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AtkinsPW Id
March 21, 2018 | Author: Suci Indah Lestari Mujtaba | Category:
Spectroscopy
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Observational Astronomy
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Scientific Method
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Natural Philosophy
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Condensed Matter Physics
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Kimia FisikaPeter Atkins dan Julio de Paula i Daftar Isi Daftar Isi ii II Struktur 8 Teori Kuantum: Pendahuluan dan Prinsip Asal mula mekanika kuantum . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 Kegagalan fisika klasik . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiasi benda hitam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribusi Planck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kapasitas panas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spektrum atom dan molekul . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Dualitas gelombang dan partikel . . . . . . . Sifat partikel dari gelombang elektromagnetik Sifat gelombang dari partikel . . . . . . . . . Dinamika sistem mikroskopik . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Persamaan Schr¨dinger . . . . . . . . . . . . o 8.4 Penafsiran Born tentang fungsi gelombang . . Penormalan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kuantisasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prinsip-prinsip mekanika kuantum . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Informasi fungsi gelombang . . . . . . . . . . Rapat kebolehjadian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operator, nilai eigen, fungsi eigen . . . . . . . Operator Hermitian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superposisi dan nilai harapan . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Prinsip ketidakpastian . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Postulat mekanika kuantum . . . . . . . . . . ii 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gerak vibrasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penormalan . . .8 Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penyelesaian radial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Gerak dalam dua atau lebih dimensi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Rotasi dalam tiga dimensi: partikel pada kulit bola Persamaan Schr¨dinger . . . . . Teknik hampiran . . . . . . . . 9. . .10 Teori gangguan bergantung waktu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Fungsi gelombang . 10. . . . Pemisahan variabel . . . . . . Energi pengionan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . . Sifat-sifat penyelesaian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model vektor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . Degenerasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Tingkat-tingkat energi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penjelasan kualitatif rotasi yang terkuantisasi . . . 9. . . . Sifat-sifat osilator . . 9. . . . . . . . . Kuantisasi rotasi . . . Pemisahan variabel . . . iii 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penyelesaian yang dapat diterima . . . . . . . . 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Struktur atom dan spektrum atom Struktur dan spektrum atom hidrogen . . . o Momentum sudut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Rotasi dalam dua dimensi: partikel pada cincin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tingkat-tingkat energi . . . .1 Partikel dalam kotak . . . . . . . . . Orbital atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Orbital atom dan energinya . . . . . . . . . . . Keortogonalan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kuantisasi ruang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Terobosan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gerak rotasi . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kulit dan subkulit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Teori gangguan tak-bergantung-waktu . . . . .1 Struktur atom hidrogen . . . . .DAFTAR ISI 9 Teori kuantum: teknik dan terapan Gerak translasi . . . . . . . Bentuk fungsi gelombang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The electronic structures of homonuclear Photoelectron spectroscopy . Momentum sudut total . . . . .7 Keadaan singlet dan triplet . . . . . . . . . Spektrum atom rumit . . . . . .3 Transisi spektroskopi dan aturan seleksi Struktur atom banyak elektron . . . . . . . . . Teori orbital molekul . . Aturan seleksi . .8 Pentautan spin-orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . diatomic molecules . . . . . . . 10. . . . . . . . . . Momentum sudut total . . 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Molekul diatom homo-nuklir . . . . . . . 11. .3 Molekul-ion hidrogen . . . . . . . . . . Teori ikatan-valensi . . . .2 Molekul poliatom . . . . . . .4 Hampiran orbital . . . . 10. . Multiplisitas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kombinasi linier orbital atom . . . . Energi pengionan dan afinitas elektron . .5 Orbital medan konsisten-diri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Molekul diatom homonuklir . . . . Orbital d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. . . . . Orbital π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Struktur halus . . Orbital anti-ikatan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atom helium . . . . 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asas pengisian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Struktur molekul Hampiran Born-Oppenheimer . . . . . . . . . . Orbital p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 ”Term symbol” dan aturan seleksi . . 10. . . . . . . . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orbital ikatan . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orbital σ . . . .iv Fungsi distribusi radial . Momentum sudut orbital total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penetrasi dan perisai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Defek kuantum dan batas pengionan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asas Pauli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. . . . . . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integral tumpang-tindih . . . . . . . . . . . . DAFTAR ISI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and Cnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Semi-empirical and ab initio methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cnv . . . . . . . . . . .4 Character tables and symmetry labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. . . . .8 The prediction of molecular properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. The full rotation group . . Applications to molecular orbital theory and spectroscopy 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 The symmetry classification of molecules . . . Benzene and aromatic stability . . Two simple cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Computational chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The groups Cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . The groups Dn . . . . . . . . . . . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chirality . . . . . . . Molecular orbitals for polyatomic systems . . . . . . . v 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 . 12 Molecular Symmetry The symmetry elements of objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Operations and symmetry elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dnh . . . . . . . . . . 12. . . . The classification of linear combinations of orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Character and operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electron density and the electrostatic potential surfaces Thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties . . . . . . . . . and Cs . . Polar bonds . . . . . . .DAFTAR ISI 11. . . . . The matrix formulation of the H¨ckel method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Representations and characters . . . . . . . . . . The structure of character tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Vanishing integrals and orbital overlap . The groups Sn . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Some immediate consequences of symmetry . . u Ethene and frontier orbitals . The Hartree-Fock equations . . The variation principle . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. . . . . .5 Heteronuclear diatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The groups C1 . . . . . . Polarity . . . . . The cubic groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronegativity . . . . . and Dnd . . . Density functional theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 The H¨ckel approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Character tables and orbital degeneracy . . u Butadiene and ?π-electron binding energy . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Rotational Raman spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . . .2 The intensities of spectral lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 The rotational energy levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Degeneracies and the Stark effect . . . . . .11Selection rules . . . . . . . Linear rotors . . . . . . 13. Orbitals with non-zero overlap . . Symmetry-adapted linear combinations 12. . . . The appearance of rotational spectra . . . . . . . . 13. . . . 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rotational selection rules . . . . . . . . .9 The vibrations of diatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DAFTAR ISI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lifetime broadening . . . .4 Moments of inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Linewidths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Experimental techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Vanishing integral and selection rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi The criteria for vanishing integral . . . . . . 13. 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spectral branches . . . Selection rules and transition moments . . . . .13Vibration-roration spectra . . . . . . . . Centrifugal distortion . . . . . . . . Absorption intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Nuclear statistics and rotational states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pure rotation spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The convergence of energy levels . . . . . . .14Vibrational Raman spectra of diatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spherical rotors . . . . . . . . . . 13. . The vibrations of polyatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . 13. . . .12Anharmonicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Birge-Sponer plot . . . . . . . .10Molecular vibrations . . . . 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combination differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . . . . . . . . . The vibrations of diatomic molecules . . . . 13. . . . .6 Rotational transitions . . 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 13 Molecular spectroscopy 1: rotational and vibrational General features of spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . Symmetric rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15The vibrations of polyatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . 13. . . 13. . . . . Doppler broadening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . . . . .DAFTAR ISI 13. . . . . . . . vii 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 19 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . . . . . .2 The electronic spectra of diatomic molecules . . . .6 General principles of laser action . . . . Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy . . 14.4 Fluorescence and phosphorescence . . . . . . . . . 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Molecular spectroscopy 2: electronic transitions 14. . . .7 Applications of lasers in chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The characteristics of electronic transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . . 15 Molecular spectroscopy 3: magnetic resonance 16 Statistical thermodynamics 1: the concepts . . . . . The fates of electronically excited states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. . . . 14. . . . . .18Vibrational Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules Depolarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raman activity of normal modes . . . Infrared activity of normal modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 The characteristics of electronic transitions . . . . . . . Lasers . . . . .19Symmetry aspects of molecular vibration . . . . . . . . 14. . .16Normal modes . . . . . . .3 The electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules . . . . . . . Resonance Raman spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Dissociation and predissociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Infrared absorption spectra of polyatomic molecules 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bagian II Struktur 1 . . 1 Kegagalan fisika klasik Radiasi benda hitam Distribusi Planck Kapasitas panas Spektrum atom dan molekul 8.Bab 8 Teori Kuantum: Pendahuluan dan Prinsip Asal mula mekanika kuantum 8.2 Dualitas gelombang dan partikel Sifat partikel dari gelombang elektromagnetik (Photoelectric effect) Sifat gelombang dari partikel (Electron diffraction. Relation of de Broglie) 3 . nilai eigen.4 Penafsiran Born tentang fungsi gelombang (Probability of finding the particle.3 Persamaan Schr¨dinger o (One dimensional system. Hamiltonian operator) 8.5 Informasi fungsi gelombang Rapat kebolehjadian Operator.6 Prinsip ketidakpastian (Heisenberg uncertainly principle) 8.7 Postulat mekanika kuantum . probability density) Penormalan Kuantisasi Prinsip-prinsip mekanika kuantum 8. TEORI KUANTUM: PENDAHULUAN DAN PRINSIP Dinamika sistem mikroskopik 8.4 BAB 8. fungsi eigen Operator Hermitian Superposisi dan nilai harapan 8. three dimensional system. 5 . 3 Terobosan Gerak vibrasi 9. Hermite polynomial) .6 BAB 9.2 Gerak dalam dua atau lebih dimensi Pemisahan variabel Degenerasi 9.1 Partikel dalam kotak Penyelesaian yang dapat diterima Penormalan Sifat-sifat penyelesaian Keortogonalan 9.5 Tingkat-tingkat energi Fungsi gelombang Bentuk fungsi gelombang (Harmonic ascillator.4 9. TEORI KUANTUM: TEKNIK DAN TERAPAN Bab 9 Teori kuantum: teknik dan terapan Gerak translasi 9. 9. ROTASI DALAM DUA DIMENSI: PARTIKEL PADA CINCIN 7 Sifat-sifat osilator Gerak rotasi 9.7 Rotasi dalam tiga dimensi: partikel pada kulit bola Persamaan Schr¨dinger o Momentum sudut Kuantisasi ruang Model vektor 9.6.9 9.6 Rotasi dalam dua dimensi: partikel pada cincin Penjelasan kualitatif rotasi yang terkuantisasi Kuantisasi rotasi 9.8 Spin Teknik hampiran 9.10 Teori gangguan tak-bergantung-waktu Teori gangguan bergantung waktu . . 9 . 1 Struktur atom hidrogen Pemisahan variabel Penyelesaian radial 10.3 Transisi spektroskopi dan aturan seleksi Struktur atom banyak elektron 10.2 Orbital atom dan energinya Tingkat-tingkat energi Energi pengionan Kulit dan subkulit Orbital atom Fungsi distribusi radial Orbital p Orbital d 10. STRUKTUR ATOM DAN SPEKTRUM ATOM Bab 10 Struktur atom dan spektrum atom Struktur dan spektrum atom hidrogen 10.10 BAB 10.4 Hampiran orbital Atom helium Asas Pauli Penetrasi dan perisai Prinsip pengisian . 11 . STRUKTUR MOLEKUL Bab 11 Struktur molekul Hampiran Born-Oppenheimer Teori ikatan-valensi 11.1 11.12 BAB 11.4 Molekul diatom homonuklir Orbital σ Orbital π Integral tumpang-tindih Struktur elektron molekul diatom homonuklir Spektroskopi fotoelektron 11.5 Molekul diatom heteronuklir Ikatan polar Keelektronegatifan Prinsip variasi Dua kasus sederhana .2 Molekul diatom homo-nuklir Molekul poliatom Teori orbital molekul 11.3 Molekul-ion hidrogen Kombinasi linier orbital atom Orbital ikatan Orbital anti-ikatan 11. 13 . 2 Operations and symmetry elements The symmetry classification of molecules The groups C1 .1 12. Cnv .14 BAB 12.4 Character tables and symmetry labels Representations and characters The structure of character tables Character tables and orbital degeneracy Character and operations The classification of linear combinations of orbitals . MOLECULAR SYMMETRY Bab 12 Molecular Symmetry The symmetry elements of objects 12.3 Some immediate consequences of symmetry Polarity Chirality Applications to molecular orbital theory and spectroscopy 12. and Dnd The groups Sn The cubic groups The full rotation group 12. Ci . and Cnh The groups Dn . Dnh . and Cs The groups Cn . 15 . 5 Moments of inertia The rotational energy levels Spherical rotors Symmetric rotors Linear rotors Degeneracies and the Stark effect Centrifugal distortion 13.3 Linewidths Doppler broadening Lifetime broadening Pure rotation spectra 13.1 13.6 Rotational transitions .4 13. MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1: ROTATIONAL AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA Bab 13 Molecular spectroscopy 1: rotational and vibrational spectra General features of spectroscopy 13.16 BAB 13.2 Experimental techniques The intensities of spectral lines Absorption intensities Selection rules and transition moments 13. 4 14.6 14.1 14.Bab 14 Molecular spectroscopy 2: electronic transitions 14.2 14.3 The characteristics of electronic transitions The electronic spectra of diatomic molecules The electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules The fates of electronically excited states 14.5 Lasers 14.7 General principles of laser action Applications of lasers in chemistry Fluorescence and phosphorescence Dissociation and predissociation 17 . . Bab 15 Molecular spectroscopy 3: magnetic resonance 19 . . Bab 16 Statistical thermodynamics 1: the concepts 21 .
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