Biodiversity

1.(a) (i) Outline the Gaia philosophy. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Explain the difference between an open system and a closed system. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (1) (b) The first and second laws of thermodynamics suggest that energy is neither made or lost, merely transformed. Using a named ecosystem, outline how this occurs. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (3) 1 (c) (i) Explain how socio-political and economic pressures have caused or are causing the degradation of a named area of biological significance. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (4) (ii) Describe and evaluate one strategy to address the problems you have identified in (c) (i). ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (3) (Total 12 marks) 2 2. Scientists estimate that current rates of species extinction could be as high as 137 species a day. (a) Describe and evaluate one way in which this rate of extinction may have been calculated. (5) (b) Explain why some species are more susceptible to extinction than others. Support your answer with named examples. (6) (c) A proposed solution to loss of biodiversity is the creation of protected areas. For a named protected area, explain how it is designed to preserve species diversity and evaluate its success. (6) Expression of ideas (3) (Total 20 marks) 3. The diagram below shows some of the environmental problems caused by a demand for greater agricultural production. re d u c tio n o f lo n g -te rm p ro d u c tiv ity in c re a s e d s o il e ro s io n d a n g e r to h u m a n h e a lth lo s s o f s p e c ie s d iv e rs ity e u tro p h ic a tio n h ig h n itra te c o n c e n tra tio n s in d rin k in g w a te r re sid u e s o n fo o d lo s s o f h e d g e g ro w s a n d w a lls dam age to S S S Is * h a rm to n o n ta rg e t s p e c ie s n a rro w in g o f g e n e tic b a s e o rg a n ic p o llu tio n o f fre s h w a te r in c re a s in g u s e o f p e s tic id e s in c re a s in g u s e o f fe rtiliz e r s o il c o m p a c tio n lo s s o f s p e c ie s d iv e rs ity m o n o c u ltu re s in d o o r re a rin g o f a n im a ls a n im a l a n d p la n t b re e d in g m e c h a n is a tio n d e m a n d fo r g re a te r p ro d u c tio n * S ite s o f S p e c ia l S c ie n tific I n te r e s t [Source: Kevin Byrne, Environmental Science, (Nelson Thornes Ltd., 1997) p. 167. Reproduced by permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd.] 3 “Protecting the environment is a luxury that only the most economically developed countries of the world can afford. (5) Expression of ideas (3) (Total 20 marks) 4. national and international groups. In your answer you could consider local. (5) Expression of ideas (3) (Total 20 marks) 4 . In your answer you should refer to examples from both more economically developed and less economically developed countries. (2) (b) Discuss the arguments for and against the statement above.(a) Explain why there has been a demand for greater food production in many societies around the world. (4) (b) With reference to two specific problems from the diagram above. Justify your answer.” (a) State whether an ecocentrist or a technocentrist is more likely to agree with the statement above. (8) (c) Suggest ways in which agricultural productivity can be increased without detrimental effects on the environment. explain the environmental consequences of increasing agricultural production. (10) (c) For an environmental issue you have studied. describe the roles of different groups in the management of this issue. 5. Consider resource inputs. (6) (b) Outline the impact of the two systems identified in (a) on the surrounding environment. (5) (c) (i) Suggest reasons why human food resource needs will change over the next 100 years and how this change may be achieved. Draw and label a systems diagram of a tree that shows inputs. (2) Expression of ideas (3) (Total 20 marks) 7. (a) Outline the factors that make some organisms less prone to extinction and the factors that make others more prone to extinction. Your answer should be based on named examples. (5) (b) List three Red Data Book categories and explain the criteria used to assess a species’ conservation status. Use named examples to support your answer. Illustrate your answer with named examples. resource outputs and technology. (6) (c) Justify your personal viewpoint on the best strategy for conserving a named protected area. (3) 5 . (6) Expression of ideas (3) (Total 20 marks) 6. (a) A tree can be thought of as a system. (a) Compare two different food production systems. (4) (ii) Outline what impact a changing demand for food resources may have on the environment. outputs and storages of matter and energy. ....................................................... ................. ......................................................... (3) (d) Outline three reasons for the relative value of tropical rainforests in contributing to global biodiversity......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....... (3) (e) Explain the role of decomposers in an ecosystem.........................................................................................................................(b) State two functions of producers in an ecosystem............................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (2) 6 ......... ............................................................................ ...................................................................................................................................... .............. ................................................................................................................................. ....................... (2) (c) For a named ecosystem. draw a food chain with named species showing three appropriately labelled trophic levels.......................................................... ............................................................................................... ........... ...................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................ ............................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .... .......................................................................................... Group Approximate number of 3 species / × 10 Number of extinctions Extinction rate / % loss Mammals 4 90 2......................... .................................. ............250 Birds 9 113 1................. (3) (Total 16 marks) 8........... amphibians: ......................................................... The table below gives an estimate of the number of species within each group and the number of extinctions from that group since the year 1600....................................................................................................................................... .................................................250 Reptiles 6 23 0....................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................(f) Suggest what effect a significant and prolonged decrease in the pH of rainfall would have on primary productivity in a terrestrial ecosystem............................................................................................................................................................................380 Amphibians 4 2 ? 19 25 0.................................. .............................................................................................. flowering plants: .. (2) 7 .. ......................................................................................130 1000 98 0...................................................................................009 250 384 ? Fishes Invertebrates Flowering plants (a) Calculate the extinction rate (as a percentage loss) for amphibians and flowering plants................................ Explain your answer......................................................................................... ............................................................................ ................................................. .... .................... .................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(b) In the next 100 years it is estimated that at least 100 species of large terrestrial predators will become extinct............................................................................................................................................................ ................................... (1) (d) Evaluate the success of a named protected area...................................................................................... ............................................................................................. .................. ........... (2) (c) State one governmental and one non-governmental organization involved in the conservation of species....................... ...... Non-governmental: .................................... .............................................................. .......................................................................... (3) (Total 8 marks) 8 .............................................................................................................................................................. Governmental: ................................................... ..................... ...................................................................... Suggest why this particular set of animals is prone to extinction........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....... ....... p......................... ................................................................................................................................5 N u m b e r o f e x tin c t s p e c ie s N um ber of hum ans (b illio n = th o u s a n d m illio n ) 9........................................... (1) (ii) Describe the pattern of growth in Figure 1........................... A (1993) The Human Impact on the Natural Environment............................................................... ................................................................................................................ Figure 1 Figure 2 3 60 2 ...........................5 50 M a m m a ls 40 B ird s 2 1 ... ..............................................Figure 1 shows the Earth’s human population increase over time and Figure 2 shows the number of species which became extinct in each 50 year period since 1600.................................................125] (a) (i) Estimate the date at which the human population reached 2 billion............ (2) 9 ........................ ....................... (1) (iii) State how the natural increase rate for human populations is calculated....................... Blackwell............ .........................................................................................................................................................5 1 0 ................ ................... 0 30 20 10 0 [Source: Goudie....................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... according to the Red Data books................................ (2) (iii) Outline the criteria used to classify a species as extinct............................................................................................ ........... (1) (ii) Compare the rates of extinction between birds and mammals since 1650....................................................... (2) 10 ..................................................................................................... Birds .................................................................(b) (i) Determine how many species of mammals and birds became extinct from 1900 to 1950.......... ..................................................................................................................................................... ................ ........ ............................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Mammals .................................................................... .......................................... ................. (4) (Total 13 marks) 10.......................... .................................................................. and suggest reasons for your answer............ ....................................................................................................................................................................................... ............. ....................... .... 21 March 1998.......................................................................... ................................. ............................................................................................... The figure below shows the numbers of known species in a range of animal and plant groups.................5 0 ................................(c) State a probable relationship between the data in Figures 1 and 2....... .....0 1 . 0 In s e c ts Fungi B a c te ria A ra c h n id s V iru s e s A lg a e 0 ....................................................................................................7 5 1 ....................................................... Also included on the same figure is the estimated total number of species for each group.............................................5 m illio n s N e m a to d e s P la n ts P ro to z o a M o llu s c s C ru s ta c e a n s Ve rte b ra te s N u m b e r o f k n o w n s p e c ie s E s tim a te d to ta l n u m b e r o f s p e c ie s in g ro u p [Source: UNEP printed in the Economist....................... this includes the species that have yet to be discovered.................................................................................................................................................................... page 12] 11 ..................................................................................................................... .......................................................2 5 1 ............................2 5 0 .......................... ................................................................................................. .................................................... (1) (b) (i) Suggest one reason why it is so difficult for scientists to state exactly how many species exist in a group..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(a) (i) State which group contains the most known species................................................................................ ......................... (1) (ii) State which group has the greatest difference between known number and estimated total number of species........... ................................................................................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Suggest why the number of known vertebrate species may so closely match the estimated total number........... .................................................................................................................. ......................................... ........................................ (1) 12 ......... ............................ ................ . ......................... ..................................................... (6) Expression of ideas (2) (Total 16 marks) 13 ....... .......................................................................... .................. ................................................................................................ Direct threat: .. ......................................... .......................................... identify one direct and one indirect threat to the ecosystem’s biodiversity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................... (a) Compare and evaluate the role of global and local approaches to environmental problem solving............ Indirect threat: ...................................... ............ (8) (b) Justify the importance of the scientific study of small-scale local ecosystems in environmental problem solving............................................. .... (3) (d) With reference to a named ecosystem................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Support your answer with examples................................................................................................................................ (2) (Total 9 marks) 11..................................... Named ecosystem: .......................................(c) Outline a field technique you might use for collecting species diversity data for one of the groups listed in the figure above....................................................... Support your answer with examples............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ page 282] 14 .wikipedia.12. (a) Describe the typical features of a climax community. (4) Expression of ideas (2) (Total 20 marks) 13. Wolf (carnivore) http://en.wikipedia. John Wiley and Sons. with the aid of an example. (4) (b) With reference to a named ecosystem describe the natural and human threats it faces and discuss the consequences for its future equilibrium. Ecology. The graph below shows wolf (predator) and moose (prey) population trends from 1959 to 1983. (10) (c) Explain.org/wiki/File:Bigbullmoose.org/wiki/File: Tierpark_Sababurg_Wolf.jpg [Source adapted from: Paul Colinaux (1993).jpg Moose (herbivore/grass eater) http://en. the role of feedback mechanisms in the regulation of ecosystem equilibrium. ............................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... describe the trend between wolf and moose numbers between 1972 and 1979........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................(a) Using data from the figure above... .................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................ . ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................ ..................................................................................................................................................... (2) 15 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................... (2) (c) Predict what might happen to the moose population and their habitat if wolves become extinct................................................................. ................................................................................. . (2) (b) Suggest two possible explanations for the dramatic fall in wolf numbers in 1979................................. ........................... ..................................................................................................................... ............. ... and explain why it is a problematic term................ (5) Expression of ideas (2) (Total 20 marks) 16 . [Source: Cater and Goodall..(d) Wolves are often described as a pest species.................................. ....... (5) (c) Discuss the concept of sustainable development.......... explain why safeguarding ecosystems is so important for sustainable tourism.......................... and examples of ecosystems you have studied............................................................................................................................ ............................................................... edited Mannion and Bowlby............................. Environmental Issues in the 1990s...... (3) (Total 9 marks) 14........................ ..................... (8) (b) Predict and justify what impact global warming may have on tourism trends in the future............................................................................................................................ (June 1992)] (a) With reference to the statement above..... ....................................... Outline the arguments for protecting wolves.................................................................................................................................................................... publishers John Wiley and Sons Ltd......................................................................................................................................... Sustainable tourism depends on: (a) meeting the needs of the host population in terms of improved standards of living in the short and long term (b) satisfying the demands of increasing tourist numbers (c) safeguarding the environment to achieve the two foregoing aims........................................ ....................................................... .......... . (a) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of a species based approach to conservation................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................................................................... ................................ .................................................................................................................................. Figure 1 A B 1 km C 1 km K ey: 1 km n a tu re re s e rv e ro a d 17 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................15........................................................................... (3) Figure 1 below shows three different shapes of nature reserves... ......................................................................................................... .................................................. .................. ........................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ (3) Figure 2 below shows a table of invertebrates caught within a small woodland nature reserve using a series of pitfall traps........................................................................................................... ............................................... ................................... ................. ..........................................................895 18 .............................................................................................................................. .......... ....................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................ Figure 2 Pitfall trap data for invertebrates Invertebrates Number Springtails 520 Ground beetles 400 Greenflies 43 Spiders 33 Centipedes 34 Flies 24 Harvestmen 27 Woodlice 12 Ants 13 Wasps 17 Simpson’s Diversity Index = 2.................(b) Discuss the strengths or weaknesses of the shapes of the nature reserves in Figure 1....................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................ (2) (ii) The pitfall trap technique was used over a four-year period to monitor invertebrate species diversity................................................ ...................................................................................................................................................... .. (2) 19 ...................................................................... .................................................... ................................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ...................................................................... (2) (iii) Outline a method for estimating the population size of ground beetles in the woodland nature reserve..........................(c) (i) Draw and label a pitfall trap............................... Each year the value fell by approximately 12 %....................................................... ... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................ Suggest how this information may be used to manage the woodland nature reserve in the future........................... .......................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... (6) Expression of ideas (2) (Total 20 marks) 17............................................................................................ ........................................... . (6) (c) Discuss the characteristics of an ecosystem that would allow it to support high biodiversity and explain what the threats are to this ecosystem................................................... ........................................................................ ... .......................................................................................... . ................... ..................... .................................................................................................................... (3) 20 ................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... (6) (b) Compare and contrast the production : respiration ratios of a food production system you have studied and a natural ecosystem with a climax community............................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (a) Distinguish clearly between succession and zonation using named examples and diagrams..................................................................................................................................... (a) Suggest why the size of a nature reserve is an important factor for the conservation of large animals........................................................................................ .......................................................................(d) Outline the relationship between plate tectonic theory and species evolution..................................................................................... (2) (Total 14 marks) 16.................... ........................................................ ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................................... (2) (c) Outline two historic causes of mass extinction....................................(b) Outline what is meant by the term species based conservation................................................................................. ................................. (2) 21 ........................... ...................................................................... ........................................................... ............................................................................................................... ........................... Name of threat: ......................................................................................................................... Conservation strategy: ........................................................ (4) (Total 11 marks) 22 ................................... © Cambridge University Press] Select two threats from the table above and suggest a conservation strategy for reducing each threat................ Ecology: Principles and Applications (1999).............................................................................................................. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(d) The table below shows reasons why some plant species have become endangered........................................................................................... Conservation strategy: ................................... ............ Threat Number of endangered species Collecting by gardeners/tourists 35 Overgrazing 33 Populations critically low for breeding 31 Clearance for agriculture 22 Industrial and urban growth 16 Logging in forests 12 Dams and flooding 8 Changes in farming practice 6 [Source:J L Chapman and M J Reiss........................................... .............................................................................. Name of threat: ................................ ............ .............com......................18................................................................................. Reason: ............................... giving reasons....................... www..........customcartoonart................................ two actions from the poster which will promote species diversity...................... Action 1: ... ................................................. Reason: ......... [Dave May....... (1) (b) (i) Identify........................................................................... Washington State Department of Ecology] (a) Explain why the poster recommends that manure piles are kept away from streams........................................................................... Action 2: ............................................. Below is an information poster designed to show how individual actions can help to promote sustainability........................................................... (2) 23 ................................................................................................................................................ ............. ........................................................................................ 2 .................................................................................................................... .............................. 1 ............. (2) (Total 7 marks) 19.............................................................................. ....................................................................................................................................................(ii) Explain why species diversity is considered to be an advantage to an ecosystem..................................................................... Figure 1 Location map of Madagascar [© Conservation International Foundation] 24 ............ .......................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... (2) (c) Suggest two reasons why grass cuttings and natural fertilizers are recommended as fertilizers rather than artificial fertilizers in the poster............................................................................................................. that is they live nowhere else on Earth. which are characterized by forest with mosses and lichens. with high levels of endemism (species unique to a geographical location). Madagascar broke off from the Gondwanaland super continent more than 160 million years ago and is an example of species evolution in isolation. although. Madagascar has evolved unique species. four bird families.Figure 2 Introduction Madagascar has an astounding total of eight plant families. the island does not share any of the typical animal groups of nearby Africa. tropical rainforests in the east give way to dry deciduous forests along the western coast. A unique spiny desert covers the extreme south. The island also has several high mountain ecosystems. Instead. tragically. The natural vegetation of the island is diverse. On Madagascar. [© Conservation International Foundation] 25 . and five primate families that are endemic. Despite close proximity to Africa. fifteen more species have been driven to extinction since humans arrived. Madagascar’s more than fifty lemur species are the island’s charismatic worldwide ambassadors for conservation. 450 400 m ax av erag e m in 30 25 T e m p e ra tu re / ºC 350 T e m p e ra tu re 300 250 20 200 15 150 10 100 5 50 0 Jan F e b M a r A p r M a y Ju n Jul A ug S ep O ct N ov D ec 84 86 85 85 87 86 86 86 84 83 83 85 7 7 8 8 R a in fa ll / m m 0 H u m id ity / % 7 7 6 7 6 6 4 6 H o u rs o f s u n s h in e p e r d a y [Courtesy of Columbus Travel Media] 26 .Figure 3 A climate graph for Toamasina. a major seaport in Madagascar. It has an elevation of five metres. Figure 4 Madagascar: key environmental facts Area / km 2 600 461 Vegetation remaining / km 60 046 2 11 600 ♦ Endemic plant species 57 Endemic threatened bird species 51 Endemic threatened mammal species 61 Endemic threatened amphibian species Extinct species Human population density / people/km Area protected / km Key: ♦ ■ 45 ■ 2 32 18 482 2 endemic: species found only in this location recorded extinctions since the year 1500 [© Conservation International Foundation] 27 . the native animals were not initially afraid and were easily hunted by the colonists. In addition to agriculture. lateritic soils and were devastating to the fragile ecosystems of the island. The central plateau of Madagascar is almost completely deforested – and is now a lifeless land of infertile. However. while grazing rabbits.Figure 5 Human impacts The geographic isolation that allowed Madagascar to evolve diverse and unique species also contributed to its environmental degradation. goats. industry and small-scale mining are growing threats. which are inappropriate for infertile. On the other Indian Ocean Islands. hunting and logging. brought as food sources. slash-and-burn farming and cattle grazing. pets or for pest control. It is estimated that only about 17 % of the original vegetation of Madagascar remains. The Malagasy people came to Madagascar from Africa and Asia and imported rice cultivation. Rats. these same threats have been worsened by the introduction of invasive alien species. baked red earth. In an area that is already one of the most economically disadvantaged in the world. this growth rate is putting tremendous pressure on the natural environment. Because humans did not arrive on the islands until 1500–2000 years ago. cats and mongooses have devastated populations of birds and small reptiles. [© Conservation International Foundation] 28 . and deer have stripped many landscapes. the population is growing at more than 3 % per year and is expected to double by the year 2025. In addition. exotic plant species such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) threaten the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems. pigs. The 18 million people who live in Madagascar today do not represent a very large number considering the land area of the island. org] 29 .wildmadagascar.Figure 6 Soil degradation on the central plateau Madagascar suffers from some of the worst land degradation and erosion in the world as seen by the dark areas of the aerial photograph below.photos. [Source: www. Figure 7 Logging tables Conventional logging • Too many roads and skidtrails • Too many landings that are too large • Substantial canopy opening • Subsequent invasion by vines and pioneer plant species • Significant damage to other vegetation. landings. shorter cutting cycles • Total cost is 10–15 % lower • Wood waste is reduced by more than 60 % [Source: Tropical Forest Foundation] 30 . and skidtrails by almost 50 % • Significantly less canopy opening • Better survival of residual trees • Faster recovery. including future crop trees • Large number of lost logs Reduced-impact logging • Reduces soil disturbed in roads. [© Conservation International Foundation] 31 .images.Figure 8 Conservation in Madagascar About 2. A number of lemur species have been bred successfully in captivity. the first lemur reintroduction program introduced captive-born black and white ruffed lemurs into the Betampona Nature Reserve. Eco-tourism has provided a source of income for local communities. For example. Efforts at species-focused conservation represent important progress for the future of several unique species. [© Conservation International Foundation] Photograph of a black and white ruffed lemur [Source: adapted from www. Attempts to identify and safeguard the areas remaining natural habitats are being implemented with projects that demonstrate the value of this conservation to the country.wildmadagascar. strict nature reserves established to conserve ecosystems and special reserves designed to protect a particular species or a group of species.gif] Lemurs have been the focal point of species-based conservation efforts in Madagascar.7 % of Madagascar’s land area is officially protected in national parks.org/pictures/1997/sifaka1. and. in much of Madagascar the economic value of the remaining forests is of enormous importance. in 1997. Number of species Animal group Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Lemurs 0 9 2 Tenrecs (rodent-like insectivores) 1 7 3 Geckos and chameleons 3 12 5 Carnivores (fossa.org] 32 . The climax vegetation type up to the coastal margin is mixed tropical forest.Figure 9 Tropical forest ecosystem The diagram below represents a tropical forest ecosystem on the north east coast of Madagascar.europe. mongoose) 0 1 0 Frogs 0 5 2 Insects 2 14 9 Scorpions 3 0 1 [Source: adapted from www.2007-aliens. Table of surveyed animal groups present at the three sites shown on the map above. fanaloka. ............................................................................................................................. (2) 33 ...................................... ............................................................................. ...................20.............................................................................................................................. (a) Suggest why Madagascar has such (i) high biodiversity...................... ........ ................................................................................ .... (2) 34 .................................................... .......................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................(ii) high rates of endemism (species only found in Madagascar)........................................................ .................................... ... (1) 35 .......................................................................................(b) Explain why Madagascan species have been vulnerable to hunting in the past.................................................................................. ................................... ............................................................... (4) 36 .(c) Construct a model (diagram) that demonstrates why the soil of the central plateau in Madagascar has become degraded. ...................................................................................................................................................................... explain why reduced-impact logging is likely to be more sustainable than conventional logging............................................................................................................ ........... ...................................................................................................... ........(d) With reference to Figure 7........................................... ........................ (2) 37 ............................................................................. ......................... calculate the proportion of Madagascar’s total area which is protected................................................... (1) 38 ......... .... ...........................................................................(e) (i) With reference to Figure 4..................................................................................... ........................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................... (2) 39 .... ...............................................................................................................................(ii) Suggest two reasons why the economic benefits of conservation are being promoted by the authorities in Madagascar.............................................. ........... ..................................................(f) With reference to Figure 9..... ....................................................................................................................................................... ............................... (3) 40 ......................... .................................................................. ... ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 and 3........................... (i) suggest two reasons for the variation in animal groups found at sites 1..................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ................................................................... ........................................................................................ ............... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(ii) evaluate the reserve shown according to principles of good reserve design....................................................................................................................................................................................... .... ................................. (3) 41 ...................................... ...(g) (i) With reference to Figure 5........... .................. ................................................................................... state the expected total Madagascan population in 2025............................................................................................................................ (1) 42 .......... .......................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ... ............................................................................................................... (2) (Total 23 marks) 43 ................................................................................................................................. .......................................(ii) Justify whether or not you think the government should attempt to reduce the rate of population growth on the island........................... (6) (b) Explain how the mechanisms of evolution have led to an increase in biodiversity in the past. why some species are more likely to become extinct in the future than others. (4) Expression of ideas (2) (Total 20 marks) 44 . and how human activities now seem to be reversing this trend.21.” [Source: Peter Raven (past President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. up several hundred times beyond its historical levels. states in the foreword to their publication AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment)] (a) Explain. the permanent loss of species. and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the twenty first century. “We have driven the rate of biological extinction. with reference to examples. (8) (c) Discuss why scientists may differ in how optimistically they view future extinction rates. Y. Z R oad S p e c ie s X .Y.22. Z 1km 1km 45 . Figure 1 shows two wildlife reserve models. Figure 1 M odelA M od el B S p e c ie s X . Z S p e c ie s X . Y and Z are found in all three reserves.Y.Y. Model A has two isolated reserves whilst Model B has a corridor connecting the reserves. Z S p e c ie s X . Species X. ..... ....................... state............. whether Model A or Model B is better for the conservation of genetic diversity of species X.. ............................................................................................................................................. giving a reason....(a) In Figure 1..................................... (1) 46 ................................................ Figure 2 B IO M A S S P re c ip ita tio n L IT T E R S O IL R u n o ff L e a c h in g W e a th e rin g 47 . ..... ..................................................................................... (1) 48 ..(b) Figure 2 is a nutrient model for a rainforest ecosystem.................................................................................................................... The size of the circles represents the amount of nutrients stored and the width of the arrows represents size of the flow of nutrients..... ................................ (i) Explain why the nutrient store for the biomass is so large..... ...................................................................... .................................................................................... (1) 49 .......(ii) Explain why losses due to leaching are so large............................................................................. .......... ..........................................(iii) State......................................... (1) 50 .................... .. whether the model in Figure 2 shows an open or closed system.. giving a reason........................ ....................................................................................................................... ............................................................(iv) Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the model shown in Figure 2............................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... .... ................................................................................................................................ (2) 51 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..... ................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. .................................................................. (2) (Total 8 marks) 52 .................................................(c) Outline two reasons why tropical rainforests are vulnerable to habitat destruction.......................... ....... pp. 351. together with the area of each of the regions in km . Nature (1991). Vol.23. © Nature] 53 . The table below gives the number of flowering plant species for several tropical regions in the 2 Americas. 21-22. “Neotropical plant diversity”. Region Surface area in km Amazon Basin 2 Estimated total number of species 7 050 000 30 000 383 000 40 000 Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil 1 000 000 10 000 Central America including Mexico 2 500 000 19 000 Northern Andes [Data from: Andrew Henderson and Steven Churchill. ............................................................ (1) 54 ...................(a) (i) Which region has the greatest number of species per unit area? ............................................. ............................................................ .....................................................(ii) Which region has the lowest number of species per unit area? ............................................................................................................ (1) 55 .......................... .............................................................................................................................. .................... (2) 56 .................................... .................................................................................................. ................................................................................................(iii) Explain the range of biodiversity shown in the data above........................................................................ ........................................................ ................................................................................................................. .................................................................... .................................. giving an example...................................................................................................................................................... ............. ........................................................ ..................(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term endangered species.................................................................................................................................. (2) 57 .......................... .............................................................................................................................(ii) List three factors which may lead to a species becoming endangered.......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ..................................................................... ... ............................................................................................................................................................. (3) 58 .................................................. ................ ................................................................ ... ........................... ................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................... ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ with an example for each............................. (3) 59 ................................................................................................................................................................................(c) Give three ways in which efforts are made to protect endangered species......................................... ........................................................ .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(d) How might natural selection lead to an increase in species diversity? ............................................................................................................................................ (3) (Total 15 marks) 60 ............... ....................................... .... .......................... The graph below shows the number of animal groups (families) that have existed at various times in the Earth’s history. 600 300 0 600 400 200 0 M illio n s o f y e a rs b e fo re p re s e n t 61 . 900 N u m b e r o f fa m ilie s 24. ......................(a) Describe and explain the shape of the graph above......................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................... .......................................................................................................................... (2) 62 ........................................................................................................ ............................................................ 3 21 Amphibians 4.2 2 Fishes 19.The table below gives one estimate of the number of recorded extinctions of animals and plants from the year 1600 to the present.1 23 Invertebrates 1000 98 Flowering plants 250 384 63 . Group Approximate Number (thousands) Recorded Extinctions Mammals 4 85 Birds 9 113 Reptiles 6. ..............................................................(b) (i) From the data in the table....... which group is the most liable to extinction? ............. (1) 64 ........................................... ............................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... (1) 65 .... ............................................... ....................................................(ii) Give an explanation for your answer......................................................................... ............................................ ..................................................................... .......................................................................................(c) Describe two ways in which the period of extinction since 1600 is different from those periods of the geological past shown in the graph...................................... ............................. (2) 66 ......................................................................................................................................... ............................................... .................................................................................................. (2) 67 .................... ..(d) Give two factors that may make a species particularly liable to become extinct.............................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... (2) 68 ................................................ .............................................................................. ....................................................................(e) Give two possible effects that extinctions since 1600 may have on human quality of life..... .................................................................... ................................................................................................. using specific examples...................................................................................................................................................................(f) Give three ways in which efforts are being made to prevent further extinctions occurring.............................................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................... ............... ........................................... (3) 69 ............................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ .......................... .......................... .................................................................. (2) (Total 15 marks) 70 ............................. ...............................(g) Name a species of organism that has become extinct due to human activity....................... and describe why it became extinct........................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................... ...... ................ .................................................................................... (2) 71 ................25..................................................................................... (a) Explain the term biodiversity.................................................................................................... ................................................................... ..................................... ......................... ..............................................................................................................(b) On which type of biodiversity is it most effective to focus conservation efforts? Give a reason for your answer..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................... ........ (1) 72 ........................ (Blackwell Sciences.3 [K Gaston and J Spicer.2 Desert 29 241 000 55.The table below gives the total area of various biomes and the percentage of their area that remains undisturbed by humans. Biome Temperate forest 2 Total area (km ) Percentage area undisturbed 9 519 400 6.1 Tropical rainforest 11 812 000 63. Biodiversity: An Introduction.8 Tundra 20 638 000 99. 1998). Reproduced by permission of Wiley-Blackwell] 73 . ........................................ (6) 74 ................................ ....................... ................ ............................................................................................................... ........................................................................................ .......... .........(c) (i) Evaluate the significance of the data in this table for biodiversity.................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ...................................................... ............. .....................(ii) In which of the biomes listed in the table would you expect extinction rates to be highest? Give two reasons for your answer.................................................................................................................................................. (2) 75 .................................................................................................................. ........... ................................... ... ............................... (2) 76 ............................................ and give two reasons for its extinction........................................................................(d) Name one species of plant or animal that has become extinct over the last 500 years............................................................................................................................................................................................ ................................ ............................................................................................ .......................................(e) State two examples of steps which are being taken to prevent further extinctions............. .......... ................................... (2) (Total 15 marks) 77 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Altitude (m) Number of species 0–500 2000 500–1000 1950 1000–1500 1550 1500–2000 1100 2000–3000 950 3000–4000 500 4000–5000 200 [Data from a diagram in Gaston K and Spicer J. The table below gives the approximate number of bird species found at different altitudes in tropical South America. 1998] 78 .26. Blackwell Science. Biodiversity: an Introduction. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................(a) Describe and explain the relationship between altitude and number of species shown in the table................................................................................................................ .................... ................................................ ......................................................... .................................................. ...... (3) 79 ..................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Define habitat diversity and species diversity. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) 80 (c) Give two reasons why biodiversity should be protected. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) 81 (d) Outline three characteristics that an area should have if it is to be designated a nature reserve or similar protected area. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (3) 82 ................................................................................................................................................................ ............................... (2) 83 ....................................................................................... It is surrounded by farmland with several towns............ .......................................... ............. ............................................................................................................ Describe some of the changes that might occur in the area following its protection in this way.......................................................................................................................(e) An area of forest has been made a nature reserve.............................................................. ........................................ ............................................................................................................................... ...................................... ...... .......................................................(f) Briefly describe a named protected area or nature reserve that you have studied and explain how it has been managed to protect its biodiversity............................................................................................................................................................................................. (3) (Total 15 marks) 84 ...................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... .......... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............... 27. fish Right 200 4 Plankton Sei 256 54 Plankton. squid Sperm 2400 1950 Fish. fish Grey 20 21 Crustaceans Humpback 115 10 Plankton. fish Minke 140 725 Plankton. fish. Species Estimated numbers before 1750 (thousand) Estimated numbers in 1999 (thousand) Main food source Blue 228 14 Plankton Fin 548 120 Plankton. squid 85 . (a) The table below shows estimates of worldwide population numbers of some whale species. ...... .................................................. (1) 86 ..........................................................(i) Identify which species of whale shows the greatest percentage decrease over the period 1750–1999........... ................ suggest one other way in which humans may have caused a decline in whale numbers........................................ (1) 87 ......................................................................(ii) Other than hunting of whales................................................. ... ....................................................................... ...................... .................. ........................................ .................................................................... ......................................................................................(iii) List three characteristics that might make some whale species more prone to extinction than others.................................................. (3) 88 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ............... ................................................................................ ...............(iv) Outline two special difficulties found in the preservation of open-ocean species..... (2) 89 .......................... .................................. Greenpeace has publicised whaling that is still carried out by Norway and Japan partly for research purposes........................................... (3) 90 .............................................................................. ...............(b) The International Whaling Commission issued a ban on all commercial whaling in 1986................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................... ............ ................................. .............................................................................................................. ................................................................................. ...................................................................................... Compare the role of Greenpeace as a non-governmental organization (NGO) and UNEP as an international organization supported by governments in the preservation of global biodiversity.................................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................... ..... .................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................(c) For a named habitat................................................................... ................... ............................................. .................................................. ...................................................................... (3) (Total 13 marks) 91 ...................................................... discuss the arguments for its preservation................................................... .......28.................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................. (2) 92 ....................................................... (a) Explain the term biodiversity.................................. ........................................................ ........................ ........ ........................... (2) 93 .............................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................. ................................(b) List four arguments for the preservation of biodiversity...................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ...................................................................................................................... ................................................................................ ............................................................. (3) 94 . .............................................................(c) Describe the processes that may lead to the formation of new species................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................... ................................................ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(d) Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of a species-based conservation strategy compared to the use of reserves..... ......................... ........ (4) 95 .......................... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ....................... ............................. ................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ...... .............................................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................... A B L a rg e reserv e (1 ) S m a ll reserv e O n e la rg e (2 ) S e v e ra l s m a ll C o rrid o rs (3 ) N o c o rrid o rs R ound (4 ) N o t ro u n d For each pair (1) to (4).................................................. ... ............ ................................................................. .............. explain why the areas represented in column A might be considered better for conservation than the areas in column B.......................................................... (4) (Total 15 marks) 96 ............................................................................................................(e) The diagram below shows the layout of various conservation reserves............................ The reserves represent “islands” containing protected ecosystems surrounded by unprotected areas affected by human activities....... ................................... .............. ............ (ii) Lowest total rate of extinction: .......................................... The table below shows the approximate numbers of species that have become extinct since 1600 on continents............................................................................ Essentials of Conservation................. (i) Highest total rate of extinction: ............. .............................................................................................................. on islands and in oceans............. ............................................................................. .................................................... Sinauer Associates Inc................................................................................ (1) (c) Suggest two reasons for the difference in the rate of extinction between these two groups.. Biological group Total number of living species Number of extinct species (since 1600) Continents Islands Oceans Total Mammals 4 000 30 51 2 83 Birds 9 000 21 91 0 112 Reptiles 6 300 1 20 0 21 19 100 22 1 0 23 >1 000 000 49 48 1 98 Fishes Invertebrates [Source: R B Pinnock..................................29....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (2) 97 ....................... (1) (b) Use the data in the table to determine which groups of organisms have had the highest and lowest total rates of extinction in relation to the number of living species.................. ............................ ........................................................................................................... (1993)] (a) Calculate the percentage of mammals that have become extinct since 1600......................................... compared with the number of species alive today...... . (d) Explain the differences between the numbers of extinctions on islands and those on continents. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (5) (Total 9 marks) 98 30. (a) Define the term species diversity. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Explain how natural selection may produce new species. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) (c) (i) State two natural factors that might lead to a loss of biodiversity. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) (ii) State two types of human activity that might lead to a loss of biodiversity. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 7 marks) 99 31. Explain how the shape and size of a protected area may influence its success in protecting the organisms and ecosystems within it. ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ (Total 4 marks) 100 The graph below. 1996] 101 . shows the number of animal species that have become extinct in each 50 year period since 1600. HMSO. 150 120 N um ber of rec o rd e d e x tin c tio n s 90 60 30 0 Y e a rs [Source: Based on material in a scientific paper by F D M Smith and others 1993. London. Biodiversity Assessment: A Guide to Good Practice.32. ......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................... (5) (b) State four factors that might increase the likelihood of a species becoming extinct.......................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................... ................. ............. ... ................................................................................................................................................ ................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................ .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(a) Describe and explain the changes in the extinction rate represented by the data in the graph............ (2) (c) Distinguish between the terms endangered and extinct...................... .................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (2) 102 .............................................................. ............................. .............. ............................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... . ....................................................................... ...........................................................................................................(d) Name a species that has become extinct since 1600...... (3) (e) (i) Name and briefly describe an area or ecosystem that has been protected to preserve its biodiversity................................................................................................... and state two reasons for its becoming extinct..................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ........................................ .............................................................................................. ........................ ............................................ .............. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2) 103 ....................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... and evaluate their success.......................................................... ............... (5) (f) Distinguish between genetic diversity and habitat diversity....................................................... ............................................................................................... .................... (1) (Total 20 marks) 104 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................... ..................................................................... ................................................. ............................. ...................................... ...................................................................................................(ii) Outline three measures that have been introduced to protect the organisms and ecosystem(s) in the area named in (e) (i) above........................................................................................................................... ...................... .......................................................... ..................................................... ........................................................................................................ ......... ............................................................................................................ ............................ ...... ................................................. ......................................................................................................................... state one advantage and one disadvantage for each of the listed approaches to conservation of a species................................................ ........................................ ....33............................................................. ... ...................................... (a) Name one endangered species and state two measures that might be taken to protect that species.................................... (6) 105 ................................................. ................................................................................................................ (3) (b) In the table below......................................................................... .......................................................................................... ............................................ ....... .............................. .......................................................................................................... ......................................................... .......................... ...................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................... .......................... ...................... ......... ........... ................................ ................................................................................... ......................................................... Zoos Creation of reserves or protected areas Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Advantage Disadvantage ................... ............................................. ............................................. ................... 140 120 100 N u m b e r o f flo w e rin g p la n t s p e c ie s 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 A re a o f is la n d / k m 7 8 9 10 2 106 .................................... ................................................ ............................................................................................................................................. The graph below shows the relationship between the area (in km ) of each of the islands and the number of flowering plant species found on them................................................................................................. ....................... .................................................... ..................................................................................... A study has been made of the number of flowering plant species that occur on six islands off the 2 coast of the same country........................... ........................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (3) (Total 12 marks) 34..........................................................................................................(c) Name and briefly describe a national park or other protected area that you have studied and evaluate its success............................................................................. ................................................... ................................ (1) (c) Predict the effects of the introduction of goats or some other species of large herbivore on a small island ecosystem............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Red List of Threatened Animals............................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. ........................... ............................................... (2) (b) Suggest one possible reason for the relationship described in (a)...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1996] 107 ............ (2) (Total 5 marks) 35................................................................................................................................................. The table below shows estimates of the world’s bird species.......................................................................................................... Total known bird species 9 600 Bird species declining in number 6 500 Bird species threatened with extinction 1 100 [Source: data from The World Conservation Union................................................. .................................................. ..................... ...................................... .............................................................................................. ........................................... .......(a) Describe the relationship between island area and plant diversity shown by the graph............ .......................... ................................. ................................................... ......................................... ............................................. .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ..................................................... (2) (Total 5 marks) 108 .... (1) (b) Discuss any possible sources of inaccuracy in these data.......................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................... ..........................(a) State two factors that can lead to the loss of diversity in birds.............................................. (2) (c) Outline problems for the conservation of bird species that migrate over very long distances............................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................................... .............. ......................................................... Environmental Science................. Species group: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ (1) (b) (i) Define the term endangered species..... (Nelson Thornes Ltd................... (1) (ii) Determine which species group has the highest proportion of extinct species.......................36.....................................] (i) Determine which species group has the highest proportion of endangered species........ Species Group Number of Native Species Number of Extinct Species Number of Endangered Species 44 1 not known 523 6 not known 6 0 1 Freshwater fish 41 2 2 Bees/wasps/ants 542 17 41 Spiders 687 0 22 Land mammals Birds Amphibians [Kevin Byrne......... %: .............. 267........ (1) 109 ........................................................................................ Reproduced by permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd......................... expressed as a percentage of the number of native species... ..... Species group: ......................................... 1997) p........................................................ (a) The table below shows the number of native species in a European country which are endangered or extinct........................ %: ..................................... expressed as a percentage of the number of native species..... ........................ .................................................................................................................................(ii) Name an animal species.... .................... which is currently endangered............ Governmental: ........................................................................................................................................... .......................... (1) (iii) State the reasons for the species named in (ii) becoming endangered.................................................................................... .................................................................................................... and outline the possible consequences of its extinction................... (a) Name one governmental organization and one non-governmental organization involved in preserving and restoring ecosystems and biodiversity............... .................................................................................................. ....................................................................................................... ........................ .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Non-governmental: ............................................................................. .............................................................. (2) 110 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ......... ............... (5) (Total 9 marks) 37........................................................ native to any part of the world............................................................................................ ... 5th edition................................................................................................................. .............................................. (Blackwell...................................................... .........................] 111 .............40 3......................................... and the diversity (as measured by a diversity index) for three types of habitat in the same country............... The Human Impact on the Natural Environment.............................. The table below shows the bird biomass per square km............................................................................................................... ............................................... the total number of birds per square km......................................................................................19 [A Goudie................................................................................. ... Reproduced with permission of Wiley-Blackwell........................................................................................(b) Compare the roles and activities of these two organizations......................... (4) (Total 6 marks) 38......................................................................................................... 2000).............................................. the number of species of birds..............13 3...... ............... ............................. ..................... Bird biomass / kg km Number of birds km –2 –2 Number of bird species Diversity index City Farmland Forest 213 30 22 1 089 371 297 21 80 54 1.............................................................................................................. ... ............................................................................................ ...................................................................... .............................................(a) (i) Define the terms species diversity and habitat diversity.......................... .................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................. (4) (b) (i) Define the term speciation.................... (1) 112 .................................................................................................................................................................... ............................ .................................................................. ............................................................................................................ .................................................................................. ............................ ...................................... ........ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................. ....................................................... (2) (ii) Describe and explain the data in the table above...................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................... (2) (Total 11 marks) 39...................................................................... .............................................................................. (2) (iii) Explain how the isolation of a population of organisms (e............................................................................................................................................................................................. or are threatened by human activities............................................................ (1) 113 ......... ......g...........................................(ii) Outline how natural selection may influence speciation.................................................................................................................................................... ...... ....................... .................................................................................................................................................. .... on an island) could alter the characteristics of the species............................................................... over time.......................................................................................... .......................... .................... state a human activity that has affected or might affect the biodiversity of the area.......... ............................ ........................................................................ (a) (i) Name and briefly describe an area where one or more natural or semi-natural ecosystems occur that have been affected by human activities................................................................ ............................................ (1) (ii) For the area named in (a)(i) above...................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................... ............... ..................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................ (3) (c) List three factors that make a species prone to extinction......................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................... (3) (Total 9 marks) 114 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................... ............................................................................(iii) Outline how this activity has affected or might affect the biodiversity of the area........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................... ................................................................ .......................................................... (1) (b) Explain the importance of CITES.......... ................................................................................................................. ............................. ..... .............................. ........................................................ ............................................................................................................................................... the bar-chart below provides data for the total number of native plant species (species that occur naturally in the region)................................... 18 000 15 000 N a tiv e s p e c ie s 12 000 I n tr o d u c e d s p e c ie s 9000 6000 3000 H a w a iia n Is la n d s N ew Z e a la n d A u s tra lia C o n tin e n ta l E u ro p e S o u th e rn A fr ic a [Source: based on C B Cox and P D Moore.. ..................................................... Biogeography............................................. 21 000 N u m b e r o f s p e c ie s 40.................................................................................................................................... ........................................................... (2000)................................................................................................................................................................ and the number of introduced species (species that have been brought in through human activities)............................................................... 6th edition Blackwell............................... (4) 115 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................ Oxford] (a) Suggest reasons for differences between the regions using the data in the bar-chart above....For selected regions of the world.............................................................................................. ......................................... ......... ........................................................................................................ ........................... .... ............................ ................................................................... ................................................ ..............................(b) (i) Define the terms habitat diversity and species diversity............................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................... (2) (ii) Outline the evolutionary processes that link habitat diversity to species diversity.......................................................................... ..... .................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................. .................................... (5) 116 ........................ ................................................................ ............................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................. ............ ................................................................................................................................................. ....... (2) (d) (i) Name a protected area that you have studied.(c) Name a species of plant or animal that has become extinct since 1600........................................................................... ................................................................................................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. ..................... ........ (3) 117 ... .................................................................................................................. ..... and list two factors that help to explain why that species became extinct........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................... ................................... (1) (ii) Suggest three reasons that might explain why the area was selected for protection...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................... ............................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .. ......................................................................................................................... ...........(iii) Evaluate the success of the named protected area................................................. (3) (Total 20 marks) 118 ...................................................................................................................................... 41. (a) Forest reserves A and B, shown in the diagram below, have been designed to conserve threatened species. Both reserves have the same area. R ese rv e A – su rro u n d e d b y s u s ta in a b ly m a n a g e d fo re s t R ese rv e B – s u rro u n d e d b y c ro p la n d Evaluate the likely effectiveness of the reserves in conserving species, with reference to their shape and the management of surrounding land. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (4) (b) (i) State four categories used to define the conservation status of species in the Red Data Books. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) 119 (ii) For a named species with a small declining population, outline three possible reasons why the population is decreasing. Name of species: ............................................................................................... 1 ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................... (3) (iii) Predict the possible effects on the ecosystem if the species named in (ii) were to disappear. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (3) (c) Explain how CITES helps to protect threatened species. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 14 marks) 120 42. (a) (i) Distinguish between genetic diversity and habitat diversity. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) (ii) Describe and explain how the diversity of an ecosystem might be expected to change throughout ecological succession. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (4) (iii) In December 1834 Charles Darwin visited a very small island off the coast of South America. He noted that “there were many wild goats” on this island, but that in colour and appearance they were surprisingly similar to each other. Explain why the population might have shown this degree of similarity. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (3) 121 ........................................................45 9000 85 0....................... ........... population and genetic diversity............................................................... ....................48 Addo Elephant Park Index of genetic diversity [O’Ryan et al.......... pages 85-94............................................................................................................................................. ... ......................... .................... (5) 122 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... and the size of the buffalo population in each........................................................ Animal Conservation (1998).......................................................................................... .....................................54 St Lucia 38 826 175 0... .........................................72 Umfolozi 47 753 8400 0......................................] (iv) Describe and explain relationships evident in the table amongst area..........................................................................................The table below gives an index of the genetic diversity (the higher the number the higher the diversity) for the buffalo populations of four reserves in South Africa...................................................................................... Reserve Area/hectares Buffalo population Kruger National Park 1 945 500 30 000 0.. Volume 2......... Reproduced by permission of Wiley-Blackwell.............................. together with the size of each reserve.......................................................................... ..................... ................................................................................ ................... .................................................. ..................................................(v) Discuss how data of this sort are important in decision-making on the size of national parks and reserves.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................... ..................... giving an example of each..................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................... ....................... (2) (b) Identify four factors that can lead to the loss of biological diversity in an area............................................................ ........ . .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................. (4) (Total 20 marks) 123 ............ ........................ ............................................. 414.. Time and Life (Blackwell................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................... show a transition from tropical forest at the base.......... .............................. .................... p...................................................................... .............................................................................. These mountains................................................................................... (2) (ii) Use the data in the graph to state and explain the relationship between species diversity and habitat diversity...... ..................... ............................................................................... Biogeography: Space. 2003)................................................................................................................................................................................................. . Reproduced by permission of Wiley-Blackwell] (a) (i) Define the terms species diversity and habitat diversity.......................... to a tundra-like ecosystem at high altitudes.............. ................................................................................................................................. .................... ..........................The bar-graph below shows the number of bird species found at different altitudes in the Himalayan Mountains....................... in northern India............................................................................................................................... 9000 8000 7000 6000 A ltitu d e / m 43.... (2) 124 .................... 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 100 200 N u m b e r o f b ird s p e c ie s 300 [G M Macdonald............... .................................................. ........................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ................................. Suggest a possible reason for this change.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Weakness: ............. ...........................(b) (i) In an African country the proportion of adult female elephants occurring naturally without tusks increased from 10..... ................. ........................................................................5 % in 1969 to 38........................................................................................................................................ (2) 125 ................................................................................................ .................................................................................. (3) (iii) Explain the purpose of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)........... .............................................. ........ Purpose: ... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... and state one limitation or weakness of the convention....................2 % in 1989................................................................. .......... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2) (ii) Suggest what might happen if a small population of elephants were to be isolated from other elephants for a number of years............................................ .............................................................................. .................................................. ............................................................................................................. .................. .........................................................................(iv) Describe a named example of the species-based approach to conservation............................................... ..... .......................... ................ (4) (c) “Human activities often simplify ecosystems......... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................... ... ................... (5) (Total 20 marks) 126 ...................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................” Explain this statement............................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................. .......................................... making them unstable.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................... ................................................................. ........................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................ and evaluate its success...... ....................................... 500 K ey: g ra s s la n d 400 2 (a) T o ta l a re a p ro te c te d / k m 44................................................ ra in fo re s t 300 200 100 1910 1930 190 1970 1990 Year [Adapted from J Sayer............................cengage.................................... ........................................................................................ a part of Cengage Learning. The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests................. C Harcourt and N Collin ........................................ Reproduced by permission... www.................................................................... ........ ..........The following graph shows the increase in total area of two types of protected habitats in a region of Africa between 1910 and 1990.....com/permissions] (i) Suggest two reasons why there might be a greater area of grassland protected than rainforest........ Africa © 1992 Gale................... Inc....... (2) 127 ................................... ............................................. ......... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................... (2) 128 ................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................. (2) (iii) Suggest a possible reason for the difference between these percentage increases of protected area for the two habitats............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1) (iv) Explain the significance of the increase in protected rainforest to global biodiversity......... .............................................. .......................................... .........(ii) Calculate the percentage increase in protected area for each of the two habitats over the last twenty years shown on the graph...................... ..................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ................... ....................................................................................... .................................................................................................................. ................................................. ..... ................................................................. ................................... .......................S c ie n tific re s e a rc h ...............N o h u m a n a c tiv ity...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. Transition zone .............................................. Buffer zone ......... ........................ ........................ .......................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................... (4) (Total 11 marks) 129 .........S u s ta in a b le e x p lo ita tio n b y lo c a l re s id e n ts ..........................E c o -to u ris m .................................(b) The diagram below represents the plan of a proposed nature reserve: K ey: T ra n s itio n z o n e : ............ C o re z o n e : .......................................................................................................................... B u ff e rz o n e : .....................................................................................................................H u m a n s e ttle m e n ts o f lim ite d s iz e .................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................... Core zone ..................................................................................................... Explain the benefits of each of these three zones for the purposes of conservation............................................. ................................... ................ ........................................................................ ..................................... .................... ................. if increased.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................... Identify which of these three....................................................................................... ........ ................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. habitats and genes..................................................... ................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................... ....................... (4) 130 ........ ........................................................................................................................................ (a) The concept of biodiversity includes the diversity of species......................... ................................................................................. (3) (b) Describe the mechanisms that have naturally led to an increase in global species diversity in the past.......................45........................................................................................................... Explain your answer...................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. would be most likely to lead to an increase in the other two................. ................................................. . ..................................... ........................................... ................................................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................................(c) Outline one relative advantage and one disadvantage of a conservation strategy focused on a single species compared with those focusing on whole ecosystems........................................................................................ .................................. (2) (Total 9 marks) 131 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................