AUTOMATIC PLANT IRRIGATION SYSTEM A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TOELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT OF GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCESJABALPUR Submitted bySUMIT KUMAR ABHISHEK GARG SHIVENDRA SINGH KANIKA VISHWAKARMA SHIVANGI RAJPUT ABHAY KUMAR BURMAN but approve the project work for the purpose for which it is submitted. It is understood that for this approval.CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL The foregoing project work report entitled “AUTOMATIC PLANT IRRIGATION SYSTEM” is a hereby approved as a creditable work and has been presented in a satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted. (INTERNAL EXAMINEER) (EXTERNAL EXAMINEER) (HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT) . the undersigned do not necessarily endorse any conclusion drawn or opinion expressed therein. S. Bajpai (Head of the Department) . JABALPUR is an authentic work carried out under my supervision and guidance.GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES JABALPUR CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work presented in the project report entitled “AUTOMATIC PLANT IRRIGATION SYSTEM” in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical of The Gyan Ganga Institute Of Technology And Sciences.K. Jasmine Kaur (Project Guide) Mr. Date: Miss. Jasmine Kaur as our project guide . S. HOD.We are sure her directive will show us the light in future also. It is the choicest possession.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Knowledge is an experience gained in life. who provided proper direction in the completion of this project work. Her willingness to share her experience and spontaneous suggestion on any problem encourage us tremendously to achieve our goal . Bajpai. We are very much thankful to Mr. Sumit Kumar Abhishek Garg Shivendra Singh Kanika Vishwakarma Shivangi Rajput Abhay Kumar Burman . which should not be shelved but should be happily shared with others.It was she. K. valuable suggestion and moral support provided by him and helped in every way possible during the completion of this project. EE department for his encouragement. In this regard We are extremely fortunate in having Miss. PCB DESIGNING .COMPONENT DISCRIPTION 3) PROCEDURE ADOPTED .SOFTWARE USED 4) APPLICATIONS 5) REFRENCE .CIRCUIT DIAGRAM .TABLE OF CONTENT 1) INTRODUCTION 2) WORKING .COMPONENT MOUNTED ON PCB .CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION .COMPONENT LIST . we have made “AUTOMATIC PLANT IRRIGATION SYSTEM”. life of human beings should be simpler hence to make life simpler and convenient. The model shows the basic switching mechanism of Water motor/pump using sensors from any part of field by sensing the moisture present in the soil.And why not? In the world of advance electronics. This model uses sensor technology with NE 555 IC to make a smart switching device. . Our basic model can be extended to any level of switching & controlling by using DTMF. Apart from few things man has made his life automated .INTRODUCTION In the fast paced world human beings require everything to be automated. Our life style demands everything to be remote controlled. A model of controlling irrigation facilities to help millions of people. WORKING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM1) BASIC DIAGRAM- . 2) POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT- 3) SENSOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- . The timing components for IC2 are selected accordingly. the resistance between the copper wires (sensor probes A and B) increases. etc) evaporates . As long as the soil is wet. As soon as the soil becomes sufficiently wet. relay RL1 is activated for a preset time. LED1 glows up as the water reaches the probes. If the resistance increases beyond a preset limit.CIRCUIT DISCRIPTIONThe circuit presented here waters your plants regularly when you are out for a vacation. the resistance between sensor probes decreases rapidly. As a result. The circuit comprises a sensor part built using only one opamp (N1) of quad op-amp IC LM324. The circuit is more effective indoors if one intends to use it for long periods. conductivity is maintained and the circuit remains off. insert copper wires in the soil to a depth of about 2 cm. The timing can be varied with the help of preset VR2. This causes pin 1 of op-amp N1 to go „high‟. To arrange the circuit. The water pump starts immediately to supply water to the plants. LED1 glows to indicate the presence of adequate water in the soil. This is because the water from reservoir (bucket. Op-amp N1 is configured here as a comparator. When the soil the water. output pin 1 of op-amp N1 goes „low‟. For small areas a small pump such as the one used in air coolers is able to pump enough water within 5 to 6 seconds. keeping them 3 cm apart. This triggers timer IC2 (NE 555) configured as a monostable multivibrator. Two stiff copper wires are inserted in the soil containing plants. The threshold point at which the output of op-amp N1 goes „low‟ can be changed with the help of preset VR1. When the soil dries out. rapidly if it is kept in the open. with holes gets dried. 100 ohm) 4) Resistance (10k ohm-2. 0. PCB 11) Transformer . LIST OF COMPONENT USED1) IC NE 555 2) Op-amp (LM 324) 3) Relay (6v. For regulating the flow of water either a tap can be used or one end of a rubber pipe can be blocked using Mseal compound. 330 ohm) 5) Capacitor (100 micro-1. adjust VR1 towards ground rail until LED1 turns off and relay RL1 is energized. The motor starts pumping turned along its length to water several plants. 100k ohm-2.1 micro-1) 6) Diode (1N4QQ7) 7) Led 8) Dry cell battery (9v) 9) Water pump 10). Component description1) NE 555 IC The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer.7 volts. 5) CTRL-Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default. . and oscillator applications. but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0. 6) THR-The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than that at CTRL. 3) OUT-This output is driven to approximately 1. 4) RESET-A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND.7V below +VCC or GND. The 555 can be used to provide time delays. and as a flip-flop element. 2/3 VCC). 1) GND-Ground reference voltage. pulse generation. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. as an oscillator. low level (0 V) 2) TRIG-The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 of VCC. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR. usually. Opamps may be packaged as components.7) DIS-Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. OP-AMP An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and. industrial. or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits. which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the variation. being used in a vast array of consumer. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today. They had their origins in analog computers where they were used in many linear. a single-ended output. Their popularity in circuit design largely stems from the fact that characteristics of the final op-amp circuits with negative feedback (such as their gain) are set by external components with little dependence on temperature changes and manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself. Operational amplifiers are important building blocks for a wide range of electronic circuits. An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals. and scientific devices. 8) VCC-Positive supply voltage. non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. . the core becomes temporarily magnetized. An LED or IRED consists of two elements of processed material called P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. but there are important differences. These two elements are placed in direct contact. This can damage other components in the circuit. forming a region called the P-N junction. The coil can be energized from a low power source such as a transistor while the contacts can switch high powers such as the mains supply. by passing current through it. Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer). The armature is pivoted which causes it to operate one or more sets of contacts. The magnetized core attracts the iron armature. Also. to form an electromagnet. LED A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. occurring at a single wavelength. Relays can generate a very high voltage across the coil when switched off. In this respect. When the coil is deenergized the armature and contacts are released.RELAY The electromagnetic relay consists of a multi-turn coil. The relay can also be situated remotely from the control source. wound on an iron core. allowing visible or IR energy to pass through. When the coil is energized. . The light is not particularly bright. such a device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED). but in most LEDs it is monochromatic. the LED or IRED has a large PN-junction area whose shape is tailored to the application. The LED or IRED has a transparent package. the LED or IRED resembles most other diode types. The output from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). To prevent this a diode is connected across the coil. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. and plastic. These plates are separated by a dielectric or other form of insulator. this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance. the lower the resistance. This type of capacitor is able to adjust the frequency and tuning of telecommunications equipment and is often referred to a variable capacitor. A capacitor is also ideal for storing an electron. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. polyester. Examples include ceramic. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. paper. In alternatingcurrent (AC) circuits. Other common capacitor insulators include air. Each effectively prevents the plates from touching each other. however. tantalum air. Another type of capacitor is used in the telecommunications equipment industry. A capacitor cannot. which helps them maintain an electric charge. All other factors being equal. in a direct-current (DC) circuit. Finger annulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened.RESISTOR A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay. A capacitor is often used to store analogue signals and digital data. the higher this ratio. make electrons. A capacitor . the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance and directly proportional to the voltage across it. The most common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. each of which hosts an opposite charge. There are several types of insulators used in capacitors. CAPACITOR A capacitor is a tool consisting of two conductive plates. and polystyrene. and rarely to others. A capacitor contains 1. which differs on each of the two interior plates. As voltage is used in a capacitor. the current flows away from the other plate. The cloud represents one of the plates and the ground represents the other. Here in our application we need a 9v DC power supply for all electronics involved in the project. At the same time. . rectifier. To understand the flow of voltage in a capacitor. is similar to a capacitor.measures in voltage. but the current flows in opposite directions. TRANSFORMERPower supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. voltage regulator. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies. The lightning is the charging factor moving between the ground and the cloud. and filter circuit for generation of 9v of power. This requires step down transformer. one of the two plates becomes filled with a steady flow of current. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. for example.5 volts. Lightning. less often to mechanical ones. Both plates of the capacitor are charged. which is the same voltage found in a common AA battery. it is helpful to look at naturally occurring examples. The etch solution removes the unwanted copper. Now we are able to get the required layout printed on PCB in the form of copper. Take the print out of the layout on transparent sheet or butter paper in inverted format.PROCEDURE ADOPTED PCB DESIGNINGSTEPS TO DESIGN PCB 1. LAYOUT IMPRESSION ON CLAD BORD Take the impression of layout on clad board using carbon paper or electric iron. 5. 2. 4. LAYOUT PREPARATION Prepare the layout of the circuit diagram using the software. ETCHING Now dip the clad board having printed layout into the etch solution. DRILLING/PUNCHING Now drill the required holes for component mounting . TESTING Now test the tracks using multimeter. 3. LAYOUT . and limited production work. It supplies heat to melt the solder so that it can flow into the joint between two work pieces. Soldering irons are most often used for installation. Another heating method includes combustion of a suitable gas. Less common uses include pyrography (burning designs into wood) and plastic welding. which can either be delivered through a tank mounted on the iron (flameless). or through an external flame. Wire Stripper Wire stripper is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor before it is used to connect to another wire or soldered into the printed circuit board. by passing an electric current (supplied through an electrical cord or battery cables) through the resistive material of a heating element. . Some wire stripper or wire cutter has a measurement engraved on it to indicate the length that will be stripped.TOOLS USED TO MOUNT THE COMPONENT ON YHE PCB Soldering iron A soldering iron is a hand tool most commonly used in soldering. Heating is often achieved electrically. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. High-volume production lines use other soldering methods. repairs. It can also be used to cut wires into shorter length before being used.Side-Cutting Pliers A 4-inch side cutting pliers will come in handy as one of the electronic tools when one need to trim off excess component leads on the printed circuit board. Tweezers Small tweezers is used to hold small components especially when doing soldering and de-soldering of surface mount components. .