100 1060 1045 1030 Quadrat Q 04 Q 09 Q 05 Q 54 Q 81 Q 50 Q 69 Q 10 Q 19 Q 11 E 0. clearing of Q 13 will not significantly affect the floral diversity of the area since most of its species can also be found in Q 37.930 Q 178 1080 0.860 Q 09 1060 2.973 0.913 Based on the species composition and species density for each sampling strip. 1m x 1m plots (ground cover).935 0. For instance. It is interesting to note that the most diverse quadrats are those near the proposed well pads. Table 7 shows the quadrats that obtained the highest computed value for each diversity index. No significant change on the species diversity among the sampling quadrats was observed. The diversity indices of all the quadrats are presented in Appendix 13. saplings). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. respectively.923 Q 172 1100 0. where the 14 individuals recorded belong to 11 different species. Biodiversity Professional (BdPro) software provided the similarity matrix. 5405 86.7327 72.5882 70.3693 70.8861 70. List of the most similar sampling quadrats in Mt.Table 8. Quadrats Q 13/Q 37 Q 133/Q 134 Q 130/Q 131 Q 92/Q 103 Q 155/Q 48 Q 75/Q 103 Q 14/Q 77 Q 02/Q 97 Q 18/Q 23 Q 155/Q 156 Q 130/Q 168 Q 130/Q 48 Q 07/Q 39 Q 136/Q 44 Q 91/Q 97 Q 01/Q 39 Q 57/Q 64 % Similarity 90.1987 70. Kanla-on buffer zone.1754 Figure 6.5979 80. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 19 .4224 76.2887 75.5882 70.6049 71.4448 73.1893 71.9282 72.6452 79.2689 72. Location of the most similar quadrats (quadrats with the same color) Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Rafflesia speciosa. PLM 454 Photo taken NQ 011. the presence of the new recorded species based on a limited number of collections should be appreciated with much optimism. nomenclatural changes and new evidences from various disciplines used in systematics. Sorsogon. BOP 138. LAURACEAE Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Ardisia darlingii Merr. PLM 406. Family ACTINIDIACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Species Saurauia oligantha Merr. However. In this study.3. Samar. Benguet.2 Noteworthy Species New Island Records The most interesting species and probably the highlight of the resource inventory is the discovery of a very rare parasitic flowering plant. Species confined to a particular site should be given conservation management strategies so as to ensure their survival. Nueva Ecija. Palawan. Rafflesia speciosa has the largest flower that can attain a maximum diameter of two feet. Among the seven recorded Rafflesia species in the Philippines. Makiling and Banahaw. and islands.1. The specimen was found outside the proposed development area nor included in the quadrat sampling (Figure 6). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 20 . which is a previously recorded endemic species in Panay (Plate 4). Categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on availability of recent revisions. Unless otherwise shown to occur in other areas or to have been misidentified. which has the highest recorded endemism (90 percent). Eight other species. several of these belong to family Orchidaceae. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. BOP 220 BOP 010. are listed in Table 9. This will definitely influence the percent endemism estimates. among others. which are probably new island records. Samar Abra. var. Zamboanga Camarines. RMM 75 BOP 187 BOP 156. MELIACEAE MYRSINACEAE RAFFLESIACEAE SAPINDACEAE Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. BOP 196. a number of specimens have not been identified to the species level. BOP 093 BOP 165. Table 9. Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. BOP 170. The species is the first record of this unique genus in the island. Sibuyan Panay Quezon. List of species that are reported to be new island records for Negros. Members of the genus are so peculiar since they do not have stem and leaves. RMM 128 PLM 385 Previous Known Distribution Sorsogon Sibuyan Panay Panay. Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. Quezon. Samar Endemism The geographical distribution of plant species has been very useful for assessing biodiversity values of regions. BOP 101 Collection Number BOP 137. there is still a need to verify the validity of the geographical distribution of these records. The genus Rafflesia is very rare and can only be seen in the forests of Panay. estimates of endemism should be interpreted within the context of the methodologies and limitations imposed by contributing factors aforementioned. countries. Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona and Fernando Guioa discolor Radlk. Thus. Sibuyan Negros. Table 11. Panay. PLM 393. excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Table 10. Island endemics are plant species that are found only in Negros Island and these include Litsea plateaefolia. then the geographical distribution may correspondingly be redefined and that endemism status reassessed. Panay Negros. PLM 431 BOP 223 BOP 085. Table 10 lists the island endemic taxa and the corresponding collection numbers (for future reference and verification). Based on Merrill” (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana. PLM 438 PLM 410 Near endemics are those found only in a few islands such as Saurauia negrosensis. More recent estimates place the country’ plant endemism at around 25 s to 30%. Family ACTINIDIACEAE ARECACEAE BEGONIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MONIMIACEAE OLEACEAE Species Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Luzon It should be understood that these information should be interpreted with caution. Leyte Negros. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc.• Island or Near Endemics Nine species have been recognized as island or near endemics. List of island endemic species and their corresponding collection numbers. Family LAURACEAE MYRTACEAE RUBIACEAE Species Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Syzygium euphlebium (Merr. some taxa are synonymized or are subjected to nomenclatural changes. BOP 088. Masbate Negros. RMM 93 BOP 072. Linociera racemosa Merr.) Merr. PLM 440 Distribution Negros. Syzygium euphlebium. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 21 . Rhaphidophora rigida. RMM 107 Photo taken PLM 445 RMM 137. Panay Negros. Begonia negrosensis Elmer Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Matthaea philippinensis Perk. If through revisions. BOP 209. The reduction in percentage values can be attributed to the changes in nomenclature. Heterospathe negrosensis. Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. and Praravinia lucbanensis. which in turn reflect new appreciation of evidences coming from various sources. s there are 614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families expected to be present in Negros. Collection Number RMM 80. Endemism depends on how much study has been done on the taxa in question. But a more pressing reason for this low percentage could probably be attributed to a low collection index. Begonia negrosensis. Sibuyan. Three hundred sixty-four Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Litsea quercoides. Distribution and collection numbers of near endemics are presented in Table 11. and Matthaea philippinensis. Collection Number BOP 159. Medenilla aurantifolia. List of near endemic species with their distribution and collection numbers. The list is based on the most recent available revision or monographic work on the taxon. • Philippine Endemics The country endemism reported for Philippine flowering plants is 60% (Merrill’ Enumeration of s Philippine Flowering Plants). as well as delineation of the geographical distribution of plants. Cyathea philippinensis.of these are reportedly endemic species for a percentage endemism of 59.1. Taxonomic Group Angiosperms Gymnosperms Pteridophytes Number of Endemics 155 0 5 Number of Identified species 293 5 28 Percent Endemism (%) 53 0 18 3. It is basically the RedList for Philippine flora containing all the threatened species categorized as follows: 1) critically endangered (CR) . Meliaceae. Pinanga sibuyanensis. throughout its range and is likely to move to the vulnerable category in the near future.species or subspecies that is not critically endangered or endangered. Also in the list are the lower to montane species. and Euphorbiaceae. Tristaniopsis decorticata and Rafflesia speciosa. Kanla-on based on the collection alone. which have various conservation status categories in the Threatened Plant List of PPCC. such as over collection. These include three species of Tree ferns (Cyathea spp. Cinnamomum mercadoi. while 18% endemism is reported for the Pteridophytes (5/28) based on the number of identified species (Table 12).species or subspecies that is facing extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future.3%. Table 12. Noteworthy among the list are the three critically endangered species. 2007-01 (The National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories). 16 species of Angiosperms.non-threatened species that have the tendency to become threatened due to predation and destruction of habitat or other similar causes as may be listed by the Secretary upon the recommendation of the National Wildlife Management Committee. has lower reported endemism at 32% (Zamora & Co. there are at least 160 Philippine endemics that are found in the buffer zone of Mt.species or subspecies that is not critically endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 22 .). the recommendations of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) of the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB). Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes. and 5) other Wildlife Species . Lauraceae. Number of endemic species and percentage endemism for the different taxonomic groups Angiosperm. endangered nor vulnerable but is under threat from adverse factors. one species of Gymnosperm and five species of ferns. Notable among these species are the members of Family Moraceae. The endemic Pteridophytes are Cyathea integra. From the identified species in the buffer zone of Mt. which are observed to dominate the area. 2) endangered (EN) . Kanla-on. which is considered as a new island record.species or subspecies that is not critically endangered. Cyathea negrosiana. but is under threat from adverse factors throughout its range and is likely to move to the endangered category in the future. Palaquium luzoniense. Rubiaceae. Palaquium philippense. Philippine pteridophytes (ferns and allies). 1986). were reported (Table 13). and Adiantum scabripes. and Litsea leytensis. Diplazium magnificum. Agathis philippinensis. Myrtaceae. 3) vulnerable species (VU) . Fifty-three percent endemism is reported for the angiosperm (155/293). however. 4) other threatened species .3 Conservation Status The conservation status of species is based on DENR Administrative Order No. DENR. Out of the 325 species identified. The list of Philippine endemics found in Negros is shown in Appendix 14. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Shorea contorta. Sapotaceae. most of the team members came from the local community and they have been consulted regarding the local use of some species. Alocasia zebrina C.Table 13. Sm. Asplenium nidus L.) C. 3.-Vill.3 species for each site. Litsea leytensis Merr.) Merr. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Drynaria quercifolia (L.2. An average of 15 transect hours was used for each study site. Koch & Vietch Agathis philippinensis Warb. Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Fernando Cyathea integra J. These curves signify that 15 transect hours may still not be exhaustive enough to document all bird species found within each study site and that additional transect hours could yield additional species as well. Guioa acuminata Radlk. Conservation Status CR CR CR EN EN EN EN EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU OTS 3. Cryptocarya ampla Merr. Species accumulation during the last hours of transects yielded an average cumulative increase of 7. Guioa discolor Radlk. the total constitutes 63 species in Site 1. Kanla-on buffer zone. Syzygium densinervium (Merr. Sm. Family ARECACEAE MYRTACEAE RAFFLESIACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYATHEACEAE LAURACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPINDACEAE ARACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE ASPLENIACEAE CYATHEACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE MELIACEAE POLYPODIACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE MYRTACEAE Species Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. a Species Accumulation Curve (Figure 6) was plotted. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr. Cyathea philippinensis Bak.1 Fauna Avian community To determine if the effort invested in bird transects was sufficient to document as many species as possible. The resource use is based primarily on the general knowledge from available literatures since there was not enough time to really look on the local indigenous knowledge and practices for the species. However. Kanla-on as a whole is one of the sites in the country which houses not only ecologically important species but also economically important species. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.B.) Wils. 52 species in Site 3 and 61 species in Site 4 (Appendix 16). Palaquium luzoniense (F.4 Resource Use Mt. Rob. asymptotes or leveling of curve was not experienced. Threatened plant species observed in Mt.) Vidal Palaquium philippense (Perr. Appendix 15 enumerates some of the useful plant species observed in the 169-hectare buffer zone. Dillenia reifferscheidia F. It is predicted. 56 species in Site 2.2 3. & Waterh. Accumulation curves for each site showed increasing trends in species numbers at the termination of each transects. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 23 .-Vill. resulting to a total of 79 species documented for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone. ex Hook Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. based from the trending of the curve that an additional five hours of observation could result to asymptote of each accumulation curve.) J.1. Compared to previous studies conducted in the area.Figure 2. 2000). MKNP and CMNH (1999) and the result of this biodiversity study in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. s These numbers emphasize the vertebrate fauna diversity importance of the 169-hectare buffer zone both within the national context and within Negros Island. Species total for the whole Negros Island include birds from all habitat types (from sea-level lowlands to mossy forest and wetlands) and nonbreeding birds. Table 14. 1999 53 48 22 3 38 3 Biodiversity Study 79 79 35 3 64 3 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Philippines All species Breeding Philippine Endemics Negros-Panay Endemics Forest Species Threatened Species 572 395 172 na 300+ 74 Negros 255 190 59 8 100+ 20 PNOC-EDC EIA.. Negros Occidental. It may be concluded that although the species tally may not be exhaustive. the species tally were noteworthy. 2000. Species accumulation curves for birds in the four sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectares buffer zone In comparing this study with the total tally for the whole Negros Island (Table 14). 1995 68 63 18 2 38 2 DENR and CMNH.. it is sufficient to show moderately complete bird diversity within the 169-hectare buffer zone. Species accum ulation curves for birds in the four sam pling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone Cummulative number of species (per day) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 hours 8 hours Sam pling efforts (in hours) 12 hours Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Figure 6. Number of bird species on Philippines (Kennedy et al. a wide discrepancy is evident and that several species were not documented. Collar et al. The study recorded the following counts: • • • • Almost 60% of Philippine endemic birds known on Negros were recorded within the buffer zone 40% of Negros-Panay endemic birds (3/8) were also recorded At least 64% of the total forest-dwelling birds of Negros One-fifth of the country’ endemic and forest-dwelling birds were recorded at the buffer zone. 1999) Negros (Kennedy et al. PNOC EIA (1995). while this study sampled mainly on a narrow band of upper lowland forest and lower montane forest. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 24 . The similarity in these parameters indicates a relatively similar diversity.87 to 0.44 47.89 0.06 Parameters Species Richness Endemic species Species Diversity Index (‘ H) Endemicity (E) Species Dominance Index (C) Evenness Index (e) 52 29 3.87 0.91 0. As for Sites 2 and 3. the same pattern of endemicity is evident across the four study sites. Both sites are also situated within 900 to 1. Consequently.8% 0.07 Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest 56 33 3. species composition within each site represent distinct bird communities depending on the type of habitat present.6 0. is also relatively high. Furthermore.04 Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang.200 masl elevation band and represent habitats of transition zone lowland forest and lower montane forest.04 to 0. becoming more pronounced at Site 3.Each study site showed varied values for some of the computed biodiversity parameters (Table 15).050 to 1.42 47. Site 4 has a mixed bird assemblage. The relatively lower endemicity in Sites 1 and 4 reflects influx of almost all nonendemic species from grassland and agroforest communities.04 0. The high Evenness values for all sites further supports the high Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. forest edge and mixed second growth and agroforest plantations. The low and generally the same Dominance values across all sites validate the high diversity index indicating that not a single species highly dominates in each study site. All sites have diversity indices (H’ that fall between 3.000 masl elevation band. at least 12 birds are associated with grassland-parang vegetation. On other biodiversity parameters.91. A total of six high elevation species. In addition. lowland dipterocarp forest) 61 29 3.5% 0. both sites are located within the 1.88 To illustrate further the heterogeneity across all study sites. Computed values of different biodiversity parameters/indices for birds per sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. which were all recorded in Site 3. lowland dipterocarp forest) 63 30 3.07 and ) Evenness of 0. in terms of habitats/vegetation. agroforest.44. were documented during the study. at least 16 species are associated with agricultural areas. where out of the 61 species recorded. Table 15. vegetation types and habitat characterization. on the other hand. Similarity indices (Table 16) reveal Sites 1 and 2 and Sites 3 and 4 have almost similar species composition as shown by the relatively higher percentages. all sites showed remarkable similarity (Table 14). Dominance values (C) of 0. Negros Occidental. have contrasting bird composition. Site 1 (grassland parang. Site 1 has 47 species (out of 63 species) which are considered as inhabitants of lowland dipterocarp forest with only one high elevation specialist. Sites 1 and 4 have almost the same elevation. with each site comprising of lowland dipterocarp forest. Virtually all birds recorded on these sites are strict forest inhabitants.41 to 3.9% 0. Similar to Site 1.41 58. the Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra). which judging from the levels of the indices. agroforest. Sites 2 and 3. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 25 . overlaps between forest and non-forest birds occur on forest edges and transition between grassland-parang and second growth forest. both bird assemblages reflect communities that represent a mixture of forest and agroforest species. Elements of high elevation-obligate bird communities are also evident within these two sites.42 55. Owing to the presence of grassland-parang vegetation. Obligate forest inhabitant families were dominated by the families Accipitridae (Eagle and Hawks). below 1. Picidae (woodpeckers). Table 16. ostenta. albigularis was solely recorded or netted in mature lowland forest in Sites 1. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 26 . speciosa. of which three species. lowland dipterocarp forest) 94% 80% 73% - Sites Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 71% 90% - From the over-all species total of 79 species. Strigidae (owls). S. albigularis and C.100 masl. One general observation among these three range-restricted and IUCN-recognized threatened species is that all were found only on lowland forest (but probably rare in forest edge). Dicaedae (flowerpeckers). R. Kanla-on at Pula (Pulopantao) on May 1. Negros Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus). S. Sylviidae (Old World warblers). agroforest. lowland dipterocarp forest) Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest 77% Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang. Rhabdornithidae (tree-creepers). Most records of this species were from lowland forest of good quality although one individual was captured in mistnet that was placed less than 50 meters from the forest edge in Site 4. At least three species are included in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) globally-threatened list: S. all three species were consistently observed in transects or sometimes captured in mist nets. Negros Occidental. R. The Negros Fruit-Dove is known only from a single specimen (a female) that was captured on Mt. five Negros-Panay restricted birds were not observed namely. Pycnonotidae (bulbuls). Kanla-on (DENRCMNH. speciosa. some members of Columbidae (doves and pigeons). almost all birds documented are resident breeders. Since the study was conducted during the closing days of summer season. although only on forest areas far from forest edge and adjacent agroforest and agricultural areas. Computed Sorensen Similarity Index between all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. Visayan Tarictic (Penelopides panini). 1953. 2 and 3. agroforest. At least 64 species are forest dwellers or a remarkably high 81% of the total species tally. all are range-restricted species. On the other hand.diversity level in which each species are relatively evenly distributed. Additional transect hours could increase the number of endemic species and thereby lifting the total species tally (and endemism) up to the level as seen for the whole Negros Island. Brooks et al. ostenta are solely restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region. Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes). In addition. Site 1 (grassland parang. ostenta was observed on all study sites. albigularis and C.1992) failed to obtain a specimen or recorded visually this species.1998 and Cambridge University. The high endemism observed within the buffer zone represents near true values of endemism on forested parts of Negros (59%). Walden’ Hornbill (Aceros waldeni) and Negros Striped-Babbler (Stachyris s nigrorum). (1992) and Evans et al. members of Rallidae (rails) and Estrildidae (munias) and Ploceidae (sparrows) were solely restricted to grassland-parang habitats. Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). Negros Bleeding-Heart (Gallicolumba keayi). and Nectarinidae (sunbirds) have distributions that are strictly associated with forest habitats as well. During the course of the study. Turdidae (thrush). R. (1993) reported that despite spending nine days at the Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. with no species having an abnormally high number. Subsequent explorations on Mt. During the study. C. at least 35 species are listed as endemic to the Philippines (44% endemicity). speciosa was observed in three study sites (except Site 1). an alternative explanation for the lack of records of this species would be the possible invalidity of the species: its small size and atypical plumage could suggest that it might be a runt or an abberant specimen of Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus occipitalis) or possibly of a green pigeon (Treron). at an altitude of 3. Kanla-on during the late 1870s (Sharpe. philippensis) was not observed. A total of 48 individuals were captured for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone. Kanlaon. Lest a male specimen is described. in which case it might well be extinct or in perilously low numbers as no forest survives below 750 masl in Mt. 1877) and were observed to be “ fairly common”(Eagle Clarke 1900 as cited by Collar et al. Of the three globally-threatened species (S.200 masl.1 individuals/100 trap-nights) and with R. It seems that this species is chiefly a lowland bird.2. 1999). Only one record of Negros Striped-Babbler is known from Mt. the Philippine Hawk-Eagle (S. panini and A. The Negros Bleeding-Heart was first recorded on Mt. philippensis) which need to be validated by this study. These small mammals are predominantly found on agricultural lands and highly degraded forest edge and second growth and cause considerable damage to crops. 1955) of the habitat of the type was “ one of a pair shot out of a large fruiting tree on the edge of a camp clearing.090 masl. speciosa.3 ind/100 trap-nights).8% trapping success. Coracina ostenta and S. final verdict on the validity of the species must be deferred (Collar et al. 1. i. Recent records of both species of hornbills (P. Nonetheless. 3. This is possibly due to the intermittent rains that occur during mid morning and early afternoon which might have prevented the formation of thermals and consequently the emergence of the raptor.e. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 27 .. translating to 10. Surveys in 1995 by PNOC EIA (1995) and DENR-CMNH (1999) failed to record this bird. exulans almost equally numerous with 19 individuals (4. Two individuals of the Asian house shrew were captured.500 masl). This is probably a reaction to lowland deforestation. forest line within the 169-hectare buffer zone starts at 850 to 900 masl. Virtually all species captured are commensals and introduced species (nonnative). Survey by PNOC failed to record this bird as well. During the 1930s. The original description (Ripley and Rabor.600 feet” . Oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi) and the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans). which is highly evident within the mountain which is the case as well at the 169-hectare buffer zone. It is perhaps highly likely that this bird is extremely rare and in low numbers within the buffer zone so that an observation might be a fortuitous event. Kanla-on were from higher elevations (1. Evans et al. Hachisuka (1936) reported it to be “ extremely rare bird”and quite possibly have become an rarer still during the subsequent years as Brooks et al. The most numerous of which is R.. waldeni) have become exceedingly rare on all of its known distribution (especially from 1990 to recent). 1992. Kanla-on in Mambucal (May 1987Hornskov 1995) despite considerable subsequent fieldwork that followed (Brooks et al. Kanla-on.type locality and a further 11 days at other sites in the same mountain. Virtually all habitat records were from lowland dipterocarp forest between 300 and 1. resulting to only three species captured (Table 17): the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus). tanezumi with 27 individuals (6. this enigmatic fruit dove was not encountered. an alarm should be raised on the rarity of this species of which the cause of its decline is a direct result of massive loss of lowland rainforest on Mt.200 to 1. 1993 and DENR-CMNH 1999). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. 1999). Kanla-on. However.2 Mammalian community Small non-volant mammals A total of 444 trap-nights were spent in documenting small non-volant mammal diversity. (1992) and Evans (1993) recorded only one bird on Mt. All records from Mt. The most number of bats captured were from Sites 1 and 4 having a netting success of 1.5 Site 2 (lowland dipterocar p foresttransition lower montane forest 5 6 2 11 111 9. a pattern almost similar to Mt.9 Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang. Negros Occidental.e. All specimens were taken only from Mt. forests and non-forests (Heaney et al. Guinsayawan. respectively. A total of 408 individuals were netted comprising 12 species. P. Species composition within these two sites are dominated by widely distributed species (both geographically and ecologically).e. Southern Negros.9 and 1. becoming slightly numerous up until 1. and recorded in low numbers in lowland forest. jagori is a Philippine endemic but is distributed widely in Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Nevertheless. agroforest. lowland dipterocarp forest) 5 8 2 13 111 11.400 masl. lowland dipterocarp forest) 2 5 8 3 15 111 13. Where native fauna is few to begin with. colonization of non-natives might be successful and lead to numerical dominance. An overwhelming majority of the bats captured are fruit bats (395 of the 408 bats) and difference in abundance in four different study sites reflects distinct habitat associations for most of the species (Table 18).1 Only two species of native small non-volant mammals are recorded for the whole island of Negros. 12 nights of trapping effort failed to yield a single native species. Guinsayawan. The data for this study supports hypothesis by Heaney et al. brachyotis and M. which include 6 species apiece of fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and micro bats (Microchiroptera). Guinsayawan. non-native species are significantly more dominant all throughout the altitudinal range of Mt. smaller and younger islands such as Negros and Camiguin have fewer natives thus facilitating a successful colonization and domination of non-natives on forested mountain ranges. Whereas Luzon and Mindanao are larger and older islands thus have more native (and endemic) non-volant mammals and consequently lower frequency of invasion of non-natives. minimus are distributed throughout Southeast Asia and can be found in a wide variety of habitats ranging from forests to agroforest and agricultural lands.6 bats per net-night. 1998).. C. interior lowland forest (Site 3) and transition lower montane forest (Site 4). (1998) that the colonization success of non-native small non-flying mammals on natural habitats (i. Sampling effort in the 169-hectare buffer zone was done on a variety of habitats ranging from grassland-parang and forest edge (especially in Site 1 and Site 4) to deep. Bats A total of 252 net-nights of sampling effort were invested in capturing bats for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone. indicative of the variety of habitats present for both sites i.Table 17. the Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina) and an undescribed forest mouse (Apomys sp. agroforest. This phenomenon is further apparent on relatively young and small oceanic islands. A). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 28 . About half are endemic to the Philippines including the threatened Negros-Panay and Sibuyan-restricted Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene rabori).7 Species Suncus murinus Rattus exulans Rattus tanezumi Total species Total rodents Total trap-nights Trapping success/100 trapnights 4 5 2 9 111 8. Relative abundance/trapping success of small non-volant mammals in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. forest) is dependent on the presence of native (and endemic) small non-flying mammals. Site 1 (grassland parang. a pattern that is seen for the rest of the Philippines. all microbats were captured inside forests. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 29 . Though seldom netted. whiteheadi was present throughout the study sites as ascertained by its distinct loud and high-pitched whistle that can be heard along the canopy level. Heaney et al.6 A total of 23 individuals of microbats were captured (Table 19). Paucity of captures for this species is most likely a result of its canopy-foraging habits.3 bats/net-night.3 25 8 P 25 1 22 6 100 63 1. virgo. rabori were netted at grasslandparang and at forest edge. interior lowland forest.9 15 30 1 5 28 5 79 63 1. 1987. lowland dipterocarp forest) Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest 22 29 P 8 30 5 89 63 1. records for these species show similar habitat distribution as well (Heaney et al. fischeri. its habitat distribution is narrow and confined mostly to forests of pristine and mature condition (becoming common at middle elevations) and absent entirely in agricultural areas.the Philippines (except Palawan) and occupies both forest and non-forest habitats (but mostly where forest is nearby). A pronounced increase in the number of the endemic H. It is worthwhile to note that the two bats are able to persist in disturbed habitats of grassland and forest edge although their habitat requirements necessitate the presence of very near mature. whitehadi and N.4 Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang. fischeri is apparent while non-endemics have lessened in frequency. R. slightly disturbed forests (Heideman and Heaney. H. agroforest. Table 18. enabling them to evade mist nets easily. Rhinolophidae (three) and Vespertilionidae (two). especially at higher elevation. Negros Occidental. C. 1998). The lone capture of N. jagori is relatively the same for all sites indicating its wide variety of habitat requirements. The relative abundance of the endemic P. rabori are relatively fewer. H. Sites 2 and 3 have a netting success of 1. Nevertheless. rabori might also be reflective of its high canopy foraging. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. brachyotis and M. The endemics H. Elsewhere in the Philippines. Relative abundance/netting of fruit bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. respectively. H. Site 1 (grassland parang. respectively. As such. describing the distribution patterns may not be possible due to low capture turn-out. the former mostly netted on deep. The total species tally for microbats is under represented as these bats utilize ultrasonic frequencies for navigation. lowland dipterocarp forest) Species FRUITBATS Cynopterus brachyotis Haplonycteris fischeri Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Macroglossus minimus Nyctimene rabori Ptenochirus jagori Total species Total fruit bats Total net-nights Bats per net-night 54 7 2 25 29 5 117 63 1. comprising six species and representing three families from Megadermatidae (one species). minimus have become fewer at mature forests. Furthermore H. two species are endemic to the Philippines namely Hipposideros obscurus and Rhinolophus virgo. obscurus. Although widely distributed in the Philippines (except Palawan and Batanes). whiteheadi and N.. agroforest.4 and 1. Pipistrellus javanicus and Kerivoula hardwicki were captured in forest that were far from grasslands and forest edge. 1998). 05 Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest 2 1 2 63 0. lowland dipterocarp forest) 1 1 1 3 3 63 0. Relative abundance/netting of micro bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. two gekkonids.Table 19. and the Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons). two scincids. Malay Civet (Viverra tagalunga). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 30 . a total of 25 species of amphibians and reptiles were documented for the 169-hectare buffer zone. Negros Occidental. Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). except one frog Polypedates leucomystax. Local guides perceived that the Visayan warty pig has become uncommon within the buffer zone and are mostly found on upper elevation although depredation on crops near the forest line were observed. nine true frogs (Ranidae) and two tree frogs (Rhacophoridae) whereas the 14 species of reptiles consist of three agamid. The Leopard cat and the threatened Visayan warty pig is deemed to be relatively rare. Both species of civets were also common in the study sites as their scats were consistently encountered during the course of the survey.2.14 Species Megaderma spasma Hipposideros obscurus Rhinolophus arcuatus Rhinolophus virgo Kerifvoula hardwicki Pipistrellus javanicus Total species Total fruit bats Total net-nights Bats per net-night 4 3 2 3 9 63 0. with the former only encountered by chance on farmlands near forest whereas the latter was identified through chance sightings (though rarely) of scats along transects.3 Amphibians and Reptiles Gathering from opportunistic catching and interviews with local guides. Limnonectes visayana. Cyrtodactylus annulatus and Lepidodactylus christiani). Site 1 (grassland parang. (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). comprising of 11 frogs and toads and 14 reptiles (Appendix 18). at least five species of large mammals were recorded (Appendix 17 for the complete list of mammals): Common palm civet Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis).14 Large mammals From direct observations (through scats and visual encounters) and interviews with local guides. were found inside the forested region of the buffer zone. At least 12 species are endemic to the Philippines (eight frogs and four reptiles). The Long-tailed macaque was consistently observed on all four study sites and thought to be quite common by local guides. Rana everetti and Philautus. These include all species under the genus Platymantis (dorsalis group and corrugatus). 3. All of these species are forest obligates and were found throughout all study sites. agroforest. of which at least three are restricted to Negros-Panay (Limnonected visayana. Pythonidae and the highly venomous Viperidae and Elaphidae). agroforest. lowland dipterocarp forest) 4 3 2 3 9 63 0. one varanid and six snakes (from families Colubridae. All.03 Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang. Two species found inside the forest have distributions that extend on Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. The 11 frogs are further subdivided into one toad (Bufonidae). annulatus and L. In addition. At least eight species are restricted to Negros-Panay. restricted to Negros and Palawan. On the other hand. Furthermore. (2) listed as globally threatened by IUCN. laevis was found in puddles in Sites 1 and 4 in forest edge and grasslands. at least half were also known to inhabit agricultural areas as well. On the other hand. Colonization of this introduced species may have been facilitated by the presence of an open-access hikers trail or possibly from the previous logging operations. only two species of reptiles (lizards Mabuya multifasciata and multicarinata) were found in grassland habitats. leucomystax was exclusively found within grasslands. colonization of B. are not restricted (tentatively) to Negros-Panay although heavy exploitation for food has been documented for these species. O. initial results from morphological and molecular studies might suggest that these species might represent separate populations that are distinct from the rest of the Philippine forms. P. The 14 species of reptiles have a markedly mixed habitat associations. Unlike the case of the non-flying small mammals. marinus in forest might be anthropogenic. These species are range-restricted and are dependent on their habitats. at least seven species are listed as threatened by IUCN. abandoned for at least 15 years. both gekkonid reptiles. Sailfin Lizard and the Monitor Lizard. two mammals. The site is also near an old logging road. implying a possible successful colonization of forested habitats. Furthermore. List of noteworthy wildlife species observed in NNGP Species Birds Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle Flycatcher Mammals Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat Prionailurus bengalensis Philippine endemic and Vulnerable Negros-Panay and Sibuyan endemic and Critically Endangered Non-endemic but In the Philippines.non-forest habitats. at least three species. are also range-restricted (C.4 Noteworthy Species At least 12 species were chosen as noteworthy (Table 20) by virtue of several characteristics: (1) restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region. 3. Table 20. one frog and two reptiles. and (3) heavily exploited for food or pets. of which three are birds.2. Although 12 species were found inside forest. virtually all of these Negros-Panay endemics are strictly forest dwellers. This toad was found in Site 2 near the hiker’ trail that leads to the peak of Mt. the Leopard cat. The former is interesting as it is predominantly an agriculture-associated species. At least two species. On the other hand. their apparent restricted-range (pending a publication) and threatened status (though not yet formalized) could include them under the IUCN Redlist. As such. It should be noted that at least six Negros-Panay endemics are currently recognized as threatened species as well. s Kanla-on. christiani). Several toads were found within the vicinity of the plant site. so that the interplay between inherent rarity and restrictedness and direct tangible threats to population (from deforestation. So little information is known about these two species that population assessment have not yet been possible. hunting and in-breeding) greatly justifies their importance. not listed as threatened but heavily hunted Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Negros-Panay endemic and Endangered Residency and Conservation Status* Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. the introduced Bufo marinus and Occidozyga laevis. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 31 . based from IUCN (Hilton-Taylor. a total of 124 wildlife vertebrates were encountered during the study. with increasing altitude. eight Negros-Panay endemics and seven IUCN threatened species are forest dwellers also. Results of the study have shown that species richness. Kanla-on Natural Park is one of the last forested areas in Negros Island and remains as shelter for endemic and threatened species. 2002) (Table 18). As the majority of the landscape within the buffer zone is forests. Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni). at least 54 species are endemic to the Philippines and eight are restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region (Appendix 16 to 18). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. This is especially apparent at Site 3 where some of the lowland species have not been encountered. All of these species were not observed during the study. It is important to note that most of the 101 endemic species are considered as strict or partially lowland dipterocarp forest dwellers. albeit in low increment.2. As such. the study also documented nine species which are currently listed as globally threatened by IUCN (HiltonTaylor.100 masl. the lowland forest of the buffer zone. the high-elevation forest within the buffer zone might potentially harbor other highly threatened Negros-Panay endemics such as the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (P. The Mt. particularly at ridgetop montane forest and were replaced by at least six high-elevation specialists. especially for birds declined. coverage of the study sites was mainly on forested habitats as well. Nevertheless. Furthermore. the majority of which are obligate forest dwellers. Expectedly.5 Conservation Status Residency and Conservation Status* Negros-Panay endemic and Critically Endangered Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Negros-Panay endemic Negros-Panay endemic Negros population possibly restricted to the island but heavily hunted Non-endemic but heavily hunted From a 15-day sampling effort covering four study sites. practically all 54 Philippine endemics.Species Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig Amphibians Limnonectes visayana Visayan Giant Woodland Frog Reptiles Cyrtodactylus annulatus Lepidodactylus christiani Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfin Lizard Varanus salvatori Monitor Lizard *. 2002) 3. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 32 . panini). Only small portions of the buffer zone are grasslands and agroforest. serves as the most important area for wildlife vertebrate diversity. Of the total. Negros Bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba keayi) and the Philippine spotted deer (Cervus alfredi). at least 101 species documented are associated with forest (81% of the total species tally). Furthermore. covering an elevation band of 900 to 1. Permanent conversion to access road . Civil works and construction phase This phase will encompass the establishment of 2.Localized movement of equipment and personnel .0 Impacts and Mitigating Measures Table 21. Potential impacts of the different project activities and their corresponding mitigating measures.Trampling of understorey vegetation .Long-term . separator stations and utilities Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.Short-term .Temporary . .Identification and marking of ecologically/economically important species .4. which will serve as genetic source for the important species . well pads and reinjection wells. minimize cutting potential mother trees. Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure I. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 33 .Permanent . .Additional clearing of vegetation for the construction of pipelines.If feasible.7 km access road.Vegetation to be cleared should be delineated to avoid unnecessary clearing.Avoidance of unnecessary clearing .Temporary . .Mobilization of construction equipment and workers which will require vegetation clearing to facilitate movement.Clearing of vegetation growing in the proposed access road .Access road specifications should also include accommodation of pipeline dimensions to avoid new clearing of vegetation. . Excavated topsoil be used as backfilling materials or spread evenly in surrounding areas Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.Separator stations and utilities should be constructed as near as possible to the well pad so that additional clearing of vegetation will be minimized.Vegetation clearing and its effect is inevitable.The clearing of vegetation to provide for the road network and well pad will have a subtle effect of habitat loss due to a linear barrier.Captured wildlife shall be released back to the wild. as well as formation of forest edges (edge effect). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 34 . which may affect the movement and dispersal of animals.Intensive IECs and Reforestation program .For the construction of well pads and reinjection wells.Temporary . poaching of wildlife will be strictly prohibited to mitigate its population reduction .Short term . the clearing of vegetation that is concentric in shape creating large forest gaps.Long Term . facilitate intrusion of non-native and agricultureassociated-species into forests.Permanent conversion to well pads . . .Short-term .Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure .Permanent .Enhanced soil erosion from earth moving activities of heavy equipment will affect forest dwelling species within the vicinity of access road and will contribute to soil nutrient loss . which will lead to displacement and reduction in wildlife population numbers . however. . Short-term .Signage on restrictions Temporary housing of construction staff and contractors .Staff temporarily housed within the 169hectare buffer zone might resort to hunting of wildlife during off-hours .Accumulation of solid wastes from everyday activities of staff will not only affect the aesthetics of the area but will attract animals that feed on decaying organic matter .Possible increase of anthropogenic activities inside the buffer zone or even park area .Short-term Mitigating Measure .Community involvement in the protection activities .Practice good housekeeping among construction staff and contractors.Temporary Long-term or Short-term .Temporary housing shall be constructed outside the buffer zone.Long-term . . catch basin and sediment ponds .Siltation from accumulated soil that can make its way to rivers and creeks affecting riparian wildlife .Frequent patrolling/ surveillance shall be conducted .Temporary (can be controlled) . .Provision of erosion-control techniques such as drainage. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Strict penalties should be imposed.Temporary (can be prevented) . Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 35 .Short-term .Hunting should be banned at all cost.Temporary recurring threat but can be controlled .Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary . Design of steam discharge apparatus should incorporate gas abatement measures. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Well drilling Drilling of well pads and reinjection wells .Noise associated with drilling could drive away wildlife .The length of time devoted to initial steam discharge should be minimized within practical limits.Short-term . Well testing Well testing . .Temporary . quarry.Discharge of initial steam to the atmosphere can affect vegetation within the well pad vicinity leading to possible defoliation of trees.Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure II.Long-term . (can be minimized) .Establishment of these facilities within the 169-hectare buffer zone will lead to further reduction of forest .Permanent III.Temporary. Construction of additional thermal ponds.Drilling fluids might come in contact with potable water table or make its way to rivers and small creeks .Regular replacement of equipment mufflers .Make use of existing thermal ponds. New construction of these infrastructures should be avoided.Temporary . . quarry. spoil disposal areas and sludge pits . Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 36 .Drilling fluids should be collected and transported immediately to designated areas outside the 169hectare buffer zone. .Short-term . spoil disposal areas and sludge pits within the plant premises. Noise associated with blow-off could drive away wildlife .Temporary .Design of FCRS should incorporate gas abatement measures.Waste water could make its way to the river in between the two well pads affecting riparian fauna .Gaseous emissions can affect vegetation within the well pad vicinity.Temporary .Accumulation of amorphous silica/scales formed in the reinjection pipelines might make its way to rivers and creeks affecting riparian fauna . Power plant operations (Production phase) Steam Gathering from Fluid Collection and Recycling System (FCRS) . .Temporary .Design of FCRS should incorporate noise muffling apparatus . .Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure IV.Long-term Solid wastes from FCRS . Noise emissions from FCRS .Liquid discharges should be collected and transported immediately to designated areas outside the 169-hectare buffer zone.Long-term .Collection of amorphous silica scales should be done regularly to avoid accumulation Liquid discharges from FCRS .Temporary .Long-term .Long-term Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 37 . Increase anthropogenic activity. education and communication campaign on the importance of the natural park and geothermal power plant .Intrusion to the natural park . which can be probably caused by livelihood opportunities .Temporary Long-term or Short-term . Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 38 .Information.Frequent patrolling/ surveillance shall be conducted Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.Temporary .Provide livelihood assistance to the communities residing adjacent to the buffer zone and power plant vicinity .Long-term Mitigating Measure Power Plant operations .Long-term .Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary . c) growth rate. at least four transects will be established. exact distance of the bird observed to forest edge and others (i. As the length of the access road totals to 2. the observer will walk at least 15 minutes per Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.7 kilometers. The observer will walk for 15 minutes between each point. Each transect route will be subdivided into 5 points using a 100meter distance between each point. two probably along the road system.e. These four transects will start at the boundary of the well pad and extend to at least 500 meters in length. number of individuals. Estimate-S). foraging behavior. Transect line for birds A 1. vines. Similarly. managing the whole distance of each transect for 150 minutes or 2.5.5 kilometer transect line will be used to determine existing avifauna in forest habitats on both sides of the access road. ferns. creating a linear barrier and habitat fragmentation Parameters and location Frequency Responsibility 1. Semi-annual Vegetation specialist 2. which will serve as the control station. b) frequency. diversity indices and other vegetation analysis will be computed for each sampling station using some of the available Biodiversity soft wares (e. Proposed Environmental Monitoring Plan for the 169-hectares buffer zone. this will determine type of species that benefits from the linear barrier as well as species that shy away or avoid such disturbance.). perched. f) dominant class plant height of saplings.e. The following information will be noted on all birds recorded during the transect count: species name. habitat. north. e) density. and g) litter accumulation. west. The route will be subdivided into 10 major points using 150 meters between each point. d) basal area.. MVSP. etc. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 39 .). east). 5m x 5m for saplings (DBH < 3cm) and 1m x 1m for understories (grasses.g. etc.5 hours. KREBS. The exact location of the monitoring plots shall be determined and agreed upon by all the parties prior to the start of development. and one outside the development area. Clearing of vegetation for access road and well pads. One each near the two well pads. flying. A shorter transect line will be established at the well pad using a cardinal compass direction (i. heard. seen. parameters to be monitored include but not limited to: a) Species composition. BioPro. A 10m x 10m quadrat shall be used as monitoring plot for trees (DBH > 3cm). elevation. Sampling stations for vegetation Five sampling stations will be constructed. south. In each sampling station.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan Table 22. Since data distance to edge will be generated. Project Activity/Impacts 1. Similar to the line transect. nets will be checked every two hours starting 0600h until 1700h. using the Lincoln-Peterson Index. namely field Quarterly PNOC forest guards. Grid dimension is as follows: 20m x 20m for a total of 25 cage traps. with each trap placed at every five meters within the grid for a total of 40 traps. Traps will be baited with coconuts strips roasted in peanut butter or live earthworms. At least five netting stations (three mistnets per stations) will be placed within the 1 kilometer transect lines. At the well pad transects. Mist-netting for birds and bats Standard mistnets (12 x 2. Frequency Responsibility Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist 2. Capture-mark recapture method will be employed to determine movements and habitat preference of each individual non-flying mammal caught. non-native species. an estimate of population density can be computed for each species viz-a-vis endemics vs.6mm 6 x 2. starting from the edge of the access road. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Information to be collected from access road transect will also be collected for the well pad transect. Capture-mark-recapture for small non-flying mammals A trapping grid using cage traps will be established on both sides of the line transect used for birds. Ultimately. A smaller trapping grid will be established at each transect sites at the well pad.6 m) will be used to capture bats and birds daily. Traps will be operated for at least three nights.Project Activity/Impacts Parameters and location point for a total of 75 minutes or 1. All identified impacts 1. three mist net station (with three nets per station) will be placed on each of the four transects. It has also generated meaningful management actions (acted upon by various stakeholders) based from the results generated by such system. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 40 . The Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) The BMS has been institutionalized in several protected areas in the Philippines. At least two trapping grids will be placed on both sides of the transect with at 100 meters interval. The nets will be in operation for at least four nights and checked every hour during night time from 1800h to 2100h. 3. During daytime. This will also give a picture on the proportion of endemics that non-native species are now occupying forest edges. 4. As the design for monitoring program for the whole 169-hectare already involves bird transect lines to be done by trained biologists. it is envisioned that only two of the four methods prescribed in the BMS will be used. The trapping grid should have the following dimensions: 45 x15m.25 hours. Project Activity/Impacts Parameters and location diary and fixed photography or photodocumentation. These two methods will be performed by PNOC forest guards. Any deviation or observed negative impacts to wildlife should be noted and reported to EMD for proper action. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 41 . Frequency Responsibility Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. especially Forest guards using the field diary should monitor all the impacts to wildlife listed in this report at each of the project activities listed and at each operation phase. 10. The presence of new island records is an indication that Mt. forest expansion through reforestation. provides more spaces and flexibility for the delineation of the actual road system. Information contained in this report should find its way into the mainstream of the science of Biodiversity Conservation. One important observation is that. Kanlaon buffer zone. regeneration and rehabilitation programs may be implemented. This will also further validate/refute the endemism reported for this study. If ecosystem functions are to be monitored.6. 11.1% of the MKNP. a minimum of one hectare is needed to study forest dynamics. For road construction. This minimal regeneration can be attributed to the presence of thick forest litter. To further mitigate impacts of the projects and for the protection. • • • • • • Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. and 13 should be protected for future genetic sourcing. long-term and regular monitoring activities should be conducted. as well as the result of the similarity index. Lessons learned by PNOC EDC will be very useful to other corporations involved in similar development projects. remaining forest fragments should be maintained and. Mt. The project development. which makes these species less arduous to conserve and protect. which prevents the recalcitrant seeds (viability last only for few days) to immediately reach the soil before losing its viability. as well as how such information were utilized for management purposes. Moreover. It is highly possible that many species in the area are still undiscovered and so their potentials will never be realized. Information that was initially gathered. Igem. • The markings of ecologically important tree species found within the study area could help in the identification of a Genetic Resource Area (GRA) for PNOC’ forest rehabilitation initiatives in the s future. Kanlaon buffer zone has a number of ecologically and economically important species which are abundantly growing in the area. Kanla-on buffer zone including the PNOC EDC proposed development area has a high biodiversity value. Dalung and Lubang-lubang) though abundantly growing in the area has very minimal regeneration. By international standards. These species should be given much priority for Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR). The growth and continues survival of these species is directly dependent on the continuing good quality of the physico-chemical environment. Lokinai. then appropriate permanent forest plots may be delineated. Philippine endemics and threatened species in the area are found to be significant. The number of new island records.0 6. or even enhance the ecological status of Mt. conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in the area. island or near endemics. Thus. Protection and conservation of these species should be prioritized as Mt Kanlaon could be one of the few if not the only remaining native habitat of these species. if feasible. most of the species listed as ecologically important are dominating the study site. A number of premium quality Gymnosperms species (Almaciga. The baseline information gathered for this study will aid in the formulation of the management plan. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 42 .1 Conclusions and Recommendations Flora Results of the study revealed that Mt. Potential mother trees of those species listed in Table 9. the survey of relatively wider P-line area (50meters on the average). however. which is about 17% of the 169-hectare buffer zone and only about 0. mitigating measures can be adopted to minimize its effects and by some means maintain. To determine the possible impacts of the project and other human related development activities. needs to be documented and eventually published. will not have a considerable effect on the overall biodiversity of the area considering the modest size of the development area. the following observations and recommendations should be considered in the management plan. Kanlaon is one of the under studied areas. Endangered and Vulnerable). 2002).6. Furthermore. this loss has resulted to a high proportion of wildlife species under the IUCN threatened categories (Critically Endangered. reforestation in other parts of the park). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Considering all possible mitigating measures.g. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 43 . given the highly reduced size of remaining forest. education and communication (IEC) campaign for MKNP. there would still be the inevitable effect of the vegetation clearing to wildlife. 1999). clearing of vegetation within the 169-hectare buffer zone could mimic the habitat fragmentation that has already happened for the rest of the Philippines. which is described as the time between habitat loss and subsequent (and possibly sudden) extinctions of associated fauna due to loss and fragmentation of their habitat (Magsalay et al. may also opt to promote wildlife conservation through (1) supporting conservation programs (e. has experienced massive deforestation over the last 100 years so that forest areas have been fragmented and reduced to smaller areas that are confined solely on mountain ranges. so high that the country ranks as having one of the highest number of threatened species in the world (Ong et al.. thus PNOC EDC in addition to the above recommended environmental measures. as mentioned earlier. in particular. In turn. On a micro scale. the presence of threatened species might be an indication of impending effects of time-lag.. Perhaps the project component that would cause major impact within the 169-hectare buffer zone is the clearing of vegetation associated with the access road and pad construction.2 Fauna Loss of habitat has been identified as the primary reason for the high number of threatened species found in the Philippines. Negros Island. and (2) spearheading information. C. 1985. A. M. DENR-CMNH Report. New Haven.C. The Conservation Status of the Birds of Negros. The National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories’ Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) PAWB. xiv+195 pp. Threatened birds of the Philippines: The Haribon Foundation/Bird Life International Red Data Book.D.C. 1999. Paris.7. Guide to Philippine Flora: Dipterocarps and Non-Dipterocarps .S. Anderson.. G. Amphibians and Reptiles. Unpublished. 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WWF (2001) The World’ Top Ten Most Vulnerable Forest Ecoregions. WWF, UK. s www.sagay-city.com.ph/pics/nmap.gif. Map of Negros. Viewed 18 July 2007 Zamora, P. M. and L. Co. 1986 Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna: Economic Ferns, Endemic Ferns and Gymnosperm Vol. II Natural Resources Management Center and University of the Philippines; JMC Press Inc. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 48 PLATES Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Orientation with PNOC-EDC and DENR officials prior to fieldwork. Briefing orientation on PNOC-EDC operation. Plate 2.Plate 1. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . s Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.Plate 3. One of the largest (190 cm diameter) Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis). Plate 4. Rafflesia speciosa’ first ever record in Negros island. Elatostema sp. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . – one of the most dominant ground cover species. (Pandan baging) Plate 6. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.Plate 5. The most abundant/dominant epiphyte –Freycinetia sp. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Plate 8. Cyathea negrosiana – one of the threatened species of Tree fern.Plate 7. Sarchandra glabra – the most dominant species of shrub in the area. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. The floral diversity survey team. – one of the few herbaceous species that survive the thick forest litter. Streblosa sp.Plate 9. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Plate 10. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone. Plate 12. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .Plate 11. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone. Plate 14.Plate 13. a bird associated with riverine habitats. Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra). Spotted Wood Kingfisher (Actenoides lindsayi). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . a high elevation specialist. a Negros-Panay endemic and classified as Vulnerable by IUCN. Flame-templed Babbler (Stachyris speciosa). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis). Plate 16.Plate 15. a NegrosPanay endemic and classified as Endangered by IUCN. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Plate 17. can be found on both forest and non-forest habitats. Common Emerald Dove (Chalcopaps indica). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Plate 18. Striated Grassbird (Megalurus palustris). a common fixture of grassland vegetation. Velvet-fronted Nuthatch (Sitta frontalis). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . a one of the most common understorey birds. Plate 20.Plate 19. a Philippine endemic and one of the most common understorey birds. Philippine Tailorbird (Orthotomus castaneiceps). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . a high elevation specialist. Plate 22. a poorly known and cryptic understorey bird.Plate 21. Sunda Ground-Thrush (Zoothera andromedae). Mountain Verditer Flycatcher (Eumyias panayensis). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Plate 23. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. a Philippine endemic restricted to forested habitats. Plate 24. a poorly-known Philippine endemic but fairly common in all study sites. Harpy fruit bat (Har[yionycteris whiteheadi). Philippine pygmy fruit bat (Haplonycteris fischeri). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Plate 25. a Philippine endemic restricted to forested habitats. one of the most common insectivorous bats captured in all study sites. Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus). Plate 26. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Philippine forest roundleaf bat (Hipposideros obscurus). Common Forest frog (Platymantis spp. Plate 28. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .Plate 27.). Rough-backed Forest Frog (Platymantis corrugatus. one of the several endemic dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone.). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. also one of the several endemic dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169hectare buffer zone. Plate 28. Philippine Flying Lizard (Draco spilopterus). Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Plate 30. observed in almost all sites except Site 3. Marine Toad (Bufo marinus). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. an introduced species from South America that have made its way to the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone. APPENDICES . Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies. Family ACTINIDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARALIACEAE Species Saurauia latibractea Choicy Mangifera caesia Jack Alstonia scholaris (L.-Arg.399 0. Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F. Terminalia citrina (Gaertn. sumatranum Garcinia ituman Merr. COMBRETACEAE Garcinia macgregorii Merr.073 0.B. f.) Pax var.304 0. var.5 22 2. EBENACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var.5 416. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .788 4.-Arg.514 0.Appendix 1.519 0.-Vill. Fischer Cleisthantus everettii C.) R. Canarium asperum Benth.534 0.199 0.C.155 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Macaranga bicolor Muell.671 1. & Tr.323 0.652 0. CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr.E.5 128 176. f.3 59.423 0. scholaris Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem.-Arg.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw.067 0.602 1. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall.135 3.288 0.158 4.064 10. ex Flem. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. Terminalia foetidissima Griff.5 4 47 255 6 304.540 1.) Roxb.798 0. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. novoguineensis (Kaneh. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp.066 0.123 0.) Sleum. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr.) C. diameter at breast height. philippensis Trema orientalis (L.5 550 384 4 50 191 IV 0. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var.149 0.5 10 7 30 20 399.277 1. Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. levis (Blanco) Merr. & Hatus. Br.431 0. Almaciga Pagsahingin Bogo Malasangki Malaikmo Anabiong Common Name Kolalabang Baluno Dita Malapapaya Freq 6 2 5 3 1 50 77 32 1 4 20 DBH (cm) 127 82 93 34 10 2542 1404 1344 14 155 339 MH (m) 63 21 44 40 5 501. EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.560 CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE Malaklak Bitanghol Pamintaogon Salinggogon Paguringon Ituman Tagkon Binggas Talisai-gubat Hutchinson Kalilan Negros Itangan Katmon-kalabau White lauan Tanguile Tamil Saritan Tabian sikat Dilak Matang-hipon Everett Anupag Buta Malabalanti Hamindang Balumti Lagapak 37 2 1 4 2 54 1 5 27 2 37 10 114 2 9 2 5 4 4 22 25 59 8 16 2 513 26 16 60 34 982 12 134 611 34 980 207 2927 28 140 52 134 64 59 330 374 1047 139 309 31 186.) Muell. ARAUCARIACEAE BURSERACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb.751 12. Robinson Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.135 0. Schefflera obovata Merr. Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.391 5. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.269 0.5 41 37 21. ex Blume var.478 0. var.502 2. floribunda CELASTRACEAE CANNABACEAE Euonymous javanicus Blume Celtis philippensis Blanco var.815 0.849 5.5 22 65 19.5 52 1536. merchantable heights and importance values.217 0.5 127. Calophyllum soulattri Burm. 853 0. Persia gratissima Gaertn. Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr.164 0.069 2. Common Name Binunga Hinlaumong laparan Tiagkot Katabang Malaam Lupisan liitan Gmelina Kalingag Magatopoi Kamali Inikmo Sablot Batikuling Marang Bakan Bakan Ihalas Freq 25 6 3 23 1 4 2 1 5 1 52 44 82 10 13 377 1 12 1 DBH (cm) 469 87 42 705 16 60 26 14 203 16 1385 617 1704 172 288 9942 11 243 23 255 125 483 302 702 24 142 36 46 48 196 272 366 224 77 360 500 603 18 1463 45 65 12 658 MH (m) 182 55 13 242 8 32 18 3 52 5 460 238 642. Neolitsea paucinervia Merr.210 0.167 2.074 0.B.441 0.287 1.150 0. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.076 0.-Arg. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var.) Airy Shaw Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. Br. ssp. Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr.) Howard Engelhardia serrata Blume Clerodendrum sp. candollii Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Sterculia oblongata R.085 3.441 1.5 38. Citronella latifolia (Merr.225 0.291 0. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr.066 0.925 0.836 2.5 102 135 3650. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Cryptocarya samarensis Merr.714 0.736 FABACEAE FAGACEAE ICACINACEAE JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE Bakan-mabolo Curran Kulilisiau Bohian Ilanan Bohian Ceylon Bohian Avocado Toog Taliknono Patangis Bayok Malabuho Badling Salasik Salasik-laparan Dungaw Bubua Sapanauak Agogoi Katong-matsing Kuling-babui Amau Nangka Kubi Bataan-fig 13 3 24 13 35 1 3 1 2 2 15 19 23 15 5 17 19 21 1 61 1 3 1 33 LECYTHIDACEAE LOGANIACEAE MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Astronia williamsii Merr. Artocarpus nitidus Trec.997 1. ssp.) Rehd. MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.070 5. nitidus Ficus bataanensis Merr.095 1.) C. Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. clypearia Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.5 116.617 1.019 6. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.793 0.) Kosterm.691 0. 1 Litsea sp.5 158 166. ampla Merr.779 0. f. Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Litsea sp. Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm.5 260 4 53 12 13 17 136 84 124 92. Buddleja asiatica Lour. Litsea philippinensis Merr.202 2.180 1. var.838 0.Family Species Macaranga tanarius (L. 2 Litsea tomentosa Blume Persia currannii (Merr.5 9 128 11 116 26 217.) Muell. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr.5 13 14 8 300 IV 1.796 1.069 1.142 0.186 37. Litsea leytensis Merr.276 0.064 0. Rob.046 0. pentandrus Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr.5 208 10 537.055 0.081 5.462 1. Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Litsea glutinosa (Lour.070 1.364 1.553 0. Astronia ferruginea Elm. ) Wils. irisana Ficus irisana Elmer var.393 10. var.) Merr.5 940 36 25 857 3 116.335 0. sycomoroides (Miq.285 8. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw.5 24 37 23 80 15. congesta Ficus cumingii Miq.080 0.) Merr.865 1.039 0.412 0.) Corner Endocomia macrocoma (Miq. leytensis Corner Ficus congesta Roxb.366 0. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Ficus variegata Blume var.070 1. Ficus pubinervis Blume var. Hoffm. Antidesma tomentosum Blume Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C. pubinervis Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr.037 MYRISTICACEAE Trophis philippinensis (Bur. Ficus septica Burm.Family Species Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Dacrydium beccarii Parl.B. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.263 0.080 0. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr. ex Wight Syzygium sp.) Corner Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr.463 0. Syzygium oleinum Wall.304 0.341 0.500 0.5 15 31 55 25. Rob) Merr.877 2. Carallia brachiata (Lour.5 45 37 27. MYRSINACEAE MYRTACEAE Malaruhat bundok Malatampui Malabayabas Barikai Bignai-kalau Lindog-ilanan Nadong Bagna Igem Lokinai Lubang-lubang Butong manok Bakauan-gubat 94 1 12 5 4 3 11 2 23 8 7 20 10 OLEACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr.291 0.) Warb.279 0. Ficus irisana Elmer var.674 0.417 0.) Merr.131 0. & Waterh. 2 Syzygium sp.1 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.588 0. cumingii Ficus cumingii Miq.157 5.669 3.009 0.924 0. prainii (King) de Wilde Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.025 0. PODOCARPACEAE PUTRANJIVACEAE RHIZOPHORACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. angustissima (Merr. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.) de Wilde ssp. Ficus callophylla Blume var.5 250 94 85 131 135 IV 0. var.068 1.) Merr. Rob.) Pax & K.B.222 0.973 0.) Corner Ficus variegata Blume var.) Merr.077 0. Drypetes microphylla (Merr. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Ardisia sp.364 0.331 0.065 1.070 0.337 0. f. variegata Common Name Basikong Lunug Malatibig Isis-ibon Laningning Alangas Aplas Obdas Kanapai Tibig Pakiling Dungo Tabgun Hauili Dolalog Tangisangbayawak Agus-us Parugan Yabnob Barasingag Magolumboi Salakadan Karutad Baugit Freq 4 1 15 4 1 1 14 7 5 6 5 4 7 5 4 10 4 1 2 1 1 63 34 5 114 4 3 DBH (cm) 46 18 214 64 13 11 232 109 78 92 73 124 154 61 182 283 100 16 27 15 11 1593 768 96 2863 83 79 2264 13 345 72 64 49 252 38 1264 560 172 310 233 MH (m) 17 3 75 20 8 11 85. validicaudata (Merr.429 1. Ardisia darlingii Merr.064 5.726 1.5 53 92 33 12 6 11 2 539 295 38.) Corner Ficus heteropoda Miq. var. ) Pierre Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. et Ridsd.519 0. Pipturus arborescence (Link. Guioa acuminata Radlk.276 3.794 3.363 0.322 0. Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) C. Canthium fenicis (Merr.983 1.065 0. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam.977 0. Rob.5 1749 14 16 109 316 149 130 2 44 18 3 IV 4.807 1.) Merr.065 0.343 0.065 RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bischofia javanica Blume Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume Villebrunea trinervis Wedd. SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE URTICACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.) Merr. Common Name Lagong banguhan Bogas-bogas Mapugahan Nino Uisak sikat Tiroron Uisak Malauisak Galigiuan Matang-araw Philippine maple Pasi Alahan puti Uas Natong ganda Tagotoi Alakaak puti Nato Malak-malak Uakatan Malakamias Tuai Anongo Sotsa Puyaka Leyte sangnauan Batik Kalambug Apin Lipang kalabaw.772 0.) Bakh. Yamazaki Gordonia luzonica Vidal Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer Dendrocnide densiflora (C. cumingiana Adinandra elliptica C.347 6.-Vill.318 6.B.154 1. Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Rob. var. RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth.187 2.892 0. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. cumingiana var.) Wedd.) C.) Vidal Palaquium philippense (Perr. Guioa discolor Radlk. nitida (Korth. Acer laurinum Hassk.214 8.5 33 278 577. & Binn.926 11.427 18. Palaquium glabrum Merr.180 0. Adinandra leytensis Merr. Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.5 42. Sagai Alagasi Dalunot Alipasio Alilaua Freq 30 13 26 1 3 120 5 9 6 66 85 2 1 5 10 29 11 107 6 45 3 30 92 173 2 2 16 38 18 28 1 9 2 1 DBH (cm) 1148 218 447 12 46 2137 72 187 139 1268 1531 42 13 113 307 846 219 2888 196 756 66 912 1317 4754 36 36 278 701 401 465 13 129 72 12 MH (m) 357 120 210 4 20 773. var.5 86 51 586 657 22 3 51 123 290 106.235 0.615 0.277 3. Eurya japonica Thunb. Palaquium luzoniense (F. ssp.542 1.B.Family ROSACEAE Species Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. velutina SAPOTACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.066 0.459 1.B.256 0.529 5.Robinson) Chew Leucosyke capitellata (Poir. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Rob. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd.) Alst.955 0.151 0. f.) Merr.003 1.5 1132 70 331. Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm.199 0. Melicope triphylla (Lam. Morinda bracteata Roxb.) Merr. Neonauclea media (Havil.) T. Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. & Hatus. var. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. var. sumatranum Garcinia ituman Merr. Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Cyathea philippinensis Bak. COMBRETACEAE CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Canarium asperum Benth. Br. var. Terminalia nitens Presl. Calamus microcarpus Becc. Pinanga philippinensis Becc. philippinensis Calamus sp. Calamus ornatus Becc. Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. ex Blume var. DC. novoguineensis (Kaneh. Calamus filispadix Becc. Calamus vidalianus Becc. Almaciga Botongan Palasan Tandulang gubat Limuran Uay/Rattan Tagiti Takipan Ditaan/Gatasan Sumulid Uay/Rattan Saluai Bungang-dakigan Tibangan Halimomog Pagsahingin/Salong Bogo Sauco Baras-baras Malasangki Malaikmo Anabiong Malaklak Bitanghol Pamintaugon Salinggogon Paguringon Ituman Tagkon Talang-gubat Sakat Hutchinson Kalilan Negros Itangan Tree fern Tree fern Malapapaya Common/Local Name Sanglai Kolalabang Dita Bayag-usa Freq 11 77 9 3 24 2 29 58 57 100 32 37 29 58 13 67 58 28 140 16 112 4 216 6 2 5 2 8 20 74 11 10 3 8 54 6 19 1 1 49 205 126 CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. ex Blume Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Euonymous javanicus Blume Celtis philippensis Blanco var. Family ACHARIACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARALIACEAE Species Ahernia glandulosa Merr. Calamus merrillii Becc. f. Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. scholaris Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . philippinensis Becc. ARAUCARIACEAE ARECACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Calophyllum soulattri Burm.) Sleum. Daemonorops sp. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc.Appendix 2. Schefflera obovata Merr. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp.) R. BORAGINACEAE BURSERACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. floribunda CAPRIFOLIACEAE CELASTRACEAE CANNABACEAE Sambucus javanica Reinw. Saurauia latibractea Choicy Alstonia scholaris (L.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies. & Tr. Garcinia macgregorii Merr. philippensis Trema orientalis (L. Macaranga tanarius (L. Agrostistachys indica Dalz. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Sm. Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Clerodendrum sp. Fischer Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.B. Litsea philippinensis Merr. f. Chr. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr.) Pax var.E. Litsea tomentosa Blume Persia currannii (Merr. Litsea leytensis Merr.) C. MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE MARATIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.-Arg.) Rehd. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Codiaeum ciliatum Merr.) Muell.) Muell. f. Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. Hoffm.) Kosterm. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.-Arg. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel. candollii Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr.) C. f. Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. levis (Blanco) Merr. ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE FAGACEAE GESNERIACEAE JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE LEEACEAE Leea indica (Burm. Rob.) Merr. Sterculia oblongata R.-Arg.-Arg. Br.) Muell. f. Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.) C. Cyrtandra sp.Family Species Cyathea integra J.-Vill. Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr. var. Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq. Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall.) Airy Shaw Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var.-Arg. Engelhardia serrata Blume Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. clypearia Cynometra simplicifolia Harms.) Merr.C. Leea guineensis G. Macaranga bicolor Muell. ex Hook Common/Local Name Tree fern Katmon kalabaw White lauan Tanguile Tabian-sikat Haginis Limpahung Dilak Matang-hipon Santiki Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang Buta Malabalanti Hamindang Balumti Lagapak Binunga Hinlaumo Tiagkot Lanos Katabang Lupisan-liitan Fireworks/Bagauak-morado Kalingag Kamali Inikmo Sablot Batikuling Marang Klamagan/Bakan Bakan-mabolo Curran Kulilisiau Bohian Puso-puso Himamali Mali-mali Patangis Taluto Malabuho Salaguisog Badling Salasik Freq 110 12 218 2 21 9 6 1 18 8 140 80 52 4 59 17 15 12 6 3 15 10 2 8 17 4 16 5 79 53 5 182 101 35 2 52 10 6 4 2 37 233 130 38 DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F. Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav. Cryptocarya trinervia Elm. Don. f.) Sincl Ardisia darlingii Merr.) Merr. f. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C. cumingiana var. malesiana Schot. Don) Vickery var. Ficus sp. ex Blume var.2 Ficus variegata Blume var. Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. Aporosa octandra (Buch. Syzygium densinervium (Merr. OLEACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. mollissimum Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Ficus pubinervis Blume var. simiarum (A. irisana Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. ampla Merr. pubinervis Ficus septica Burm. DC. Artocarpus nitidus Trec. Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C. Rob) Merr. MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Syzygium oleinum Wall. var. var. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. cumingiana Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. var. nitidus Ficus ampelas Burm. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. ex Hook. Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tangisang-bayawak Tanghas Barasingag Tagpong-libagin Tagpo Magolumboi/Baguilomboi Salakadan Karutad Baugit Malaruhat bundok Malatampui Barikai Bignai-pugo Bigloi-dilau Malabagang Bagna Igem Lubang-lubang Sotsa Lagong banguhan 20 4 9 2 16 89 14 30 118 9 183 27 6 4 33 2 6 3 31 51 13 MYRISTICACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr. var. congesta Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex D. Rob. Ficus congesta Roxb.B. ex Wight Syzygium sp. Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. variegata Myristica elliptica Wall. Astronia williamsii Merr. Ficus botryocarpa Miq.) Merr. ampelas Ficus balete Merr.) Merr. Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. 2 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr. pentandrus Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp.Family Species Astronia ferruginea Elm. ssp. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr. Ficus sp. PODOCARPACEAE ROSACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .B. fistulosa Ficus irisana Elmer var. f. Common/Local Name Salasik-laparan Dungaw Bubua Agogoi/Balukanag Katong-matsing Kuling-babui Himamau Amau Nangka Kubi Upling-gubat Balete Basikong-kalauang Malatibig Kamahiuan Aplas Kanapai Tibig Pakiling Dungo Hauili Freq 14 138 27 49 27 57 5 48 10 5 13 6 10 86 8 50 2 16 11 10 86 14 27 MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. & Thoms.-Ham. ssp.) Merr. Neonauclea media (Havil. Rob. Ixora alba Morinda bracteata Roxb. Common/Local Name Bogas-bogas Mapugahan Tumpis Kape Santan-puti Nino Kahoy dalaga Kalamansanai Tiroron Uisak Malauisak Lungtian Kirimbibit Tumarau tilos Matang-araw Governor's plum Philippine maple Ambalag Natong ganda Tagotoi Alakaak puti Nato Negros Nato Malak malak Uakatan Tuai Anongo Sotsa Puyaka Batik Kalambug Salagong-sibat Lipang kalabaw/Sagai Alagasi Dalunot Freq 9 8 2 44 10 1 12 5 63 44 13 4 5 2 48 19 157 6 13 42 21 64 7 5 30 16 229 47 5 100 17 1 243 23 16 RUTACEAE SALICACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl.) T. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE THYMELEACEAE URTICACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Wedd.Robinson) Chew Leucosyke capitellata (Poir. Psychotria alvarezii Tarenna acuminata Merr. Dendrocnide densiflora (C. Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb. Canthium fenicis (Merr.B. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Rob. Mussaenda philippica A.Family RUBIACEAE Species Canthium elmeri Merr. Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam.) Radlk. Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. var. Palaquium luzoniense (F. nitida (Korth.) Raeuschel Acer laurinum Hassk.B.) Vidal Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Palaquium phillipense (Perr. cumingiana Adinandra elliptica C.) Merr. Palaquium glabrum Merr. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . & Binn. Pipturus arborescence (Link. cumingiana var. Rich. velutina STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.B. Yamazaki Gordonia luzonica Vidal Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr.-Vill.) Merr. Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr. Coffea arabica L.) C. Rob. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. ex DC. ssp.) C.) Pierre Palaquium foxworthyi Merr.) Merr. Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Spathoglottis elmeri Ames PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE POACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Piper sp. brachystachys var. F. Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. brachystachys Commelina diffusa Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .) O.Appendix 3. Curculigo capitulata (Lour. SELAGINELLACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE Selaginella wildenowii Baker Selaginella plana Hieron Amphineuron emersum Peacock fern Kamariang gubat Fern Burobutig Lungtian Kubamba Kawayan bolo Cogon Talahib Ayas-as Tambo Fern Fern Wild strawberry Ambal Abaca Ground orchid Ground orchid Pandan layugan Abang-abang Fern Gabing tigre Pongapong Alopayi Yautia Dilang baka Fern Common Name Freq 1 8 1 6 1 1 1 10 Alikbangon Salibangon Tubang-usa Sarat Fern Kamoteng kahoi 5 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 9 1 1 1 4 5 3 11 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 2 4 8 8 12 2 2 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Family ACANTHACEAE ARACEAE Species Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer Alocasia zebrina C. Kuntze Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl. Musa textilis Nees Habenaria sp.) Beauv. Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. (very fine) Sarcandra glabra ssp.) Honda POLYPODIACEAE PTERIDACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Pteridium aquilinum Rubus fraxinifolius Mycetia javanica Ophiorrhiza biflora Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem.) Ching Medinilla cumingii Naud. Manihot utilissima Desmodium sp.ex Hornem. Imperata cylindrica (L. Streblosa sp. Diplazium sp. COSTACEAE CYPERACEAE DRYOPTERIDACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE GESNERIACEAE HYPOXIDACEAE LOMARIOPSIDA MELASTOMATACEAE MENISPERMACEAE MUSACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Cyrtandra sp. Homalomena philippinensis Engl. Saccharum spontaneum L. Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Thysonolaena latifolia (Roxb. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies. (erect) Piper umbellatum L. Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Koch & Vietch Amorphophallus sp. & Krause Xanthosoma violaceum Schott ASTERACEAE BLECHNACEAE CHLORANTHACEAE COMMELINACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Blechnum sp. ex Engl. Cypholophus moluccanus Elatostema hastatum Elatostema sp.) K. 1 Elatostema sp. Alpinia elegans (Presl. Schum. celtidifolia (Gaudich. 3 Elatostema spinulosum Elatostema sublaxum Leukosyke capitellata (Poir. var.) Wedd. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Procris frutescens Salagong sibat Hilagasi 2 2 1 VERBENACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Lantana camara L.Family Christella dentata THYMELEACEAE URTICACEAE Species Fern Common Name Freq 9 2 1 4 2 5 3 5 7 Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Alpinia haenkei Alpinia zerumbet (Pers. Adelmeria sp. Pilea sp. 2 Elatostema sp. Zingiber negrosense Elm.) Burtt & Smith Etlingera sp.) Wedd. Coronitas Tagbak Tagbak Shell ginger Torch ginger 1 3 7 1 2 2 11 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Malaisia scandens (Lour. & Mor. F. Calanthe sp. Asplenium nidus L.) B. (vine) Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw. Krause Scindapsus curranii Scindapus sp.) Nicolson Philodendron sp. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .) K. Family name ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE Uvaria luzonensis Allamanda sp. Amydrium medium (Zoll. DRYOPTERIDACEAE FABACEAE Diplazium sp. MYRTACEAE OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Syzygium sp. Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. 2 (thick) Lycopodium sp. CUCURBITACEAE DAVALIACEAE Trichosanthes sp. ASTERACEAE BEGONIACEAE BLECHNACEAE Mikania cordata (Burm.) Bedd. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. vine Fagraea auriculata Blumei Lycopodium sp.) Planch.1 (fine) MELASTOMATACEAE MENISPERMACEAE MORACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Tinomiscum petiolare Ficus balete Ficus punctata Thunb. & K.) Schott Appendicula sp. Davalia repens Davalia sp. (mabuhok) DILLENIACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE Tetracera scandens (L. & S. Larsen Indet. ARALIACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE ASPLENIACEAE Schefflera elleptica Dischidia sp.Appendix 4. 1 Philodendron sp.) Merr. Dioscorea sp. 2 Photoidium lobbianum Schott Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Rob. Bulbophyllum sp. cumingiana (Benth. subsp. Davallia sp. LEEACEAE LOGANIACEAE LYCOPODIACEAE Leea sp.L. Asplenium mussaefolium Mett.S. Begonia negrosensis Blechnum sp. Pakong kalabaw Hognopilipogon Bayating Balete Kataupi Mala-is-is Dolis Fern Agpoi Katmon-baging Lima-lima Diliman Pakpak lawin Pakpak lawin lalake Uoko Madulunang Bolong kahinai Amlong Lusegut Species Common Name Susong damulag Freq 5 1 6 1 3 1 1 8 2 1 3 4 4 11 4 4 2 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 6 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 8 6 3 1 1 9 3 6 2 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. Sm. Piper sp. Lygodium flexuosum (L. Grammatophyllum sp. Sm. Nitong puti Nito Fern Alangingi Ayo Sphagnum moss 3 2 4 2 3 5 4 THELYPTERIDACEAE URTICACEAE VITACEAE MUSCI Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Adiantum sp.1 SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. 1 Freycinetia sp. Sphagnum sp. ex Fee Bikal Bikal babui Kabkab Pakong bato 6 2 4 2 3 1 1 6 PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. Dransf. Eria sp. Indet.1 Litlit 2 4 10 POACEAE POLYPODIACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S.) Quis. 2 Piper eupodum Piper interruptum Opiz var. 2 Common Name Freq 2 12 4 1 1 1 11 10 5 PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE Freycinetia sp. 2 Adiantum sp.DC. Drynaria digitata Drynaria quercifolia (L. (cordata malapad) Piper sp.) J. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .) Sw.) Quis. Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. loheri (C. Microsorum longissimum J. Indet. Pronephrium asperum Procris frutescens Cayratia trifolia (L.Family name Species Coelogyne chloroptera Dendrobium sp. merchantable heights and importance values.491 0. novoguineensis (Kaneh. ex Flem.5 1862 358 5207 4.101 1.228 0.453 5.152 0. Engelhardia serrata Blume Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Common Name Kolalabang Balitantan Baluno Batino-liitan Almaciga Talibunog Pagsahingin Bogo Malaikmo Anabiong Freq 2 25 6 21 85 2 109 61 2 9 DBH (cm) 35 577 187 450 5225 25 2573 2178 42 231 MH (m) 18 267 82 197 1020 9 923 671 25 111 IV 0.127 0.569 1. levis (Blanco) Merr. Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.497 1. Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. Ehretia resinosa Hance Canarium asperum Benth.177 0. COMBRETACEAE Garcinia macgregorii Merr.092 0. Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Terminalia nitens Presl. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Litsea philippinensis Merr. f.064 2. var.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw.) Muell.101 10.050 0.191 0.365 0.786 7. clypearia Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr. philippensis Trema orientalis (L.) C.Appendix 5.222 0.216 2.604 CANNABACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE Malaklak Bitanghol Salinggogon Paguringon Ituman Tagkon Binggas Talisai gubat Sakat Negros Itangan Katmon kalabaw Tamil Dilak Santiki Buta Malabalanti Hamindang Balumti Tiagkot Katabang Lupisan liitan Kalingag Kamali Inikmo Sablot Batikuling Bakan 101 156 2 2 20 2 9 25 8 98 1 133 1 1 48 4 2 177 3 6 1 13 108 79 211 48 537 1442 3213 32 55 364 48 217 766 179 2636 42 2658 18 28 728 73 31 4301 104 145 16 325 3048 1259 5083 776 14593 518 1224 9 26 144 24 106 261 75 725 8 1018 8 9 284 26 23 1482 26 57 7 124 1076 461.696 12.437 FABACEAE FAGACEAE JUGLANDACEAE LAURACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. & Tr.-Arg.Arg.182 3. Diospyros cauliflora Blume Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill. sumatranum Garcinia ituman Merr. CUNONIACEAE DILLENIACEAE EBENACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Dillenia reifferscheidia F.085 6. & Hatus. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies.590 8.805 0. Agathis philippinensis Warb. Mangifera caesia Jack APOCYNACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE BORAGINACEAE BURSERACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. ex Blume var.) Roxb.862 0.991 0. diameter at breast height.177 5. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Litsea glutinosa (Lour.314 34. floribunda Celtis philippensis Blanco var.) Merr. Litsea leytensis Merr.743 0. Macaranga bicolor Muell. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr.) Sleum. Rob.355 0.) Pax var.145 0. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var.-Vill.195 0.B.) Rehd. Family ACTINIDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE Species Saurauia latibractea Choicy Buchanania nitida Engl. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp.089 6.118 0. Calophyllum blancoi Pl.048 0.164 15. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel. 134 0. var.161 10. DC. MONIMIACEAE MORACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk.065 0.880 0.417 1. var.532 3.694 0. simiarum (A.466 11.) Corner Trophis philippinensis (Bur. Dacrydium beccarii Parl. f. Syzygium oleinum Wall.) Merr.277 0.) Merr.175 8. f.454 3. Rob) Merr.) Merr. Ficus septica Burm. Common Name Bakan-mabolo Bohian Ilanan Bohian Toog Banglad Bayok Malabuho Badling Salasik Salasik-laparan Alauihaw Sapanauak Agogoi. Br.537 4.5 14 486. ex Hook.120 0. sycomoroides (Miq. congesta Ficus heteropoda Miq.442 0.618 4. pubinervis MORACEAE Ficus ruficaulis Merr.5 714 56 50 59 1821 1533 1301 58 175 31 884 808 82 78 IV 0.5 28 8 52. Ficus ampelas Burm.341 0.098 0.096 3. Ficus variegata Blume var.264 0. irisana Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr.5 83 622 80 55 2 58 572 132. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.5 575.427 0.Family Species Litsea tomentosa Blume Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Ficus irisana Elmer var. & Waterh.276 0.B.632 1. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr.) Sincl Syzygium crassisimum (Merr. var.148 0.465 0. Ficus congesta Roxb.504 LECYTHIDACEAE MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm.343 0.323 0. Grewia inflexa Merr.) Corner Myristica elliptica Wall.991 0. ampelas Ficus bataanensis Merr. Balukanag Kuling-babui Himamau Amau Saha Upling-gubat Bataan-fig Malatibig Alangas Aplas Kanapai Tibig Dungo Tabgun Hauili Freq 7 2 6 3 3 1 8 11 99 89 2 56 9 66 9 8 1 10 67 32 2 23 2 2 3 1 12 92 DBH (cm) 119 34 84 163 36 25 142 223 1557 1553 33 1674 220 1660 264 199 18 134 1434 434 29 415 93 37 47 12 163 1962 136 94 160 4931 4049 3470 129 549 75 4202 4540 697 211 MH (m) 54 21 39 40 16 12 52 55. Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.382 12. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.5 20 149 16 12.534 4.151 0. Dolalog Agus-us Tanghas Magolumboi Baugit Malaruhat bundok Malatampui Malabayabas Bignai-kintab Igem Lokinai Dalung Lubang-lubang 6 7 6 224 191 150 9 17 5 76 77 16 8 MYRISTICACEAE MYRTACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE PODOCARPACEAE Antidesma montanum Blume Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub.) Wils.044 0.190 0. f. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.487 0.233 11.097 1. f.834 1. var. MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. & Thoms. Chisocheton patens Blume Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr.591 0. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Sterculia oblongata R. Ficus sp.103 0. Astronia ferruginea Elm. Ficus pubinervis Blume var. ex Wight Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr. Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook.5 541.046 0. ampla Merr.388 0. 568 9. Neonauclea reticulata (Havil. Indet 2 Indet. Rob. SAPOTACEAE Palaquium foxworthyi Merr.323 0. Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. velutina SIMAROUBACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE Brucea javanica (L.-Vill.) Wedd.787 1.153 3. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp.221 0. Palaquium luzoniense (F.5 132 720. Common Name Butong manok Bakauan-gubat Lagong banguhan Bogas-bogas Mapugahan Aparungan Kalamansanai Tiroron Uisak Malauisak Matang-araw Philippine maple Uas Sarakag Tagotoi Nato Malak-malak Uakatan Bogo-bogo Tuai Anongo Freq 58 25 11 1 2 70 14 97 3 32 176 169 13 2 56 134 36 36 2 13 16 DBH (cm) 992 528 340 13 60 1378 348 1986 85 608 3964 4229 308 54 1472 4648 1156 613 53 467 238 MH (m) 421.141 0. ex DC.116 THEACEAE URTICACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Hoffm.5 268 119 5 25 495.) Merr. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl.363 2.) C. var.728 0.752 RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.043 0.B.077 4. Moore var.149 1.045 0. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .) Merr.241 8.021 0.422 0.) S.) Merr.) T. Bischofia javanica Blume Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.Robinson) Chew Leucosyke capitellata (Poir. Carallia brachiata (Lour.220 1.Family PUTRANJIVACEAE RHIZOPHORACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Species Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Vidal Palaquium phillipense (Perr.044 0. Sagai Alagasi 4 108 1 86 13 16 1 1 1 102 3558 32 1660 198 237 13 10 45 36 1182 11 605 97 77 4 4 12 0. cumingiana var. Acer laurinum Hassk. Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. nitida (Korth. philippinensis (Brand) Noot Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.841 5. Balokbok Sotsa Leyte sangnauan Batik Kalambug Lipang kalabaw.) Merr. Yamazaki Gordonia luzonica Vidal Dendrocnide densiflora (C.) Merr. Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. cumingiana Adinandra leytensis Merr.127 3.723 0. Neonauclea media (Havil.483 0. Canthium elmeri Merr.) Merr.781 0.) Pax & K. var.896 10.5 38 196 1587 1610 101 19 533 1551 402 293 30 150 113 IV 2. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd.618 0.544 0.491 11.812 0. Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr.828 1. Eurya japonica Thunb. Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. floribunda CAPRIFOLIACEAE CELASTRACEAE CANNABACEAE Sambucus javanica Reinw. Calophyllum soulattri Burm.) Sleum. sumatranum Garcinia ituman Merr.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw. Daemonorops sp. philippinensis Becc. Terminalia nitens Presl. BIGNONIACEAE BORAGINACEAE BURSERACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE ARALIACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Calamus vidalianus Becc. Ehretia philippinensis A. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. philippinensis Calamus sp. ex Blume var. Family ACTINIDIACEAE Species Saurauia avellana Elm. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. & Tr. var. Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Calamus microcarpus Becc. scholaris Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Alstonia scholaris (L. Calamus ornatus Becc. Ilex crenata Thunb. Schefflera obovata Merr. Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. ARAUCARIACEAE ARECACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb.Appendix 6. var. DC. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies. COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. var. Almaciga Botongan Palasan Tandulang gubat Limuran Uay/Rattan Tagiti Takipan Ditaan/Gatasan Sumulid Uay/Rattan Saluai Bungang-dakigan Tibangan Tui-tui Halimomog Pagsahingin/Salong Bogo Sauco Baras-baras Malasangki Malaikmo Anabiong Malaklak Bitanghol Pamintaugon Salinggogon Paguringon Ituman Tagkon Talisai-gubat Sakat Malapapaya Common/Local Name Kalimug Kolalabang Sanot ilanan Titis Dita Bayag-usa Luzon Kalasan Freq 8 32 12 4 6 2 5 18 3 32 68 57 100 32 37 29 58 13 67 58 28 140 126 114 4 4 224 12 4 10 4 11 14 125 68 16 5 4 86 13 16 8 CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Calamus filispadix Becc. Caryota rhumpiana Mart. Br. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Canarium asperum Benth. Calamus merrillii Becc. philippensis Trema orientalis (L. ex Blume Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Euonymous javanicus Blume Celtis philippensis Blanco var. & Hatus. Saurauia latibractea Choicy Saurauia oligantha Merr. Pinanga philippinensis Becc. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var. f.) R. Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. var. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. novoguineensis (Kaneh. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. Citronella latifolia (Merr. clypearia Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Agrostistachys indica Dalz. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Rob. Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Litsea glutinosa (Lour. Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Hoffm. f.) C. Macaranga tanarius (L. Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq. Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Codiaeum ciliatum Merr.-Vill.) Muell. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.-Arg.-Arg.) Pax var. Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm.-Vill.) Muell.) Rehd EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE FAGACEAE GESNERIACEAE ICACINACEAE JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE Cyrtandra sp.) Airy Shaw Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var.-Arg. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill. f. Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Litsea quercoides Elmer Litsea tomentosa Blume Persia currannii (Merr. var. Clerodendrum sp. Common/Local Name Hutchinson Kalilan Negros Itangan Tree fern Tree fern Tree fern Katmon kalabaw Saritan Tabian-sikat Haginis Limpahung Dilak Santiki Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang Buta Malabalanti Hamindang Balumti Binunga Hinlaumong laparan Tiagkot Lanos Katabang Manaring Vidal oak Malaam Lupisan-liitan Buyakan Fireworks/Bagauak-morado Kalingag Magatopoi Kamali Inikmo Sablot Batikuling Marang Bakan Bakan Ihalas Klamagan Bakan-mabolo Curran Kulilisiau Bohian Ilanan Bohian Freq 15 58 186 242 213 10 8 6 7 10 19 6 124 38 46 8 81 6 4 8 6 24 15 18 17 6 14 6 8 5 6 8 32 24 68 59 7 226 5 13 52 26 29 21 DILLENIACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F. Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Litsea leytensis Merr.) Merr.B. Lithocarpus vidalii (F. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Sm. levis (Blanco) Merr. Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Cyathea negrosiana Christ.-Arg. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.Family CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE Species Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. var. Litsea philippinensis Merr.) Howard Engelhardia serrata Blume Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Macaranga bicolor Muell.) Kosterm.) Rehd.) Muell. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Cyathea integra J. ex Hook Cyathea philippinensis Bak. LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. fistulosa Ficus irisana Elmer var. ampla Merr.) var. f. irisana Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr.) Sincl Ardisia angustifolia A. ampelas Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Astronia ferruginea Elm.) de Wilde ssp.) Merr. Ficus sp. DC. Ficus septica Burm. 2 Ficus variegata Blume var. f. simiarum (A. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. nitidus Ficus ampelas Burm. pubinervis Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Leea guineensis G. Common/Local Name Puso-puso Ceylon Bohian Himamali Mali-mali Taliknono Patangis Taluto Malabuho Salaguisog Badling Salasik Salasik-laparan Dungaw Tungau dako Digeg Bubua Agogoi/Balukanag Katong-matsing Kuling-babui Himamau Amau Saha Kubi Upling-gubat Basikong-kalauang Lunug Malatibig Laningning Kamahiuan Aplas Kanapai Tibig Pakiling Dungo Tabgun Hauili Freq 18 23 11 9 3 5 2 37 346 126 122 86 45 14 4 64 32 10 43 9 36 6 5 22 18 6 32 18 15 26 4 25 12 8 11 18 4 12 LEEACEAE LOGANIACEAE MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE Leea indica (Burm. Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco MARATIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. leytensis Corner Ficus congesta Roxb. Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ficus callophylla Blume var. DC. & Thoms. candollii Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. ex Blume var. f. Don. Ardisia darlingii Merr. Sterculia oblongata R. Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. ssp. var. var. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq. ex Hook. Tangisang-bayawak Parugan Tanghas Tagpong kitid Barasingag Tagpong-libagin 9 3 8 7 11 18 MYRISTICACEAE MYRSINACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.) C. Buddleja asiatica Lour Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. MONIMIACEAE MORACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk. ssp. Chr. var. Ficus sp. pentandrus Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. Artocarpus nitidus Trec. Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . mollissimum Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. setosus Merr. prainii (King) de Wilde Myristica elliptica Wall.) Corner Ficus fistulosa Reinw.Family Species Neolitsea vidalii Merr. angustissima (Merr. f. Ficus pubinervis Blume var. Astronia williamsii Merr. variegata Endocomia macrocoma (Miq. Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav. Br. var. var. Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .) Vidal Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. f.Family Species Ardisia squamulosa Presl Discocalyx euphlebia Merr.) Merr. Guioa discolor Radlk. Palaquium glabrum Merr. Rich. Rob) Merr.-Ham. Neonauclea media (Havil. ssp.) Raeuschel Acer laurinum Hassk.) Merr. PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Tarenna acuminata Merr.-Vill. 2 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook.) Merr. Neonauclea reticulata (Havil. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Merr. ex D. Guioa acuminata Radlk. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb. Common/Local Name Tagpo Dikai-dikaian Sagimsim Magolumboi/Baguilomboi Salakadan Lamutong linis Karutad Baugit Malaruhat bundok Malatampui Barikai Bignai-kalau Bigloi-dilau Tuai Lindog-ilanan Malabagang Bagna Igem Dalung Lubang-lubang Lagong banguhan Bogas-bogas Mapugahan Aparungan Nino Kahoy dalaga Kalamansanai Tiroron Uisak Malauisak Lungtian Kirimbibit Tumarau tilos Matang-araw Governor's plum Philippine maple Pasi Alahan puti Ambalag Natong ganda Alakaak tilos Tagotoi Alakaak puti Nato Freq 10 2 12 64 17 6 11 42 2 38 9 6 3 10 11 14 3 9 21 17 27 26 10 8 4 4 8 9 52 16 14 26 4 6 36 6 182 7 11 6 12 7 17 9 21 MYRTACEAE Syzygium brevistylum (C. Rob. Rob. Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr.) Merr. Mussaenda philippica A. & Binn.) Merr. RUTACEAE SALICACEAE SAPINDACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Pierre Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Canthium elmeri Merr.) Merr. Palaquium luzoniense (F. Syzygium densinervium (Merr. ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr. Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Don) Vickery var. SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Bischofia javanica Blume Blumeodendron tokbrai Blume Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Palaquium foxworthyi Merr.) Merr. Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C. Canthium fenicis (Merr. Syzygium oleinum Wall. OLEACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr.B.B. ex DC.) Merr. ex Wight Syzygium sp. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Psychotria alvarezii Merr.B. Morinda bracteata Roxb. malesiana Schot. Antidesma tomentosum Blume Aporosa octandra (Buch.) Radlk. Eurya japonica Thunb.) C.B. velutina Common/Local Name Negros Nato Malak malak Uakatan Anongo Sotsa Puyaka Leyte sangnauan Batik Kalambug Lipang kalabaw/Sagai Freq 10 14 28 62 38 10 8 42 25 356 STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.Robinson) Chew Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. nitida (Korth.B. Rob. cumingiana var. Yamazaki Gordonia luzonica Vidal URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C. var.) T. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. Rob. Adinandra leytensis Merr. cumingiana Adinandra elliptica C.Family Species Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Palaquium phillipense (Perr. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . brachystachys var. POLYPODIACEAE PTERIDACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Pteridium aquilinum Rubus fraxinifolius Mycetia javanica Ophiorrhiza biflora Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig Lungtian Kubamba Fern Fern Wild strawberry Ground orchid Ground orchid Ground orchid Ground orchid Pandan layugan Ambal Abaca Abang-abang Fern Fern Salibangon Tubang-usa Sarat Fern Fern Gabing tigre Pongapong Alopayi Dilang baka Fern Tungaw-tungaw Alikbangon Common Name Freq 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. 2 MENISPERMACEAE MUSACEAE OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . FABACEAE GESNERIACEAE Desmodium sp. Diplazium magnificum Diplazium sp. ex Engl. PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Piper sp. Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Spathoglottis sp. Cyrtandra sp. Koch & Vietch Amorphophallus sp.) Ching Bolbitis rhizophylla Medinilla cumingii Naud. (erect) Piper umbellatum L. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies. Homalomena philippinensis Engl. Family ACANTHACEAE Species Hemigraphis primulaefolia Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer Strobilanthes sp. Kuntze Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl. Musa textilis Nees Oleandra neriiformis Habenaria sp. HYPOXIDACEAE LOMARIOPSIDACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour. & Krause ASTERACEAE BLECHNACEAE CHLORANTHACEAE COMMELINACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Blechnum sp. Gesneria sp. Grammatophylum sp.) O. Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. (very fine) Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys Commelina diffusa Commelina sp.Appendix 7. F. Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. Medinilla sp. COSTACEAE CYPERACEAE DRYOPTERIDACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Scleria scrobiculata Nees. ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. 1 Medinilla sp. 1 Elatostema sp. Pilea sp.) Wedd. 2 Elatostema sp. Alpinia haenkei Alpinia zerumbet (Pers. var. Schum.) Burtt & Smith Etlingera sp. Zingiber negrosense Elm. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .) K. SELAGINELLACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE Species Common Name Freq 6 Selaginella wildenowii Baker Selaginella plana Hieron Amphineuron emersum Christella dentata Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Coronitas Tagbak Tagbak Shell ginger Torch ginger 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. celtidifolia (Gaudich. Alpinia elegans (Presl.Family Streblosa sp.) Wedd. 3 Elatostema spinulosum Elatostema sublaxum Leukosyke capitellata (Poir. Cypholophus moluccanus Elatostema hastatum Elatostema sp. Adelmeria sp. Procris frutescens Peacock fern Kamariang gubat Fern Fern Salagong sibat 4 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 THYMELEACEAE URTICACEAE Hilagasi 6 6 6 VERBENACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Lantana camara L. (mabuhok) DILLENIACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE DRYOPTERIDACEAE FABACEAE Tetracera scandens (L. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed wellpads with their corresponding frequencies. ARALIACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE ASPLENIACEAE BEGONIACEAE BLECHNACEAE Schefflera elleptica Dischidia sp. Malaisia scandens (Lour. (fine) Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Medinilla sp. subsp.) Nicolson Philodendron sp. 2 Photoidium lobbianum Schott Rhaphidophora inequilaterus Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl.Appendix 8. LEEACEAE LOGANIACEAE LYCOPODIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Leea sp. Diplazium sp.S. 1 Philodendron sp. & Mor. & K. MYRTACEAE Syzygium sp. Lycopodium sp.1 Diplazium sp.2 Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. Davalia repens Davalia sp.) K. Amydrium medium (Zoll. cumingiana (Benth. 1 Medinilla sp. Dioscorea sp. Hoya sp. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. CUCURBITACEAE DAVALIACEAE Trichosanthes sp. Family ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE Uvaria luzonensis Allamanda sp. Asplenium nidus L. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Krause Scindapsus curranii Scindapus sp. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. (vine) Bayating Balete Kataupi Mala-is-is Dolis Buntot pusa Buntot pusa Hognopilipogon Fern Fern Agpoi Katmon-baging Lima-lima Diliman Pakpak lawin Pakpak lawin lalake Negros Begonia Amlong Madulunang Bolong kahinai Lusegut Species Common Name Susong damulag Freq 18 7 8 9 16 5 4 11 16 7 2 16 8 3 23 27 2 5 8 4 8 4 5 3 2 4 4 5 3 4 3 12 10 14 5 6 4 14 16 5 4 3 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Begonia negrosensis Blechnum sp. Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl.) Merr. & S. vine Fagraea auriculata Blumei Lycopodium cernuum L. 2 MENISPERMACEAE MORACEAE Tinomiscum petiolare Ficus balete Ficus punctata Thunb. Larsen Indet.) Bedd. Davallia sp.) Planch. 1 PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE Freycinetia sp. Vanda sp. Dransf. 1 Freycinetia sp. (cordata malapad) Piper sp. Indet. 2 Adiantum sp. Piper interruptum Opiz var. Species Common Name Pitcher plant Pakong kalabaw Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Pandan baging Pandan baging Litlit Freq 1 12 9 21 7 7 6 24 3 2 1 123 164 32 16 8 11 9 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw. Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Sm. Lygodium flexuosum (L.Family NEPENTHACEAE OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Nepenthes sp. Smilax sp. Bulbophyllum sp. Sm. multinerve Piper sp. Microsorum longissimum J.) Quis. 2 Piper eupodum Piper interruptum Opiz var. Dendrobium sp. ex Fee Bikal Bikal babui Kabkab haba Kabkab Pakong bato Fern Fern Fern Nitong puti Nito Fern Alangingi Ayo Sphagnum moss 9 6 15 8 8 11 7 8 5 6 2 8 32 12 9 13 PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. Drynaria digitata Drynaria quercifolia (L. Eria sp. MUSCI Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Sphagnum sp. Adiantum sp. Pronephrium asperum Procris frutescens Cayratia trifolia (L.) J. Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr.1 SCHIZAEACEAE SMILACACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE URTICACEAE VITACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw.DC. 1 Bulbophyllum sp.) Quis.) Sw. loheri (C. (microphylla) POACEAE POLYPODIACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S.) Schott Appendicula sp. 2 Coelogyne chloroptera Coelogyne sp. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . ex Blume var. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Fischer Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.791 5.) Airy Shaw Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.098 0. Garcinia macgregorii Merr.Arg. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel. Macaranga bicolor Muell. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr.112 1. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Cryptocarya samarensis Merr.) C.5 185 108 1.E.208 4.-Vill. Common Name Kolalabang Dita Malapapaya Almaciga Pagsahingin Bogo Anabiong Freq IV 0.B. Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Dillenia reifferscheidia F.) Muell.5 121 81 6 116 337 116.5 333 86. DBH (cm) 1 4 2 79 56 13 70 10 201 38 4568 1110 517 1566 MH (m) 3 28 20 805 330 145 640 Family ACTINIDIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARALIACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE BURSERACEAE Species Saurauia latibractea Choicy Alstonia scholaris (L. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies.5 153 417 496.) R.099 0. Rob. levis (Blanco) Merr. & Hatus. var.568 0. var. f. novoguineensis (Kaneh.245 25. Canarium asperum Benth.099 0.5 74 2798 7 103 10. Garcinia ituman Merr. scholaris Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem.027 1.170 1.-Arg. merchantable heights and importance values.) Sleum.765 2.692 1.5 65 67.216 1. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.265 1.350 0. Litsea philippinensis Merr.270 0. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . & Tr.5 1.413 2.257 34.297 2. diameter at breast height.355 5.825 5.102 1. Agathis philippinensis Warb.) Rehd.5 80 46 3.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw. Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Litsea glutinosa (Lour.573 0. Br. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var.894 0.103 1.429 0.5 9 214. floribunda Trema orientalis (L.744 0.617 6.845 1.) Muell.949 CANNABACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE Malaklak Bitanghol Ituman Tagkon Talisai-gubat Negros Itangan Katmon kalabaw White lauan Tamil Dilak Matang-hipon Buta Malabalanti Hamindang Balumti Binunga Hinlaumo Katabang Lupisan liitan Gmelina Kalingag Kamali Inikmo Sablot Batikuling Marang Bakan Klamagan Bakan-mabolo Bohian 13 16 13 1 15 39 22 18 12 1 2 43 12 16 36 18 18 5 1 1 2 13 32 50 60 12 338 1 17 2 185 325 194 19 329 1181 408 448 247 14 31 684 182 228 996 256 261 83 20 10 33 353 482 1150 1440 240 8674 10 288 29 59.585 4. Shorea contorta Vidal Diospyros cauliflora Blume Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.905 1. f.C. Litsea quercoides Elmer Litsea tomentosa Blume Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr.389 1.953 7.) C.Appendix 9.209 COMBRETACEAE CUNONIACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE EBENACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.5 2 12 108. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. Engelhardia serrata Blume Gmelina arborea Roxb.107 0. FAGACEAE JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr.) Pax var. Macaranga tanarius (L.-Arg.772 2. 815 0.) Merr.437 3.060 1.635 0.5 98 96 17 170 132. 1 Syzygium sp.889 1. var. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . irisana Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr. var. Ardisia darlingii Merr. ex Blume var.170 0. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.184 1.109 0.5 562.518 2.305 0.393 0. f.628 0.) Warb.5 74.5 101.) var. ampla Merr. Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm.5 117. Ficus variegata Blume var.) Corner Ficus variegata Blume var. Ficus ulmifolia Lam.5 3 10 190 12 98 18 240 173 IV 0. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr. Astronia williamsii Merr.5 3 6. pentandrus Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr.080 3.B. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Ficus sp.721 0.) Merr.471 0.663 1.) Corner Ficus fistulosa Reinw.176 1.948 1. & Waterh.299 2. fistulosa Ficus irisana Elmer var. Astronia ferruginea Elm.098 5. Br.569 0.316 1. Malaruhat bundok Malatampui Malabayabas Salanisin Igem Lokinai 20 2 9 2 21 14 PHYLLANTHACEAE PODOCARPACEAE Glochidion lutescens Blume Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. ampelas Ficus congesta Roxb.080 0. Ficus septica Burm.220 7. MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.214 0.5 109 20 301 141.099 0.) Merr. Dacrydium beccarii Parl. 2 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.596 0.630 4. ssp. Rob) Merr. Ficus ampelas Burm.5 3 10 19 41 58 4 38 80 15 2 341 191.235 0. Ficus pubinervis Blume var.098 1. Common Name Avocado Malabuho Badling Salasik Salasik-laparan Dungaw Bubua Sapanauak Agogoi Katong-matsing Kuling-babui Amau Nangka Upling-gubat Malatibig Laningning Kamahiuan Aplas Tibig Dungo Tabgun Hauili Is-is Dolalog Tangisangbayawak Yabnob Barasingag Magolumboi Salakadan Baugit Freq 1 20 19 19 16 2 26 18 11 2 66 10 8 45 38 1 2 24 1 1 3 13 6 1 3 9 2 1 43 34 74 1 2 DBH (cm) 10 299 278 295 271 59 566 386 332 30 1497 284 113 789 543 10 36 401 24 32 42 174 143 12 111 272 28 10 1002 730 1761 14 42 504 47 297 37 1394 704 MH (m) 1. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. variegata MYRISTICACEAE MYRSYNACEAE MYRTACEAE Horsfieldia costulata (Miq. Syzygium oleinum Wall.663 1. sycomoroides (Miq.449 4.Family Species Persia gratissima Gaertn.) Wils.5 80 17 557.208 2. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq.168 2. f.101 0. MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr.346 7. pubinervis Ficus ruficaulis Merr. ex Wight Syzygium sp.264 MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Sterculia oblongata R.180 9. var.101 0. angustissima (Merr. RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE Citrus sp.241 0.5 1. Guioa acuminata Radlk.B. Rob.908 0.126 15.768 1.5 32. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl.5 283.) Merr. cumingiana Adinandra elliptica C.450 0. Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm.) Merr.355 0.) Vidal Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam.5 60. Neonauclea media (Havil.5 646 1097 6 125 91. Acer laurinum Hassk.) Wedd. Sagai Alagasi Dalunot Freq 6 2 43 2 10 1 1 76 20 1 46 145 2 1 4 7 15 127 1 33 14 116 141 1 15 15 14 10 12 DBH (cm) 76 53 1129 76 175 14 18 1386 368 10 779 2821 30 14 67 105 400 3373 12 566 370 1884 4720 14 330 261 188 156 212 MH (m) 49 13 332 11 45 5 10 457.970 19. Palaquium luzoniense (F. Canthium elmeri Merr.996 0.-Vill. Melicope triphylla (Lam.214 0. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr.) C.120 7.646 1. cumingiana var. ex DC. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .396 1.) Bakh.Robinson) Chew Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.372 0. Eurya japonica Thunb.510 13.099 0. var. & Binn. Neonauclea glabra (Roxb. ssp.5 56 IV 0.5 1024 13 2 32 41 144 1107 7 235 130. Yamazaki Gordonia luzonica Vidal Dendrocnide densiflora (C.871 0.) T.307 0.105 1. nitida (Korth.B. Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. var.259 4.948 9.Family Species Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Pipturus arborescence (Link. et Ridsd.578 0. SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE URTICACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. velutina SAPOTACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. Canthium fenicis (Merr. Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.) Pierre Palaquium foxworthyi Merr.571 2.345 2.) Merr.104 0.104 3. Rob. Guioa discolor Radlk.5 140.158 0.950 0.098 4.) Merr. Common Name Lubang-lubang Bakauan-gubat Lagong banguhan Bogas-bogas Mapugahan Kalamansanai Uisak sikat Tiroron Uisak Abugao Matang-araw Philippine maple Pasi Alahan puti Uas Natong ganda Tagotoi Nato Negros Nato Uakatan Tuai Anongo Sotsa Puyaka Batik Kalambug Lipang kalabaw. f.999 RHIZOPHORACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 140 0. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel var.500 0.120 3.120 5. Dillenia reifferscheidia F. Ilex crenata Thunb. Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd.) O. Saurauia latibractea Choicy Saurauia negrosensis Elm. var.Appendix 10.120 3.514 0. Cyrtandra sp. Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. ex Hook Cyathea philippinensis Bak.432 2.104 3. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var.516 2. Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr.123 0. Kuntze Engelhardia serrata Blume Common Name Kalimug Kolalabang Negros Kalimug Sanot ilanan Titis Luzon Kalasan Gabing tigre Almaciga Botongan Palasan Uay/Rattan Ditaan Sumulid Saluai Bungang-dakigan Tibangan Tui-tui Pinya Pagsahingin Bogo Anabiong Tungaw-tungaw Malaklak Ituman Tagkon Talisai gubat Negros Itangan Tree fern Tree fern Tree fern Sarat Katmon kalabaw White lauan Tamil Saritan Haginis Dilak Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang Buta Malabalanti Balumti Binunga Manaring Abang-abang Lupisan liitan Count 5 3 7 7 3 10 6 1 67 9 16 1 3 10 1 37 26 16 2 1 54 2 5 50 13 14 4 13 12 56 35 77 5 23 21 1 22 1 1 48 30 1 1 51 1 1 102 3 Freq 1 3 4 3 2 2 6 1 40 2 6 1 2 5 1 22 16 11 1 1 33 2 4 11 8 5 2 9 8 21 10 31 3 15 9 1 1 1 1 21 18 1 1 14 1 1 17 1 IV 0. Calamus sp. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill. Saurauia oligantha Merr. Scleria scrobiculata Nees. ex Blume var. levis (Blanco) Merr.120 0. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. brachystachys Clethra canescens Reinw.) Muell. Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Pinanga philippinensis Becc.588 0. Garcinia ituman Merr.926 0.-Arg. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Agathis philippinensis Warb.882 0. Shorea contorta Vidal Diospyros cauliflora Blume Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .224 1.360 0.) Blume Sarcandra glabra ssp. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried saplings and poles from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies and importance values.120 0.530 0.505 0.781 0. FAGACEAE GESNERIACEAE HYPOXIDACEAE JUGLANDACEAE Macaranga tanarius (L. Ananas comosus Canarium asperum Benth. Radermachera acuminata Merr.) Sleum. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K.774 0.265 0. Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Calamus filispadix Becc. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc.734 1.276 0.717 0.497 2. Curculigo capitulata (Lour. & Hatus. floribunda Trema orientalis (L. Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc.120 4. Koch & Vietch Schefflera obovata Merr. Alocasia zebrina C.787 2.088 1. Daemonorops sp.) Muell.156 0.120 3.-Vill. Family ACTINIDIACEAE Species Saurauia avellana Elm. novoguineensis (Kaneh. Agrostistachys indica Dalz.120 0.021 0. Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm.120 5.106 5.-Arg.120 0. Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Cyathea negrosiana Christ.) Pax var.312 1.719 0.240 0.280 1.082 0. Calamus merrillii Becc. Cyathea integra J. var. Hoffm. brachystachys var.593 0.192 ANNONACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE ARECACEAE BIGNONIACEAE BROMELIACEAE BURSERACEAE CANNABACEAE CHLORANTHACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYPERACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE EBENACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.276 0.120 0.181 2.385 0. Sm.494 1. 276 0.353 0.364 LEEACEAE MALVACEAE MARATIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE MORACEAE MUSACEAE MYRTACEAE PANDANACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE POACEAE PODOCARPACEAE RUBIACEAE Ficus sp.957 1.120 2. pentandrus Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Ficus ampelas Burm. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq. Rob. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw.307 0. Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Litsea tomentosa Blume Persia currannii (Merr.120 0. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.120 0. Br.) Corner Ficus irisana Elmer var. f.349 0.276 0. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr.360 0.296 0.156 0. var.B.276 0.B.B.333 11.368 2.979 0. Chr.635 0. Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Litsea glutinosa (Lour. Syzygium oleinum Wall.479 0.728 1.156 7.120 0. 2 Musa textilis Nees Syzygium brevistylum (C.307 1. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd.) C.530 0.192 0. var.360 0.276 0. ssp.156 1.276 1. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Coffea arabica L.899 0. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl.093 0.583 0.) Merr. Astronia ferruginea Elm.156 4.462 15. angustissima (Merr. f. Litsea leytensis Merr.338 0. Cryptocarya samarensis Merr.276 0. Leea guineensis G.240 0. Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr.) Merr.302 0.) Merr.120 2. Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Persia gratissima Gaertn.650 0.479 0. Litsea philippinensis Merr.) Merr. Ficus septica Common Name Buyakan Kamali Inikmo Sablot Batikuling Bakan Bakan Ihalas Bakan-mabolo Curran Kulilisiau Bohian Ceylon Bohian Avocado Mali-mali Malabuho Salaguisog Badling Salasik Salasik-laparan Digeg Bubua Sapanauak Agogoi Katong-matsing Kuling-babui Nangka Upling-gubat Lunug Malatibig Laningning Aplas Obdas Hauili Abaca Sagimsim Magolumboi Salakadan Lamutong linis Karutad Baugit Malaruhat bundok Malatampui Pandan layugan Nadong Talahib Igem Lubang-lubang Mapugahan Kape Kalamansanai Tiroron Count 11 3 2 54 14 16 155 3 14 3 4 10 3 1 31 267 20 13 15 3 5 3 3 1 1 6 2 42 2 27 1 11 7 16 6 25 5 33 3 7 1 49 28 2 20 2 3 4 2 2 116 1 26 Freq 3 2 1 26 6 9 68 2 7 2 4 4 2 1 16 75 12 10 9 2 2 2 3 1 1 5 2 24 2 11 1 7 2 12 2 7 3 21 3 1 1 31 16 1 15 1 1 4 2 1 37 1 17 IV 0. Canthium fenicis (Merr. Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav. validicaudata (Merr. ampelas Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Ficus congesta Roxb. Don. ex DC.) Merr. Sterculia oblongata R.) Merr.421 1. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub.984 0.240 1.492 0. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.132 1.) Merr. ampla Merr.952 0. irisana Ficus irisana Elmer var. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .) C. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr.697 0.) CornerBurm. var.385 1.120 4.009 1. Melastoma moluccanum Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Saccharum spontaneum L. Rob) Merr.240 3. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Kosterm. Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm. Rob. ex Wight Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) var. ssp. Syzygium densinervium (Merr.432 2. Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr.Family VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE Species Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Clerodendrum sp. 708 0. Streblosa sp. Etlingera sp.156 0.) Wedd. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.505 0.B. Leucosyke capitellata (Poir. Rob. Schum. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .192 0.799 0. Psychotria alvarezii Merr.020 0.240 1.588 1. cumingiana Adinandra elliptica C.) C.) Vidal Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Palaquium phillipense (Perr.896 0.Family Species Neonauclea media (Havil.) Raeuschel Acer laurinum Hassk.703 0. Yamazaki Gordonia luzonica Vidal Common Name Uisak Lungtian Kirimbibit Matang-araw Governor's plum Philippine maple Pasi Nato Negros Nato Malak-malak Uakatan Talong-talongan Anongo Sotsa Puyaka Batik Kalambug Fern Urticaceae Alagasi Dalunot Coronitas Tagbak Count 13 2 9 7 7 20 3 153 2 127 3 2 12 1 114 21 5 20 47 132 3 8 8 9 37 3 5 Freq 8 1 4 3 4 14 3 62 1 49 2 2 7 1 37 10 2 11 28 36 1 3 5 3 16 1 2 IV 1. Pipturus arborescence (Link.577 2.045 7. Melicope triphylla (Lam.733 0.) Merr. Guioa acuminata Radlk.229 1. Eurya japonica Thunb. Ophiorrhiza biflora Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Alpinia elegans (Presl.276 0.192 0.B.349 RUTACEAE SALICACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SOLANACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE URTICACEAE VERBENACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Christella dentata Indet.541 0.349 1. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour. var.140 0.120 7.645 4.661 0. velutina Solanum turvum Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.) T.B.360 10. Lantana camara L. Rob. Rob. var.598 0. Palaquium luzoniense (F. nitida (Korth.) C. Zingiber sp.680 0. cumingiana var.-Vill.) Merr.) K.156 8. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Rob. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw. irisana Ficus sp.) Schott Grammatophyllum sp.) Merr.) Dyer Christella dentata Elatostema hastatum Elatostema sp.-Vill. Litsea philippinensis Merr. var. MYRTACEAE OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE POACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr. Ficus irisana Elmer var. nitida (Korth. MARATIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MORACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav. Ophiorrhiza biflora SAPOTACEAE SCHIZAEACEAE SELAGINELLACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F. Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. var. Family ACANTHACEAE BURSERACEAE COMMELINACEAE Indet.) C. F. LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour. ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Coffea arabica L. Macaranga tanarius (L. CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYPERACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Cyathea philippinensis Scleria scrobiculata Nees. asperum Commelina diffusa Commelina sp.) C. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understory species from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies.) Vidal Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Astronia ferruginea Elm. Habenaria sp. Canarium asperum Benth. Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Saccharum spontaneum L.) Pax var.-Arg. 1 Elatostema spinulosum Elatostema sublaxum ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber sp. Kamariang gubat Peacock fern Anongo Batik Fern Nato Nitong puti Malaruhat bundok Pakong kalabaw Ground orchid Ground orchid Talahib Ayas-as Wild strawberry Kape Salibangon Negros Itangan Tree fern Sarat Buta Malabalanti Binunga Sablot Bakan Salaguisog Salasik Aplas Pagsahingin Species Common Name Freq 1 1 38 4 1 1 1 5 2 1 3 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 9 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 7 1 7 95 31 1 2 19 22 8 2 25 1 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. levis (Blanco) Merr.B. Selaginella engleri Selaginella plana Hieron Selaginella wildenowii Baker STAPHYLEACEAE THEACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE URTICACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Eurya japonica Thunb.Appendix 11.) Muell. Chr. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel. ASTERACEAE BLECHNACEAE CUCURBITACEAE Mikania cordata (Burm. Krause Scindapsus curranii Scindapus sp. F. Coccinea grandis Indet. Fagraea auriculata Blumei Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl. Pericamphyllus glaucus (Lam. Tricosanthes sp.) Merr.) Nicolson Philodendron sp. 2 Photoidium lobbianum Schott Rhaphidophora inequilaterus Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. & Mor. Tinomiscum petiolare MORACEAE Ficus balete Ficus punctata Thunb. & K. Larsen Indet. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .) K.) Ching Lycopodium cernuum L. (fine) Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Medinilla sp.S. Family ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE Uvaria luzonensis Allamanda sp. Blechnum sp. DILLENIACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE DRYOPTERIDACEAE FABACEAE Tetracera scandens (L. 2 MENISPERMACEAE Archangelisia sp. Asplenium nidus L.) Merr. DAVALIACEAE Davalia repens Davalia sp. Hoya sp. 1 Medinilla sp. Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies.) Bedd.Appendix 12. Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. GESNERIACEAE LOGANIACEAE LOMARIOPSIDA LYCOPODIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Cyrthandra sp. ARALIACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE ASPLENIACEAE Schefflera elleptica Dischidia sp. Rob. subsp. 1 Philodendron sp. Amydrium medium (Zoll. Lycopodium sp. cumingiana (Benth.) B. Diplazium magnificum Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. & S. Silong pugo Bayating Balete Kataupi Buntot pusa Buntot pusa Hognopilipogon Dolis Katmon-baging Lima-lima Fern Agpoi Fabaceae Diliman Tamling Cucurbitaceae Pakpak lawin Pakpak lawin lalake Uoko Amlong Madulunang Bolong kahinai Lusegut Species Common Name Susong damulag Freq 6 9 1 13 4 36 10 4 8 4 1 2 2 1 13 16 17 1 1 6 1 2 8 3 4 5 1 1 4 1 3 2 5 2 2 5 1 3 2 2 2 3 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.L. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. ) Planch. Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Bikal Bikal babui Kabkab haba Kabkab Pakong bato Fern Fern Fern Nitong puti Nito 9 6 19 12 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 Alangingi Ayo 2 8 1 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. 1 Adiantum sp. loheri (C. MUSCI OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Sphagnum sp. Coelogyne chloroptera Dendrobium sp.) Sw. Bulbophyllum sp. ex Fee PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. (microphylla) POACEAE POLYPODIACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Sm. Sm. Eria sp. multinerve Piper sp. Tetrastigma sp. Dransf. Microsorum longissimum J. Drynaria digitata Drynaria quercifolia (L. PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE Freycinetia sp. 2 Calanthe sp.DC. Vanda sp. 1 Freycinetia sp.) J. Adiantum sp. Procris frutescens Cayratia trifolia (L. 2 SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. (cordata malapad) Piper sp.) Quis. SMILACACEAE URTICACEAE VITACEAE Smilax sp. Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr.) Quis. Piper interruptum Opiz var.Family Ficus sp. Indet. 2 Piper eupodum Piper interruptum Opiz var. Species Common Name Balete Mala-is-is Sphagnum moss Pakong kalabaw Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Orchid Pandan baging Pandan baging Litlit Freq 1 4 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 6 1 8 1 51 33 19 24 12 5 4 Malaisia scandens (Lour. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Schott Appendicula sp. 1 Bulbophyllum sp. 682 0.146 D 0.798 2.713 0.605 E 0.813 1.801 0.733 0.588 1.878 0.859 0.83 0.268 1.882 0.839 0.776 2.699 0.93 0.826 0.881 0.257 2.186 1.977 0.973 0.706 0.183 2.631 0.706 2.976 2.701 0.87 0.644 0.438 0.898 0.787 0.653 0.572 0.812 0.062 2.342 2.899 0.92 0.712 0.667 0.346 0.974 2.724 0.915 0.904 0.45 0.754 0.648 1.787 1.824 0.756 0.648 0.783 0.803 0.402 0.673 0.622 1.087 2.191 2.511 1.897 0.811 2.626 0.727 1.863 0.Appendix 13.553 0.623 2. of Species 11 14 18 11 15 15 13 20 18 11 16 23 23 24 23 24 22 27 16 20 13 20 16 14 27 22 18 12 26 18 22 10 25 18 19 19 17 18 17 8 11 17 13 14 19 10 7 6 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .831 0.913 0.705 0.586 0. Quadrat Q 01 Q 02 Q 03 Q 04 Q 05 Q 06 Q 07 Q 08 Q 09 Q 10 Q 100 Q 101 Q 102 Q 103 Q 104 Q 105 Q 106 Q 107 Q 108 Q 109 Q 11 Q 110 Q 111 Q 112 Q 113 Q 114 Q 115 Q 116 Q 117 Q 118 Q 119 Q 12 Q 120 Q 121 Q 122 Q 123 Q 124 Q 125 Q 126 Q 127 Q 128 Q 129 Q 13 Q 130 Q 131 Q 132 Q 133 Q 134 Elev 1005 1010 1015 1020 1020 1040 1060 1055 1060 1005 1060 1080 1040 1020 970 1010 1000 1035 1020 1030 1000 1035 1015 1020 1060 1090 1100 1110 1080 1080 1070 1030 1050 1030 1020 1030 1040 1050 1080 955 955 955 1010 975 970 970 965 965 H' 1.748 0.886 0.478 2.831 0.855 0.341 2.864 0.868 0.781 0.795 0.843 0.113 1.628 0.529 0. Computed diversity indices of the 178 quadrats with their corresponding elevations and species number.611 0.149 1.229 2.908 1.137 2.766 0.898 0.605 2.157 1.338 1.772 0.647 0.785 0.885 0.893 0.82 0.641 2.846 0.275 2.37 0.895 0.906 0.617 0.874 0.736 0.943 2.484 0.601 2.735 1.571 0.182 2.935 0.537 2.987 2.725 0.469 1.863 0.59 2.969 0.497 0.715 0.26 1.755 0.842 0.894 0.731 0.503 0.05 0.885 0.765 1.639 No.674 2.471 2.826 0.462 0. 88 0.898 0.872 0.887 1.599 1.605 0.887 0.763 0.766 0.854 0.592 0.766 0. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .726 2.79 0.79 D 0.895 0.174 2.807 0.786 2.858 0.687 E 0.864 0.526 0.929 0.412 0.912 0.719 0.864 0.773 0.867 1.764 0.709 2.694 0.761 0.82 0.698 No.664 0.57 0.771 0.93 0.064 1.424 0.784 0.675 0.692 0.573 2.662 0.765 0.656 0.86 0.497 0.782 2.678 0.711 0.427 0.107 2.896 2.745 0.79 0.821 0.959 2.02 2.649 2.608 0.918 2.753 0.89 2.484 2.2 2.667 0.576 2.66 0.52 2.852 0.067 1.847 0.052 2.871 0.682 0.9 0.828 0.718 0.848 0.524 2.686 0.721 0.64 0.612 2.781 0.138 2.883 0.721 0.844 0.991 1.908 0.75 0.092 2.574 2.744 0.781 0.903 3.859 0.827 0.165 2.848 0.664 1.871 2.814 0.607 0.743 0.832 0.908 0.845 0.638 0.744 0.858 0.562 2.929 0.094 2.806 0.78 0.734 2.102 1.906 0.736 0.Quadrat Q 135 Q 136 Q 137 Q 138 Q 139 Q 14 Q 140 Q 141 Q 142 Q 143 Q 144 Q 145 Q 146 Q 147 Q 148 Q 149 Q 15 Q 150 Q 151 Q 152 Q 153 Q 154 Q 155 Q 156 Q 157 Q 158 Q 159 Q 16 Q 160 Q 161 Q 162 Q 163 Q 164 Q 165 Q 166 Q 167 Q 168 Q 169 Q 17 Q 170 Q 171 Q 172 Q 173 Q 174 Q 175 Q 176 Q 177 Q 178 Q 18 Q 19 Q 20 Elev 945 975 1005 1000 1030 980 1050 1100 1070 1045 1100 1100 1095 1080 1040 1015 970 1010 1050 1035 1000 1020 1020 1120 1130 1110 1085 1005 1140 1140 1155 1125 1100 1040 1040 1000 1040 1080 1005 1185 1165 1100 1130 1130 1080 1100 1070 1080 1020 1030 1045 H' 0.803 0.735 0.575 0.851 2.855 0.324 2.693 0.943 1.841 0.849 2.479 1. of Species 8 13 15 19 20 6 15 15 16 11 15 15 15 22 19 26 7 17 25 18 21 21 16 21 23 20 22 12 29 34 28 23 25 24 33 23 30 25 12 24 33 26 35 30 28 32 27 30 14 16 13 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.9 0.698 0.576 1.545 2.293 1.564 0.285 1.067 1.92 0.837 0.563 1.872 0.847 0.708 0.416 0.376 3.153 0. 851 0.594 0.883 0.547 3.706 0.31 1.905 0.642 0.374 1.893 0.352 2.653 0.864 0.888 0.821 0.886 0.868 0.89 2.87 0.149 2.627 0.856 0.71 0.881 0.221 1.875 0.888 0.754 0.841 0.862 0.683 0.897 0.504 1.837 0.872 0.486 2.745 0.413 0.869 0.87 0.069 2.Quadrat Q 21 Q 22 Q 23 Q 24 Q 25 Q 26 Q 27 Q 28 Q 29 Q 30 Q 31 Q 32 Q 33 Q 34 Q 35 Q 36 Q 37 Q 38 Q 39 Q 40 Q 41 Q 42 Q 43 Q 44 Q 45 Q 46 Q 47 Q 48 Q 49 Q 50 Q 51 Q 52 Q 53 Q 54 Q 55 Q 56 Q 57 Q 58 Q 59 Q 60 Q 61 Q 62 Q 63 Q 64 Q 65 Q 66 Q 67 Q 68 Q 69 Q 70 Q 71 Elev 1055 1055 1070 1050 1030 1100 1065 1080 1085 1005 1110 1120 1115 1130 1000 1000 980 970 1015 1040 1060 1040 1070 1040 1065 1035 1080 1080 1050 1030 1050 1080 1010 1030 1035 1050 1060 1090 1075 1200 1180 1170 1150 1145 1130 1140 1110 1110 1090 1110 1110 H' 1.886 0.582 2.85 0.817 0.929 0.866 0.779 0.869 0.17 2.885 0.813 0.886 0.478 2.69 0.555 0.923 0.592 1.569 0.741 0.749 2.443 1.81 0.502 0.881 0.773 2. of Species 15 13 18 15 20 11 12 12 21 11 16 16 20 19 15 17 15 20 19 13 16 23 23 17 17 18 18 17 16 16 15 17 11 18 18 18 18 19 16 20 19 22 28 26 25 25 22 21 15 21 20 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.661 1.933 0.825 0.856 0.321 2.833 0.916 0.682 0.562 2.93 0.586 0. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .375 2.875 0.686 0.852 0.862 0.86 2.887 0.865 0.86 0.395 D 0.598 2.502 2.729 0.994 2.935 0.866 0.384 2.911 0.127 2.709 0.904 0.736 0.012 2.847 0.853 0.799 No.804 0.011 2.762 0.513 2.96 0.802 0.753 0.898 0.824 0.515 2.701 0.731 0.752 0.854 0.803 2.975 2.872 0.37 1.807 0.153 2.828 2.857 2.275 1.987 1.359 2.776 2.415 0.738 2.86 0.779 1.411 2.911 0.153 2.791 0.654 0.695 0.798 0.776 0.811 0.417 2.505 0.838 0.861 0.807 0.905 0.528 2.19 1.835 E 0.603 2.409 2. 723 0.782 0.424 0.796 0.828 0.558 2.389 0.793 E 0.3 2.744 0.956 0.538 0.649 0.732 0.619 1.892 0.443 0.783 0.885 0.778 1. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .474 0.57 0.111 1.Quadrat Q 72 Q 73 Q 74 Q 75 Q 76 Q 77 Q 78 Q 79 Q 80 Q 81 Q 82 Q 83 Q 84 Q 85 Q 86 Q 87 Q 88 Q 89 Q 90 Q 91 Q 92 Q 93 Q 94 Q 95 Q 96 Q 97 Q 98 Q 99 Elev 1090 1070 1070 1045 1065 1060 1070 1070 1070 1080 1080 1060 995 1000 1040 1070 1090 1105 1090 1080 1065 1045 1030 1030 1050 1020 1050 1070 H' 1.786 0.486 1.865 0.61 0.823 0.806 0.685 2.816 0.997 2.856 2.768 0.175 2.859 0.517 0.851 0.675 2.332 2.462 2.265 1.115 2.799 0.404 0.112 D 0.592 0.621 0.211 2.185 2.505 1.484 1.732 0.745 0.706 0.437 0.117 1.797 0.591 0.244 2.562 0.784 0.381 2.832 0.856 0.429 0.201 2.875 0.503 0.594 0.942 0.549 1.792 0.535 0.622 0.505 2.705 No.199 1.264 2.8 0. of Species 17 18 21 15 14 20 22 12 16 23 18 21 20 18 21 19 21 18 21 25 21 24 17 23 20 20 17 20 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.507 0.833 0.774 0.813 0. var. Taxa ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM FERN FERN FERN ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM Family ACTINIDIACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE ANNONACEAE ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE APOCYNACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARALIACEAE ARALIACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE BEGONIACEAE BORAGINACEAE BORAGINACEAE BURSERACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE CLUSIACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE COMBRETACEAE CUNONIACEAE CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYATHEACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE Species Saurauia avellana Elm. Calamus ornatus Becc. Calamus microcarpus Becc. Schefflera elleptica Calamus filispadix Becc. Krause Scindapsus curranii Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson Schefflera obovata Merr. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Begonia negrosensis Elmer Ehretia philippinensis A. ex Hook Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Ilex crenata Thunb. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Cyathea philippinensis Bak. philippinensis Becc. Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Hatus. Pinanga philippinensis Becc. & Tr. var. ex Engl. Caryota rhumpiana Mart. Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Dillenia reifferscheidia F. Garcinia ituman Merr. Saurauia oligantha Merr. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. Ehretia resinosa Hance Canarium asperum Benth. Saurauia latibractea Choicy Saurauia negrosensis Elm. DC. Garcinia macgregorii Merr Terminalia foetidissima Griff.Appendix 14. Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Cyathea integra J. Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Taxonomic list of endemic species in Negros. & Mor.) Sleum. var. Terminalia nitens Presl.-Vill. Calamus merrillii Becc. Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. philippinensis Calamus vidalianus Becc.) Nicolson Homalomena philippinensis Engl. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . asperum Clethra canescens Reinw. & Krause Photoidium lobbianum Schott Rhaphidophora inequilaterus Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Uvaria luzonensis Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. & K. Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Sm. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Lithocarpus vidalii (F. var. ampla Merr. Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Muell. var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. nitidus Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Litsea philippinensis Merr. Larsen Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. cumingiana (Benth. setosus Merr. Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Agrostistachys indica Dalz.) Merr. Artocarpus nitidus Trec. Cleisthantus everettii C.S. ssp.) Airy Shaw Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Robinson Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. Hoffm.-Vill. Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr.) Rehd Engelhardia serrata Blume Callicarpa surigaensis Merr.B. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. var.Taxa FERN ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM Family DRYOPTERIDACEAE EBENACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LECYTHIDACEAE MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE MALVACEAE MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MENISPERMACEAE MONIMIACEAE MORACEAE Species Diplazium magnificum (Copel. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Astronia ferruginea Elm. Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Litsea quercoides Elmer Litsea tomentosa Blume Persia currannii (Merr. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. & S.-Arg.) Kosterm. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) K. Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Litsea leytensis Merr. pentandrus Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Macaranga bicolor Muell. ssp. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill. Astronia ferruginea Elm. Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr. candollei Grewia inflexa Merr.) Pax var. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel. Astronia williamsii Merr. Magnolia candollei (Blume) Keng var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall.-Arg. Neolitsea vidalii Merr. var.) Price. Matthaea philippinensis Perk. Diospyros cauliflora Blume Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr.) Rehd. subsp. angustissima (Merr. Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr. Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr.B. Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Vidal Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm.B. Tarenna acuminata Merr. Syzygium brevistylum (C. var. Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Rob. Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Merr. simiarum (A. & Thoms.-Vill. Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr. f. DC.) de Wilde ssp. var.) Merr. Mussaenda philippica A. Ficus bataanensis Merr. Ficus puncticualata Thunb. var. Ardisia darlingii Merr.) Corner Ficus cumingii Miq. Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr. Canthium fenicis (Merr. Rich. Hoffm.) Merr. DC.) Merr. Palaquium luzoniense (F. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr. Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem.) Merr. Adiantum scabripes Copel. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Ficus callophylla Blume var.) var. ex Hook.) Pax & K. Linociera racemosa Merr. Neonauclea media (Havil. Melicope triphylla (Lam. Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. prainii (King) de Wilde Myristica elliptica Wall. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr.) Merr. Guioa acuminata Radlk.) Sincl Ardisia angustifolia A. Canthium elmeri Merr. Musa textilis Nees Endocomia macrocoma (Miq. Guioa discolor Radlk. Coelogyne chloroptera Spathoglottis elmeri Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C. leytensis Corner Ficus congesta Roxb. Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. cumingii Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Rob.) Merr.) Merr. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq. Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. Palaquium glabrum Merr. Ardisia squamulosa Presl Discocalyx euphlebia Merr.Taxa ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM FERN ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM Family MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MUSACEAE MYRISTICACEAE MYRISTICACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE OLEACEAE ORCHIDACEAE ORCHIDACEAE PANDANACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE PTERIDACEAE PUTRANJIVACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUTACEAE RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE Species Ficus balete Merr. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam.) C.) C. var. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. velutina Adinandra elliptica C. Rob. celtidifolia (Gaudich. var. Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.Robinson) Chew Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Pipturus arborescence (Link.B.) Wedd. Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume Zingiber negrosense Elm.Taxa ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM Family SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE THEACEAE THEACEAE THEACEAE THEACEAE URTICACEAE URTICACEAE URTICACEAE URTICACEAE URTICACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Species Palaquium philippense (Perr.B.) Wedd. Adinandra leytensis Merr. Gordonia luzonica Vidal Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer Dendrocnide densiflora (C. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 .B. Rob. Rob. furniture food. Calamus merrillii Becc. var. floribunda Celtis philippensis Blanco var.C. Family ACTINIDIACEAE Species Saurauia avellana Elm. Rhaphidophora rigida Scindapsus curranii Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Diospyros cauliflora Blume Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Blume Calophyllum blancoi Pl. Saurauia oligantha Merr. furniture food.) Nicolson Homalomena philippinensis Engl. sumatranum Garcinia ituman Merr. resin food. medicine construction construction construction ornamental food. furniture food.Appendix 15. furniture food. Alstonia scholaris (L. philippinensis Calamus vidalianus Becc. List of plant species and their corresponding uses. Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr.E. f. Amydrium medium (Zoll. f. var. Caryota rhumpiana Mart. Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill. & Krause Rhaphidophora inequilaterus Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Fischer Used construction construction construction construction construction food.-Arg. Saurauia latibractea Choicy Saurauia negrosensis Elm.-Arg. & Tr. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. philippinensis Becc. var. Ex Flem. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . furniture food. Buchanania nitida Engl. scholaris Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. medicine premium wood premium wood construction birds' food birds' food birds' food ANACARDIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE ARECACEAE ASPLENIACEAE BEGONIACEAE BIGNONIACEAE BLECHNACEAE BROMELIACEAE BURSERACEAE CANNABACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE COSTACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE EBENACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Begonia negrosensis Radermachera acuminata Merr. Calophyllum soulattri Burm.) R. construction construction medicinal. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Dioscorea pentaphylla L. philippensis Trema orientalis (L. & Mor.) C.) Muell. furniture ornamental ornamental ornamental construction fiber food construction construction construction construction construction construction construction construction food. Ananas comosus Canarium asperum Benth. construction medicinal fiber medicinal. furniture food. Asplenium nidus L. Agathis philippinensis Warb. Calamus microcarpus Becc. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. Calamus filispadix Becc. Calamus ornatus Becc. Br. fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber construction premium wood.) Muell.) Roxb. ex Engl. furniture food.) Bedd. Terminalia nitens Presl. Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. var. Terminalia citrina (Gaertn. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var. Mangifera caesia Jack Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. ex Blume var. ampla Merr. Litsea leytensis Merr. Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid.) Muell. pentandrus Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Litsea glutinosa (Lour. angustissima (Merr. Lithocarpus vidalii (F. clypearia Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr. Macaranga bicolor Muell. nitidus Ficus ampelas Burm. Medenilla aurantifolia Elmer Medinilla cumingii Naud Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Aglaia negrosensis Merr. furniture construction birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food FABACEAE FAGACEAE VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE LECYTHIDACEAE MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE MENISPERMACEAE MORACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. leytensis Corner Ficus congesta Roxb.) Pax var. Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Litsea quercoides Elmer Neolitsea paucinervia Merr.) Rehd Gmelina arborea Roxb.-Arg. var. Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. construction food. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel. Astronia ferruginea Elm. Ficus callophylla Blume var. ssp. Rob. var.) Airy Shaw Manihot utilissima Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. Persia gratissima Gaertn. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. levis (Blanco) Merr.) C. var. ampelas Ficus balete Merr.) Corner Ficus cumingii Miq. mollissimum Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Macaranga tanarius (L. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr.Family Species Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.-Vill. Astronia williamsii Merr.-Arg. Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Litsea philippinensis Merr. ssp.) Merr. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Sterculia oblongata R. cumingii Ficus fistulosa Reinw. Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Rehd. var. Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. Artocarpus nitidus Trec. Neolitsea vidalii Merr.) var. f. Ficus bataanensis Merr. Br. fistulosa Used construction construction medicinal construction construction construction food construction construction construction construction furniture.B. f. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq. medicine construction construction construction construction construction construction construction construction construction food premium wood construction construction construction construction construction construction construction ornamental ornamental construction construction construction construction construction construction construction construction medicine food. Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S.) Quis. malesiana Schot. simiarum (A. ex Hook. bird's food construction. variegata Trophis philippinensis (Bur. construction premium wood premium wood premium wood premium wood medicine medicine MUSACEAE MYRISTICACEAE MYRTACEAE OLEACEAE ORCHIDACEAE PANDANACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE PIPERACEAE POACEAE PODOCARPACEAE POLYPODIACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. & Waterh. Ficus irisana Elmer var.) Merr. Don) Vickery var. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw.) Corner Ficus variegata Blume var. Ficus pubinervis Blume var.-Ham. bird's food construction. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr. Linociera racemosa Merr. multinerve Piper umbellatum L. irisana Ficus irisana Elmer var.B. Myristica elliptica Wall.) Merr.B. Ficus septica Burm. Piper interruptum Opiz var. bird's food construction.) Merr. Rob.Family Species Ficus heteropoda Miq. sycomoroides (Miq. Dransf.) Corner Musa textilis Nees Horsfieldia costulata (Miq. Ficus subulata Ficus ulmifolia Lam. ex D.) Warb. bird's food construction. bird's food construction. Coelogyne chloroptera Spathoglottis elmeri Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Antidesma montanum Blume Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Rob) Merr. Ficus variegata Blume var.) Corner Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. loheri (C. Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr. f. Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Ficus ruficaulis Merr.DC.) Merr. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C. Piper eupodum Piper interruptum Opiz var. Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Syzygium oleinum Wall. Drynaria digitata Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Antidesma tomentosum Blume Aporosa octandra (Buch. Glochidion lutescens Blume Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. ex Wight Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr. DC. validicaudata (Merr. Used birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food construction fiber construction medicine construction. & Thoms.) Merr. Dacrydium beccarii Parl. bird's food construction.) Sincl Syzygium brevistylum (C. Sm. var. pubinervis Ficus puncticualata Thunb. f. Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Rob. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . f. bird's food construction construction ornamental ornamental fiber birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food fiber fiber fiber fiber medicine medicine furniture.) Wils. bird's food construction. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr. Rich.) Alst. Morinda bracteata Roxb. Rob. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Radlk. Guioa discolor Radlk. bird's food food medicine ornamental construction construction construction construction construction construction construction food construction construction construction construction construction construction medicine medicine medicine medicine medicine medicine medicine fiber fiber construction food.) Merr.) Quis.) Pax & K. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Melicope triphylla (Lam. Palaquium luzoniense (F.) Sw.Family PUTRANJIVACEAE RHIZOPHORACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Species Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Bakh. Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. Neonauclea glabra (Roxb. medicine construction construction construction construction fiber birds' food birds' food medicine medicine medicine RUTACEAE SALICACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SCHIZAEACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE SOLANACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THYMELIACEAE VITACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Solanum turvum Bischofia javanica Blume Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.) C. Hoffm.) Burtt & Smith Zingiber negrosense Elm. f.) Pierre Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Alpinia elegans (Presl. Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb. Moore var. Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Merr. Palaquium glabrum Merr.) Merr. ex DC. Schum. Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. & Binn. Neonauclea media (Havil. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.-Vill. et Ridsd.) Vidal Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Palaquium philippense (Perr. Wikstroemia Cayratia trifolia (L.) Raeuschel Acer laurinum Hassk. Neonauclea reticulata (Havil. Carallia brachiata (Lour. Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.) Merr. Guioa acuminata Radlk. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. philippinensis (Brand) Noot ssp.B. Lygodium flexuosum (L. Rubus fraxinifolius Coffea arabica L. cumingiana var. Used birds' food construction construction food.) Merr.) K.) S. Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Symplocos ophirensis Clarke cumingiana lanceolata Merr. ssp. Mussaenda philippica A. Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. 37. 42. 6. 28. 31. 12. 20. 5. Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl Gallirallus torquatus Barred Rail Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown-Dove Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove Ducula poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial-Pigeon Macropygia phasianella Reddish Cuckoo-Dove Streptopelia bitorquata Island Collared-Dove Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Chalcopaps indica Common Emerald-Dove Tanygnathus sumatranus Blue-backed Parrot Prioniturus discurus Blue-crowned Racquet-tail Cuculus fugax Hodgson’ Hawk-Cuckoo s Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Otus megalotis Philippine Scops-Owl Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk-Owl Batrachostomus septimus Philippine Frogmouth Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Actenoides lindsayi Spotted Wood-Kingfisher Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet Dendrocopus maculates Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Flameback Pitta erythrogaster Red-bellied Pitta Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike* Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus urostictus Yellow-wattled Bulbul Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul Dicrurus balicassius Balicassiao Oriolus steeri Philippine Oriole Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Parus elegans Elegant Tit Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Rhabdornis mystacalis Striped-headed Rhabdornis Rhabdornis inornatus Striped-breasted Rhabdornis Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler* Brachypteryx Montana White-browed Shortwing Copsychus luzoniensis White-browed Shama Zoothera andromedae Sunda Ground-Thrush Phylloscopus olivaceus Philippine Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus cebuensis Lemon-throated Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus trivirgatus Mountain Leaf-Warbler Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. 47. 21. 39. agroforest. 41. 24. 48. 51. 53. 9. 32. 35. 2. 18. lowland dipterocarp forest) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Species 1. 44. 3. 40. 13. 25. 49. 22. lowland dipterocarp forest) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Sites Site 2 Site 3 (lowland (transition dipterocarp lower forestmontane transition forest) lower montane forest X X X X X Site 4 (grassland parang.Appendix 16. 8. 43. 26. 19. 11. 27. 50. 23. 38. 52. 7. agroforest. 36. 33. 16. 46. 34. 14. List of bird species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. 45. 10. Site 1 (grassland parang. 17. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . 30. 15. 29. 4. Aethopyga flagrans Flaming Sunbird 67. Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Flowerpecker 70. Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker 75.Species Site 1 (grassland parang. Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle Flycatcher* 57. Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow 78. Orthothomus castaneiceps Philippine Tailorbird 55. Sarcops calvus Coleto 66. Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker 73. lowland dipterocarp forest) X X X 54. Dicaeum bicolor Bicolored Flowerpecker 71. Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird 69. Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*) Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Zosterops nigrogum Yellowish White-eye 76. lowland dipterocarp forest) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 63 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 61 X X X X X 57 52 - Endemics are in boldface. Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher 59. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Eumyias panayensis Mountain Verditer Flycatcher 58. Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker 72. Lonchura Malacca Chestnut Munia TOTAL Sites Site 2 Site 3 (lowland (transition dipterocarp lower forestmontane transition forest) lower montane forest X X X X X X X X X X X X X Site 4 (grassland parang. Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola 56. agroforest. Rhipidura cyaniceps Blue-headed Fantail 61. Zosterops montanus Mountain White-eye 77. Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia 79. Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted Flowerpecker 74. agroforest. Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling 65. Pachycephala homeyeri White-vented Whistler 64. Culicicapa helianthea Citrine Canary-Flycatcher 60. Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch 63. Terpsiphone cinnamomea Rufous Paradise-Flycatcher 62. Aethopyga shelleyi Flaming Sunbird 68. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . lowland dipterocarp forest) Species Family Soricidae 1. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 19. Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat* 7. Rhinolophus arcuatus Arcuate horseshoe bat 11. non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^ Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. List of mammal species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. Pipistrellus javanicus Javan pipistrelle Family Cercopithecidae 14. Cynopterus brachyotis Common short-nosed fruit bat 3. Macroglossus minimus Dagger-toothed flower bat 6. Ptenochirus jagori Musky fruit bat Family Megadermatidae 8. lowland dipterocar p forest) Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest X X P X X X P X X P P P P 13 Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang.Appendix 17. Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque Family Muridae 15. Rattus exulans Polynesian rat^ 16. Rhinolophus virgo Yellow-faced horseshoe bat Family Vespertilionidae 12. Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*). Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig* TOTAL X X X X X X X X X X P X X P P P P 17 X X P X X X X X P X X P P P 14 X X P X X X X X P X X P P P P 15 - Endemics are in boldface. agroforest . Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat 4. Sites Site 1 (grassland parang. agroforest. Megaderma spasma Common Asian ghost bat Family Rhinolophidae 9. Suncus murinus Asian house shrew^ Family Pteropodidae 2. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Harpy fruit bat 5. Kerivoula hardwicki Common wooly bat 13. Viverra tagalunga Malay civet Family Suidae 20. Hipposideros obscurus Philippine forest roundleaf bat 10. Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat Family Viverridae 18. Rattus tanezumi Oriental house rat^ Family Felidae 17. Platymantis sp. Site 1 (grassland parang. Draco spilopterus Common Flying Lizard 13. non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^ Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 . Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*). Lepidodactylus christiani Negros Broad-tailed Smoothscaled Gecko* Family Scincidae 17. Pit Viper TOTAL X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - X X X X X X X X - X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - X - X X X X X X - X X X X X X X X 22 X X X X 15 X X 13 X X X X X X X X 22 - Endemics are in boldface. agroforest. Platymantis corrugatus Rough-backed forest frog 9. 3 Forest frog 3 7.Platymantis sp.Appendix 18. Calotes cristatellus Indonesian Calotes 14. Python reticulatus Reticulated Python Family Colubridae 22. Sphenomorphus jagori Jagor’ Sphenomorphus* s Family Varanidae 20. List of amphibians and reptiles found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.Lycodon aulicus Common Wolf Snake Family Viperidae 24.Platymantis sp. Ahaetulla prassina Elongate-headed Tree Snake 23. Cyrtodactylus annulatus Small Bent-toed Gecko* 16. Mabuya multifasciata Common Mabouya 19. agroforest . Rana everetti Everett’ Frog s Family Rhacophoridae 10. Bufo marinus Marine Toad^ Family Ranidae 2. lowland dipterocarp forest) Species AMPHIBIANS Family Bufonidae 1. lowland dipterocar p forest) Sites Site 2 Site 3 (lowland (transition dipterocarp lower forestmontane transition forest) lower montane forest Site 4 (grassland parang. Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfun Lizard Family Gekkonidae 15. Mabuya multicarinata Two-striped Mabouya 18. 4 Forest frog 4 8. Polypedates leucomystax Common Tree Frog REPTILES Family Agamidae 12. 2 Forest frog 2 6.Platymantis sp. Occidozyga laevis Small-headed Frog 4. Philautus surdus Common Forest Tree Frog 11. 1 Forest frog 1 5. Varanus salvator Malay Monitor Lizard Family Pythonidae 21. Limnonectes visayanus Visayan Fanged Frog* 3. Trimeresurus sp.