DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORTChapter one 1. Back ground of Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC) 1.1. Brief History of the ECDSWC and the Former Public Enterprises The Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC), established as a Federal Government Public Enterprise by Council of Ministers Regulation No. 365/2015, is a multi-disciplined engineering firm and provides professional services in water and energy, transport, building and urban planning and related disciplines. The ECDSWC is founded by amalgamation of three former Public Enterprises, viz. Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE), Construction Design Share Company (CDSCo) and Transport Construction Design Share Company (TCDSCo) that were predominantly providing engineering consultancy services in water, building and transport sectors, respectively As the ECDSWC is established recently the histories of the three former public enterprises (CDSCo, TCDSCo, and WWDSE) are considered for the Corporation and briefly described as follows. The three enterprises, CDSCo, TCDSCo, and WWDSE, were serving as departments in their parent public institutions, viz. Ministry of Public Works, Imperial Highway Authority, and Ministry of Water Resources, respectively. The CDSCo was established as Construction Design Enterprise (CDE) by Council of Ministers Reg. No. 91/1977 to provide construction consultancy activities independently; and later re- named as the Building Design Enterprise (BDE) with Council of Ministers Reg. No. 107/1979 but continued to provide consultancy services in building construction design, contract administration, foundation investigation and material testing. Furthermore, in 2002 the company was reorganized as Construction Design Share Company (CDSCo) By expanding its services to road and water works design, supervision and contract administration works. Transport Construction Design Share Company (TCDSCo) was a full-fledged public enterprise consulting firm that provides services in design and construction supervision of roads, bridges and airports; geotechnical investigation and laboratory testing services. TCDSCo was established as Transport Construction Design Enterprise (TCDE) by Council of Ministers Reg. No108/1987; and later as TCDSCo by Council of Ministers Reg. No 161/1994. Both CDSCo and TCDSCo were being supervised by Board of Directors and Public Enterprises Privatization and Supervising Agency until the establishment of the Corporation. Water Works Design and Supervision (WWDSE) was established by Council of Ministers Regulations No. 42/1998 and Council of Ministers Amendment Regulation No. 110/2004 to DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 1 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT conduct studies, design and supervision of water infrastructure and river basin integrated development master plans; and to render services in surveying, geotechnic and laboratory testing of materials, water quality and agricultural soil as well as preparation of bid and contract documents. All the three (3) public enterprises were established to provide engineering consultancy services in the construction sector ; and afterwards during different times they reorganized, renamed, expanded duties and responsibilities or amended authorized capital. The major changes the enterprises experienced are summarized in Table 1.1. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 2 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Table 1.1: Authorized and paid up capital as well as current capitals of the former enterprises and the Corporation Authorized and Paid up Enterpris capital (in thousands es/ Status up Establishment ETB) to June Remarks Corporati 2015 on Authorize Paid up d Reg. No. 1,301,515.7 393,771.99 ECDSWC 365/2015 85 0 Reg. No. 35,235.67 35,235.67 - 42/1998 WWDSE Reg. No. 317,250.0 Authorized capital 157,330.00 38,983.00 110/2004 0 amendment Reg. No. As TCDE 20,000.00 12,000.00 - 108/1987 TCDSCo Reg. No As TCDSCo 19,197.00 14,397.44 39,290.00 161/1994 Reg. No. As CDE - - - 91/1977 Reg. No. As BDE CDSCo 7,408.43 7,408.43 - 107/1979 Reg. No. As CDSCo& scope 25,455.00 25,455.00 32,902.42 180/1994 expansion 1.2. Vision, Mission, and Core Values of the Corporation 1.2.1 Vision The ECDSWC vision is: To become knowledge based, dependable, and innovative world-class engineering consulting firm by 2025. 1.2.2 Mission The ECDSWC missions are: To provide study, design, supervision and contract administration services in transport, water, energy, building, urban planning and related engineering works with efficient and effective professional services in accordance with local and international standards that ensure the highest satisfaction of stakeholders and customers. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 3 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT To undertake consultancy services with a focus on becoming cost effective while excelling in every aspect to meet customers’ stringent requirements regarding quality, on-time delivery, safety and environmental aspects are kept at high levels. To develop and maintain sets of knowledge, expertise and skill base and own state-of- the-art-technologies that are need to provide solutions to the challenges of the nation’s complex projects. To play key roles in supporting the government’s socio-economic transformation endeavors by closing market gaps in the infrastructure sector development. 1.2.3 Values The core values of the Corporation include: Ethical and professional practice Customer focused Committed for quality Culture of teamwork and creativity Integrity and honesty Excellence and sustainability Intolerance to corruption 1.3 The main services of ECDSWC The Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC) is established as a Federal Government Public Enterprise by Council of Ministers Regulation No. 365/2015. ECDSWC is a multi-disciplined engineering firm and provides professional services with the following objectives: 1. to provide study, surveying, design, construction supervision, contract administration, consultancy, training, material inspection, and laboratory services on: Roads, bridges, airfields, and railways, Buildings, city and sub city planning and architectural engineering, Dams, irrigation, drainage, water supply, water quality, sewerage disposal, solid waste disposal, hydropower, integrated water use, integrated river basin development, flood prediction and diversion, water infrastructure, rural development plan and settlement, land use planning, Wind and geothermal energy development, Geotechnical, tunnels and foundation engineering; DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 4 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Other infrastructure development projects where the market gaps occur 2. to provide services of infrastructures safety follow up center and physical modeling center in order to insure infrastructures safety standards; 3. to cooperate with the concerned higher educational institutions in order to produce qualified manpower with the necessary discipline, number and quality for the development of the Corporation; 4. based on the directions given by the Ministry of Public Enterprises, in order to invest and attract investment, conduct study and obtain finance and technological and administrative inputs that enables it to operate competitively and profitably domestically and internationally, and make proposals of the same and implement when approved; 5. to provide services on preparation of standards pertaining to the Corporation infrastructure development, and to provide services of training and research and development in design and construction that assist in technology transfer; 6. to provide services in the area of infrastructure development strategies preparation, to provide services of technical and legal conditions analysis and to analyze data and generate proposals and application of the same; 7. to provide service of bid documents and contracts preparation and provide contractors selection services on transport, water, road, buildings and similar civil engineering works; 8. pursuant to the directives issued by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Cooperation and based on the direction given by the Ministry of Public Enterprises, sell and pledge bonds and negotiate loans and sign the borrowing agreement from domestic and international financial sources; 9. To engage in other related activities those are necessary for the attainment of its objectives. 1.4. The main customers/stakeholders The stakeholders are those individuals, groups or organizations that can influence the operations of the organization and/or influenced by its operation. Stakeholders have various expectations; therefore, the purpose of stakeholder analysis is to assess, identify and describe the needs and expectations of all company’s stakeholders and to design sound strategy which would influence complementary expectations and to avoid conflicting/competing expectation with a focus on maximizing company benefits. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 5 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Major stakeholders/customers of the ECDSWC, categorized as internal and external stakeholders/customers, are listed and analyzed in Table1,2.Accordingly, the expectations of some of major stakeholders, likely reaction if expectations are not met and institutional responses are analyzed. Table 1.2: Stakeholders/Customers Analysis of the Corporation S Stakeholders Corporation’s . Stakeholder/C Impact if Response to Corporation N ustomer Expectations expectations stakeholder’s Expectations o. are not met expectations I Internal Stakeholders 1 Ministry of • To serve as • Possibility • Execute its • Technical and Public market stabilizer of responsibilities Financial Enterprises in the area of extraordinar as per the support consultancy y decision mandates, business in the that in policies, construction effect result regulations and sector in strategies of • To assure liquidation, the government healthy and merging profitable with other financial flow firms, or among the will the corporate core ECDSWC business units privatized • To become (sale of the competent, Corporation profitable and ) sustainable consulting firm both in local and international markets • Obtain informative reports on the performances of the Corporation on a timely and regular basis 2 Board of • Actions are • Loss of • Effective and • Provision of Management consistent with appropriate efficient high-level board-approved support execution of guidance to strategy • Take projects to Senior DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 6 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT S Stakeholders Corporation’s . Stakeholder/C Impact if Response to Corporation N ustomer Expectations expectations stakeholder’s Expectations o. are not met expectations • To serve as administrati fully satisfy the Management market stabilizer ve measures customers • Support in in the area of • Provide high strategic consultancy quality services decisions in business in the that satisfy time construction local and • Monitoring and sector. international evaluation of • To assure standards performances; healthy and • Achieve and provision profitable expected of feedbacks financial flow market share among the corporate core business units • To become competent and sustainable consulting firm both in local and international markets 3 Corporate • Leading • Take • Effective and • Monitoring, Management consultancy firm administrati efficient evaluation and in the local ve measures execution of provision of market as well • Propose projects to feedbacks as down- fully satisfy the • Support and internationally sizing of customers follow-up of recognized and the firm as • Provide high social certified firm a result of quality services problems at • Dependable decrease of that satisfy project sites profitability with market local and • Take decisions efficient and share; international rapidly on quality standards issues that consultancy • Achieve matters service expected market share 4 Employees of • Good • Inefficiency • Maintain • Fulfillment of the Corporation governance • Grievance transparency codes of • Conducive and and conducts working institutional accountability • Self-initiated environment instability • Provide continual DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 7 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT S Stakeholders Corporation’s . Stakeholder/C Impact if Response to Corporation N ustomer Expectations expectations stakeholder’s Expectations o. are not met expectations • Competitive • High rate of attractive improvement salary and employees salary and benefits turnover benefits • Provision of and loss of packages proper health key • Provide and safety professional training and facilities skill • Training development opportunities programs • Create good working environment and fulfill necessary safety facilities 5 Labor Union of • Ensure the • Grievance • Respect the bi- • Industrial the Corporation workers’ rights and lateral peace and benefits are institutional agreement respected instability between the • Building healthy management relations among and labor union the employees and management • Good governance II Customers 6 Addis Ababa High levels of • Disappoint • Give value for • Positive and Water and customer ment and money for healthy work Sewerage satisfaction loss of every services relationship Authority through: goodwill rendered • Team work to • Provision of • Erosion of • Providing meet the services with the reputation appropriate agreed goals, highest level of and services objectives and quality and decrease of supported by deliverables consistency market proven • Raise • Completion of share methodologies understanding works or • Negative and state-of- of the projects in a social the-art customers timely and cost sentiment technology regarding range effective manner using highly of services DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 8 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT S Stakeholders Corporation’s . Stakeholder/C Impact if Response to Corporation N ustomer Expectations expectations stakeholder’s Expectations o. are not met expectations • Provision of qualified, provided training/ experienced • Timely review workshops and and committed and skill transfer professionals comments/sugg • Ensure a rapid estions on and effective services being response to the rendered customers’ in • Support in line with the capacity requirements building • Periodic particularly in consultation on hydropower various issues development related to the works ranging services from planning • Post- to construction service/sales as well as post- feedback from construction customer stages 1.5 overall organization and work flow DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 9 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Inst. transformation, HR Policy-strategy, Research, M&E, Expansion, Business Policy-strategy units Restructuring, Corporate Devt. HR Mangt., Capacity Buil’g, QC, Business Devt., Succession Plan’g,Systems, standards, Market study, Board of Directors Corporate Services Eng’g & Research Analysis, Rate studies, Preparation, Productivity study, Technology, Chief Executive Office Corporate Audit Services Corporate Procurement, Level Corporate Communications Office Planning, Plan Corporate Contract Management and Reporting, Planning E, Legal Services Strategy & Annual Risk Analysis, M&E, M Financing, Financial Financial Policy- Investment, strategy Finance Corporate Finance Corporate Planning, Corporate Corporate Engineering Corporate Office Programs and Services Office and Research Office Development Office Projects Mang. Office Water and Energy Geotechnical Operation Corporate Strategy & Transport Sector Building and Urban Survey Engineering, Interface Sector Works Investigation, Research, Training policy, Links Works Design and Sector Works Design Geotechnical Eng’g, and Geospatial and Civil Design and and Laboratories Supervision and Supervision Underground Works Informatics Center Supervision Center Design and Supervision Operation operation Projects Level Process, functions Process, functions Process, functions Process, functions Process, functions Process, functions Fig 1.1 over all organization structure DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 10 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT 1.6 Over all site layouts Consultant office Bar cutting C0ntructer Construction place manager Secretary Our Toil office office office et office Secretar Store DL wearing y office room Maim road Building area CHAPTER TWO 2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIANCE 2.1 HOW DO WE Fig 1.2 over all site lay out DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 11 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT CHAPTER TWO 2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIANCE 2.1 How do we get the company? We get the company over from our expectation. We expect they work only in Addis Abebaand alsowe only know the Ethiopian construction design and supervision works sector but they have linkage in all the country brunch and it includesWater Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE), Construction Design Share Company (CDSCo) and Transport Construction Design Share Company (TCDSCo) that were predominantly providing engineering consultancy services in water, building and transport sectors, respectively, respectively 2.2 SECTION OF THE COMPANY WE HAVE BEEN WORKING As it knows, in construction industry there are three main stockholders that are directly involved in construction project. These stockholders are client (employers), consultant (Engineer) and contractors (project executors). Each of them has its own tasks and activity that have expected from each to perform. In fact we have been working in under consultant. In our hosting company (ECDSWC), GEO physics registrar office building construction site there are two main works. These are office work and site work. The office works are preparing of shop drawings, take off sheet and BOQ, reports (daily, weekly, monthly), etc. in these we have worked as a quantity surveyor take off sheet and BOQ. Most of the time we spent on concentrating construction work executed on the site. There are various kinds of work trade. These are setting out, bulk excavation, pit excavation; cart away, lean concrete, formworks, reinforcement bar works, concrete work for isolated footing, concrete wornk for combined footing and concrete test 2.3 Work flow at the site The site that we have been performing our internship project has three main sections to execute the project. These are contractor non-construction operation work, contractor construction operation work, and consultant (engineer) work. They work together cooperatively for the success of the project. Their work flow and roles and responsibilities are described briefly in the following sub sections. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 12 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT 2.3.1 Contractor non-construction operation work Project manager: Project management is the process of planning, organizing tracking progress, and managing tasks and resources to accomplish defined objectives, usually within constraints on time, resources, and cost. The duty of project manager (PM)is preparing meetings, with different section heads for reviewing schedules, evaluate performances, better understanding of problems and its solutions, and recollection of resources, removal of doubts, acceleration plans etc… he also briefs to his boss sufficiently before the meeting between the client and the company representative. Closer monitoring is another important task of the PM to check all progresses of the site activity at close range possibly every day. The PM also properly manage his time for all those activities to be monitored by him and jobs regarding sub-contracts, which include selection, sub-contract agreement management, releasing declarations relating liabilities to his contract. In general, the PM acts as leader (guiding the entire resources to an efficient activity), as planner (planning within the agreed time), as decision-maker (representing the whole site management). And also he makes overall control of project site scenario. Office engineer: He receives the data collected by the data collectors from the site, then compile, analyze these data to prepare takeoff sheet, BoQ, and payment request document. He also makes reports to the project engineer and makes detail drawings (shop drawings) to be easy for construction and provide it to site engineer and/or any concerned section. Administrator: Administer the workers (employees), takes care of the employment of new workers and checks the work performance and punctuality of the workers with the time keeper. Administrator and PM are the same person. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 13 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Casher: Casher makes payment of salary, allowance, wage and other fee to site workers and is responsible for PM. Store keeper: Store keeper controls the amount and type of materials entering and leaving the store. And also he controls amount and type of stockpile dumped to the site and its consumption and reports to PM. Time keeper: Time keeper keeps daily construction workers working time and equipment operation, idle and down time and is responsible for PM. Messenger: Messenger transmits message from one section to another. She is under PM Site guard: Site guard keeps site property security. He is under PM. Data collector: Data collector collects data about the daily work item activities including the type and amount of material used, the type and number of workers participated on the work. He works for quantity surveyor and office engineer. Material engineer: Material engineer makes tests and checks and controls material quality for suitability of construction as per given on specification. He also directs site material production. He reports to PM. Material technician: Material technician assist material engineer and operates technical tests. 2.3.2 Contractor construction operation work Site engineer: Site Engineer controls all the activities in the site and is responsible for the whole construction work. He directs and controls works to be executed according to the specifications and drawings. Site engineer and PM are the person. Chief surveyor: Chief surveyor makes building layout and profile at the site and works with site engineer. General Forman: General Forman provides management oversight for all trades of the construction work, including coordinating trade Forman and trade sub-contractors, material, and equipment. He receives all technical information from the site engineer and directs leads, coordinates and supervises and gives instruction to his subordinates according to their responsibilities. And also he recommends measures to improve production method and equipment performance to increase efficiency and monitors the volume and quality of output to insure that these are to the standard required. Concrete trade Forman: Concrete trade Forman provides management oversight for concrete casting (mixing, transporting, placing, curing, and chiseling), including coordinating workers, material, and equipment. He gives technical information to his subordinates and reports to general Forman. Reinforcement bar work sub-contractor: Reinforcement bar work sub-contractor performs g, bending, placing and tying reinforcement bar as per drawing and as DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 14 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT command of site engineer. He performs work only, not supply materials. He manages his workers and reports to general Forman and/or PM. 2.3.3Consultant work The consultant for the project is ETHIOPIAN CONSTRACTION DEGINE AND SUPERVISOIN WORKS CORPORATION BUILDING AND URBUN DEZINE AND SUPERVISION WORKS, which is a grade-one consulting firm. Consultants work on the side of the client and they have the responsibility of conducting necessary quality, time and cost control mechanisms over contractor work to make sure that the project is being constructed as per contract. Contract administration is a major work of the consultant and it has the following functions. Quality control: Quality control is the process of making sure the quality of the work accomplished is not below the required standards. This is obtained by visual inspections before any major activity like casting of concrete is done, performing various tests, etc. Time control: Time control is the process of making sure that the project is going according to schedule. Any contractor has the obligation of finishing the required work on the required time. Cost control: Preparation of take-off sheets help in estimating the amount of work accomplished and consequently the amount to be paid to the contractor. The consultant has the duty of checking the take-off sheets prepared by the contractor, and also it has the responsibility of making sure that the payments made are in accordance with the bill of quantities from the contract agreement. 2.4 Work tasks we have executed and their procedures In fact, the work tasks we have been performing and following (learning) in the site, are categorized under construction operation work, office work, and concrete tests. Each is described briefly below. 2.4.1 Construction operation work 2.4.1.1 Setting out is placing the exact drawing dimension to the ground DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 15 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.1 setting out 2.4.1.2 Excavation work On our site there is no site clearance because of soil type. The soil is basaltic rock so the excavation work is directly bulk excavation. The used equipment to excavate bulk is jack hammer The Excavation work is very difficult and time taken because of the hardness of rock. So the contractor decides to use a chemical known as FRACT FRACT is used to demolish or decentigred the hard rock to talk advantage of its relative low cost Procedures The rock drill with 40cm up to 60cm diameter and 1m depth 2 bags of FRACT mix with three liter water ( each bag is contain 5kg) Add the mixed FRACT to the drill hall In normal air condition after 30min the chemical out from drill hall and the rock is decentigred But this chemical is not gives the required result for this site because the chemical needs edge for decentigred the rock. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 16 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.2 5kg FRCT chemical fig 2.3 mixing of FRACT Fig 2.4 FRACT filled in to the hole DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 17 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.5 after 30 minute out the chemical from the hole Bulk excavation refers to removal of huge amount of soil from the site to fulfill the structural requirements excavation to get reduce level of every structural element below the ground level DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 18 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.6 bulk excavation Pit excavation is excavating to footings. In our site we use isolated footing and there depths are different. The reason of selecting isolated footing is depend on the bearing DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 19 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT capacity of the soil, load of building, and structural condition of the design Pit depth Fig 2.7 pit excavation Lean concrete is a concrete which used mostly under or beneath a footing, masonry wall and pavement. After excavation beneath of isolated footing a lean concrete which have strength C-5and it’s mixing ratio is 1:5:7 (1 cement 5sand and 7 aggregates) and thickness of 50mm is casted. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 20 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT . It is used for protects all structures element from moisture Prevents the soil particle that is present under structure from any relative movement. Prevents the stratum to hold sub structure on the soil and other. 2.5cm lean concrete Fig 2.8 lean concrete DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 21 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT 2.4.1.3 FORM WORK Formwork is a temporary structural element, which supports column, beam and slabs in casting concrete. It shall be designed and erected to safely support, vertical and lateral loads that might be applied until such load can be supported by the concrete structure. Formwork can be made from timber, plywood, metals and other materials. A formwork should be treated for preventing adherence of concrete by coating with oil or any other release agent. And it should be level, clean and smooth and spacer should be fixed in appropriate dimension to maintain concrete cover. Before a formwork is fixing reinforcement bars are checked whether placed in a correct spacing, diameter, length etc. and concrete spacer of thickness 20mm for slabs, columns and beams are used. In our site use timber and steel formworks and well painted by oil are used. Procedures for footing pad Crasher prepared at the position to keep exact position of column. Lay lean concrete Form work o Plywood’s are assembled at the position braced with cravat o Gindila that supports stanga is fixed with nails, stanga supports formwork. Paint oil the form work Reinforcement bar for footing column and footing pad placed and tied 2.5 cm thick mortar spacer is tied Concrete with a ratio of 1:2:3 is placed for footing pad After one day from the time of concrete placing, formwork is strike (dismantled). DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 22 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Figure 2.9: formwork for footing pad Figure 2.10 Placing of rebar for Footing pad Figs 2.11 rebar placing for foundation column Fig 2.12 placing of concrete DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 23 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Procedure for footing column Rebar place &tied. After footing pad is filled concrete & cured Paint oil the formwork for footing column. Construct the form work. Fill the concrete the footing column Remove the form work after24 hours. Fig 2.13 formwork for foundation column Fig.2.15 Concrete filled foundation column Fig 2.14 circular formwork for elevation column 2.4.1.4 CONCRETE WORK Concrete is a composition of material made up of inert materials of varying sizes, which are bounded together by binding medium. Before we prepare concrete mix we need to check the DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 24 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT following material or ingredients because it’s strength depend on aggregate posted bond, mix proportion and quality of ingredients some of ingredients are: cement, aggregate, sand and water. 1 CEMENT Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together and the standard bag of cement as distributed in Ethiopia is commonly 50 kg. As we seen in our site cement are stored off the ground in order to prevent deterioration. The off the ground formation method shall be subject to approval by the engineer. Type of cement used on the site is national cement Our site use OPC over PPC for the purpose of super and sub structure due to gets strength very fast SAND It is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particle 2 AGGREGATE It is a broad category of coarse particular material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crashed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geo synthetic aggregates. Aggregate properties significantly affect by workability of plastic concrete, durability, strength, Properties and density of hardened concrete. Regarding to this aggregate classified in to fine and coarse aggregate depend on their size. 3 WATER Water should be stored in clean container to exclude deleterious material (unwanted material) this will affect the quality of concrete .in our site water is stored in container And in pit that is made of blocks and well plastered locally called berca’ to avoid contamination. Water used in concrete mixes has two functions - Enabling the chemical reaction which causes setting and hardening to proceed. - Lubricate the mixture of aggregates and cement in order to facilitate placing Casting of concrete In casting of concrete for our observation on site, site engineer who is cheeked the progress To cast, this means site engineer checked the amount of reinforcement is done according to the design, and also cheeked the strengthen of formwork and checking holes to the formwork or DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 25 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT unclosed space between junctions of formwork as result she order to close the junction using cement cover paper, in order to protect the removal of cement paste. For the case of mixing of Concrete also site engineer cheeked the compressive strength and also he ordered the mix ratio either to be used 1:2:3 or C-25. Vibration of concrete – The process of compacting concrete by vibration consists essentially to Concrete vibrate has the following advantage To prevent segregation of concrete To have uniform mixing To gain the required strength for structural element To have good binding between concrete ingredient Curing concrete – moisture is necessary for the proper hardening of concrete because the chemical reaction that results in the setting and hardening of the paste takes place only in the presence of water. The purpose of curing concrete – is to prevent formation of surface cracks due to rapid loss of water while the concrete is fresh and weak and to assure attainment of strength by providing enough moisture for the hydration of the cement grains throughout the concrete 2.4.1.5 REINFORCEMENT WORK . In our site diameter of bar used from 8 up to 24.reinforcement bar to be used for construction shall be cleaned to remove loose rust, mill scale, loose rush, grease and other material which are likely to reduce bond with concrete to avoid such defects reinforcement shall be placed (stored) in an off the ground position to present rust by contacting with soil, dampness and other objectionable material. But in our site reinforcement are not stored in such condition. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 26 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Reinforcement work including Cutting and bending In this stage reinforcement bars are cut and bend at appropriate dimension specified on the structural drawing. In our site a bar cutting schedule is prepared before any bending and cutting is done. Placing in position: after bars are cut and bend bar benders is fixed as to the structural drawing. Tie and spacers: bars are tied tightly by mild wire and spacers to maintain appropriate concrete cover are tied Fig 2.16 Bar cutting and bending material DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 27 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Spacers Spacers are used to maintain uniform thickness of cover to reinforcement in substructure and superstructure which were reinforced. Our site use different size spacer in different parts which are 30mm for footing, 25mm for column and beam and spacers were put between the formwork and reinforcement bars by using metal ties which were connected with the spacer while preparing them. These spacers remained as the part of structure after the formwork was removed. Fig 2.17 Spacer Retaining walls are used to resist the pressure of earth water or solids. Retaining wall Structures that are built to retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or any other material are called retaining walls. Retaining walls may be constructed of masonry or RC walls Procedures for retaining wall footing pad Crasher prepared at the position to keep exact position of column Lay lean concrete Construct form work for the pad Paint oil the footing pad Place rebar for retaining wall footing pad Fill the concrete for the pad. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 28 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig.2.18 retaining wall pads rebar Fig.2.19 retaining wall footing pad concrete formwork &lean filled, formwork remove Retaining wall stages Rebar placed for retaining wall Paint oil the formwork for retaining wall Construct the formwork for the retaining wall Fill concrete the retaining wall Removed the formwork DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 29 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.20 Rebar placing retaining wall fig 2.21 formwork for retaining wall 2.4.1.6 Back Fill Backfill is replacement of soil that is removed during building construction, and it is use to strength hen and support a structure’s foundation. In our site The selected material is brought by dump truck Placed by excavator and wheel barrow Vertically compacted at every 20cm layer using the roller and compaction of the column edges and unreachable parts with hand compactor DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 30 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 22 Back fill 2.4.1.7 CART AWAY The unwanted soil part found from the takeoff sheet by subtracting the total excavated soil (rock) and used soil. This is the removed soil from the total work. The bulk excavated must be removed from site to facilitate the working condition. The volume of load cart away=volume of excavated-volume of backfill. Basement beam -are constructed after all foundation works, backfill and compaction, and masonry work has been finished. When grade beams are built first tying bar, formwork fixing then concrete cost. Grade beams are used to transmit load from a bearing wall in to foundation. Procedures Lean concrete Painting oil to the plywood Placing rebar and spacer is tied to the Stirrups (Staffa) Preparation of formwork using the plywood To the other side of the basement beam Filling the basement beam Dismantling and removing the formwork DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 31 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.23 lean concrete for BB fig 2.24 placing rebar for BB Fig 2.25 placing formwork for BB fig2.26 after formwork removed DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 32 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Hard core– rock are used for hard coring and filled by chips. The advantage of hard core is that it is an efficient barrier for rising ground water table (ground moisture). After hard coring lean concrete is used for blinding so then losses of the C-25 concrete that will be cost above it which otherwise penetrate in to the holes of the hard core is avoid o Lift is a vertical circulation through a building and constructed from reinforced concrete as a shaft. Reinforcement for lift – it is the same with stair on laying reinforcement after formwork fixed. Lift formwork – have four side box used for filling fresh concrete. It has floor of the building. Procedures Place internal formwork on Place reinforcement bar and tied spacer Place external formwork Fill concrete in vertical shaft Remove formwork Fig 2.27 placing rebar and formwork For lift DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 33 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT 2.4.2 Office work In group we have prepared take off sheet and reinforcement bar schedule using our own format for sub structure of block 1’ of the project. For these preparations we have used theoretical knowledge that we grasped in school, and as guidance of project manager. Samples are shown below . When we are work on office we were engaged in preparing:-takeoff sheet, bill of quantity, bar schedule, payment certificate and construction equipment management Those office tasks are explained in detail on the following pages. 2.4.2.1 Takeoff sheet On site we have been assigned to prepare takeoff sheet and bar schedule which finally checked by project manager of the site. Takeoff sheet have list of materials with quantities and types (such as specific grades of steel), the takeoff determine total weight of the item and it is standard form used for entering the dimension taken or scaled from drawings to determine the accurate quantity in each trade of work. Takeoff sheet have four columns. They are:- 1. Timsing (item) column – in this column we inter the number of times an item occurs. 2. Dimension column – in this column we inter the dimension of the items of work in the following order. Length, Width, Height or Thickness. 3. Squaring column – we inter the result. 4. Description column – we describe the item by referring the axis and other descript But, in our site we use this kinds of format sheet to prepare takeoff sheet Project: - Addis Ababa University-Geophysics Office & Site Work B+G+6 Client: - Addis Ababa University Consultant: - Ethiopian Construction Design & Supervision Work Corporation Building & Urban Design & Supervision Works Sector DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 34 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Contractor: - FE Construction Plc. No LxWxH Qty. Unit. Description. No LxWx Qty Unit Description. . H . . 1,Earthwork& Excavation 1,1Bulk excavation Working space 1.5 to both sides. 1 18.50 b/n axis1-4 &A-D 20.10 1.50 557 m3 .8 Table 2.1 sample of takeoff sheet DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 35 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT 2.4.2.2 Bar schedule Bar schedule is a form for entering dimensions taken drawings to determine the accurate quantity of reinforcement bar (steel). Rebar Take-Off PROJECT:-Addis Ababa University-Geophysics office & site work B+G+6 LOCATION:- Addis Ababa Client: - Addis Ababa University Consultant:-Ethiopian Construction Design & Supervision Work Corporation Building & Urban design CONTRUCTOR:-FE CONSTRACTION Struct locat Shape Di Length No of No of Tota Total Length (m) ure ion a (m) bars Block l No s of dia dia dia dia dia dia dia bar 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 Pad 1 16 1.6 13 1 14 1.6 2 10 1.6 13 1 14 1.6 3 10 1.6 13 1 14 1.6 4 8 1.6 9 6 54 9.6 Table 2.2 sample of bar schedule 2.4.2.3 Bill of quantity Bill of quantity is the list of items defining briefly the works to be done and quantify of the works. It is a process of collecting and entries into an accepted format all the measured quantities, by tread and type, and filling in total amount by multiplying with the unit rates. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 36 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Type of material Uni Quantity Unit price work t Execute Contracte (c) d d Total (a) (b) Total (a*c) cost(b*c) 1 Earth work(site M2 clearing) 2 Bulk excavation M3 3 Pit excavation M3 Table 2.3 sample of BOQ format 2.4.2.4 Payment Certificate After the takeoff and bill off quantity have been completed and checked. Quantities are then transferred to summary sheet where a quantity of similar items are collected in the same category and in summary sheet quantities multiplied by unit rate and total amount is transferred to payment certificate. Document verified by an architect engineer or owner of a construction project that the noted work has been completed and is approved for payment by the general contractor. The currency payment will be fixed in the contract for the measured works. A separated calculation sheet will need to be prepared for the payment due to nominated subcontractors. Certificate of payment has its own table format which is shown at the bottom of the not. This calculation sheet includes the percentage on-cost due to the contractor. The employer and the engineer will need to decide if payment for varied works shall be included in the general evaluation of the works or shown separately further, if the employer has a restricted budget, he may require that the amounts expended are highlighted under this separated heading. The contractor has to demonstrate that the materials complete with the requirement of the contract. The amount of retention to be deducted is calculated by applying the percentage given in the annex to tender until the limit of retention money is reached. Once a retention released certificate is issued, a portion of the retention is to be returned. The engineer is entitled to withhold certification of the estimated cost of outstanding work until it has been completed. The amount of money to be returned in respect of section or parts is indicated at the back on the annex. 2.4.2.5 Construction equipment management Construction equipments are used to operate our work effectively & efficiently. In our site we can observe and understand different type equipment’s. Once they enter in to the site but before they are enter to the site the contractor must give special consideration on the selection of this equipment’s about their availability, versatility and also must associate this with his project size. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 37 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT The major purpose of using this equipment’s is to save the time required for one specific work and to achieve the best quality of work. The project size is huge so based on this data some of the equipment’s are prepare and listed before commencement of the project. And some of equipment’s are acquired by rental and others by rental and others are owned by the construction company. -some of the equipment’s are listed below 1. Loader- the main purpose of this loader is to load selected material to the dump truck and batch the construction material for the preparation of concrete. 2. Jack hammer- is used to excavate below a grade level and also this equipment is used in our site on pit excavation and bulk excavation. Jack hammer for excavation work uses by three methods A sub contract B Rental C owned A sub contract:- the excavation work of our site was started by sub contractor agreed with main contractor and they agree with 250br/m3 but the sub contractor terminate the contract because the rock type is very strong so the sub contractor is not profitable. B Rental:- is the second option of agreement and the jack hammer works 8hr/day 1200br/hr = 9600br/day + 300br for fuel =9900br/day This agreement is terminate after some excavation works is executed because of the jack hammer is broken three times with the duration of work. The maintenance cost of the jack hammer is around 3000br for ones C owned:- FE construction PLC is owned their jack hammer and they are profitable on this way because their cost is fuel and maintenance cost DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 38 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.27 jack hammer 3. Dump truck- is used to dump construction material from one place to the site and to dump the selected material from the site to another place. 4. Truck mixer- is a mixer which is used to mix construction material for the preparation of concrete and also used to transport concrete from one place to another place and its capacity is 5.5m3 DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 39 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.29 truck mixer 5 Roller is also equipment used in our site to compact selected fill material during backfill work to avoid the void space of soil Fig 2.30 roller DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 40 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT 6 Vibrator- is used to vibrate a concrete to attain equal distribution of construction material inside the concrete and to avoid a void space from the concrete. Vibrator Fig 2.31 vibrator 2.4.3 Concrete tests Slump and cube tests are taken for concrete work. Slump test is taken to check the water to cement ratio of the concrete mix, since it has a significant effect on concrete strength. During slump test three results are expected. I.e. true slump, shear slump and collapse slump. For the test taken true slump (3cm - 6cm slump height) result is obtained, i.e. 4cm slump height, which was a best mix! DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 41 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig. 2.32 slump test Cube test sample is taken for the attainment of compression strength of concrete, i.e. 25Mpa. 6 cubes of concrete samples are prepared from the concrete mix and three cubes will be crushed after 7days & the remaining three will be crushed at 28th day to get the final result. We are seen 7day crashed in lab three cubes Procedure Prepare six cubes that have the same size Fill concrete Compact the filled concrete with hand After 24 hrs set in water up to 7 & 28 days Measure the weight of sample concrete Crush the three measured concrete with machine individually The machine recorded the maximum force that will be crushed (The recorded force divided by area of cube)* 10 10 is convection factor DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 42 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.33 oil panted cube fig 2.34 concrete filled cube for Sample Fig 2.35 sample of after seven day fig 2.36 crushing machine DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 43 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.37 record machine the crushed force in KN DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 44 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Our concrete sample in seven day Sample Weight (kg) Force (KN) Cube 1 8.0 782 Cube 2 8.0 851.9 Cube 3 8.2 842.9 Table 2.4 sample of concrete in lab Strength of concrete (MP) = (load/area)*10 = (782/225)*10 = 34.75MP Our sample of concrete is over qualified because the required strength is 25MP Hammer test The hammer measures the rebound of a spring loaded mass impacting against the surface of the sample. Its rebound is dependent on the concrete and is measured by the test equipment Fig.2.38 hammer test DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 45 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT 2.5 Performance of the project During our four month stay we perform well, we tried to play managerial skill and technical skill in working environment by using knowledge that we gained in school Indeed, it is difficult to judge by our self our work performance in all work trades that we have executed but as comments of our supervisor and challenges we put our self at good performer. 2.6 Challenges we have faced The challenges we faced in construction site during internship period are The first month of our internship it is difficult to understand site (local) name of tools and works in order to communicate with workers on site. The working environment was unsafe for employees according to safety. The air condition of the site is difficult to work, the transportation system is so difficult to arrive on time and done the work properly. Miss Mach between structural and architectural drawing. Lack of measurement for basement floor height on drawing and the site engineer was Wright letter for structural engineer but there is no answer with a time, the work is done without any recommendation but the height is not enough to enter the cars so the structure is demolished. The site engineer was not a good approach for us because we ware report the work error for the consultant. 2.7 Measures we have taken to overcome these challenges To understand the site language we ware ask the persons who was known engineering words Wearing the hat and jacket for sun and cold of air condition. By recommend the work errors for contractors By informing when we observe the executed work is works properly or not, for example on our site during placing of foundation formwork, we observe that one isolated footing is inclined and one edge of the column is out of the wall of the building, so we inform for the consultant, then the work is demolished and work again and finally we discussed from site engineer and agree with that. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 46 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Other site visit Megenagna The project constructed around megenagna is 40/60 condominiums. When we visit this site the work executed at that time was ripped slab, electrical conduits and light weight concrete Ripped Slab– is flat structure constructed from HCB, reinforcement mesh and concrete. They serve as a walking surface but may also serve as a load bearing members as in slab homes. They used for transfer loads to the column HCB pondo fonte Fig 2.39 Conduit for lighting DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 47 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Fig 2.40 Placing of concrete for ribbed slab Electrical conduits constructed for floor light and socket For light is align horizontally after arranged HCB cover by concrete placed after mesh For socket Is align vertically through beams and HCB wall The electrical cables are inter to the conduit during finishing work Fig 2.41.Conduit for socket DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 48 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Light weight concrete is a mix of a material known as pumice and cement with ratio 1:5 and construct as a roof structure used for Minimize the dead load of the structure To prevent water inter to the structure ( the property pumice have a void so with this void resist water flow to structure ) Constructed to elevated the Pumice Fig 2. 42 pumice Around Abune petros square The project is journals and mass media training Collage for Adiss Abeba University In this we observe the foundation work (mat foundation) Mat foundation is a type of foundation which transmits its load to the soil by means of a continuous slab that covers the entire area of the bottom of a structure similar to a floor. This type of foundation is used A situation in which the low bearing capacity of the soil necessitates such large isolated footing that it is reasonable to join them all together Where there is large loads comes from the super structure Sub surface condition is weak so that cannot be maintained by footing (to counteract the effect of hydrostatic uplift) DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 49 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Bottom mesh Kebeleto top mesh Fig 2.43 Rebar for mat foundation Kebeleto is a rebar that placed with 1.5m space and used for Support top mesh give uniform space between two mashes give strength for structure Fig 2.44 Concrete filled mat foundation DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 50 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT CHAPTER THREE OVERALL INTERNSHIP BENEFIT 3.1 Improving practical skill During internship period, we have improved our practical skill in the different work tasks. These are: Reading working drawings (architectural, structural, and electrical) and working with them. Process of concrete work (batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting and curing) for different structural elements. Process of reinforcement bar work (cutting, bending, placing and tying) for different structural elements. Process of formwork and false work (cutting, erection, treating and striking) for different structural elements Take off sheet and bar schedule preparation. Building profile construction. Slump test technique Sampling technique for cube test. Hammer test. Project site work management 3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge Internship project gave as the opportunity to apply our theoretical knowledge (which we have learnt last four years at school) in real job environments. During this Internship project, almost all the courses we have taken theoretically were applied in the execution of work tasks. But more our theoretical knowledge is mostly upgraded the following courses. Such as: Building construction I & II Construction materials I & II Principles of construction management Human resource and supplies management Specification and quantity surveying Construction planning and scheduling Construction working drawing Construction site management Engineering surveying 3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill Since there were many workers at the office and the site, we get a lot of persons with different personality and attitude; therefore we had needed good communication skill with those persons with various communicating methods to achieve good work performance. Due to this, the internship project played a great role in improving our interpersonal communication skills. 3.4 Improving team playing skill Team work is cooperative and the project has defined objective to be achieved. Even if different type of work tasks of the project are assigned to different individuals or groups at different work position. It needs cooperation of those individuals or groups to achieve the common objective. Therefore, every individual or group must play team spirit with fulfilling his/her/their responsibility at required time, quality and quantity and with communicating to concerning body. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 51 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT 3.5 Improving leadership skill Leadership is a process of leading/directing subordinates by inspiring them in order to perform good and right. To do so, a leader should do the following issues: Motivating subordinates Knowing and showing the way how to work good and right Making effective communication Decision making Being knowledgeable of the work Willingness to listen subordinates’ ideas and participating their construct able ideas in to decision. Ability to take the responsibilities for his/her actions Problem solving In this four month internship project we have gained more experiences to improve our leadership capacity by practicing the above issues while working in a group. 3.6 Understanding about work ethics related issues There we have learned and gained so many things related to work ethics in addition to what we knew earlier theoretically. And from those, we have understood and upgraded following issues in the work environment. These are: Loyalty Punctuality Hard working habit (industriousness) Devotion to work Respecting others Tolerance with workers around. Keeping rules and regulation Being responsible Proper usage of property Developing positive attitude towards the work task we participate. . 3.7 Entrepreneurship skill Entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic growth and job creation for one country. It provides many people with business opportunities that better fit their preferences than waged employment. From point of our knowledge (that we gained both theoretically and practically) and closer look at the way of doing business and the way of making profit in the our hosting company, we are so eager to involve in the construction business DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 52 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION Generally the internship period was the most valuable period for us, which largely helped us to be familiar with the industry and gain a great deal of experience. It is vivid that without clear understanding of the construction industry one cannot be a successful manger in the construction projects. To have such a skill we have been gathering a great deal of practical knowledge in the site. Office works was also the most important tasks we have been performing, which highly lessoned us the basic techniques and tools of management. In the whole in our internship program we know many useful and important practical skills and experiences like, How to execute our work, How we can get the hosting company, How we can understand the works flows look like, Which works we can execute effectively and efficiently, How we are good in performing our work tasks, What challenges we could have faced for the future, What measures we could have took to overcome it and How we could improve our Practical skills, Theoretical knowledge and interpersonal communicational skills, Team playing skills Leadership skills, Understanding of work ethics issues & Entrepreneurship skills. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 53 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Recommendation In our hosting company we are work on laboratory test effectively and we gave a great gratitude to the laboratory technicians. We want to recommend our company as a client in order to supervise carefully that the contractor done. Whereas we want to recommend the contractor FE CONSTUCTION P.L.C The project time schedule was during contract document preparation. For example our site project is huge (B+G+6) with area of (46.45*36.96) and after expansion joint (B+G+4) (40.5*13.5) plus to that the excavated material is basaltic rock, for this work contract by 365 days. The time working ground beam on site is time of plastering on contract document, so it becomes delay for the project DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 54 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Reference CDSCo. Magazine published in June 2011. Site observation Report writing skill hand out INTERNET.(www.cdsco.com.et) Ching, F.D.(2008 G.C.). Building construction illustrated. Hoboken, New Jersey: JHON WILEY & SONS, INC Ministry of works and urban development. (1995 E.C.). Ethiopian building code of standards. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 55 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT APPENDEIX SITE WORD MEANING Staffa……………………………………………………….Stirrup Soleta……………………………………………………….Slab Armata……………………………………………………..Concrete Fero…………………………………………………………Reinforcement bar Ferayo………………………………………………………Bar bender Tumbi……………………………………………………....Plumb bob Fondo……………………………………………………….Bottom soffit Sponda……………………………………………………...Side board Sibago………………………………………………………String Kirachary……………………………………………………column formwork alignment Chikal………………………………………………………..pegs Berka………………………………………………………...water store(container) kebeleto DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 56 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT ABBREVATION EWCDSC Ethiopian construction design and supervision works corporation WWDSE water works design and supervision enterprise TCDSCo transport construction design Share Company CDSCo Construction design Share Company OPC Ordinary Portland cement PPC Portland – pozolana cement E.C Ethiopian calendar CDE Construction design enterprise BDE Building design enterprise PLC Privet limited company DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 57