AWWA M11 - 4th Edition - Steel Pipe- A Guide for Design and Installation (PREVIEW)

Steel Pipe— A Guide for Design and InstallationAWWA MANUAL M11 Fourth Edition Science and Technology AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved. All Rights Reserved. M11) Includes bibliographical references and index.4th ed. CO 80235-3098 ISBN 1-58321-274-4 Printed on recycled paper Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. electronic or mechanical. Fourth Edition Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation Copyright © 1964. p. TD491. 1989. etc. Water pipes--Design and construction--Handbooks. except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes. . 1985. 2004 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. including photocopy. manuals etc. manuals. Steel--Design and construction--Handbooks. without the written permission of the publisher. recording.MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICES—M11. II. 2.-.(AWWA manual . or any information or retrieval system. -. ISBN 1-58321-274-4 1. American Water Works Association. Pipe. Project Manager and Technical Editor: Melissa Christensen Copy Editor: Mart Kelle Production Editor: Carol Stearns Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Steep pipe : a guide for design and installation. Series. I. cm. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means.1'5--dc22 2004043748 Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver.A49 S74 628. . . . 45 Allowable Tension Stress in Steel. 18 References. 1 iii Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. . . 2 Chemistry. 45 . xi Foreword. . 17 Evaluation of Stresses in Spiral-Welded Pipe. . . 11 Ductility in Design. . 6 Ductility and Yield Strength. . 1 Uses. . . . . 27 Calculations. . and Physical Characteristics of Steel Pipe . . 43 Air Entrainment and Release. . . . 46 Corrosion Allowance. 48 External Fluid Pressure—Uniform and Radial. . 43 References. 9 Analysis Based on Strain. 50 References. 24 References. . . 3 Physical Characteristics. . Casting. xiii Acknowledgments. and Heat Treatment. . . xv Chapter 1 History. 21 Testing. . . . 12 Effects of Cold Working on Strength and Ductility.Contents List of Figures. . 6 Stress and Strain. . 21 . 25 Chapter 3 Hydraulics of Pipelines Formulas. 7 Strain in Design. 43 Good Practice. . . 42 Distribution Systems. 27 . . 50 . 43 Chapter 4 Determination of Pipe Wall Thickness Internal Pressure. . 48 Minimum Wall Thickness. . . . . . . . 18 Chapter 2 Manufacture and Testing Manufacture. . History. . 50 Good Practice. . . All Rights Reserved. 13 Good Practice. . 31 Economical Diameter of Pipe. Uses. . . . 13 Brittle Fracture Considerations in Structural Design. vii List of Tables. . . . . . . . 68 References. 117 Good Practice. 69 Pipe Deflection as Beam. . 54 General Studies for Water Hammer Control. . . 65 Computer Programs. . . 132 Nozzle Outlets. . . 76 Ring Girders. . 76 Span Lengths and Stresses. 118 References. . . . 112 Bolted Sleeve-Type Couplings. 121 Designation of Fittings. . . . 113 Flanges. .Chapter 5 Water Hammer and Pressure Surge Basic Relationships. 56 Pressure Rise Calculations. 109 Chapter 8 Pipe Joints . . . 121 Elbows and Miter End Cuts. 60 Buckling. . 115 Expansion and Contraction—General. . . . . . 59 Deflection Determination. . . . . 51 Checklist for Pumping Mains. 119 Chapter 9 Fittings and Appurtenances . 132 Frictional Resistance Between Soil and Pipe. . . 131 Design of Wye Branches. 131 Bolt Hole Position. . . . 63 Extreme External Loading Conditions. 101 References. . . . 132 iv Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. . . 75 Gradient of Supported Pipelines to Prevent Pocketing. . 68 Chapter 7 Supports for Pipe . . . 111 Bell-and-Spigot Joint With Rubber Gasket. . 73 Methods of Calculation. 131 Testing of Fittings. . 69 Saddle Supports. 113 Grooved-and-Shouldered Couplings. 122 Reducers. . . . 79 Ring-Girder Construction for Low-Pressure Pipe. 132 Unbalanced Thrust Forces. . . 56 References. . and Crosses. 55 Allowance for Water Hammer. . Laterals. . . . 51 . . . All Rights Reserved. . 116 Ground Friction and Line Tension. . . . 59 Load Determination. Tees. . 100 Installation of Ring Girder Spans. 56 Chapter 6 External Loads . . . . . . 132 Anchor Rings. . 111 Welded Joints. . . 139 Requirements for Good Pipeline Coatings and Linings. 182 Wrapper-Plate Design. . 170 Field Coating of Joints. 153 Selection of the Proper Coating and Lining. 149 Methods of Corrosion Control. . 133 Blowoff Connections. 139 Internal Corrosion of Steel Pipe. . 153 Recommended Coatings and Linings. 149 References. 136 References. 199 Joint Harnesses. 204 v Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. 155 Epoxy-Based Polymer Concrete Coatings. 178 Collar Plate Design. . 187 Thrust Restraint. . 178 Reinforcement of Fittings. 148 Atmospheric Corrosion. and Testing Transportation and Handling of Coated Steel Pipe. 153 .Connection to Other Pipe Material. . 151 Chapter 11 Protective Coatings and Linings . . 133 Manholes. . . 173 Hydrostatic Field Test. . 165 Anchors and Thrust Blocks. 158 References. 174 References. . 185 Nomograph Use in Wye-Branch Design. 158 Good Practice. . . Installation. 158 Coating Application. 133 Valve Connections. 162 Installation of Pipe. 135 Good Practice. . 199 Special and Valve Connections and Other Appurtenances. . . 175 Chapter 13 Supplementary Design Data and Details . 177 . 137 Chapter 10 Principles of Corrosion and Corrosion Control General Theory. 133 Flanged Connections. . 149 Cathodic Protection. . 161 Layout of Pipelines. . 159 Chapter 12 Transportation. . 134 Air-Release Valves and Air/Vacuum Valves. . All Rights Reserved. 177 Calculation of Angle of Fabricated Pipe Bend. 193 Anchor Rings. 135 Casing Spacers. 134 Insulating Joints. 173 Pipe-Zone Bedding and Backfill. . . 184 Crotch-Plate (Wye-Branch) Design. 161 Trenching. . 224 Appendix A Table of Working Pressures for Allowable Unit Stresses. 222 References. 235 List of AWWA Manuals.Freezing in Pipelines. 241 vi Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. 220 Submarine Pipelines. All Rights Reserved. 204 Design of Circumferential Fillet Welds. 225 Index. . 8 True stress–strain for steel. 70 Saddle supports for 78-in. 46 Relation of various heads or pressures for selection of design pressure (pumped flow). . 22 Electric resistance welding by induction using high-frequency welding current. 28 Solution of Scobey flow formula for Ks = 0. 22 Cross section through weld point.36. 30 Solution of Manning flow formula for n = 0. 9 Plastic and elastic strains.011. 9 Actual and apparent stresses.Figures 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 4-1 4-2 5-1 6-1 7-1 7-2 Steel pipe in filtration plant gallery. 18 Schematic representation of the sequence of operations performed by a typical machine for making electric-resistance-welded tubes from steel strip. 24 Schematic diagram for making plate pipe. 40 Resistance coefficients of valves and fittings for fluid flows. pipe. 10 Determination of actual stress. 46 Surge wave velocity chart for water. 32 Moody diagram for friction in pipe. 17 Spiral pipe weld seams. 70 vii Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. 22 Sequence of operations in a typical double submerged arc weld process. 14 Transition curves obtained from Charpy V-notch impact tests. 67 Details of concrete saddle. 12 Effects of strain hardening. 24 Solution of the Hazen-Williams formula. 2 Stress–strain curve for steel. 41 Relation of various heads or pressures for selection of design pressure (gravity flow). 8 Stress–strain curves for carbon steel. 23 Schematic diagram of process for making spiral-seam pipe. 53 Position of area. 10 Experimental determination of strain characteristics. All Rights Reserved. 14 Effects of strain aging. 22 Electric resistance welding using high-frequency welding current. moments. 125 Lateral less than 30 degrees. 81 Stiffener ring coefficients. 94 Long-span steel pipe for low pressures. 142 Corrosion caused by dissimilar metals in contact on buried pipe. 126 Computation method and formulas for compound pipe elbows. 142 Corrosion caused by dissimilar metals. 122 Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows. 143 Corrosion caused by cinders. 82 Stresses. 112 Bolted sleeve-type couplings. and plate thickness. 101 111-in. 78 Equivalent stress diagram—Hencky–Mises theory. equal and opposite couples. 116 Typical expansion joint with limit rods. 123 Tangent-type outlet (AWWA C208). 127 Sample pipeline profile illustrating air valve locations. 140 Galvanic cell—dissimilar electrolytes. 71 Anchor block. 116 Shouldered coupling. 117 Typical expansion joint configurations. . 126 Reducing elbow. 114 Grooved coupling. 71 Stiffener ring coefficients. diameter pipe. 81 Stiffener ring stresses for partially filled pipe. radial load supported by two reactions. 136 Galvanic cell—dissimilar metals. 84 Detail of assumed ring section. 143 Corrosion caused by dissimilarity of surface conditions. 81 Stiffener ring coefficients—transverse earthquake. All Rights Reserved.7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12 7-13 7-14 7-15 7-16 7-17 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Ring girders provide support for 54-in. 143 viii Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. 71 Expansion joints between stiffener rings. 142 Galvanic cell—pitting action. pipe on ring girders. 118 Recommended dimensions for water pipe fittings (except elbows). 81 Combination of solutions. 80 Bending stress in pipe shell with ring restraint. 81 Stiffener ring coefficients. 102 Welded and rubber-gasketed field joints. 142 Galvanic cell on embedded pipe without protective coating. 145 Control of stray-current corrosion. single-butt weld joint. 179 Reinforcement of openings in welded steel pipe. 179 Plan and profile of bend in pipe on centerline of pipe. 144 Corrosion caused by mixture of different soils. 188 N factor curves. 151 Densified pipe zone bedding and backfill. 194 Typical thrust blocking of a horizontal bend. 194 Thrust blocking of vertical bends. 181 One-plate wye. 150 Bonding jumpers installed on sleeve-type coupling. 199 Harness lug detail. thrust at bulkhead or dead end. 164 Special subgrade densification. 194 Resultant thrust at pipe elbow. 191 Thrust at branch or tee. 144 Stray-current corrosion caused by electrified railway systems. 144 Corrosion caused by differential aeration of soil. 146 Corrosion rate in various soils. 207 Reinforcing pad for tapped opening. 147 Cathodic protection—galvanic anode type. 195 Force diagram. 186 Nomograph for selecting reinforcement plate depths of equal-diameter pipes. 151 Bonding wire for bell-and-spigot rubber-gasketed joint. All Rights Reserved. 198 Anchor ring. . 189 Q factor curves.10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-15 10-16 10-17 10-18 12-1 12-2 12-3 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-10 13-11 13-12 13-13 13-14 13-15 13-16 13-17 13-18 13-19 13-20 13-21 13-22 Corrosion caused by dissimilar soils. 150 Cathodic protection—rectifier type. 168 Example of adequately detailed pipe special. 186 Three-plate wye. 208 ix Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. 164 Bolt torque sequence. 197 Lap welded joint. 189 Selection of top depth. 186 Two-plate wye. 198 Harnessed joint detail. 208 Nipple with cap. 190 Wye branch plan and layout. 208 Thredolets. 213 Tapping main under pressure. 216 Fillet nomenclature. 212 Blowoff with riser for attaching pump section. 214 Maximum frost penetration and maximum freezing index. All Rights Reserved. 213 Blowoff connection. 220 Submarine pipeline—assembly and launching. 224 x Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. 223 Submarine pipeline—floating string positioning. 213 Manifold layout of relief valves and pressure regulators. 208 Extra-heavy half coupling welded to pipe as threaded outlet. 214 Heat balance in exposed pipelines. 208 Casing and removable two-piece roof. 211 Section of casing giving access to gate valve gearing. 212 Access manhole.13-23 13-24 13-25 13-26 13-27 13-28 13-29 13-30 13-31 13-32 13-33 13-34 13-35 13-36 13-37 13-38 13-39 Flanged connection for screw-joint pipe. 208 Wall connection using coupling. 223 Submarine pipeline—positioning by barge. . 53 Values of modulus of soil reaction. . E′ (psi) based on depth of cover. 141 Soils grouped in order of corrosive action on steel. 148 Comparison of standard density tests.Tables 1-1 1-2 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-6M 3-7 3-7M 3-8 3-9 4-1 5-1 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 10-1 10-2 10-3 12-1 12-2 Effects of alloying elements. 37 Head (cm) for pressures (kPa). 100 Trigonometric data. 103 Galvanic series of metals and alloys. 3 Maximum strain in pipe wall developed in practice. 171 xi Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. 62 Unified soil classification. 47 Velocity of pressure wave for steel pipe. 90 Summary of stresses for half-full condition. and relative compaction. 12 Multiplying factors corresponding to various values of C in Hazen-Williams formula. 32 Slope conversions. 36 Head ( ft) for pressures ( psi). 37 Pressures (kPa) for heads ft (m). type of soil. 38 Grades of steel used in AWWA C200 as basis for working pressures in Table A-1. All Rights Reserved. 36 Pressure (kPa) for heads (cm). 30 Multiplying factors for friction coefficient values—Base n = 0. 62 Live-load effect. 66 Practical safe spans for simply supported pipe in 120° contact saddles. 34 Flow equivalents. 38 Pressure equivalents. 165 Torque requirements for AWWA C207 Class D ring flange bolts. 100 Values of moment of inertia and section modulus of steel pipe. 35 Pressure ( psi) for heads ( ft). 85 Stresses at support ring. 63 Influence coefficients for rectangular areas. 74 Summary of moment calculations. 28 Multiplying factors for friction coefficient values—Base Ks = 0.36. 148 Relationship of soil corrosion to soil resistivity.011. 172 Example of pipe-laying schedule. 209 Maximum size of threaded openings for given size pipe with reinforcing pads. 219 Working pressures for allowable unit stresses. 210 Dimensions figures thredolets. 217 Values of D and v. 209 Dimensions of extra-heavy half-couplings. 226 xii Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. 205 13-5A Maximum allowable load per tie bolt. 218 Emissivity factors. 180 Recommended reinforcement type. 219 Wind velocity factors. 210 Heat balance factors. . 201 Dimensions of joint harness tie bolts and lugs for rubber-gasketed joints. 206 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-10 13-11 13-12 13-13 13-14 A-1 Plate dimensions and drill sizes for reinforced tapped openings.12-3 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 Torque requirements for steel pipe flange bolts and studs. 218 Conduction heat-transfer values. 200 Tie bolt schedule for harnessed joints. 181 Dimensions and bearing loads for anchor rings in concrete—maximum pipe pressure of 150 psi and 250 psi. All Rights Reserved. Foreword This manual was first authorized in 1943. Russel E. (12. The second edition of this manual was approved in June 1984 and published in 1985 with the title Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation. The first edition of this manual was issued in 1964 with the title Steel PipeDesign and Installation. (3) Table 4-1 was revised to reflect new steel grades and Charpy test requirements for pipe with wall thicknesses greater than 1⁄ 2 in. Barnard.4) was revised to include consideration of pipe stiffness added by the cement–mortar coating and lining. . This manual provides a review of experience and design theory regarding steel pipe used for conveying water. Major revisions to the third edition included in this edition are (1) the manual was metricized and edited throughout. committee 8310D appointed one of its members.7 mm). 4. with appropriate references cited. Application of the principles and procedures discussed in this manual must be based on responsible judgment. the discussion of ring girder design was revised. All Rights Reserved. values of E′ used for calculation of pipe deflection were revised to reflect increasing soil stiffness with increasing depth of cover. and a design example was added. 1. (4) calculations for external fluid pressure (Sec. (8) a new section on installation of flanged joints was added to chapter 12. The first draft of the report was completed by January 1957. 1. In 1949. and (9) thrust-restraint design calculations in chapter 13 were revised. This fourth edition of the manual was approved March 2003. (5) in Table 6-1.12) were added to chapter 1. to act as editor in chief in charge of collecting and compiling the available data on steel pipe. (7) chapter 9. Casting and Heat Treatment (Sec. Fittings and Appurtenances. (6) in chapter 7. xiii Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. was revised to reflect the provisions of AWWA C208-96. (2) a discussion of Chemistry. the draft was reviewed by the committee and other authorities on steel pipe. The third edition of the manual was approved in June 1988 and published in 1989.3) and a discussion of stress evaluation in spiral-welded pipe (Sec. . Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association.This page intentionally blank. All Rights Reserved. Denver Water Department.L. Shaddix. D. Continental Pipe Manufacturing Company. Texas D.H. Denver. Texas B. R. Hixson. JCM Industries Inc. All Rights Reserved. K. Vice Chairman Dennis Dechant. B. Ill.H. Young. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. M-Square Associates Inc. B. Utah M. National Welding Corporation. Elmont.P. Wash. G.Y.. Colo.V. Pleasant Grove. US Bureau of Reclamation. Milad Taghavi. American International.H. Midvale. T. Fort Worth. Kane. Los Angeles. RTLC Piping Products Inc. R. Tacoma..J. Piping Systems Inc. Bambei Jr. Little Neck. Jordan. R. Burnaby.A.Y. Glynwed Piping Systems. Mintz. Texarkana. Yorkville. Bothell. Los Angeles. Texas M. Stine. N. Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. Rancho Cucamonga. Collins.R.W. Denver.C. Calif. Inc. J. Satyarthi.. Eaton.D.C. Romac Industries Inc. Kosse. Jervis. Coppes. Los Angeles Department of Water & Power.Acknowledgments This revision of Manual M11 was made by the following members of the Steel Water Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC).R. Calif.C. Bambei Jr. Task Group Chairman H. Greater Vancouver Regional District. The Steel Water Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committeee Task Group on updating the manual M11 had the following personnel at the time of revision: Dennis Dechant.. Ga. . Calif. Tupac. Colo. T. City of Richmond. Secretary Consumer Members G. Smith-Blair Inc. Victaulic Depend-O-Lok Inc. Larson. Taylor. Warner. B. Atlanta. Spotts. Wash. Card. Chairman John H...V. Calif. La Verne.. N. The Standards Committee on Steel Pipe had the following personnel at the time of approval: George J. Topps. Nash. Southborough. B.J.. NYC Bureau of Water Supply. Utah This revision was reviewed and approved by the Standards Committee on Steel Pipe. Richmond. Tacoma Public Utilities. San Diego County Water Authority. Calif. Escondido. Bardakjian. xv Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. Andersen... Cascade Waterworks Manufacturing Company. R. T. Keil. J. Mass.A. Frisz. Tenn. Baker Coupling Company. Texas J. R.N. Overland Park.General Interest Members W. Producer Members H. Ferguson. North Plainfield.J. Kirkham Michael & Associates. Fla.B. Colo. Columbia. Irvine. Wash.D. B. K. Stoner. Warren. Kan. Black & Veatch Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Rancho Cucamonga..L. Minn. North Kansas City. Pleasant Grove.. Pittsburgh. Denver. .S. J. New Milford. MWH Americas Inc. Keil. Utah J.* Northwest Pipe Company. Ala. Ill. Ore. Mo.C. Dunham. HDR Engineering Inc. Calif. Skokie.. J. Ill. Continental Pipe Manufacturing Company. Seattle. Parker. C.E. Coffey. Sundberg.W.C. Langley. J. B. Card.R. Consultant. Whidden. Brunzell Associates Ltd. Victaulic Depend-O-Lok Inc.. Birmingham. K. Birmingham. Canus International Sales Inc.R. St. Omaha. Tnemec Company. Bardakjian.† American Cast Iron Pipe Company.J.. Denver. Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan. Conn.R.W.E. Ariz. Neb. Orlando. S. Carpenter.. H. Ameron International. Henrichsen.R. Wash. Foellmi. Hagelskamp. Cloud. Newport Beach. Pa. Bellevue. Horsley.* Black & Veatch Corporation.G. Atlanta. Colo. Pipeline Consultant.F. Texas A. Dennis Dechant. Portland. Mike Bauer.N. Boyle Engineering Corporation. *Alternate †Liaison xvi Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. Rafael Ortega. Alvord Burdick & Howson. Tupac & Associates. Lisle. N. Inc.J. Vanderploeg.E.. J.A.* American SpiralWeld Pipe Company. R. G. Calif.K. AWWA. G. S. Romer. Ala. Brunzell. Wailes. J.L. R.J. Luka. CH2M Hill Inc. Ga. R. B.† Standards Engineer Liaison. American Cast Iron Pipe Company. Wise. Northwest Pipe Company. Green.C. M. W. Tupac. Houston.H. Wash. Jeyapalan. L. Bellevue.D.* MWH Americas Inc. Lockwood Andrews and Newnam. Calif H. and finally to 15. Pipe wall thicknesses could be readily varied to fit the different pressure heads of a pipeline profile.600 mm) and in thickness from 16 gauge to 1.5 in. Design stresses were adjusted as necessary to account for the efficiency of the riveted seam. upsetting the longitudinal edges. design stresses progressed with a 4-to-l safety factor of tensile strength. varying in efficiency from 45 percent to 90 percent. The pipe was produced in diameters ranging from 4 in. Because of the relatively low tensile strength of the early steels and the low efficiency of cold-riveted seams and riveted or drive stovepipe joints. Fabrication methods consisted of single-.95 MPa). 1 Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. H-shaped bars of special configuration were applied to the mating edges of two 30-ft (9.8). . and quadruple-riveted seams.000 psi (68.95) to 12.1-m) long half-circle troughs. had nearly supplanted riveted pipe by 1930. engineers initially set a safe design stress at 10.1-m) troughs and clamped into position to form a full-circle pipe section. Fabrication involved planing 30-ft (9.1-m) long plates to a width approximately equal to half the intended circumference.18). and rolling the plates into 30-ft (9. introduced in 1905. double-. to 13. depending on the design.000 psi (103. (38 mm).750 (94.42).AWWA MANUAL M11 Chapter 1 History. Lock-Bar pipe. (100 mm) through 144 in. (3.000 (68. triple-.500 (86. As riveted-pipe fabrication methods improved and higher strength steels were developed. and Physical Characteristics of Steel Pipe HISTORY _______________________________________________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ Steel pipe has been used for water lines in the United States since the early 1850s (Elliot 1922). Uses. This method of fabrication continued with improvements into the 1930s. The pipe was first manufactured by rolling steel sheets or plates into shape and riveting the seams. increasing from 10.