Barnet & Hunter Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi

FREEDOM PALESTINEttp://arab2000.forumpro.f FREEDOM PALESTINE CONTENTS Introduction Major Groupings of Imperfect Fungi and Their Importance in the Biosphere Cytological and Morphological Features of Imperfect Fungi Factors Affecting Growth and Sporulation of Imperfect Fungi References Cited ix x xvi xviii xxi PART I. PHYSIOLOGY ISOLATION CULTURE MEDIA MAINTENANCE OF STOCK CULTURES PHYSIOLOGY: NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT USE OF IMPERFECT FUNGI TO ILLUSTRATE BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES PART II. TAXONOMY AND IDENTIFICATION THE SACCARDO SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION FAMILIES OF MONILIALES KEY TO GENERA MUCORALES MONILIALES HELICOSPORES NOT HELICOSPORES MONILIACEAE DEMATIACEAE TUBERCULARIACEAE STILBACEAE SPHAEROPSIDALES MELANCONIALES MYCELIA STERILIA SIMPLIFIED KEY TO SOME SELECTED COMMON GENERA THE HUGHES-TUBAKI-BARRON SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 17 25 26 28 33 34 35 40 vii http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA ARTHROSPORAE MERISTEM ARTHROSPORAE ALEURIOSPORAE ANNELLOSPORAE BLASTOSPORAE BOTRYOBLASTOSPORAE POROSPORAE SYMPODULOSPORAE PHIALOSPORAE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA REFERENCES GLOSSARY INDEX TO GENERA * 41 44 44 45 48 48 5051 52 55 59 198 212 216 vill http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE INTRODUCTION The Deuteromycetes or Fungi lmperfecti (former taxonomic designations) are an anomalous, heterogeneous assemblage of asexual ascomycetes and basidiomycetes which no longer have formal taxonomic status. These fungi were traditionally considered as lesser fungi because they lacked the perfect stage—sexual reproduction. The absence of asci (ascomycetes) and basidia (basidiomycetes) prevented their assignment to a natural taxon and necessitated .artificial non-sexual characteristics to describe and classify them. This genetic inability of many imperfects to reproduce sexually is considered a primitive condition and in contemporary mycology presents a taxonomic quandary. Alexopoulus et al, 1996, provide excellent scientific rationale for excluding imperfect fungi from contemporary fungal systematics, and discuss considerations needed to develop logical and valid taxonomic approaches to determine their phylogeny (1). Consequently, the taxons which previously were recognized as taxonomically valid for the deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi), are used in this book only to facilitate their identification. The imperfects are important eucaryotic microorganisms (possessing nuclei and organelles) which affect humans and most other life forms in a myriad of ways. The need to determine their identities is paramount in research, industry, medicine, plant pathology and in many other disciplines. Imperfect fungi are identified according to their conidial or non-sexual states. Nevertheless, many imperfects possess sexual structures of known ascomycetes or basidiomycetes, whereas others produce no conidia and/or sexual structures. Roper, 1966, described a parasexual cycle in which genetic recombination can occur in hyphae (16). This observation suggests that some fungi may never have possessed sexual structures or required sexual reproduction for genetic exchange. However, while there is little data which substantiates that pansexuality occurs under natural conditions today, it could have occurred during the origin and evolution of these fungi. When sexual structures are associated with the conidial state, a valid taxonomic status can be ascribed. However, this often does not occur, and for practical purposes is not important. Although the scientific name of the sexual state constitutes a valid taxonomic designation, the imperfect name is retained for practicality and for conventional use. Therefore, to identify the imperfect fungi, it is necessary to know their conidial morphologies regardless of whether the sexual state is also present in culture or in nature. The deuteromycetes constitute an important group of fungi which require continued study despite their obscure and confounding systematic relationships both to themselves and to other fungi. Barron, 1968 (2), Hunter and Barnett, 1973 (10), Hunter « tf al., 1978 (11), and Alexopoulus et al. (1) provide additional information on many aspects of the morphology, sporulation, growth, ecology and economic importance of imperfect fungi. Scanning electron and light photomicrographs are provided on several of the following pages. They show conidia, conidiophores, and hyphal structures found on many different kinds of imperfect fungi. Compare them with like illustrations in the book to better understand how these structures are important in identifying imperfect fungi. IX http://arab2000.forumpro.fr Descriptions and illustrations of the three species depicted in this book are provided on pages 196 and 197. conidiophores may be single or in compact groups similar to sporodochia of the Mormiaies. This provides a basis from which to begin a search (appropriate key) for the identity of an unknown fungus. It is also the primary means used in this book to identify imperfect fungi. only in a non-taxonomic sense. with typical flaskshaped phialides and catenulate conidia. an open saucer-shaped fruiting body.Species in this form order are genetically incapable of producing conidia or any kind of reproductive cells. in clusters. and septation of conidia are important characteristics in the Saccardo System but reduced to secondary importance in the Hughes-Tubaki-Barron System.FREEDOM PALESTINE MAJOR GROUPINGS OF I M P E R F E C T FUNGI AND T H E I R IMPORTANCE I N T H E B I O S P H E R E The imperfect fungi or deuteromycetes have been classified according to principles established by Saccardo in Sylloge fungorum (17). The scientific names of imperfect fungi are still used. http://arab2000. Illustrative examples and accompanying descriptions of many of the diverse genera in this group are provided from pages 68 through 161. The shape. Conidiophores may be separate. Details pertaining to this system are provided on pages 40-44 and related identification keys are found on pages 44-57. Sclerotia or other survival structures occur in the mycelium. The form orders are as follows: ( I ) Moniliales Conidiophores and conidia occurring free and distributed over the mycelium. The use of conidial and conidiophore ontogeny for identifying deuteromycetes should be used by individuals who are well versed in mycology. pigmentation. (2) Sphaeropsidales Conidiophores and conidia contained within asexual fruiting bodies called pycnidia. See pages 162 through 187 for descriptions and illustrations of pycnidia-producing fungi. To better understand the Saccardo System. it is still the best way to learn the mycology that is necessary for identifying the imperfect fungi. emerging from apices ot the conidiophores. 9. X Conidia of Trichoderma sp. Conidiophores ot Paecilomyces sp. (4) Mycelia Sterilia . In culture. and as a necessity to know their practical importance in the biosphere. These fungi can be found on pages 188 through 194. the species of the form orders can be separated into four distinct groups of fungi. common and economically-important imperfect fungi of the four form orders will be presented. (3) Melanconiales . The Hughes-Tubaki-Barron System (conidial ontogeny) has also been used as a way of classifying and identifying these fungi (2.fr . or in tightly-packed groups. While this taxonomic system is no longer valid.forumpro. Following the Saccardoan System. 18).Conidia typically produced under natural conditions in an acervulus. albeit. The most common in nature and the most economically important are found in the form order Moniliales. Add hyalo to phragmospore (hyalophragmospore) and it is a hyaline. There are at least 1. This is the only form order in which form families are described in this book. one to several cell formations are helicospores. one-celled conidia are phaeospores. the Saccardo System is still the best way for students and others to study and identify imperfect fungi. cylindricallyspiraled. Nevertheless. didymospores are two-celled. or color of the conidia and presence of synnemata or sporodochia in the Moniliales. and consistency of the pycnidium in the Sphaeropsidales. because of its simplicity and practicality. time and experience will negate these factors. one-celled hyaline (devoid of any color) conidia are called hyalospores. and pycnidium). Some are pathogens of plants. conidiophore. transversely septate conidium. Therefore. For example. regardless of the presence or absence of color. Characteristics are predicated upon such artificial features as color. Problems encountered when using the Saccardo system are variations in type of fruiting body (acervulus. SACCARDOAN FORM ORDERS FORM ORDER MONILIALES Most species of deuteromycetes reside in this form order and are grouped into four form families (see page 7). and transversely septate conidia with three or more cells are phragmospores. xi http://arab2000. conidium color and conidium morphology. Consequently. These structures can vary on different media and in their response to varying environmental conditions. In the Saccardo System. shape. some produce toxins.forumpro. The form family taxon is not used in Mycelia Sterilia and only one form family exists in the Melanconiales.fr . Moniliales and Sphaeropsidales can be separated into several form families. what is described in the keys may differ slightly to significantly when the fungus in question is grown on different media or when it is incubated at different temperatures. sporodochium. it is the color and morphology of the conidia which are used to separate form genera into sections. colored. animals and humans. while others are important in the production of antibiotics and other chemicals. Form families Moniliaceae and Dematiaceae have species which are delimited by one or more of the following Conidia In basipetal chains radiating from the apex of an Aspergillus sp.400 form genera of imperfect fungi and several thousand species.FREEDOM PALESTINE Two of the spomlating form orders. is often found as a contaminant of microbial cultures. Penicillium (page 95).forumpro. presence of chlamydospores and morphology. the pathogen of brown rot of peach and other fruits. albicans. conidia in mucilaginous masses on penicillate branches of conidiophores. conidial number and arrangement at apex of the conidiophore. Alternaria (page 132) and Stemphylium (page 132) are routinely isolated from the air and numerous other substrates. which has saved countless humans from death and serious illness for many decades. Monilia (page 73) cinerea var. the manner in which the conidia are produced. Gl'tocladium spp. Penicillium chrysogenum and closely related species are the sources of penicillin. a human disease which can occur orally. presence or absence of mucilage. conidia produced on conidiophore or mycelium. one being the Gliocladium type and the other that of Veriicillium albo-atrum (page 92). Verticillium albo-atrum is a destructive plant pathogen that causes a wilt of some economically-important plants. Species of Aspergillus (page 95). An important species C. Note that this fungus is not always filamentous. Geotrichum candidum (page 68) is the causative agent of geotrichosis. but can possess yeast-like cells. a pulmonary disorder. These genera and several other species of the Moniliaceae are discussed here. This seemingly obvious color difference is at times difficult to determine in culture and under the microscope. Fortunately. americana. Many of the more common fungi are found in the form families Moniliaceae and Dematiaceae. xii http://arab2000. Refer to page 68 through page 145 for numerous examples of the Moniliaceae and the Dematiaceae. conidial morphology.fr . but differ at maturity by having the spore mass encompassed by mucilage. diligence and experience in identifying these and other fungi. The reason that the fungi of these two form families are discussed together is because the only difference between the species is the color of their conidia and conidiophores. Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans and other animals and is responsible for the human disease aspergillosis. Species of the genus Candida (page 71) are common in the Moniliaceae. conidiophore appearance and branching. Other species of Penicillium are responsible for the contamination of food and clothing. careful use of the microscope. and exogenous or endogenous production of conidia. roseum is a good example where identification is confusing because it produces two different conidial types. those with pigmented conidia and/or conidiophores reside in form family Dematiaceae. (page 93) are similar to the penicillia. an important antibacterial antibiotic. is an opportunistic human pathogen causing oral and vaginal diseases and may become systemic. but warns one to not always consider fungal cultures contaminated when two distinct conidial types occur in the same culture. However. along with many other pertinent fungal characteristics. G. This filamentous yeast can be differentiated from other Candida spp. will in time allow orje to make accurate determinations of pigmentation. by the production of S to 12 pm spherical chlamydospores on corn meal agar. true and pseudomycelium (some imperfects are yeasts without true hyphae).FREEDOM PALESTINE characteristics: conidial septation. Note that imperfects in this form order with hyaline conidia are members of the Moniliaceae. One-celled Gliocladium sp. in the intestine and as a pulmonary disease. One species. this is unusual. conidia produced in chains or in a head. xiii http://arab2000.FREEDOM PALESTINE Many species having pigmented conidia and/or conidiophores. but not all species of Fusarium (page 131). Refer to pages 146 . Since all conidia of one species are not always of the same cell number or size. Aureobasidium is often confused with species of Candida. a soilborne saprotroph. Many species of Helminthosporium (page 125) are well known to plant pathologists as pathogens of grasses. reside in the form family Dematiaceae. pullalans is saprotrophic. which produces large muriform conidia. but pigmentation appears in its hyphae which is not found in Candida. insects. The conidia are produced on the upper portions of the synnemata. and some species are plant or human pathogens. is well known to plant pathologists because it is the imperfect form of the fungal pathogen that causes Dutch elm disease. A sporodochium is a cushioned-shaped structure made up of closely grouped conidiophores. One species. Cladosporium (page 107) is prevalent in the air. The ends of the conidia vary only slightly making the differentiation of species between Bipolaris. on phialides of a Arthrospores of Geotrlchum sp. Illustrations along with the keys are most helpful in correctly identifying species of these three genera. (page 157) are frequently isolated from soil and grow profusely on most mycological agar media. These fungi produce dark cylindrical conidia. One species. Imperfect species which have conidiophores united in columns or clusters reside in the form family Stilbaceae (pages 152 .forumpro. These multiple fused conidiophores are called synnemata or coremia and tend to be more plentiful in aging cultures. Isolates of this fungus are readily recovered from air. which are multiseptate and usually have rounded ends. The presence of sporodochia in the mycelium distinguishes form family Tuberculariaceae from the other three form families of form order Moniliales. but can become an opportunistic pathogen of plants. of Penicillium sp. Isaria spp. Aureobasidium (page 71) is a filamentous yeast. has pigmented single-celled conidia and conidiophores that slime down to form glistening beads. The most commonly encountered fungus in the Dematiaceae is Alternar'ta (page 133). often borne acropetally in chains. Definitive identification of sporodochial-producing fungi is often difficult because the structures often vary with cultural conditions.fr . purity of a culture cannot be determined by this means. plants and are Catenulate conidia conidiophore. decaying vegetation and from diseased potatoes and tomatoes. ulmi are tall and have a rounded mass of light-colored conidia embedded in mucilage. This fungus has a highly branched conidiophore and one-or two-celled conidia that occur in chains. This same fungus is also known to be a major agent in the deterioration of painted surfaces. produce sporodochia. A. becoming dark with age. The synnemata of P.151 and observe the many different types of sporodochial fungi. hyaline when young. Stachybotrys (page 89). are pathogens of humans.161). Many of these species are also common and/or economically-important fungi. Species of Fusarium. The conidia of Bipolaris (page 127) and Dreschlera (page 123) are nearly identical to those of Helminthosporium but differ in the mode of conidial formation. soil. Some. Some isolates of the Stilbaceae do not form synnemata on all media making identification most difficult. Pesotum ulmi. Dreschlera and Helminthosporium difficult. although some are plant pathogens and others infect insects and other fungi. Germinating parium. Excipulaceae . the dark pycnidia are round. ostiolate. Therefore. Obviously. the proliferation of species. They have conidia which are either endogenously produced (inside the pycnidium). globose. globose dictyospores (conidium has both oblique and transverse septa). thin scolecospores. Among the more common form genera are Phoma. Many of the species of these five genera are pathogens of plant stems and leaves.upper half of pycnidium fully developed. According to Saccardo. leathery to carbonaceous.dark pycnidia. (page 163). The pycnidia of Septoria are dark. or that differ from most other imperfect fungi and are exogenously produced. Leptostromataceae . Problems in identifying these fungi are obvious when comparing Phoma and Phyllosticta. xiv http://arab2000. microconidia and macroconidia. It is easy to identify isolates to genus because of their characteristic bananashaped conidia. Species in the genus Epicoccum (page 151) are frequently isolated from soil and decaying wood. In this book. they enclose short conidiophores bearing long. Sphaeropsis (page 177). although we may use a particular characteristic from a given form family as part of the key composition.physical characteristics as in form order Sphaeropsidaceae. Their pycnidia and conidia are so similar that distinctions are at best arbitrary. Phyllosticta (page 163). Zythiaceae . but the pycnidia are brightcolored and waxy. and questionable scientific designations. cralamydospores of Cylindrocladlum sco- Bristle-covered pycnidia of Chaetomella s p . and break out through the surface of the substratum and produce endogenous narrow-elongate conidia. Sphaeropsidaceae . the form families are differentiated as follows. make them difficult to speciate.Pycnidia are cupped or saucer-shaped. erumpent. Sphaeropsis is another form genus which is similar to Phoma. we do not separate pycnidia producing fungi using the four form families. Coniothyrium (page 177) and Septoria (page 183). which may or may not be produced on a stroma.fr . non-septate conidia. Both have dark. using the host to name the fungal species leads to confusion. most being plant pathogens. have an opening. Pycnidia are easily seen at low magnifications with a compound or stereo-microscope.forumpro. usually having a circular opening. Many of the species names come from their hosts. Many members of the form order Sphaeropsidales are saprotrophic. However the tremendous variability in conidial size. from which compact or loose conidiophorcs give rise to dark. pycnidia (page 162 through 187). This fungus has dark sporodochia.000 species. Septoria (page 183) is a form genus with approximately 1. FORM ORDER SPHAEROPSIDALES There are four form families in this form order and all of the species have well defined asexual fruiting bodies i. erumpent pycnidia enclosing short conidiophores that produce hyaline.e.FREEDOM PALESTINE abundant in the air and soil. rather than in the basal portion. they should really be in one genus. Careful scrutiny will show that species of Cylindrosporium (page 193) are difficult to differentiate from species of Gloeosporium. Another common genus is Pestalotia. except that the latter has prominent dark setae associated with the conidiophores. The imperfect fungi include a diverse array of fungi which occupy every conceivable ecosystem within the Biosphere. There is only one form family. another frequently encountered member of this form order produces bulbils (shown on page 197) which are sclerotium-like and serve in survival and reproduction. Their many spore and somatic types have led to dispersal and invasion of may environments resulting in the evolution of this highly diverse group of fungi. Papulospora. is the teleomorph of both form genera which indicates that. an ascomycete. thereby making it impossible to distinguish between the two genera. because of their similar anamorphic states. both containing plant pathogenic species. one-celled. Two common form genera are Gloeosporium (page 189) and Colletotrichum (page 189). These diversified fungi are grouped into approximately 20 genera and because of their heterogeneity there are no form families. The many species of the two genera have conidia which are hyaline. and some are pathogenic to humans. xv http://arab2000. animals. some are saprotrophic. Clamp connections on their hyphae provide evidence to basidiomycetous affinities.fr . They are both very similar in appearance. Glomerella. FORM ORDER MYCELIA STERILIA Species placed here have no known anamorphic or teleomorphic states. plants. and therefore they are identified solely by mycelial characteristics. the acervulus (page 188 through 195). and ovoid to oblong. Species of Papulospora are saprotrophs of decaying vegetation and are pathogenic to storage structures of some plants. sclerotia or bulbils. They do however. Similar appearing species of different genera present problems even to those who are familiar with the fungi. produce somatic sporodochium-like bodies. Melanconiaceae. the setae of Colletotrichum fail to form. Under certain cultural conditions. microorganisms and to even other fungi. Species can be either pathogenic or saprotrophic. chlamydospores.FREEDOM PALESTINE FORM ORDER MELANCONIALES Species in this form order are recognized by a saucer-shaped fruiting body.forumpro. There are aquatic and terrestrial species. which produces multiseptate conidia with pointed ends and apical appendages (page 193). No asexual or sexual structures are found in these fungi. however. Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium (page 197) are two common form genera. One filament of the hyphae is a hypha. Consequently. Therefore. mitochondria and Golgi bodies are found to be closely associated in the cytoplasm. This ultrastructural feature has been seen only in imperfect fungi and ascomycetes. intracellular characteristics of the cell(s) are of no value for identification. This of course is a major difference between metazoans and most protists which lack cell walls. There is one notable feature of the hyphae that is easily seen with the light microscope and enables differentiation of an imperfect fungus from a typical phycomycete. 12). color and in their extracellular matrix. The cells of a hypha are separated from one another by crosswalls called septa. but the chemical composition of the xvl http://arab2000. especially in hyphal cells that are old or damaged. since hyphae among different kinds of fungi are more alike than different. This is an important consideration in fungal identification. Alexopoulus et al. Newhouse et al. vacuoles. the nuclei and organelles of the imperfects are minute and difficult to observe without killing the cells and applying one or more cytological stains. Imperfect fungi with known ascomycetous teleomorphs usually have simple septa. and all hyphae of one fungus constitutes the mycelium. The majority of fungal viruses do not appear to have any deleterious affect upon fungi. two or more nuclei in their septate hyphal cells and can possess mitochondria. and nuclei within the fungal cell. glycogen and lipid. contain similar organelles and inclusions. 11. Woronin bodies or septal pore plugs are known to block pores. this association suggests a relationship unique to these fungi that differentiates them from other fungi and other life forms (13). metaphytans and metazoans. Metaphytans also possess cell walls. along with mycoviruses in the hyphal cells of Cryphonectria parasitica (14). Often. which are unique structures involved in apical hyphal growth may also be present. Light microscopy of fungal cells reveals little cytological detail. Consequently. Under light microscopy however. like most fungi. are arranged in filaments or threads called hyphae. This can result in an infected fungal isolate having a cultural appearance far different from other fungi of the same species. provide excellent information on fungal ultrastructure and cellular relationships of many and diverse fungi (1). unlike most phycomycetes which are coenocytic (lack septa and are multinucleate). Within the septum there may be one or several pores which provide cytoplasmic continuity between cells. endoplasmic reticuli with ribosomes. Imperfect fungi have one. the cytoplasm of the typical imperfect fungus appears translucent and granular and lacking discernible nuclei. The asexual spores of deuteromycetes. from protists. External to the plasma membrane of the hyphal cell is the cell wall. the conidia. composition and ultrastructure of the imperfect fungi (DeuterOmycetes) have been thoroughly investigated using light and electron microscopy (4. Woronin bodies and Spitzenkorpers (8). when present. Under light microscopy. found these typical organelles. However. some inclusions. whereas basidiomycetous teleomorphs have much more elaborate and complex dolipore septa. This is apparent by light microscopy and by TEM. Transmission electron micrographs demonstrate that nuclei and various organelles can traverse the pores thus moving from cell to cell. All imperfect fungi have septa. Fungal hyphal cells vary in size. 5. but some can debilitate their hosts and cause changes in colony morphology. yet different in some respects. organelles or other inclusions. growth rate and pigmentation. microtubules. 8.FREEDOM PALESTINE CYTOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL F E A T U R E S OF IMPERFECT FUNGI The eucaryotic cellular structure.fr . they usually cannot be used as a differentiating character. Cells of imperfect fungi. nigrescens are representative of imperfect fungi since they are uninucleate and possess most of the aforementioned intracellular structures within their plasma membranes (3). however. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show with clarity the organelles. The pores are easily observed via TEM but not with light microscopy. Ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi also possess septa. 7. organelles and inclusions similar to. The hyphae and conidia of Verticillium albo-atrum and V. they have cells.forumpro. This structure is the septum which separates individual hyphal cells. Golgi bodies. acervuli. the easier it will be to identify. Sclerotia (page 97) and microsclerotia are other structures in which the hyphae lose their typical thread-like appearance and become a mass of cells which are resistant to various adverse conditions.forumpro. The conidial cells. Rhizomorphs. xvii http://arab2000. some fungi form discrete microscopic and/or macroscopic somatic and reproductive structures. While additional structures are not usually formed by growing hyphae. sclerotia. their conidiophores. The more identifiable structures (mainly reproductive. and are routinely used in identification. the stroma. More recent studies by Wessels in 1986 (19) and 1988 (20) provide evidence that the hyphal tip is elastic but ultimately becomes rigid with age. the tissue is pseudoparenchyma. in conjunction with microtubules and microfilaments that comprise the cytoskeleton. 1970 (7). One type of somatic tissue structure is the rhizomorph which results from the thickening of the hyphae. Complete familiarity with these structures will facilitate use of the keys for identifying unknown imperfect fungi. preserve the cytoplasmic integrity of cells and also determines the shape of the hyphal cell. pycnidia. sporodochia. Transmission electron micrographs of the hyphal apex by Grove. The apical vesicles contain the necessary elements for plasma membrane extension and cell wall synthesis.FREEDOM PALESTINE microbibrils is different. Another somatic structure. The imperfect fungal cell wall. It is the hyphae that absorb nutrients required for growth and reproduction. Hyphae are the microscopic somatic structures of fungi which are embedded in various organic. The organization and size of the mycelium is predicated upon substrate availability and nutrient status. synnemata and chlamydospores are other cellular structures of imperfect fungi which are easily discernible with the light microscope. and Grove and Bracker. is formed as a mass of fungal cells that usually supports various types of reproductive structures. Cell growth of the filamentous fungi occurs almost exclusively at the hyphal tip. These tissues develop from the apical growth of the hyphae. These structures are illustrated and discussed throughout this book.fr . in some few instances. show apical vesicles which are spherical and membrane bound. Hyphal cells of Sclerotium rolfsii possess an actin cytoskeleton (15). 1978 (6). Hyphae of some fungi can develop two dlifferent kinds of fungal tissues (plectenchyma). Many resistant and reproductive structures develop from the two types of plectenchymous tissue. Prosenchyma tissue are evident by their loosely woven organization in which the hyphae are still mostly discernible. but also somatic) that can be determined for an unknown fungus. the identity of an unknown fungus. microsclerotia and stroma are important structures in determining the type and. When the hyphae are not discernible and the cells become plant-like. substrates or in soils. The conditions that favor or inhibit growth and sporulation of a given fungus are correlated with its habitat. and Aureobasidium are common decomposing agents of cloth. Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum are plant pathogens which cause rots of plant parts and obtain moisture from the decomposing plant cells. wood and even painted surfaces where there is no free moisture. but are not photosynthetic. MOISTURE Imperfect fungi are capable of growing in liquid nutrient solutions provided that sufficient oxygen is present.FREEDOM PALESTINE FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF I M P E R F E C T FUNGI The imperfect fungi are adapted to live under diverse environmental and nutritional conditions. When growing unknown. Several types of fungal responses to nutrition and environment are presented. however. Conidia of some species often survive for years in a cold or dry environment and germinate upon exposure to favorable conditions. paper. xvlii http://arab2000. However. is limited in growth only by temperature and moisture. optimum. A. Species of Aspergillus. clavatus. and the production of conidia at that time. A. The exact ranges are influenced by other factors. Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Radiation also may affect the chemical composition of media thereby promoting growth patterns different from those that would occur when the media were stored in the dark. such as for living tissue or preformed vitamins. other fungi have more precise requirements. and maximum. grow and reproduce. In contrast there are the many imperfect species that cannot grow without liquid water or a saturated atmosphere. Penicillium. Bispora. whereas. glaucas and its close relatives are well known for their ability to grow under conditions of severe physiological drought. TEMPERATURE Temperature and moisture are universal factors that affect all organisms and must be favorable for them to survive. The cardinal temperatures i. There is a great variation among the responses to temperature of the imperfect fungi. When cultures receive unilateral illumination. leather. For example. LIGHT Imperfect fungi respond to light (radiation) in a myriad of ways. the dissemination of plant pathogenic conidia is often limited to the growing season of the host plant. Spores of most deuteromycetes require moisture for germination. In fact. phototropic growth of conidiophores has been amply demonstrated for Aspergillus giganteus. Like all fungi they are incapable of reducing C0 2 to carbohydrate via radiation. irrespective of the position of the culture. they all produce some growth at mesophilic temperatures.e.forumpro. Cladosporium. many deuteromycetes can grow in the absence of liquid water. which obtains its nutrients from decaying wood. Certain frequencies of radiation are also known to enhance or be necessary for the induction of sexual structures of imperfects having known teleomorphic states. Penicillium claviforme and numerous other fungi. Another Aspergillus sp.fr . fungi it is best to select a temperature between 20 and 30 degrees Centigrade for their initial incubation. proliferate in stored grains when the moisture content is greater than 14%. the conidiophores grow toward the white light. Nevertheless. minimum. are used to describe the range at which individual imperfect fungi can grow.. This and other types of adaptation have led to the survival of the deuteromycetes that exist today. The ubiquitous nature of most deuteromycetes indicates that they possess the genetic determinants (synthesis of enzymes) to utilize carbon from many different sources. PenicilUum italicum. To determine the ability of specific fungi to utilize single carbon sources. ammonium and amino acids as sources of nitrogen.fr . In general. If one merely desires to cultivate deuteromycetes on a laboratory medium. yet there are few^ concrete examples of inhibition of imperfect fungi by visible light. White light may be as effective as any given color if the intensity is nearly equal. experiments in the laboratory must be conducted under controlled conditions. among these. complete or partial. Such deficiencies can be determined only by cultivation in suitable synthetic media with and without added vitamins. A. Most imperfect fungi utilize nitrate. however. In nature. 6 to 9. Growth on inorganic nitrogen is often less than on a mixture of amino acids or on a complex organic nitrogen source. Seldom does a fungus in nature encounter a pure carbon source. are deficient and cannot synthesize certain vitamins. candles. An exposure of mycelial cultures on agar to sunlight (7. The intensity of white light necessary for sporulation by Epicoccum nigrum varied inversely with duration of exposure. pH 2. and their preferred source is usually associated with the niche they occupy in the ecosystem.8. To study the relative rate of utilization of nitrogen sources. a wide band of blue-green-yellow and far red all affect fungal sporulation. Most natural media have more than one carbon source from which a fungus can obtain carbon requirements for growth and reproduction. one should use single amino acids. aspartic acid or glutamic acid.8 to 7. When fungi are growing on most culture media. may be an important factor.8 to 8. 1 . It is well known that ultraviolet radiation is inhibitory. quite differently. light is necessary) or enhanced by exposure to different wavelengths of radiation. Remember. however a source of nitrogen must also provided. HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION (pH) Most fungi grow optimally when the substrate is slightly acid between pH 5. near ultraviolet.0.0. 2. 8 to 11.000 ft. when growing imperfects which do not sporulate in culture. blue (most common). The red band is seldom effective for inducing sporulation. they alter the pH of the substrate.4. but rather will preferentially select from what is available.forumpro. 9 to 9.3. using a medium that is complete for all nutrients except carbon. yeast extract or casein hydrolysate is excellent.FREEDOM PALESTINE Radiation has the greatest impact on sporulation of imperfect fungi.. oryzae. 2.0 to 8. albeit. cellulose is the most abundant utilizable source. most fungi can use sources of inorganic nitrogen as well. 1 . Growth on glucose.3. they will generally achieve fair to good growth over a much wider range. VITAMINS Most imperfect fungi are capable of synthesizing required vitamins from living or non-living substrates. When imperfects are vitamin-deficient. Spores were produced only in the zone of young hyphae at the time of exposure. However. Imperfect fungi respond to different carbon sources. 1 . candles) for 15 minutes induced the production of about as many conidia as a single exposure of 24 hours at 50 ft candles or 6 hours at 100 ft. Some imperfects. A deficiency may be single or multiple. Certain species are able to tolerate even greater ranges: Aspergillus niger. from about pH 3.e. it is usually thiamine that they are unable to synthesize.5. fructose and mannose are approximately the same for all fungi. however. The extent of the pH change depends on the composition of the substrate as well as on the genetics of the imperfect fungus. organic materials provide the nitrogen needed for growth. Sporulation of imperfects is either induced (i.0 and 6. expose fungal cultures to alternating periods of light and dark to induce sporulation. CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES The requirement of fungi for carbon is greater than any other nutrient. Fusarium oxysporum. the absence of light or too little of it. Most species of Aspergillus synthesize all XIX http://arab2000. such as asparagine.5 to 8. Botrytis cinerea. and Rhizoctonia solani.1. Ultraviolet. Zn. Dendrophoma obscurans. ISOLATION. Mn.forumpro. However. xx http://arab2000. magnesium and sulfur. must have a preformed source of thiamine as do some species of the dermatophyte genus. species of Penicillium. Gliocladium roseum and other imperfect fungi are also able to synthesize their vitamin requirements. Cu and Ca are frequently added to synthetic media to supply additional inorganic elements needed for optimal fungal growth. The pycnidial producer.fr . AND PHYSIOLOGY Information on these topics can be found on pages 1-3. CULTURE MEDIA. The microelements Fe. Biotin is needed for Diplodia macrospora and for Stachybotrys atra. phosphorus. Botrytis cinerea. Trichophyton.FREEDOM PALESTINE required vitamins. INORGANIC SALTS AND MICROELEMENTS Natural organic compounds often furnish all of the inorganic salts necessary for growth. Cylindrocladium scoparium. it is necessary to add certain compounds. Monobasic potassium phosphate (KH 2 P0 4 ) and magnesium sulfate (MgS0 4 ) will supply potassium. if one needs to culture imperfects on synthetic or semi-synthetic media. MAINTENANCE OF STOCK CULTURES. Mycol. MacDonald. G. 1973. Roberson. 3 1 : 577-659. Eds. Farley. FL. J. 16. J. 2). Can. Hughes. S. Grove. Mycologia 83:1-19. Newhouse. and Viruses. Alexopoulus. and D.. 43: 117-144. N. R. conidia and classification. B. R. In: Handbook of Microbiology: (Vol. Organismic Microbiology. The actin cytoskeleton in hyphal cells of Sclerotium rolfsii. S. 2. 14. 1996. L. MD. Cell Sci. 7. L. P. J. 6 1 : 1-7. Comparison of a virulent with a hypovirulent isolate. 1983. Bacterio]. MacDonald and H. D. 1990. A. Bamett. C. C. J. Buckelew. 2). Lechevalier. Hunter. Cleveland. and H. J. Using electron microscopy to study plant pathogenic fungi. 1). W. The parasexual cycle. R. The cytology of hyphal tip growth. and H. 1969. 8. Jersild and D. E. 1978. W. New York. Laskin. J. 5. 6. Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti). G. 4. Microbiol. 13. A. 1968. 1973. (Vol. J. Protozoa. West Palm Beach. Baltimore. Mims and M. W. A. CRC Press. Williams & Wilkins. Academic Press. Hoch. R. N. Bamett and T. 104: 989-1009. T. P. and H. 9. Can. Hoch and W. 6 1 : 389-399. A. In: Handbook of Microbiology: (Vol. The ultrastructure of Endothia parasitica. R. J. I. Br. A. John Wiley & Sons. E. and C. Conidiophores. 1991. J. 10. 1981. Smith. J. Griffiths.. Protoplasmic organization of hyphal tips among fungi: Vesicles and Spitzenkorpers. Barry. Soc. 1975. Bracken 1970. Buckley. Eds. J. Grove. Bot. 68:90-101. Mycologia 84: 41-51. Niederpruem. Bot. B. Hunter. Eds. W. Mims. 3). XXI http://arab2000. Ultrastructural analysis of hyphal tip growth in fungi: Spitzenkorper. OH. 3. Ainsworth. L. nigrescens.forumpro. Bot. 1953. New York. 11. 48: 89-103. In The Fungi.. J. Fine structure of the chlamydospore wall in Fusarium oxysporum. cytoskeleton and endomembranes after freeze substitution. Algae. Newhouse. Barron. CRC Press. Lechevalier. Laskin. S. B. C. C. A. R„ H. S. E. M. C. In: The Filamentous Fungi. (Vol. C. John Wiley & Sons. Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti). Origin and ultrastructure of the intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. Virus-like particles in hyphae and conidia of European hypovirulent (dsRNA-containing) strains of Cryphonectria parasitica. Introductory Mycology. 1992. Wyllie and J.. Trans. 1978. The Genera of Hyphomycetes from Soil. 15. 12. Howard. Can. A. B. 1966. D. F. J. Arch. Roper. and H. L.fr . Mycologia61: 240-250. I. Eds. Fine structure of conidia and conidium formation in Verticillium albo-atrum and V. J. Fungi.FREEDOM PALESTINE REFERENCES CITED 1. Blackwell. New York. rubrum. L. and A. Sussman. DeVay. such as Gliociadium roseum and species of Trichuderma.forumpro. do not require a special medium for isolation. using a general purpose medium. The necrotrophic mycoparasites. rings. The use of geranium leaves placed on the soil surface has been recommended for recovering species of Cylindrocladium from soil (310). but a rose bengal streptomycin agar has been recommended (390). or nets. should appear a few days later. the biotrophic mycoparasites are a highly specialized group in regard to nutrition. Nematodes are usually abundant after a few days and the trapping fungi. 1 A synnematous fungus (Briosia sp. are usually isolated with a host species. Wood chips were then plated on agar.) growing from decayed vegetation. and flaming (445).FREEDOM PALESTINE PARTI PHYSIOLOGY ISOLATION Many different techniques for the isolation of fungi in pure culture have been described (246. sporulate readily in a moist chamber on pieces of wood. especialJy common . Nematode trapping fungi may often be obtained by placing a bit of horse manure or soil rich in humus on an agar plate. Conidia may be lifted from the sporulating conidiophores by touching with a small bit of agar on the tip of a needle. Botrytis cinerea and other soft rot fungi can be obtained easily in pure culture by passage through apples or other fruits. A water agar substrate may even be useful. while looking through a stereoscopic microscope. or close relatives (106). Monacrosporium. Species growing in habitats with an abundance of bacteria may require the use of dilution plates or antibiotic agar (219). A highly specialized medium containing antibiotics was used for isolation of Vertirtcladiella procera from diseased pine roots (428). if present.fr . and are best maintained as twomem be red cultures. http://arab2000. Conidia of Bispora sp. leaves. Pathogenic fungi within plant tissue often require surface sterilization with 10% chlorox for 2 minutes before plating the material on agar (246). However. Common species belong to the genera Arthrobutrys.saprophytic hyphomycetes. 390). One should select and try first a method that is simple and easy. dipping in 95% alcohol. The common method of obtaining the oak wilt fungus from diseased trees was stripping bark from twigs. This simple method often results in a high percentage of cultures free of contamination. Many species. Note the formation of a new conidium at the apex of the con i d i a l chain. or other plant pans. It can also be used to obtain conidia from oozing acervuli or pycnidia. Dactylella. Transfers from pure cultures of these species to the plates with nematodes will assure the formation of the characteristic loops. This medium is easy to make.0 g). http://arab2000. KN0 3 . and 1000 ml water.5 g). or agar may be added for tube or plate culture. Mn. Many plant parts or products contain these nutrients but not always in quantities optimum for growth or sporulation. Conidial heads of Aspergillus niger. Some species are favored by added vitamins or growth factors. KH 2 P0 4 (1. Long term maintenance of viable mycelium can be accomplished using screw-cap test tubes.FREEDOM PALESTINE 2 PHYSIOLOGY CULTURE MEDIA A satisfactory general culture medium must contain all of the nutrients required by the fungus: utilizable carbon and nitrogen sources. I to 2 g yeast extract. then screw the caps down tightly and store at about 5 UC. microelements (Fe. and the pH need not be adjusted. Zn) (trace). 48. or simply frozen. 138. 220. A list of one hundred media is given in the Mycological Guidebook (390). Frequent transfer of mycelium from a culture to a fresh agar slant in test tubes is satisfactory for short periods. Other natural media have been developed and used by mycologists for specific fungi. and pyridoxinc (JOO/ig) may be added routinely for the deficient species (259). certain salts and microelements.fr . Vitamins thiamine (100 /jg). This liquid medium may be used in flasks. and water. The authors prefer a general medium containing 5 to 10 g glucose. It may be obtained in crude form by extracting from the mycelium with hot water (10. Addition of agar and changes in concentrations may be made as desired. asparagine or glutamic acid (1 to 2 g). 12. The use of a synthetic medium.forumpro. Many eonidia remain viable for months when collected and stored dry at low temperatures.469). MAINTENANCE OF STOCK CULTURES The choice of a method for keeping viable cultures over a long period of time depends on the period of time they are to be maintained and the convenience of the method (259). Five species of biotrophic mycoparasites require the new growth factor mycotrophein. The use of screw cap tubes has the additional advantage of excluding mites. Transfer cultures after 6 to 12 mo. biotin (5 fig). One satisfactory synthetic medium contains glucose (5 to 10 g). which is a naturally occurring product in most filamentous ascomycetes and imperfects. Such media can be duplicated exactly. Mycelium of some fungi may be cultured on bits of wood or other plant tissue and stored dry- Fruiting structures of Cylindrocladium parvum growing in culture. Allow mycelium to grow until it reaches the edge of the agar slant. in which each nutrient and its concentration is known and can be altered as desired. A potato-dextrose (glucose) agar medium has been the favorite of many plant pathologists for many years. is preferred in critical studies of fungus physiology. MgS0 4 (0. and the effects of each nutrient can be measured. and distilled water (1000 ml). In general. and Penicillium claviforme). mannose. 162. xylose and sucrose intermediately. The conidiophores grow directly toward the source of light. whereas lactose and sorbose are often poorly utilized or not at all. Cylindrocladium citri (blue to far red). Note that a long exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation is lethal to fungus mycelium. but often in different concentrations or ratios. Helminthosporium vagans (near uv). and maltose are utilized most readify.g. blue being the most effective range for most fungi.fr . (uv. Cyllndrocladium spp. http://arab2000. only the mycelium that is young at the time of exposure responds to radiation. Sporulation of a number of species of imperfects is either induced (light is essential) or favored (increased) by exposure of the mycelium to radiation. Alternaria solani Aspergillus niger Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Cordana pauciseptata Dendrophoma obscurans Helminthosporium sativum Penicillium expansum Rhizoctonia solani Thielaviopsis basicola Choanephora cucurbitarum A = days B = glucose. glucose. The intensity of white light required to induce sporulation by one isolate of Epicoccus nigrum varied inversely with the duration (430). fructose. 1 = poor.FREEDOM PALESTINE PHYSIOLOGY 3 PHYSIOLOGY: NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT See references 141. thermoides Rhizoctonia solani Trichothecium roseum Verticillium albo-atrum Minimum <20 0 10 < 5 < 5 24 2 <10 5 Optimum 35 20 30 25 25-30 38-46 25-30 30 25 Maximum 50 30 35 35 35 56 35 35 35 Visible white light may affect imperfect fungi in different ways. Some species show a decided positive phototropism of the conidiophores (e. A low concentration of available carbon usually favors sporulation. 157. some isolates of Epicoccum nigrum (uv). most of which grow w within a range of 25 to 30 °C. Different species respond to different wave lengths. clavatus. The approximate cardinal temperatures are given below for selected species (218). The same nutrients that favor vegetative growth are also generally favorable to sporulation. Dendrophoma obscurans (blue). but there is much variation. The table lists as examples the relative amount of vegetative growth of selected species on several sugars (3 = good to excellent. and Trichoderma lignorum (blue). Among the common carbon sources.. blue).forumpro. Sporulation by species pycnidia is often delayed until growth reaches a maximum. mannose C = galactose D = sorbose A B 14 3 7 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 7 3 4 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 E = xylose F = maltose G = sucrose H = lactose C 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 D 1 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 E 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 0 I F 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 G 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 0 H 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 well Temperature is a universal factor affecting all physiological processes in fungi. Aspergillus giganteus. near uv. 0 = not utilized) (218). Some species that respond to exposure to white light or to specific wave lenghths are: Botrytis cinerea (uv). regardless of the position of the culture (259). 2 = fair. and 259 for textbooks on fungus physiology. A. Aspergillus fumigatus Botrytis cierea Diplodia zeae Epicoccum nigrum Helminthosporium sativum Humicola grisea v. fructose. 5. and some in total darkness. or Mektnconium JuKgenium (or other species sporulating readily). Use a synthetic agar medium with thiamine. adding pyridoxine at the rate of 1 0 0 /ig/liter. (9). Inoculate several plates of general purpose medium with conidia. with glucose concentrations of 1. Use the same basal medium as above. 20. Positive phototropism of conidiophores: Aspergillus clavatus. long exposures at low intensity compared with short exposures at high light intensity (429). Try a range from 5 to 1000 footcandles. 2 days light — 12 hours darkness. To half of the medium add thiamine at the rate of 1 0 0 //g/liter. Observe growth daily. and cut one or two small windows. green. Use the same basal medium as above. Repeat above procedure. Wrap some in light-tight paper or foil. except use biotin at the rate of 5 ^g/liter. Pyridoxine deficiency: Graphium sp. Place some cultures incontinuous light. http://arab2000. Use plates of glucose-asparagine agar plus thiamine. are suggested below. 2 days darkness — 12 hours light. Choanephora cucurbitarum. Examine for conidia in 3-day-old cultures. Use a liquid glucose-asparagine medium (see section on media above) in small flasks (25-ml to 250-ml flasks are satisfactory).forumpro. Thiamine deficiency: Dendrophoma obscurans or Choanephora cucurbitarum (11). Multiple deficiency for thiamine and biotin: Arthrobotrys musiformis. Use a glucose-yeast extract medium. Biotin deficiency: Diplodia macrospora (259). and in darkness. Incubate cultures in alternate light (50 footcandles or more) and darkness for a few days. continuous darkness. If an accurate measure of growth is desired. and measure the length of conidia formed at the different concentrations.FREEDOM PALESTINE 4 PHYSIOLOGY USE OF IMPERFECT FUNGI TO ILLUSTRATE BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES Certain species work well in demonstrating the effects of nutritional and environmental factors on growth and sporulation. some in alternate light and darkness. together with the species used. nigrum may also be used to demonstrate an inverse intensity-duration relationship required for sporulation (i. and some in total darkness at 20 to 25 °C. Place cultures under the following conditions: continuous light. Incubate in alternate light and darkness. some with single directional light. Examine after 4 to 6 days. Prepare the same medium as above. and prevent exchange of gases in other cultures by taping dishes closed (II). and examine for pycnidia. Examine after 4 or 5 days. A few demonstrations that can be easily performed in the classroom. Petri dishes with loose-fitting lids will allow adequate aeration. Place some cultures beneath continuous light. add vitamins singly and in combination. Natural products may replace the light requirement for production of pycnidia: Dendrophoma obscurans. Inoculate plates of general purpose agar at the center with conidia or mycelium. Place on some plates autoclaved strawberry leaflets on the surface of the agar. the mycelium can be collected on a cloth or filter paper.e. yellow. Sugar concentration affects growth of mycelium and production of conidia: Helminthosporium sativum. and red filters. Epicoccum nigrum (390). Sugar concentration affects size of conidia: Helminthosporium victoriae (or some other species of this genus) (110). dried and weighed. This can be done simultaneously with the light requirement demonstration.. Examine after 7 days. under blue. Place cultures of this fungus under white light. Effect of color (wave length) of light on fruiting: Dendrophoma obscurans (32). Effects of white light on production of conidia: Trichoderma Ugnorum. Need for adequate aeration for production of conidia: Choanephora cucurbitarum. and 5 g/liter. E. Provide adequate aeration of some of the cultures by using loose-fitting lids.fr . using basal medium as control. Special light requirements for production of conidia: Choanephora cucurbitarum (11). or other traps and for trapped nematodes. Trapping and consuming small nematodes (106). 13). Arthrobotrys spp.forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE PHYSIOLOGY 5 Destruction of pyridoxineby Ijght(9): Graphiumsp. Inoculate these cultures at the edge of the mycelium with one of the above suggested species. Observe daily for the parasite overgrowing the host colony.fr . Necrotrophic mycoparatism: Trichoderma lignorum. Observe after a few days for rings. use pure culture of fungus to inoculate cultures of the nematodes. Inoculate both media. After a few days use a stereoscope to check for the presence of Arthrobotrys.to 5-day-old cultures of several common fungi. and the remaining medium under total darkness for 10 to 14 days. Gtiochdium roseum (10. Use of a glucose-yeast extract medium is suggested. If none is present. Nematodes can be obtained easily by placing a bit of horse manure on agar plates. and examine microscopically for destroyed host cells. Prepare 3. nets. Store part of the medium under continuous bright light. Preparea medium containing pyridoxine (liquid or agar). http://arab2000. and observe growth. Fungi Imperfeeii. Mycelium typically coenocytic. In artificial culture. This group is included here because of similarity to some genera of the imperfect fungi. Synnemata and conidia of the Dutch elm fungus. conidia (sporangioles) present. typical large. muUispored sporangia may also be present in some genera. 6 http://arab2000. Mycelium (if present) typically septate with frequent septa. as well as the morphology and pigmentation of conidia and conidiophores.. Although an alternate system of classification may be more convenient for mycologists who have studied the different methods of conidium development. 8 Fruiting heads of Verticlciadielia procera.FREEDOM PALESTINE PART II TAXONOMY AND IDENTIFICATION THE SACCARDO SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION The Saccardo System has long been in use for the classification of imperfect fungi. the two largest families. MUCORALES Mostly saprophytic. some species of imperfects fail to form typical fruiting structures (e. are presented according to the Hughes-Tubaki-Barron System of Classification beginning on page 41.fr . but some species parasitic on plants or other fungi. and synnemaia).forumpro.g. Classification and identification are based on the conidial state. conidia normally present except in a few genera. sporodochia. although the perfect state is often known and sometimes also present. The primary basis of this system is the morphology of the sporulating structures as they are known in nature. Moniliaceac and Dcmatiaceae. septa absent or infrequent. ORDERS INCLUDED Conidia! Phycomycetes. the authors recommend that others use the illustrations and key based on the Saccardo System. acervuli. Pesotum ulmi. Scolecosporae. 28 33 34 FAMILIES OF MONILIALES TUBERCULARIACEAE Condiophores typically compacted into a rounded or flat sporodochium. Helicosporae. In the Saccardo System orders and families may be broken into sections as follows: Amerosporae. r 1 0 . conidia with transverse septa only. respectively. conidia with both transverse and oblique septations. Didymosporae. STILBACEAE Condiophores typically compacted into synnemata. The prefixes Hyalo.fr . or on distinct conidiophores that may be separate.forumpro. Usually sclerotia or other structures are formed for survival. Such cultures may be identified in one of the following families. conidia filiform. These two families are considered together because the only described difference is the hyaline conidia of the former and the pigmented (dark) conidia or conidiophores of the latter. MONILIACEAE AND DEMATIACEAE Conidiophores mostly single and separate or produced in loose clusters. pycnidia. Dictyopsorae. Single conidiophores may also be present in some cultures or may be the only conidial state present. in culture conidiophores may be single or in compact groups. often not well developed in artificial culture. Phragmosporae. This group does not include those fungi that do not sporulate because of unfavorable nutritional or environmental conditions. 17 26 25 http://arab2000.are sometimes added to each section name to indicate hyaline or darkly pigmented conidia. conidia typically coiled. conidia 2-celled. Only within this order (Moniliales) are families used in the identification of genera. in clusters. on separate conidiogenous cells. which may be more abundant in aging cultures.FREEDOM PALESTINE TAXONOMY AND IDENTIFICATION 7 SPHAEROPSIDALES Conidia produced in well defined asexual fruit bodies. resembling sporodochia of the Moniliales. Conidia are considered pigmented if the walls appear dark either separate or in mass. This is the largest and most common order. or in tightly packed groups. conidia 1-celled. MYCELIA STERILIA No conidia produced. Staurosporae. Some species of Melanconiales produce structures resembling sporodochia in culture. conidia stellate or branched.and Phaeo. MELANCONIALES Conidia typically produced in acervuli under natural conditions. MONILIALES Conidia produced directly on the mycelium. often breaking up into rows of spores 7b Conidia not in rows (chainlike). bearing lateral. with basal rhizoids 9b Conidiophores usually branched. all fertile 10b Conidiophore branches verticillate.forumpro. borne in clusters or in heads 2a Special spore-bearing branches (sporocladia) bearing conidia only on one side (upper or lower) 2b Sporocladia not present 3a Sporocladia borne on coiled or recurved branches 3b Sporocladia not on coiled or recurved branches 4a Sporocladia on coiled branches. sporangioles do not break up into rows of spores 8a Conidiophores nonseptate. conidia short ellipsoid 4b Sporocladia in umbels on recurved branches. borne singly on apex of conidiophores (sporangiophores) or branches lb Conidia (sporangioles) globose to elongate. simple or branched. bearing a whorl of sporocladia on an apical disc 6c Conidiophore long. all fertile 62 66 62 62 http://arab2000. bearing a few lateral or apical sporocladia 6b Conidiophore simple. distinctly branched 9a Conidiophores simple.FREEDOM PALESTINE KEY TO GENERA Note that there is a separate key for each order. rhizoids absent 10a Conidiophore branches dichotomous. branched. conidia globose to subglobose 5a Conidia borne only on upper (inner) side of sporocladium 5b Conidia borne only on lower (outer) side of sporocladium 6a Conidiophore simple. or sporangioles in chains. MUCORALES la Conidia (sporangioles) globose. conidia radiating apex 8b Conidiophores septate.fr . dome-shaped sporocladia Coemansia Martensella Kickxella Linderina Spirodactylon Martensiomyces Spiromyces Mortierella 60 2 3 7 4 5 64 64 66 6 62 64 64 64 8 12 9 10 Syncephalis Syncephalastrum Piptocephalis Dimargaris 8 7a Conidia produced in rows. conidia obovoid 4c Sporocladia arising from loosely spiraled branches. fr . some with sterile tips 1 la Fertile branches enlarged. conidia hyaline. reniform to ellipsoid 13c Spore-bearing head simple. with transverse and oblique septa C_7a /Parasitic on higher plants 7b Saprophytic on wood or bark 8a Conidiophores hyaline. bearing a head of cylindrical conidia 1 lb Fertile branches repeatedly branched. sporodochium not stalked 4a Conidial coil more or less flattened 4b Conidial coil spiral 5a Conidia thick in proportion to length 5b Conidia slender 6a Conidia hyaline or dark. short Xenosporium Helkomina Helicotna Helicomyces Everhartia Hobsonia 3 4 150 150 5 9 6 8 7 136 136 136 136 http://arab2000. conidia not in compact heads 12a Conidiophores with lateral or terminal branches 12b Conidiophores simple 13a Spore-bearing head compound.FREEDOM PALESTINE MUCORALES 9 10c Conidiophore branches irregular. dry (4b Conidia produced in slime drop in a head J 5a Conidia borne on enlarged globose apex 15b Conidia borne on cylindrical upper portion of conidiophore Helicocephalum Rhopalomyces Mycotypha Choanephora Radiomycea Cunninghamella Dispira Tieghemiomyces 11 66 62 13 14 66 64 60 15 60 60 60 MONILIALES la Conidia more or less coiled or spirally curved. conidia ellipsoid. hyaline or dark (parts of Moniliaceae. sporodochium stalked 3b Conidial coil in a loose spiral. globose to subglobose 14a Conidia not produced in slime. conidia hyaline. usually colored 13b Spore-bearing head compound. with transverse septa only 6b Conidia dark. Dematiaceae and Tuberculariaceae) lb Conidia not coiled 2 10 HELICOSPORES 2a Conidiophores forming a sporodochium 2b Conidiophores single or in loose clusters 3a Conidial coil flat.forumpro. without large chlamydospores 15a Conidia (arthrospores) segment from branches of conidiophores. conidiophores single or in loose clusters Moniliaceae 10b Either conidia or comdiophores (or both) with distinct dark pigment. comdiophores single or in loose clusters Dematiaceae 10c Conidiospores compacted into sporodochia lOd Conidiophores typically united into synnemata Tuberculariaceae Stilbaceae 11 105 202 225 MONILIACEAE 11a Conidia typically 1-celled. or reduced to phialidcs or peglike denticles 12b Conidiophores distinct.. mostly ovoid to cylindrical 11 c Conidia typically 3. rod-shaped — Geotrichum . circinate or wavy 17a Mycelium with clamp connections 17b Mycelium without clamp connections 18a Conidia produced on sterigmata and forcibly discharged Sporobolomyces Candida Circinotrichum Gyrothrix Itersonilia Candida 70 68 68 16 17 90 90 70 18 70 70 Chrysosporium 15b Conidia (arthrospores) formed by segmentation of hyphae. unbranched 16c Setae present. although sometimes short V 13a Pathogenic to humans 13b Saprophytic or parasitic. rounded 15c Conidia not arthrospores. not formed by segmentation 16a Setae absent 16b Setae present. 18b Conidia borne on sides of mycelium or formed by budding.or more-celled. branched. 82 I4b Both filamentous and yeastlike cells at 25 °C. Histoplasma 80. mostly circinate. with large chlamydospores. tall 9a Conidia borne singly 9b Conidia catenulate Helicosporium Helicoon Helicodendron 136 136 136 NOT HEUCOSPORES 10a Both conidia and conidiophores (if present) hyaline or brightly colored.fr . shape variable 12a Conidiophores absent or like the mycelium.forumpro. pale or dark. Blastomyces. mostly soil or on plant parts 12 62 74 13 19 14 15 14a Filamentous in cultures at 25°C. globose to several times longer than wide 1! b Conidia typically 2-cellcd.FREEDOM PALESTINE 10 KEY TO GENERA 8b Conidiophores pigmented. not forcibly discharged http://arab2000. fertile portion not rachislike 30a Conidiophores not inflated or only slightly so 30b Conidiophores or fertile cells distinctly inflated at middle or apex http://arab2000. Beauveria Chaetochalara Chalara Chalaropsis Ihielaviopsis 90 92 25 90 90 27 28 72 78 86 70 68 68 100 30 31 37 29c Conidiophores or conidiogenous cells distinct. conidia not catenulate 19c Not conidial state of powdery mildew . much like cells of conidiophore Oidium Ovulariopsis 68 70 20 21 Wallemia Monilia Tilletiopsis 92 72 12 22 38 23 29 24 26 21a Conidiophores (or phialides) typically simple or with few branches. 20a Conidia distinct in shape from apical cells of conidiophore 20b Conidia (arthrospores) gradually become rounded from apical cells of conidiophore 20c Conidia (blastospores) globose to ellipsoid. phialides. conidia catenulate 19b Conidial state of powdery mildew. conidiophores simple or branched 24a Dark aleuriospores (chlamydospores) present. similar to apical cells of conidiophore 20d Conidia (blastospores) elongate. if present. rod-shaped 29a Conidiophores or conidiogenous cells short or indefinite 29b Conidiophores or conidiogenous cells distinct. phialides. phialides simple 28b Conidia arthropsores. rounded. fertile portion rachislikc Hyalodendron Gonatorrhodiella Monocillium Basipetospora Oidiodendron Chrysosporium Tritirachium. slender. not tightly clustered into heads 21b Conidiophores mostly branched. phialides prominent. breaking up 24c Dark aleuriospores rarely formed 25a Dark setae present 25b Dark setae absent 26a Conidia blastospores or botryoblastospores 26b Conidia otherwise 27a Conidia in chains on slender conidiophores 27b Conidia on enlarged apex and nodes of conidiophores 28a Conidia phialospores. simple 23b Conidia exogenous.fr . clustered into groups or heads — 22a Conidia catenulate 22b Conidia not catenulate 23a Conidia endogenous.FREEDOM PALESTINE MONIUALES 11 19a Conidial state of powdery mildew. if present.forumpro. nearly globose with a flat base 28c Conidia arthrospores. usually single 24b Dark aleuriospores (chlamydospores) in short chains of truncate cells. enlarged branches of conidiophorc. single. in culture. on long denticles. simple.FREEDOM PALESTINE 12 K E Y TO GENERA 31a Conidia curved. separate 35a Conidiophores single. forked at apex 35b Conidiophores usually have branches arising from an enlarged cell 35c Conidiophores with variable short lateral branches 36a Conidiophores branched verticillately Lunulospora 138 32 34 35 33 Otpitrichum 74 36 Ovularia Sporothrix Glomerularia Umbelopsis Staphylotrichum Vertkillium 104 98 86 86 80 92 188 94 78 76 76 76 76 80 39 41 94 40 36b Conidiophores in acervuli in nature. in moist heads 34a Conidiophores clustered 34b Conidiophores single. single 33a Conidia blastospores.forumpro. conidiophores slender 37c Fertile cells globose. cylindrical. dry 33b Conidia phialospores. conidia on short denticles Chromelosporium 38a Conidia in more or less compact heads. conidiophores short.fr . aquatic on dead leaves 31 b Conidia globose to ovoid. conidia borne on long pegs or branches 37f Cephalosporium Phymaiotrkhum Oedocephalum Gonatobotrys Rhinotrichum Acladium Fertile cells elongated. apical. conidia borne on short denticles 37e Fertile cells somewhat elongated. conidiophores simple 38b Conidia not in compact heads. conidiophores separate or in poorly formed groups Gloeosporium 36c Conidiophores simple or with few branches. stout 37b Fertile cells globose. never in acervuli 37a Fertile cells globose. apical and intercalary 37d Fertile cells somewhat elongated. conidiophores simple or branched near the apex 39a Conidia in dry heads 39b Conidia held in heads of slime 40a Simple diverging sterile arms subtending heads 40b No sterile arms below conidial heads 4!a Conidia in basipetal chains 41 b Conidial chains formed by segmentation of cells or branches of conidiophore Gliocephalotrichum Gliocephalis Aspergillus 94 94 42 44 http://arab2000. not aquatic 32a Conidia sympodulospores 32b Conidia aleuriospores 32c Conidia blastospores or phialospores. rough walled. with irregular branches 53c Conidiophores tall. borne on inflated apical cells 52b Conidia single or in small clusters. basal cell small. smooth walled 46c Aleuriospores 1-celled. loose 43b Conidia phialospores. similar to Peniciltium http://arab2000. without attached cells 46d Aleuriospores 2-celled.FREEDOM PALESTINE MGNIHALES 13 41 c Conidia not catenulate 42a Conidiophores usually separate. with few branches 54a Conidiophore branches brushlike. brushlike 43c Conidia annelospores 44a Arthrospores barrel-shaped. phialides upright. not verticillate 50a Phialospores in mucilaginous clusters 50b Sympodulospores in dry clusters 51a Conidia not aggregated in slime drops 51 b Conidia held in heads by slime drops 52a Conidia abundant. phialides divergent. rough.forumpro. with one (or few) central axis and several equal. lateral branches 53b Conidiophores tall. not in columns or cushions 42b Conidiophores and conidia in tall aggregates 42c Conidiophores and conidia in slimy cushions 43a Conidia phialospores. separated by prominent slender cells 44b Arthrospores rod-shaped to globose. with regular dichotomous branching 53d Conidiophores short. not on inflated cells 53a Conidiophores tall. with attached hyaline cells 46b Aleuriospores 1 -celled. smooth 47a Phialospore state verticillate (like Verticillium) 47b Phialospore state aspergilliform (like Aspergillus) Mycogone Chlamydomyces Stephanoma Botryoderma Sepedonium Metarrhizium Myroihecium Paecihmyces Pemcillium Scopulariopsis Amblyosporium Oidiodendron 45 43 94 146 94 94 98 68 68 46 48 82 86 82 47 82 82 49 57 50 51 Verticillium Calcarisporium 92 102 52 54 53 55 Botryosporium Botrytis Dichobotrys Phymatotrichum Gliocladium 76 76 78 78 92 48a Conidia produced at or near apex of phialides or branches of conidiophores 48b Conidia attached both at apex and side of conidiophore or its branches 49a Larger conidiophores (at least) verticillate 49b Branches of conidiophores irregular. apical cell large. separating cells not prominent 45a Rough-walled aleuriospores (chlamydospores) present 45b Rough-walled aleuriospores absent 46a Aleuriospores 1-celled.fr . not brushlike 55a Conidiophore branches loose. branched 62b Conidiophores mostly simple or with few branches 62c Conidiophores none. not on denticles 6!a Conidiophores slender. fertile cells somewhat inflated 62a Conidiophores well developed. not bulbous. bearing globose cells but no true conidia Cristulariella 56a Saprophytic on leaves 56b Saprophytic on wood. parasitic on insects 59b Conidiophores slender. not dichotomous Botryoderma Calcarisporium Chromelosporium Geniculosporium Beauveria Tritirachium Hansfordia Nodulosporium Trichoderma 92 56 74 98 100 58 60 59 100 100 100 61 86 102 80 63 66 Rhynchosporium 108 64 Genicularia Cylindrocladium Candelabrella 110 108 110 65 Diplosporium Cladobotryum 108 108 67 70 Heliscus 108 68 Genicularia 110 69 61b Conidiophores slender to stout. not parasitic on insects 60a Conidia borne on short denticles 60b Conidia apical on branches. or rachislike 58a Conidiophores simple or verticillately branched 58b Conidiophores irregularly branched 59a Conidiophores bulbous at base.forumpro. conidia present 55b Reproductive structure compacted.fr . globose or pyramidal.FREEDOM PALESTINE 14 K E Y TO GENERA 54b Conidiophore branches spreading. cylindrical 64a Conidiophore branches restricted to apical region 64b Conidiophore branches not restricted to apical region 65a Conidia in loose moist clusters 65b Conidia in loose tangled chains 66a Apical cell of conidium much larger than basal cell 66b Conidial cells not differing greatly in size 67a Aquatic on submerged leaves 67b Not aquatic 68a Both cells of conidium smooth walled 68b Apical cell of conidium rough walled. with slender branches from main axis. reduced to cells of stroma 63a Conidia ovoid to oblong 63b Conidia (sympodulospores) obovoid 63c Conidia (phialospores) slender. conidial state of Hypoxylon 57a Fertile portion of conidiophore (or sporogenous cell) zig-zag rachishke 57b Fertile portion of conidiophore (or cell) not zig-zag. basal cell smooth http://arab2000. not branched 76b Conidia branched. cylindrical. slender. aquatic 74b Conidia shorter or not cylindrical. if present. conidia 1 . mostly saprophytic 70b Conidiophores clustered. staurosporous 77a Causing dermatomycoses of man or animals 77b Saprophytic or parasitic on plants 78a Macroconidia clavate. not catenulate 74a Conidia long. conidia obovate to oblong 72b Conidiophores short.forumpro. if present.to several-celled. rounded at apex 83b Conidia cylindrical to filiform Septocylindrium Scolecobasidium Cylindrocarpon Fusoma Trichophyton Microsporum Fusarium Flagelhspora Anguillospora Trichothecium Arthrobotrys Dactylaria Ramularia Didymaria 138 140 77 84 78 79 116 116 130 80 81 85 82 83 128 114 130 116 84 http://arab2000.fr . often bent or curved. simple or branched 81 a Conidia cylindrical. mostly straight. pointed (canoe-shaped). rounded at apex 78b Macroconidia spindle-shaped to ellipsoid 79a Macroconidia typically curved. phragmosporous.or few-celled 75b Conidiophores simple. aquatic or not 75a Conidiophores branched near apex. conidiophores clustered 82b Conidia not catenulate (sympodulospores). or slightly curved 81 b Conidia ellipsoid or long attenuated 82a Conidia catenulate. not clustered. conidiophores single 82c Conidia not catenulate (phialospores). conidia cylindrical to clavate 73a Conidia cylindrical. mostly simple or with few branches 80b Conidiophores tall.FREEDOM PALESTINE MON1LIALES 15 69a Microconidial state. conidiophores single 83a Conidia ellipsoid. similar to Aspergillus 69b Microconidial state. conidia single. often in short chains 73b Conidia ovoid to oblong. parasitic on leaves Chlamydomyces Mycogone 82 82 71 73 72 108 110 110 110 110 75 76 71a Conidia borne singly on short pegs or denticles at or near apex of comdiophore 71 b Conidia borne successively at pointed apex of comdiophore 72a Conidiophores tall. similar to Verticiltium 70a Conidiophores single. not canoe-shaped 80a Conidiophores short. small conidia usually also present 79b Other than in macroconidia. apical 76a Conidia 2. seldom branched 85b Conidiophores typically branched 86a Parasitic on grasses 86b Saprophytic or parasitic on nematodes 87a Middle cell of conidium greatly enlarged 87b Middle cell only slightly or not at all enlarged 88a Conidia ovoid to clavate to cylindrical 88b Conidia fusiform to cylindrical 89a Branches of conidiophore (phialides) verticillate 89b Conidiophores terminating in penicilliate branches 90a True staurosporous conidia formed Spermospora Cercosporella 128 128 86 95 Pyricularia 128 87 Monacrosporium 118 88 Dactylaria Dactylella Dactylium Cylindrocladium 110 128 130 108 91 74 142 92 93 94 90b No true conidia known. not evident 91b Conidiophores distinct. similar to a loosly formed sclerotium Cristulariella 91 a Conidiophores reduced.fr . with 3 slender branches 95b Conidia with central globose cell and 4 to 5 slender branches 95c Conidia with 3 to 4 broad cells in main axis and 2 to 4 slender appendages 96a Conidial appendages attenuated. "conidial" branches forming a well defined globose or conical structure.forumpro. length variable 92a Conidial branches not greatly divergent 92b Conidial branches widely divergent 93a Conidial branches typically 2-pronged 93b Conidial branches typically 3-pronged 94a Central cell of conidium much enlarged 94b Central cell of conidium not enlarged 95a Conidia pyriform or clavate.FREEDOM PALESTINE 16 KEY TO GENERA 84a Conidium with apical appendage 84b Conidia without appendages 85a Conidiophores mostly simple. well formed. pointed 96b Conidial appendages not distinctly attenuated 97a Conidia borne on phialides or phialide-Iike branches of the conidiophore 97b Conidia borne otherwise 98a Conidium with elongated axis and 2 lateral branches arising side by side 98b Conidium with 4 divergent branches arising near base of conidium Alatospora Lemonniera Ingoldia CuHcidospora Clavariopsis Actinospora Dicranidion Tridentaria Thallospora 138 140 95 97 140 140 96 138 140 98 99 142 138 http://arab2000. forumpro. cells distinct from conidia. sympodulospores. simple or branched 107a Blastospores borne directly on sides of mycelium.FREEDOM PALESTINE MONILIALES 17 99a Conidial branches formed one at a time 99b Conidial branches formed simultaneously 100a Conidial branches 4 or more 100b Conidial branches 3 or less 101a Main axis of conidium broader than branches 101b Main axis of conidium about the same width as branches 102a Number of branches variable mostly arising from one side of main axis 102b Conidial branches dendroid. conidiophorelike structures may also be present 107c Conidia appearing as blastospores. budding freely 107b Dark globose cells of the mycelium breaking up to form 1. conidiophore cells usually distinct but short 108a Conidiophores extending slightly in length. not normally budding. not budding. if present.fr .or more-celleddictyospores 106 145 156 184 107 122 Aureobasidium Torula Papularia 70 74 82 108 106a Conidiophores absent or.or more-ceiled phragmospores Conidia typically 3. broadly ovoid to lenticular. not limited to one side of main axis 103a Conidial branches arising from different levels 103b Conidial branches arising from base of central axis 104a Conidial branches arising from near apex of main axis 104b Two conidial branches arising about midway of slender axis Tetracladium 100 103 101 104 140 102 138 140 138 138 142 140 Varicosporium Dendrospora Tricladiutn Triscelophorus Articulospora Tetrachaetum DEMATIACEAE 105a 105b 105c 105d Conidia typically 1-celled Conidia typically 2-celled Conidia typically 3. or annellospores 110a Conidia globose Wailemia 92 109 110 114 Ill http://arab2000.to several-celled segments. with a hyaline slit on one side 107d Conidia other than blastospores. consisting of 1 to few cells 106b Conidiophores mostly tall and well developed. conidia formed as meristem arthrospores 108b Conidia other than arthrospores 109a Conidia formed as aleuriospores 109b Conidia formed as phialospores. often poorly developed. conidia dark 1 9 9 b a No Dark 120a Chlamydospores nearly globose. often in chains. little or no slime. hyaline to dark. conidia hyaline Phialophora Chloridium Gliomastix chlamydospores dark chlamydospores present present Chalaropsis Thielaviopsis 88 88 86 120 121 90 92 118b Phialides slender. Circinotrichum Conidia slightly curved. with blunt ends. conidia single. ellipsoid 113a Conidiophores short. repeatedly branched II 3b Conidiophore branches few. brown. not in heads 117b Conidia mostly ovoid.. sympodulospores hyaline. in small slimy heads. curved setae present. conidiophore branched Menispora Codinae appendage Monilochaetes 88 88 117 86 118 116b Conidia with slender appendage at each end. mostly single 120b Chlamydospores formed in a row. sympodulospores dark. simple curved setae present. with a hyaline germ pore on one side 11 Id Conidia single on short branch.fr . annellospores dark. borne singly. germ slit evident on one side Wardomyces Asteromyces Mammaria Idriella Fusicladium Spilocaea phialospores 84 84 84 102 112 106 115 90 90 116 I I4a Conidiophores separate. conidia hyaline 118c 1 1 1 Phialides slender. pointed at apex 112b Conidia smooth-walled. somewhat curved 114b Conidiophores compacted into stromalike layers.. often present in long chains 1 1 9 118a Phialides often with enlarged base with flaring collar. narrowly ellipsoid.FREEDOM PALESTINE 18 KEY TO GENERA I !0b Conidia ellipsoid or pointed at apex II la Conidia black and shiny. collar not noticeably flared. narrowly ellipsoid. not on a flat special cell 11 lc Conidiophore reduced to one cell. Gyrothrix Conidia ovoid to rod-shaped..forumpro. conidia sessile. pointed at apex 114c 1 115a U5b 115c 116a Conidiophores compacted into stromalike layer. conidiophore unbranched 1 117a 1 6 c Conidia without Conidia ovoid. breaking up into single cells http://arab2000. dark setae present 112a Conidia rough-walled. apically on a special flat hyaline cell 112 Nigrospora Humicola Gilmaniella Botryothchwn Echinobotryum 82 84 84 84 84 113 11 lb Conidia apical. branched. pointed at apex 1 4 d Conidia formed as Conidia slightly curved. no setae present Conidia with slender appendage at each end. no germ pore evident. hyaline. conidia borne on slender stalks 113c Conidiophore branches few. collar not flaring. not catenulate 1 1 7 c Conidia rod-shaped. not blastospores 13la Conidia hyaline 13Jb Conidia dark 132a Dark special cells (falcs) bearing sporogenous cells 132b Without dark falcs on conidiophores 133a Dark pointed setae present 133b Without dark setae Zygosporium Haplographium 72 80 134 135 http://arab2000. simple. conidia dark. attached at tip and sides of conidiophores Rhinocladiella 124c Conidia obconic. Branches loosely arranged. conidia hyaline. without slime 127b Conidiophores repeatedly branched. dark 125a Conidiophore branches or phialides borne on side of conidiophore 125b Branches of conidiophore confined to area near apex 125c Branches of conidiophores irregular 126a Branches in whorls..fr . sympodulospores. bearing numerous hyaline conidia on short sporogenous cells Basidiobotrys I24b Conidiophores pointed at apex. conidia not borne in slime heads . ovoid. symmetric 129c Main axis of conidiophores not evident. 128a Conidia borne on somewhat enlarged branch tips 128b Conidia borne on elongated fertile portion of conidiophore branches 129a Conidiophores with main axis and numerous lateral branches. pointed setae present 121b No setae present Chaetochalara Chalara 90 90 123 130 124 125 100 104 104 126 127 128 122a Conidia. conidia hyaline in slime heads I27c Conidiophores repeatedly branched near apex. Conoplea 129b Main axis of conidiophore not evident. rod-shaped Mid.forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE MON1LIALES 19 121a Dark. pointed at apex. rounded. not sympodulospores 123a Conidiophores simple 123b Conidiophores branched 124a Apex of conidiophores enlarged. conidia dark.. conidia hyaline. branches compact. conidia somewhat curved 126b Conidia in unbranched chains. . asymmetric Geniculosporium Virgaria Beltrania Selenosporella Sympodiella Periconiella Verticicladiella Verticicladium Nodulosporium 102 104 104 104 104 100 129 102 100 100 131 136 132 133 130a Conidia blastospores or appearing to be produced as such 130b Other than in conidia. conidia dark. formed on new growing points on conidiophores 122b Conidia formed in other ways. cylindrical.forumpro. lemon-shaped 14Tb Conidiophores dark. conidiophores irregularly branched 145a Conidia catenulate 145b Conidia not catenulate 146a Conidiophores simple. apex of conidiophores not enlarged 138c Conidia in dry chains. few conidia large. unbranched 137b Conidiophores branched 138a Conidia in moist (slimy) heads 138b Conidia in dry chains. dark. conidiophores simple with two dark conidia at apex 144c Conidia aleuriospores. tall. single-celled conidia also present (blasto spores) 146d Conidia formed as rows of dark chlamydospores (aleuriospores) Lacellinopsis Lacellina Periconia Gonatobotryutn Cladosporium 78 78 74 78 106 137 143 138 139 Stachybotrys Memnoniella Aspergillus 88 88 94 140 141 Gonytrichum Chaetopsina Phialomyces 98 96 94 142 96 96 92 74 144 98 80 80 146 147 Phialocephala Thysanophora Stachylidium Arthrinium Leptographium Microclavia Staphylotrichum Ampuliferina Bispora Cladosporium Trichocladium 106 106 106 118 http://arab2000. segmenting into rod-shaped arthrospores 146b Conidia formed in acropetalous unbranched chains (blastospores) 146c Conidia formed in branched chains. other than in conidia 142a Conidia rod-shaped. without sterile apex 140a Conidia ovoid. apex of conidiophores enlarged. elongate with blunt ends. phialides hyaline 141a Conidiophores hyaline.FREEDOM PALESTINE 20 KEY TO GENERA 134a Conidiophore with enlarged rounded apical cell 134b Conidiophores with slender apical cells 135a Conidia borne on apical inflated cells 135b Conidia borne on inflated cells at apex and intercalary cells of conidiophores 135c Conidia borne in acropetal chains of variable size and with scars 136a Conidia (phialophores) borne at apex of conidiophores 136b Conidia not phialospores 137a Conidiophores simple. not catenulate 143a Conidia formed as meristem arthrospores. ends pointed 142c Conidia ovoid. conidia in slime heads 144b Conidia aleuriospores. rounded 139a Branches of conidiophores lateral.fr . catenulate 142b Conidia elongate fusoid. conidiophores with thick dark septa 143b Conidia and conidiophores not as above 144a Conidia annellospores. phialides dark 140b Conidia oblong. conidiophores with sterile apex 139b Conidiophore branches clustered at or near apex. in loose clusters on surface of leaves 148b Conidiophores not wavy. conidia formed from lateral pores Branches restricted to apical area where radiating sporogenous cells form Scolecobasidium Cordana Spadicoides 114 112 114 Pseudobotrytis Chaeiopsis Balanium 106 96 106 155b Several lateral branches of conidiophores end in sterile apical point 155c 156a Conidiophore branches short. mostly single 148a Conidiophores wavy.fr . usually length not 3 to 4 times width Conidia with very thick wall. conidia truly end to end 159a Conidia slender. on flat stroma 150b Conidiophores tall 151a Conidia annellospores Spilocaea Fusicladium Passalora Scolecotrichum 106 112 112 112 154 155 151b Conidia sympodulospores 152a Conidiophores branched 152b Conidiophores unbranched } 53a Conidiophores simple 153b Conidiophores branched 154a Conidiophores short. much longer than wide i 59b 160a Conidia much broader. formed by expansion of apical conidiophore cells Murogenella 114 http://arab2000. apical cell pointed 150a Conidiophores very short. stout. on short conidiophore Conidia endogenous. irregular. conidia clustered at apex 154c 155a Conidiophores tall. rounded cells Asperisporium Polythrincium 112 149 112 150 151 152 149b Conidia on stroma. with apical. conidia not truly end to end Fusariella Septonema Cladosporiella 130 116 92 160 158b Conidia] chains acropetal. arising from within leaf 149a Conidia on stroma.forumpro. slender. composed usually of 1 or 2 cells 154b Conidiophores tall. rarely branched 158a Conidial chains basipetal. other than in conidiophores 157a Conidiophores typically branched 157b Conidiophores typically simple.FREEDOM PALESTINE MON1LIALES 21 146e 147a Conidia formed as lateral branches through pores (porospores) Conidiophores clustered on surface or breaking out from stroma Diplococcium 114 148 153 I47b Other than in conidiophores. slender. terminal phialide Sporoschisma 130 157 158 159 156b Conidia exogenous. conidiophore with a single swollen. not elongating with successive conidial formation 172b Conidiophorcs indeterminate. elongating after each successive conidial formation 173a Conidia produced through pores at sides of conidiophores Spadicoidcs http://arab2000. broadest at middle. showing sympodial growth 164a Conidia dark. consisting of 1 to few cells. or absent 165b Conidiophores tall. separate 162a Conidiophores in tall fascicles 162b Conidiophores in small. narrowed toward each end. compact cushion-shaped structures 162c Conidiophores clustered at base. phragmospores and dictyospores may be present Trichocladium Pithoniyces 172a Conidiophores determinate. upper portion divergent 163a Conidiophores short. slender. apical cell attenuated or hooked. hyaline 165a Conidiophores short.FREEDOM PALESTINE 22 KEY TO GENERA 160b Conidia formed distinct from conidiophore cells 161a Conidiophores clustered or fascicled 161b Conidiophorcs single. typically consisting of several cells I66a Conidia of two kinds.forumpro.sporium 171a Conidia rounded.fr . oblong 164b Conidia long. and lighter scolecospores 166b Dark phragmospores only 167a Conidia in acropetalous chains 167b Conidia not in chains 168a Conidia botryoblastospores 168b Conidia annellospores I68c Conidia aleuriospores 169a Conidia much longer than broad 169b Conidia not much longer than broad 170a Conidia long-cylindrical. no separating cell Clasiei'o. no separating cell Ceratophorum 170c Conidia long. dark phragmospores. nearly globose (may appear as a chain of chlamydospores) I7Ib Conidia broadly ellipsoid. separating cell at tip of conidiophore evident Camposporium Pseudotorula Dwayabeeja Cephaliophora Deightoniella Heterosporium Cercospora Stigmina Phragmocephala Cercosporidium 161 162 165 118 122 163 120 164 122 128 166 172 167 168 116 116 116 118 169 170 171 116 118 118 118 132 173 174 114 170b Conidia somewhat broader at middle. bearing annellospores 163b Conidiophores tall. several-celled.126 185 186 Drechslera. borne in whorls on cells of straight.to 5-celled. Corynespora Sporidesmium Endophragmia 120 120 118 175 176 Annellophora Endophragmia Pleiochaeta 118 118 128 177 178 181 Brachysporium 126 179 Pleurothecium 126 180 Cacumisporium Pleurographium 124 126 182 183 180b Conidia borne near apex but not on special cell of conidiophore 181a Conidia distinctly narrowed at both ends 181b Conidia straight or only slightly narrowed. 3. saprophytic 173d Conidia apical. several-celled. usually 4-celled.FREEDOM PALESTINE MONILIALES 23 173b Conidia apical. bent by enlargement of one of middle cells 183c Conidia not catenulate. leaving annulate scars 174b Conidiophores elongating sympodially 175a Conidia narrowed or pointed at apex 175b Conidia mostly ovoid with rounded apex 176a Conidia with 1 to 4 slender hyaline appendages 176b Conidia without appendages 177a Conidia in apical clusters or heads 177b Conidia not confined to apex of conidiophore 178a Conidia borne on slender pedicels 178b Conidia not borne on slender pedicels 179a Conidia hyaline 179b Conidia dark 180a Conidia borne on short hyaline projection through apex of conidiophore '. Bipolaris 184a Conidia catenulate 184b Conidia not catenulate 185a Conidial development basipetal 185b Conidial development acropetal 186a Conidium with large swollen apical cell 186b Apical cell of conidium not distinctly swollen Coniosporium Alternaria Acrospeira 134 132 132 187 http://arab2000. parasitic on leaves 173c Conidia apical. saprophytic 174a Conidiophores proliferating at apex.forumpro. several-celled. ends rounded 182a Conidia porospores.fr . single. simple conidiophores 182b Conidia sympodulospores 183a Conidia catenulate 183b Conidia not catenulate. straight or slightly curved Helminthosporium Nakataea Dendryphion Curvulana 124 128 124 122 122. Sporodochia may be poorly formed in culture. narrowly elliptical.forumpro. conidia catenulate or produced successively 196c Conidial branches separate. single 1 9 7 'a Conidiophores present. oblong to obovoid 195a Branches of conidium upright. often into a loose sporodochiumlike structure 193a On living leaves.fr . single 188b Conidia appearing apical and lateral due to growth of conidiophore 189a Conidia sharply attenuated at apex I89b Conidia somewhat narrower or not at apex 190a Conidia subglobose. mostly on wood 201a Conidiophores united into sporodochia (Tuberculanaceae). or broadly ellipsoid Stemphylium Sirosporium Dictyoarthrmium Ulocladium Alternaria 188 192 189 192 132 190 132 134 134 132 134 193 194 Stigmella Pithomyces Epicoccum Berkleasmium 134 132 150 134 196 197 Dictyosponum Ceratosporella Speiropsis 144 144 142 198 199 Triposporium Diplodadiella 144 142 200 Tetrapha Tripospermum Hirudinaria Ceratosporium 142 142 144 144 190b Conidia elongate. length variable 197b Conidiophores absent or reduced to short pegs 198a Conidia (aleuriospores) apical. not clustered Dactylosporium 192b Conidiophores clustered. conidia apical. straight to flexuous 191a Conidia with 4 cells. broadly elliptical. not cross-shaped. distinct. parasitic 193b Saprophytic in soil or humus 194a Conidia globose to subglobose 194b Conidia very large. widely divergent 196a Conidial branches connected 196b Conidial branches separate. single 198b Conidia (sympodulospores) apical on new sympodial growing points 199a Conidia with 2 to 3 straight or curved upright horns 199b Conidia with 3 to 4 basal cells. each attenuated above 199c Conidia with 4 to 5 divergent arms at wide angles 200a Parasitic on leaves 200b Saprophytic. cross-shaped 191 b Conidia several celled. ends rounded 191c I92a Conidia several-celled. some species may be similar in appearance to Melanconiales 202 http://arab2000. ovoid. or slightly divergent 195b Branches of conidium upright or lateral.FREEDOM PALESTINE 24 KEY TO GENERA 187a Conidiophores well developed. usually longer than conidia 187b Conidiophores poorly developed or none 188a Conidia apical. parallel. ends pointed Conidiophores single. spreading. not on grain 205a Sporodochia with prominent setae or sterile hairs 205b Sporodochia without setae or sterile hairs 206a Sporodochia developing in rust pustules on plants 206b Sporodochia superficial. hyaline or dark 203a Conidia hyaline or brightly colored 203b Conidia or sporodochia with dark pigment 204a Sporodochia stromalike. flattened 210b Sporodochia cushion-shaped to hemispherical 21 la Conidiophores verticillately branched 21 lb Conidiophore branching irregular 212a On wood or bark 212b On leaves 2 J 3a On scale insects 213b Not on scale insects 214a Sporodochia erumpent from leaves 214b Sporodochia superficial on bark or wood 215a Conidia hyaline or brightly colored Hadrotrichum Strumella Tubercularia Illosporium Aegerita Dendrodochium Metarrhizium Myrothecium Hymenella Sphaerosporium Tuberculina Myrothecium Sphacelia Pucciniopsis 203 148 215 204 213 148 205 146 206 148 207 208 210 146 209 94 146 146 211 146 212 146 146 150 214 146 146 216 http://arab2000. free conidiophores often also present 225 TUBERCULARIACEAE 202a Conidia I-celled. hyaline or dark 202b Conidia 2-ceIIed.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE MONIL1ALES 25 201b Conidiophores united into synnemata (Stilbaceae). on developing grain 204b Sporodochia cushion-shaped to discoid. dark 202c Conidia typically more than 2-celled. not in rust pustules 207a Conidia catenulate or in pillarlike masses 207b Conidia not catenulate or in pillarlike structures 208a Conidia hyaline or yellowish in mass 208b Conidia usually greenish in mass 209a Conidiophores and conidia in tall columnar aggregates 209b Conidiophores and conidia in slimy masses or loose columns 210a Sporodochia discoid.forumpro. very large 222a Sporodochia without setae 222b Sporodochia with dark setae 223a Conidiophores arising from special enlarged cells 223b Conidiophores not arising from special enlarged cells Excipularia Camptomeris Bactrodesmium Epicoccum Berkleasmium Cheiromyces Spegazzinia • Fusarium Ramulispora Bactridium 218 148 217 130 148 219 220 150 150 221 223 150 134 223 148 150 150 STILBACEAE 225a Not parasitic (or saprophytic) on insects or spiders 225b Parasitic (and probably saprophytic) on insects or spiders 226a Conidia 1 -celled 226b Conidia 2.to several-celled 221a Conidia globose to subglobose 221 b Conidia broadly cylindrical to ovoid. hyaline in mass 217a Macroconidia canoe-shaped. I-celled conidia also may be present 217b Conidia curved but not canoe-shaped 218a Conidia branched or lobed 2I8b Conidia not branched or lobed 219a Conidia with short. compact upright branches 219b Conidia 4-lobed.or more-celled 227a Conidia hyaline 227b Conidia dark 228a Comdiogenous portion of synnemata located or near apex in more or less globose head 228b Conidiogenous portion of synnemata elongate to cylindrical 229a Head composed of loosely arranged conidiogenous hyphae 229b Head composed of compact conidiogenous hyphae 226 243 227 236 228 233 229 232 230 231 http://arab2000.FREEDOM PALESTINE 26 K E Y TO GENERA 215b Conidia with dark pigment 216a Conidia large. cylindrical to ellipsoid. cross-shaped 220a Conidia (dictyospores) muriform 220b Conidia (phragmospores) 3.forumpro. yellowish in mass 216b Conidia slender.fr . central seta 232b Central seta absent '. Heterocephalum Tharoopama Stilbum 152 156 152 Graphium. 156 234 235 Endocalyx 152 233a Conidiogenous portion of synnemata confined to compact apical region 233b Conidiogenous region cylindrical 234a Synnemata funnel-shaped with narrow base 234b Synnema slender. short.FREEDOM PALESTINE MONILIALES 27 230a Head with numerous radiating sterile hyphae 230b Radiating sterile hyphae not present 231a Stalks of synnemata hyaline 231b Stalks of synnemata dark 232a Synnema with tall. 152 Trichurus Doratomyees 156 154 237 238 154 156 239 242 240 241 154 158 158 154 154 154 154 158 160 244 241c Conidiophores compact at base. conidia pointed at apex 241 b Conidiophores in a loose fascicle. cylindrical 239a Conidial portion in compact. conidia rounded at ends Dendrographium 242a Conidia hyaline 242b Conidia dark. borne singly at apex of conidiophore 242c Conidia dark. with globose head 235a Sterile hairs or setae present among conidiophores 235b Sterile hairs not present 236a Conidia 2-celled 236b Conidia 3. more or less globose heads 239b Conidial portion with loose conidiophores.forumpro. not branched.or more-celled 237a Synnemata and conidia hyaline 237b Synnemata and conidia dark 238a Conidiogenous portion of synnema only at or near apex 238b Conidiogenous portion of synnema longer.fr . diverging near apex. borne on sympodial conidiophore 243a Phialides in globose or wedge-shaped heads 243b Phialides not in definite heads Arthrosporium Podosporium Spiropes Gibellula http://arab2000. Peso turn 152 Menisporopsis Harpographium 152 . not so compact 240a Conidia with cross walls only (phragmosphores) 240b Conidia with both cross and oblique walls (dictyospores) 241a Conidial branches at apex. uniform. conidia pointed at apex Arthrobotryum Sclerographium Acarocybe hariopsis Didymostilbe Didymobotryum Briosia . I.to several-celled 3a Conidia hyaline. not filiform lb Conidia filiform. with only the upper portion well developed 5a Pycnidia separate. phialides pointed at apex 245c Synnemata cylindrical to attenuated.forumpro. or with well developed base 4b Pycnidia not complete. not in compact layer 245a Synnemata cylindrical. not parasitic on powdery mildews 6c Pycnidial beak short or absent. or sometimes brightly pigmented in mass 3b Conidia with dark pigment.. conidia covered with slime 246b Phialides not elongate. angled pseudoparenchymetous cells .to several-celled (scolecosporous) 2a Conidia 1 -celled 2b Conidia typically 2-cclled 2c Conidia typically 3. evident at least in mass 4a Pycnidia complete.FREEDOM PALESTINE 28 KEY TO GENERA 244a Phialides short. at least several times longer than wide. conidia in heads Isaria Hirsutella Synnematium Hymenostilbe Insecticola Akanthomyces 245 246 158 158 158 247 156 160 160 SPHAEROPSIDALES la Conidia globose to oblong or ellipsoid. parasitic on powdery mildews 6b Pycnidia with long beak or neck. Eleutheromyces 9a Pycnidia breaking open irregularly. phialides obtuse at apex 245b Synnemata clavate. frequently evident only by pycnidial cavities 6a Pycnidia mostly ovoid. not in stromata 5b Pycnidia in stromata. slender. not parasitic on powdery mildews 7a Pycnidial walls dark 7b Pycnidial wall hyaline or light colored 8a Pycnidia] wall composed of long parallel hyphae Hyalopycnis Sphaeronaema Ampelomyces 2 62 3 45 52 4 40 5 37 6 29 166 7 9 168 8 168 168 10 18 11 8b Pycnidial wall composed of short. conidia not in heads 247b Phialides not enlarged at base. conidia dry 247a Phialides enlarged at base.fr . in compact layer 244b Phialides usually large. phialides pointed 246a Phialides elongate. without a distinct ostiole 9b Pycnidia opening by distinct ostioles 10a Pycnidia with dark setae http://arab2000. on subiculum 14a Pycnidia large. without dictyosporous chlamydospores 21 a Conidiophores branched 21 b Conidiophores simple Eleutheromycella Dendrophoma 23 168 162 24 25 Neottiospora 166 174 26 27 22a Conidia with apical appendages 22b Conidia without appendages 23a Conidia with hyaline membraneous appendages 23b Conidia without appendages 24a Conidial appendage apical. conidia ellipsoid 14b Pycnidia not resembling sclerotia. irregular. not on subiculum 13b Pycnidia hard. subglobose. dark 16a Pycnidia subcortical. obconical 24b Conidial appendage slender. dehiscing radiately 17b Pycnidia globose. on woody twigs 16b Pycnidia subepidermal. conidia ovoid to ellipsoid 15a Pycnidia fleshy.fr .forumpro. resembling sclerotia.FREEDOM PALESTINE SPHAEROPSIDALES 10b Pycnidia without dark setae 29 12 I la Conidia with a slender appendage at each end II b Conidia without appendages I2a Pycnidia superficial. on surface of substratum 12b Pycnidia at least partially within substratum 13a Pycnidia soft. Dinemasporium A merosporium 172 172 13 14 Cannula Chaetophoma Sclerotiopsis 172 164 166 15 Hainesia 174 16 Dothichiza 172 17 Sporonema Plenodomus Asteromella 172 162 164 19 19a Conidia of 2 kinds: short-ovoid and long-curved or bent 19b Conidia all of one kind 20a Conidia typically lunate 20b Conidia ovoid. turned back 25a Pycnidia superficial on natural substratum 25b Pycnidia embedded in natural substratum Anthasthoopa http://arab2000. dark dictyosporous chlamydosphores present Phomopsis 164 20 Seienophoma Peyronellaea 162 164 21 22 20c Conidia globose to ellipsoid. opening at apex 18a Pycnidia on subiculum of radiating hyphae 18b Pycnidia not on subiculum . bright colored when fresh 15b Pycnidia hard. leathery. straight or slightly curved. on fleshy tissue or leaves 17a Pycnidia discoid. brightly colored 31b Stromata subepidermal or subcortical. ends rounded 33a Conidiophores tall.fr . ovoid to filiform. filiform Cytosporina Cytospora Cytosporella 166 170 170 38 39 Actinopelte Leptothyrium Melasmia Leptostroma Chaetomella 174 174 174 176 176 41 Harknessia 176 http://arab2000. conidiophores long. seldom septate 34a Conidia borne apically only on conidiophores * Rhizosphaera Aposphaeria Macrophoma 164 162 164 28 Pyrenochaeta Phyllosticta. slender. pycnidial cavaties globose 35b Conidia narrow. curved 36c Conidia short. with or without ostiole 37b Pycnidia flat. Phoma 162 162 30 3J Shanoria Dilophospora Aschersonia 172 166 174 32 Fusicoccum 170 33 34 35 Rabenhorstia Pleurostromella Dothiorella 170 170 166 36 34b Conidia borne apically and laterally on conidiophore 35a Conidia ovoid to broadly ellipsoid.forumpro. pycnidial cavities irregular 36a Conidia mostly filiform. opening wide at maturity 38a Pycnidia borne on a short stalk or column 38b Pycnidia without stalk or column 39a Stroma present 39b Stroma absent 40a Pycnidia with prominent dark bristles (setae) 40b Pycnidia without bristles (setae) 41a Pycnidia light colored. septate 33b Conidiophores short. dark 32a Conidia fusoid. ends pointed 32b Conidia not fusoid. soft. not curved 37a Pycnidia shield-shaped.FREEDOM PALESTINE 30 K E Y TO GENERA 26a Pycnidia tapering below into a short stalk 26b Pycnidia not tapering at base 27a Conidia longer than 15 microns 27b Conidia 15 microns or shorter 28a Setae present on pycnidia 28b No setae present on pycnidia 29a Conidia having one or more apical appendages 29b Conidia without appendages 30a Conidia with an apical and a basal appendage 30b Conidia with short branched appendages at both ends 31a Stromata superficial. bent or curved 36b Conidia short. parasitic on rusts 46b Not parasitic on rusts 47a Conidia without appendages 47b Conidia with appendages 48a Pycnidia in necrotic spots on leaves. dark dictyosporous chlamydospores present 45a Conidia hyaline 45b Conidia with distinct dark pigment 46a Pycnidia in rust pustules. etc 48b Pycnidia not in necrotic spots 49a Pycnidia with distinct beaks 49b Pycnidia without distinct beaks 50a Conidia with an apical awl-shaped unbranched appendage 50b Conidia with 3 to 4 hyaline appendages at one end 51a Pycnidia separate. globose to ovoid. without dark chlamydospores 44c Conidia small. conidia with 1 appendage at each end 54b Pycnidia globose. not in stroma 51 b Pycnidia clustered in stroma 52-d Conidia with transverse septa only (phragmosporous) 52b Conidia dictyosporous or staurosporous 53a Conidia with apical appendages 53b Conidia without appendages 54a Pycnidia flattened.fr .forumpro. ovoid to elongate 44b Conidia small. ovoid. conidia hyaline http://arab2000. without stroma 55c Pycnidia dark. conidia with 3 to 4 appendages 55a Pycnidia brightly colored with cushionlike stroma 55b Pycnidia brown or black. conidiophores short 42a Parasitic on powdery mildews 42b Not parasitic on powdery mildews 43a Stromata embedded in bark or wood 43b Pycnidia not in stromata 44a Conidia large. in stroma Aristatoma Discosia Bartilinia Aschersonia Rhynchophoma Diplodina Kellermannia Robillarda Diplodia Botryodipiodia Ascochyta Darluca Sphaeropsis Coniothyrium Peyronellaea Haplosporetta Ampelomyces 42 166 43 178 44 176 176 164 46 51 178 47 48 50 178 49 178 178 178 178 180 180 53 59 54 55 182 182 174 56 58 180 56a Pycnidia with dark spines near ostiole.FREEDOM PALESTINE SPHAEROPSIDALES 31 41 b Pycnidia dark. 1. opening by a slit. filiform-fusoid 65b Conidia dark. etc 68b Pycnidia not in necrotic spots 69a Pycnidia with setae near ostiole 69b Pycnidia without setae 70a Conidia 1 -celled. conidia hyaline 56c Pycnidia without spines. straight 64a Pycnidia clavate or with long beak 64b Pycnidia globose or flattened 65a Conidia hyaline. long..FREEDOM PALESTINE 32 KEY TO GENERA 56b Pycnidia without spines. Leptostromella http://arab2000.to 2-celled. yellow to light brown 67b Conidia hyaline 68a Pycnidia in necrotic spots on leaves. straight or curved Stagonospora 180 57 Hendersonula Prosthemium Hendersonia Dothistroma 180 186 184 180 60 61 Dichomera Camarosporium Tetranacrium Prosthemium 186 186 182 186 63 64 72 Cytosporina Dothistroma 166 180 65 66 Sphaerographium Cornularia 184 186 67 70 Phaeoseptoria 184 68 69 Rhabdospora Chaetoseptoria Septoria Phlyctaena 184 184 182 186 71 184 71a Pycnidia flattened.fr . bent or curved 63b Conidia several-celled.forumpro. conidia not segmenting . globose to ellipsoid 59b Conidia staurosporous 60a Pycnidia within a stroma 60b Pycnidia not in a stroma 61a Conidia typically with 4 equal radiating arms 61b Conidia with 3 to 5 equal arms 62a Pycnidia in dark hard stroma 62b Pycnidia not in stroma. several-celled. not gelatinous 62c Pycnidia gelatinous or with gelatinous stroma 63a Conidia 1 -celled. bent or curved 70b Conidia several-celled. elongate 66a Pycnidia with distinct ostiolc 66b Pycnidia opening by wide mouth or slit 67a Conidia pigmented. conidia dark when mature 57a Conidia single on conidiophores 57b Conidia grouped at apex of conidiophores 58a Conidia dark 58b Conidia hyaline 59a Conidia dictyosporous. cylindrical. irregular. not filiform. stalked 73b Stroma rounded to irregular. stroma not smutlike. short. hyaline. with basal appendages 9a Conidia hyaline 9b Conidia with distinct dark pigment 10a All cells of conidia dark Coryneum Marssonina Myculeptodiscus Polynema Sepioglueum Sphaceloma Gloeosporium Colletotrichum Pestalozziella Catenophora Melanconium 2 7 12 14 190 3 188 4 188 5 188 6 188 188 8 9 190 190 192 190 10 194 http://arab2000.to several-celled.forumpro. on grass 72b Conidia several-celled. phragmospores 8a Conidia unequally 2-celled. didymospores 7b Conidia 3. stroma smutlike.to several-celled Id Conidia dictyosporous or staurosporous 2a Conidia with distinct dark pigment 2b Conidia hyaline 3a Conidia produced laterally on conidiophore 3b Conidia produced apically on conidiophore 4a Conidia with apical.to several-celled. without appendages 8b Conidia equally 2-celled. with one appendage at each end 8c Conidia typically 2-celled.FREEDOM PALESTINE SPHAEROPSIDALES 33 71b Pycnidia globose or cupulate. hyaline. not stalked 74a Stromal tissue waxy 74b Stromal tissue cartilaginous Phleospura Ephelis 186 184 73 Chondropudium 186 74 Mkropera Gelatinosporium 182 182 MELANCONIALES la Conidia 1-celled.fr . hyaline branched appendages 4b Conidia without appendages 5a Dark setae present in acervulus 5b Dark setae absent 6a Conidiophores arising from a stromalike base 6b Stromalike base absent or poorly developed 7a Conidia 2-celled. didymosporous or phragmosporous lc Conidia filiform. 1. opening by a wide mouth 72a Conidia I-celled. dark. on wood or bark 73a Stroma elongate. not filiform lb Conidia 2. hyaline. variable in size.forumpro. forming a globose or pyramidal reproductive structure. some phragmospores may be present 14b Conidia straurosporous 15a Conidia catenulate 15b Conidia not catenulate 16a Conidia hyaline 16b Conidia with distinct dark pigment Phragmotrichum Steganosporium Entomosporium Asterosporium Cylindrosporium Cryptosporium Monochaetia Pestalotia Seimatosporium Libertella 11 192 192 192 190 13 192 190 15 16 194 194 194 194 MYCELIA STERILIA la Entire "conidiophore" (except stalk) closely branched. pale to dark brown or black. middle cells dark I la Single beaklike appendages at apex of conidia II b With 2 to 3 appendages at apex of conidia 1 lc Conidia with single apical and basal appendages 12a Saprophytic on wood or bark 12b Parasitic on leaves 13a Conidia becoming septate 13b Conidia remaining 1-celled 14a Conidia dictyosporous.FREEDOM PALESTINE 34 K E Y TO GENERA 10b End cells of conidia hyaline.fr . hyphae becoming dark brown Rhizoctonia Sclerotium Papulospora Cristulariella 74 2 196 196 196 http://arab2000. usually formed on loosely woven. black. dark sclerotia in culture and often on leaves 1 b Conidiophorelike structures absent 2a Sclerotia variable in form. dark hyphae 2b Sclerotia rounded. mycelium hyaline 2c Dark brown bulbils or small clusters of compact cells present. reproduction by sclerotia or similar structures 4a Conidiophores contained within a pycnidium 4b Conidiophores compacted into an acervulus or sporodochium in nature. 2 3 66 66 62 4 35 68 53 5 9 12 15 6 8 176 7 162 162 170 166 10 http://arab2000.fr . slimy masses 35 Dendrophoma Phoma or Phyllosticta Cytospora Dothiorella Sphaeropsis * . Piptocephalis 3a Conidiophores distinct although short or reduced to pegs in some genera.FREEDOM PALESTINE SIMPLIFIED K E Y TO SOME SELECTED COMMON GENERA la Having characteristics of the Mucorales. coenocytic mycelium and sporangioles that segment or otherwise appear as conidia I b Having septate mycelium and other characteristics of the imperfect fungi 2a Conidiophores (sporangiophores) unbranched except near apex where loose heads of dark spores are borne Choanephora 2b Conidiophores (sporangiophores) unbranched.forumpro. conidia rod-shaped with truncate ends. formed by fragmentation of the mycelium Geotrichum 3d No true conidiophores or conidia present. unbranched 8a Pycnidia formed as irregular cavities in a stroma. regular. but may be evident as loosely arranged structure in culture 4c Conidiophore stalks compacted into synnemata 4d Conidiophores separate. bearing an apical cluster of elongate sporangioles that break up into 1-celled spores Syncephalastrum 2c Conidiophores (sporangiophores) very slender. dichotomously branched.. conidia small 8b Pycnidia rounded. hyaline. conidia typically and predominately with 2 or more cells 3c Conidiophores indefinite or absent. bearing a cluster of slender sporangioles that segment into short rod-shaped spores. conidia large 9a Conidia held together in moist. no pigment present 7a Conidiophores with a few upright branches 7b Conidiophores short. occasionally 2-celled 3b Conidiophores distinct or reduced to pegs. simple. with dark pigment 6b Conidia small. conidia typically I-celled. not in a stroma 5b Pycnidia embedded in a stroma 6a Conidia relatively large. not tightly clustered in any manner 5a Pycnidia separate. usually narrowed at apex and base. with youngest at the apex of chain 17b Conidia basipetal. variable in shape. conidia dark. saprophytic 15a Conidiophores branched or bearing a cluster of branches or phialides near or at the apex Graphium. mostly 1 -celled. not slimy 14a Conidial heads rounded. ovoid to subglobose. uniformly ovoid to short cylindrical 19a Conidiogenous cells (phialides) borne on apex or swollen apex of conidiophores 19b Conidiogenous cells borne on slender branches. with the youngest at the base of chain 18a Conidia dark. Pesotum Stilbum Isaria Briosia Doratomyces Melanconium Colletotrichum Gloeosporium Spilocaea Tubercularia 11 190 188 188. 106 146 13 14 152 152 156 152 154 16 26 17 22 18 19 Cladosporium Perkonia Monilia Aspergillus 106 74 72 94 20 98 21 PenicilUum Paecilomyces 94 94 23 15b Conidiophores typically simple or only occasionally branched 16a Conidia remaining together in chains of two or more 16b Conidia not remaining together in chains 17a Conidia acropetal. dark setae present 10c Conidia hyaline." II b On wood or bark. ovoid. uniformly globose.fr . conidia hyaline. lemon-shaped to oblong.FREEDOM PALESTINE 36 SIMPLIFIED K E Y TO SOME S E L E C T E D C O M M O N GENERA 9b Conidia dry. and 1 -celled 18c Conidia hyaline. some may be 2.. setae absent I la On leaves. ovoid 12a Both stalks or synnemata and conidia hyaline 12b Both stalks of synnemata and conidia dark 12c Stalks of synnemata dark.forumpro. slimy heads 13b Conidia in dry clusters... 20a Conidiogenous cells bearing annulate scars of previous conidia 20b Annulate scars not present on conidiogenous cells 21 a Conidiogenous cells (phialides) closely arranged in a brushlike head 21 b Conidiogenous cells divergent.to 3-celled 1 8b Conidia dark. parasitic on buds of Azalea or Rhododendron 14b Conidial portion elongated. not on swollen apex of conidiophore . twigs. with pointed apex. or fruit. without slime 10a Conidia with dark pigment. conidia hyaline 13a Conidia held in moist. not in a close head 22a Conidia in small clusters held together by slime Scopulariopsis http://arab2000. more evident in mass 10b Conidia hyaline. elongating to appear rachislike 30b Conidiogenous portion of conidiophore limited. slender. conidial states of powdery mildews 28b Not conidial states of powdery mildews 29a Conidiophores indeterminate.FREEDOM PALESTINE SIMPLIFIED K E Y TO SOME SELECTED C O M M O N GENERA 37 22b Conidia dry. falcs absent .forumpro. often 3 or more branches arise from the same level 23b Conidiophore branches irregular. 33a Conidiophores or phialides slender. no falcs present Chalara 32c Conidia ovoid to globose. with some dark pigment 34a Conidiophores tall. often catenulate. globose 25b Apical conidiogenous portion and branches distinctly enlarged. apex elongating as new conidia are produced 29b Conidiophores determinate. globose 26b Conidia otherwise 27a Conidia black. rod-shaped. sometimes variable 36a Conidia hyaline. uniform in width 34b Conidiophores short or sometimes absent. not rachislike 31a Conidia produced simultaneously on swollen apex of conidiophore 31b Conidia produced single or successively at apex of conidiophore or phialide 32a Conidia exogenous.fr . seldom with fewer or more cells 35b Conidia typically has more than 3 cells. borne singly or in pairs on a dark hook (falc) of conidiophore Zygosporium 32b Conidia endogenous.. not held in slime 23a Conidiophore branches verticillate.. held together in small apical clusters by slime. ovoid to globose. which continues to elongate Verticiliium Thchoderma Nociulosporium 24 92 92 100 25 Botrytis 76 80 27 28 Nigrospora Sepedonium Oidium 82 82 68 29 30 31 Beauveria Sporothrix Oedocephalum 100 98 76 32 72 90 33 94 34 88 88 36 43 37 24b Conidia formed in a head on the more or less swollen apex of the conidiophore 25a Apical sporogenous cell of conidiophore or branches slightly enlarged. hyaline Cephahsporiwn 33b Conidiophores or phialides slender or somewhat inflated. shiny. not verticillate 24a Conidia formed successively at apex of conidiophore. or club-shaped Chromelospohum 26a Conidia (chlamydospores. no pigment in walls Chhridium Phialophora http://arab2000. often somewhat inflated 35a Conidia typically and uniformly 2-celled. rough-walled 28a Parasitic on plants. smooth 27b Conidia with yellow pigment. aleuriospores) terminal. not elongating as new conidia are produced 30a Conidiogenous portion of conidiophore zig-zag. single. cylindrical. conidia long.fr . cells equal 40b Conidia ovoid to elongate. conidia ovoid or ellipsoid 39a Conidia borne singly. not on sympodial growing points 40a Conidia ellipsoid-elongate. conidia apical. with a sterile terminal branch and swollen apex. not in chains 48a Conidiophores with several upright branches 48b Conidiophores simple. zig-zag in appearance. cells nearly equal 50b Conidia. not in chains 43a Conidia spiral or in coil 43b Conidia phragmosporous. cylindrical Cyiindrocladium 38b Conidiophores simple. some conidia with 1 or 2 cells 47b Conidia single. without branches 49a Conidia produced through pores on sides of conidiophores 49b Conidia borne apically on new sympodial growing points 50a Conidia straight or slightly curved. with both cross and oblique walls 44a Conidia with slender appendages. apical on sympodial growing points 39b Conidia produced basipetally in irregular groups. not clustered or compacted 38a Conidiophores branched. apical cell somewhat larger 41a Conidiophores and conidia borne in a typical pycnidium 41b Conidiophores and conidia in an acervulus or a stroma in nature 41c Conidiophores separate or in loose clusters 42a Conidiophores slender. conidia in short acropetalous chains 42b Conidiophores rather stout.FREEDOM PALESTINE 38 SIMPLIFIED K E Y TO SOME S E L E C T E D C O M M O N GENERA 36b Conidia with dark pigment in walls 37a Conidiophores compacted into an acervulus in nature 37b Conidiophores separate.forumpro. with cross but not oblique walls 43c Conidia dictyosporous. with one median cell larger than others Hipolaris Curvuhria Helminthusporium Dendryphiopsis Cladosporium Coryneum Pestalotia Bispora Polyihrincium Helicomyces Trichothecium Dactylaria Arthrobotrys Diplodia Spilocaea Marssonina 41 190 38 108 39 40 108 110 110 180 106 42 106 112 136 44 52 192 45 46 51 194 47 106 48 120 49 124 50 126 122 http://arab2000. at least at apex 44b Conidia without appendages 45a Conidia dark 45b Conidia hyaline 46a Conidia borne in acervuli in bark 46b Conidia not borne in acervuli 47a Conidia in acropetalous chains. clustered. attenuated 51b Conidiophores hyaline. larger conidia typically canoe-shaped. sclerotia mostly flattened or irregular. sclerotia more or less globose. dark. conidia long. compact Ahernaria Stemphylium Sclerotium Pyrkularia Steganosporium Epicoccum 132 132 196 196 74 54b No conidiophores. simple. no conidia formed.fr . borne singly 54a No conidiophores. no conidia formed.forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE SIMPLIFIED K E Y TO SOME SELECTED C O M M O N GENERA 39 51a Conidiophores simple. conidia long. 1-celled conidia usually present Fusarium 5 Id Conidiophore tall. cylindrical Cercospora Cylindrodadium 128 108 130 128 194 150 53 51c Conidiophores short. many branches compacted into globose or pointed structures CristularieUa http://arab2000. often in chains 53b Conidia rounded. slender. hyaline. conidia with pointed apex and rounded base 52a Conidia borne in acervuli in bark 52b Conidia borne typically in small sporodochia 52c Conidia borne on separate conidiophores 53a Conidia attenuate or pointed at apex. branched. often loose Rhizoctonia 54c Large conidiophorelike structures present on leaves. simple or branched. and septation of conidia are reduced to secondary characteristics. Although this classification. The following key to series. 40 http://arab2000.fr . and genera of the two largest families (Moniliaceae and Dematiaceae) is included for the convenience of those who can easily recognize and distinguish the types of conidia. In these cases.forumpro. The authors do not dispute the validity of the more recent system of classification proposed by the Kananaskis Conference (1971) and followed by Ellis (1971). but do not believe the time has come to shift to that system for the identification of genera by the student. Shape.FREEDOM PALESTINE THE HUGHES-TUBAKI-BARRON SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION This newer system is based primarily on the development of the conidia and to a lesser extent on the development of the conidiophores. it is well established and accepted by many mycologists and can be applied accurately to most of the Moniliales. pigmentation. use of the key based on the Saccardo System is recommended. It may not be helpful in identifying those genera in which the mode of conidial formation is unclear or indefinite. is not complete for all genera of imperfect fungi. sections. followed by Barron (1968). . . Series ARTHROSPORAE Arthrosporae.FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTERNATE K E Y TO S E R I E S A N D GENERA (Moniliaceae and Dematiaceae) Tubercula. resulting in a gradual change from conidiophore to conidium. mature conidia usually with truncate ends. but not necessarily. Geotrichum lb Conidia (arthrospores) developing in basipetal succession by meristemic growth of the special portion of conidiophore. Oidium 41 http://arab2000. Conidia (arthrospores) formed by segmentation of vegetative hyphae or branches of nonmeristcmatic conidiophores.fr . Scries MER1STEM ARTHROSPORAE Meristem Arthrosporae.riaceae and Stilbaceae.forumpro. as well as some genera in which there is inadequate knowledge of conidial formation. . hanging together in chains . Basipetospora) .. are excluded from this key. ellipsoid or cylindrical . (Examples: Geotrichum. conidia usually. Amblyosporium). . . . (Examples: Oidium. . .. Nigrospora Conidia (anncllospores) produced successively on apex of conidiogenous cells or conidiophore which increases slightly in length by pereurrent proliferation through previous conidial scars. often thick-walled and pigmented but may be hyaline. (Examples. often forming simple or branched acropetalous chains . .FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTFRNATF K H Y TO S C R IP S AND GENFRA Conidia (aleuriospores) usually single and apical on conidiophore or sporogenous cells. Spilocaea Conidia (blastospores) developing as buds from simple or branched conidiophores. Monilia http://arab2000. (Examples: Humicola. accessory conidial states often present . Spilocaea. Series B L A S T O SPORAE 59 Blastosporae.. (Examples.. Scopulariopsis) . often not easily deciduous or deciduous by means of a special cell at apex of conidiophore.fr ..forumpro. Aitreobasidiutn. . .. Montlia. or directly from vegetative cells or previous conidia. successive scars appear as faint anncllations at apex of conidiogenous c e l l . Microsporum) Series ALEURIOSPORAE 10 Aleuriosporae. Cladosporium) . Series ANNELEOSPORAE 52 Annellosporae. . Sepedonium. forming clusters or heads. . Bipolarts. solitary or in simple or branched aeropetalous chains. .. Ccrcospora) Series S Y M P O D U L O SPORAE 102 Sympodulosporae. (this key includes some genera placed by some authors in the Porosporae) . increase may be slight but conidia are of different ages. Gonuiohoirvs).forumpro. Scries P O R O SPORAE 90 Porosporae. Series BOf RYOBLASTO'SPORAE Botryoblastosporae.. Sporothrix http://arab2000. Tri! irachium. (Examples: Helminthosporium. Bipo/an's Conidia (syrnpodulospores) developing at tips of conidiophores or conidiogenous cells (not from pores in outer wall) and forming successively on new growing tips by sympodial proliferation. Batrytis Conidia (porospores) developing through pores in outer wall at apex or side of eonidiophore.. Stemphvfium) ..fr . (Examples: Fusiclactium. mature conidia easily deciduous revealing small denticles on sporogenous cells .. . Boirviis. single or in some genera produced on successive new growing points formed by sympodial proliferation . (Examples: Oecfotvphalum..FREEDOM PALESTINE AlTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA 43 Conidia (blastospores) produced on well differentiated swollen cells which bear many conidia simultaneously.. (Examples: Chalara. Phialosporae.. Verticillium. formed by segmentation of mycelium 3b Conidia rounded with truncate base. 151 Chahra ARTHROSPORAE 2a Conidiophores poorly developed or none 2b Conidiophores distinct and well developed 3a Conidia truncate at both ends. Series PHIALOSPORAE..fr . in a few genera the simple conidiophore proliferates percurrently and forms new phialides .. hyaline 9c Conidia dictyosporous. powdery mildews 7b Saprophytic or weakly parasitic. branched only near apex 6b Conidiophores slender with both apical and lateral branches Wallemia Ampulliferina Amblyosporium Oidiodendron Geotrichum Chrysosporium 3 4 68 68 5 6 92 106 68 68 MERISTEM ARTHROSPORAE 7a Parasitic on plants. conidia often collect in droplet of mucilage or slime at apex or remain attached in basipetal chains. Phialophora. not powdery mildews 8a Conidia in basipetal chains 8b Older conidia falling off before new one is formed 9a Conidia 1-celled.forumpro. which ordinarily does not increase in length. hyaline 9b Conidia 2-celled.. dark Oidium Ovulariopsis Basipetospora Trichothecium Coniosporium 8 9 68 70 70 108 134 http://arab2000.FREEDOM PALESTINE 44 ALTERNATE K E Y TO S E R IE S AND GENERA ti Conidia (phialospores) formed successively from open apex of conidiophore or conidiogenous cell (phialide). Aspergillus) . formed by segmentation of mycelium 4a Conidiophores simple 4b Conidiophores branched 5a Conidia globose 5b Comdia cylindrical with truncate ends 6a Conidiophores stout. branched 21a Setae present 21b Setae absent 22a Conidia with small hyaline cells attached Stephanoma Sepedonium http://arab2000. without attached smooth cells 15c Conidia with large apical rough-walled cell and smaller smooth basal cell 16a Basal cell of conidia rounded 16b Basal cell wedge-shaped 17a Conidiophores short. in small groups at apex of forked conidiophores 13b Conidia 1.or 2-celled. situated on a flat hyaline vesicle .or more-celled 19c Conidia I-celled.to several-celled 10b Conidia typically 1. macroconidia smooth 12c Saprophytic or parasitic on plants or fungi 13a Conidia 1-celled.. simple hyaline 20c Conidiophores well developed. Nigrospora 19b Conidia 2. or missing 17b Conidiophores usually well developed 18a Conidia with broad truncate base and pointed apex 18b Conidia ovoid to obclavate with rounded apex 18c Conidia globose to broadly ellipsoid 19a Conidia 1-celled. light to dark. subglobose.forumpro. conidia smooth Umbelopsis Botryoderma Glomerularia Histoplasma Blastomyces Anguillospora 140 II 24 12 17 82 80 13 86 14 86 86 15 82 82 16 Mycogone Chlamydomyces 82 82 18 22 Echinobotryum Asteromyces 84 84 19 82 20 21 Endophragmia Trichocladium Balanium Botryotrichum Humkola Stephanoma 118 118 106 84 84 82 I4c Conidiogenous cells slender. slender.FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GFNERA 45 ALEURIOSPORAE 10a Conidia long.to 2-celled.to several-celled 1 la Conidia hyaline or subhyaline (with slight pigment) lib Conidia with distinct dark pigment 12a Pathogenic to man. stout. conidia rough-walled or with attached smooth cells 15a Conidia with attached small smooth cells 15b Conidia 1-celled.fr . globose to oblong 10c Conidia typically 3. dark 20b Conidiophores mostly short. simple. not on vesicle 20a Conidiophores tall. poorly developed. not in clusters at apex of conidiophores 14a Conidiogenous cells slender. radiating from swollen cell 14b Conidiogenous cells short. slender (scolecosporous). macroconidia tuberculate 12b Pathogenic to man. I. shiny black. single or clustered 30b Conidiophores short.fr . ovoid to clavate 31 b Conidia 3.forumpro.to 3-celled. poorly developed. broadly ellipsoid wall not unusually thick 31c Conidia several-celled. branched 23b Conidiophores tall. with distinctly enlarged middle cell Daciylella 29a Conidia ovoid to ellipsoid to oblong 29b Conidia much longer than wide 30a Conidiophores tall.to several-celled. not clustered • http://arab2000. Ceratophorum Clasterosporium 118 132 114 116 33 118 118 35 36 28b Conidia cylindrical to long and sometimes tapering. simple 24a Conidia typically 3. simple. not attenuated 34a Conidiophores clustered. single 31a Conidia mostly 2. with broad enlarged middle cell Microsporum Monacrosporium Fusoma animals Xenosporium Wardomyces Staphylotrichum Microclavia 23 84 80 80 25 34 38 136 26 29 116 27 28 116 118 128 30 . clustered 30c Conidiophores usually short.to several-celled (phragmosporous) 24b Conidia with cross and oblique septa (dictyosporous 24c Conidia (or propagules) branched (staurosporous) 24d Conidia curved or coiled (helicosporous) 25a Conidia hyaline or subhyaline 25b Conidia with distinct dark pigment 26a Parasitic on plants 26b Causing dermato mycoses of man or 26c Saprophytic or trapping nematodes 27a Macroconidia spindle-shaped or ellipsoid 28a Conidia ellipsoid. especially at apex 33a Apical cell of conidia attenuated. ellipsoid. repeatedly branched 23c Conidiophores tall. Phragmocephala Bactrodesmium 32 118 150 31 Trichocladium Pithomyces Murogeneila Camposporium . thick. wall very thick 32a Conidia cylindrical 32b Conidia narrower at ends.FREEDOM PALESTINE 46 ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES A N D GENERA 22b Conidia without attached hyaline cells 23a Conidiophores short. hooked or pointed 33b Apical cell of conidia rounded. sometimes in loose sporodochia 34b Conidiophores single. Endophragmia. slender. with large cell Main axis of conidia slender or short. conidia with 2 to 3 upright or spreading "horns" Conidia triangular. with 4 slender radiating arms 41 b Main axis of conidia 2-celled.forumpro.fr . radiating arms Triposporium http://arab2000. parasitic on higher plants Aquatic. irregular fine point Actinospora Clavariopsis Tetrachaetum Triscelophorus Tridentaria Thaltospora 140 140 140 138 140 142 44 45 46 Articulospora Culicidospora 142 140 47 48 fngoldia Tricladium Tetracladium Dendrospora 138 138 140 140 50 51 144 Conidiophores distinct. much enlarged Apical cell of conidia not enlarged. elongate to obovoid Apical cell of conidia darker. equally pigmented Conidia broadly ellipsoid. arms widely divergent Main axis of conidia short. slender Main axis of conidia short. with 3 slender radiating arms 42a Alb 42c 43a 43b 44a 44b 45a 45b 46a 46b 47a Alb 48a 48b 49a 49b 50a Main axis of conidia long. conidia triangular or with several upright branches Conidiophores reduced to a short peg. most septa oblique Conidia hyaline or subhyaline Conidia with distinct dark pigment Propagule with many branches compacted into a large globoid or conical structure. in fresh water on decaying leaves Branches of conidia developed one at a time Branches of conidia developed simultaneously Conidia with 3 slender branches on slender main axis Conidia with 3 slender branches on thick main axis Conidia with 2 branches arising from primary axis Conidia with 3 or more branches arising from primary axis Branches of conidia long. most septa transverse Conidia globose to ovoid.FREEDOM PALESTINE AlTFRNAi'E K F Y TO S F R IE S AND GENFRA 47 35a 35b 36a 36b 37a 37b 38a 38b 39a 39b 39c 40a 40b Conidia globose or subglobose Conidia large. tapering to Branches of conidia slender but not tapering to fine point Branches of conidia more or less upright Branches of conidia widely divergent. arms not widely divergent Not aquatic. with 3 short. no true conidia produced Conidia with few branches. without swollen cell Epicoccum Berkleasmium Acrospeira 150 134 132 37 132 134 39 49 Pithomyces Stigmella Cristulariella 74 40 43 41 42 41a Central cell of conidia globose. symmetrical or nearly so Conidia with few branches distinctly asymmetrical Main axis of conidia distinctly swollen. conidiophores short 56b Saprophytic or with external mycelium.to several-celled 53a Conidiophores hyaline 53b Conidiophores dark 54a Conidiophores tall. not as above 60a Conidia 1-celled 60b Conidia 4-celled.to 2-celled 52b Conidia mostly 3. conidia in moist heads 54b Conidiophores short. mycelium within leaves. cross-shaped 61a Conidia more or less coiled (helicosporous) 61 b Conidia branched (staurosporous) 61c Conidia neither coiled nor branched 62a Small conidia produced by budding of large conidia 62b Conidia not budding 63a Conidiophores present. distinct 63b Conidiophores absent Helkodendron Helkoon Arthrinium Dictyoarthrinium 60 61 74 134 62 63 66 136 136 64 65 http://arab2000. simple.FREEDOM PALESTINE 48 ALTERNATE K E Y TO S E R I E S A N D GFNLRA 50b Conidia with several close upright branches 51a Mostly parasitic on leaves 51b Mostly saprophytic on wood Dictyosporium Hirudinaria Ceratosporium 144 144 144 ANNELLOSPORAE 52a Conidia typically 1.forumpro. increasing in length only in basal region 59b Conidiophores. branched. conidiophores short 57a Conidiophores single. not in heads 55a Conidia with 2 or more upright branches 55b Conidia unbranched 56a Mostly parasitic. if present. with thick dark septa. arising through stomata 58a Conidiophore apex with distinct cuplike structures 58b Conidiophore apex with conidial scars or rings. not cuplike Deightonielh Stigmina Endophragmia Annellophora Leptographiwn Spihcaea Ceratosporella Scopulariopsis 53 55 98 54 98 106 144 56 57 58 118 120 118 118 BLASTOSPORAE 59a Conidiophores arising from basal globose mother cells.fr . arising from epidermal cells 57b Conidiophores clustered. 2 to 3 on each swollen dark cell 73b Conidiophores hyaline.FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA 49 64a Conidia hyaline. mostly ovoid to ellipsoid 75c Conidia uniformly globose . in long branched chains Manilla 72c Conidiophores hyaline branched. conidia in moist heads 72b Conidiophores hyaline. branches more or less upright 65a Conidia with 3 to 4 upright to spreading branches 65b Conidia with 4 to 5 widely divergent branches Varicosporium Speiropsis Tetraploa TYipospermum 138 142 142 142 74 67 70 66a "Conidiophores" (propagules) compactly branched. conidia variable. apical on long denticles Olpitrichum 74a Conidia all or mostly 1-celled 74b Conidia mostly 2-celled 74c Conidia 3. conidia elongate. conidia 2-celled. conidia lunulate. single. conidia uniform globose to short ellipsoid. conidia globose to broad ellipsoid. slender 73a Conidiophores dark. conidialike. some typically lemon-shaped 75b Conidia uniform. with slender divergent arms 64b Conidia dark. conidia forcibly discharged 67b With neither clamp connections nor forcibly discharged conidia 68a Parasitic on grasses. budding 69a Mycelium and conidia hyaline 69b Mycelium and conidia with dark pigment 70a Conidia hyaline.forumpro. not budding 68b Usually saprophytic. 2-celled 70b Conidia hyaline or subhyaline. globose to conical.to several-celled (phragmosporous) 75a Conidia variable.fr . conidia ovoid. conidia !-celled. ultimate cells globose. not clustered Hyaiodendron Tilletiopsis Zygosporium Lunulospora 73c Conidiophores hyaline. in short chains 72d Conidiophores subhyaline. no true conidia produced Cristulariella 66b Conidiophores poorly formed or reduced to pegs or short conidiogenous cells 66c Conidiophores distinct. Cladosporium Papularia 78 106 82 76 http://arab2000. 1-ceIIed 70c Conidia with distinct dark pigment 71a Conidia borne in acropetalous chains 71 b Conidia not in chains ! Haplographium Candida Aureobasidium Trichothecium Rhynchosporium Itersonilia 70 68 108 69 70 70 108 71 74 72 73 80 72 72 72 72 138 74 75 77 72a Conidiophores dark. simple or loosely branched 67a Mycelium with clamp connections. dark.fr . at least near apex 87a Conidiophores determinate. 1-celled 84a Conidiophores short. cylindrical 80b Conidia catenulate. well developed 85a Conidiogenous cells globose or with globose lobes 85b Conidiogenous cells or fertile portion of conidiophore elongated to irregular 86a Conidiophores simple or with few branches 86b Conidiophores with several branches. with several clusters of conidia 88a Conidiophore branches many. reduced to 1 or few cells 84b Conidiophores tall. conidia dark 82b Conidiophores variable. apex of conidiophore globose 76b Setae present. Conidiophores branched. apex of conidiophore not enlarged 76c Setae absent 11a.forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE 50 ALTERNATE K F Y TO S E R IE S A N D GFNERA 76a Setae present. lateral on main axis 88b Conidiophore branches regularly dichotomous 88c Conidiophore branches irregular 89a Conidiophore branches dichotomous near apex 89b Conidiophore branches irregular Oedocephalum Gonatobotrys Botryosporium Dichobotrys Botrytis Chromelosporium Aciadium Phymotolrichum Gonatobotryum Gonatorrhodiella Cephaliophora 82 83 78 78 116 84 78 85 86 89 87 88 76 76 76 78 76 80 76 http://arab2000. conidia variable lib Conidiophores mostly simple. with a single head of conidia 87b Conidiophores proliferating percurrently. cells strongly rounded 80c Conidia not catenulate Pseudotorula Dwayabeeja Septonema Torula Gonatophragmium 116 116 116 74 122 BOTRYOBLASTOSPORAE 81 a Conidia in simple or branched chains of 2 or more 81b Conidia not catenulate 82a Conidiophores tall. hyaline. phragmosporous 83b Conidia hyaline. conidia hyaline 83a Conidia dark. conidia uniformly ellipsoid LaceHinopsis Lacellina Periconia Cladosporium Bispora 78 78 74 106 106 79 80 78a Conidia borne on special globose cells 78b Conidia not borne on special globose cells 79a Conidia catenulate 79b Conidia not catenulate 80a Conidia catenulate. germ tubes only from end cells Bipolaris Exosporium 100a Conidiophores clustered. conidia single. often breaking up into 1.FREEDOM PALESTINE AUERNATL K E Y TO S F R Ifc S A N D GENERA 51 POROSPORAE 90a Conidia with transverse and oblique septa (dictyosporous) 90b Conidia with transverse septa only (phragmosporous) 90c Conidia 2-celled. globose to broadly ellipsoid 92a Conidiophores elongating sympodially 92b Conidiophores elongating percurrently 93a Conidiophores tall. branched. catenulate 91a Conidia long-beaked. cylindrical to obclavate 101b Conidia often less than 4-celIed.forumpro. conidia catenulate 93b Conidiophores tall. germ tubes originate from any cell Mid-cells of conidia not distinctly larger than others. straight or slightly curved 99a 99b Mid-cells of conidia larger than end cells. apical 101a Conidia several-celled. extending sympodially 97b Conidiophores determinate 98a Conidia bent by enlargement of one cell 98b Conidia not bent by enlarged cell.to several-celled Spondylocladiella Dendryphiopsis Torula Dichotomophthora Ulocladium Stemphylium Dendryphion Diplococcium Allernaria 91 93 114 132 92 132 132 124 94 96 120 95 120 120 74 97 98 100 Curvularia 122 99 Drechslera 122 126 148 101 Corynespora. Sporidesmium Helminthosporium Spadicoides 120 124 114 96a Conidia in acropetalous chains. conidia apical and lateral 100c Conidiophores single. ellipsoid to obovoid http://arab2000.fr . conidia mostly severalcelled 94b Conidiophores not dichotomous near apex 95a Conidia mostly 3-celled 95b Conidia 4. conidia not catenulate 93c Conidiophores mostly simple 94a Conidiophores dichotomous near apex.to several-celled fragments 96b Conidia not catenulate 97a Conidiophores indeterminate. obclavate. conidia apical 100b Conidiophores single. or ovoid 91 b Conidia not beaked. branched. not in moist heads 11 la Conidia catenulate in acropetalous chains 111b Conidia not catenulate 112a Conidia mostly 2-celled. Cercosporidium Pyricularia Ramularia Septocylindrium Verticicladiella Verticicladium Idriella Helicomina Heiicoma Helicomyces Helicosporium 103 106 105 104 136 136 136 136 107 122 123 108 116 109 Ill 102 110 104 104 112 113 110 128 114 115 128 128 128.FREEDOM PALESTINE 52 ALTERNATE K E Y TO S E R I F S AND GENERA SYMPODULOSPORAE Note: The key to this section includes some genera described as producing porospores and in which the conidiophores commonly extend by sympodial growth. conidia uniformly coiled 105a Conidiophores and conidia hyaline I05b Conidiophores dark. 102a Conidia coiled. conidia! cell not attenuated 114c Conidiophores dark. conidia pale to dark 106a On living plants in nature.122 128 http://arab2000. conidia with attenuated apical cell 114b Conidiophores hyaline. repeatedly branched near apex 110a Conidia collecting in moist slimy heads 110b Conidia dry. cells unequal Spermospora Cercosporetta Cercospora. hygroscopic 104a Parasitic on higher plants. mostly parasitic 106b Closely associated with other fungi. principally on leaves. helicosporous I02b Conidia not coiled 103a Conidia thick in proportion to length. often parasitic on them 106c Saprophytic on various substrata 107a Conidia hyaline or subhyaline 107b Conidia distinctly pigmented.to several-celled 109a Conidiophores relatively short.forumpro. pale brown to dark 108a Conidia predominantly 1-celled 108b Conidia typically 2. conidial cell not distinctly attenuated 115a Conidia broader near base. with some 1-celled 112b Conidia mostly with 3 or more cells 113a Conidia filiform to cylindrical or long ellipsoid 113b Conidia shorter. some conidia nearly straight 104b Saprophytic on wood or bark.fr . not hygroscopic 103b Conidia thin in proportion to length. simple I09b Conidiophores tall. ovoid to pyriform or short ellipsoid 114a Conidiophores hyaline. fr . rarely simple 125b Conidiophores typically simple.forumpro. slender Tritirachium Selenosporella Verticicladiella Verlicicladium Pleiochaeta Nakataea Calcarisporium Dactylium Cladosporietta 104 104 129 130 100 102 http://arab2000. conidia long. conidiogenous cells may be verticillate 129a Conidiophores hyaline.to several-celled 125a Conidiophores variously branched. slender 123a Conidia hyaline to subhyaline (slightly pigmented) J23b Conidia with distinct dark pigment 124a Conidia typically 1-celled 124b Conidia typically 2-celled 124c Conidia 3.to 4-celled. branched near apex and bearing a number of conidiogenous cells Periconiella 116b Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells not as above ! 17a Conidia mostly 1. conidia long. mostly ovoid 122c Conidiophores and conidia dark. conidia 1-celled 122b Conidiophores and conidia hyaline.FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTERNATE K E Y TO S E R I F S A N D GENERA 53 115b Conidia oblong.to several-celled (phragmosporous) 118a Conidia rough-walled. conidia 3. cells unequal I I9a Conidiophores distinctly wavy in appearance \ 19b Conidiophores often irregular but not distinctly wavy 120a Conidiophores usually arise from beneath cutical layer Fusicladiwn Polythrincium Asperisporium 112 119 112 120 112 112 128 128 102 130 92 124 139 125 135 137 126 131 127 128 120b Conidiophores emerging through stomata or from surface of leaves Scolecotrichum. cells nearly equal Didymaria 110 104 117 118 121 116a Conidiophores tall. cells equal 118b Conidia smooth. conidia ovoid I29b Conidiophores pigmented. not in moist heads 128a Conidiophore branches verticillate on main axis 128b Conidiophore branches irregular. simple below. Passalora 121a Conidia with 1 to 4 hyaline appendages on apical cells 121b Conidia without appendages 122a Conidiophores and conidia hyaline. rarely branched 126a Conidiophores branched only near apex 126b Conidiophore branches lower or lateral on main axis 127a Conidia in moist heads of slime I27b Conidia dry. dark.to 2-celIed 117b Conidia 3. only slightly enlarged at apex 134b Conidiophores pigmented.forumpro.. dark. conidia cylindric to clavate 138b Conidiophores tall. Nodulosporium Beauveria Tritirachium Sporothrix Basidiobotrys Ovularia Dactylaria 100 100 98 100 104 110 136 Arihrobotrys Candelabrelta Genicularia Dkranidion 110 110 110 138 138 Dactylaria Dactylella Pleurothecium 110 128 126 106 140 141 147 139a Conidiophores tall. on long pegs 136c Conidia single on sympodial branches of conidiophore 137a Conidia forked. dark.fr . single. on short denticles 136b Conidia in loose clusters. hyaline. conidia cylindric to fusoid 138c Conidiophores tall. hyaline. rachislike 132b Fertile area of conidiogenous cell not slender or rachislike 133a Base of conidiophore enlarged. rounded 136a Conidia in loose clusters. not enlarged 13la Conidia catenulate 131b Conidia not catenulate 132a Fertile area of conidiogenous cell slender. tapering toward both ends 141b Conidia otherwise 142a Conidia oblong-elongate I42b Conidia mostly globose or ovoid 143a Conidia symmetric. greatly enlarged at apex 134c Conidiophores hyaline. one side flat or concave Virgaria Selenosporella Beltrania 104 142 102 143 144 100 http://arab2000. conidia fusoid Hamfordia Geniculosporium Sympodiella 98 100 100 104 -132 133 134 130b Fertile area of conidiogenous cell somewhat enlarged. bearing at apex several divergent conidiogenous cells Pseudobotrylis 139b Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells not as above 140a Conidia 1-celled I4()b At least some conidia 2. sometimes elongated 135b Apical cell of conidium larger or wider than basal cell. single.FREEDOM PALESTINE 54 ALTFRNATE K E Y 10 SERIfS AND GFNERA 130a Fertile area of conidiogenous cell slender. saprophytic 134a Conidiophores slender. hyaline. with 2 parallel prongs I37b Conidia not forked 138a Conidiophores short. at least at apex . slender. both sides rounded 143b Conidia asymmetric. not enlarged 130c Fertile area of conidiogenous cell much elongated.or more-celled 141a Conidia biconie. in clusters 135a Apical cell of conidium equal to or smaller than basal cell. mostly on insects 133b Base of conidiophore not enlarged. conidia catenulate but not end to end Fusariella Conidiophores simple. unbranched 153b Conidia each with 4 slender arms 154a Conidia typically 2. well developed 147a 147b 147c 148a Conidia 1. at least at apex Noduhsporium Conidiophores simple or branched. conidia endogenous in end-to-end chains Sporochisma Conidiophores repeatedly branched. Y-shaped.FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA 55 144a 144b 145a 145b 146a Conidiophores branched irregularly.fr . oblong or T-shaped Conidia staurosporous. Sirosporium 114 142 142 134 149 148b Conidia typically phragmosphorous 149a Conidia often catenulate Heterosporium 122 150 149b Conidia not catenulate 150a 150b Conidia attached by slender pedicels to apex of conidiophores Conidia attached directly to hyaline apex of conidiophores Brachysporium Cacumisporium 126 124 PHIALOSPORAE 151a Normally aquatic. several-celled. with 2 pointed arms Conidia staurosporous. ovate. not wavy Conidiophores or conidiogenous cells. conidiogenous cells not enlarged at apex Conidiophore branches somewhat spiral.forumpro. short. some phragmospores present Scolecobasidium Diplocladiella Speiropsis Dactylosporium. conidiogenous cells somewhat enlarged.to 3-celled Conoplea Rhinocladiella 100 145 102 104 147 148 146b Conidiophores tall.to several-celled 154b Conidia typically I-celled 155a Conidiophores with dark pigment 155b Conidiophores (or conidiogenous cells) hyaline 156a 156b 156c 157a Conidiophores tall with lateral branches and sterile apex. mostly ] . appearing wavy Conidiophores or branches more or less straight. slender. slender Heliscus Flagellospora Lemonniera 152 154 153 108 138 138 155 159 156 157 152b Conidia unbranched 153a Conidia long. one sterile branch typically with swollen apex Cylindrodadium 108 http://arab2000. growing on decaying vegetation 151b Not normally aquatic 152a Conidia or branches long. conidia not catenulate Chaetopsis 96 130 130 Conidiophores with few branches near apex. with 3 or more branches Conidia dictyosporous.to 2-celled. conidia catenulate 171a Conidia cylindrical. oblong. inconspicuous 162b Apical collarette of phialide large. simple or branched 168a Conidia in dry chains. not in moist heads 169b Conidia held together in moist slimy heads 170a Conidiophores mostly simple. moist. slimy heads 169a Conidia dry. dark. in small slime heads 158d Macroconidia typically canoe-shaped. conidia in dry chains Aspergillus 159b Conidiophores. phialides or conidia otherwise 160a Conidia hyaline or subhyaline 160b Conidia distinctly pigmented.fr . dark. 2-celled. no slime present 168b Conidia in small. at least in mass 161a Conidia crescent-shaped. mostly rod-shaped 163b Conidia produced at apex of phialide.to several-celled 158b Conidia ovoid. microconidia 1-celled Cylindrocarpon Cladobotryum Diplosporium Fusarium 158 130 108 108 130 94 160 161 178 162 163 Menispora Codinaea 88 88 164 167 165 166 Chalaropsis Thielaviopsis Chaetochalara Chalara 90 92 90 90 168 169 Monocilliwn Cephalosporium 86 94 170 172 Monihchaetes Thysanophora 86 96 171 Metarrhizium 94 159a Apex of conidiophore much enlarged. typically with hyaline apical appendages 161b Conidia globose. 1-celled. 2. ovoid. 2-celled. conidia single or catenulate 170b Conidiophores branched. covered with flask-shaped phialides. breaking up into 1-celled fragments 166a Tall dark setae present 166b Dark setae absent 167a Conidiophores short or mostly reduced to a single phialide 167b Conidiophores well developed. not in slime heads 158c Conidia ovoid. several-celled. conidia catenulate 170c Conidiophores branched. not rod-shaped 164a Dark aleuriospores (chlamydospores) also present 164b Dark aleuriospores absent 165a Aleuriospores rounded. or hooked.FREEDOM PALESTINE 56 ALTERNATF KEY TO SCRIES AND GENERA 157b Conidiophores simple or irregularly branched. without appendages 162a Apical collarette of phialide small. hyaline.forumpro. flaring 163a Conidia produced well within phialide (endogenous). single or in short chains 165b Aleuriospores cylindrical. straight. aggregated into dry columns http://arab2000. without sterile branches 158a Conidia mostly cylindrical. FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTERNATE K E Y TO SERIFS AND GENERA 57 171b Conidia globose, ovoid or rod-shaped; conidiophore "brush" compact 1 7 lc Conidia fusiform to lemon-shaped; conidiophore "brush" loose 172a Conidiophores simple or reduced to short, 1-celled phialides 172b Conidiophores variously branched, at least at apex 173a Conidiophores dark; coiled setae absent 173b Conidiophores (phialides) hyaline; coiled setae present, unbranched 173c Conidiophores (phialides) hyaline, with coiled branched setae 174a Conidial masses large, only at apex of conidiophore 174b Conidial masses small, at apex of conidiophore 175a Conidiophores hyaline, apex often enlarged, branches Aspergillus-Iike 175b Conidiophores hyaline, branches Penicillium-like 175c Conidiophores dark, branches Penicillium-like 176a Conidial mass subtended by sterile arms 176b Conidial mass not subtended by sterile arms 177a Conidiophores hyaline, branches (or phialides) verticillate 177b Conidiophores hyaline, branches irregular 177c Conidiophores dark, branches arising at points on main axis 178a Conidiophores mostly reduced to phialides 178b Conidiophores well developed 179a Phialides slender, tapering upward; collarette not evident 179b Phialides cylindrical to inflated; collarette often flaring Penkillium Paecilomyces 94 94 173 174 Chloridium Circinotrichum Gyroihrix 88 90 90 175 177 176 Gliocladium Phiahcephala Gliocephalotrichum Gliocephahs Verticillium Trichoderma Gonylrichum 92 96 94 94 92 92 98 179 180 Gliomastix Phiahphora 86 88 92 94 181 88 88 180a Upper portion of conidiophores branched; phialides long, slender; conidia dark, in small, moist heads Stachylidium 180b Upper portion of conidiophores branched; conidia dry, dark, lemon-shaped, catenulate Phialomyces 180c Conidiophores unbranched; short thick phialides at base of simple conidiophores 181a Conidia in moist slimy heads, not catenulate 18lb Conidia not in slimy heads, catenulate Stachybotrys Memnoniella http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE ALTERNATE K E Y TO SERIFS AND GENERA 57 171b Conidia globose, ovoid or rod-shaped; conidiophore "brush" compact 1 7 lc Conidia fusiform to lemon-shaped; conidiophore "brush" loose 172a Conidiophores simple or reduced to short, 1-celled phialides 172b Conidiophores variously branched, at least at apex 173a Conidiophores dark; coiled setae absent 173b Conidiophores (phialides) hyaline; coiled setae present, unbranched 173c Conidiophores (phialides) hyaline, with coiled branched setae 174a Conidial masses large, only at apex of conidiophore 174b Conidial masses small, at apex of conidiophore 175a Conidiophores hyaline, apex often enlarged, branches Aspergillus-Iike 175b Conidiophores hyaline, branches Penicillium-like 175c Conidiophores dark, branches Penicillium-like 176a Conidial mass subtended by sterile arms 176b Conidial mass not subtended by sterile arms 177a Conidiophores hyaline, branches (or phialides) verticillate 177b Conidiophores hyaline, branches irregular 177c Conidiophores dark, branches arising at points on main axis 178a Conidiophores mostly reduced to phialides 178b Conidiophores well developed 179a Phialides slender, tapering upward; collarette not evident 179b Phialides cylindrical to inflated; collarette often flaring Penkillium Paecilomyces 94 94 173 174 Chloridium Circinotrichum Gyroihrix 88 90 90 175 177 176 Gliocladium Phiahcephala Gliocephalotrichum Gliocephahs Verticillium Trichoderma Gonylrichum 92 96 94 94 92 92 98 179 180 Gliomastix Phiahphora 86 88 92 94 181 88 88 180a Upper portion of conidiophores branched; phialides long, slender; conidia dark, in small, moist heads Stachylidium 180b Upper portion of conidiophores branched; conidia dry, dark, lemon-shaped, catenulate Phialomyces 180c Conidiophores unbranched; short thick phialides at base of simple conidiophores 181a Conidia in moist slimy heads, not catenulate 18lb Conidia not in slimy heads, catenulate Stachybotrys Memnoniella http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE 60 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA HELICOCEPHALUM Thaxt. Conidiophores upright, long, slender, simple, nonseptate; conidia produced in a spiral, forming a head held in a slime drop, 1-celled, ellipsoid, hyaline or slightly pigmented; saprophytic on dung or decaying wood. Illustration: (A) H. sarcophilum; redrawn from Thaxter (438); (B) H. oiigosporum; original, from material on decayed wood. Other reference (98). RHOPALOMYCES Corda. Mycelium sparse; conidiophores upright, slender, simple; conidia borne on enlarged tip of conidiophore, which is hexagonally aerolate, 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid; saprophytic on plant material, or destroying nematode eggs. Illustration: R. strangulatus; redrawn from Thaxter (436). (A) conidiophore and head of conidia; (B) head of conidia enlarged; (C) conidia. References (36). CUNNINGHAMELLA Matr. Mycelium white, extensive in culture, nonseptate; conidiophores (sporangiophores) simple or branched, with enlarged tips bearing heads of conidia (sporangioles); conidia hyaline, 1-celled, globose; common saprophytes in soil. Illustration: C. elegans; original, from pure culture. (A) simple conidiophore and head of conidia; (B) branched conidiophore; (C) detail of tip of conidiophore showing denticles; (D) conidia. References (70, 171). MYCOTVPHA Fenncr. Mycelium at first nonseptate, later becoming septate, hyaline; conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect, tall, simple, septate; head of spores cylindrical; conidia (sporangioles) i-celled, borne singly on short denticles; saprophytic. Illustration: M. microspora; original, from culture. (A) group of conidiophores; (B) head of conidia enlarged; (C) conidia. Reference (132). MORTIERELLA Coemans. Mycelium typically appressed to substrate, fine; conidiophores (sporangiophores) hyaline, simple or branched, typically tapering upward; conidia (sporangioles) globose, hyaline, single, apical; typical multispored sporangia present in some species, absent in others; common in soil, saprophytic. Illustration: Mortierella sp; original from culture. Reference (136). http://arab2000.forumpro.fr forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 61 RHOPALOMYCES MORTIERELLA CUNNINGHAMELLA http://arab2000.fr . (B) branch of sporangiophore. bearing cylindrical. (A) general habit of nearly mature fertile hypha. conidiophores upright. Illustration: 7 . (A) conidiophore and sporangioles. sparingly branched. Other reference (17). http://arab2000. with prominent rhizoids at the base. ellipsoid or rod-shaped. slender. (B) sporocladia and conidia. (C) branchlet with several 2-spored sporangioles. 1-ceIIed. vertkillata. nonseptate. DIMARGARIS Van Tieghem. (C) branchlets with 2-spored sporangioles. Illustration: P. Illustration: D." caHfornicus. producing branches. ovoid to fusoid. septate. simple below. (D) haustorium of parasite in host mycelium.FREEDOM PALESTINE 62 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA SYNCEPHALIS Van Teigh. Illustration: C. Mycelium sparse. Illustration: S. (A) upper portion of sporangiophore. and Le Monn. redrawn from Thaxter (440). (B) heads of spores. COEMANSIA Van Tiegh and Le Monn. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect. 256). at intervals bearing sporocladia that produce conidia only on the lower (outer) surface. smooth subglobose to ovoid. producing branched haustoria. septate. the ends consisting of fertile cells bearing whorls of 2-spored sporangioles. parasitic on other Mucorales. conidial heads composed of many sporogenous branchlets. septate. deciduous. redrawn from Linder (268). irregularly branched. septate. each cell giving rise to a whorl of 2-spored sporangioles. straight or bent near the apex. References (22. (A) habit of sporangiophores. parasitic on other Mucorales. sporangioles break up into short conidia at maturity. branches septate. producing branched haustoria. (C) chains of spores breaking apart. tips more or less swollen. pycnosperma. at first simple. repeatedly dichotomously branched. erecta. Other reference (22).forumpro. from a culture on Mucor. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect. saprophytic on dung. (D) conidia. (B) enlarged branch apex. immersed in liquid at maturity. consisting of short chains of cells formed by budding. bearing rodlike sporangioles which break up to form short conidia. (A) conidiophores.fr . parasitic on other Mucorales. original. conidia finally separating. (D) conidia. (B) formation of separate spores. redrawn from Benjamin (23). becoming irregularly cymosely or verticillately branched and producing fertile terminal heads. conidia hyaline. TIEGHEMIOMYCES Benjamin. several repeatedly. dry at maturity. principally Mucorales. sterile branches absent. virginiana. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) upright. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect. haustorial parasites on other fungi. apex enlarged. rodlike sporangioles. conidia finally separating. PIPTOCEPHAL1S de Bary. redrawn from Benjamin (23). giving rise above to fertile branch systems. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 63 SYNCEPHAUS PIPTOCEPHALIS COEMANSIA TIEGHEMIOMYCES http://arab2000.forumpro. (A) diagram showing habit of growth. elongated. redrawn from Benjamin (22). (C) sporocladium. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect or ascending. redrawn from Benjamin (24). pterosporus. bearing several domelike sporocladia with pseudophialides and conidia on the upper surface. alahastrina. producing laterally pseudophialides that bear single sporangioles (conidia). Other references (22. conidia hyaline. (B) sporocladium and ctfnidia redrawn from Benjamin (22). becoming irregularly cymosely branched. (B) a single sporocladium. 268). fertile branches. sporocladia stalked. each bearing a single conidium (sporangiole). (A) apex of conidiophore with conidia! head. sporocladia borne successively on the lower surface of the coils. (B) group of sporocladia. Illustration: R. (B) group of sporocladia. saprophytic on dung. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect or ascending. saprophytic. saprophytic in soil. saprophytic on horse dung. conidia produced on the upper surface of sporocladia. conidia obclavate. Illustration: L. (D) conidia. Illustration: M. (D) conidium. conidia borne on upper surface of sporocladia. saprophytic. Conidiophores long. SPIRODACTYEON Benjamin. MARTENSIOMYCES Meyer.forumpro. Illustration: M. Mycelium sparse. embreei. hyaline. redrawn from Jackson and Dearden (240). (B) single branch of conidial head. septate. MARTENSELLA Cocmans. branched. Other reference (268). http://arab2000. Illustration: S. (C) single branch void of conidia. with narrowed apices. (A) conidiophores. (A) conidiophore. from soil. not enveloped in liquid at maturity. conidia borne on tertiary stalks. pennispora.fr . terminating tn primary vesicles bearing radiate stalks and secondary vesicles. producing pseudophialides on one side (resembling Coemansid)\ pseud ophialides ellipsoid. bearing lateral or apical sporocladia. (C) sporocladium bearing conidia. l-celled. borne in umbels on recurved branchlets. I-celled. Illustration: K. giving rise above to coiled. saprophytic. conidiophores upright. septate. redrawn from Raperand Fennell (348). KICKXEELA Coemans. redrawn from Benjamin (23). (B) sporocladia and conidia. Other reference (127). aureum. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) borne singly or sometimes in pairs near the ends of stolons that terminate in rhizoid systems. hyaline. (A) conidiophore. conidia short-ellipsoid. septate. enveloped in liquid at maturity. conidia hyaline. hyaline. corticii. simple. conidiophores dark brown. subglobose to ellipsoid.FREEDOM PALESTINE 64 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA RADIOMYOES Embree. L1NDERINA Rapcr and Fennell. conidiophores simple with an apical disk bearing sporocladia. l-celled. Mycelium sparse. (A) conidiophore. reniform to oblong-ellipsoid. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 65 RADIOMYCES MARTENSELLA * MARTENSIOMYCES SPIRODACTYLON http://arab2000.forumpro. minuius. racemosum. conidiophores (sporangjophores) erect. sporangia typical of the Mucorales also formed in culture. (B. tips enlarged. from culture. parasitic on other Mucorales and one species on Chaetomium. saprophytic. Illustration: S. Conidiophores arising from substrate hyphae. each segment giving rise to 2 to 3 short. conidia 1-celled. Other references (26). (B) enlarged fertile branches. from pure culture. extensive and growing rapidly in culture. redrawn from Thaxter (438). (B) portion of fertile head showing conidia. References (136. abundantly branched. or saprophytic. 474. Mycelium growing rapidly. each producing a row of nearly spherical conidia. D) portion of head of conidia. (A) conidiophores. ellipsoid. (A) terminal portion of fertile hypha.fr . branched. C) heads of sporangioles and developing conidia. Illustration: D. and branched at the apex. bearing a head of cylindrical sporangioles that produce rows of short conidia. bearing a head of rod-shaped sporangioles. parasitic on flowers and fruits. DISPIRA Van Tiegh. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect. conidia subglobose to globose. 439). the sterile branches slender and spiral. (D-G) stages in formation and release of conidia. forming a loose spiral as they develop upward. branched. 335. enlarged. original. redrawn from Benjamin (23). 172. each branch bearing a head of conidia (sporangioles). curcurbitarum. http://arab2000. cornuta. SPIROMYCES Benjamin. (A) conidiophore and head of spores. original. Illustration: C. Illustration: S. principally curcurbits. (A) portion of conidiophore. (B. Mycelium white. conidiophores (sporangiophores) long. References (23. (D) conidia. septate.FREEDOM PALESTINE 66 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA SYNCEPHALASTRUM Schroet. fertile branches enlarged. each of which forms a loose cluster of conidia (sporangioles) on terminal globose enlargements on denticles. wall of sporangiole dissolving to release conidia.forumpro. brown or purplish. saprophytic. 475). stout sporocladia. CHOANEPHORA Currey. forumpro.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 67 I D . E F D oo o o SYNCEPHALASTRUM CHOANEPHORA SPIROMYCES tfl http://arab2000. 1-celled. (B) conidia. 1-celled. conidia (arthrospores) 1-celled. Carmichael (51) describes conidia as aleuriospores. (B) segmenting branch. CHRYSOSPORIUM Corda. (B) stages in development of conidial branches. conidiophores upright. parasitic on higher plants. Illustration: Chrysosporium sp. candidum. 332). (B) conidial state of Polyporus adust us. original. produced in basipetal chains. IHustration:0. conidia (arthrospores) hyaline. griseum. upper portion increases in length as conidia are formed. Illustration: O. (A) conidiophore and conidia. producing powdery mildews. spongiosum. septate. .FREEDOM PALESTINE 68 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA ^ • GEOTRICHUM Link. Mycelium pale to yellow-orange. Oidium Sacc. Reference (15). remaining in chains. j^ 1-celled. from fresh material. OIDIODENDRON Robak. from which conidial chains are formed by segmentation. formed by segmentation of hyphae. ' r. white.forumpro. from agar culture. AMBLYOSPORIUM Fres. conidia (meristem arthrospores) cylindrical. (C) conidia. hyaline.fr . catenulate. rebranched irregularly. -V original from culture. hyaline or yellow-orange in mass. short cylindrical with truncate ends. Illustration: (A) G. globose to pyriform. Reference (51). from culture. . B) mycelium with conidiophores and conidia. septate. (C) conidia. original. usually with a broad basal scar. saprophytic in soil or often growing on fleshy or woody basidiomycetes.. Some basidiomycetes form conidia in this manner. saprophytic. single or in short chains. Mycelium external on host. Mycelium hyaline to brown. terminal or intercalary. Illustration: A. lower portion unbranched. from culture.. Reference (50). much like vegetative hyphae. See Bisby (35) for relation of Oidium Link. original. (A) portions of conidiophores and conidia. conidiophores absent. monilioides (Erysiphe graminis). mostly saprophytic. {?'-. branches segmenting into rod-shaped or rounded conidia. original. saprophytic. Mycelium white. (A) branched conidiophore. conidiophores erect. References (313. mostly erect and branching irregularly. hyaline. (C) conidia. original from culture. conidia (arthrospores) 1-celled. conidia (aleuriospores or arthrospores) hyaline. hyaline or subhyaline. and Acrosporium Nees. barrel-shaped.. common in soil. (A.OIDIUM Sacc. • f http://arab2000. Conidiophores poorly differentiated. conidiophores sparsely branched only on upper portion. bearing a number of irregular branches near or at the apex. simple. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 69 GEOTRICHUM AMBLYOSPORIUM OIDIUM http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . forumpro. Cultures usually pink. conidia (blastophores) hyaline. discharged forcibly. saprophytic or weakly parasitic. original from culture. saprophytic. Illustration: A. producing other conidia by budding. 59). hyaline. erysiphiodes (conidial state of Phyllactinia corulea). ovoid to fusoid. bearing abundant conidia laterally.fr . (D) conidia budding. References (17. each bearing an asymmetrical conidium that is discharged forcibly. Mycelium. http://arab2000. ovoid. conidia asymmetrical. (B) conidia. Illustration: O. albicans is described as causing moniliasis of man. CANDIDA Berkhout. (A. Illustration: S. hyaline to pale brown. Illustration: /. rubra. References (17. from culture. salmonieolor. not extensive. (C) lateral production of conidia. (Pullularla) pullulans. B) hyphae and conidia. albicans. C. l-celled in simple basipetal chains. with truncate base. reproduction principally by budding (blastospores). rubra is conidial state of Monascus rubra. conidia (meristem arthrospores) globose. hyaline when young. redrawn from Tubaki (446). B. some cells producing sterigmata. common in soil. Reference (57). perlexans. ITERSONILIA Derx. Mycelium and conidiophores as in Oidium. (A) mycelium with clamp connections. mostly common saprophytes. (B) budding cells. redrawn from Salmon (363). produced apically or laterally on mycelium. (A) conidiophore bearing single conidium. Illustration: B. Conidiophores simple. conidia (blastospores) subhyaline to dark. (B) conidia and secondary conidia. becoming dark with age. OVULARIOPSIS Pat. black and shiny in old cultures. saprophytic. saprophytic or pathogenic on plants. original. B) hyphae and conidia.FREEDOM PALESTINE 70 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA SPOROBOLOMYCES K A u y v e r and van Nicl. original from culture. and Har. Reference (45). original. Illustration: C. (B) conidia. Mycelium not extensive. forming a sterigma bearing a single conidium (blastospore). imperfect state of certain powdery mildews. (A) hyphae with conidia produced on sterigmata. from culture. (A. l-celled. (A) stages in development of chain of conidia. smooth. resembling vegetative hyphae elongating slightly at apex as conidia are formed. aerial hyphae simple. pyriform to clavate. single at apex or sometimes in short chains. 63). hyaline. l-celled. frequently considered as a filamentous yeast. BASIPETOSPORA Cole and Kendrick. forming short chains by budding. Mycelium forming clamp connections. AHJREOBASIDIUM Viola and Boyer. conidia (meristem arthrospores) l-celled. °o ITERSONILIA SPOROBOLOMYCES A OVULARIOPSIS BAS1PETOSPORA ^F= ^ AUREOBASIDIUM CANDIDA http://arab2000.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 71 ^.forumpro.fr . Colonies restricted. bearing special cells (falces).fr . americana (Monilinia fructicola). (A) conidiophores showing falces and conidia. original. original from culture. saprophytic. I-celled. (C) Z.FREEDOM PALESTINE 72 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA TILLETIOPSIS Derx. thick-walJed. and reflexed. conidia (blastospores) pink.. http://arab2000. dark. (B) conidia. 462). saprophytic or parasitic. original. white to cream colored. conidia (blastospores) 1-celled. hyaline. Conidiophores erect. MONILIA Pers. gray. original. saprophytic. gibbum. conidiophores short or indefinite. its cells differing little from the older conidia. short cylindric to rounded. Illustration: (A) M. cause brown rots of fruits. from culture. This genus is like Cladosporium except for lack of pigmentation. conidia (blastospores) frequently in small clusters. simple or branched. or tan in mass. Mycelium white or gray. mostly imperfect states of species of Ceratocystis. (B) M. Illustration: Z. abundant in culture. References (17. variable in shape. mostly on wood.forumpro. whose perfect states are Molinilia (Sclerotmia) spp. masonii. original. hyaline. brown at base with hyaline or subhyaline apex. mycelium fine. ZYGOSPORIUM Mont. from pure culture. in acropetalous branched chains. References (188. common on surface of leaves. variable in length. ex Fr. Mycelium white. hyaline. conidiophores erect. Illustration: Tilletiopsis sp. HYALODENDRON Diddens. from culture. but one species parasitic on powdery mildew. ovoid to cylindrical or oblong. conidia (blastospores) 1-celled. Similar to Sporobolomyces in appearance. Some species are imperfect states of Neuropspora and are common saprophytes. globose to ellipsoid. acropetal. others. becoming catenulate by acropetalous formation of new conidia. each bearing 2 short hyaline conidiogenous cells. main'axis usually simple.. (A) conidiophore and conidia. Reference (315). (Neurospora) sitophilia.. conidiophore branched. from culture. catenulate. (B) conidia. 1-celled. 149). Illustration: Hyalodendron sp. chains often branched. curved. bearing one to a few conidia at the apex of the branches. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND liiUSTRATIONS OP GENERA 73 TILLETIOPSIS HYALODENDRON MONILIA ZYGOSPORIUM http://arab2000.fr .forumpro. Conidiophores stout. conidiophores simple. dark. (314) consider the entire branched structure as a conidium. arising from globose conidiogenous cells. References (17. showing basal conidiophore mother cell.to several-celled. stout. saprophytic. 401). 125). 464). upright. globose or ovoid to ellipsoid. Illustration: (A-C. (A) cluster of conidiophores. CRISTULARIELLA Hochn. depraedans: original from fresh material on Acer leaves. original from fresh material on dead stem. in dry chains. (C) phialide state. Barron (17) describes conidia as porospores. macrosporum. fertile portions of conidiophore not swollen as in Acladium\ conidia I-celled. (E). branches compact and dichotomously or trichotomously rebranched. Illustration: O. consisting of basal stalk and much branched upper portion that forms a globose or pyramidial head. (D) A. curved to cuspidate. References (352. OLPITRICHUM Atkinson. branched or absent. causing targetlike spots on living leaves. as well as large black sclerotia. determinate. cells rounded. hyaline to pale brown. small phialides and microconidia produced in culture. herbarum\ original from culture. PERICON1A Bon. conidia (meristem blastospores) dark.. mostly hyaline except for thick dark septa. Reference (365). 414). Illustration: (A-C) A. broadly fusoid. References (62. simple or irregularly branched in upper portion. 409. 118." See Subramanian (409) for his views. saprophytic or parasitic on other fungi. 1-celled. conidia (porospores. (C) tip of conidiophores bearing conidia. entire structure disseminated as a propagule. redrawn from Ellis (120). ovoid. ARTHRINIUM Kunze ex. http://arab2000. denticles medium to long. Fr. globose. aphaerospermum.forumpro. conidia (blastospores) dark. conidia not produced. (A. References (282. (B) conidiophores and conidia. tall. Conidiophores short. (C) conidia. (D). pyramidalis. Relation to Adadium is not clear but separated here because of loose branching and long "denticles. Illustration: Periconia sp. attached on side and apex of conidiophore. dark. 1-celled. parasitic or saprophytic. often with slight germ slit on one side. original. Illustration: T. from culture. 120. although ultimate cells resemble conidia. thick. Conidiophore mother cells subspherical. (B) conidiophore enlarged. method of branching irregular. microconidia from culture. (D) conidium. (A) group of conidiophores. Conidiophores dark. E) C.FREEDOM PALESTINE 74 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA TORULA Pers. saprophytic on plant material. Conidiophore-like structures hyaline. Niedbalski et al. often as extensions of the denticles. borne singly on the denticles or branches. blastospores) 1. simple. somewhat enlarged at apex.fr . which bears a loose head of comdia. in acropetalous chains. cells irregular. cuspidatum. increasing in length near base. simple. at nearly right angles. C. B) conidiophores and conidia. fr .forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OP GENERA 75 TORULA OLPITRICHUM PERICONIA CRISTULARIELLA Q ARTHRINIUM http://arab2000. hyaline or pigmented. (A) conidiophore with clusters of conidia. The relationship to Olphrichum Atkinson and Rhinotrkhum Auct. Illustration: B. 1-celled. 1-celled. Reference (17). This genus differs from Gonatobotryum in being hyaline throughout. D) upper portion of conidiophore showing enlarged conidiogenous cells. Conidiophores tall. Conidiophores erect. Conidiophores simple. from culture. saprophytic or closely associated with other fungi. 35. hyaline or slightly colored. conidia (botryoblastospores) borne singly on the teeth. References { 1 7 . ACLADIUM Link ex Pers.fr . somewhat inflated (not globose). conidia (botryoblastospores) hyaline. (C) portion of conidiophore void of conidia. is not clear. enlarged and globose at the apex. Not Rhinotrkhum Auct. Illustration: R. GONATOBOTRYS Corda.. See Hennebert (167) for recent classification. often extending percurrently. simple or branched. (B) chain of fertile cells with prominent denticles. References (17. Mycelium often forming a loose or dense substratum. (C) phialide state. black irregular sclerotia often present. composed of elongated axis and numerous. 427. Some species are conidial states of Discomycetes and one species is the conidial state of Fames annosus. BOTRYOSPORIUM Corda. 295). conidium-bearing cells sometimes enlarged. Illustration: G. 409. ovoid. (A. ovoid to subglobose. References (17. and from Gonatorrhodiella in having conidia not in chains. mostly on decayed wood. (G) conidia. B) mycelium. B) conidiophores and conidia. Conidiophores tall. 294. original. apical cells enlarged or rounded. borne on denticles. conidia (blastospores) 1-celled. cinerea. resulting in a row of fertile cells. original. Illustration: Botryosporium sp. Conidiophores stout. simplex is a mycoparasite. RHINOTRICHUM Corda {Oidium Link). (A. globose to ovoid. (B) cluster of conidia. Illustration: Oedocephalum sp. original. 1-celled. Reference (409). (D) conidia.forumpro. References (17. original. hyaline. http://arab2000. G. simple or sparingly branched. (C) conidia. (C. bearing a head of dry conidia formed simultaneously. branched irregularly in _. [-celled. original. sometimes tall. from culture. from culture. saprophytic or parasitic on other fungi. (A) entire conidiophore. saprophytic. slender. inflated. conidiophores and conidia. some producing Aspergilius-Wke heads of microconidia. from decayed leaf in greenhouse. simple or irregularly branched in upper portion. original from culture. globose to ovoid. OEDOCEPHALUM Preuss. ovoid. 448). drawn from herbarium material. determinate. hyaline. usually saprophytic on plant materials or in soil.FREEDOM PALESTINE ^ 76 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA S* BOTRVTIS Pers. hyaline. 469). 1 6 7 . curtisii. (A) young conidiophore and conidia. (E) conidia. Isolates are variable. conidia (blastospores) hyaline to pale brown. 1-celled. lateral branches of nearly equal length.. these branches producing two or more secondary branches that are enlarged at the tips and bear heads of conidia. bearing clusters of conidia simultaneously on short Aj&cnticles. teneltum. (B) enlarged apex of conidiophore void of conidia. conidia (botryoblastospores) hyaline or gray in mass. slender. (B-F) stages in development of conidiophore branch and production of conidia. denticulate cells bearing conidia simultaneously. fertile cells irregular. percurrent with terminal and intercalary. saprophytic on decaying plant material. conidia (botryoblastospores) hyaline. conidiophores erect or suberect. 414). borne singly on short or medium denticles. Illustration: A. globose to ellipsoid. causing "gray mold" on many plants or saprophytic. 267. upper portion. simplex. septate. (A) conidophores and conidial heads. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF GENERA 77 A RHINOTRICHUM B ACLADIUM http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . conidia (blastospores) 1-celled. brown. upright. Baniecki. with inflated or lobed tips. (B) cluster of conidia. http://arab2000. Conidiophores tall. globose or ovoid. (C) conidia. conidia (botryoblastospores) hyaline. bearing loose heads of dry conidia. pale. Setae simple. becoming cupulate after detachment of conidia. upright. appiculatum. conidiophores determinate. slender. from culture. Illustration: original. branched setae often present on mycelium. colored. Conidiophores rather short. Other references (138. typically simple. Reference (6). saprophytic. conidia (botryoblastospores) hyaline. saprophytic or parasitic on soil. Setae erect. (A) habit of setae and conidiophores. simple. hyaline. Hypomyces. Illustration: L. with inflated apex and intercalary cells that bear loose dry heads of conidia. (C) mature conidia. Reference (167. septate. frequently associated with Hypoerea. (A) B. ovoid to short cylindrical. redrawn from Subramanian (397). conidiophores and conidia. nearly sessile or on short denticles. GONATORRHODIELLA Thaxter. Illustration: D. (A) conidiophores and conidia. from culture. (B) tip of seta. Illustration: P. tall. terminal fertile cells somewhat inflated. (B) apex of branch showing denticles.) PHYMATOTRICHUM Bon. (C) conidia. large black sclerotia produced in soil. Illustration: G highlei. apiculatum bears conidia in branched chains of several conidia. conidia (botryoblastospores) dark. 1-celled. (C. in simple or branched acropetalous chains. septate. conidiophores determinate intermixed with setae. hyaline. (B) mycelium. stout. 459). redrawn from Subramanian (396). simple. saprophytic or causing leaf spots of Hamamelis. intermixed with setae. (B) G. Hennebert (167 394. produced on mats on surface of soil. brown. conidia (blastospores) 1-celled. Conidiophores dark. 1-celled. globose. produced acropetally in chains. D) conidiophores and conidia. abundans (conidial state of Trichophaea abundans). conidia (botryoblastospores) nearly globose. Conidiophores stout. simple or branched. omnivorum. original. conidiophores and conidia. the cause of beech bark disease in New England. (A) rope of hyphae. brown. 432) places this genus in the newly formed genus Phymatotrichopsis. simple or sparingly branched. (B) conidiophores and conidia. produced at or near the apex in acropetalous chains. Illustration: L sacchari: (A) tip of seta.FREEDOM PALESTINE 78 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA DICHOBOTRYS Hennebert. dichotomously branched twice or more from upper half. GONATOBOTRYUM Sacc. producing conidia simultaneously. graminkola. globose. conidiophore and conidia. forming a head of dry conidia on an inflated terminal cell. G highlei is parasitic on TV coccinea varfaginaia. proliferating to form successive conidiogenous nodes. stout. (A) upper portion of conidiophore.forumpro. LACELLINOPSIS Subramanian. G.fr . 1-celled. LACELLINA Sacc. shorter. with globose fertile apex. then collapsing. septate. 459). fuscum. 1-celled. causing root rots. globose or ovoid. redrawn from photographs by J. References (255. Original from culture. 437. ovoid to ellipsoid. or Nectria. tall. GONATORRHODIELLA LACEUINA LACELUNOPSIS http://arab2000.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 79 * .forumpro..fr . usually composed of 2 cells. (Ostracoderma state of Peziza ostracoderma). Other references (59. 168). 1-celled. bearing an apical cluster of pale to hyaline short branches.coccosporum. erect. conidia (blastospores) terminal. causing blastomycosis. main axis unbranched but dichotomously branched near apex. 1-celled. conidiophores determinate dark. (C) drawn from a photography by Salvin (364). apical cell bearing 2 (sometimes 3) large. (B) bud-cells produced in tissue. HAPLOGRAPHIUM Berk. and Roll. ovoid to oblong. from culture. conidia (aleuriospores) globose. branched irregularly in upper poriton. producing several clublike divergent branches that are covered by conidia on slender short denticles.fr . saprophytic in soil. filamentous at room temperature. conidia (botryoblastospores) globose. conidiophores stout. entire apparatus penicillate. conidiophores erect. 1-celled. budding cells (blastospores) found in lesions. thick-walled. 1-celled. References (275. redrawn from Deighton (80). Illustration: C. Mycelium dark. dermatitidis.) MICROCLAVIA F. (A) hyphae and thick-walled cells (aleuriospores) produced in culture. Mycelium white in culture. collecting in slimy heads under moist conditions. common in greenhouses. Reference (17. hyaline or nearly so (tan in mass). (C) budding cells on media at 37 °C.FREEDOM PALESTINE 80 DESCRIPTIONS A N D I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF GENERA CHROMELOSPORIUM Corda. Illustration: S. Illustration: H.. 129). bispora. pale. (A) conidiophore and conidia. Stevens.S. dark brown but paler above. tall. overgrowing and probably hyperparasitic on microthyriaceous fungi on leaves. hyaline. Mycelium white to cinnamon. Mycelium superficial. http://arab2000. original. brown. Mycelium hyaline to lightly pigmented. conidia (aleuriospores) thick-walled. simple. BLASTOMYCES Cost. from culture. light brown. (Q conidia. thick-walled conidia (aleuriospores). (B) fertile branch with conidia. apical and single on branches. (A) conidiophores and conidia. and Broome. saprophytic. STAPH YLOTRICHUM Meyer and Nicot. original. from fresh material on decaying wood. yeastlike at 37 °C. original. subglobose with flattened base. growing rapidly. determinate. References (17. erect. (A) conidiophores and conidia. (B) portion of mycelium. (A. 311). rarely deciduous. saprophytic on wood or soil.forumpro. Illustration: M. ollare. pathogenic in man. Illustration: Haplographium sp. expanded at apex into an obconical or ellipsoid structure. conidiophores simple. hyaline. B) redrawn from DeLamater (86). forumpro.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 81 » CHROMELOSPORIUM MICROCLAVIA HAPLOGRAPHIUM ^P <3 <s STAPHYLOTR1CHUM BLASTOMYCES http://arab2000. (B) stages in the development of tuberculate aleuriospores. from culture. from culture. 180) PAPULARIA Fr. (B) aleuriospores. redrawn from Howell (178). 452). 1-celled Vertitillium-like. conidia (blastophores may appear to be aleuriospores in culture) I-celled. Illustration: S. saprophytic. Conidiophores poorly developed in culture. The outgrowths on the aleuriospores separate this genus from Sepedonium. B) conidiophores and conidia. Compare with Arthrinium and see Ellis (120) for synonymy. chrysospermum\ original. original. a Verticillium-Yike state is usually also present. smooth wedge-shaped basal cell. HISTOPLASMA Darling. (B) conidiophore and phialides. (A) conidiophore and phialides. parasitic on mushrooms. NIGROSPORA Zimm. (A) verticillate conidiophore and conidia. Illustration: M. 72). perniciosa. Illustration: S. apical. globose. at 37 °C. Conidiophores slender. phaeospora has brown conidia. redrawn from Howell (178). causing histoplasmosis. parasitic on plants or saprophytic. parasitic on fleshy fungi. imperfect states of Hypomyces. hyaline. (A) hyphae and aleuriospores. hyaline or bright yellow. original. Illustration: J V . I-celled conidia (Verticillium-like). from culture. simple or branched. conidia (aleuriospores) 2-celled. Compare with Mycogone. pathogenic in man. 1-celled. (B) hyphae and aleuriospores. hyaline. MYCOGONE Link. 2-celled. Conidiophores much like mycelium. Reference (17. hyaline or brightly colored. situated on a flattened. globose.FREEDOM PALESTINE 82 DESCRIPTIONS AND I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF GENERA STEPHANOMA Wallr. Illustration: Papularia sp. not differing much from branches of the mycelium. and is a biotophic mycoparasite. tuberculate. broadly lenticular or globose. hyaline or brown. C) from culture. growth yeastlike. http://arab2000. conidia (aleuriospores) single or in loose cluster. (A) hyphae and tuberculate conidia. probably imperfect state of Hypomyces. thick-walled. 1-celled. References (124. CHLAMYDOMYCES Bain. basal cell smooth. References (17. (C) smooth-walled conidia developed below the surface of the agar.forumpro. dark. phialospore state may also be present. Conidiophores short. redrawn from Howell (178). tuberculate. Other reference (129). phialospore state also produced. mostly simple. conidia (aleuriospores) shiny black. hyaline. with verticillate conidiophores bearing hyaline. borne on short phialides on swollen head. often with a light band seen in side view. the apical cell globose and warted.) SEPEDONIUM Link. S. (C) S. hyaline. capsulatum. (A. with several cell-like hyaline swellings. conidia borne on slender branches. conidia (aleuriospores) single.fr . small.. Conidiophores indefinite. globose. References (17. conidia (aleuriospores) apical on pedicels. parasitic on other fungi. hyaline or slightly colored. (C) tip of conidophore showing hyaline vesicle. ampullosporum\ original. spherical aleuriospores formed in culture at room temperature. (B. Cultures similar to Blastomyces but large. hyaline vesicle (cell) at the end of the conidiophore. parasitic on mushrooms. main cell large. with large tuberculate apical cell and small. simple or branched. Illustration: H. Two species illustrated are similar except for the verticillate conidial state. tetracoccum. Conidiophores much like branches of mycelium. probably imperfect state of Hypomyces. ovoid. short branches of mycelium. phialospore state may be present. References (46. 125). 1-celled. mostly simple. sphaerica. may be imperfect state of Hypomyces. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENtRA 83 STEPHANOMA LawO HISTOPLASMA SEPEDONIUM N1GR0SP0RA PAPULARIA http://arab2000.forumpro. http://arab2000. often stout to inflated. brown. 95). conidiogenous cells sessile or with short stalk. short. in groups or clusters. Conidiophores. pp. (B) philiades with phailospores. obclavate to pyriform. Reference (16). 1-celled. saprophytic. wall smooth or rough. Illustration: E. WARDOMYCES Brooks and Hansford. short. with a thick wall. Hyphae hyaline to brown. apical. saprophytic. (B) conidiophores and conidia. 40. mostly simple. borne singly. original. hyaline. ovoid to ellipsoid. often much like vegetative hyphae. redrawn from Hennebert (164). Conidiophores consisting of short. ovoid to pointed. conidiophores short. saprophytic. branched. (A) mycelium producing conidia. from culture. from decayed wood and from culture. (C) seta. Reference (166). GILMANIELLA Barron. dark. single. in chains. 164. conidia (aleuriospores) 1-celled.forumpro. 166). original. simple. 1203-1216 (1962). Conidiophores erect or repent. bearing a loose cluster of conidia. produced singly at apices of branches. brown to black. (A) mycelium with short conidiophores. simple or bearing very short branches.471). dark. References (40. smooth or rough. conidia (aleuriospores) borne directly on aerial hyphae or on conidiophores. References (64. conidia (aleuriospores) ovoid or somewhat flask-shaped. (B) mycelium bearing two types of conidia. from culture. Illustration. brown. hyaline. from culture. IHustration: A. 1-celled. Illustration: Gilmaniella sp. 1-celled. simple or rarely with short branches. (A) conidiophores and conidia. piluliferm. B. MAMMARIA Cesati. original. echinobotryoides. (A) conidiophores and conidia. conidia (aleuriospores) single. saprophytic. I-celled phialospores. frequently in soil. conidia (aleuriospores) 1-celled. globose or subglobose. globose. Conidiophores. dark brown or black. irregularly branched. dark. and March. redrawn from Hennebert (17.fr . EC HI NOB OTR YUM Corda. from culture. References (75. dark. tapering to a pointed apex. Redrawn by permission of the National Research Council of Canada from the Canadian Journal of Botany. 166). undifferentiated hyphae. Original. saprophytic. Illustration: W. anomala. (C) mature conidia showing germ pore. gray to grown. or nearly absent. (C) conidia. dark. BOTRYOTRICHUM Sacc. globose.FREEDOM PALESTINE 84 DESCRIPTIONS A N D I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF GENERA ASTEROMYCES Moreau. Setae in loose tufts. original. saprophytic on wood or soil. (A) conidiophores with aleuriospores. (B) phialides and chains of small conidia. inflated as conidia are formed. piluliferum also produces simple phialides and hyaline. with prominent longitudinal germ slit. (B) stages in development of conidiophore and conidium. Illustration: H. Conidiophores hyaline. clustered. borne on long denticles. B. (B) conidiophores and conidia. (A) conidiophores and conidia. branched repeatedly. 91. HUMICOLA Traaen. some species also produce simple phialides and phialospores in chains. conidia (aleuriospores) 1-eelled. truncate at basal scar. conidia (aleuriospores) apical. atrum.fuscoatra. with a prominent germ pore. 1-celled. cruciatus. formed in clusters at hyphal tips. Illustration: M. pale brown. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 85 ECHINOBOTRYUM http://arab2000.forumpro. forming aerial"ropes" in culture. Conidiophores dark. C) conidiophores and conidia on sweet potato. from culture.fr . conidiophores mostly reduced to simple phialides. 1-celled. GLIOMASTIX Gueg. somewhat unequally clustered forming few-spored heads. Mycelium hyaline to dark. tapering toward the apex. C) conidiophores and conidia produced in culture. older conidiophores typically with a swollen apex bearing 2 to several long cylindrical branches. mostly short. septate. (C. (B. borne singly at the apex or produced in chains under conditions of high humidity. redrawm from Saskena (362). Conidiophores hyaline. hyaline. hyaline. hyaline. versiformis: original. corni. saprophytic in soil.FREEDOM PALESTINE 86 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA GLOMERULARIA Peck. variable. Conidiophores simple. (C) conidia. simple or divided. conidia (aleuriospores) globose. hyaline. I-cclled. parasitic. sessile or on short sterigmata. consisting of a pedicel and a swollen vesicle terminating in a single phialide that bears a long chain of conidia formed basipetally. This fungus may prove to be a Mortierella. References (42. septate. indicum. lateritium. from culture. formed in basipetal chains without slime or aggregated in slime droplets. but because of its similarity to the imperfects it is included here. hyaline. conidia (aleuriospores) I-celled. (A) habit on leaf. broadly ellipsoid to globose. hyaline. conidiophores short. globose. Mycelium hyaline. Illustration: M. conidia (phialospores) hyaline or becoming pigmented in age. Illustration: G. slender. hyaline or dark. Illustration: B. from soil. original. usually simple. D) redrawn from Taubenhaus (431). Illustration: M. References (2. http://arab2000. (B) conidiophores and conidia. (A-D) stages in development of conidiophores and conidia. saprophytic.forumpro. ovoid to ellipsoid. sometimes missing. (B) conidiophores (phialides). 17). MONOCILLIUM Saksena. infuscans. (B) conidiophore and conidia. 1-ceiled. B) redrawn from Harter (160). (A. smooth. saprophytic. (A) mycelium and branched conidiophores. redrawn from Papendorf and Upadhyay (321). (A. conidia (phialospores) dark. often with prominent scar. 92). slender. erect. globose to ovoid to ellipsoid. original. conidiogenous eells subglobose or obpyriform. MONILOCHAETES Halst. Conidiophores borne in groups in spots on living leaves. parasitic on leaves. murorum. Illustration: U. from herbarium material on leaves of Cornus canadensis. saprophytic in soil. (A) mycelial rope. UMBELOPSIS Amos and Barnett. BOTRYODERMA Papendorf and Upadhyay. (A) mycelial rope bearing conidiophores. (B) conidia. conidia (phialospores) i-celled. smooth. Illustration: G. each with a single apical conidium. conidia (aleuriospores) terminal or lateral. often septate. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 87 GL10MASTIX MONOCILLIUM http://arab2000.forumpro. conidia (phialospores) dark. Conidiophores dark. 34. simple. Conidiophores short or reduced to phialides. globose to ovoid. (B) M. dark. E) Phialophora sp. STACHYBOTRYS Corda. independent or a sterile portion of conidiophore. short phialides.281. probably closely related to Stachybotrys. 312. simple. I-cellcd. (B) ciliate conidia. phialides cylindrical to inflated. MENISPORA Pers. original. often with flaring collarette at apex. Illustration: (A) M.318. terminal. Illustration: C.FREEDOM PALESTINE 88 DESCRIPTIONS AND I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF GENERA PHIALOPHORA Medlar. Setae straight or slightly bent.forumpro. (Bisporomyces van Beyma). CODINAEA Maire (MENISPORELLA Agnihothrudu). from culture. Conidiophores subhyaline to dark. (B.. extruding from phialide in moist heads. narrowly fusiform to curved. conidia (phialospores) dark. References (280. 1-celled (sometimes to 4-celled). flaring. 1-celled. original. 140). (C) conidia. saprophytic. 480). conidiophore and ciliate conidia. atra. MEMNONIELLA Hohn. original. sometimes proliferating. from fresh material on over-wintered acorn. aleuriospores (where present) 1-celled. Illustration: (A-C) Phialophora sp. References (47. ciliate. dark. forming conspicuous collarettes that are cupulate. Setae (if present) straight. C) conidiophores and clusters of conidia. on decaying wood. dark. original. from herbarium material on dead leaves of Nyssa. original. original. References (174. globose.. or funnel-shaped. from culture. thick-walled. short phialides. catenulate. (Margarinomyces bubaki). CHLORIDIUM Link. Illustration: S. bearing at apex a cluster of thick. Reference (17). or branched. frequently in pairs at the end of the conidiophore or held together in small heads by mucus. (B) conidiophores and conidia. from culture. (C) conidia. simple or branched. (D.fr . saprophytic. globose to ovoid. Conidiophores erect. (A) habit sketch. (D) conidia. (D) aleuriospores. phialides slender. (B) conidiophores with slime heads. http://arab2000. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. borne apically in slimy masses. drawn from photography by Zuck (480). conidia (phialospores) subhyaline to dark. simple. (A) group of conidiophores with slime heads. septate. (E) conidia. hyaline. phialides mostly terminal. not catenulate. I-celled (sometimes septate). saprophytic. straight. The genus Margarinomyces is often included under Phialophora. with a slender seta at each end. simple. References (33. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. Reference (34).452). saprophytic on plant material or soil. original. somewhat curved with an inconspicuous collarette. conidia (phialospores) 1-celled. Illustration: Codinaea sp. conidiophores dark. 461. cobaltina. parasitic or saprophytic.. determinate bearing at apex a cluster of thick. 215). (A) rope of mycelium with slime heads of conidia. bent or coiled. conidiophores and conidia. from culture isolated from soil. with a distinct collarette at apex. saprophytic. conidia of some species have a slender hyaline appendage at each end. from culture. (A) conidiophores showing collarette. Illustration: Memnoniella sp. borne in moist heads at the apex of the phialides. chlamydosporis. frequently proliferating at the apex after producing an apical head of conidia. 1-celled. (B) conidophores (phialides). (D) mycelium bearing phialides. forumpro. -.<>#.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENfcRA 89 .* c 0O COOINAEA http://arab2000.fr . maculiforme. verrucose. saprophytic on leaves.forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE 90 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENFRA CIRCINOTRICHUM Nees ex Persoon. obclavate. parasitic or saprophytic. often hanging together in chains. Mycelium typically dark. http://arab2000. Compare with Circinotrkhum. hyaline. emerging through stomata. somewhat variable in length. narrowly ellipsoid. (A) branched seta. simple. erect. Illustration: C. dark. conidia (phialospores) 1. broader and darker at the base. cladii. (B) habit of conidiophores. arising from superficial mycelium. conidiophore typically has some dark pigment but may be hyaline under some cultural conditions. unicellular or basal portion septate. single or in short chains. (D) chain of conidia. CHALAROPSIS Peyron. cylindrical. from fresh material on rotted wood.fr .to 2-celled. often aggregated. (A) hyphae producing aleuriospores. quercina (Ceratocystis fagacearum). thick-walled. Compare with Gyrothrix. CHAETOCHALARA Sutton and Pirozynski. the apical cell (phialide) sometimes tapering upward slightly and producing conidia endogenously. in chains. CHALARA Corda. pointed setae and to hyaline to brown phialides. aggregated into apical clusters. parasitic or saprophytic. pale to brown. producing conidia endogenously. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. (B) phialides and conidia. (A) seta. (B-D) Chaiara sp. often in chains. redrawn from Piro/ynski (330). conidia (phialospores) hyaline. giving rise directly to brown. dark. cylindrical. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. References (17. (-celled. slender phialides slightly larger near the base and tapering upward. straight or curved. phialides short. setae simple. (C) conidia. narrowly ellipsoid. from pure culture. obclavate. similar to Chaiara except for the production of aleuriospores. Mycelium subhyaline to brown. Conidiophores usually pigmented or subhyaline. wider at base and tapering toward apex that is paler and circinate. arising from the mycelium.. hyaline. conidiophores and conidia. bearing setae and phialides. (C) enlarged conidiophore showing deep collarette. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. Illustration: C. (A) phialides and seta. Hyphae subhyaline to brown. ovoid. Mycelium partly immersed in leaves. original. straight or flexuous. Illustration: G. original from pure culture. aleuriospores present. 169). (B) phialides and conidia. 1-celled. original. CYROTHKIX (Corda) Corda. Saprophytic on leaves or twigs. phialides cylindrical with swollen rounded base. setae erect. (B) conidia and phialide. repeatedly branched. cylindrical. circinata. brown. (B) enlarged phialide.. hyaline or subhyaline. Saprophytic on leaves and twigs. Illustration: (A) C. redrawn from Sutton and Pirozynski (427). redrawn from Pirozynski (330). Illustration: Chalaropsis sp. straight or curved. forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 91 GYROTHRIX CHAETOCHALARA ^ o CHALARA 1 CHAIAROPSIS http://arab2000.fr . parasitic on other fungi. 193). (D) Verticillium state of Gliocladium roseum. saprophytically. G. becoming septate and fragmenting to form arthrospores. conidia (phialospores) ovoid to ellipsoid. (B) conidiophore in water mount. basicola.to several-celled. usually easily recognized by its rapid growth and green patches or cushions of conidia. Stilbum. original. (A) phialide and phialospores. upper portion branched bearing whorls of phialides. branched. conidia (sympodulospores) catenulate. from pure culture. (A. conidiogenous cell protruding.FREEDOM PALESTINE 92 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA THIELAVIOPSIS Wctn. slow-growing. TRICHODERMA Pers. original from culture. (A) conidiophores and heads of conidia as seen in dry mount.236. (B) conidiophores and conidia in water. Illustration: W. original. becoming globose.lohan-Olsen. original from culture. Y Stephanoma. ^VERTICILLIUM Nees. common in soil. forming a compact "brush" as in Penicillium. (A) conidiophores growing in moist atmosphere. See VertiriUium figure D. sometimes proliferating percurrcntly. cylindrical. Conidiophores hyaline. Conidiophores slender. upright. vascular parasites causing wilts on higher plants. 1-celled. phialides and phialospores like Chalaropsis: also forming thickwalled aleuriospores that eventually break apart. cercosporicola. albo-atrum. saprophytic on soil or on wood. Illustration: Stachylidium sp. (E) conidia. at least some of the branches or phialides f^ verticillate. 1-celled. References {298. Mycelium slow-growing. 1. References (125. not verticillate. conidia subhyaline to brown in mass. borne in small terminal clusters. B) large conidiophores showing extensive branching. conidia (phialospores) subhyaline to brown. original. pale olive to pale brown. slender. viride. Reference (354).237. 1-celled. WALLEMIA . held in heads by slime..359). Illustration: T. ovoid. GLIOCLADIUM Corda.fr . (B) chains of aleuriospores. parasitic or saprophytic. conidial states of species of Ceratocystis. long-cylindrical to filiform. Conidiophores dark. original from culture. Illustration: G. References (17. some species reported as parasites on other fungi. ovoid. References (44. orange-brown to dark brown. or growing . original. associated with and possibly parasitic on Cercospora. much branched. very common. base often somewhat swollen. D) phialides showing production of conidia. variable. acropetal. Illustration: T. Illustration: C. conidia (phialospores) hyaline or brightly colored in mass. produced successively apically and collecting in mucilaginous droplets. conidiophores simple. from pure culture. from culture isolated from soil. conidiophores closely clustered. http://arab2000. (C. (A) branched conidiophore.forumpro. with distinct conidial scars. (C) hyphae producing both kinds of spores. Colonies small. Conidiophores hyaline. saprophytic on vegetable material. (B) phialides with heads of conidia. pale olive-brown. Sepedonium. 379). conidia (phialospores) hyaline. 1-celled. STACHYLIDIUM Link. (C) conidia. etc. deliquescens. Also see Verticillium states of Gliocladium roseum. the upper portion bearing penicillate branches. seba. > jC ' s\f Illustration: V. 1-celled. roseum also produced a Verticillium state. simple. saprophytic. length variable. dark in culture. Conidiophores. with phialidelike lower portion with dark collarette. from culture. 276). phialides single or in groups. CLADOSPOR1ELLA Deighton.^>*' clusters apically. Mycogone. hyaline. small. borne singly or in small moist . 350. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Of GENFRA 93 http://arab2000.fr .forumpro. References (349).fr . oblong-elliptical. original. http://arab2000.. a single apical whorl of phialides. (A) sporulating fungus on insect larva. Illustration: P. from culture. Illustration: Aspergillus spp. olive-green in mass. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. 1-celled. conidia (phialospores) hyaline or brightly colored in mass.. Redrawn by permission of the National Research Council of Canada from the Canadian Journal of Botany. from culture. but without sterile arms. References (349). long-ovoid to cylindrical. METARRHIZIUM Sorok. (D) branches. 1-celled. (B. simple. 111). Conidiophores tall. Illustration: Paecilomyces sp. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. saprophytic. conidia (phialospores) produced in basipetal chains. original from culture. from culture. phialides single. PHIALOM YCES Misra and Talbot. original.forumpro. C) types of conidiophores. ovoid to fusoid. forming a sporulating layer. macrosporus. References (41. conidia (phialospores) 1-celled. (A) conidiophore and slime head. hyaline. C) conidiophores. simple or sparingly branched. branched near the apex. some species causing vascular wilts of trees. Illustration: Penicillium sp. branched. (B) phialides and conidia. Reference (128). often variously colored in mass.. (A) conidiophores and conidia in slime heads. original from culture. 139. ending in a group of phialides. and chains of conidia. compacted into columns. conidia (phialospores) 1-celled. penicillate. Illustration: G. conidia (phialospores) in dry basipetal chains. References (325). B) conidiophores. in dry basipetal chains. (D) conidia. mostly globose or ovoid. 42. Microconidia of certain species of Fusarium are similar. or saprophytic in soil. original. in moist heads. (B. ASPERGILLUS Link. References (17. hyaline. stout. CEPHALOSPORIUM Corda. collecting in a slime drop. diagrammatic. slender. (A. bulbilium. dark. Conidiophore and phialides slender. original. Conidiophores arising from the mycelium singly or less often in synnemata. PENICILLIUM Link. Conidiophores upright. in dry basipetal chains. (D) conidia. 1287-1290 (1964). parasitic on insects. Conidiophores tall. Conidiophores hyaline. saprophytic or parasitic. 1-celled. Illustration: Gliocephalis sp. fertile area subtended by a few long sterile divergent arms. Illustration: M. verrucose. original. redrawn from Misra and Talbot (288).. hyaline or slightly pigmented.FREEDOM PALESTINE 94 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA PAECILOMYCES Bainer. GLIOCEPHALOTRICHUM Ellis and Hesseltine. pp. 1-celled. C) conidiophores with conidial heads. 1-celled. (D) conidia. C) phialides. mostly simple. or in whorls. simple. bearing at the apex a series of primary and secondary branches that terminate in phialides. B. saprophytic. (B. in dry basipetal chains. 329). (B) conidia. (A) habit sketch. Compare with Myrothecium. bearing phialides at the apex or radiating from the apex or the entire surface. This genus is much like Gftocephahtrichum. 319). lemon-shaped. Conidiophores and branches more divergent than in Penicillium. (A. globose. (C) phialides. in pairs. GLIOCEPHALIS Matruchot. (A) conidiophores with chains of conidia. terminating in a globose or clavate swelling. saprophytic from soil. phialides. Illustration: Cephalosporium sp. References (108.. anisoplae. from culture. forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 95 GLIOCEPHALOTRICHUM http://arab2000.fr . 1-celled. Illustration: T. with a single stipe bearing an apical. redrawn from Hughes (93. (A) habit of conidiophores and spines. original. Illustration: C. sticking together in bundles by means of slime. (B) enlarged conidiophore showing phialides and sterile tip. dry. composed of 3 or 4 series of branches. PHIALOCEPHALA Kendrick. (E) conidia. subhyaline to pale brown. (B) conidia. (D) enlarged phialides. saprophytic. from culture. globose to cylindrical. main axis slender with long sterile apex. sometimes swollen at the base. bearing one to several penicilli on a single stipe. fulva. complex fertile head. original. CHAETOPSIS Grev. (B) conidiophore and conidia. otherwise simple and ascending. Conidiophores dark brown. bearing numerous primary side branches and secondary branches (phialides) that elongate and form polyphialides. stout. oblong-cylindrical. tapering upward to a sterile point. saprophytic on wood and bark. Conidiophores erect. from culture. (C) portion of tall conidiophore. (D) conidia. longispora redrawn from Kendrick (248). proliferating sympodially after producing a cluster of phialides. 817-832 (1961). subglobose to elongate fusoid. pp. Reference (249). (A) group of conidiophores. Illustration: C. aggregate into a large head in slime. Reference (17). Illustration: P. bactrospora. held in a droplet of slime around the axis of the conidiophore.fr . 193). conidia (phialospores) hyaline. 1-celled. 2-celled. (C) enlarged phialides. apical phialides with conspicuous collarettes. (A) habit of conidiophores. THYSANOPHORA Kendrick. http://arab2000. branches with phialides arising about the middle or lower portion of conidiophore. thick-walled. Redrawn by permission of the National Research Council of Canada from the Canadian Journal of Botany 39.forumpro. griseus. conidia (phialospores) hyaline or subhyaline. minutely roughened. (B) mycelium with short conidiophores. phialides in more or less compact layer. Conidiophores dark. long. Conidiophores dark. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. inflated below and tapering upward with a long neck. in basipetal chains. 1-celled. (A) portion of conidiophore bearing phialides and chains of conidia. saprophytic. mostly solitary. single or clustered. septate. small cylindrical.FREEDOM PALESTINE 96 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA CHAETOPSINA Rambelli. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 97 THYSANOPHORA CHAETOPSINA CHAETOPSIS PHIALOCEPHALA http://arab2000.fr .forumpro. the upper portion with penicillate branches. Illustration: Sporothrix sp. hyaline. Conidiophores dark. branched above repeatedly and irregularly. produced in basipetal chains. (C) conidiogenous cells showing annellations. Conidiophores upright. (B) conidiogenous cells showing annellations.FREEDOM PALESTINE 98 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA GONYTRICHUM Nees. sometimes terminating in a long. from culture. HANSFORDIA Hughes. conidia (annelospores) hyaline or subhyaline. (A) conidiophores showing denticles and conidia. conidiogenous cells elongated. LEPTOGRAPHIUM Lagerb and Melin. original. slender sterile tip. Conidiophores mostly simple. from culture. globose with a truncate base. 1-celled. colonies other than green or blue. 1-celled or septate. phialides borne in groups on short lateral branches along main axis of conidiophore. globose.. (B) conidiophores bearing conidia. (D) conidia. saprophytic. saprophytic in soil. from culture. schenckii (Sporotrichum schenckii) causes sporotrichosis in humans. upper branches hyaline. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. (A) conidiophores and conidia. conidia (phialospores) hyaline or subhyaline. References (77. 1-celled. (C) conidia. from culture. globose to ovoid. tapering and often curved. ovoid. Conidiophores mostly branched or producing at the apex a cluster of conidiogenous cells that proliferate percurrently before producing succeeding conidia. original. http://arab2000.forumpro. (B) conidia.. prominent denticles. single or in clusters. Reference (193). mostly tall.129). mostly saprophytic. Illustration: Hansfordia sp. erect to repent. original. original. Illustration: Scopulariopsis sp. SCOPULARIOPSIS Bain. isolated from soil. Illustration: S.. Reference (187). (C) branch of conidiophore and phialides. macrodadium. bearing a loose cluster of dry conidia at apex. on a dry mount. References (17. collecting in small heads. Illustration: Leptographium sp. ovoid or fusoid. slender. S. SPOROTHRlX Hektoen and Perkins. (B) conidia. ovoid. conidiogenous cells slender. conidia (sympodulospores) 1-celled. held together in rather large heads by slime. new growing points arising sympodially. Probably conidial state of Ceratocystis. References (303). conidia (anellospores) hyaline. (A) portion of conidiophore bearing conidia in chains. parasitic on trees or saprophytic. branched. from culture. bearing conidia near the apex on blunt denticles.fr . borne on short. lower portion dark but variable in shade. (A) conidiophores bearing conidia. 148. original. Conidiophores hyaline or pigmented.. leaving annellations at the tip. saprophytic on leaves. (A) habit of conidiophores. hyaline. (B) short simple conidiophores. 369). fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 99 GONYTRICHUM LEPTOGRAPHIUM SPOROTHRIX a 0 Oo ^ SCOPULARIOPSIS HANSFORD) A http://arab2000.forumpro. (F) conidia. (E) single conidiophores. simple or verticil lately branched. produced on tiny denticles on short thick conidiogenous cells that cover the apex of conidiophore. rounded to ovoid. bassiana. (B) conidia. hyaline to pigmented. globose or ovoid. sp. ovoid to obovoid with truncate base. Reference (7. l-celled. (A) infected beetle. 357). Conidiophores erect. References (21. References (242. saprophytic on wood. Illustration: Nodulosporium spp. slender. conidiophores single. septate. original. (E) sporogenous cells showing development of conidia. fusoid. (Conidial stage of Hypoxolon punctulatum). 274). conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline to subhyaline. Illustration: T. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. Jong and Rogers suggest that this fungus should be placed in Xylocladium Syd. (D) conidia. from culture. original.. l-celled. conidia (sympodulospores) l-celled. (A) conidiophores and conidia of Hypoxylon .fr . branched. borne singly on small denticles. (A-C) conidiophores and heads of conidia. simple or forked. l-celled. 242. with an enlarged globose or clavate apex. Illustration: B. branches originating from lower portion and giving a subdichotomous appearance. with main axis becoming indistinct. Note similarity to Beauveria. asymmetrical. saprophytic. parasitic on insects. Reference (404). TRITIRACHIUM Limber. Illustration: (A) V. conidia (sympodulospores) apical on new growing points. BEAUVERIA Vuill. (A) conidiophores. BASIDIOBOTRYS Hohn. 243). saprophytic. conidiogenous branches tapering to a rachislike. Reference (274). GENICULOSPORIUM Chesters and Greenhalgh. apical region of branches bearing conidia on new sympodial growing points. (B) Virgaria sp. elongate-clavate. redrawn from Chesters and Greenhalgh (53). hyaline or subhyaline to distinctly pigmented. http://arab2000. Illustration: Basidiohotrys sp. Conidiophores erect or suberect. tapering to a slender fertile portion that appears zigzag after several conidia are produced. conidiogenous cells slender or short and thick. attached irregularly or verticillatcly. slender. (B. original from culture. simple. D) clusters on conidiophores. album. C) conidiophores and conidia of Hypoxylon atropunctatum. nigra.forumpro. bearing conidia apically. conidial state of Hypoxylon spp. or scantily upright-branched. original. in some species inflated at the base. dark. serpens. C. from herbarium material on bark of Betula. Conidiophores erect. from culture obtained from dead Nitidulid beetle. dry. imperfect state of Hypoxylon.FREEDOM PALESTINE 100 DESCRIPTIONS A N D I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF G E N E R A NODULOSPORIUM Preuss. branched. Mycelium white or slightly colored with a white fluffy to powdery appearance. from culture isolated from oak wood. (B. Reference (243). caused sapwood rot of hardwood trees. VIRGARIA Nees. fertile portion. giving a geniculate appearance. long. Conidiophores dark to subhyaline. in succession on new denticles. l-celled. l-celled. conidial states of Xylariaceae. Illustration: G. conidia (sympodulospores) apical on sympodially formed new growing points. irregularly grouped or in vcrticillatc clusters. zigzag. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. hyaline. dark. from culture. both original. globose or ovoid.. Conidiophores upright.. forumpro.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 101 GENICULOSPORIUM VIRGARIA http://arab2000. (A) branched conidiophore with clusters of conidia. forming loose cluster. Illustration: /. conidiophores brown. (D) conidiogenous cell with cluster of conidia. 466). narrowed above. (C) conidia. tall.. (A) branched conidiophore. 1DRIELLA Nelson and Welhclm. branches spirally coiled (appearing wavy). (C) chlamydospore. Illustration: (A-C) C. lunata. growing loosely on decaying vegetation. with prominent scars. (D-F) C.FREEDOM PALESTINE 102 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA CONOPEEA Pers. Illustration: Selenosporella sp. Mycelium hyaline to brown. References (8. arbwscula. Description from Ichinoe (221). mostly oblong. with pointed ends. Mycelium dark. nonseptate. from herbarium material on wood. 1celled. slender. original. original. from culture. conidia (sympodulospores) lunate to falcate. (Streptothrix Corda). tall. ex Mcrat. original. on short denticles. borne singly on wartlike teeth on apical portions of the conidiophore branches. Conidiophores hyaline. 1-celled. pale toward the apex. saprophytic. branched. longcylindrical. drawn from photographs by Nelson and Wilhelm (307). may be somewhat curved. branched. I-celled. 465. parasiticum. sessile or on short peglike structures. original. from fresh materials on decayed wood. (B) conidiophore with detached conidia. produced in clusters near the apex of the conidiophore. new growing points formed sympodially. apical or lateral. conidiophores erect. conidia (sympodulospores) single. conidiogenous cells slender. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline.fr . SELENOSPORELLA Arnaud. from culture. Illustration: Canopied sp. (A) conidiophore. aleuriospores brown. dark. (B) conidiogenous cell. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline or subhyaiine. Similar to Calcarisporium but with dark conidiophore. saprophytic.forumpro. Conidiophores brown. bearing several groups of conidiogenous cells verticillately. (F) conidiogenous cell showing blunt denticles. (B) branches with conidia. several-celled. (C) conidia. (B) branches with apical denticles. (C) conidia. http://arab2000. simple. believed to be parasitic on strawberry roots. primary branches usually become slender conidiogenous cells. (D) tall conidiophore. (A) apex of conidiophore bearing conidia. CALCARISPORIUM Preuss. the larger ones verticillately branched.. principally parasitic on other fungi. 1 8 7 . fr .forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 103 IDRIELLA CONOPLEA CALCARISPORIUM SELENOSPORELLA http://arab2000. drawn from herbarium material on Polygonum aviculare. original. BELTRANIA Penzig.. redrawn from Kendrick (247). Illustration: V. ovoid or globose. SYMPODIELLA Kendrick. C) conidiophores and conidia. Sec Pirozynski (331) for descriptions of related genera. upper sporebearing portion becomes elongated by sympodial growth. ovoid or oblong. saprophytic. (A) habit of conidiophores. simple. acicola. Conidiophores brown. (A) conidiophores. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. conidia (sympodulospores) biconic. conidia (sympodulospores) 1-celled. brown with a paler middle band. conidia apical on new sympodial growing points. differs from Verticicladiella in its dry spores. borne single on denticles or ovoid separating cells. Conidiophores upright. with blunt ends. 1-celled. OVULARIA Sacc. on pine needles. simple. Setae brown. Reference (122). dry. not in slime droplets.forumpro. branched verticillately above. from herbarium material on Brajijum stellatifolium. ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid. mostly simple. See Hughes (210) for synonymy with Ramularia Unger. Other reference (191). Redrawn by permission of the National Research Council of Canada from the Canadial Journal of Botany. pointed. Illustration: V. original. tall. branched only near apex. conidiophores simple or less often forked. (B) portion of conidiophore bearing conidia. 1-celled. 1-celled. Redrawn from Subramanian (395). redrawn from Hughes (187). VERTICICLADIUM Preuss. hyaline or subhyaline. saprophytic. Illustration: S. Original.FREEDOM PALESTINE 104 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRAIIONS OF GFNERA RHINOCLADIELLA Nannf. brown. brown. brown. Illustration: B. mostly I-celled. redrawn from Kendrick (250). B) conidiophores and conidia. pp. parasitic or saprophytic. cylindrical. 40. Illustration: O. attached apically and laterally. Illustration: Rhinocladielta sp. indica. (C) conidia. conidia (sympodulospores) 1-celled. saprophytic. V. frequently on wood. peniciliaia. (C) conidia. Conidiophores in clusters. trijidium. penicillate. (A. often curved. avicularis. (B) conidiophores enlarged. or branched in some species. ovoid to clavate. velutina. subhyaline to dark. apical on new sympodially formed growing points. Conidiophores dark.fr . Reference (386). conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. procera causes a root rot of white pine. in slime droplets. Compare with Verticicladium and Leptographium. Reference (17). dark. http://arab2000. single or in clusters. upper portion branched. apical on sympodially formed new growing points. conidia (sympodulospores) 1-celled. producing conidiogenous cells and conidia apically and on new sympodial growing points. in unbranched chains. (B) conidia. VERTICICLADIELLA Hughes. conidia (sympodulospores) apical on new growing points. PERICONIELLA Sacc. (B) seta. dark. Conidiophores solitary. Conidiophores simple. hyaline. from fresh material on decayed wood. (A. (A) conidiophore with head of moist conidia. 771-779 (1962). Illustration: P. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS A N D ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 105 „ 0 o Q0 „0c JO OVULARIA BELTRANIA http://arab2000.fr .forumpro. hyphopodia lateral. (B. simple or sparingly branched. Conidiophores dark. some typically lemon-shaped. clustered or single. stygium. thick. P$k$ conidiophores dark. conidia (arthrospores) 2-celled. bearing at the apex a number of slender divergent conidiogenous branches arising from the same level and bearing conidia on somewhat enlarged denticulate tips. simple. Conidiophores solitary or in small groups septate. (A-D) from fresh material on wood. and Badura. oblong to ellipsoid. Illustration: A. C) conidiophores. thick-walled. herbarum. http://arab2000. Redrawn by permission of the National Council of Canada from the Canadian Journal of Botany. (A) section through stroma. formed by fragmentation. although t S/ >-? 1-cetled conidia may predominate. tapering at the base. V*i* Illustration: (A) C. 2-celled or less often 3-celled. from herbarium material on tomato leaf. pomi (Fusicladium dendriticum. with a pore. Mycelium dark. simple. CLADOSPORIUM Link. short. 1505-1508 (1961). typically 2-celled. dark. saprophytic. E) conidiophores and conidia. (A) mycelium with hyphopodia.fr . (B) C. pp. conidia (annellospores) dark. (C) conidia. conidiophores short.or 2-celled. punctata. broadly ovoid to pyriform or angled and pointed. markedly annulate near the tip due to the new conidia being pushed out through the apical conidial scars. original. 90). Illustration: P. (B.fulvum. C) redrawn from Morris (299). Compare with Fusicladium. ^ SPILOCAEA Fr. Venturia inequalis). cylindrical. persimplex. 1. Redrawn by permission of the National Research Council of Canada from the Canadian Journal of Botany. BALANIIJM Wallroth. conidia (blastophores) dark. catcnulate. AMPULLIFERINA Sutton. ovoid to oblong. Mycelium subcuticular on the host. dark brown.or 2-celled. often in simple or branched acropetalous chains. black septa. PSEUDOBOTRYTIS Krzem. pp. dichotomously branched. slender. on decaying wood. (A. (D) conidia. original. 205). erect. from fresh dead plant material. redrawn from Sutton (421). saprophytic. conidia (sympodulospores) dark. brown. 39. parasitic on higher plants. ovoid to cylindrical and irregular. conidia (blastophores) dark. (B) conidiophores and conidia from fresh material on apple leaf. 609-616 (1969). with a truncate base. conidial states of Venturia. with thick. (B) conidiophore with chain of conidia. produced in acropetalous chains. terminating in short conidiogenous cells. original. terrestris. parasitic on t higher plants or saprophytic. brown. forming a stoma that bears upright conidiophores. branched variously near the apex. (A) redrawn from Subramanian (403). upright. variable in shape and size. saprophytic on fallen leaves. conidiophores dark. smooth. dark brown. ovoid to pyriform. original. Illustration: B. Illustration: B. 47. redrawn from Hughes and Hennebert (214). Illustration: S.FREEDOM PALESTINE 106 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA BISPORA Corda. conidia (aleuriospores) 2-celled. dry.forumpro. Superficial mycelium brown. saprophytic on wood. 1. simple. truncate at both ends. References (17. 1-celled. (E) from culture. References (17. Conidiophores tall. short. forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Ol GENERA 107 http://arab2000.fr . (C) conidia. ultimate branches (phialides) tapering upward. usually bearing 3 short. Illustration: R. cylindrical. later developing into a superficial. ovoid to oblong. saprophytic. (B) sporogenous cells.. Illustration: Cladobotryum sp. (B) conidiophore with elongated branch and terminal vesicle.FREEDOM PALESTINE 108 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Of GENERA CLADOBOTRYUM Corda. conidia (meristem arthrospores — may appear to form as blastospores) hyaline or brightly colored. saprophytic. typically with a slender elongated sterile branch terminating in a globose or ellipsoid swelling. held together in irregular or tangled chains. from leaf spot on rye. apical protuberances. Conidiophores long. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. CYLINDROCLADIUM Morgan. (C) conidia. 2. regularly and repeatedly dichotomously or trichotomously branched. flavum. septate mycelium. Reference (49). septate. from culture. (B) phialides. conidia (phialospores) produced successively at the apex and held together in loose clusters. References (227. ovoid or ellipsoid.or several-celled. terminating in groups of phialides that taper toward the apex. branching irregularly or verticillately and repeatedly. irregularly branched. saprophytic or parasitic on fleshy fungi. 58). redrawn from Tubaki (450). Conidiophores erect. conidia (blastospores) hyaline. and often with a short lateral beak on the apical cell. 302). 2-celled. aquatic. original. (B) conidia. original from culture. conidiophores simple or sparingly branched. (C) conidia. septate. well developed. aquatic. (A) conidiophores. Illustration: H. with branched. RHYNCHOSPORIUM Heinscn. producing leaf spots. parasitic. 39. parasitic on roots or saprophytic. Illustration: T. often arising from aerial mycelium. frequently unequal. broader at the apex. hyaline. chiefly on grasses. loose stroma. imperfect state of Hypomyces. each terminating in two or three phialides.forumpro.ink. simple. hyaline. Conidiophores upright. (A) conidiophores. bearing conidia apically. hyaline. conidiophores reduced to cells of stroma. held together in groups or chains.fr . original. mostly 2-ceIled (sometimes more). or successively by slight growth of conidiophore apex. HELISCUS Sacc. slender. TRICHOTHECIlfM Link. borne singly but held together in bundles by mucilage. not catenulate. redrawn from Ranzoni (346). DIPLOSPORIL'M I. (A) conidiophore. yellow-brown sclerotia produced. 2-celled. aquaticus. Illustration: C. References (37. Submerged. 2-celled. original. secalis. roseum. from culture. scoparium. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. Conidiophores erect. bearing one or more phialides. References (17. Illustration: D. submerged conidia (phialospores) hyaline. hyaline. singly. (A-D) successive development of conidia. (A) hyphae from stroma showing conidiogenous cells. 254). small. Mycelium subcuticular at first. saprophytic or weakly parasitic. http://arab2000. not end to end. 2-celled. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Of GENERA 1 09 CLADOBOTRYUM CYIINDROCLADIUM HEUSCUS DIPLOSPORIUM 0 <x§p d? c RHYNCHOSPORIUM TRICHOTHECIUM http://arab2000.forumpro. causing leaf spots. 2. erect. borne on peglike denticles in loose dry clusters. obovoid. straight. original.FREEDOM PALESTINE 110 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA ARTHROBOTRYS Corda. (A) conidiophores. with prominent conidial scars. oblong.106. hyaline or subhyaline. CANDELABRELLA Rifai and Cooke. hyaline. hyaline. simple. Conidiophores arising from leaf surface in loose groups. unequally 2-celled. Conidiophores growing out through stomata of host leaves. 2-celled. DIDYMARIA Corda. sometimes little differentiated ^ L . conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. simple. typically 2-celled. cystospora. slightly enlarged at the apex and spore-bearing regions. frequently in short chains. http://arab2000. Illustration: C. Illustration: Dactylaria sp. original. unequally 2-celled. Illustration: G. original. Illustration: A. cylindrical. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. (B) conidia. lulasnea (Mkosphaereliafragahae). conidia (sympodulospores) apical and on new sympodial or irregular branches. New growing points formed sympodially or irregularly. [04). Species formerly placed in Arthroboirys. parasitic on leaves. clustered. slender. conferta. hyaline. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. (B) conidiophores. RAMULARIA Sacc. Mycelium hyaline. musiformis (Arthrobotrys musiformis).forumpro. Reference (355). unequally 2-ceIled.i\ fr°m t n e mycelium. References (61. GENICULARIA Rifai and Cooke. (A) conidiophores bearing conidia on elongated denticles. original. Illustration: R. Illustration: D. hyaline. '^x\ DACTYLARIA Sacc. (B) conidia. sometimes longer and single at apex. Compare with Candelabrella. denticulate and sometimes enlarged at the apex. (B) conidia. septate. from culture. See Bhatt and Kendrick (31) for synonymy of Diphrhinotrichum. parasitic on plants.. Conidiophores long. from herbarium material. saprophytic or destroying nematodes. short. hyaline. Conidiophores more or less erect. (A) conidiophores on surface of leaf. conidiophores slender. \ saprophytic or parasitic on nematodes. Conidiophores erect or ascending. oligospore. formed singly on new extended sympodial branches from below previous conidium. (C) conidia. from herbarium material on strawberry leaf. conidia (sympodulo( spores) hyaline.to several-celled. from culture. cylindrical or clavate.fr . original. saprophytic or parasitic on nematodes. short. simple. (A) habit on leaflet. redrawn from Rifai and Cooke (355). (C) conidia. trapping and destroying nematodes or saprophytic. septate. obpyriform to ellipsoid. 159). branching sympodially. with large rounded apical cell. ovate-oblong. tall. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. terminated by a small candelabrumlike branching system of the conidiophore apex. frequently curved or bent. from fresh material on decaying wood. (A) conidiophores bearing conidia and showing prominent denticles. borne singly. (B) group of conidiophores. but many 1-celled and a few 3-celled. References (61. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRAFIONS OF GENERA 111 ARTHROBOTRYS CANDELABRELLA B C DIDYMARIA RAMULARIA GENICULARIA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . conidia (sympodulospores) dark. Illustration: P. conidiophores dark. redrawn from Hughes (205). Mycelium internal. from fresh material on white clover leaf. simple. References (78. CORDANA Preuss. Illustration: C pauciseptata. easily deciduous. young conidia produced successively at apex of sympodial new growing lips. pirina (conidial state of Venturia pirina).199. 2-celled. Compare with Spihcaea.FREEDOM PALESTINE 11 2 DESCRIPTIONS AND IUUSTRATIONS OF GENERA PASSALORA Fr. slender. bearing short. crowded conidiophores. unequally 2-celled. conidia (sympodulospores) subhyalinc to dark. 209). conidiophores dark. parasitic. conidiophorcs emerging in tufts from stroma. 205). although l-cclled may predominate. (B) conidia. conidia (sympodulospores) dark. short. Illustration: S. trijolii (conidial state of Cymadothea thfolia). from culture. original. from herbarium material on leaves of Dactylis. graminis: original. from herbarium material on pear leaf. (B) conidia. often pointed. conidia (sympodulospores) dark. rough. upright. conidia (sympodulospores) dark. parasitic. original. (D) conidia. redrawn from Hughes (205). pigmented. simple. Conidiophores in dense clusters on host leaves. Conidiophores in loose clusters. parasitic on higher plants. References (17. Mycelium dark. Some species are conidial states of Venturia. ASPERISPORIL'M Maubl. (CJ conidia. (C) conidia. http://arab2000. Reference (78). bursting through the epidermis. original. ovoid to broadly ellipsoid. with enlarged basal cell. simple. (A) conidiophores bearing conidia. denticulate with conidial scars. Stroma subepidermal in the host. 2-celled.forumpro. (B) wavy conidiophores and conidia. Mycelium as in Spihcaea. regularly bent. (A) cluster of conidiophores. 2-celled. (A) habit of conidiophores on leaf. (A) cluster of conidiophores arising from stroma. conidial scars prominent. C) clusters of conidiophores. ovoid or oblong. (C) conidiophores. FUSICLADIUM Bon. (A) conidiophore with cluster of conidia.fr . giving a wavy appearance caused by successive sympodial growth at apex. Illustration: F. caricae. bearing a small. bearing conidia terminally on sympodial new growing points. conidia (sympodulospores) dark. 2-celled. (D) enlarged apex of conidiophore showing conidial attachment. POLYTHRINCIUM Kunze and Schum. Similar to and may belong to Cercosporidium. parasitic. 475). on same side of conidiophore. ellipsoid to obpyriform. typically 2-celled. formed terminally and at apex of sympodial new growing tips. dark. bacilligera. parasitic on leaves. Illustration: P. produced at apex of sympodially formed new growing tips of conidiophorcs. Illustration: A. dark. the apical cell broader and rounded. saprophytic. (B) conidiophores. compact head of conidia. simple or sparingly branched. (C) conidia. References (17. (B. SCOLECOTRICHUM Kunzeex Fr. (A) section through stroma and cluster of conidiophores. fr .forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 113 POLYTHRINCIUM CORDANA http://arab2000. relatively short. (C) conidium. frequently branched. (B) conidia. from fresh material on decayed wood. Illustration: M. ovoid to ellipsoid I. spicatum. developing through minute pores in wall or upper portion of conidiophores. (C) enlarged apex of conidiophore showing conidial attachment. Differs from Diplococcium in the simple conidiophores and conidia not in chains. MtJROGENEl-LA Goos and Morris. 17). (A-D) S. terminal. References (14. (D) conidia. original. DIPLOCOCCIUM Grove. saprophytic on decayed wood. conidiophores erect or ascending. (B) conidiophores bearing catenulate conidia. conidia (alcuriospores) single.FREEDOM PALESTINE 114 DFSCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA SCOIXCOBASID1UM Abbott. conidia are murogenous (originating as expansions of the entire conidiophore tip). differs from Spadkoides in branched conidiophores and catenulate conidia. Conidiophores mostly simple. (C) conidia. brown. sometimes 1-cellcd.to 4-celled. brown.fr . saprophytic in soil. I-celled or frequently 2. Conidiophores variable in length or absent.to 4-celled in different species. Reference (119). Illustration: D. (B) conidiophores with prominent denticles. produced on prominent denticles at apex of conidiogenous cells. (B) portion of simple conidiophore. short. redrawn from Ellis (119).. ohovata. terricola. Conidiophores (or conidiogenous cells) arising from aerial hyphae or ropes of hyphae. from fresh material on decayed wood. (A) branched conidiophore. conidia (porospores) mostly 2-celled. bina. redrawn from Goos and Morris (153). Illustration: Scolecobasidium sp. conidia (porospores) develop singly through pores in apical or lateral wall or conidiophore. irregular in shape. dark. single or in groups. ovoid. Mycelium partly superficial. http://arab2000. dark. erect. (A) conidiophores with attached conidia. SPADICOIDES Hughes. several-celled. Illustration: (F-F) S.forumpro. ovoid to elliptical. cylindrical or Y-shaped. determinate. conidia (sympodulospores) olive-brown. saprophytic. (A) mycelium and conidiophores. brown. saprophytic on wood or bark. original. usually formed in acropetalous chains. (A) sessile conidia and conidia produced on short conidiophores. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 115 MUROGENELLA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . brown. bearing simultaneously a dense cluster of conidia on all sides. on sides of hyphae. apical cell frequently with I to 3 hyaline. several-celled. References (450. redrawn from Thaxter (440). simple. and long. 144).142. CAMPOSPORIUM Harkn. severalcelled. sundara. conidia of two types. SEPTONEMA Corda. tropica.fr . (A. several-celled. Conidiophore short. http://arab2000. 202). (A. from herbarium material of leaves of Catamagrostis scabra. Much like Pseudoforula but differing in that conidia (blastospores) are not in chains. References (59. bearing apically a single. macroconidia (aleuriospores) large. MICROSPORUM Gruby. large macroconidium. 194. with apical rounded conidiogenous cell. DWAYABEEJA Subram. conidia (botryoblastospores) lightly pigmented. fusoid to cylindrical. simple. heterospora. brown. (A) microconidia. (B) phragmospores. Illustration: F. (C) scolecospore. clavate with rounded apex. original. causing dermatomycoses of animals and man. with enlarged. References {175. saprophytic on dung or decaying plant materials. B) conidiophores with catenulate conidia. parasitic on higher plants. original. conidia (aleuriospores) apical. conidia (blastospores) subhyaline to dark brown. Illustration: M. Conidiophores slender. narrower at the base. filiform appendages. determinate. redrawn from Subramanian (407). Illustration: C. slender. (B) both types of conidia. Illustration: C. PSEUDOTORULA Subram.FREEDOM PALESTINE 1 16 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA CEPHALIOPHORA Thaxt. small. redrawn from Tubaki (450). B) conidiophores and conidia. FUSOMA Corda. Illustration: T. rounded apical cell. cylindrical with rounded ends.to several-celled. usually 4or more-celled. (A) conidiophore and phragmospores. 129).forumpro. l-celled. secedens. hyaline. saprophytic or parasitic. conidia (aleuriospores) hyaline. Illustration: P. obovoid to elongate. Conidiophores straight or bent. single. macroconidia (aleuriospores) fusoid. redrawn from Subramanian (407). several-celled scolecospores. Conidiophores short. References (129. torulose. hyaline. (A) conidiophore. (B) macroconidia. branched. cylindrical to fusoid. rubricosa. microconidia also formed on sides of hyphae. Illustration: S. 4-celled (blastospores) in acropetalous chains. causing dermatomycoses in man. thin-walled. redrawn from Georg (143). 143. gypseum. 347). violaceum. typically 3. Conidiophores dark. pale brown. catenulate in acropetal simple chains. redrawn from Hughes (196). (A) conidiophores and conidia. from culture. (B) development and separation of conidium. (C) scolecospores. antennatum. (A-C) conidiophores and conidia. Microconidia hyaline. Illustration: D. TRICHOPHYTON Malmsten. determinate. several-eel led. Reference (477). Conidiophores dark. simple. fr .forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND II LUSTRATIONS OF GLNERA 117 M CEPHALIOPHORA PSEUDOTORULA DWAYABEEJA FUSOMA CAMPOSPORIUM http://arab2000. (B-D) stages of development of a conidium. ANNEEEOPHORA Hughes. fusoid to cylindrical. saprophytic. saprophytic. simple. http://arab2000. simple. usually fusoid with one cell (near middle) larger. from herbarium material on leave of Carex. (A) conidiophore bearing apical conidia. several-celled. (A) clustered conidiophores with attached conidia. determinate. conidia (aleuriospores) dark. 114). Illustration: T. conidia (aleuriospores) 2. brown to black.FREEDOM PALESTINE 118 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENFRA CERATOPHORUM Sacc. (B) apex of conidiophores showing annellations. elongating by successive proliferations through the conidial scars. Illustration: A. mostly 2. somewhat narrower at the ends. hyphopodia and conidia. DEIGHTONIEEEA Hughes. (A) conidiophores showing annellations. 114. taxi. (B) conidia.to several-celled. B) conidiophores. TRICHOCEADIUM Har/. (D) E. 3. original. obclavate to fusoid. Reference (117). slender. (A) conidiophores arsing from epidermis of host. PHRACiMOCEPHALA Mason and Hughes. original. Compare with Endophragmia. original.200. Conidiophores dark. single. conidia (anncllospores) dark. bearing hyphopodia. apical cell hyaline. (B) conidia. Conidiophores simple.forumpro. Mycelium superficial. saprophytic in soil or wood or parasitic on nematodes. saprophytic on dead plant material. conidia (aleuriospores) dark. saprophytic on wood. (B) conidiophores and conidia. conidia (anncllospores) brown. Illustration: E. compare with Dacty/ella.fr . short. (B) conidia. single. MONACROSPORIUM Subr. original. apical. Illustration: P. 3-celled. redrawn from Mason and Hughes (283). original.to several-celled. ovoid to pyriform. B) conidiophores and conidia. determinate. (A) sessile conidia. CLASTEROSPORIUM Schw. parasitic on higher plants. (A. redrawn from Hughes (192). often proliferating pcrcurrently. References (158. slender. short. single. hyaline. from decayed wood. ENDOPHRAGMIA Duvernoy and Maire. apical. conidia (aleuriospores or blastosporcs) dark. hyaline. (C) conidia. 117). References (17. parasitic. (E) conidium. simple.211). short. fascicled or in synnemata. conidia (aleuriospores) single. determinate. conidia (aleuriospores) dark. Reference (60). upper portion distinctly annellated. Conidiophores arising from within epidermal cells. Illustration: D. Reference (17). (A) conidiophore and conidium. 3. from culture. mycelium superficial on leaves. ovoid to long cylindrical. Illustration: C. ovoid to ellipsoid to clavate. usually simple. Illustration: C. Conidiophores pigmented. drawn from herbarium material on Hicora leaves. mostly single. uncinalum. redrawn from Hughes (205). solani.to several-celled. brown. anmdinacea. mostly 3. (A. References (113. 184). catuulense. often curved or hooked. Conidiophores brown. References (4. more than 3-celled.to several-celled. cookei. conidiophores dark. cells unequally colored. Conidiophores short or absent. caricinum. Illustration: Monacrosporium sp.to several-celled. mirabilis.. Conidiophores tall. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 119 TRICHOCLADIUM ANNELLOPHORA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . (C) conidia. single.fr . ovoid to ellipsoid. leaving annellate scars. 1. each lobe bearing a single conidium. slightly or conspicuously swollen at apex. stubby sporogenous cells. stubby. Illustration: 5 " . 304). saprophytic or parasitic. parasitic on leaves. Reference (206). 4. stout. parasitic or saprophytic. B) from fresh material on decayed wood. brown. fusoid. single or sometimes in short chains. (C) from pure culture isolated from decayed wood. mostly 3-celled. 3. proliferating terminally through scar of previous conidium. (A) conidiophores and conidia. tropicale. rather short. atra. often arising in clusters from stromalike tissue and protruding through stomata of leaves. parasitic on Portulaca. colorless exospore and prominent. several-celled (pseudoseptate).to 8-lobed. simple. redrawn from Luttrell (273). sderotivorum. branching.to several-celled. DICHOTOMOPHTHORA Mehrlick and Fitzpatrick. ovoid to elongate-ovoid. CORYNESPORA Gussow. Illustration: D. conidia (porospores or blastospores) dark. original from culture.forumpro. http://arab2000. obclavate to long. simple. portulacae. conidia (porospores) terminal. cassiicoia. determinate or in tufts. from h e r b a r i u m material on leaves of Phntanus occidentalis. (B) conidia. dendritically branched. redrawn from Luttrell (273). STIGMINA Sacc. conidia (aleuriospores) severalcelled. borne singly. Conidiophores simple. ultimate branches producing solitary apical conidia. Compare with Helminthosporium. Illustration: S. brown. 119. Mycelium internal in leaf. formed through small pores in apex of condiogenous cells. terminally branched. folliculatum. branched. cylindrical. single or in groups. original. producing conidia apically and proliferating through previous spore scars. single. References (119. saprophytic on wood. (C) S. Conidiophores brown. dark basal scar.FREEDOM PALESTINE 120 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA DENDRYPHIOPSIS Hughes. (A) conidiophore. SPORIDESMIUM Link. Illustration: (A) S. (B) S. References (118. (D) Selenosporella state. (A) conidiophores showing short. oblong. conidiophores emerge through leaf epidermis. original. plantani. Conidiophores dark. conidia (porospores or blastospores) dark. straight or slightly curved. elongated. often on hymenomycetes. 468). conidiogenous cells short. Conidiophores dark.to several-celled. brown. (A. redrawn from Linder (265). Illustration: C. SPONDYLOCLADIELLA Linder. dichotomous to subdichotomous. Illustration: / ) . single or in small groups. determinate. saprophytic. (B) enlarged portion of conidiophore and conidia. redrawn from Mehrlich and Fitzpatrick (285). botrytioides. 455).to 6-celled. sderotivorum is parasitic on sclerotia and has a secondary Selenosporella conidial state. upright. References (118. 4. straight or bent. (B) conidium. 199. Conidiophores dark. apical. (C) conidia. (B) conidiophores with developing conidia. (A) section of leaf through clusters of conidiophores. with a thick. S. conidia (annellospores) dark. conidia (porospores or blastospores) dark. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Oh GLNERA 121 DICHOTOMOPHTHORA SPONDYLOCLAD1ELLA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . redrawn from Deighton (78). . References (121. parasitic or saprophytic. HETEROSPORIUM Klotzch. conidia (porospores) dark. Reference (238).to several-celled. typically bent. Formerly included under Helminthosporium. more or less T . pale brown. Compare with Fusicladium. (D) D. bearing conidia apically or on new i>Vsympodial growing points. usually simple. Illustration: H. 309.fr . CERCOSPORIDIUM Erie. from culture. mostly simple. avenaciwn. sympodulospores) typically 3. mostly simple. causing leaf spots or saprophytic. several-celled (phragmosporous). Passalora and Cercospora. simple. on living leaves. from herbarium material on Iris leaf. 322. conidia (blastospores. References (96. continuing growth sympodially from a point below apex and then forming a second spore on new apex. few. with one of the central cells enlarged. Conidiophores well developed.CLIRVULARIA Boedijn. Illustration: G. gracile. personatum. conidia (sympodulospores) single and apical on new sympodial growing points. clavate. mori. 372. Illustration: C. redrawn from Luttrell (272). cylindrical. bearing conidia on short pegs on swellings or nodules. cylindricalclavate. Illustration: (A-C) D. 373). GONATOPHRAGMIUM Deighton. Illustration: C. (C) conidia. (B) conidiophore showing scars. carbonum. lunata. conidia. conidiophores densely fasciculate. (D) conidia. (A) conidiophores. (E) D. redrawn from Cejp and Deighton (52). producing conidia singly at apex through small pores. (A) section through stroma. Conidiophores brown. brown. Conidiophores brown. causing leaf spots. 308.to several-celled.FREEDOM PALESTINE 122 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA . Conidiophores dark. brown. original. Stroma present. DRECHSLERA Ito. conidia (porospores) dark. parasitic on leaves. http://arab2000. parasitic or saprophytic. (B) conidia. wall often echinulate or verrucose. Compare with Caldosporium. Compare with Bipolaris. (B) apex of conidiophores. end cells lighter. (A) conidiophores and conidia on leaf. maydis. (A-C) conidiophores and conidia. mostly pale brown. conidial scars conspicuous. (B) conidia. original. germinating from any or all cells.to 4-celled. 273. single or in acropetal chains. cylindrical to obclavate.-fusiform.forumpro. 398).to 5-celled. (C) germinating conidium. (A) clusters of conidiophores. conidia. conidia (sympodulospores) mostly 2. 3. cylindrical. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPIIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 123 GONATOPHRAGMIU M DRECHSLERA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . saprophytic on wood. solani. simple. CACUMISPORIUM Preuss. catenulate. conidia (porospores) develop laterally through pores beneath septa while apex of conidiophore is still growing. 375).. (B) conidiophores. References (96. (C) conidiophores and conidia from culture. Illustration: Cacumisporium sp. often in stubstrate. Conidiophorc apex has been interpreted by some as a phialide. produced on successively new growing points on hyaline projection of the conidiophore and aggregating in moist head. (D) conidia. Mycelium dark. velutinum (Spondylocladium atrovirons). single. See Barron (17) and Reisinger (353) for opinions on the genus Dendryphiella. (C) conidia. produced apically through pores in the conidiophores and new sympodial growing points. parasitic or saprophytic. 372. dark. (C) enlarged apex of conidiophore with conidia. subhyaline to brown. conidia (porospores) several-celled (phragmosporous). upright. dark. http://arab2000. simple. (A) conidiophore and conidia. phragmosporous. (B) conidial attachment at apex of conidiophore. from decayed wood. 272. Conidiophores erect. oblong to fusoid. Shoemaker (372-373) restricts the genus Helminthospohum to lignicolous species and classifies grarainicolous species in Bipolaris and Drechslera. conidiophores single or clustered. tall.forumpro. 273. Illustration: H. redrawn from Luttrell (273). DENDRYPHION Wall. stromata often present. pseudoseptate. (A) conidiophores and conidia arising from stroma. original. bearing an apical head of conidia. conidia (sympodulospores or phialospores) dark. (B) enlarged apex of conidiophore showing pores. original from culture. spore scars prominent. often appearing in whorls. brown. (D) H. saprophytic. References (151. at first hyaline. (A) conidia and conidiophores.FREEDOM PALESTINE 124 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA HELMINTHOSPORIUM Link ex Fr. original. branched variously on upper portion. with prominent basal scar. 373. obclavate. Conidiophores dark. erect.fr . from culture obtained from decayed wood.. Illustration: Dendryphion sp. mostly 4-celled. straight or curved. 206). septate. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 125 HELMINTHOSPORIUM CACUMISPORIUM DENDRYPHION http://arab2000.forumpro. obovatum. broadly ellipsoid to subclavate with rounded apex. chiefly on grasses. 152). Reference (123). Formerly included under Helminthosporium. (C) enlarged apex of conidiophores showing numerous scars. B) B. from fresh material on decayed wood. original. Illustration: P. basal cell and apical cell may be nonpigmented. (C) cluster of conidia on conidiophore. (B) conidiophores and conidia. mostly lateral. 372). Compare with Spiropes. brown. straight or curved.to 4-celled. flat or on raised circles (described by Ellis as borne on denticles). Reference (17. Stroma sometimes present. hyaline. Cochliobolus. simple. simple.fr . Illustration: B. conidial scars. new growing points produced sympodially and producing new conidia. nigrum. fresh material on decayed wood. septate. original. from pure culture. narrower and paler at apex. (D) original. Conidiophores brown. conidia (sympodulospores) dark. (A) habit of conidiophores.FREEDOM PALESTINE 1 26 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA BIPOLARIS Schoemaker. Ellis (124) places this genus in Drechslera. perfect stage. sativum). conidiophores single or in groups. germinating by one germ tube at each end. PLEUROTHECIUM Hohnel. parasitic. mostly simple. erect. resuming growth sympodially and forming conidia on successive new tips. ovoid to obovoid. D) B.. saprophytic on wood and bark. attached to apical cell of conidiophore by a slender pedicel. all original.forumpro. dark. fertile area recurved to produce a curved cyme. conidia (porospores) brown. (A) habit of conidiophores showing slime heads. recurvaium. Conidiophores brown. several-celled (phragmosporous). producing conidia through apical pore. septate. pale near apex. pale at apex. Illustration: Pleurophragmium sp. PLEUROPHRAGMIUM Constantin. (C) germinating conidium. (B) simple conidiophore. sorokinianum (B. ellipsoid or slightly curved. part of which remains attached to the fallen conidium. Illustration: (A. where known. elliptical. (D) conidia. conidia (sympodulospores) in moist heads. 121. 194). (A) conidiophore and conidia on leaf. (B) conidiophore showing scars. phragmosporous. (C. typically 4-celled. BRACHYSPORIUM Sacc. Conidiophores single or in loose clusters. saprophytic on wood or herbaceous stems. mostly 3-to 5-celled. from fresh material on decaying wood. solitary or in small clusters. (A-C) redrawn from Luttrell (272). new growth sympodial. unequally 3. 273. conidia (sympodulospores) pale brown. References (96. References (17. http://arab2000. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 127 m PLEUROPHRAGMIUM PLEUROTHECIUM C £3 D BRACHYSPORIUM http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . sometimes slightly curved. Illustration: C. severalcelled. Illustration: A. http://arab2000. the middle cell thick-walled and darker. Compare with Cercospora. original. short. 84). (A) conidiophores and conidia. avenae. parasitic on higher plants. cylindrical to ellipsoid. conidia (sympodulospores. . from culture.to several-celled. Illustration: S.) Conidiophores simple. original. apical. hyaline. Illustration: P. slender. straight to curved. hyaline appendages.to fewcelled. (B) conidia. mostly 5-celled. SEPTOCYLINDRIUM Bon. PLEIOCHAETA Hughes. CERCOSPORELLA Sac. ellipsoid. original. PYRICULARIA Sacc. slender. causing " leaf spots. original. bearing conidia successively on new growing tips. conidia (sympodulof^jspores) hyaline. (A. 386). B) conidiophores and conidia. Conidiophores tall. with prominent denticulate conidial scars near apex. (A) conidiophores and conidia. on plants. Illustration: P. (A) cluster of conidiophores. parasitic on higher plants or saprophytic. brochopaga. conidia (sympodulospores) dark. borne singly at apex or in a loose cluster on prominent denticles. single. Conidiophores simple. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline or gray. from leaf of Setaria. (VAKRABEEJA Subram. mostly simple. 2. cylindrical to filiform. arising in clusters and bursting out of leaf tissue. 82. B) conidiophores and appendaged conidia. conidia (sympodulospores) obpyriform to nearly ellipsoid. 83. grouped. several-celled. Illustration: (A-C) D. . original. Reference (81). conidia (sympodulospores) 3. bearing 1 to 4 long. aromaticum. oblong to cylindrical. (D) conidiophore and conidium of D. (B) apex of conidiophore. oblong. from material on decaying wood. DACTYLELLA Grove.FREEDOM PALESTINE 128 DESCRIPTIONS A N D I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF GFNERA NAKATAEA Hara. slender. parasitic. Conidiophores long. chiefly on grasses. redrawn from Luttrell (272). zea-niaydis conidia. several-celled. Conidiophores hyaline. aleuriospores) hyaline. from herbarium material on leaves of Acorum calamus. 385.to 3-celled. Conidiophores hyaline. parasitic. commonly causing leaf spots. original. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. straight or curved. References (55. fusoid to cylindrical. Illustration: V. fusoid. new growth sympodial. (A. parasitic on plants.fr . from culture. hyaline. parasitic on higher plants. 2. sigmoidea. CERCOSPORA Frej^Xonidiophores dark. Conidiophores hyaline or nearly so. cylindrical. attached at the broader end. References (79. References (60. long (^^cylindrical to filiform. attenuated. from herbarium material on peach leaf. apii. parasitic on grasses. lepiospora. 61). phragmosporous.to 4-celled. catenulate. redrawn from DuPleissis and Truter (107).forumpro. 81. (B) conidia. mostly 3. Illustration: C persica.SPERMOSPORA Sprague. Compare with Ramularia. from prepared slide of section through leaf. with distal cell elongated. simple. slender. (A-C) conidiophores and conidia. simple. original. light brown. grisea. (B) conidia. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline. (A) conidiophores and conidia. setosa. saprophytic or parasitic on nematodes. simple. compare with Cercospora. (C) C. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 129 W§4 PYR1CULARIA DACTUEUA NAKATAEA fl SEPTOCYLINDRIUM PIEIOCHAETA CERCOSPORELLA I V CERCOSPORA SPERMOSPORA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . (C) conidia enlarged. conidial states of Hypomyces.to 4-celled. Illustration: S. A large and variable genus. Reference (38). Conidiophores erect. ovoid or oblong. cylindrical. branched verticillately. Reference (182).or 3-celled. saprophytic on plant material. hyaline 3. curved. ''terminating in slender phialides. microconidia I-celled. variable. saprophytic or parasitic on fleshy fungi.to 4-celled. and simple. conidia (phialospores) dark. each conidium attached at the side of the conidium below. Reference (258). Mycelium. conidia (phialospores) mostly 3. not end to end. Conidiophores slender. (A) conidiophore and developing conidia. SPOROSCHISMA Berk. See Barron (17) for a discussion of Dactylium. from culture. parasitic on higher plants or saprophytic on decaying plant material. slightly curved or bent at the pointed ends. Illustration: D. http://arab2000. hyaline. branched irregularly or bearing a whorl of phialides. conidia (phialospores or sympoduiospores) borne singly or in small clusters on slightly elongating branches. original.forumpro. original from culture. from culture. obstipa. (A. conidiophores. cylindrical. often with some tinge of pink. Imperfect states of Necfria. borne singly or in chains. often held in small moist heads. mirabile. phialides usually with conspicuous collarette. original. purple. 183). 173. some conidia intermediate.to 4-celled but often variable. (A) hyphae with simple conidiophores.. sometimes in chains. dendroides. 3. bearing conidia endogenously. or stout. Mycelium extensive and cotton-like in culture. Conidiophores dark.j-small fascicles. 444). simple or branched irregularly. Thick-walled chlamydospores common in some species. hyaline. bearing conidia terminally on slender phialides. slender. (B) conidia. Resembling Fusarium but larger. saprophytic on decaying vegetation. slender. 3. or yellow in the mycelium on medium. macroconidia several-celled. conidiophores variable. CYL1NDROCARPON Wollen. single or grouped into sporodochia.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE 130 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA - \ . conidia typically not curved. drawn from photographs by Pollack (336). (C) a loose sporodochium formed by branched conidiophores. References ((25.. principally of two kinds. conidia (phialospores) dark. short. \ FUSARIUM Link. B) conidiophores and conidia.to 4-celled. upright. Illustration: F. borne in basipetal chains. Conidiophores pigmented. DACTYLIUM Nees. simple. saprophytic or parasitic. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. stout.. References (370. Illustration: Fusarium spp. 2. Compare with Cladobotryum. oblong or slightly curved. typically canoe-shaped. Illustration: Cylindrocarpon sp. typically branched. produced successively and aggregating in . and Dr. original. (B) variable conidiophores. FUSARIELLA Sacc. cylindrical. (D) conidia. and endoconidia. from culture. sometimes placed in the Tuberculariaceac because some species produce sporodochia. (A) conidiophores with attached conidia. (B) chain of conidia. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRtPTlONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GtNERA 131 [1 .G % <J *> FUSARIUM <CED c CYLINDROCARPON <HD DACTYLIUM SPOROSCHISMA FUSARIEUA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . mostly several-celled (dictyosporous). cells arranged irregularly. ACROSPEIRA Berk. Illustration: P. peglike. conidia (porospofes) dark. Illustration: A. parasitic or saprophytic. (D) conidia. (B) conidiophore showing conidial scars. (A) conidiophores and conidia. 377). PITHOMYCES Berkeley and Broome. frequently borne acropetally in apical simple or branched appendage. saprophytic. original. (A) mycelium. and Br. Reference (376). dark. redrawn from Wiltshire (473). Illustration: (A-D) Alternaria sp.or 4-celled. from culture. original. from culture.FREEDOM PALESTINE 1 32 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA ALTERNARIA Nees. hyaline phialides present. from culture. hyaline conidia (phialospores). short to " long. often constricted at major septum. from culture.. arising laterally from mycelium. (B) simple conidiophore showing apical pore. (C) conidia. sarcinaeforme. dictyosporous.. (A) conidiophores showing development of conidia. usually without constriction at major septum. 306. ULOCLADIUM Preuss. Illustration: IJlocladiwn sp. with cross and longitudinal septa. Conidiophores dark. chartarum. simple. * Illustration: 5 " . broadly ellipsoid. darker. septate. Conidiophores short. sympodial.fr . conidiophore often /(? proliferating through ofd conidial scar. mostly broadly elliptical. conidia (porospores) dark. 376). solani. Compare with Alternaria and Stemphylium. (C) conidiophore proliferating through conidial scar. (B) conidia. usually detached by fracture of wall of conidiophore. mostly simple. short conidiophores. or successive conidia on new growing tips. http://arab2000. Conidiophores dark. ovoid. saprophytic. (A) conidiophore and chain of conidia. obclavate to elliptical or ovoid. References (239.forumpro. borne singly and producing chains of small. (B) phialides and chains of small conidia. subhyalinc. and conidia. original. conidia (porospores) dark. apical. Reference (17). apical. commonly vcrrucose or echinulate. single. bearing a single. apical cell enlarged. (B) c o n i d i o p h o r e . simple. variable. variously shaped. rather short or elongate. (C) proliferating conidium. typically with both cross and longitudinal septa. conidia (aleuriospores) apical. dark. mirabilis. mostly simple with darker terminal swelling. conidia (aleuriospores) single. (A) dark dictyospores. and on new sympodial growing points. determinate or sympodial. or ovoid. Conidiophores indeterminate. terminal conidium. parasitic or saprophytic on plant material. both original. STEMPHYL1UM Wallr. mostly 3. mostly simple. borne singly. (E) A. References (376. variable in shape. frequently globose. Conidiophores short. oblong to pyriform or irregular. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS-A'ND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 1 33 STEMPHYUUM ALTERNARIA PITHOMYCES ULOCLADIUM ACR05PEIRA http://arab2000.fr .forumpro. (= SIRODESM1UM deNot) Conidiophores dark. with thick. bearing conidia successively on new growing tips. from herbarium material on decayed wood.FREEDOM PALESTINE J 34 DESCRIPTIONS AND MUSI RATIONS Oh GENERA DICTY0ARTHR1NRIM Hughes. arising from a stroma. B) conidiophores and conidia in section of leaf. Illustration: S. borne in single chains. single. cross-shaped. Illustration: B. (C) conidia. STIGMELLA Lev. redrawn from Subramanian (396). Conidiophores clustered forming a loose sporodochium. saprophytic on decaying wood. conidia (aleuriospores) dark. References (204). (B) habit on wood. cells irregular in shape. composed of several cells or reduced to a peg. redrawn from Ellis (118). containing many cells irregularly arranged (dictysporous). SIROSPORIUM Bubak and Serebianikov. upright. saprophytic on wood. simple or branched. BERKLEASMIUM Zobel. saprophytic. Conidiophores dark. globose. apical and lateral on conidiophore. (A) conidiophores and conidia. saprophytic. DACTYLOSPORIUM Harz. conidia (sympodulospores) apical.forumpro. References (113. simple. densely clustered. developing basipetally. original. antenniforme. conidia (mcristem blastospores) 4-celled. from herbarium material on decaying wood. (A. conidia (sympodulospores) brown to subhyaline. sometimes with longitudinal walls. (C) chain of conidia. straight or curved. (B) mycelium and conidiophore. short. elongate. Illustration: D. Conidiophores simple. conkinnum. Illustration: D. CONIOSPORIl'M Link. from herbarium material on leaves of Crataegus. (A) conidiophore and conidia. dark.fr . redrawn from Hughes (203). Reference (293). septate. Conidiophores much like Arthrinium (meristematic at base). straight or flexuous. with cross and longitudinal or oblique septa. 199). Reference (198). parasitic on leaves. quadralum. paler at the tip. each bearing a terminal conidium. ovoid. obovate to cylindrical. bearing terminal chains of conidia. elliptical. conidia (aleuriospores) dictyosporous. granulosum. http://arab2000. dark brown. each bearing I to several conidial scars. or cylindrical to obovoid. stroma may be present. single or successively on new growing tips that develop to side of previous conidium. oblong to obovoid. crataegi. crowded. short. dark septa. phragmosporous or dictyosporous. simple. brown. apical. Illustration: C. marcopus. conidiophores arising from hyphae or cells of stroma. subhyaline. original. dark. conidia (meristem arthrospores) dark. subhyaline to brown. simple. Mycelium immersed in leaves or superficial. large. (A) conidiophore and comdia. sometimes inequilateral. Illustration: S. (B) conidia. (C) conidia. original. forumpro.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OP GENERA 135 DICTYOARTHRINIUM CONIOSPORIUM DACTYLOSPORIUM BERKLEASMIUM SIROSPORIUM STIGMELLA http://arab2000. and Sacc. saprophytic on wood and bark. younger spores formed on the sides of the other spores. mostly simple. (A) conidiophores. from herbarium material on maple wood. and conidia. conidiophores. saprophytic on decaying wood. Illustration: X. conidia (sympodulosporcs) hyaline to pigmented. brown. conidial filaments thin. simple or branched. typically curved or coiled but with some straight conidia. conidiophores. http://arab2000. HELICODENDRON Peyron. septate. borne singly. Conidiophores dark. Illustration: (A) H. (B) H. septate. septate. Illustration: //. gigantium. 289). tightly coiled. conidia (aleuriospores) dark. bearing conidia terminally or laterally.453). redrawn from Linder (263). and conidia. Illustration: Ilelicosporium sp. conidiophores. septate. saprophytic on decaying plant material. Conidiophores tall. slender.fr . (B) conidia. smaller. Mycelium. conidia (biastospores) subhyaline to brown. slender. simple or branched. parasitic on higher plants. Mycelium. berke/eyl. hygroscopic. Reference (289). upright. redrawn from Linder (265). redrawn from Glen-Bott (146). produced terminally and laterally. branched. redrawn from Olive (316). Illustration: (A) H. conidia (biastospores or sympodulospores) hyaline or dark. conidia (sympodulospores) hyaline or dark. slender.forumpro. simple or branched. References (147. Conidiophores dark. References (30. redrawn from Linder (264). HELICOMYCES Link. muileri. mostly simple. slender. variable in length. elongate. References (221. rather tightly curled. original. rather stout. coiled to form an ovoid or ellipsoid conidium. apical. septate. 290). roseus. original. Illustration: H. septate. (B) conidia. HELICOMIINA Olive. caperoniae.. redrawn from Linder (264). 290. scandens. Conidiophores long. auratum.289. Conidiophores hyaline. 263). conidia (sympodulospores) dark. coiled. having both transverse and longitudinal septa. Conidiophores dark. saprophytic on decaying plant material. multiseptate. conidia (symposulospores) hyaline or subhyaline.290. bearing conidia apically or laterally. (B) H. bearing conidia terminally. 289. Illustration: H. 453). HELICOON Morgan. saprophytic on decaying plant material. comparatively short and stout. Conidiophores hyaline. septate. (A) conidiophores. The genus differs from Helicoma in being parasitic and in producing a large number of straight conidia in addition to curved or coiled one. hyaline or dark.FREEDOM PALESTINE 136 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GFNERA HELICOSPORIUM Nees. saprophytic on decaying wood. Mycelium. References (30. coiled to form a large ovoid or ellipsoid spore. XENOSPORIUM Pen/ig. septate. tightly coiled in one plane. HFXICOMA Corda. References (85. simple or branched. from culture. thaxieri. and conidia. forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 137 XENOSPORIUM HELICODENDRON HELICOMYCES http://arab2000.fr . Submerged aquatic with septate mycelium. splendens. 328). References (327. conidia single. LEMONNIERA DeWild. saprophytic on submerged. branched. curved. monosporus. curvula. hyaline. branched above. apical. the branches bearing single conidia apically. Illustration: T. redrawn from Ingold (223). attenuated axis. hyaline. septate mycelium. long. conidiophores simple. hyaline. saprophytic on submerged leaves. elongate to filiform.fr . fiagelliform. apical. DICRANIDION Hark. saprophytic on submerged decaying leaves. slender. typically lunate.to several-celled. Conidiophores hyaline. branched. http://arab2000. LUNULOSPORA Ingold. ultimate branches bearing a few phialides. aquatic. the two branches usually arising from adjacent cells. hyaline. single or in loose masses (sporodochium-like).forumpro. from decaying wood and from culture. Illustration: D. Illustration: L. each lateral is septate and branched again. slender. bearing conidia apically. decaying leaves. produced singly at apex or on new growing points on small denticles. redrawn from Ingold (223). fragile. TRISCELOPHORUS Ingold. redrawn from Ingold (223). 346). (A) portion of conidiophores and conidia. 346). aquatica. branched near the apex. slender. and a single attenuated secondary branch. Illustration: T. consisting of a curved. widely divergent arms. apical. (B) conidia. slender. conidia (sympodulospores) 5-celled. several-celled. hyaline. elodeae. Illustration: L. Conidiophores long. simple or with a few branches. redrawn from Ingold (225). Conidiophores hyaline. (A) conidiophores and conidia. curved. Submerged. (A) apical portions of conidiophores and immature conidia. septate. cylindrical. Illustration: F penicillioides. with 4 slender. 1. conidiophores simple or sparingly branched near the apex. conidia single. conidia (blastospores) hyaline. 327. redrawn from Tubaki (449). redrawn from Ingold (223).FREEDOM PALESTINE 138 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA FLAGELLOSPORA Ingold. TRICLADIUM Ingold. conidia apical. No sharp distinction between conidiophores and conidia. conidium consisting of a main elongated axis with 2 or 3 laterals on one side. on submerged rotting leaves. References (231). slender. bent. slender. branched. Reference (327). Conidiophores hyaline. Reference (449). Conidiophores long. aquatic or in soil. Reference (97). two attenuated branches. consisting of (1) an elongated main axis continuous with the conidiophore and (2) elongated branches forming a whorl of 3 slender divergent branches arising from the lower part of the main axis. References (228. new growing points produced sympodially. saprophytic on wood. craginiformis. ending in phialides that bear single conidia. original. conidia single. saprophytic. (B) portion of conidiophore and mature conidium. ultimately septate. slender. saprophytic on submerged decaying leaves. Illustration: I. with branched. VARICOSPORIUM Kegel. conidia (phialospores) hyaline. redrawn from Petersen (327). Illustration: V. branched. septate. saprophytic on decayng leaves in water. 1-celled. hyaline. References (224. INGOLDIA Petersen. (B) conidia. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND IlLUSTRATlONS OF GtNERA 139 INGOLDIA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . septate. hyaline. the three branches from the upper cell widely divergent at angles of about 120°. Illustration: T. consisting of 4 long branches diverging from a common point. 2-celled. (B) conidiophores and conidium as seen in water mount. hyaline. gravida. slender. 101). septate mycelium. septate. (A) conidiophores and conidia showing tightly closed prongs as seen in a dry mount. radiating. slender. aquatic with septate mycelium. hyaline. several-celled. (C) two mature conidia and one very young conidium.forumpro. slender. Reference (87). References (100. Illustration: 77 setigerum. ACTINOSPORA Ingold. References (223. branched. aquatic. slender. bearing a single conidium apically. 346). Submerged. saprophytic. aquatica. aquatic. apical. Conidiophores hyaline. parasitic on nematodes or on soil rhizopods. erecta. separating from the conidiophore by the breakdown of a special separating cell at the apex. original. slender. slender.FREEDOM PALESTINE 140 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA TRIDENTARIA Preuss. Conidiophore hyaline.fr . tapering upward. hyaline. or saprophytic on decayed wood. main axis pyriform. trifurcate. CULICIDOSPORA Petersen. from culture isolated from decayed wood. upper portion dichotomously branched. the basal cell obconidcal. conidi hyaline. saprophytic on submerged twigs. conidia produced under water. CLAVARIOPSIS DeWild. with 2 straight hyphalike branches on the subapical cell and one on the apical cell. saprophytic. redrawn from Ingold (223). on submerged rotting leaves. redrawn'from Petersen (328). (B) conidia. divergent. tapering branches. apical. saprophytic on submerged decaying leaves. Conidiophores hyaline. Illustration: C. elongate-clavate. Conidia single. giving rise to three unequal. conidia apical. aquatic with branched. long.or 4-pronged. simple. finally septate. conidia single. redrawn from Ingold (223). conidia single. Illustration: D. with one branch of the conidium (before liberation) continuous with the conidiophore. single branched. elegans. longissima. 5-celled. prongs septate. Submerged. branched. DENDROSPORA Ingold. subapical cell swollen and curved. hyaline. rarely 2. conidia single. (A) conidiophores. with 4 or 5 slender. the main axis narrowly clavate. Illustration: A. septate branched. http://arab2000. simple. Illustration: 77 implicans. apical. liberated by the breakdown of a special short separating cell. Submerged. Reference (346). simple or branched in upper portion. the main body globose or ovoid. septate. conidiophores simple or sparingly branched. conidiophores hyaline. conidia hyaline. apical. Conidiophore long. saprophytic on submerged decaying leaves. ANGUILLOSPORA Ingold. Reference (223). Illustration: C. slender. several-celled. each consisting of one main axis with several secondary and tertiary branches arising irregularly. forming apical conidia singly. redrawn from Tubaki (449). apical. redrawn from Ingold (226). hyaline. conidia hyaline. on decaying leaves in water. References (228. septate. redrawn from Tubaki (449). several-celled. slightly divergent. slender. megalospora. conidiophores simple. TETRACHAETUM Ingold. simple. branched. redrawn from Tubaki (449). TETRACLADIUM DeWild. single. hyaline. 327). Illustration: A. fr .forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Of GENLRA 141 TRIDENTARIA ACTINOSPORA CULICIDOSPORA ANGUILLOSPORA A. CLAVAROPSIS TETRACLADIUM http://arab2000. slender. consisting of 4 arms diverging from a common point.FREEDOM PALESTINE 142 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA ALATOSPORA Ingold. saprophytic. conidia (blastospores) subhyaline to dark brown. acuminata. original. apical. smooth or rough. (C) 7' eliisii. Conidiophores erect. Submerged. apical. (B) conidium. ARTICUI. conidia (sympodulospores) consisting of two septate. pointed septate arms. pointed arms radiating from the basal cells. produced in a white mass inside the ovary of the host. (A) conidiophores bearing conidia. attenuated.forumpro. saprophytic. Illustration: T. conidia branched. Conidiophores absent. septate. No well developed conidiophores present. straight. conidia develop as direct outgrowths from branching hyphae. hyaline. SPEIROPSIS Tubaki. (A) conidiophores with attached conidia. central cells dark. (C. redrawn from Tubaki (449). septate mycelium. septate. B) conidia. producing apical and lateral conidia. saprophytic. the three branches slender and about the same diameter as the main axis. and basal cells hyaline. systemic parasitic on higher plants (Veronica peregrina). inflata. each consisting of 3 to 4 initial cells. simple. saprophytic. (A. dichotomously branched. many-celled. (B) branched conidia. redrawn from Ingold (225). slender. References (327. Illustration: D. from culture. D) conidia developing from hyphae. upper part sparingly branched. redrawn from Tubaki (450). hyaline. redrawn from Ellis (112). DIPLOCLADIELLA Arnaud. each arm consisting of an acropetalous chain of cells.fr . Illustration: (A. Illustration: T. Illustration: S. http://arab2000. THAIXOSPORA Olive. Illustration: A. redrawn from Tubaki (450). slender. staurosporous. conidium single. consisting of a basal cell and 3 to 5 somewhat divergent arms. 346). borne directly on cells of the mycelium and consisting of a stalk and two pairs of divergent. aquatic. conidiophore simple or branched near the apex bearing a few phialides. apical. Illustration: A. Conidiophores absent. TRIPOSPERMUM Speg. (A) stages in development of a conidium from a hypha. slender. conidia hyaline. scalaroides. aristita. saprophytic on decaying submerged leaves. the conidium consisting essentially of a curved main axis (forming two arms) and 2 laterals inserted about the middle of the main axis. pedatospora. (B) conidia. septate. on submerged leaves. septate appendage. branches not formed simultaneously. aspera. Conidiophores hyaline.OSPORA Ingold. pale brown. TETRAPLOA Berk and Vr. myrti. with branched. apical on the conidiophores. 234). Conidiophores erect. B) T. redrawn from Olive (316). branched. Reference (17. each of which develops into a long. conidia borne directly on mycelium. brown. fr .forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS A N D ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 143 ALATOSPORA THALLOSPORA ARTICULOSPORA DIPLOCLADIELLA SPEIROPSIS TRIPOSPERMUM http://arab2000. References (73. sometimes arranged in sporodochia. Illustration: T.fr . saprophytic on wood or bark. Illustration: C. with three septate arms radiating from a central cell. each arising separately from a basal cell.. Mycelium mostly superficial. upright.forumpro. brown. Reference (186). Illustration: (A) D. redrawn from Hughes (201). (A) conidiophores. dark. TRIPOSPORIUM Corda. (B) conidia. (B) conidia. conidia dark. Conidiophores dark. Illustration: H. fuscescens. slender. (B) Dictyosporium sp. conidia with several close septate branches arising from different points (branches do not all arise separately from a basal cell).FREEDOM PALESTINE 144 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA CERATOSPORELLA Hohn. several-celled. conidia (annellospores) dark. (A) mycelium showing short conidiophores and developing conidia. 190). saprophytic. HIRUDINARIA Ces. Reference (190). (B) conidia. elegans. bearing a single conidium apically. parasitic on leaves. (A) conidiophores. from herbarium material on Crataegus leaves. original from material on decayed wood. CERATOSPORIUM Schw. conidiophores reduced to short lateral swellings on the mycelium. Conidiophores consisting of a short cylindrical cell. toruloides. (B) conidia. DICTYOSPORIUM Corda. redrawn from Ellis (125). tapering upward. saprophytic. composed of 2 or more septate branches. (A) much reduced conidiophores emanating from the mycelium. http://arab2000. near Hirudinaria morphologically. bearing single conidia successively by protrusion of conidiophore through old conidial scars. simple or branched. or saprophytic on plant material. dark. Conidiophores dark. bearing a single branched conidium apically. septate. several-celled. simple. redrawn from Hughes (186). original. conidia consisting of 2 or 3 straight or curved arms (horns). subhyalinc. some with an apical conidium. macrocarpa. usually short. slender. parasitic on leaves. conidia consisting of 2 (less often 3) straight or curved arms (horns) tapering upward. redrawn from Ellis (125). Illustration: G stipitata. simple. Conidiophores dark. forumpro.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 145 CERATOSPORELLA DICTYOSPORIUM HIRUDINARIA TRIPOSPORIUM CERATOSPORIUM http://arab2000. parasitic or saprophytic on wood. (A) sporodochia on twig. repeatedly irregularly branched. conidia hyaline. conidiophores dark. ovoid to oblong. and bearing conidia terminally. forming a palisade and arising from a stromalike layer. Sporodochia cushion-shaped. simple. vulgaris (Conidial state of Neclria cinnabarina). 1-celled. light. roridum. conidia hyaline. B) sporodochia. from dried material on apple leaves. DENDRODOCHIUM Bon. conidia dark. (A) sporodochium. (B) conidiophores and conidia. Reference (205). (C) conidiophores and conidia. hyaline or yellowish. original. 338. saprophytic. Illustration: IT blasdalei. SPHAEROSPORIUM Schw. mostly saprophytic on wood. (D) conidia. conidia hyaline. elongate. original. ovoid to elongate. Sporodochia cushionlike. repeatedly branched. rubellum var. original. Illustration: M. bearing apical chains of conidia. (A) sporodochia on leaf. (C) conidiophorc. conidiophores hyaline. HADROTRICHUM Fr. ovoid to oblong. Reference (76). 1-celled. microsporum. large with prominent scars of attachment. malifoliorum. conidiophores short. hyaline. Sporodochia yellowish when fresh. verticillately branched. (A. conidiophores hyaline. Illustration: T. bearing terminal conidia. ovoid to oblong. conidia I-celled. borne singly. B) sporodochia and masses of conidia. ovoid to elongate in a dry mass on the surface of the sporodochium. frequently as a secondary invader.forumpro. (A. from herbarium material on wheat straw. branched. the genus is often placed in the Dematiaceac. Illustration: D. Illustration: /. branched. parasitic on leaves. conidiophores hyaline.fr . from herbarium material on oak. Illustration: S. B) sporodochia on wood. (D) conidia. collecting on the surface of the sporodochium in gelatinous material. cerealis. original. lignatile. ovoid or oblong to irregular. phialides bearing conidia apically. 1-celled. http://arab2000. coryneoidea (conidial state of Urnula craterium). sparingly to moderately branched. dry in mass. nearly spherical. from herbarium material on bark of Liriodendron. cushion-shaped to hemispherical. from fresh material on decayed wood. 1-celled. original. 454). (B) section through sporodochium. original. dark. conidia subhyaline to dark. (C) conidiophores and conidia. Sporodochia somewhat flattened or discoid. parasitic or saprophytic. dark. from herbarium material on leaves of Vicia. conidiophores subhyaHne to colored. References (133. (A) sporodochia. ILLOSPORIUM Mart. I-celled. Illustration: H. (C) conidiophores. light to orange in color. MYROTHECIUM Tode. dry in mass. conidiophores dark. 339. saprophytic on decayed wood. conidia dark. original. 1-celled. bearing conidia terminally. sometimes with marginal hyaline setae. original. (C) conidiophores and conidia. light colored. 337. bursting out of bark. Illustration: S. collecting in a dry mass (not in slime) on sporodochium. light colored. Sporodochia cushionlike. compact. conidiophores hyaline. (B) conidia. B) sporodochia on bark. saprophytic on bark. Sporodochia rather large. conidia hyaline. breaking out through the bark. globose to ovoid. from dried material on twigs.FREEDOM PALESTINE 1 4 6 DESCRIPTIONS AND I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF GtNERA TUBERCULARIA Tode. Sporodochia cushionlike. HYMENELLA Fr. STRUMELLA Fr. (B) side view of sporodochium. (C) conidiophores and conidia. (A. (A. parasitic or saprophytic on leaves. from herbarium material on leaf on Viola. Sporodochia cushionlike. forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 147 TUBERCULARIA HADROTRICHUM <? 0 * 0 <? ^ o 0 c MYROTHECIUM http://arab2000.fr . FREEDOM PALESTINE 148 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA TIJBERCUIJNA Sacc. Sporodochia small, breaking out in or near rust pustule; conidiophores hyaline, simple, bearing single conidia terminally; conidia hyaline, 1-celled, globose or ovoid to irregular; parasitic on rusts. Illustration: T. persincia; original, from herbarium material on Euphorbia marginala. (A) section of sporodochia; (B, C) conidiophores and conidia; (D) aeciospore of rust. Reference (179). SPHACELIA Lev. Sporodochium stromalike, spreading; conidiophores hyaline, simple, in a compact palisade; conidia hyaline, small, ovoid, 1-celled, produced in a sugary "honey dew"; parasitic in ovary of grain; conidial state of Claviceps. Illustration: S. segetum (Claviceps purpurea); original, from prepared slide. (A) section through young sclerotium; (B) portion of A, enlarged; (C) palisade of conidiophores and conidia. VOLUTELLA Tode. Sporodochia discoid, with marginal dark setae; conidiophores usually simple, in a compact palisade; conidia hyaline, 1-celled, ovoid to oblong; parasitic "or saprophytic. Illustration: V. frucii; original, from herbarium material on apple fruit. (A) erumpent sporodochia on apple fruit; (B) conidiophores, conidia and setae. PUCCINIOPSIS Speg. Sporodochia dark, cushion-shaped; conidiophores dark, simple, in a layer, bearing conidia apically on successive new growing tips; conidia dark, typically 2-celled, ovoid to oblong; parasitic. Illustration: P. caricae; original, from herbarium material on leaves of Carica papaya. (A) sporodochia on leaf; (B) section of sporodochia; (C) conidiophores and conidia. Reference (266). RAMULISPORA Miura. Sporodochia small, arising from substomatal stromata and pushing through stomata; conidiophores hyaline, simple or branched, short; conidia hyaline, filiform, septate, with short lateral branches, produced in gelatinous material; superficial sclerotia present; parasitic on leaves. Illustration: R. sorghi; redrawn from Olive et ai (317). Stroma, conidiophores, and conidia in stoma. EXCIPULARIA Sacc. Sporodochia superficial, scattered, dark, with setae; setae simple, dark, septate, pointed; conidiophores short, simple, subhyaline; conidia several-celled, dark brown, fusiform, apical, single; saprophytic. Illustration: K narsapurensis; redrawn from Subramanian (403). (A) sporodochium; (B) conidia; (C) seta. BACTRIDIUM Kunze. Sporodochia cushion-shaped to hemispherical, bright-colored (yellow); conidiophores long, simple or branched, hyaline; conidia apical, single, hyaline or containing yellow pigment, several-celled, very large, cylindrical to long-ellipsoid; saprophytic, on decayed wood. Illustration: B. flava; original, from fresh material on wood. (A) sporodochium; (B) conidiophores; (C) conidia. EXOSPORIUM Link ex Schlech. Mycelium immersed, dark; stromata and sporodochia usually present, often well developed; conidiophores usually grouped, erect, brown; conidiophore growing out laterally or obliquely below conidial scar, splitting side wall, then forming new conidium through pore at apex of new growing point; conidia single, pseudoseptate several-celled, with prominent scar; mostly saprophytic. Illustration: E. tiliae; (A) sporodochium; (B) conidiophores and conidia; redrawn from Luttrell (272). Reference (117). http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 149 http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE 1 50 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA EPICOCCUM Link. Sporodochia dark, more or less cushion-shaped, variable in si?e; conidiophores compact or loose, dark, rather short; conidia dark, several-celled (dictyosporous), globose; mostly saprophytic, or weakly parasitic. Illustration: E. nigrum; original, from fresh material on decayed wood. (A) sporodochia on decayed wood; (B) conidiophores and conidia. Reference (366). SPEGAZZINIA Sacc. Sporodochium small, dark; conidia of two kinds: (1) 4-ccllcd, spiny, borne apically on a long slender conidiophore; (2) 4-celled, smooth, borne on a short conidiophore; saprophytic on vegetable material; both conidiophore and conidia dark. The smooth conidia and sporodochium are apparently lacking in some species. Illustration: S. ornata; redrawn from Bessey (27). Reference (74). CHEJROMYCES Berk, and Curt. Sporodochium dark; cushionlike to hysteroid; conidiophores dark, short, simple or branched; conidia dark, branched into three or more upright arms, which do not all arise from the basal cell; saprophytic on wood. Compare with Dhtyosporium. Illustration: C. stelhtus; (A) hysteroid sporodochia; drawn from photograph by Damon (71); (B) original, from herbarium material on decayed wood. BACTRODESMIl'M Cooke. Conidiophores short, clustered (sometimes into sporodochia), simple or branched, hyaline to pale brown, narrow at base, septate; conidia several-celled, pale to dark brown, apical cells often darker, apical, single; saprophytic. Illustration: Bactrodvsmium sp.; original, from fresh material on decayed wood. (A) habit on wood; (B) conidiophores bearing conidia emerging from a piece of wood; (C) apical portion of conidiophores showing conidial attachments. Reference (114). EVERHARTIA Sacc. and Ellis. Sporodochia somewhat stalked, with an expanded top, dark at the base; conidiophores slender, hyaline, branched; conidia hyaline, apical, septate, flat, curved or bent; saprophytic on wood. Illustration: E. lignatilis; (A) sporodochium; (B) conidiophores and conidia; redrawn from Thaxter (437). References (263, 289). HOBSONIA Berk. Sporodochia wartlike, light colored; conidiophores hyaline, slender; conidia hyaline, many celled, apical, coiled in a loose spiral; saprophytic on plant material. Illustration: //. mirabilis; (A) portion of sporodochium; (B) conidia redrawn from Under (263). Reference (289). CAMPTOMERIS Syd. Sporodochia irregular, dark, poorly developed or lacking in some species;. conidiophores dark, arising from special enlarged cells; conidia dark, 3- or more-celled, elongate, leaf parasites on Mimosa. Illustration: C. leuvaenae. (A) sporodochium from above; (B) vertical section through sporodochium; (C) branch of sporodochium bearing three conidiophores; (D) conidia; redrawn from Bessey (29). Reference (199). AECERITA Pers. Stroma covering scale insects; sporodochia somewhat spherical, somewhat colored, superficial; conidia spherical, 1-celled; on scale insects. Illustration: A. wehberi; original, from herbarium material on citrus leaf (A) stroma covering scale insect on citrus leaf; (B) section through stroma; (C) two sporodochia showing sterile hyphae and conidium-like cells. Reference (131). http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 151 m EPICOCCUM SPEGAZZINIA CHEIROMYCES BACTRODESMIUM EVERHARTIA HOBSONIA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr http://arab2000. Synnemata hyaline or bright-colored. slender. Single conidiophores resemble Veriicillium. formerly placed in genus Graphium. (C) conidiophores and conidia from water mount. STILBUM Tode ex. on bark and wood. (A) synnemata. hyaline conidiophores also produced in abundance. hyaline conidiophores and conidia similar to Hyalodendron. verticillatefy branched. small. original from culture. original. Some species are imperfect states of Ceratocystis. Illustration: M. 1-celled. (B) two synnemata as seen under low magnification. collecting in dry masses. borne on short blunt denticles. cylindrical. (D) conidia.. azalea. from culture. flattened. simple or branched near base. conidia 1-celled. single conidiophores hyaline. hyaline. (A) synncmata showing spores in head of slime. Reference (301). cylindrical stalk composed of a central large strand surrounded by cortical hyphae. hyaline. (A) young synnema. fertile branches thick. (C) single conidiophore. PESOTUM Crane and Schok. Illustration: E. Illustration: P. saprophytic. spore-bearing head ovoid to sub-globose. terminating in phialides.fr . recently described as the conidial state of Ceratocystis ulmi. globose to ellipsoid. simple. on twigs. conidia hyaline. pale brown. ovoid or irregular. redrawn from Hughes (207). often as vascular pathogens causing wilts of trees. saprophytic on dung or soil. ulmi (Graphium ulmi). (A) synnema with central seta. and Br. from dried material. GRAPHIUM Corda. Synnemata dark. MENISPOROPSIS Hughes. dark brown to black. ovoid. original. Reference (301). Illustration: Graphium sp. Illustration: B. as in Graphium. redrawn from Hughes (198). parasitic. mostly simple. commonly causing blight of Azalea and Rhododendron /lower buds. saprophytic. (A) synnemata on blasted Rhododendron flower. Reference (301). Synnemata expanding upward into a funnel that is filled with conidia. conidia dark. Synnemata mostly erect. original. conidia 1-celled. fertile head with loose interwoven sterile hyphae and long slender spinelike hyphae surrounding the spore mass. stipe cylindrical. 301). (B) conidia. curved. bearing a rounded. in chains. from culture obtained from oak wood. (D) short. BRIOSIA Cav. Fr. (B) conidia. theobromae. References (17. (C) phialides and conidia. (D) conidia. conidia (sympodulospores) 1-celled. dark.FREEDOM PALESTINE 152 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Of GENERA HETEROCEPHALUM Thaxt. (B) synnema and conidial head enlarged. 1-celled. hyaline. brown. or saprophytic. redrawn from Thaxter (437). with a short filiform appendage at each end. ENDOCATYX Berk. Illustration: Stilbum sp. terminal mass of hyaline conidia embedded in slime. Synncmata with long. auranriacum. (B) portion of synnema.forumpro. phialides. Reference (65). (B) upper portion of mature synnema. conidia sessile or on short branches of conidiophore. produced in slime. thwaitesii. Mode of conidial development variable in different species. bearing a head of conidia. Reference (301). conidiophores slender. Synnemata tall. Synnema composed of a central emerging seta and an external shorter cortex. Illustration: //. (A) habit of synnemata.. parasitic. Reference (301). with a germ slit. bearing oblong conidia that reproduce by budding. (C) synnema showing sporulating head. enveloped in slime. forumpro.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND IlLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 153 GRAPHIUM BRIOSIA http://arab2000. original. original. (A) habit on stem. ovoid to elongate. ARTHROBOTRYDM Ces. with a globose sporulating head. Henn. black. with an expanded. ISARIOPSIS Fres. solitary or compacted into synnema with dense. with long spore-bearing upper portion. coposed of loose conidiophores. original. Synnemata dark. (C) conidia. griseola. interseminatum. saprophytic. 301). cylindrical. diverging. (B) conidiophores. Reference (301. (B) separate conidiophores. ovoid. contained in droplets of slime. (C) conidia. (C) conidiophore and conidia. conidiophores septate. from culture. free ends of hyphae become conidiophores. Reference (301). conidiophores enlarged. usually becoming 2-celled. (A) synnema with conidia. cylindrical stipe.or more-celled. apical. bearing conidia at apex. (A) synnemata showing heads of conidia embedded in slime. Synnema with dark. (B) enlarged apex of synnema with conidiophores bearing catenulate conidia. apical. (A) synnema. from herbarium material on stems of Ampelopsis quinquefolia. 2. (A. (C) synnema moist. stilboideum. Reference (301). Illustration: D. Hyphae dark. conidiophores diverging. cylindrical. longfusoid to falcate. bearing conidia at or near the tips. conidia hyaline to dark.FREEDOM PALESTINE 154 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GFNERA DIDYMOSTILBE P. hyaline to subhyaline. conidiophores dark. short conidiophores produced abundantly in culture. Synnemata erect. Illustration: D. Synnemata dark. elongated head of conidiogenous cells and chains of conidia. Illustration: P. Synnemata light. conidia mostly 4-celled. in short acropetalous chains.to 4-celled. redrawn from Subramanian (404). (A) synnemata. . 303). producing masses of dry spores apically on conidiogenous cells. (C) conidia. conidia several-celled. (D) synnema showing conidiophores. branched. compositum. redrawn from Subramanian (405). original. radiating. ovoid. apical fertile portion. Reference (301). stalk cylindrical. from culture isolated from stump of Liriodendron lulipifera. conidia dark or pale. often curved. (A) synnema. or rounded spore-bearing head. rigidum. Illustration: A. saprophytic. with a long. (E) branched conidiophore from synnema. PODOSPORIUM Schw. conidiophores hyaline. Similar to Trichurus but without spines. Synnema cylindrical. from water mount. single. DORATOMYCES Corda. Illustration: /. (F) conidia. 1-cellcd. (B) synnema dry.fr . 3. produced in slime. References (195. Illustration: S. conidia mostly 4-celled. dark. ARTHROSPORIUM Sacc. (C) conidia. (B) conidiophores. conidia hyaline. upper part of conidiophores branched penicillately. saprophytic on wood.subhyaline. saprophytic. DENDROGRAPHIUM Massec.forumpro. (B) synnema. simple or branched. original from herbarium material on dead bark. dark. stemonitis (Stysanus stemonitis).. Illustration: Didymostilbe sp. I-celled. conidia (annellospores) mostly dark. principally on wood. (C) conidia. dark. saprophytic. cylindrical-ovoid. http://arab2000. cylindrical to obclavate. Reference (301). clustered. from herbarium matrcrial on bark. B) synnemata. parasitic. forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILIUSTRATIONS OF GhNERA ISARIOPSIS http://arab2000.fr . 1-celled. bearing conidia apically. conidia borne on small denticles. original. stalk slender. (C) conidiophores and conidia. globose. Illustration: //. (C) conidia. Synnemata with well-defined stalk and head. HARPOGRAPHIUM Sacc. 2-celled. http://arab2000. (C) conidia. or branched hairs on spines present among the conidiophores. Reference (301).FREEDOM PALESTINE 1 56 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA ISARIA Hers. Similar to Doratomyces but with spines. fibrous. original. (A) synnemata in culture turning toward source of light. hyaline. (A. from culture. (A) habit of synnemata on wood. (B) portion of synnema. (A) synnema. the upper spore-bearing portion capitate to elongate. cylindrical stipe and subglobose head. Synnemata light colored. (B) synnema. Illustration: /. oblong or cylindrical. Reference (301). 1-celled. conidia dark at maturity. septate. ovoid. TRICHURUS Clem. catenulate. trina. conidium-bearing portion expanded. B) synnemata. dark. Reference (301). cookei: original from herbarium material on dead stems. from culture. and Shear. Reference (301). original. terrophilus. Synnema with tall. the hyphae with thick stubby tips. simple. saprophytic. black. I-celled. (C) conidiophores and conidia. Synnemata dark. 1-celled. Synnemata dark brown. (C) redrawn from Subramanian (405). saprophytic. hyphae becoming free to form conidiophores. branched 1 to 3 times. conidiophores subhyaline to brown. 430). not produced in gelatinous material. (B) conidiophores and conidia. Illustration: D. long. redrawn from Subramanian (403). conidia dark. with apical hyaline fertile cells. (B) portions of synnema showing conidiophores and spines. from herbarium material on bark. (A) synnema. dry.fr . DIDYMOBOTRYUM Sacc. conidia hyaline. fascicuhtum. (D) sporogenous cells bearing conidia. ovoid. Illustration: T. saprophytic on bark and wood. conidia hyaline.forumpro. cylindrical to clavate. more or less falcate. cretacea. Illustration: T. References (301. saprophytic or parasitic on insects. Some species are imperfect states of Cordyceps. conidiophores divergent. THAROOPAMA Subram. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILIUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 157 ISARIA HARPOGRAPHIUM DIDYMOBOTRYUM TRICHURUS http://arab2000.forumpro. (A) synnemata on infected cricket. conidia solitary. ACAROCYBE Sydow emend. single or clustered into synnemata. http://arab2000. ellipsoid. (A) synnemata of fungus on spider. borne singly. both from Mains (278). (A) drawn from photograph. pale brown. catenulate. with numerous conspicuous conidial scars. Reference (301). and conidia. Reference (301). (B) redrawn from drawing. verrucosa. (A) synnemata on dead moth. composed of compact hyphae.to 3-celled. redrawn from Ellis (115. Ellis. conidiogenous area simple. conidiophores simple. thick fertile cells on short branches. closely compacted hyphae. branched to form tall. lateral branches. brown. phialides in a layer covering the synnema. parasitic on insects and spiders. conidiophores diverging outward. each with a head. (C) conidia. synnemata tail. acuieata. slender. INSECTICOLA Mains. (B) conidiophore branch. Colonies covering surface of leaflets. upper fertile portion compact composed of branching hyphae terminating in phialides that form a compact layer.forumpro. Synnemata nearly cylindrical. conidiophores erect.fr . Reference (301). stipitate. produced on short. Reference (301). Reference (301). dictyosporous. variable but often obclavate. pale to dark brown. Illustration: /. redrawn from Ellis (123). parasitic on insects or spiders. black. Mycelium superficial. both from Mains (278). catenulate. (A) synnema. 120). Synnemata light colored. straight or curved. capensis. Illustration: A. dry. (A) drawn from photograph. l-cclled. smooth. pale to brown or black. branches closely appressed. Illustration: A. both from Mains (278). phialides. Illustration: //. (B) phialides and conidia. Synnemata light colored. often overgrowing and apparently parasitic on Meliolineae or other tropical leaf ascomycetes. japonicus. 1-celled. cylindrical or somewhat attenuated above. (B) conidiophores and conidia. aterrimum. 2. on living leaves. clavate. obtuse or narrowed on short sterigmata. head composed of short. obovoid or cylindrical. conidia hyaline. bearing near the apex small truncate denticles that bear single conidia. SPIROPES Cifcrri. acute at the apex. subcylindric to clavate. HYMENOSTILBE Petch. smooth. phialides produced as terminal cells of lateral branches in a compact layer. 1-celled.FREEDOM PALESTINE 158 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA SCLEROGRAPHIUM Berk. conidia several-celled. (A) drawn from photograph. Illustration: 5". (B) conidiogenous cells. septate. Illustration: (A) separate conidiophores of 5". (B) phialides and conidia. smooth. hairy or velvety. hansfordii. pale to dark brown. (B) redrawn from drawing. (B) redrawn from drawing. synnema forms as hyphae branch and grows downward. parasitic on insects. obclavate. brown. (B) synnema of S.to several-celled. composed of longitudinal. brown. sympodular. redrawn from Hughes (197). AKANTHOMYCES Leb. (A) portions of synnemata showing unusual form of development. conidia 2. slender synnemalike structures. clavate.B. conidia hyaline. M. conidia hyaline. Colonies effused. forumpro.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENFRA 159 SCLEROGRAPHIUM ACAROCYBE m OO AKANTHOMYCES SPIROPES HYMENOSTILBE INSECTICOLA http://arab2000. (B) synnema producing conidia. conidia hyaline. Synnemata simple or branched. phialides arising laterally on synnema or from mycelium on host. simple or with numerous branches arising nearly at right angles (some species lack synnemata). B) portions of synnemata. abruptly or gradually narrowing to long slender sterigmata. inflated below. (A) synnemata on mummified spider. conidiophores brownish. oblong to cylindrical. tapering to a pointed tip. Illustration: H. (D) phialide and conidium.jonesii. parasitic on spiders. several spores held together in clusters. phialides mostly at ends of branches.forumpro. Synnemata light to brown. (A. 1-celled. produced successively. redrawn from Speare (381). Reference (279). Synnemata. (A) synnema producing sclerotia. (E) phialides. 279. 301). cylindrical. (C) sclerotium germinating and producing synnemata. References (277. terminal cell or cells hyaline. http://arab2000. (C) single conidiophore and conidial head. suffulta.fr . becoming brown with thick-walled cells. (C) phialides and conidia. (D) portion of conidial head. saussurei. conidia fusoid to ellipsoid. covered with slime.FREEDOM PALESTINE 160 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA GIBELLULA Cav. composed of loose. (F) sclerotium. conidial states of Torrubiella. sclerotia spherical. 301). Illustration: G. (E) cluster of conidia in mucus. parasitic on insects. Illustration: S. (B) portion of synnema showing conidiophores and comdial heads. 286. hyaline. parasitic on insects. redrawn from Speare (382). bearing prophialides and phialides that compose a globose or broadly wedge-shaped head. redrawn from Speare (382). (F) conidia. slender. HIRSUTELLA Pat. longitudinal hyphae. covered with slime. References (135. single or in short chains. brown when mature. SYNNEMATIUM Speare. conidia hyaline to pale brown. apex enlarged. forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND I L L U S T R A T I O N S OF GENERA SYNNEMATIUM http://arab2000.fr . 1-celled. parasitic. nearly globose. original. obscurans. ovoid to elongate. Pycnidia brown. especially near the ostiole. minima. hyaline. (C) conidia. Like Phoma and Phyllosticta but conidiophores are branched. Pycnidia dark. (A) habit of pycnidia. immersed. parasitic or saprophytic. original. conidia small. from section of host. (C) conidia. PYRENOCHAETA de Not. (A) leaf spot and pycnidia on leaf of maple. Both generic names. Pycnidia dark. Reference (386). (C) conidiophores. Illustration: S. Illustration: P. (A. (A) side view of pycnidium. original. Phoma and Phyllosticta. elongate to globose. typically lunate or less often boomerang-shaped. all redrawn from Vanterpool (457). opening irregularly at the apex. principally on leaves. (B) section through pycnidia. conidia small. ostiolate. Compare with Phoma. destruens. lenticular to globose.. 1-celled. conidia hyaline. (A) group of pycnidia. 1-celled. occur commonly in the literature but morphologically they are alike. http://arab2000. drawn from photographs. SELENOPHOMA Marie. from herbarium material on Fraxinus wood. (D) conidia. (A. producing spots.FREEDOM PALESTINE 162 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA PHYLLOSTICTA Pers. B) pycnidia on flax stem. (C) pycnidia produced in culture. erumpent. Illustration: (A-C) P. Pycnidia dark. conidiophores short. DENDROPHOMA Sacc. original. linicola. (B) section through pycnidium. ovoid to elongate. Like Phyllosticta. irregular in shape. (C) conidiophores and conidia. Pycnidia dark. (B) top view of pycnidium. parasitic. APOSPHAERIA Sacc. (A) surface view of erumpent pycnidia on sweet potato stem. Illustration: Pyrenochaeta sp. 1-celled. (B) section of leaf and pycnidium. PLENODOMUS Preuss. on various plant parts. from culture. with a short papillate ostiole. (B) pycnidium. original. ostiolate. 1-celled. pezizoides original. conidia hyaline. parasitic. from culture. bent or curved. 1-celled. erumpent or with a short beak piercing the epidermis. (D) P. causing spots on grasses and some other hosts. parasitic. rounded. Illustration: P. (D) pycnidium and conidia. (C) conidiophores. oblong. immersed. erumpent with a few simple bristles. (D) conidia. conidiophores short.forumpro.fr . (D) conidia. (D) conidia. hetae. Illustration: D. conidiophores simple or rarely branched. ostiolate. from dried material. saprophytic on wood. /PHOMA Desm. immersed in host tissue. conidia hyaline. globose. lingam. Illustration: P. hyaline. from culture. B) pycnidia and exuded masses of conidia. (C) conidiophores. Reference (417). Reference (52). FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 163 SELENOPHOMA i I http://arab2000.fr .forumpro. with conspicuous ostiole. seated on an olive-colored subiculum. with ostiole at apex. original. confluens. from culture. apical or intercalary. ovoid to fusoid (alpha) conidia. and Har. (C) alpha conidia. (A) habit. original.. 1-celled. conidia 1-cellcd. original. (B) pycnidia. I-celled. B. (D) pyenidium. from herbarium material on dead stems of Spartina. rounded. (D) mature conidia. smooth. (A) leaf spots and habit of fungus. l-cellcd. Imperfect state of Diaporthe. Illustration: A. (E) conidiophores. Illustration: Macrophoma sp.MACROPHOMA Berl. (C) conidiophores and immature conidia. hyaline or later becoming subhyaline to dark. very small. (A. simple. chlamydospores many-ceiled. conidiophores simple. ostiolate. Illustration: Peyronellaea sp. enlarged. curved or bent (beta conidia).fr . conidiophores simple. erumpent. saprophytic on plant material. Pycnidia dark. (B) lop view of pycnidia and radiating hyphae. single to crowded. 1-celled. parasitic. 443). original. (A) leaf spot and pycnidia. of two types. parasitic. Illustration: R. Pycnidia superficial.. hyaline. (Diaporthe) vexans. conidia hyaline. (C) section of pyenidium. over 15 microns long. superficial to partly immersed. (B) section through pyenidium. dark. References (340. somewhat globose. (A) fruit spot showing pycnidia. showing clusters of pycnidia on stem. conidia hyaline. immersed. (A) habit of pycnidia in culture. without ostiole. 342). Illustration: C. ovoid to cylindrical. globose. ovoid. parasitic on leaves. original. andrewsii. pini. (B) pycnidia. (D) conidia. nearly globose. ovoid to broadly ellipsoid. globose. CHAETOPHOMA Cooke. and filiform. and Thum. conidia 1-celled. http://arab2000. (D) chlamydospores. from herbarium material on leaves of Gentiana puberula.FREEDOM PALESTINE 164 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GtNtRA PEYRONELLAEA Goidanich. ostiolate. Illustration: P. from herbarium material on leaves of Abies balsamea. (C) conidia. (E) conidiophores and conidia. located in a mass of radiating dark hyphac (subiculum). Pycnidia dark. from dried oak leaves. short or elongate. conidia hyaline. of cellular texture. ASTEROMELLA Pass. small. and Vogl. dark. may be a stage in the development of Botryodiplodia or DothiorellaAncludcd here because the name commonly occurs in the literature. C) habit of pycnidia on leaf. conidia hyaline. ovoid. (D) beta conidia. ovoid to ellipsoid. tapering below to a stalk.forumpro. References (150. ostiolate. from egg plant fruit. saprophytic or parasitic. (B) group of pycnidia. (C) conidia. RHIZOSPHAERA Mang. . globose to irregular. erumpent. in dense or loose clusters. with irregular septations. small. Pycnidia dark. original. conidiophores short. causing spots on various plant parts. Pycnidia dark. ^PHOMOPSIS Sacc. Pycnidia brown to black. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 165 A ^ C PEYRONELLAEA 00 Oo E RHIZOSPHAERA ASTEROMEUA MACRO PHOMA CHAETOPHOMA http://arab2000.forumpro. FREEDOM PALESTINE 166 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA NEOTTIOSPORA Desm.. separate. evanescent.fr . SCEEROTIOPSIS Sperg. (A) habit of pycnidia and stromata. stroma subcortical. with ostiole. filiform. conidiophores erect. ovoid to broadly ellipsoid. Pycnidia dark. original. saprophytic. caricina. conidia 1-celled. redrawn from Cunnell (67). original. innate. (C) conidia with appendages. Illustration: A. angular at both ends. (B) pycnidia in stroma. ellipsoid. Reference (413). conidia hyaline or subhyaline to dark. (A) habit of pycnidia in leaf. (D) conidia. original.forumpro. ovoid to oblong. globose. (C) conidia. from herbarium material on Andropogon trachycaulum. — DOTHIORELLA Sacc. hyaline. fleshy or membranous. 1-celled. hyaline. (C) conidiophores. conidiophores simple.) Pycnidia dark. (C) conidia with appendages. parasitic or saprophytic on wood. conidia 1-celled. membranous. AMPELOMYCES Ces. 1-celled. cylindrical. conidiophores short. Pycnidia large. original. ostiolate. hyaline. clavate or fusoid. (A) section of pycnidium. References (270. C) pycnidia enlarged. Pycnidia dark. (A) habit of pycnidia in bark. original. Illustration: C. alepecuri. conidia 1-cclled. (B) conidiophores showing developing conidia. concava. from herbarium material on Erysiphe on leaf of Grindelia. which later becomes everted and funnellike. without ostiole. smooth. (D) conidia. (B) section through stroma and pycnidia. parasitic on Erysiphaceae. Illustration: N. simple. usually stromatic. hyaline walls. rounded. developing inside conidiophores of powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphaceae). quisqualis. from herbarium material on Galas aphylla leaf. ludibunda. (C) conidiophores. (Cicinnoholus Ehrenb. grouped in a well-developed stroma. from dried material on oak twigs. conidia hyaline. Illustration: D. simple. sunken. (B) section of pycnidium. some bearing pycnidia of the parasite. each with a single appendage. hyaline. (A) habit of pycnidia on leaf. arranged more or less in a circle in the stroma. filiform. DILOPHOSPORA Desm. hollow cone with thin. (D) conidia. saprophytic on bark. short. conidia 1-celled. ostiolate. Pycnidia separate. CYTOSPORINA Sacc. http://arab2000. Illustration: S. in the form of an inverted. without a pore. globose. formed by the rupture of the outer wall. with short. within plant tissue. cushion-shaped or tubercular. Illustration: Dothiorella sp. (B) section through stroma. pycnidia distinct. 356). hyaline. curved or bent. appendage mucoid. dark. breaking out. (B. globose. from herbarium material on bark of Prunus serrulata. branched slender appendages at both ends. Stroma black. (A) hyphae and conidiophores of Erysiphe. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA I 67 NEOTTIOSPORA CYTOSPORINA (f ^ J B SCLEROTIOPSIS C AMPELOMYCES DILOPHOSPORA DOTHIORELLA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . (D) conidiophores. wall of pycnidium and neck composed of parallel hyphae fused laterally. with a filiform pedicel and a slender. (A. acerinum. light-colored (shiny white) membranous. (C) conidiophore. Pycnidia single. on other fungi. ovoid to elongate. conidia 1-celled. and sterile hyphae. conidia 1-celled. conidia hyaline. lining neck as well as base of pycnidium. light-colored. B) pycnidia. conidiophores long. Illustration: E. (C) conidiophores and conidia. bearing conidia apically and laterally. cylindrical or ovoid. with ostiole. original. cylindrical-ellipsoid. redrawn from Seeler (367). hyaline. superficial. black. redrawn from Seller (367).NFRA ELEUTHEKOMYCELLA Hohn. (A) habit of pycnidia in culture. from herbarium material on dead braches of Acer. ellipsoid. conidiophores simple or branched. (E) conidia. (A) pycnidium embedded in host fungus. (E) conidia borne directly on mycelium. fimbriate at the apex. EEEUTHEROMYCES Fuckel em. conidiophores simple. eonidium 1-celled. 1-celled. (B) pycnidium showing parallel hyphae. (C) cells of pyenidial wall. septate. chiefly saprophytic. soft-leathery. mycophila. base spherical. (C) conidiophores.FREEDOM PALESTINE 168 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GF.. conidia. attenuated at apex and at base. Pycnidia single. Illustration: E. Pycnidia dark. (B) cells of pyenidial wall. HYALOPYCNIS Hohn. Illustration: Hyalopycnis sp. original. conidiophores hyaline.fr . Pycnidia superficial. septate. on other fungi. http://arab2000. superficial or crumpent. subcylindrical neck. hyaline. on basidiomycetes. simple or branched. walls and neck composed of small irregular cells. Seeler. SPHAERONAEMA Fr. hyaline. (A) habit of pycnidia. Illustration: S. (B) section showing single pycnidium enlarged. subulatus. from culture. (D) conidia from pycnidium. with a long beak. apical appendage. Reference (326). (D) conidia. soft leathery or gelatinous and translucent when wet.forumpro. with a globose base and a long. smooth. fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 169 B f \ C ELEUTHEROMYCELLA SPHAERONAEMA ELEUTHEROMYCES HYALOPYCNIS http://arab2000.forumpro. Pycnidia forming irregular cavities within erumpent. stroma. wider at base. conidia hyaline. similar to Cytospora except for shape of conidia. (E) conidia. subepidermal. 1-celled. (AJ habit of pycnidia. on stroma. subcortical stroma. divided into several cavities. original. Pycnidia within a superficial or erumpent. erumpent. conidia 1-celled. conidiophores filiform. from herbarium material on dead branch of flex opaca. Illustration: C. parasitic or saprophytic on wood. Mostly imperfect states of Vaha. parasitic or saprophytic on wood. cavities irregular.forumpro. (CJ conidiophores and conidia. conidiophores long. (C) conidiophores and conidia. Illustration: E Uicinum. (B. original. (A) habit of pycnidia in bark. (B) section through stroma. (B) section through stroma. septate. Illustration: R. elongate-curved (allantoid). (A) habit of stromata. or saprophytic on wood. I-celled. upper part truncate. borne at the apex and on sides at the septa of the conidiophore. Pycnidia borne in black.FREEDOM PALESTINE 170 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OT GENERA PEEUROSTROMELIA Petr. ovoid to oblong. FUSICOCCUM Corda. globose. Pycnidia in spherical or flattened. (Vaha) leucosioma. deiitiscens. often circularly split at the top. Illustration: P. (B) section through stroma. tuberculate. tiliae. conidia hyaline. stroma nearly globose. incompletely separate. saprophytic on branches. conidiophores simple. Pycnidia tufted thickly or hairy. (D) conidiophores.fr . one to several per stroma. conidiophores slender. from herbarium material on dead branch of Tilia. simple or branched. vtCYTOSPORA Ehrenb. conidia hyaline. from herbarium material on twigs of Prunus domestica. from herbarium material on dead twigs of Castanet* deniata. (C) conidiophores. (A) habit of pycnidia. Illustration: C. tuberculate stroma. hyaline. (D) conidia. (C) conidiophores. C) sections of stroma and pycnidia. CYTOSPORELEA Sacc. simple. original. original. opening separately or with a common pore. (BJ section through stroma and pyenidium. (D) conidia. carnea. original. simple or branched. from herbarium material on bark of Primus. ovoid to oblong. ^ http://arab2000. septate. dark stroma. (D) conidia. 1-celled. with or without ostioles. erumpent. RABENHORSTIA Fr. short. conidia hyaline. parasitic. conidiophores slender. (A) habit of stromata. fusoid. 1-celled. GFNLRA 17 '^fs FUSICOCCUM PLEUROSTROMELLA CYTOSPORA CYTOSPORELLA http://arab2000.forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Of.fr . superficial. erumpent from bark. dark. conidia 1-celled. cup-shaped. (B) side view of pycnidium. (D) conidia. elongate or allantoid. (D) conidia. (D) conidiophore.FREEDOM PALESTINE 172 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA SPORONEMA Desm. from herbarium material on Carex leaves. rather firm and solid. conidiophores simple.. conidiophores slender. Illustration: D. bamhusarum. black. hyaline to subhyaline. opening wide at apex. CATINULA Lev. pointed. redrawn from Jones (241). conidia 1-celled. dark. Pycnidia subepidermal. conidia 1-celled. membranous-leathery. (E) conidia. Pycnidia mostly globose-ovoid. (D) seta. DOTHICHIZA Lib. Pycnidia subglobose. Illustration: A. (B) section of pycnidium. original. slender. at first closed. hyaline. Illustration: Dinemasporium sp. conidiophores crowded. on leaves. hyaline. subcupulate. later dehiscing radiately. conidia hyaline. conidia 1-celled. conidiophores rod-shaped. (A) habit of pycnidia on wood. Illustration: S. conidiophores simple or branched.forumpro. DINEMASPORIUM Lev. (B) pycnidium. http://arab2000. (A) habit of pycnidia. with long dark setae. original. (C) seta. with one or more locules. (A) habit of stromata in leaf. original. smooth. Illustration: C. enlarged. at maturity dehiscing by an irregular longitudinal rupture. I-celled. carbonaceous. (C) conidiophores. cylindrical or clavate. original. from fresh material on dead grass stem. nearly smooth. dark. Pycnidia superficial. black setae. globose to oblong. gaping at the top with a large mouthy often brightly colored when fresh. gaping. with a filiform subapical appendage at each endIllustration: S. AMEROSPORIUM Speg. saprophytic. (B) pycnidium. populae. saprophytic. phacidioides. (C) top view of pycnidium. conidia 1-celled. typically branched. slightly membranous. cylindrical to ellipsoid. from herbarium material on Populus sp. References (412). without bristles. conidiophores simple. superficial. thujae.fr . somewhat disc-shaped. surrounded by long. or somewhat fleshy when wet. caricum. subhyaline. with a slender appendage at each end. redrawn from Shanor (368). branched. hyaline. mostly simple. (A) habit of pycnidium on leaf. and Ramakr. (B) section through stroma and pycnidia. SHANORIA Subram. (A) habit of pycnidia on leaves. ovoid to cylindrical. ovoid to oblong. lined with conidiophores. Pycnidia black. Stromata black. (E) conidia. irregularly dehiscent. Reference (262). (C) conidiophores and conidia. from herbarium material on Thuja plicata. (C) conidiophores. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENtRA 173 SPORONEMA CATINULA «"Kf.forumpro.'.fr .pva:r-:ti B AMEROSPORIUM I Vl:4U\t SHANORIA -^dtr' °0 00 DOTHICHIZA DINEMASPORIUM http://arab2000. FREEDOM PALESTINE 174 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA ANTHASTHOOPA Subram. and Ramakr. Pycnidia immersed, with membranous wall, without stroma; conidiophores produced from surface of a cushion-shaped mound of tissue at base of pycnidial cavity; conidia f-celled, hyaline, concave-convex in outline, each with an apical, hyaline, mucoid appendage turned backwards and closely appressed to the concave side of the conidium; saprophytic. Illustration: A. simba; redrawn from Subramanian and Ramakrishnan (410). (A) section through pycnidium; (B) conidia with appendages. HAINESIA Ellis and Sacc. Pycnidia fleshy to gelatinous, bright-colored, globose at first, opening and becoming discoid, erumpent; conidiophores long, slender, branched; conidia hyaline; l-celled, oblong to fusoid or somewhat allantoid; saprophytic. Illustration: H. rubi; original, from herbarium material on leaves of cultivated Rubus. (A) habit of pycnidia; (B) section through open pycnidium; (C) conidiophores and conidia. ASCHERSONIA Mont. Pycnidia in brightly colored, hemispherical or cushion-shaped stromata, somewhat sunken, opening by wide pores or ruptures that join to form irregular cracks; conidiophores slender, branched; conidia hyaline, usually 1-cclled, but sometimes reported as being septate, fusoid; saprophytic or some species parasitic on insects. Illustration: A. aleyrodis; original, from herbarium material on Aleyrodes citri on leaves of citrus. (A) habit of stromata covering insects; (B) section through stroma and pycnidia; (C) conidiophores; (D) conidia. ACTINOPELTE Sacc. Pycnidia superficial, borne on a stalk or columella, dimidiate, shield-shaped, black, coalescing or scattered, ostiole variable; conidiophores simple; conidia hyaline, less often brownish, I-celled, ovoid, oblong or fusoid; parasitic on leaves. Illustration: A. (I\eptothyrium) dryina; original, from fresh material on leaves of Quercus coccinea. (A) habit of pycnidia in leaf spot; (B) pycnidium, top view; (C) pycnidium, lower surface showing conidiophores and conidia; (D) conidiophores and conidia. Reference (435). MELASMIA Lev. Pycnidia in a broad, black, flattened stroma that is superficial or nearly so, dimidiate; conidiophores simple or branched; conidia hyaline or subhyaline, i-celled, allantoid or fusoid; parasitic on leaves; imperfect state of Rhytisma. Illustration: M. hypophylla; original, from herbarium material on leaves of Gleditsia triacanthos. (A) habit of pycnidia; (B) section through pycnidium; (C) conidiophores; (D) conidia. LEPTOTHYRIUM Kunze. Pycnidia superficial or erumpent, dimidiate, shield-shaped, dark, with or without ostiole; conidiophores simple; conidia hyaline, l-celled, ovoid, oblong or curved; parasitic on leaves, fruit, etc. Illustration: L. lonicerae; original, from herbarium material on leaves of Lonicera invoiucrata. (A, B) habit of pycnidia; (C) pycnidium breaking open; (D) conidia. http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 175 C MELASMIA LEPTOTHYRIUM D http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE 176 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA LEPTOSTROMA Fr. Pycnidia black, separate, dimidiate, subsuperficial, flattened to elongate, more or less cleft lengthwise; conidiophores short, simple, 1-celled; conidia hyaline, 1-celled, ovoid, elongate or allantoid; parasitic or saprophytic; probably imperfect state of Hysteriaceae. Illustration: L. actaea; original, from herbarium material on Cimicifuga racemosa. (A) habit of pycnidia; (B, C) pycnidia enlarged; (D) section of pycnidium; (E) conidiophores and conidia. CONIOTHYRIUM Sacc. Pycnidia black, globose, separate, erumpent, ostiolate; conidiophores short, simple; conidia small, dark, 1-celled, ovoid or ellipsoid; parasitic or saprophytic. Illustration: Coniothyrium sp.; original, from fresh material on rose stems and culture obtained from rose. (A) habit, necrotic spot, and pycnidia; (B) pycnidia in culture; (C) conidiophores and conidia. HARKNESSIA Cooke. Pycnidia globose, conical, thin, white, porous-lacerate at the apex, bursting out through the leaf tissue; conidiophores filiform; conidia dark, 1-celled, ellipsoid to ovoid, drawn out into a hyaline pedicel (conidiophore); saprophytic on leaves. Illustration: H. eucalypti; original, from herbarium material on Eucalyptus leaves. (A) habit of pycnidia; (B) top and side views of pycnidia enlarged; (C) section through pycnidium; (D) conidiophores and conidia. Reference (422). CHAETOMELIA Fuckel. Pycnidia black, superficial, separate, without ostiole, covered sparsely with dark bristles; conidiophores simple or branched; conidia dark to subhyaline, 1-celled, fusoid to somewhat curved; saprophytic. Illustration: C aira; original, from herbarium material on dead stalks of Sorghum vulgare. (A) habit of pycnidia; (B) pycnidium enlarged; (C) bristle; (D) conidiophore and conidia; (E) pycnidium of Chaetomella sp. from culture. Reference (358). SPHAEROPSIS Sacc. Pycnidia black, separate or grouped, globose, erumpent, ostiolate; conidiophores short; conidia large, dark, 1-celled, ovoid, elongate or somewhat irregular; parasitic. Illustration: S. malorum (Physalospora obtusa); original, from herbarium material on apple leaf, fruit, and from culture. (A) pycnidia in leaf spot; (B) section of pycnidium in fruit; (C) conidia from culture. http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 177 LEPTOSTROMA CONIOTHYRIUM S||jl s s i HARKNESSIA ^^faEgf e CHAETOMELLA SPHAEROPSIS http://arab2000.forumpro.fr ellipsoid or fusoid to oblong. and sterile hyphae. somewhat globose. conidiophores short. (C) conidiophores. DIPLODINA Westend. from herbarium material on Yucca angustifolia. (A) habit of pycnidia. Pycnidia black. Illustration: R. dark. 2-celled. longipes. 2-celled.. parasitic or saprophytic. (C) conidiophores. separate. conidia hyaline. Illustration: K. http://arab2000. (B) section through stroma. l-celled.FREEDOM PALESTINE 178 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA HAPLOSPOREIXA Spcg. (A. Pycnidia separate. in spots. Much like Phyllosticta but with 2-cclled conidia. conidia. wartlike stroma that bursts out of the bark. parasitic or saprophytic. ROBILLARDA Sacc. from herbarium material on stems of Ribes hracteosum (A) habit of pyenidium in bark. Pycnidia black. from herbarium material on dead twigs of Cornus. (C) section through uredium of rust showing pycnidia. Pycnidia black. B) habit of pycnidia in uredia. beaked. raduloides. mostly 2-celled. original. DARLUCA Cast. ostiolate. original. papillate. simple. superficial. (A) habit of pycnidia and stromata. conidia hyaline. ostiolate. (D) conidia. C) top and side views of pycnidia. (D) conidiophores. ovoid or oblong. phragmites. cylindrical. Reference (343). ovoid or ellipsoid. Pycnidia clustered in a black. not on leaves. ostiolate. conidia hyaline. conidiophores simple. located in rust sori. original. separate. original. (C) section of pyenidium. References (305. parasitic on grasses. immersed in host tissue. slender. yuccaegena. hyaline. parasitic or saprophytic. from dried material of Puccinia on grass leaf. immersed or erumpent. chiefly on uredia. (C) conidia with appendages. causing leaf spots.filum.forumpro. similar to Ascochyta but not produced in spots. with 3 to 4 hyaline setae at one end. 2-celled. from fresh and dried material on barly leaf. RHYNCHOPHOMA Karst. original. redrawn from Cunnel (69). separate. conidia large. (B) section through pyenidium. 385. parasitic. from herbarium material on dead limbs of Morus alba. principally causing leaf spots. (D) conidia. macrospora. globose or flattened. Illustration: D. conidia hyaline. ostiolate. (B) section of Yucca leaf showing location of pycnidia. spherical. original. with small ostiole. but the latter is described as having no stroma. ASCOCHYTA Lib. Illustration: Ascochyta sp. Pycnidia brown to pale. (B) section of pyenidium. tipped with mucous or bristlelike appendages at both ends. (B. (D) conidia. (A) habit of pycnidia. Illustration: D. globose to flattened. ovoid-oblong. conidia 2-celled. KELXERMANNIA Ellis and Everh. ovoid to oblong. bursting out of substrate (usually bark) or superficial. erumpent to subsuperficial. Illustration: R. globose. conidiophores simple. The genus may be synonymous with Sphaeropsis. globose.fr . Pycnidia dark. parasitic on rust fungi. (D) conidia. Illustration: H. 2-celled. conidiophores simple or branched. 386). cylindrical with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip. (A. conidia hyaline. (A) habit of pycnidia in leaf spot. opening by a large pore. (E) conidia. immersed in host tissue. B) pycnidia. (C) conidiophores. (D) conidia. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENCRA 1 79 •F=- e % ^ 6 D C RHYNCHOPHOMA c*=> d? ^ D * % HAPLOSPORELU isaa *r-n KEUERMANNIA ROBILLARDA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr . conidia dark and 2-celled at maturity. original. HENDERSONULA Spcg.forumpro. becoming erumpent and swollen. from herbarium material on leaves of Trifolium repens. locules separate. ostiolate. locules occurring at different levels in stroma. Reference (418). (D) conidia. from herbarium material on needles of Pinus nigra. flexuous. (C) pyenidium from culture. 1 to several per stroma. (A. conidiophores short. original. http://arab2000. simple. composed internally of dense. from herbarium material on dead corn stalk and from culture. Pycnidia black. parasitic or saprophytic on twigs.to 4-celled. parasitic or saprophytic on wood or bark. zeae. with a stalk extending into the substratum. ellipsoid or ovoid. several-celled. conidia several-eel led. causing leaf spots. Stroma dark. conidiophorcs slender. hyaline. (A. Pycnidia dark. separate. 2-celled. (C) section through pyenidium. conidiophores long. of pycnidia. innate. conidiophores short. conidiophores simple. long-cylindrical to filiform. globose. This genus is much like Macrophoma or Dothiorella. ARISTATOMA Tehon. cylindrical to elliptical. stromate. carpathica. Illustration: S. vertical hyphae. (E) conidia. (A. (B) section through stroma and pyenidium.. from material from pine bark. parasitic or saprophytic.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE CL2 180 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA -DIPLODIA Fr. (DJ conidiophores. B) habit of pycnidia. (A) habit of pycnidia on pine needle. Reference (68). ostiolate. B) habit of pycnidia. on pine needles. B) habit DOTHISTROMA Hulbray. simple. parasitic. later becoming 3. globose. (D) conidiophorcs. parasitic or saprophytic on leaves and stems. immersed. original. STAGONOSPORA Sacc. ostiolate. separate. B) habit of pycnidia and stromata. typically 3. Pycnidia black. slender. original. (C) section through pyenidium. hyaline to yellowish. conidia dark. globose. acerina. erumpent. erumpent. Illustration: Hendersonula sp. (A) stroma bearing pycnidia breaking through bark. elongate. oeconimicum. (D) mature conidia. from herbarium material on twigs of Acer. if only immature conidia are present. from herbarium material on leaves of Vigna sinensis. original. original. erumpent. (C) conidia. ostiolate. conidiophorcs simple. conidia often extruded in cirri. at first 1-celled. Pycnidia black. conidia hyaline. Illustration: D. cylindrical. superficial or erumpent. (C) immature conidia. short. BOTRYODIPLODIA Sacc. Illustration: B. Illustration: D. pini. (A. one to several in the upper part of the stroma. Illustration: A. confluent. Pycnidia brown. stromatic. bearing dark brown setae near the ostiole. (C) section through pyenidium.to 4-celled and dark. (EJ conidia. (D) conidia. conidia hyaline. Reference (216). single. ovoid to elongate. (B) section through stroma showing pycnidia. ^33 t^i=-r A B BOTRYODIPLODIA WSK&* V HENDERSONULA STAGONOSPORA ARISTATOMA DOTHISTROMA http://arab2000.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 181 J £2522.fr .forumpro. original. hyaline. tissue cartilaginous. separate. hysteriform. globose. ostiolate. composed of 4 divergent branches. (A) habit of stromata. usually 4-cclled. with single appendage at each end. Illustration: T. Pycnidia black. arising from apical cell. both ends pointed. septate. (B) section through pyenidium. several-celled. erumpent stroma. (A) habit of pycnidia. allantoid to fusoid. (B) section through stroma showing pycnidial cavities. simple.forumpro. conidia hyaline. conidiophores simple or branched. (A) section through pyenidium. bowlike. Pycnidia immersed. arising from inner cells of pyenidium. usually 3 or 4. Pycnidial cavities in yellowish to dark. erumpent. Reference (163). Illustration: G. Illustration:S. splitting open irregularly. spraophytic on branches. (C) conidium. I. GELATINOSPORIUM Peck. from herbarium material on Smilex leaves. maculicila.FREEDOM PALESTINE 182 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA DISCOSIA Lib. (C) conidia. Illustration: M. conidia single. elongatefiliform. from dried material on leaves of Apium. narrowly elongate to filiform. circular. conidiophores short. separate. Pycnidia dark. (B) single pyenidium. conidiophores simple or branched. conidiophores short. original. nolinae. (A. top view. Pycnidia stromatic. conidia hyaline. from herbarium material on BetuJa lenta. appendages delicate. typically causing leaf spots. globose. drawn from photographs from Pollack (336).fr . parasitic or saprophytic. each branch 3. (D) conidiophores and conidia. ostiolate. between the epidermis and cuticle. (B) section through pyenidium. conidiophores erect. conidia hyaline. saprophytic. innate or erumpent. conidia hyaline. (B) conidiophore and developing conidium. arising from a dark hypostroma. MICROPERA Lev. (A) top view of pyenidium. original. from fresh material on branches of Tsuga canadensis. the main upright branch often somewhat longer. all arising from a globose basal cell.to 5-celled. (C) section of stroma. Pycnidia dark. opening irregularly. frequently sickle-shaped. simple. parasitic. (D) conidiophores and conidia. Illustration: B. hetulinum. conidiophores short. saprophytic. separate. redrawn from Husdon and Sutton (181). apii. abietina (Dermea balsamea). several-celled. Illustration: D. conidia hyaline. (C) section of pyenidium. narrowly spindle-shaped. BARTILINIA Tassi. http://arab2000. the side branches equal. (C) conidiophores and conidia. (C) conidiophore and conidia. flattened. branched. gramineum. the lower cell tapering.or more-celled. TETRANACRIUM Hudson and Sutton. original. pointed at the ends. produced in spots. waxy. (A) habit of pycnidia. ^SEPTORIA Sacc. apical pale brown. B) habit of pycnidial stroma. parasitic. with one or more irregular cavities. forumpro.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 183 TETRANACRIUM ! I I ul'L'jIi SEPTORIA GELATINOSPORIUM http://arab2000. original. conidia yellowish to light brown. Pycnidia black. elongate to fusoid. wellmanii. B) habit of pycnidia. from herbarium material on stems of grass. Pycnidia black. without beak. (A. elongate to filiform. several-celled. globose. without clypeus. solidaginis. resembling unopened smut galls. (B) single pyenidium. from herbarium material on leaves of Celtis occidentaHs. (C) conidiophores and conidia. ostiolate. (B) pycnidia enlarged. at first covered and at maturity appearing superficial. (A) habit of pycnidia. Reference (94). in spots. original. Stroma dark. erumpent. (C) conidia. I. crowned with setae. spherical. parasitic principally on grasses. Pycnidia complete. often curved. several-celled parasitic or saprophytic. (D) conidiophores and conidia. spherical. somewhat gelatinous. conidia hyaline. spinelike. separate. original. from herbarium material on twig of Fraxinus. conidia long. (A) pyenidium. several-celled. elongate. elongate to filiform. http://arab2000. separate. (C) mature conidia. from herbarium material on dead leaf stalks of Dry op ten's spinulosa. beak conical. pycnidia erumpent. Illustration:/?. conidiophores simple. conidia hyaline. flattened to depressed. longitudinally cleft. slender. (Balansia) horealis. saprophytic. HENDERSONIA Sacc. (A. Illustration: S.to 2-celled.fr . fraxini. conidiophores branched. original. PHAEOSEPTORIA Speg. subepidermal or erumpent. conidiophores short. innate. 1. hyaline. CHAETOSEPTORIA Tehon. conidia dark. original. conidiophores simple. muhlenbergiae. ostiolate. Illustration: E. RHABDOSPORA Mont. acicuiar. 1-celled. from culture obtained from Muhlenbergia. or lighter when young. subicle or stroma. ostiolate. short. Illustration: C. redrawn from Yerkes (479). open cupulate. from herbarium material on stem of Solidago canadensis. separate. original. Pycnidia dark. filiform-fusoid. filicina. separate. usually erumpent. parasitic on grasses. conidia hyaline. separate. Pycnidia dark. LEPTOSTROMELLA Sacc. (C) conidia. simple. Reference (384). with ostiole. Pycnidia dark.FREEDOM PALESTINE 184 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA EPHELIS Fr. (A) stroma and pycnidia. saprophytic or parasitic. (C) section through pyenidium. (B) conidiophores and immature conidia. Illustration: P. short. Illustration: L. festucae var. (C) conidia. parasitic on leaves. saprophytic. (B) section through pycnidia. (A. immersed. conidia hyaline. narrowly elongate to filiform. B) pycnidia. (D) conidia. erumpent. SPHAEROGRAPHIUM Sacc.forumpro. Illustration: H. several-celled.to several-celled. (A) habit of pycnidia. not produced in spots. celtifoUa. conidial states of Bahnsia. B) habit of pycnidia. base globose. (C) section through pyenidium. fr .forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 185 #CM HENDERSON!* LEPTOSTROMEUA ^ ^ SPHAEROGRAPHIUM l&iSfcfc A B CHAETOSEPTORIA http://arab2000. (D) conidiophores and immature conidia. Illustration: C. (C) from drawing. conidia hyaline to colored. PROSTHEMIUM Kunze. (B) section of pyenidium. cylindrical to ellipsoid. simple. B) drawn from photographs. Pycnidia black. stellately joined into few-spored groups. bursting out of bark. carbonaceous. (B) section through pyenidium. (C) conidiophores and conidia. (C) conidiophores. columnar. septate. erumpent. fusoid to greatly elongated. separate or sometimes confluent. bulbous at the base. from herbarium material on dead twigs of Robinia pseudoacacia. (A. dark. original. (B) section through pyenidium. conidia hyaline or subhyaline. CAMAROSPORIUM Schulz. cylindrical or long. from herbarium material on stem of Rhus radkans.FREEDOM PALESTINE 186 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA PHLYCTAENA Mont. PHLEOSPORA Wallr. original. ovoid or ellipsoid. (A) habit of pycnidia. DICHOMERA Cooke. parasitic or saprophytic. from herbarium material on leaves of Robiniapseudoacacia. pseudotsugae. (C) conidia.forumpro. (A) habit of pycnidia. opening by a pore. robinae. (E) mature conidia. papillate. (H) mature conidia. Illustration: P. conidiophores short. sickle-shaped. and Desm. developing in or under the epidermis or bark. closed or ostiolate. albocincta. Illustration: D. usually with one chamber or divided by irregular folds. globose. (C) section of pyenidium. B) pycnidia. several-celled.fr .several-celled. several-celled. ostiolate. All redrawn from White (470). prunkola. CORNULARIA Sacc. hyaline. Illustration: P. Pycnidia stromatic. (C) conidia. original. ovoid to ellipsoid. (A. hetulinum. conidia dark. conidia . globosedepressed.' http://arab2000. 1-celled. several-celled with oblique septa. (C) conidia. from herbarium material on bark of Betula alba. (C) section of stroma and pycnidia. from herbarium material on twig of Prunus. B) habit of pycnidia. saprophytic on twigs. not in distinct spots. imperfectly formed. with several cross walls and a few longitudinal or oblique walls. cylindrical. later breaking out. innate in tissue. (D) conidia. covered. saprophytic. separate. mostly bent. CHONDROPODIUM Hohnel. stalked. or clavatc. grouped on stroma. Pycnidia dark. Pycnidia dark. globose. Illustration: C. Pycnidia separate. (D) conidiophores and immature conidia. saprophytic. globose. conidiophores simple. original. (B) section through pyenidium. Pycnidia black. original. conidiophores simple. elongate fusoid to filiform. globose. ostiolate. dark. several-celled. (A) habit of pycnidia in bark. conidia hyaline. spindle-shaped. conidia dark. conidiophores simple or forked. (A. conidia hyaline. robinae. Illustration: P. stalked. hard. persicae. externally black. B) habit of pycnidia. Pycnidia dark. resembling a staurospore. crescent-shaped or sickle-shaped. Illustration: C. (A. original. conidiophores filiform. weakly parasitic or saprophytic. usually in tufts or groups. parasitic or saprophytic. internally gelatinous. from herbarium material on twigs of Prunus virginiana. (A) habit of pycnidia. forumpro. CAMAROSPORIUM CORNULARIA http://arab2000.fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 187 $ l -. Acervuli disc-shaped or cushion-shaped. (C) conidia.forumpro. and Ellis. original. GLOEOSPORIUM Desm. sometimes almost appearing as a sporodochium. 1-celled. from herbarium material on grape twigs and fruit. (C) conidiophores and conidia. conidia hyaline. parasitic. and Mont. conidiophores simple. conidia hyaline. imperfect states of Glomerella. (C) conidia. with a hyaline branched appendage at the apex. Illustration: C. (C) conidia. ovoid or oblong. 1-celled. waxy. subsessilis. conidiophores simple. sometimes curved. Acervuli disc-shaped or cushion-shaped.FREEDOM PALESTINE 188 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA -. Illustration: P. ovoid or cfofong. ampelinmn (Elsinoe ampelina). (B) portion of acervulus on twig. produced on lateral sterigmata. subepidermal. nervisequum (Gnomonia veneta). parasitic. ' • > SPHACELOMA de Bary. conidia hyaline. COLLETOTRICHUM Corda. (C) portion of acervulus on fruit. parasitic. (D) conidia. conidiophores simple. (D) acervuli produced in culture. Illustration: (A-C) G. conidia hyaline. (D-F) G. (A) habit on twig. CATENOPHORA Luttrell. ellipsoid. (B) conidiophores and conidia. (A) section of acervulus from prepared slide. arising from a stromalike base. elongate. Acervulus cushion-shaped. conidiophores slender. conidiophores simple. 1-celled. original. typically with dark. closely grouped or compacted. (B) conidiophores. from fresh material on Platanus leaves and from culture. original. original from prepared slide and from culture. elongate. (B) section through acervulus. redrawn from Luttrell (271). 1-celled. (B) conidiophore producing conidia. Illustration: C.fr . This genus differs '-from Gloeosporium in having spines. one per cell of the conidiophore. imperfect states of Elsinoe. mostly conidial states of Glomerella. conidia and setae from culture. simple or branched. similar to Gloeosporium and Colletotrichum. waxy. (E) conidia. disc-shaped or cushion-shaped. PESTALOZZIELLA Sacc. waxy. chiefly on leaves or fruits. 1-celled. (A) habit of fungus. to falcate parasitic. Acervuli subepidermal erumpent. variable in length. lindemutheanum. spines or setae at the edge or arr^ong the conidiophores. septate. which may be absent in some cultures. Acervuli subcuticular. ovoid or oblong. Illustration: S. http://arab2000. (A) habit on leaf. pruni. fruiligenum (Glomerella cingulata). graminicola. (D) conidia of C. conidia hyaline. (A) section through acervulus. (F) conidiophores and conidia in culture. from herbarium material on leaves of Geranium caroliniana. parasitic. ovoid to oblong. FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 189 tf* PESTALOZZIELLA CATENOPHORA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE 190 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA MELANCONIUM Link. Acervuli subepidermal or subcortical, conic or discoid, black; conidiophores simple; conidia dark, I-celled, ovoid to ellipsoid or oblong; parasitic or saprophytic. Illustration: M. oblongum; original, from herbarium material on dead twigs of Jugulans cinerea. (A) habit of acervuli; (B) section through acervulus; (C) conidiophores and conidia. Reference (419). MYCOLEPTODISCUS Ostazeski. Sclerotia small, round, black; acervuluslike fruiting structure; shieldlike, yellow to brown; stroma a single layer of cells bearing conidia; conidiophores obsolete; conidia hyaline, 2-celIed, allantoid, with a filamentous appendage at each end (absent in some isolates), parasitic on legumes. Illustration: M. (Leptodiscus) lerrestris; (A) spore-bearing upper surface of acervulus; (B) section through acervulus; (C) conidia; (A) drawn from unpublished photograph furnished by J.W. Gerdemann; (B, C) drawn from photographs from Gerdemann (145). References (284, 320). MAKSSONINA Magn. Acervuli subepidermal, discoid, pale; conidiophores short, simple; conidia hyaline, 2-celled, ovoid to elongate; parasitic, chiefly on leaves. Illustration: M. populi; original, from herbarium material on leaves of Populus. (A) habit on leaf; (B) section through acervulus; (C) conidiophores and conidia. SEPTOGLOEUM Sacc. Acervuli subepidermal, erumpent, pale; conidiophores short, simple; conidia hyaline, several-celled, oblong to fusoid; parasites on leaves. Illustration: S. profusum; original, from herbarium material on leaves of Ulmus americana. (A, B) habit of acervuli; (C) section through acervulus; (D) conidiophores and conidia. CRYPTOSPORIUM Kunze. Acervuli erumpent, becoming cup-shaped or disc-shaped, stroma brownish; conidiophores simple or branched; conidia hyaline or subhyaline, l-celled, elongate, falcate; parasitic. Illustration: C. pinkoia; (A) section through acervuli; (B) conidiophore and conidia; redrawn from Lindcr (269). LIBERTELLA Desm. Acervulus subcortical, erumpent, yellow to red; conidiophores branched; conidia hyaline, l-celled, filiform; saprophytic. Illustration: L. betulina; original, from herbarium material on bark of Betula lutea. (A) habit of acervuli; (B) section through acervulus; (C) conidiophores; (D) conidia held together in matrix; (E) separate conidia. http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 191 MELANCONIUM -\ \ ^ ft ^ \ \ MARSSONINA MYCOUPTODISCUS SEPTOGLOEUM CRYPTOSPORIUM LIBERTELLA http://arab2000.forumpro.fr FREEDOM PALESTINE 192 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA CYLINDROSPORIUM Unger. Acervuli subepidermal, white or pale, discoid or spread out; conidiophores short, simple; conidia hyaline, filiform, straight or curved, l-celled or becoming septate; parasitic on leaves. Illustration: C. padi (Coccomyces hiemalis); original, from dried material on cherry leaves. (A, B) habit of acervuli; (C) section through acervulum; (D) conidiophores and conidia. MONOCHAET1A Sacc. Acervuli dark, discoid or cushion-shaped, subepidermal; conidiophores slender, simple; conidia dark, several-celled with hyaline, pointed end cells, elongate to fusoid, with a single apical appendage; parasitic. Illustration: M. mali; original, from herbarium material on apple leaf. (A) habit on leaf; (B) section through acervulus; (C) conidiophores and conidia. Reference (391). ^^ PESTALOT1A de Not. Acervuli dark, discoid or cushion-shaped, subepidermal; conidiophores short, simple; conidia dark, several-celled, with hyaline, pointed end cells, ellipsoid to fusoid, with two or more hyaline, apical appendages; parasitic; or saprophytic. References (392, 416). n Illustration: P. macrotricha; original, from fresh material on leaves of Rhododendron. (A, B) habit of acervuli; (C) section through acervuli; (D) conidiophores and conidia; (E) conidia. References (392, 415). POEYNEMA Lev. Mycelium immersed in substratum, hyaline; acervuli typical with little stromatic development; conidiophores arising from cells of stroma, conidia single, apical, cylindrical, obclavate, 2-to 3-celled, brown, with single simple or branched apical appendage and 1 to 3 basal appendages. Illustration: Polynema (Neobarclaya) sp.; redrawn from Sutton (416). (A) section through acervulus; (B) conidia. Reference (420). SEIMATOSPORIUM Corda. Acervuli typical, first immersed, erumpent; conidiophores cylindrical, slender, with a few apical proliferations; conidia borne single and successively on proliferating new growing points, fusiform to curved, 4- to 6-celled, 2 end cells hyaline, median cells dark, apical appendage single, simple or rarely branched, basal appendage usually simple; on leaves and twigs. Compare with Pestahtia. Illustration: Seimatosporium sp. (Cryptostictis arbuti); redrawn from Sutton (418). (A) portion of acervulus; (B) developing conidium; (C) conidia. http://arab2000.forumpro.fr fr .FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 193 MONOCHAETIA POLYNEMA SEIMATOSPORIUM http://arab2000.forumpro. original. oblong or pear-shaped. (B) section through acervulus. parasitic or saprophytic. saprophytic on leaves or twigs. original from herbarium material on leaves of Cydonia. 4-celled. conidia dark. discoid. conidia dark. all except the basal cell equipped with a slender bristle. apical in basipetal chains. from fresh material on bark of Acer. each arm septate. (B) section through acervulus. (A) section through acervulus. (B) conidia.FREEDOM PALESTINE 194 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA ENTOMOSPORIUM Lev. Acei'vuU subcortical. Illustration: S. dictyosporous. conidiophores short. Illustration: A. Fructifications interpreted as acervuli (sometimes pycnidiumlike). dark. simple. stromatic. CORYNEUM Nees. Acervulus subcuticular. (C) conidiophores. conidia yellow or slightly darker. conidiophores simple. Illustration: P. black.fr . saprophytic on wood. conidiophores slender. karstenii. dark. (A) habit of acervuli. (A) habit of acervuli on twig. Reference (425). (A) acervuluslike fruit structure. conidia hyaline. http://arab2000. saprophytic. conidia dark. hoffmanni. redrawn from Sutton and Pirozynski (428). redrawn from Archer (3). (C) conidiophores and conidia. Acervulus subcutaneous or subcortical. from fresh material on oak twigs. STEGANOSPORlUM Corda. kunzei. conidiophores short. (C) conidia. ovoid. cushion-shaped to disc-shaped. (B) section through acervulus. cushion-shaped. conidiophores slender. (C) conidia. the two lateral cells smaller. ASTEROSPORIUM Kunze. pyriforme. oblong to fusoid. original. conidia. several-celled. cross-shaped. Acervuli bursting through bark. (A) habit on leaf. Illustration: E.forumpro. and sterile hyphae. maculatum (Fabrea maculata). Illustration: C. (B) conidiophores and conidia. simple. simple. parasitic on leaves and fruit. Reference (458). upright. (D) conidia. phragmosporous or dictyosporous. typically 4-armed. simple. PHRAGMOTRICHUM Kunze ex Fries. forumpro.FREEDOM PALESTINE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 195 -w ^ s ^ ^ CORYNEUM ENTOMOSPORIUM ASTEROSPORIUM STEGANOSPORIUM PHRAGMOTRICHUM http://arab2000.fr . (C) portions of mycelium showing clamp connections. cells of mycelium usually long. References (323. (A) sclerotia in tube culture. 176. chiefly on roots or other underground parts of plants. from culture. from culture. original. (A-C) sclerotia produced on mycelium with clamp connections. rolfsii. saprophytic. parasitic. original.u. Asexual fruit bodies and conidia lacking..> v. (B) portion of section of sclerotium. 361). Illustration: S. globose or irregular. Illustration: R. (I* . sporodochium-like bodies and chlamydospore-like cells in chains produced in some species. \. parasitic. or parasitic on storage parts of some plants. producing compact clusters of small cells or bulbils which are sclerotium-like and serve to reproduce the fungus. sclerotia brown to black. . mycelium usually light. Asexual spores lacking. mycelium light to dark brown. Mycelium hyaline in some species to dark in others (such as R. (B) section of loose sclerotium. septa of branches usually set off from the main hyphae. (C) cells of mycelium. (A) small sclerotia and mycelium in tube culture.FREEDOM PALESTINE 196 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA & . the most common species. original.forumpro. principally on underground parts of plants. SCLEROTIUM Tode. 'tj?X RHIZOCTONIA DC. solani). sclerotia light colored and poorly formed in some species or brown or black and well formed in other. References (17. 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Phytopathology 39: 340-346. Papers C. Chaeioseploria wellmanii in Mexico. 475.E. P. Watson.A. Watson. Sutton.A.H. 474. 1938. Soc. Yerkes. 1953.W. Life histories of two leaf-inhibiting fungi on sycamore. J. F. New and rare lignicolous hyphomycetes. 489-500. Biotrophic: a method by which some parasites obtain nutrients from living host cells. p. Blastospore: see p. p. Acropetal: chain of conidia having the youngest conidium at the apex. Circinate: recurved. Gyrothrix. 43. 90. 68. p. p. Coenocytic: nonseptate. Anastomosis: fusion between hyphal branches to form a network. p. characteristic of the Melanconiales. Spilocaea. 134. Aleuriospore: see p. p. 42. 82. Sepedonium. p. p. Ba si petal: successive chain of conidia having the youngest conidium at the base. saucer-shaped fruit body. needle-shaped. 196. 88. Entomosporium. 94. Ch lam yd ospore: a thick-walled terminal or intercalary conidium formed from a previous cell. 42. p. Phialophora. 90. Aspergillus.fr . 82. p. 194. 98. p. characteristic of certain basidiomycetes. 72. Arthrospores: seep. 88. 72. Gonatobotrys simplex. Catenulate: conidia formed in chains of two or more. Clavate: club-shaped. Cladosporium. p. Calcarisporium parasiticum.forumpro. bearing conidiophores and conidia. p. 76. p. Anneilate: conidial scars appearing as rings at apex region of conidiophore or conidiogenous cell due to successive formation of terminal conidia. Rhizoctonia. Oidium. Allantoid: conidia somewhat curved. Conidiogenous cell: a cell or portion of a conidiophore bearing conidia (a sporogenous cell). p.FREEDOM PALESTINE GLOSSARY Definitions and Examples Acicular: slender and pointed. Papularia. Also see Aleuriospore. p. Acervulus: an erumpent. Botr yob last ospore: see p. 106. Dictyoarthrinum. 128. Capitate: conidia formed into a more or less rounded head. more or less to a point. Alternaria. Chalaropsis. Clamp connection: a hyphal outgrowth connecting two adjacent cells of the mycelium. Botrytis. Circinotrichum. Chlohdium. 132. 196. p. Cercospora. open. 184. p. Cladosporium. with multinucleate hyphae or segments. 94. p. p. 106. Monilia. 90. Sclerotium. Ephelis. 42. p. p. 212 http://arab2000. broader toward the apex. Monilia. Cruciform: arranged in the form of a cross. Scopulariopsis. Attenuated: drawn out. Amerospore: a one-celled conidium.4\. p. Collarette: a cup-shaped structure or flaring apex of a phialide. Annellospore: see p. Bulbil: a small number of cells aggregated into a sclerotiumlike structure. p. narrowed. Aspergillus. 106. 100. Lepiostroma. p. p. p. Dichobotrys. sharp or blunt. Determinate: cessation of growth of a conidiophore when a terminal conidium is formed. p. p. 78. 182. Globose: nearly spherical.) See also Mycoparasite. on the surface of conidia or conidiophores. Dendroid: branched. smoky. Piptocephalis.fr . Gonatobotrys. Didymosporc: a two-celled conidium. p. p. 90. p. Pithomyces. p. 172. and circular. 194. 174. p. Denticle: small to medium sized. 176. often. Torula. Dehiscent: breaking open at maturity. Coryneum. Polythrincium. Elliptical: a conidium having an outline of an ellipse with rounded ends. Echinulate: with slight projections. Microsporum. or having one part smaller than the other. Exogenous: conidia produced on the outside of a conidiogenous cell. p. 92. Humkola. Septoria. Botryodipiodia. Dermatomycosis: a fungus disease restricted to the surface of the skin of man and animals. p. p. Bactridium. p. Trichoderma. 136. 74. Discoid: disc-shaped. Hyphopodium: a 1. (A term used loosely. 1 1 6 . Ellipsoid. flat.or 2-celled. Steganosporium. 172. Fuscous: brownish-gray. treelike. usually pointed. Flexuous: wavy. p. Falx: a hook-shaped hypha or cell capable of bearing conidia. Hyperparasite: a parasite on another parasitic fungus. Dothichiza. 76. p. 174. 122. deeper than saucer-shaped. p. parasitism has not been proved. 192. p. Dictyospore: conidium having both transverse and oblique septa. Actinopehe. 194. Doratomyces. p. Microsporum. p. Dichotomous: forked. 172. p. Heterosporium. branched into two more or less equal arms. Hyaline: clear. p. 132. Dimidiate: a half structure. 152. Sporonema. http://arab2000. p. 62. 154. Monacrosporium. Ahernaria. 72. very slender. 1 1 8 . p.. Deciduous: referring to conidia falling off naturally. Haustorium: a special absorbing structure formed by some parasitic fungi within cells of the host. Geniculosporium. Fusoid. p. 84. p. Zygosporium. Helicospore: a coiled or spiral-shaped conidium. Erumpent: breaking out through the surface of the substratum. often giving a zig-zag appearance. p. 116. Dinemasporium. Falcate: curved like the blade of a sickle. I S O . Endogenous: conidia produced well within a phialide. p. p. 148. Fascicle: tight cluster or group. branchlike structure on epiphytic mycelium of certain fungi. Filiform: threadlike. p. Geniculate: bent like a knee. Cylindrosporium.FREEDOM PALESTINE GLOSSARY 213 Cupulate: cup-shaped. Helicomyces. 132. 112. Chalara. Hainesia. toothlike projection on which conidia are borne.forumpro. absence of dark pigment. p. Fusiform: spindle-shaped. Graphium. p. p. referring to compactly branched conidiophores. Leptostroma. 170. 118. 166. Indeterminate: growth of conidiophore does not cease with production of a terminal conidium or group of conidia. 120. often applied to spermatia. Gliocladium. Pigmented: used to indicate presence of pigment in the cell waifs. Penicillate: a brushlike cluster of sporogenous cells on a conidiophore as in PeniciUium. 126. Spilocaea. like a half moon. p. Chalara. 196. Brachysporium. Necrosis: death of cells. 94. 138. applied when fungus produces conidia of two distinct sizes. Curvularia. Lenticular: in the form of a double convex lens. Steganosporium. slender stalk bearing a conidium. Fusarium. Dothiorella. usually with blunt ends.fr . Gonatobotrys. p. narrowest at base. p. widest at base. Murogenella. often multicelled conidia. Phragmospore: a several-celled conidium with transverse septa only. 76. p. p. Murogenous: originating as an expansion of the entire conidiophore tip. 194. p. Hysteriform: elongated. 43. p. p. Penicillus: a brush. with narrower end at apex. Phialospore: see p. . 62. Sclerotium. Oblong: about twice as long as wide. 132. Obovoid: inversely ovoid. 130. Gonatobotrys. Porospore: see p. p. Phialide: a specialized sporogenous cell producing conidia from an open end in basipetal succession. >vr . Alternaria. Innate: immersed in substratum. Muriform: conidia with both an oblique septa and a dictyopore. Dendryphiopsis. 92. Lunulospora. Cytospora. usually 1-celled conidia. Cytospora. 41. Ovoid: egg-shaped. p. 170. 176. 96. 76. Intercalary: produced between other cells. 126. 162. p. Percurrent: proliferation of conidiophore or conidiogenous cell in which each successive apex arises through the previous apex. p. with a median cleft. p. p. Phoma. Bipolaris. 44. Microconidia: small. often applied to host of a micoparasite. p. Pseudoparenchyma: isodiametric or oval fungus cells organized into tissues in which the individual hyphae have lost their identity. Mycoparasite: a fungus parasitic on another fungus. p. Gonatobotrys. http://arab2000. p. p. p. not in the internal contents. Locule: a cavity. p. p. Meristem arthrospore: see p. Macroconidia: large. PeniciUium. 114. Ostiole: opening or mouth of a pyenidium. Phialocephala. p. usually within a stroma. 94. 122. Piptocephalis. 76. Papilla: a small rounded projection. p. 176. 106. n > ft ^ . Lunate: crescent-shaped. Sphaeropsis. Polyphialide: a phialide with more than one open end. Pedicel: a short. 90.FREEDOM PALESTINE 214 GLOSSARY Clasterosporium. p. not terminal. p. Obclavate: inversely clavate.forumpro. Triiirachium. Scolecospore: a long slender conidium. p. *"' . Whorl: a number of conidia or branches attached at the same level. Stylospore: an elongated conidium produced in a pycnidium. VerticilHum. Tube re u late: having wartlike processes. p. 142. characteristic of the Sphaeropsidales. p. but showing slight pigmentation in mass. Verticillate: having a whorl of three or more branches or sporogenous cells arising at the same level. pointed.-. 100. p. Cornularia. Cylindrosporium. p. Sessile: without a stalk. Sympodial: growth or branching of a conidiophore or sporogenous cell arising beneath or behind the previous conidium and pushing it to one side. Cylindrocladium. 188. p. p. Sclerotium: a compact resistant mass of hyphae or pseudoparenchyma. Seta: a sterile hypha associated with various fruiting structures. Reniform: kidney-shaped. 140. Vesicle: an inflated cell or portion of conidiophore. 70. 100. 186. p.) Choanephora. p. 164.FREEDOM PALESTINE GLOSSARY 215 Pycnidium: a closed or nearly closed asexual fruit body bearing conidiophores and conidia internally. p. p. p. 180. p.forumpro. 43. p. 98. Tripospermum. Sporangiole: a small sporangium producing one to few spores.fr . Geotrichum. 108. Gyrothrix. Sterigma: a short. Colletotrichum. r—* Verricose: having small rounded processes. Botryodiplodia. Curvularia. p. characteristic of the Tuberculariaceae. p. . p. 68. p. Sporogenous cell: a special cell or branch bearing conidia. Torulose: cylindrical but having swellings at intervals. 92. p. Ulocladium. Sporocladium: a special short branch of a sporangiophore in certain Mucorales in which conidia are borne on one side only. Rachis: central axis of a conidiophore on which conidia are attached alternately. Staurospore: a branched or star-shaped conidium. p. usually considered larger than a denticle. p. 66. Tridenteria. p. Asteromella. Phomopsis. narrower at the base. Subhyaline: conidia generally classified as hyaline. 192. appearing as a minutely roughened wall. p. 132. (In some genera the 1-celled sporangioles may be called conidia. 64. Stroma: a compact mass of hyphae on which or in which conidia or fruit bodies are borne. flat. Sporodochium: a cushion-shaped structure made up of closely grouped conidiophores. 92. characteristic of the Stilbaceae. 90. Truncate: cut off at the end. Stipirate: having a stipe or stalk. peglike extension of a cell that supports a conidium. p. VerticilHum. p. Periconia. Synnema: a cylindrical compact group of conidiophores. characteristic of some Mucorales. Martensella. Tritirachiwn. Sympodulospore: see p. 164. Cytospora. 142. 182. 170. 74. Scopulariopsis. Subiculum: a loose crustlike growth on which fruit bodies are produced. 122. Pyriform: pear-shaped. Aureobasidium. http://arab2000. Tripospermum. Septoria. 192 Cytospora. 144 Didymaria. 122 Dwayabeeja. 104 Berkleasmium. 70 Catenophora. 124 Dendryphiopsis. 174 Aposphaeria. 86 . 144 -=Cercospora. 164 Asteromyces. 174 -Ascochyta. 172 -Dothiorella. see Oidium Actinopelte. 1 3 8 Dictyoarthrinium. 190 Culicidospora. 194 Ephelis. 1 1 4 -Diplodia. 76 Brachysporium. 186 Corynespora. 184 http://arab2000. 110 Arthrobotryum. 1 1 8 Anthasthoopa. 1 1 6 Camptomeris. see Ampelomyces Circinotrichum. 168 Eleutheromyces. 158 Alatospora.FREEDOM PALESTINE INDEX TO GENERA Acarocybe. 66 Doratomyces. 186 Dichotomophthora. 180 Arthrinium. 162 Aristatoma. 90 Cladobotryum. 180 Botryosporium. 110 Candida. 94 Ceratophorum. 106 Clasterosporium. 108 Discosia. 188 Coniosporium. 1 1 2 Aster omella. 84 Asterosporium. 80 Botryoderma. 62 Dinemasporium. 132 Amblyosporium. 60 216 Curvularia. 166 Dothistroma. 146 Dendrographium. 90 Cheiromyces. 166 Ampulliferina. 118 —Entomosporium. 96 Chaetopsis. 154 Dothichiza. 142 Diplococcium. 154 Dilophospora. 84 Eleutheromycella. 148 Bactrodesmium. 184 Chalara. 152 Cacumisporium. 62 —Colletotrichum. 132 Acrosporium. 174 Actinospora. 128 Dactylium. 178 Deightoniella. 140 Aegerita. 150 Chlamydomyces. 178 Diplosporium. 194 Aureobasidium. 92 —Cladosporium. 158 Acladium. 154 Articulospora. 120 — Coryneum. 130 Dactylosporium. 78 Dichomera. 134 Coniothyrium. 1 4 0 Cunmnghamella. 124 Calcarisporium. 74 Cryptosporium. 122 Chaetochalara. 134 Dictyosporium. 1 1 6 Cephalosporium. 134 Darluca. 172 Ampelomyces. 164 Chaetopsina. 90 Chaet omella. 76 Acrospeira. 142 -Alternaria. 150 Balanium. 194 Cristulariella. 1 7 2 Diplocladiella. 68 Amerosporium. 162 Dendrospora. 1 7 8 -Aspergillus. 120 Dicranidion. 180 Drechslera. 84 -Botrytis. 1 5 0 Candelabrella. 102 Cordana. 182 Dispira. 66 Chondropodium. 70 Beauveria. 1 1 8 Clavariopsis. 118 Ceratosporella. 70 Bactridium. 182 Basidiobotrys. 144 Ceratosporium.Botryodiplodia. 100 Basipetospora. 1 1 8 Dendrodochium. 150 Akanthomyces. 100 Beltrania. 188 Catinula. 140 Annellophora. 106 Bisporomyces. 1 2 6 Briosia. 88 Coemansia. 112 Cornularia. 110 Dactylella. 128 Cercosporidium. 1 7 0 Cytosporella. 106 Bartilinia. 1 8 6 Camposporium. 1 6 8 Endocalyx. 128 Cercosporella. 154 Arthrosporium. 176 Chaetophoma. 126 Bispora. 134 Bipolaris. 80 Chrysosporium. 154 Dendrophoma. see Chloridium Blastomyces. 76 Botryotrichum. 152 Endophragmia. 68 Cicinnobolus.forumpro. 106 Anguillospora. 96 Chaetoseptoria. 1 0 8 Cladosporiella. 186 Chromelosporium. 122 Cylindrocarpon. 82 Chloridium. 166 Dactylaria. 120 Dichobotrys. 94 Asperisporium. 1 7 0 Cytosporina. 140 Codinaea. 102 Camarosporium. 166 Dimargaris.fr . 90 Chalaropsis. 88 Choanephora. 1 1 0 Didymobotryum. 180 Diplodina. 1 1 6 Echinobotryum. 176 Conoplea. 74 Arthrobotrys. 172 Cephaliophora. 140 Dendryphion. 142 Aschersonia. 1 3 0 Cylindrocladium. 1 0 8 Cylindrosporium. 156 Didymostilbe. 158 Sclerotiopsis.fr . 170 Fusoma. 88 Phleospora. 100 Oedocephalum.Helminthosporium. 86 Mortierella. 94 Gliocladium. 130 Fusarium. 152 — Pestalotia. 94 Gliocephalotrichum. 78 Lemonniera. 158 lsaria. 148 Exosporium. 138 Leptographium. 1 1 6 Pucciniopsis. 86 Monochaetia. 184 Leptothyrium. 1 1 2 --Penicillium. 188 Glomerularia. 104 Ovulariopsis. 160 Hirudinaria. 78 Lacellinopsis. 96 Phialomyces. 122 Gonatorrhodiella. 82 Mycoleptodiscus. 162 Phymatotrichum. 1 1 8 "Monilia. 148 Rhabdospora. 190 Melasmia. 108 Robillarda. 132 Pleiochaeta. 88 Menisporopsis. 150 Everhartia. 94 Papularia. 68 Gibellula. 186 Phlvctaena. 148 Pyrenochaeta. 98 Haplographium. 178 Sclerographium. 98 Graphium. 60 Myrothecium. 1 1 2 Fusicoccum. 144 Histoplasma. 196 Scolecobasidium. 164 Phragmocephala. 80 Micr opera. 152 Heterosporium. 130 Fusicladium. 104 Rhinotrichum. 72 Hyalopycnis. 62 Pithomyces. 84 Hyalodendron. 70 Kellermania. 156 Isariopsis. 88 Menispora. 94 Microclavia. 160 Gilmaniella. 164 Rhopalomyces. 64 Lunulospora. 122 Hirsutella. 102 Illosporium. 184 Hendersonula. 100 Geotrichum. 74 Periconiella. 68 Oidium. 84 Gliocephalis. 1 1 4 http://arab2000. 80 Haplosporella. 156 Helicocephalum.forumpro. 176 Leptostromella. 1 1 0 Geniculosporium. 82 Nodulosporium. 90 Hadrotrichum. 174 Hansfordia. 152 Metarrhizium. 182 Genicularia. 192 Pestalozziella. 60 Rhynchophoma. 162 Pyricularia. 92 Gliomastix. 136 Heliscus. 78 Gonatophragmium. 176 Harpographium. 124 Hendersonia. 184 Rhinocladiella. 86 Gonatobotrys. 190 Mycotypha. 194 Phyllosticta. 64 Lacellina. 170 Pleurothecium. 162 Pleurophragmium. 98 Leptostroma. 154 Polynema. 84 -Marssonina. 136 Helicomina. 166 Nigrospora. 76 Oidiodendron. 136 Helicoma. 152 Gyrothrix. 190 Linderina. 112 Prosthemium. 136 Helicosporium. 106 Pseudotorula. 1 1 8 Phragmotrichum. 78 Gonytrichum. 108 . 146 Ingoldia. 138 Fusariella. 128 Rabenhorstia. 146 Hymenostilbe. 138 Insecticola. 150 Humicola. 178 Rhynchosporium. 192 Polythrincium. 180 Heterocephalum. 188 Peyronellaea. 94 Periconia. 104 Pesotum. 154 Itersonilia. 76 ^—Rhizoctonia. 64 ' Martens iomyces. 138 Macrophoma. 170 Radiomyces. 168 Hymenella. 128 Plenodomas. 186 Pseud obotrytis. 60 Helicodendron. 158 Idriella. 82 Papulospora. 82 Hobsonia. 60 Murogenella. 196 Rhizosphaera. 136 Helicomyces. 72 Monilochaetes. 146 Hainesia. 1 1 6 Gelatinosporium. 78 Piptocephalis. 94 Phialophora. 136 Helicoon. 150 fexcipularia. 196 Passalora. 182 Microsporum. 74 Ovularia. 174 Memnoniella. 126 Podosporium. 128 Neottiospora. 186 "-Phoma. 164 Phaeoseptoria. 148 Flagellospora. 166 "Sclerotium. 86 Gloeosporium.FREEDOM PALESTINE INDEX 217 Epicoccum. 146 Nakataea. 178 Kickxella. 178 Harknessia. 184 Phialocephala. 190 MartehsSlla. 192 Monocillium. 76 Gonatobotryum. 162 -^Phomopsis. 70 Paecilomyces. 114 Mycogone. 174 Libertella. 68 Olpitrichum. 126 Pleurostromella. 110' Ramulispora. 164 Mammaria. 64 Ramularia. 1 1 6 Monacrosporium. 64 Melanconium. 102 Sepedonium. 190 Septonema. 92 Virgaria. 104 Syncephalastrum. 134 Stigmina. 98 Seimatosporium. 82 Septocylindrium. 138 Tridentaria. 98 Stachybotrys. 176 Sphaerosporium. 120 Sporidesmium. 66 Spiropes.fr . 160 Tetrachaetum. 180 Staphylotrichum. 172 . 130 Sporothrix. 116 -Septoria. 156 Thielaviopsis. 156 Tricladium. 128 Sphacelia. 142 Tharoopama. 188 Sphaerographium. 70 Sporonema. 104 —-Verticillium. 66 Syncephalis. 142 Thallospora. 1 4 8 Ulocladium. 96 Tieghemiomyces. 120 Sporobolomyces. 1 4 8 Wallemia. 84 Xenosporium. 72 Torula. 158 Spondyiocladiella. 172 Sirosporium. Sporoschisma. 132 Stephanoma. 86 Varicosporium. 184 Sphaeronaema. 92 Wardomyces. 1 1 8 Trichoderma. 92 Trichophyton. 134 Spadicoides. 146 Tuberculina. 128 Septogloeum. 140 Tripospermum. 1 3 8 Verticicladiella. 104 Verticicladium. 182 Tetrapola. 150 Speiropsis. 64 Spiromyces. 62 Synnematium. 1 3 8 Tritirachium. 108 Trichurus. 146 Sympodiella. 112 Scopulariopsis. 82 Stigmella. 100 Volutella. 194 Stemphylium. Sphaeropsis. 152 Strumella. 142 Triposporium. 132 Umbelopsis. 120 Stilbum. 136 Zygosporium. 92 Stagonospora. 1 1 6 Trichothecium.forumpro. 1 4 0 Tetranacrium. 80 Steganosporium. 148 -Sphaceloma. 168 . 92 Thysanophora. 142 Spermospora. 114 Spegazzinia. 106 Spirodactylon. 72 http://arab2000. 88 Stachylidium. 100 Tubercularia. 192 Selenophoma. 182 Shanoria. 140 Tetracladium. 146 Spilocaea. 74 TrichocladLum.FREEDOM PALESTINE 218 INDEX Scolecotrichum. 62 Tilletiopsis. 144 Triscelophorous. 162 Selenosporella. 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