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[email protected] Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions. NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886, D 4158, and AATCC 93. 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a material by rubbing against another surface. 3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 123. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the specimen to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditions of pressure, tension, and abrasive action.5 Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by various means which are described in Section 12. 5. Significance and Use 5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric. 5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen. 5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent 5 A machine similar to that described may be obtained from Polyspec, Inc., 2301 South Tyron St., Charlotte, NC 28203. An evaluation was made of this apparatus in the “Report of the ASTM Task Group Studying the Wyzenbeck Precision Wear Test Meter,” by Scaman J. Tanenhaus and Gerald Winston in the ASTM Bulletin, October 1948. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2 D 1682 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Elongation of Textile Fabrics2 D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing2 D 3597 Specification for Woven Upholstery Fabrics— Plain, Tufted, or Flocked3 D 3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double Head Method)3 D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)3 D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Method)3 D 4158 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion Method)3 2.2 Other Document: AATCC 93, Impeller Tumble Method4 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific. Current edition approved June 15, 1992. Published August 1992. Originally published as D 4157 – 82. Last previous edition D 4157 – 82. 2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. 3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02. 4 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. 1 50 by 50 mm (2 by 2 in. An automatic counter should be provided to record the number of oscillations. 5. 5. Insert 36-grit sandpaper. to find that there are many different types of abrasion testing machines.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. lower the pads onto sandpaper.2 Maintenance and Calibration—The rubber pads on the tester may not be in proper alignment when installed or may become misaligned or worn through use. and knit apparel fabrics. they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual wear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing the specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and actual wear in the intended end-use. between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. made of sponge rubber. including woven. industrial fabrics.8 Because of the conditions mentioned previously. The section should oscillate through an arc 76 mm (3 in. and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. the relationship varies with different end uses. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.D 4157 intervals. abradants. testing conditions.7 Since there is a definite need for measuring the relative resistance to abrasion. and interpretation of results. Suspended over the drum should be two slotted vacuum pipes to remove lint and dust particles. It is not surprising. nonwoven. and remove all pressure. The pressure pad. using a specified technique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion) and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deterioration or wearing out in use. should consist of an oscillating cylinder section furnished with edge clamps to permit mounting of a sheet of abrasive material over its curved 2 FIG. therefore. including the effects of abrasion) are frequently related. Run tester for 400 cycles or until pads are evenly worn to the shape of the drum. In general.) in dimension. . 6. household fabrics. the statistical bias. should be shaped to the curve of the cylinder surface. firmly seat the pads in holders. In order to achieve uniform wear the following procedure should be followed: Remove the screen wire and clean the drum. however. 5. engage. The rear clamp should butt against a thumb screw to provide for taking up the slack of the specimen. they represent the methods now most widely in use. but they should not be relied upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small.) long at the rate of 90 cycles (double rubs) per min. 1 and 2. testing procedures.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics. In such a case. 5. 6. Each arm should consist of a set of controlled tension clamps and a controlled pressure pad.1 The apparatus. standardized test methods are desirable and useful and may clarify the problem and lessen the confusion. and the precision of this test method is uncertain. brush the rubber pads to remove loose fiber. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine. Three or four specimen-holding arms should be provided to permit testing of several specimens simultaneously. Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-use performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resistance of various materials is large. and floor coverings. Tension on the specimen should be adjusted by use of a calibrated sliding weight on a bar attached to the forward specimen clamp. technicians frequently fail to get good agreement between results obtained on the same type of testing instrument both within and between laboratories. should be fitted to a pressure bar at the top of the specimen-holding arm.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed for abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability in results obtained by different operators and in different laboratories. The rubber pad. This test method is accordingly not recommended for acceptance testing in contractual agreements between purchaser and seller because of the poor between-laboratory precision of the test method. 5. After each test. Apparatus 6. if any. 1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasive Machine surface. A second calibrated sliding weight should furnish the required pressure between the pad and the cylinder section. methods of evaluation of abrasion resistance. if there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this test method for acceptance testing. shown in Figs. 11.1 Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable material specification. The laboratory sample should be full width and at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in. The long dimensions are cut parallel to the warp yarns for warpwise abrasion and parallel to the filling yarns for fillingwise abrasion. 7.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. Preparation of Specimens 10. 9. bring the scale bar back into a horizontal position by adjusting the screw behind the rear clamp.2 Take a laboratory sample from each roll or piece of fabric in the lot sample. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens 8. 2 Schematic Diagram of Oscillatory Cylinder Machine etc. If the specimen stretches during the test.1 For the tests made as described. 10. Do not cut two warp specimens from the same warp yarns or two filling specimens from the same filling yarns. using a nylon brush of medium stiffness.) by 230 mm (9 in. 7.). or as agreed upon between the purchaser and seller. Sampling 7.D 4157 FIG.1 In the absence of any applicable material specifications. Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the increase in weight of the specimen in successive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0. 11. Depending on the thickness of the specimen. Procedure 11. as needed. then bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing. Conditioning 9. 7.1 Cut the test specimen 45 mm (17⁄8 in. precondition the specimens by bringing them to approximate moisture equilibrium in 3 the standard atmosphere for preconditioning. 8.2 Place the specimen in the clamps with the long dimension parallel to the direction of abrasion. which is 70 6 2°F (21 6 1°C) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity. Inspect the pads for wear and reverse or replace. 8 warp and 8 filling. adjust the knurled screw on the top . from each sample to be tested.1 % of the weight of the specimen. Weekly maintenance should be done as follows: Take off the screens and clean in a detergent solution. take 16 specimens. In the absence of such a specification or other agreement.) long and should not be taken any closer to the end of the roll or piece of fabric than 1 m (1 yd). Draw the specimen tight enough to bring the weighted tension scale bar into a horizontal position. Set the weight on the pressure bar at the specified load. Clean out the vacuum system by removing the attachment and blowing out with an air hose and vacuuming. Specimen preparation need not be carried out in the standard atmosphere for testing. take a laboratory sample as directed in 7. Abrade the specimens on the face of the material unless otherwise specified.3 Sample shipments of garments as agreed upon between purchaser and seller.. Clean the drum with the brush and then with a cloth using stoddard solvent.2. since the true value of the property cannot be established by an accepted referee test method. Change the abradant for each set of specimens. color. which you may attend. describe the particular method employed. color. 13. is being established. Report 13. tension. 11. B 5 breaking load after abrasion. 13. United States.1 abrasion.3 Evaluation for Visual Changes—Abrade the specimen a specified number of cycles and then evaluate visually for the effect of the abrasion on luster. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised. 13. Interpretation of Results 12. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone). if determined. oscillatory cylinder procedure for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics. and the risk of infringement of such rights. 15. by agreement. report the following information: 13. etc. 100 Barr Harbor Drive. pilling. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights. PA 19428-2959. and The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. to rupture and record the number of cycles.3 Abrade the specimen.3 Average percentage loss (reported to the nearest percent) of breaking load obtained after abrasion for one or more specified number of cycles.1 Abrasion to Rupture—Average the number of cycles to rupture for each sample using the following table: Total Number of Cycles Under 200 200 to 1000 excl 1000 to 5000 excl 5000 and over Average to the Nearest 10 cycles 25 cycles 50 cycles 100 cycles 12.. oscillatory cylinder procedure. 12. Keywords 15. pilling. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee. under the same conditions. if determined. PA 19428. abrade the specimen using a 908-g (2-lb) dead weight load tension and a 908-g dead weight load for 250 continuous cycles with No. NOTE 2—Other abradant materials may also be used. or service@astm. at a given number of cycles. 12.2 Average number of cycles required to rupture the specimen.2. napping.2 Depending on the test option used.4 Effect of abrasion on luster.1 Determine the breaking load of an unabraded portion of the same sample. recorded by qualitative or comparative ranking. 12. 13.org).2 Bias—No justifiable statement can be made on the bias of Test Method D 4157. 13.2. 14. 610-832-9555 (fax). woven fabric 12.2.2. or through the ASTM website (http://www. either reapproved or withdrawn.astm. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards. 14.2 Compare the breaking load of the abraded specimens to that of the control specimens by calculating the loss in breaking load and report to the nearest 1. are entirely their own responsibility. if determined. thickness. Unless otherwise specified. Precision and Bias 14. West Conshohocken. and load adjustment.2.2.1 Type of abradant used. or to a specified number of cycles.2. West Conshohocken.2 Percentage Loss in Breaking Load—Determine the breaking load of specimens abraded for a specified number of cycles. 4 . for measuring abrasion resistance of textile fabrics. napping. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM. 100 Barr Harbor Drive. 0 emery paper used as the abradant. The abraded area of the specimens should be in the central portion of the raveled strip and be placed midway between the clamps of the tensile tester. using Test Methods D 1682 raveled-strip procedure. Describe the material or product sampled and the method of sampling used.0 % using Eq 1: Loss in breaking load.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in ASTM Test Method D 4157.5 If any other means of evaluating the effect of abrasion is used. 13.org (e-mail). Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. or control fabric. % 5 100~A 2 B!/A (1) where: A 5 breaking load before abrasion.D 4157 of the overarm to allow the pressure bar to rest in a horizontal position. etc.1 Precision—The precision of Test Method D 4157.