Beyond Denotation in Arabic-English Translation

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Select the sites below and start sharing.Readcast this Document Login to Add a Comment Share & EmbedAdd to Collections Download this Document for FreeAuto-hide: on Sayyab Translation Studies Series (STSS), Book # 2 Series EditorsSaid Faiq,American University of Sharjah (UAE) & University of Exeter (UK) Rifaat Ebied,University of Sydney (Australia) Associate EditorsAlya’ Al-Rubai’i,University of Baghdad (Iraq)Allen Clark,University of Mississippi (USA) Series FounderAli Al-Manna’, University of Durham (UK) Advisory Board Roger Allen,University of Pennsylvania (USA) Rasoul Al-Khafaji,Middle East University (Jordan)Mohammad Farghal,Kuwait University (Kuwait) Ovidi Carbonell,University of Salamanca (Spain) Abdullah Shannaq,Yarmouk University (Jordan) Hasan Ghazala,Umm al-Qura University (Saudia Arabia) Dinha Gorgis,Jadara University, Jordan Raymond Chakhachiro,University of Western Sydney (Australia) Zouhair Maalej,king Saud University (Saudia Arabia) Kadhim Al-Ali,Basra University (Iraq) Abdulfattah Al-Jabr, Bahrain University (Bahrain) Kadhim Bakir, Al-Ain University (UAE)Mustapha Taibi,University of Western Sydney (Australia)Jamal Gaber, Academy of Graduate Studies (Libya) Sayyab Translation Studies Series (STSS) The aim of Sayyab Translation Studies Series(STSS) is to present a series of bookson central issues of intercultural communication through translation and/orinterpreting. Based on input from various linguistic and cultural contexts, eachbook in the series offers a comprehensive study of topics pertinent to the work of translators and interpreters as intercultural communicators/agents. The books inthe series are intended for researchers, practitioners and students of translationstudies, language and intercultural studies. Sayyab Translation Studies Series(STSS) invites submission of proposals andmanuscripts concerned with critical discussions of translation and interpreting frommulti- and interdisciplinary perspectives. For further information, please contactthe publisher: Sayyab Books–LondonPrinting, Publishing, Distribtion & Translation EBC House, Ranelagh Gardens,Fulham SW6 3PA,London–UKwww.sayyab.orghttp://www.sayyab.co.uk/[email protected] + 44 790 441 604+ 44 9066 417 178 Beyond Denotation in Arabic-English Translation Edited by Said Faiq&Allen Clark Sayyab Books–LondonPrinting, Publishing & Distribution .…13 Invasion and evasion in translating idiomatic expressions Hasan Ghazala……………………………………………………………………………. In 2008 she received her M. He is the author of many publications on translation.. Al-Ghazalli ……………………………………………………………………………... She lived most of her life in Kuwaitwhere she was educated in public schools and Kuwait University from which shegraduated with a Bachelor’s degree in English Language and Literature in 1988. is thetranslator of Thinking Arabic Translation: A Course in Translation Method: Arabic toEnglishby: James Dickins.. No part of this publication may be reproduced... Abdul-Sahib Mehdi Aliis Professor of Linguistics and Translation at the Universityof Sharjah... a Palestinian......11 IntroductionAllen Clark & AllisonBurkette …………………………………………………………….. British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record of this book is available from British Library ISBN 978 1 906228 28 6 Cover design by Jawad al-MudhafarTypeset by Al-Junub Typesetters....... Hassan……………………………………………………………………………………..………………..co...........…..uk+ 44 790 441 604+ 44 9066 417 178 © Sayyab Books...…... A Dictionary of Translation and Interpreting(2002). 2010 All rights reserved...220 Notes on Contribuotrs Manar Abdalla.....21 Translating metaphor: Notions and pedagogical implicationsAbdul-Sahib Mehdi Ali………………………………………….. Sandor Hervey. lexicography....Published bySayyab Books EBC House.. Sadkhan…………………………………………………………………………….42 The validity of componential analysis in translating metaphorMaha Tahir Eesa……………………………………………………….A LinguisticStudy of the Development of Scientific Vocabulary in Standard Arabic(1987).. and Ian Higgins (2007)...60 Translation of colour metaphor: A collocational and idiomatic perspective Ramadhan M. and contrastive linguistics:Encyclopedia of TranslationTerminology (2007). Iraq (1982-1993)..Fulham SW6 3PA........ has worked for the Higher Colleges of Technology(HCT) in Sharjah & Dubai (UAE) since 1995.uk/contact@sayyab... intranslation and interpreting from the American University of Sharjah (UAE)... 92 A decoding-encoding approach to translating simile between Englishand ArabicAli Al-Manna’ …………………………………………………………………………………………..... stored in aretrieval system...126 Apposition in English and Arabic: A contrastive studyMehdi F....Allison Burketteis an Assistant Professor of Linguistics at the ...... without written permission of the publisher. Shehas been engaged in/with translation for business and media purposes.co.. she serves asthe Student Academic Advisor at Sharjah HCT.....200 ‘kaana’ in English Aboudi J.... Ranelagh Gardens. recording or otherwise... University of Sana’a (1994-1998) andChair of the Department of Translation. Currently. He served as Director of Free Language Courses andDeputy Chair of the Department of English..172 Translating political euphemisms from English into Arabic Manar Abdalla & Said Faiq………………………………………………………………….72 Translating collocations between English and Arabic: Towards collocationalequivalenceAli R........ Basra... andTrainingTranslators and Conference Interpretersby Wilhelm Karl Weber (1990). Al-Mustansiriyya University.mechanical.sayyab...........108 Irony: A multi-disciplinary approach to the translation of a literary conceptRaymond Chakhachiro…………………………………………………………………………..210 Index…………………………………………………………………………………………….lexical semantics.. ContentNotes on Contributors…………………………………………………………………………………………7 PrefaceSaid Faiq……………………………………………………. Shetaught English in secondary schools before moving to education management andbusiness in the private sector both in Kuwait and Jordan... electronic............. photocopying......London–UKhttp://www.. He is the recipient of several awards for excellence in research and academicperformance.….. or transmitted in any form or by any means. Al-Hassnawi…………………………………………………………………………………….…185 Handling loanwords in technical translation into Arabic Musallam Al-Ma’ani…………………………………………………………………………….... where he was Chair of the Department of English Language andLiterature (2000-2004)..A......156 Arabic euphemisms: The question of politeness in translation Mohammad Farghal ………………………………………………………………………………………......... the Application of Holmes s Approach in FourTranslations of Shakespeare s Sonnet 18 (2004. no.Said Faiqis Professor of Translation & Intercultural Studies at the AmericanUniversity of Sharjah (UAE).1). Mehdi Falih al-GhazalliHolds a PhD in linguistics and translation.He has published widely on translation and intercultural studies. He serves as co-editor (with Fred Pragnell and Ali Al-Manna’) of ‘Translating Arabic Literature: a bilingual reader’. he has published widely in bothregional and international linguistics/translation journals.Cultural Encounters in Arabic Translation(2004). of English/Kuwait University.Interpretation and Teaching (1998). He is the translator of Peter Newmark’sA Textbook of TranslationintoArabic. He has published a number of books and articles on bothsubjects. where he was Director of Studies for undergraduateand graduate programs in translation and interpreting. where has been teaching both undergraduate andpostgraduate courses since 2001. teaching Arabic as a foreign language. Saudia Arabia. heworked in Africa (1987-08) and the Middle East (1988-89). and second language acquisition. She has published manyarticles on Translation and Literary Studies. (1990-2003). 7 Allen Clarkis an Instructional Assistant Professor of Arabic at the University of Mississippi and the Director of its Arabic program. where he was Chair of department (2003-07) andDirector of the graduate program in Translation and Interpreting (2002-2007).His bookTheTranslation of Irony: An Interdisciplinary Approach with English and Arabic as aCase in Point is due to be released in early 2011. Her areas of interest include empirical linguistics and languagevariation. specifically lexical and grammatical variation in American English. He has directed graduate (doctoral and master) research in these fields. He received his Ph. He is the author of Varieties of English Simplified (1994).Stylistics. Al-MustansiriyiahUniversity. Previously. Hasan Ghazalais currently Professor of Translation and Stylistics at Umm al-QuraUniversity. he worked for YarmoukUniversity/Jordan from 1988–2001. he isa teaching staff member in the Translation Department.A Dictionary of Stylistics and Rhetoric: English-Arabic (1996). Heis a Visiting Professor at Exeter University (UK).University of Mississippi. His latest bookIssues in Translation between Arabic and Englishis to appear in 2011. She isalso the current Associate Editor for Book Reviews for the journalAmerican Speech. with reference to the Arab and MuslimWorlds.and many other publications on Arabic and translation. 1). Al-Ghazalli worked in the Faculty of     . Hehas published papers on translation and is a reviewer for a number of translationand interpreting journals. He has beenpractising interpreting and translation at the professional level for many years.Essays in Translation and Stylistics(2004). He is an established figure in the fields of translation and intercultural studies. He was visiting lecturer atLeeds University.vol. Stylistics(1996). Maha Tahir Eesais an Assistant Professor of Literary Translation and Criticism atAL-Qadisiya University where she teaches translation. no. He is8 currently working on his forthcoming book entitledStylistics and Translation inAction.The focus of his research concerns problems associated with international newstranslation specifically in the Arabic-English language pair. His academic interests lie intranslation. Since then.7. At present.D. Her recent publications include:Utilizing Global and Local Coherence Strategies in Poetic Translation(2004. UK (1996-1998). 3.Al-Qadisiya Journal.Trans-lated: Translation and Cultural Manipulation (2007). Mohammad Farghalis Professor of Linguistics and Translation in the Dept.Raymond Chakhachiroholds a PhD in Translation from the University of WesternSydney where he is a Lecturer in Interpreting and Translation. UK. Prior to his current position.vol.Identity and Representation in Intercultural Communication (2006). includingIntra/inter-cultural translation(2009). Al-Qadisiya Journal. in General Linguisticsfrom Indiana University/USA in 1986. then at SalfordUniversity. In addition. at Al-Isra a University in Jordan.Teachers’Training. Al-Hassnawi is an author of a number of many published articles and translations. Currently. he worked for King Fahad Higher School of Translation in Tangiers. symposiums and workshops. from 1998 to 2001. he is a doctoral researcher at Durham University (UK). Dr. He is theauthor of two military dictionaries:Dictionary of Contemporary Military AbbreviationsandDictionary of Sultan’s Armed Forces Military Terms. contrastive linguistics and universal grammar.London as well as Founder of Sayyab Translation Studies Series and Sayyab Translation Journal. Ramadhan M.Prof. His researchinteresets are translation theory.Sight Interpretation: Practical Lessons (2007).aspect and translation in both Arabic and English. Currently. in Localization and Technical translation9 from the University of Salford (UK). Prior to joining SQU. He is the co-founder (with Prof. heis the language and translation expert of Oman Accreditation Council (OAC). Libya. he was awarded post doctoral researchgrants in Translation from Onassis Foundation (Greece). He holds a Ph. From 2006 to 2008. Kadhim Al-Ali and Asst. Healso works at the American University of Sharjah (AUS) as an adjunct teaching onundergraduate and postgraduate programmes in translation studies. He serves as co-editor (with Fred Pragnell. administrative. Aboudi J. He has also published ongeneral and technical translation. Ghazalli worked in theTranslation Department. Hisresearch interest extends over some translation issues within the framework of Comparative Linguistics and contemporary translation studies. where he was both anexecutive translator and supervisor of a wide range of translation related to textsof different nature: military. QaryunisUniversity. both are in-house references for the Sultan’s Armed Forces in Oman. Ali Al-Hasnawi isa holder of Masters in Linguistics in 1994. medical and legal. He has authored and co-authored a number of research papers on tense. Hassanis currently an Associate Professor of Linguistics and Translationin the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Translation at Ajman University of Science& Technology (AUST.Morocco. He also hastaught media and translation courses for the Sharjah Police Academy. Ali Al-Manna’is Founding Director of Sayyab Books . He has published many articles and studiesaddressing the domains of translation and linguistics:A Linguistic Analysis of Leaflets Airdropped over Iraq in 1990-1991(2006). Language and Nature (2005) andThe Dictionary of Omens and Superstitions(2007). He is the Translator of Language and Mind. Theory and Practice (2008). He is co. He is co -author (with Faisal Al-Manna’) of AComprehensive Guide to English(2007) andTranslation: History. he is adoctoral researcher at the Universiti Sains Malaysia (Malaysia). he is an interpreter and a freelance translator at manyinternational and regional conferences. Faculty of Arts.translator (with Alya’ Al -Rubai’i) of Modern Iraqi Short Stories(2009). where he is the head of the Translation Department. Beside his universityteaching experience. Currently. His current interests relate tolanguage of newspapers and lexeme selectivity. Oman. technical. 10 Preface Said Faiq This book is theoretically practical and practically theoretical. then a PhD holder inLinguistics and Translation in 1999. He haspublished many papers on translation and contrastive linguistics.D. Adel Al-Thamiry in of the Department of Translation/College of Arts/University of Basra 2002). Musallam Al-Ma’aniis assistant professor of translation at Sultan QaboosUniversity (SQU). He is co-translator(with Fred Pragnell) of Ten Stories from Iraqi (forthcoming). he asrecently developed research interest in some modes of interpretation as anempirical field of study. Allen Clark and Raymond Chakhachiro) of ‘TranslatingArabic Literature: a bilingual reader’. UAE). Sadkhanis Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Translation at theUniversity of Basra (Iraq). Beforejoining AUST. Later. he worked for the RoyalAir Force of Oman as Head of the Translation Department. It seeks to establish adialogue between the various theories of language use beyond denotation andapplications that relate theory to practice   . providing speakers with the categories into which reality can be placed. through our mother tongue. When the beyond denotation is invoked. The use of metaphor. Nature (reality) does not come inprepackaged bits. different domains. Aristotle goes on to comment thatthe use of metaphor is a “sign of genius.users flout the norms and conventions that exist in their language. The differences between ‘go away’ and ‘piss off’. The bookwill surely be enjoyed by those looking for theories and their relevance toArabic/English translation theories that can also be applied to other languages and by those looking for practical testing of such theories. for example. Highlighting sameness among differences isthe task of metaphor. Part XXII). Given that translation is intercultural communication par excellence. manageable pieces. One of theprimary jobs of language. Benjamin Lee Whorf comments that speakers of different languages are directed by their grammars and lexes to make differentobservations and evaluations of reality. such as “hill” or “horizon. cultural andethical dilemmas for translators. as perceivers and users of language. metaphor. Languages differ not only in howthey build their sentences. and not to realize that language first of all is aclassification and arrangement of the stream of sensoryexperience which results in a certain world-order. this book explores issues of language use beyonddenotation. metaphor ‘breaks the rules’ of classification. then. we are parties to anagreement to do so. as Allen Clark & Allison Burkette write(Introduction. the names and labels available to us. loanwords. connotation is. but rather by exploring the beyond denotation realms of language use. But this is not the story of communication throughlanguage. different domains beyond denotation. Language imposes structure onto our raw experience. thisbook connects theory and practice for the translation of the beyond denotationstrata of language. is to classify what is perceived. In some ways. and discoursal meanings of verbs that all require specialattention by the translator to produceappropriatetranslations between Arabic andEnglish. Such communication is established through the combination of use anduser. allowing us toclassify together things and ideas from different categories. Aristotle comments in hisPoetics that the mastery of metaphor “consists in giving the thing a name thatbelongs to something else” (Section 3.” onto segments of our perceptions. In translation. but do sothrough the manipulation of its components lexis and grammar. but in how they break down nature tosecure the elements to put into those sentences.” Itis this ‘allowing us’ to do things with words not immediately attributed to the‘good grammar book nor the good dictionary’ that poses linguistic. cannot beadequately processed by relying on the good grammar book and the gooddictionary. a certainsegment of the world that is easily expressible by the type of symbolic means that language employs. Whorf further explains:We cut up and organize the spread and flow of events as we dolargely because. such as idiomaticity.with reference to translation.which is animated by user-intentionality. simile. In terms of literary metaphor. (1998: 55)Using symbols. apposition. It is thissystem of classification that Whorf believed to be the basis of culture itself. we break up the world we seeinto discrete. in this volume). denotation is not that problematic. 11 IntroductionAllen Clark & Allison Burkette In his writings on language. not because nature itself is segmented inexactly that way for all to see. collocation.euphemism. irony. Part I). Whorf writes:We are inclined to think of language simply as a technique of expression. So. A basicdefinition of language is that it is no more than a good grammar book and a goodmonolingual dictionary. as the title states. we impose names andlabels. (1998: 240)Thus language classifies. allowing us toclassify together things and ideas from different categories. “… ‘breaks the rules’ of classification. for example. often undertaken to enhance the understanding of a difficultor abstract concept or . since a good metaphor implies an eye forresemblances” (Section 3. andyet to be attended to wholeheartedly in mainstream translation studies. Overview: The dictionary definition of an idiom is “*A+ phrase. Their most special and essential component is idiomaticity.4. Idioms are metaphorical and cannot be understood directly. particularly literary language. “*A+ group of words whose meanings cannot be predicted from themeanings of the constituent words” (Collins English Dictionary . Their syntactic form is usually fixed and cannot be changed ordescribed as ungrammatical. 1970).namely. But idioms have yet to receive their dueattention. “*T+he sense of the whole cannot be arrived at from a prior understandingof the p arts” (Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English. Not clearly included in the definitions given above.5. especially from English into Arabic. 1991: 670). 1983: x). much. transferred from oneplace (word) to another in the manner of a physical object. and why. 1992). 13 Chapter1 Invasion and evasion in translating idiomatic expressions Hasan Ghazala Introduction: One of the most intricate topics in the field of translation is idioms. idioms are special. Apart from referenceshere and there in passing by few writers on translation (Baker. Thetranslators’ task here ranges from evasion to invasion in their attempts to transferthe idiomaticity of the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) to achieveequivalent sense. implications. 1992: ch. The appropriateness and effectiveness of atranslation may depend on wheher idiomaticity is retained or distorted. wasted. For example. distorted or aborted. idioms are mainlycultural and informal.3. connotations. Thus.2). if not most. Types of IdiomsIdioms are of different types and are clasified in a . metaphorical.The aim of this chpater is to investigate the main problems and difficultiesof translating idiomatic language between English and Arabic: to what extent isidiomaticity retained. no word can be added. Meaning as thatwhich is borne is given a physical attribute. 1981. andGhazala. metaphor also allows usto understand the complex or abstract concepts that are part of our daily livesthrough these non-literal relationships. it can be carried. 1987. the literature on the subject has been as yet confined tolexicology and applied linguistics (Carter. in the sense that their meaningsare not the outcome of the individual meanings of their constituentwords taken collectively. “*To+ understand every individual word in a text and still fail to grasp whatthe text is all about” (A Dictionary of American Idioms. Cowie. 1995: ch. Moreover. according to George Lakoff & MarkJohnson’sMetaphors We Live By . 21 Five points are common among these definitions: 1. Richards. and whatsolutions and procedures can be suggested to keep loss to a minimum. dissuaded. cultural aspects and effects. to carry’).deleted or replaced (Baker. “*M+etaphorical rather than literal … also more or less invariable and fixedin form or order” (Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.2. Their meanings are also invariable. their metaphorical aspect. construction or expression that is recognized as a unit in theusage of a given language and either differs from the usual syntacticpatterns or has a meaning that differs from the literal meaning of its partstaken together”(Webster’s New World Dictionary . fixed phrases whose meanings and formsare not negotiable.3. it has been underminedin translation studies. Theconcentration has been rather on the translation of metaphor and metaphoricallanguage. Although thedifficulty of translating idioms is underlined by translators. 1977: viii).idea.1979: 760). of human cognition andunderstanding is metaphorical in nature. from the Greek root (‘to bear.In addition to enhancing literary understanding. They should not be taken literally. iv). the word ‘metaphor’ itself is a metaphor. In fact. ‘catch 22’. ‘Westminster’(the British Parliament and Government). everyday use of language. is fundamentally metaphorical in nature” (Lakoff and Johnson 1980:3). perfect idioms that are established through constant re-use. Metaphors are widespread in all socialactivities and at all levels of formality. butperfectly effective and idiomatic. Furthermore. 1992. Ithas been described as the omnipresent principle of language (Richards 1936: 92). politics. N-N. law. Which one is more acceptable than the other andwhy? I’ll eat my hat (if you do so and so): 1 2 38 Chapter2 Translation of Metaphor: Notions and PedagogicalImplications Abdul-Sahib Mehdi Ali 1. ‘cats and dogs’.1986. missing only a subject. one isformal. 1997). 23 Practicals and Discussion:a) Practicals: Exercise (1)Many English idiomatic expressions do not have one-to-one equivalent in Arabic.g. ‘kick thebucket’. Much has also been said about the particularly important role metaphors play(with other figures of . 2001. ‘jog one’s memory’(where ‘jog’ isfigurative.3. Benson & Benson.The following example is translated into two possible Arabic versions. 1993. Cowie. then undergo figurative extension and finally petrify (aptly used of various types of meaning-development) or congeal (no longer undergochange/become fixed and well-established in language). not of happiness).e. theirpresence is not confined to the domain of language but also extends to that of thought and action.g.. They are purely figurative idioms that their literal meaningsdo not coincide with their figurative ones in normal.e. 2. Pairs of words: Idioms which are two words each joined by and/or andmany of which cannot be reversed.number of ways.. ‘burn one’s boat’.“our speech is so riddled with metaphors that we can hardly say a sentencewithout one” (Matthews 1979: 31)... idioms are categorized into four main types: 1. Restricted collocations: These are also labelled semi-idioms.g..e. in addition to literature. and musttake account also of the possibility of internal variation. another is colloquial. Traditional idioms: These are the well-known.philosophy. for example. e. 4.-N. ‘spick and span’. this type is not dissimilar from the previous one. non-effective. the figure of speech in which a comparison is made between twoseemingly unrelated subjects. Longman’s Dictionary of English Idiomslists twelve types of idioms: 1. than fixed idioms of invariable form and sense. Hill & Lewis. (Newmark. ‘throw up one’s arms/hands’(culturally.g. Idioms in which actions stand for emotions or feelings: Cultural idioms of actions in appearance.e.. Adj. whereas ‘memory’ is not).Accordingly. 2. where they find therichest soil. They areusually two-word-units where one has a figurative sense while the other isused in its denotative sense. but gives sense only.. most popular idioms thatare almost full sentences.g.g. is a distinctive feature of human communication. the action here is a sign of annoyance. normal and flexiblecombinations of words. Allusions: Words or phrases of special cultural significance and reference. V-N. advertisements. e.g. “our ordinary conceptual system. ‘spill the beans’. in terms of which we boththink and act. In this sense. e. Pure idioms: Full. 1987. Carter. Baker. 1988.g. 3. types of idioms are based on acertain understanding of idiomaticity: A view of idiomaticity which does full justice to the rich diversity of wordcombinations in English must recognize that the meaning of a combinationmay be related to those of its components in a variety of ways. In theOxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English. ‘fill the sink’. but emotions or feelings by cultural implication. Ghazala. non-idiomatic.. e. Introduction Metaphor.1995. or substitution of part for part. 1981. and even science and technology. Figurative idioms: These idioms hardly accept variation and pronounsubstitution.‘hammer and tongs’. 22 4. they also abound in the languages of journalism. Open collocations: These are more of specific. please follow these directions to submit a copyright infringement notice. and select print from the file menu (PDF reader required). p. a new piece of performance. (Dagut 1976. p.see. p.Metaphor has also been widely discussed in the literature on translation.. p. in producing images. theissue. 10 p. for instance. 158 p. .Add a Comment SubmitCharacters: 400 Print this documentHigh QualityOpen the downloaded document. 158 p. are thus looked at as essential tools of expression that arebound to be utilized whenever we have strong feelings to express. Dagut (1976) makes the following remarks: Since a metaphor in the SL is. Kreuzer 1955. has proved challenging. however. figures of speech in general. 30 p. Gray 1992). Info and Rating Reads:446Uploaded:03/02/2011Category:Art & DesignRated:Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialbeyond denotation in arabic english translation by said faiq and allen clark published by sayyab books london Followa_abid129818Share & Embed Related Documents PreviousNext p. Here the translator’s bilingual competence [. 80 p.speech) in making our speech more meaningful and morespecific. p. Ratherthan being mere ornaments of discourse.quoted in Bassnett-McGuire 1980: 24). p. in extending the significance of what we say.42Beyond Denotation in Arabic-English Translation Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport DocumentReport this document?Please tell us reason(s) for reporting this document Spam or junk Porn adult content Hateful or offensiveIf you are the copyright owner of this document and want to report it. p. by definition.Other login optionsLogin with FacebookSignupI don t have a Facebook   . asemantic novelty. and inmaking the abstract concrete and vice versa (in addition to the foregoing sources.Report Cancel This is a private document. it can clearly have no existing ‘equivalence’ in the TL: what isunique can have no counterpart. 50 p.More from this user PreviousNext 32 p.Download and Print Sign upUse your Facebook login and see what your friends are reading and sharing.] is of help to him only in the negative sense of telling him that anyequivalence cannot be ‘found’ but will have to be created. p. Nowottny 1962. Research into the cross-linguistic andcross-cultural dimensions of metaphor has shown that the source language (SL)image cannot always be retained in the target language (TL). andmetaphors in particular. Recognizing thisproblem. Hawkes 1972. Email address: You need to provide a login for this account as well. Login: Submit Upload a Document Search Documents Follow Us!scribd. You can manage these notifications in your account settings.account email address (required) create username (required) password (required) Send me the Scribd Newsletter. Publish your documents quickly and easily.com/scribdfacebook. We will send you an email with instructions on how to continue.com/scribdAboutPressBlogPartner sScribd 101Web StuffSupportFAQDevelopers / APIJobsTermsCopyrightPrivacyCopyright © 2011 Scribd Inc. Why Sign up?Discover and connect with people of similar interests. 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