Astm a255 Jominy

Designation: A 255 – 02Standard Test Methods for Determining Hardenability of Steel1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 255; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials2 E 112 Test Methods for Determining the Average Grain Size2 1. Scope* 1.1 These test methods cover the identification and description of test methods for determining the hardenability of steels. The two test methods include the quantitative end-quench or Jominy Test and a method for calculating the hardenability of steel from the chemical composition based on the original work by M. A. Grossman. 1.2 The selection of the test method to be used for determining the hardenability of a given steel shall be agreed upon between the supplier and user. The Certified Material Test Report shall state the method of hardenability determination. 1.3 The calculation method described in these test methods is applicable only to the range of chemical compositions that follow: Element Range, % Carbon Manganese Silicon Chromium Nickel Molybdenum 0.10–0.70 0.50–1.65 0.15–0.60 1.35 max 1.50 max 0.55 max END-QUENCH OR JOMINY TEST 3. Description 3.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the hardenability of steel by the end-quench or Jominy test. The test consists of water quenching one end of a cylindrical test specimen 1.0 in. in diameter and measuring the hardening response as a function of the distance from the quenched end. 4. Apparatus 4.1 Support for Test Specimen—A fixture for supporting the test specimen vertically so that the lower end of the specimen is a distance of 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) above the orifice of the water-quenching device. A satisfactory type of support for the standard 1.0-in. (25.4-mm) specimen is shown in Fig. 1. 1.4 Hardenability is a measure of the depth to which steel will harden when quenched from its austenitizing temperature (Table 1). It is measured quantitatively, usually by noting the extent or depth of hardening of a standard size and shape of test specimen in a standardized quench. In the end-quench test the depth of hardening is the distance along the specimen from the quenched end which correlates to a given hardness level. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. NOTE 1—A suitable support for other sizes and shapes of specimens is shown in Fig. X1.1. 4.2 Water-Quenching Device—A water-quenching device of suitable capacity to provide a vertical stream of water that can be controlled to a height of 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) when passing through an orifice 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) in diameter. A tank of sufficient capacity to maintain the water temperature requirements of 6.3 with a small pump and control valves will be found satisfactory. The water-supply line shall also be provided with a quick opening valve. 5. Test Specimens 5.1 Wrought Specimens—End-quench specimens shall be prepared from rolled or forged stock and shall represent the full cross section of the product. If negotiated between the supplier and the user, the end-quench specimen may be prepared from a given location in a forged or rolled product or from a 1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.15 on Bars. Current edition approved March 10, 2002. Published May 2002. Originally published as A 255–42. Last previous edition A 255–99. 2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. 1 A 255 – 02 TABLE 1 Normalizing and Austenitizing TemperaturesA Steel Series 1000, 1300, 1500, 3100, 4000, 4100 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, 4700, 5000, 5100, 6100,B 8100, 8600, 8700, 8800, 9400, 9700, 9800 2300, 2500, 3300, 4800, 9300 9200 Ordered Carbon Content, max, % Normalizing Temperature, °F (°C) Austenitizing Temperature, °F (°C) 0.25 and under 1700 (925) 1700 (925) 0.26 to 0.36, incl 1650 (900) 1600 (870) 0.37 and over 0.25 and under 1600 (870) 1700 (925) 1550 (845) 1550 (845) 0.26 to 0.36, incl 0.37 and over 0.50 and over 1650 (900) 1600 (870) 1650 (900) 1500 (815) 1475 (800) 1600 (870) 6.2.1 Other methods consist of placing the specimen in an appropriately sized hole in a graphite block or placing the specimen in an upright tube attached to a flat base, both of a heat-resistant metal, with the collar projecting for a tong hold. Place a disk of graphite or carbon, or a layer of carbonaceous material such as charcoal, in the bottom of the tube to prevent scaling. 6.2.2 For a particular fixture and furnace, determine the time required to heat the specimen to the austenitizing temperature by inserting a thermocouple into a hole drilled axially in the top of the specimen. Repeat this procedure periodically, for example once a month, for each combination of fixture and furnace. 6.3 Quenching—Adjust the water-quenching device so that the stream of water rises to a free height of 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) above the 0.5-in. (12.7-mm) orifice, without the specimen in position. The support for the specimen shall be dry at the beginning of each test. Then place the heated specimen in the support so that its bottom face is 0.5 in. above the orifice, and turn on the water by means of the quick-opening valve. The time between removal of the specimen from the furnace and the beginning of the quench should not be more than 5 s. Direct the stream of water, at a temperature of 40 to 85°F (5 to 30°C), against the bottom face of the specimen for not less than 10 min. Maintain a condition of still air around the specimen during cooling. If the specimen is not cold when removed from the fixture, immediately quench it in water. 6.4 Hardness Measurement—Two flats 180° apart shall be ground to a minimum depth of 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) along the entire length of the bar and Rockwell C hardness measurements made along the length of the bar. Shallower ground depths can affect reproducibility of results, and correlation with cooling rates in quenched bars. 6.4.1 The preparation of the two flats must be carried out with considerable care. They should be mutually parallel and the grinding done in such a manner that no change of the quenched structure takes place. Very light cuts with water cooling and a coarse, soft-grinding wheel are recommended to avoid heating the specimen. In order to detect tempering due to grinding, the flat may be etched with one of the following etchant solutions: A variation of 610°F (6°C) from the temperatures in this table is permissible. Normalizing and austenitizing temperatures are 50°F (30°C) higher for the 6100 series. A B continuous cast billet. The test specimen shall be 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) in diameter by 4.0 in. (101.6 mm) in length, with means for hanging it in a vertical position for end quenching. Dimensions of the preferred specimen and of an optional specimen (Note 2) are given in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The specimen shall be machined from a bar previously normalized in accordance with 6.1 and of such size as to permit the removal of all decarburization in machining to 1.0 in. round. The end of the specimen to be water cooled shall have a reasonably smooth finish, preferably produced by grinding. Normalizing may be waived by agreement between the supplier and the user. The previous thermal history of the specimen tested shall always be recorded. 5.2 Cast Specimens—A separately cast end-quench specimen may be used for non-boron steels. Cast specimens are not suitable for boron steel grades due to erratic results. A graphite or metal mold may be used to form an overlength specimen 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) in diameter which shall be cut to the standard specimen size. The mold may also be used to form a 1.25-in. (31.8-mm) diameter specimen which shall be machined to the final specimen size. Cast tests need not be normalized. NOTE 2—Other sizes and shapes of test specimens are described in Appendix X1. NOTE 3—5 % nitric acid (concentrated) and 95 % water by volume. NOTE 4—50 % hydrochloric acid (concentrated) and 50 % water by volume. 6. Procedure 6.1 Normalizing—The wrought product from which the specimen is to be prepared shall be normalized to ensure proper hardening characteristics. The sample shall be held at the temperature listed in Table 1 for 1 h and cooled in air. Tempering of the normalized sample to improve machinability is permitted. 6.2 Heating—Place the specimen in a furnace that is at the specified austenitizing temperature (Table 1) and hold at this temperature for 30 min. In production testing slightly longer times up to 35 min may be used without appreciably affecting results. It is important to heat the specimen in such an atmosphere that practically no scaling and a minimum of decarburization takes place. This may be accomplished by heating the specimen in a vertical position in a container with an easily removable cover containing a layer of cast-iron chips with the bottom face of the specimen resting on the chips. Wash the sample in hot water. Etch in solution No. 1 until black. Wash in hot water. Immerse in solution No. 2 for 3 s and wash in hot water. Dry in air blast. 6.4.1.1 The presence of lighter or darker areas indicates that hardness and structure have been altered in grinding. If such changes caused by grinding are indicated, new flats may be prepared. 6.4.2 When hardness tests are made, the test specimen rests on one of its flats on an anvil firmly attached to the hardness machine. It is important that no vertical movement be allowed when the major load is applied. The anvil must be constructed to move the test specimen past the penetrator in accurate steps of 1⁄16 in. (1.5 mm). Resting the specimen in a V-block is not permitted. 2 1 The Rockwell tester should periodically be checked against standard test blocks. respectively. A lowpower measuring microscope is suitable for use in determining the distance from the quenched end to the center of the first impression and in checking the distance from center to center of the succeeding impressions.4.4.2.A 255 – 02 FIG. of Test Methods E 18. 2 Preferred Test Specimen FIG. It has been found that with 3 . reference should be made to 4.2. 1 Test Specimen in Support for Water Quenching FIG. 3 Optional Test Specimen 6. For general statements regarding the use of test blocks and surface conditions. It is recommended that a test block be interposed between the specimen and the indenter to check the seating of the indenter and the specimen simultaneously. 6.3 Exercise care in registering the point of the indenter in relationship to the quenched end of the specimen as well as providing for accurate spacing between indentations.7 and 5. 4 mm). and 32 sixteenths of an inch. When hardness readings are taken on two or more flats.4. (1.4. reasonable operating care and a well-built fixture. with 0. Showing Typical Hardenability Curves [Chart Size: 81⁄2 by 11 in.10 mm) from the quenched end. If the two probes on opposite sides differ by more than 4 HRC points at any one position. indenter spacing should be measured immediately.6 mm) for the first 16 sixteenths (25.4 Readings shall be taken in steps of 1⁄16 in. 20.0625 6 0. Obviously.1 Test results should be plotted on a standard hardenability chart prepared for this purpose.2 For reporting purposes. If the retest also has greater than 4 HRC points spread. The variations between spacings should be even smaller. In cases of lack of reproducibility or of differences between laboratories.4. 22. 24. Testing on two flats will assist in the detection of errors in specimen preparation and hardness 7.4.004 in. Values below 20 HRC are not recorded because such values are not accurate. (216 by 279 mm)] 4 . hardness readings should be recorded to the nearest integer. a new specimen should be tested. Plotting Test Results 7.5 HRC values rounded to the next higher integer. 6. in which the ordinates represent HRC values and the abscissae represent the distance from the quenched end of the specimen at which the hardness determinations were made.5 6 0. the burrs around the indentation shall be removed by grinding unless a fixture is used which has been relieved to accommodate the irregularities due to the indentations. When a flat on which readings have been made is used as a base. then 18. it is practical to locate the center of the first impression 0.A 255 – 02 measurement. 4 Facsimile of Standard ASTM Hardenability Chart. the test should be repeated on new flats. 6. A facsimile of the FIG. it is more important to position the indenter accurately when testing low-hardenability steels than when testing high-hardenability steels.1 Hardness readings should preferably be made on two flats 180° apart. 6. The positioning of the indenter should be checked with sufficient frequency to provide assurance that accuracy requirements are being met. 28.4. the values at the same distance should be averaged and that value used for plotting. 90° from the first two flats. (1. and 8600 series steels encompassing a range of compositions as follows and a range of DI as contained in Tables 2-5.4. Index of Hardenability 8.70 0. A.750 1. and 32 sixteenths of an inch. Element Carbon Manganese Silicon Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Copper Multiplying Factor 0. 5 calculated DI ~from composition excluding boron! (1) 10. 10. The higher the carbon or alloy content.13 Cr 0. and 9. unless otherwise indicated.4. gives a DI value. and J 5⁄16 in.4. (7.A 255 – 02 standard ASTM hardenability chart3 on which typical hardenability curves have been plotted is shown in Fig. 1 2 3 4 50 50 49 48 5 47 6 45 “J” Position (1⁄8 in.667 3 1.4 boron factor NOTE 5—The reporting of hardenability using the calculated method differs from the procedure as shown in 6.1 This method of Jominy Hardenability calculation from the chemical ideal diameter (DI) on a steel is based on the original work of M. this DI is 1. Boron factor 5 1.036 1. or both.4 From Table 8 (in.65 0.4.35 max 1.F. 9.4.60 1.5.18 0. 10. J 7⁄16 in. (For simplicity.1. P.5 Calculation of DI with Boron (DIB): 10.50–1.03 0. Box C700. this hardness is 37 HRC occurring at a “J” distance of 8⁄16 in. 9. % Range. Conshohocken.79 in.F.2 Tables 2-18 are to be used to calculate hardenability from the chemical ideal diameter for the grades shown in 10. 28. Element Carbon Manganese Silicon Chromium Nickel Molybdenum % 0.2 Chemical Composition. Introduction 10. For the example in 10.24 in. A No.43 0.667 1.) with carbon and alloy content.75 3 1.04 3 = 1.10 0. in.29 carbon.119 3 3. 2. For the example heat with 0. For DI in millimetres.20 Ni 0.2 Calculate the alloy factor (the product of all the multiplying factors from Table 6 excluding carbon).10–0.4 mm) = 47 HRC min. determine the nearest location on the end-quench curve where hardness corresponding to 50% martensite occurs for the actual carbon content.25 0.3 ASTM grain size (McQuaid-Ehn) as determined by Test Methods E 112. Hardenability results are to be reported for the first 10 sixteenth (16 mm).929 1. the boron factor (signifying the contribution for boron to increased hardenability) is an inverse function of the carbon and alloy content.07 Calculated DI (boron exMo B cluded) 0. 5 .9 mm) = 38–49 HRC. 14. HRC End-Quench Test Results. 9. For comparison of this test method to others. equates to a measured DI of 2.1 Calculate the DI without boron. W.0015 1.1.) The effects of phosphorous and sulfur are not considered since they tend to cancel one another.929 3 1. Request Adjunct ADJA0255. (6. pads of 50 charts) are available from ASTM International Headquarters. These refinements were based on analysis of thousands of heats of boron and non-boron 1500.) Hardness. 24.4: 3 Standard ASTM Hardenability Charts (81⁄2 by 11 in.97 in.10 measured DI ~from Jominy data and carbon content! B. 7 austenitic grain size is assumed since most steels with hardenability control arc melted to a fine-grain practice where experience has demonstrated that a high percentage of heats conform to this grain size. 5000.4. or for steel compositions outside the mentioned grades.24 in. when multiplied together.1 Report the following information that may be recorded on the ASTM hardenability chart: 9. An example DI calculation is given as follows for an SAE 4118 modified steel: 8.50 max 0. 4100. the 12.3 DI Calculation for Non-Boron Steels—This calculation relies on a series of hardenability factors (Table 6) for each alloying element in the composition which. “J” Position (1⁄8 in. 18. HRC 8 38 14 22 16 20 9 33 10 28 12 25 7 41 10.25 Si 0. The accuracy of this test method and the techniques used to develop it have been documented.3 Using Table 7.040 where: DI = 0.80 0.4 DI Calculation for Boron Steels—With an effective steel making process.126 1. 100 Barr Harbor Drive.97 in.4 (2) 10.22 0.29 Mn 1.4. Report 9.55 max C 0. (11.036 3 1. including the temperature of normalizing and austenitizing.5. 10.1 mm) = 50 HRC max. % 0.4.1 Previous thermal history of the specimen tested. a “J” distance of 8⁄16 in. Examples of this method are J 4⁄16 in.15–0.1 The hardenability of a steel can be designated by a specific HRC hardness value or HRC hardness value range at a given Jominy (“J”) distance. the lower the boron factor.1. 10.4.126 3 1. Grossman and provides increased accuracy by refinement of the carbon multiplying factors and the correlation of a boron factor (B.) Hardness.O. 10.24 in.119 3. from the quenched end (interpolation required). 4. 5 2. the user should refer to other articles concerned with calculating hardenability.1.1 The actual boron factor is expressed by the following relationship: CALCULATION OF HARDENABILITY 10. 20. use the metric value table.4 A prominent notation on the standard hardenability chart if any of the test specimens listed in Appendix X1 are used. 10.2 An example of actual boron factor determination is given as follows for an SAE 15B30 modified steel: Composition.1. PA 19428.4. only multiplying factors for DI in inch–pound units are given.).4. 16. For the example in 10. (interpolation required). 1 in. These inflections will be minor. 10. however.7 Equations for Tables 2-10—Equations representing a least squares polynomial fit of the data contained in Tables 2-10 are listed in Tables 7-6. Keywords 11. For the example non-boron SAE 4118 modified heat containing 0.93 in.5 Hardenability Curves from Composition—With a predetermined DI (DIB for boron steel).24 in. the initial hardness is 45 HRC.2 The hardness at other positions along the end-quench specimen (termed distance hardness) is determined by dividing the initial hardness by the appropriate factor from Table 2 (in.) or Table 3 (mm) for non-boron steels or from Table 4 (in.) for non-boron steels.22 % carbon. the boron multiplying factor is 2. 5 8 10.29% carbon and an alloy factor of 8.36 (interpolation required). the hardness at the respective end-quench positions can be calculated by dividing 45 by the appropriate dividing factor listed in Table 2 (in.4. (For simplicity.5.3 Determine the boron multiplying factor from Table 10. position is a function of carbon content and independent of hardenability and is selected from Table 7.36 DIB = 2. (3) 10.A 255 – 02 Alloy factor 5 Calculated DI ~without boron! 1. 10. Carbon multiplying factor 5 0..79 in.1 The initial hardness (IH) at the J = 1⁄16 in. the end-quench hardenability curve can be computed by the following procedure: 10.). and should be disregarded.1 end-quench hardenability. For this example with 0. hardenability 6 . 10. 11.) or Table 5 (mm) for boron steels. the DI should be rounded to the nearest 0.5. 3 2. The use of these equations to plot curves may result in random inflection points due to the characteristics of polynomial equations.6 For the example non-boron heat with an IH = 45 HRC and a calculated DI of 1.24 in.5.4. 10.157 in.6 Calculate the DI with boron as follows: where: DIB = DI (without boron) 3 boron factor DIB = 1. A 255 – 02 TABLE 2 Distance Hardness Dividing Factors for Non-Boron Steels. 7 . in. mm 8 .A 255 – 02 TABLE 3 Distance Hardness Dividing Factors for Non-Boron Steels. A 255 – 02 TABLE 4 Distance Hardness Dividing Factors for Boron Steels. in. 9 . mm 10 .A 255 – 02 TABLE 5 Distance Hardness Dividing Factors for Boron Steels. 184 0.120 1. .35 2..190 1.24 1.070 0..400 1.146 0.09 0.900 1.733 1.03 1.11 2.16 .833 2.10 1.05 1.50 0.11 0. .077 1.38 2.08 0.44 1...32 2.867 1..02 1.39 0.05 1. .260 2.182 1.605 1.03 0.200 1.04 1.33 0.246 0.100 1.029 1. .37 0.....700 1.31 1.. ..245 1.562 1...16 1.157 0.194 0.160 1.38 0.215 2.994 2.47 2.077 1.533 1..028 1.33 1.389 1.015 2..367 1.091 1.16 1.60 1.022 1.633 2.135 1.46 0.06 1.117 1.256 0..19 0.20 1.367 1.53 2.367 2.18 .058 1.867 2.08 1.24 0.329 1.433 1.13 0.22 0. .065 1.06 1.28 0.011 1.767 2..238 0.062 1..20 .15 1.900 2.086 1.145 2.29 1.123 2.302 1.130 1...54 1.17 0.11 1.168 1.011 0..03 1.140 0.080 1.20 2.274 .058 2. .670 1.27 1.03 1..113 0...01 1.259 1.54 0..201 1.033 1.188 2.175 1.161 1. .022 1.58 0.45 1.03 1.171 1.224 1.043 1.497 1.600 1.14 1.364 1.19 1.17 1.273 1.18 1.99 1.233 2..228 0..10 0..164 1..14 .280 1..287 1.14 1.154 1.475 1.06 1..02 1.119 0.175 1..103 0.267 1.950 1.28 1.02 0.66 1..322 1.109 1..194 1.540 1.205 2.42 0.252 1...167 0.29 0.350 1.218 0.204 1.799 1.196 1.24 1.182 1.301 1.333 1.05 2. .179 1.016 0.336 1.021 1.084 1.49 0.04 1.066 1.15 1. .168 1.01 1.131 1.238 1.90 1.212 2. .29 1.128 1.81 1.392 1. .324 1.266 1.102 1.186 1.50 2.62 2. ..203 1. ..30 0.147 1.02 1...113 1.21 0.242 0.005 0. 0..091 1.09 1..410 1... 0..105 1. .09 1..23 2.. .055 1.567 1.106 1..238 1.78 1.036 1.907 1.12 1...043 0.864 1.200 2.153 1.084 1.12 0. .34 0. . .18 1..189 1.178 1.35 0.000 2.39 1.53 0.102 2. CarbonGrain % Alloy Mn Si Ni Cr Mo Cu V Size 7 0..05 1.16 1.015 1..056 1.281 1.933 1.05 0.088 1..42 1.929 2.108 1.533 2. .040 1.886 1.208 1.26 2.217 1.56 0..734 1.135 0.667 1. in.21 1.080 2.076 0.399 1. ..258 2.081 1.583 1.133 1.063 1.032 0.371 1..167 2.63 1.967 2.648 1.43 0. .037 2.700 2.124 1.51 0..17 0.12 1.139 1..10 .433 1.01 0.11 1.821 2.48 0.173 0..967 1.126 1.933 1...092 0.235 0.842 1.626 1.691 1. .27 0. 0.197 1.500 1.413 1.15 0. 0. ..467 2.15 1.518 1.33 1.26 0.833 1.007 1.004 1..467 1..713 1.059 0.044 1.11 1.112 1. .026 1...02 2..19 1. .07 1.17 2.600 1.213 0.098 1.972 1.014 1.026 1.41 0.400 2.75 1.162 0.098 1.48 1.133 2.667 2.17 1.038 0.315 1.12 1.065 0..130 1.221 2.. 0.432 1.054 1. . 1.200 0.018 1.72 1.55 0.095 1.41 2.12 .35 0.93 1.15 1..119 1.09 1.31 0.253 0.10 1.067 2. .216 0.166 2.36 0.007 1.13 1.231 2.146 1.07 1.45 0.157 1.086 0.343 1.357 1.033 2.84 1.244 0..12 1...800 1.09 0.300 1.18 1. 0..04 0. .07 0.108 1. .047 1. .633 1. 11 .07 1.14 0.193 1.87 1.051 1.142 1.333 2.069 1.32 0.140 1..346 1.A 255 – 02 TABLE 6 Multiplying Factors.042 1.223 0.189 0.16 0.378 1.25 0.52 0..033 1.20 0.249 0...19 1.173 1. .100 1.070 1.06 0.02 1..124 0. .22 1.073 1.211 0.253 2..14 1.56 2..035 1. .57 0.13 1.40 0.06 1.049 0.07 1.294 1.454 1. .406 1..231 1.03 1.210 1.59 2.733 2. .44 0.776 1.756 1..216 1..30 1.11 1.05 1.151 1.36 1.09 .308 1.18 0.. .14 1.08 1.150 1.259 1.800 2.. 0.47 0.19 1.08 2.23 0...021 0.067 1. ..00 1..57 1.049 1.267 1..96 1.233 1.567 2.385 1.233 2.251 0.26 0.230 0.500 2.69 1.300 2.65 ..51 1.21 1.133 1.767 1.210 2..226 0.167 1.097 0.59 0.151 1. . . . . .297 0.707 1.533 4. ...367 3.306 1...267 0.225 3. . 12 ...667 3. ..833 4. .. ..352 1.......967 4. ...99 1..74 0. ..396 3. .. ..95 0...467 3...291 0..433 3.138 3. .289 3....262 0. 0.441 3.616 1..96 0.447 2.268 3.067 4.. .833 3.303 0. ...052 3. . . . ..406 1.... . ...01 1..233 1.....264 0. . ... . .83 0..361 2...658 1.294 1.. . .309 3.448 1. ..203 3....299 3..706 2....93 0. ..577 ..62 0. .386 1.. .793 . .... . .400 3.. ..267 1..721 1.434 1. . . 1.311 3.728 2... .72 0.273 1...85 0.767 4.067 3....497 1.. .283 0.922 2.. ..733 3.. 0. .349 1..230 1...339 2...316 0. ... .. .. .100 3. . .....518 1.313 1.327 1.819 1...92 0.... .. ...360 1.. .....588 1.02 1.. ... .511 1.467 1.504 1..800 3.77 0...295 0.343 1.879 2...354 ..370 1.469 1.833 1..483 1.. . .393 1..814 2. ........... ...19 .667 4.. . .672 1.16 1... . ... . ...11 1.160 3. .. ..512 2. ..06 1.549 3.68 0.. .. ..756 1. .67 0. .602 1.277 0.222 1.555 2.642 2.567 3..333 3... ... 0..... .. ..71 0. .....429 1...074 3..89 0. ..86 0.237 1.805 1. .334 1. ..685 .. .. ...321 .967 1. ..798 1.. .414 3..404 2.933 1..623 1..000 4. ... ..... .241 1. . ... ..248 2.525 1.693 1.273 0.. ..637 1.033 4. 0. ..66 0.. 3...14 .. .826 1..73 0.777 1.167 4.167 3...87 0. .15 1.305 0.. ... . ....030 3.....000 3. . .595 1.... .. ..301 0.427 1.770 1..84 0.12 1.944 2..095 3.581 1.900 3.484 3.226 1.318 2. .291 1......269 0.... ..987 3.07 1.182 3.663 2....309 1....319 0.246 . ......679 1.418 1..300 3.. .. .90 0. 4.270 1.. . ...376 3..700 3..10 1..426 2.426 1.527 3.382 2... ...133 3. .462 ...700 4.375 1.933 4..686 1.567 1....333 3. . . .763 1. .312 0...441 1...033 3.293 0..233 4.. ... .665 1..... .596 2.244 1.271 0. .. .. ..784 1..600 4... 4...324 1.... .. .433 1..307 0. . ..506 3. 1.. . . . ..867 3..70 0. ..767 1.500 4... .. .262 1.76 0. .04 . 0.. .280 1.08 1... ..276 1..79 0... .310 0.97 0. ..574 1.256 1. .651 1. ....88 0..296 2..331 1. .298 1..900 4.03 1.750 2... .812 1.836 2.....728 1.420 1.267 1. .533 3...500 3....389 1... .. .... ..633 3. .. .. . ...318 3... ...400 4......200 3.82 0.13 1.345 1.290 3....64 0. . .285 0.91 0... 0..252 1..966 2. .. .567 4. ...18 1. ..300 4. ...532 1.98 .. . . .356 3.539 1...233 3.735 1.469 .742 1. .266 2..279 3. . .78 0.....287 1. .81 0.05 1.560 1...800 1.749 1.61 0..117 ..65 0..80 0.633 1.858 2.281 0.490 1.609 1..600 1. .A 255 – 02 TABLE 6 Continued CarbonGrain % Alloy Mn Si Ni Cr Mo Cu V Size 7 0.462 1.338 2.... .320 2...63 0. 1.422 1.403 1. ..75 0. ...644 1. .. .... . ... .367 1. . ....433 4....771 2.630 1.09 . 4. . . 4.. .. .317 1.791 1...287 0. ...620 2. .. 0.546 1.314 0.133 4.. . . . .009 ... .367 4...700 1. . .200 4. ...382 1.733 4.378 3.. .94 0. .69 0.333 4..419 3. .553 1...400 1.....364 1..476 1. .. .... .259 1.284 2...301 2...455 1.398 3.100 1.534 2.900 ..60 0....490 2.. ......714 1.411 1...570 .867 4.00 1.275 0... 4.219 1...17 1. 652 7. ... .440 1.. .510 5..437 1..... .582 1.535 1.. . .... ....604 1...448 7...127 2....72 1..491 1. .894 .110 .737 4..520 1. .. 7. .224 7.071 6......44 . .. .635 3.43 1.854 1. ...74 1....239 2. ..660 4. . .. .. . .476 1... .092 2..668 1... ....377 6.592 3.479 6..154 4.31 1.071 2.001 2..122 6..459 1.33 1..37 1.204 2.78 1..295 7..561 1..020 6.. .903 1.......211 2. .586 1..530 2.. .. .434 4.40 1.. ...225 1..79 .461 1. .. ..495 1..253 1. .636 1.959 3. ....564 4...754 7. ..........473 1. .875 1.... . .... .. .193 7.586 4..759 4..512 1..465 1.523 4. .22 1. .. 1. .700 3.. .. . .. .... . . . .. ...612 5.106 2.. .61 1.499 4. ..454 1.805 2.613 1..42 1...197 4....59 1...52 1.683 6. ........ ...... ..218 2.413 4.. .640 4...487 3..71 1... 7.581 6.. . ..53 1.. .... 6. . .183 2..70 .607 4...63 1.20 1.. . .657 3. ..958 8......918 5.283 4.305 4. .155 2... 6.232 2.64 1. .631 1..175 4..... .. .38 1.326 4.. .830 3...861 1. 6.765 5....50 ....470 3.887 6.556 1...046 4.836 6.009 2.369 4..456 . ..32 1. .521 4.....064 2. . . . 1. ... ..040 2.. .... ....... .714 1.. ..... . . .765 3.36 1...036 2..676 ..050 1..........102 5.23 1.... .357 5. 13 . 1.498 1. .27 1...197 2.428 6....75 . . ...35 1. .601 7.... .... . .. 1... . 5..989 7....29 .. .. .. 5...924 1. . .57 1....938 3..62 1..938 6..916 3.45 1..600 1.... ..30 1.....132 4.672 1. . ...099 2....66 1. .816 5. .. .057 2. .481 1.A 255 – 02 TABLE 6 Continued CarbonGrain % Alloy Mn Si Ni Cr Mo Cu V Size 7 1.501 1. .262 4.........931 1.672 ... .. 1. .734 6. .169 2.120 1. . . . . ...... ..55 .. . .. .663 5.840 1.... ..506 3.000 5. ..067 4. .. . ..173 6.... .348 .. . . ... .77 1.614 3.224 1..578 1....255 5. . . ......851 3. ...246 2..447 1. . ..029 2. 1. .....786 . .703 7... .54 1.. 6. .. .67 1..008 1. . . . ..648 1.. . .. ...48 1. ... .051 5.....632 6.204 5. ..39 .... 1...889 1...408 5.499 7..785 2..652 1.981 4..882 1.078 2.618 1...868 1. . ..68 1..945 1.306 5...148 2..715 4.34 ...517 1. . 5. .....938 1.867 5.024 4.... . .....538 1.. . ...51 1..569 1.847 1.627 1... .. .. .176 2..873 3...022 2. ..... ... ..509 1.....531 1.. 1. . .. . .. .973 1.910 1.089 4.25 1. 1.478 4. ..142 7.444 1.. . .994 2. .856 7.043 2. .... .917 1........391 4........ . ..28 1. .629 4.722 3.595 4. ..952 1.591 1.26 1.656 1. 7...091 7.541 1.664 1... . .58 1..808 3.545 4.217 4.....60 .56 1..... .346 7.. .. . .190 1.....622 1.. ..46 1.987 1....49 1.694 4.561 5. ..780 .47 1.550 2. .....450 1..141 2.907 7. . . . .. ... . .. .644 1..69 1.484 1...21 1.542 4. .896 1. .966 1... . ..73 1.24 1.326 6. ..609 1. ..239 . .969 1.113 2....... .. . ... .153 5..... .743 3. .085 1... ...002 ..162 2.980 1.65 1...134 2.. ....275 6.. ... ..015 2.527 1.959 1.76 1.... ..650 4. ...... .. ..397 7. .. .678 3..574 4. . ..41 1. .. . .565 1.. ... ..458 1. . . 37 0. ...20 0.680 ..81 1....35 0.281 2...94 1.. .25 0.722 1........91 1.671 8.. . ..753 1.63 0..468 8.82 1. .. .. .. . .31 0.....59 63 63 64 64 64 49 49 50 50 51 0.. .. ..344 2.. .16 0..88 1. ..54 61 61 62 62 63 47 47 48 48 48 0. .372 2. .. ..570 2.. 1.... ..736 1. ...43 0.. . 8..68 0.111 8.. .... . . . .162 8.779 .330 1....15 0.358 2.....825 2.... ...260 1...53 0.. . .. ..351 2. .28 0...38 0. ... ....39 53 54 55 55 56 40 41 41 42 42 0.99 2... 8..759 1.337 2.701 1. .21 0..386 2..... ....40 0.264 8.. .. .417 8... . .. 50 % Martensite Hardness Hardness − HRC % Carbon Content Initial 100 % Martensite Hardness – HRC 50 % Martensite % Carbon Content Initial 100 % Martensite Hardness – HRC 50 % Martensite % Carbon Content Initial 100 % Martensite 50 % Martensite 0. ..93 1. . .. .64 64 64 65 65 65 51 51 51 52 52 0.... ......62 0.41 0..30 0.49 59 59 59 59 60 45 45 45 46 46 0.46 0. ..14 38 39 40 40 41 26 27 27 28 28 0. .60 0... .715 ...44 56 57 57 58 58 43 43 43 44 44 0. .. .288 2... 8.A 255 – 02 TABLE 6 Continued CarbonGrain % Alloy Mn Si Ni Cr Mo Cu V Size 7 1.34 50 51 51 52 53 37 38 38 39 40 0..379 2. .213 8. . .13 0..85 .. Initial Hardness..24 44 45 45 46 46 32 32 33 34 34 0... . . ..45 0..... . ..761 1.92 1.56 0. .. ...315 2.729 1.96 1.519 8.. . . .....776 1.060 2.90 .... . . .36 0.. .. . 8.27 0.87 1... . ..95 .. .... ... ..97 1.. ..61 0..17 0....11 0.57 0....... ..323 2.274 2. .770 1..42 0. ..694 1. ..66 0. .47 0... ..98 1.23 0. ..50 0. ... 2...52 0.302 2.672 8.708 1. .. ....743 1.. TABLE 7 Carbon Content.29 47 48 49 49 50 35 35 36 36 37 0.10 0. . .... ..58 0.. 1.. .00 .18 0....55 0.. .774 8.773 1...89 1..316 2..723 8. ..83 1.32 0.767 1. ....... .51 0. ......33 0..756 1. .84 1... .....12 0.22 0..86 1. .309 2...750 .65 0. ....19 41 42 42 43 44 29 30 30 31 31 0.. ..366 8..80 .26 0.364 1.. . ..67 0.400 1.48 0. .687 1.393 2..765 . 1.. .... .295 1.267 2..69 65 65 65 65 65 52 52 53 53 53 14 . 1. 5 29.80 5.0 5.9 122.0 20.0 41.7 22.7 146.15 5.0 7.0 94.5 3.1 129.5 13.5 109.0 3.46 5.2 160. “J” 1⁄16 in.32 3.A 255 – 02 TABLE 8 Jominy Distance for 50 % Martensite versus DI (in.0 28.6 90.5 9.08 5.5 161.91 5. mm 35.3 150.5 157.43 3.5 22.0 29.2 97.0 24.0 18.5 64.12 6.16 1.37 6.5 19.0 30.04 4.0 9.20 6.0 DI.0 27.20 3.0 30.0 34.0 28.22 4.5 12.94 5.57 1.5 5.0 14.93 2.13 4.5 27.0 3.7 127.39 22.) “J” 1⁄16 in.0 1.0 7.0 23.0 13.6 72.45 2.27 0.5 23.5 2.42 TABLE 9 Jominy Distance for 50 % Martensite versus DI (mm) “J” mm DI.0 21.4 15. 3.0 4.0 33.32 4.0 31.7 36.0 19.1 84.1 156.72 4.57 5.51 5. 0.72 2.33 5.94 4.96 6.0 137.0 37.0 12.7 112.0 12.0 11.0 87.54 3.57 4.5 17.8 159. in.0 45. 11.80 4.2 59.4 133.0 29.0 49.0 24.2 114.1 100.37 1.0 9.07 3.58 2.87 4.25 6.74 5.3 42.86 5.29 2.4 154.0 36.12 2.5 10.0 131.69 5.0 8.5 7.0 26.5 14.8 .0 “J” 1⁄16 in.5 15.0 40.5 18.2 15 “J” mm DI.9 29.5 31.02 6.0 6.1 18.02 5.1 76.0 43.0 5.5 8.33 6.1 139.0 10.5 16.6 103.2 68.0 4.0 22.22 5.5 26.64 DI.9 117.0 14.64 4.97 3.16 6.5 21. in.86 2. in.4 119.83 3.0 44.5 135.0 50.8 144.74 3. mm 1.29 6.5 11.0 6.5 4.5 24.28 5.0 15.5 20.0 19.1 140.0 42.0 46.9 142.0 31.0 17.0 17. 0.5 32.63 5.0 26.73 0.0 8.0 5.50 0.4 148.0 2.0 38.0 8.0 2.0 21.5 6.0 13.5 1.1 151.9 48.95 1.40 4.7 106.0 10.5 28.0 25.0 27.5 30.5 25.0 16.0 25.0 47.0 16.48 4. mm “J” mm DI.0 32.2 54.06 6.7 153.4 80.4 124.0 48.0 39.0 20. DI.75 1.0 23.0 15. 12 0.04 1.65 1.31 0.46 1.00 1.39 1.88 1.10 1.53 1.72 5 5.76 5.13 2.89 1.96 1.02 1.66 1.30 1.67 1.14 3.70 1.09 2.30 2.18 1.00 1.54 3.59 2.06 1.95 1.45 1.90 3.34 1.52 2.30 1.30 1.34 3.34 1.12 1.31 3.00 1.07 1.88 2.19 1.66 0.18 0.02 1.28 1.00 0.48 1.24 1.87 1.36 1.46 1.58 1.14 1.59 2.61 2.00 0.48 1.00 1.80 1.80 1.92 1.74 1.13 2.02 1.65 1.44 1.31 1.55 3.59 1.42 1.00 1.18 2.51 1.35 1.18 2.28 1.00 1.57 1.42 1.23 2.73 2.60 1.59 1.09 2.18 1.05 2.68 3.72 2.56 1.36 3.41 1.13 1.76 1.00 16 .69 1.66 2.87 1.53 0.51 0.00 1.10 0.00 1.60 0.28 2.61 1.00 1.31 1.49 1.06 1.84 1.18 2.42 1.00 0.00 0.33 1.32 1.35 1.48 1.00 1.52 1.00 1.15 1.22 1.62 1.96 2.98 1.63 2.37 1.77 1.22 3.43 0.36 2.17 1.19 4.43 1.60 1.99 1.44 4.77 4.19 3.85 1.53 2.98 2.49 1.12 2.45 1.76 2.61 4.36 0.95 1.82 1.90 2.34 2.40 2.64 1.21 0.86 2.21 0.24 2.00 1.01 1.13 2.48 3.47 1.06 3.91 1.53 1.78 4.14 6.39 1.32 1.51 1.21 3.00 1.26 1.41 0.57 1.28 1.22 1.46 1.19 1.42 1.21 1.94 2.81 1.68 1.40 1.23 1.78 2.36 0.46 1.40 1.67 1.28 4.54 1.42 1.52 4.14 2.27 0.64 2.00 1.41 1.50 2.00 1.98 2.01 1.85 1.82 2.99 3.81 2.65 1.57 4.43 1.77 1.30 1.00 1.47 2.34 2.00 1.68 4.60 1.52 1.00 1.56 1.20 1.40 3.64 1.00 1.07 2.00 1.34 1.17 1.40 2.83 1.72 3.43 1.33 2.17 2.11 0.77 3.79 1.88 2.71 2.26 3.07 3.35 2.32 1.04 4.70 2.68 3.55 1.00 1.79 1.65 1.53 2.94 1.09 1.50 0.20 1.12 2.16 3.22 3.00 0.19 1.26 0.10 1.34 2.91 1.95 1.69 1.27 1.00 1.78 1.83 1.80 1.55 2.70 1.37 0.58 0.67 1.88 3.00 1.16 0.39 0.62 1.07 2.49 1.63 1.43 2.38 2.15 2.02 0.32 1.57 0.60 2.68 0.84 1.57 3.03 1.98 2.74 2.49 1.29 1.35 0.38 1.28 2.01 1.10 1.58 1.12 3.30 0.05 2.94 2.38 5.31 1.54 1.33 1.26 1.13 1.24 2.20 2.39 2.93 1.56 1.28 1.70 1.03 2.13 0.54 2.82 1.52 1.70 1.00 1.09 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.84 1.74 1.49 2.46 1.10 2.25 1.00 1.75 1.88 0.00 1.55 1.07 4.54 1.00 1.23 1.05 1.38 1.37 1.15 2.44 2.57 1.23 0.68 1.16 1.02 1.00 1.32 0.49 0.96 1.44 2.47 0.46 1.29 1.26 1.58 1.20 1.00 1.27 1.23 1.21 2.44 2.48 4.38 1.55 2.12 1.52 2.77 1.52 0.35 4.49 1.82 2.10 3.98 1.46 0.63 1.17 1.25 0.07 2.00 1.10 2.00 1.17 0.21 1.14 1.17 1.00 0.00 1.28 1.64 3.37 1.20 2.07 1.09 2.62 1.06 2.05 2.93 3.75 1.35 2.28 0.22 0.18 3.98 1.26 2.34 1.61 2.18 5.01 0.35 3.00 1.62 2.18 1.84 3.21 2.75 3.72 1.91 1.37 1.39 1.10 1.68 1.28 7 5.86 3.40 1.38 1.70 1.08 2.36 1.50 1.24 1.00 1.89 1.44 3.00 1.40 3.04 2.10 3.15 2.36 1.47 4.80 3.35 1.32 2.35 1.00 2.65 1.00 0.05 3.37 2.48 1.76 1.21 1.24 3.23 1.16 1.14 2.02 1.29 1.04 1.24 2.84 1.03 2.70 1.34 2.25 3.40 0.00 1.39 1.57 1.44 2.65 0.98 9 4.24 1.27 2.92 1.72 1.00 1.81 2.79 1.62 1.70 2.05 1.56 0.12 1.28 2.48 0.12 1.20 2.76 2.62 0.09 4.00 1.93 1.22 1.72 1.64 1.43 1.96 1.29 2.03 1.67 1.20 2.32 1.73 1.00 1.86 2.24 1.74 0.76 1.00 1.38 5.45 0.86 1.04 2.87 1.88 3.29 2.14 1.26 1.51 3.09 2.08 1.23 2.87 1.96 3.55 1.14 2.20 1.08 1.61 0.00 1.15 1.05 1.28 2.20 0.65 3.93 1.72 1.25 1.28 2.00 1.52 1.51 1.49 2.29 2.42 0.20 2.A 255 – 02 TABLE 10 Boron Factors versus % Carbon and Alloy FactorA % Carbon 11 13 15 18 22 26 0.38 0.30 3.90 1.43 2.60 2.46 1.33 0.11 1.82 1.99 1.00 1.06 2.36 1.51 1.69 1.45 2.61 1.64 1.55 1.70 2.71 1.35 1.37 3.59 1.62 1.80 1.44 1.40 1.19 3.42 2.74 1.44 2.52 2.50 3.15 1.15 0.24 3.26 1.16 2.89 1.91 2.54 2.10 2.63 2. 00 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.77 1.00 1.00 %.08 1.00 1.00 1.22 1.32 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.26 1. incl Vanadium to 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.7 ( %Si) 0. incl Nickel to 2.24 1.07 1.00 ( %Mo) 0.02 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.363 ( %Ni) 2.A 255 – 02 TABLE 10 Continued % Carbon A 11 13 15 18 22 26 0.00 1.14 9 1.71 0.00 1.12 1.73 ( %V) .00 1.00 1.26 1.00 = 5.00 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.84 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.001 ( %C) + 0.10 1.20 1.00 1. incl Over 0.00 1.18 1.02 1.00 0.20 %.00 1. TABLE 11 Equations for Table 6 Multiplying Factors Carbon/Grain Size 7 Up to 0. Over 0.00 1.76 0.65 %.00 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.86 1.08 1.00 1.00 1.00 1. MF = 0.39 to 0.171 + 0. incl Over 1.00 0.33 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.365 ( %Cu) 1.00 1.115 + 0.29 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.038 ( %C)2 = 0.00 1.54 ( %C) = 0.55 %.30 5 1.72 0.00 1.00 1.00 1. Over 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 ( %Mn) − 1.79 1.00 0.95 %.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.12 1.07 1.265 ( %C)2 = 0.3333 ( %Mn) + 1. incl = 3.27 1.00 1.00 1. Over 0.00 1.00 1.00 1. incl Molybdenum to 0.16 1.81 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.409 ( %C) − 0.75 %.00 1.00 1.00 1.82 0.135 ( %C)2 incl incl incl incl Manganese Up to 1.143 + 0.2 ( %C) = 0.15 1.18 1. incl = = = = = = 17 1.00 1.00 1.15 1. incl Chromium to 1.00 1.75 %.00 0.00 1.04 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 %.75 0.00 1.00 1.55 %.74 1.00 1.062 + 0.17 1.00 1.00 1.90 %.00 1.00 1.85 1.00 1.00 1.20 to 1.39 %.16 ( %Cr) 3.05 1.00 1.00 1.12 1.00 1.00 1.22 7 1.00 1.00 1.75 to 0.55 %.00 1.00 1.00 Alloy factor is the product of all the multiplying factors (Table 5) excluding that for carbon.80 0.12 Silicon to 2.00 0.00 1. incl Copper to 0.83 0.73 1.00 1.268 ( %C) − 0.20 %.00 1.00 1.00 + + + + + + 0.05 1.00 1.55 to 0.00 1.65 to 0.78 0. 78647 X + 196.F.00 22 to 0.F.162633 − 57. incl Over 0.67 % C B. = 9.443x − 0.F.52117 X + 279. Initial Hardness. = 7.628 X4− 568.45573 − 79.974 + 6.1499 X5 B.214x + 356.0012 X4− 231.000029x4 where: x = J Position in 1⁄16 in.4064 X5 B.37669 X + 249.00 26 to 0.9901 X2− 632. = 1.77 % C.55 % C B.3978 X3+ 587.35 + 8.73 % C B.01294x2+ 0.00405x3− 0.441x5 Initial Hardness. incl Over 0.A 255 – 02 TABLE 12 Equations For Table 7 Carbon Content.5680 X5 B. 50 % Martensite Hardness.4772 X4− 201.6635 X2− 471.18534 X + 311.00 13 to 0.479x4− 538.1873 X4− 431.00 11 to 0.77 % C B.9646 X3+ 1067.8863 X3+ 477.03059 − 99. incl Over 0.8413 X4− 204. = 13.001263 − 76.F.7227 X5 B.63 % C B.60059 X + 374.7765 X3+ 826.0601 X3+ 509. = 9. = 1.364x2− 1091.8714 X2− 872.00 15 to 0. incl Over 0.880x4− 750.53 % C B.00 9 to 0.8548 X2− 707. = 1.6173 X2− 756. = 7. 50 % Martensite Hardness H = 35.0410 X5 B.6752 X2− 447.10171 X + 213.00 where: X = % carbon 18 .231x2+ 0. = 1.9323 X5 B.330x2− 821.F.849017 − 46.81 % C.81 % C B. = 1.217034 − 54.64546 X + 245.59 % C B.346x5 H = 22. = 10.F.005326 − 64. = 1.29157 − 69.63 % C. = 10.F.6225 X5 B.55 % C.73529 X + 248.8044 X4− 140.6933 X2− 506.47680 X + 355.F. or mm TABLE 14 Equations for Table 10 Boron Factor versus % Carbon and Alloy Factor Alloy Factor Boron Factor 5 to 0.F.262x − 0.F. = 8.00 7 to 0.7061 X2− 445.F.744x3+ 1015.000166x3 DI (mm) = 0. where: H = Hardness in HRC x = % Carbon TABLE 13 Equations For Table 8 and Table 9 Jominy Distance for 50 % Martensite versus DI DI (in.7757 X5 B.F.00 18 to 0.3472 X3+ 649. = 1.054231 − 55.8504 X4− 295.990x + 312.4974 X5 B.6022 X4− 244.F.59 % C. incl Over 0.3980 X3+ 398. = 6.85 % C.5490 X3+ 627.359 X4− 512. = 1.F.53 % C.395 + 6.85 % C B. incl Over 0. incl Over 0.F. incl Over 0.73 % C.F.67 % C.488x3+ 1464.14 + 0.F. = 1.9353 X3+ 1042.F.) = 0.9332 X2− 630. incl Over 0. 46972 0. incl Over 5.71331 6.90309 X2− 0.01015 X5 DF = 1.1 DF = 5.00122 0.8.03378 X3− 0.4.00086 X5 DF = 1.17129 X3+ 0.26492 7.08294 X2+ 0.00038 X5 DF = 1.63649 − 2. in.95421 − 2.42995 X2+ 1.01963 X4+ 0.68728 9.28254 X − 1.6 DF = 5. A Max DI = 7.31738 0.61688 1.62983 X2− 0.6 DF = 4.08613 X3− 0.15198 4.00127 X5 DF = 1.56027 X2− 0.99646 3.0. incl Over 4.20866 − 1.16697 X3− 0.24617 X2+ 0.83176 6.33158 1.00143 X5 X5 X5 X5 X5 X5 X5 .00 4 To 4. incl Over 5.00 3 To 3.79085 X + 0. incl Over 4.01720 0.8 DF = 4.01189 X4+ 0.33813 X4+ 0.00411 X2− 0.07914 X3+ 0.00 9 To 5.06814 0.3.81034 2.90380 6.1 DF = 5.6. incl Over 5.81214 X2− X2− X2− X2− X2− X2− X2− 0.83314 X2− 8.00 8 To 5.1 DF = 4.A 255 – 02 TABLE 15 Equations for Table 2 Distance Hardness Dividing Factors for Non-Boron Steels. incl Over 5.00399 X4− 0.01301 X4− 0. incl Over 6.34904 − 0.04727 0.06952 7.14648 X + 3.35489 X3+ X3+ X3+ X3+ X3+ X3+ X3+ 0.00 10 To 6.17734 0.01369 X4− 0.00840 X4− 0.92609 X + 1.84183 X2− 0.53651 − 2.00 12 To 6.01839 0.21461 5.52874 X2− 1. 19 − − − − − − − 2.94088 0.00084 X5 DF = 1.00 7 To 5.68961 − 11.) DIA Dividing Factor 2 To 2.39436 − 2.36593 0.00066 0.08145 X3+ 0.00186 0.1.80977 X + 0.66795 − 6.62857 where: X = DI in inches.00 5 To 4.78698 X4− 0.18010 0.54405 X + 0.19586 9.50566 4.3 DF = 4.99297 1.01881 X4− 0.0 in. incl Over 3.00051 X5 DF = 1.03739 0.141781 X3+ 0.44473 − 1.34880 X5 DF = 1.03146 0.00 6 To 5.1.6.00079 0.4 DF = 4.03403 X5 DF = 1.1.00150 0.00001 X5 DF = 1.03569 X4− X4− X4− X4− X4− X4− X4− 0. incl Over 2.00053 X5 DF = 1.17297 X3+ 0.00832 X + 13.27904 8.43521 X + 0.16301 X4− 0.89264 X + 0.31610 − 2.0 DF = 4.1 DF = 2.00 14 16 18 20 24 28 32 DF DF DF DF DF DF DF = = = = = = = 5.1.16072 X + 0.06026 X3+ 0.77208 2.16125 X X X X X X X + + + + + + + 0.80283 X3+ 2.00295 0. incl Over 6.61510 0. “J” Distance (1⁄16 in. 07460 X + 0.00 7.09306 X + 0.5.00347 6.000001 X3 X3 X3 X3 X3 X3 X3 .000001 0.00 18.0 To 167.0 51.00 12.94914 − 0.06910 5.07494 X + 0.5.76123 − 0. incl Over 105.07692 X + 0.57362 6.08654 X + 0. incl Over 167.0 45.0 DF DF DF DF DF DF DF = = = = = = = 4.00059 X2− 0.00068 X2− 0.000002 X3 DF = 1.5.5 DF = 4. incl Over 147. incl Over 130. A Max DI = 177.00039 0.000001 0.0 DF = 3.000005 X3 DF = 1.0.5 DF = 1.5 DF = 3. incl Over 140.5 DF = 4.5 DF = 2.07974 X + 0.06875 0.0 24.00089 X2− 0.5.00057 X2− 0.000002 X3 DF = 1.000003 X3 DF = 1.03364 5.5 To 112.00068 X2− 0.5 To 147.52840 − 0.000001 0.00042 0.30625 − 0.00 6.00 10.5.5.44818 5.5 To 77.00058 X2− 0.0052 X2− 0.07800 X + 0.5 DF = 4.08241 X X X X X X X + + + + + + + 0.93379 5.0 To 140.00 21. incl Over 77.65890 − 0.0 39.07514 X + 0.00043 0.00040 0.99220 − 0.16084 − 0. mm “J” Distance (mm) DIA Dividing Factor 3.00125 X2− 0.000002 X3 DF = 1.000004 X3 DF = 1.0 To 152.0 33.70933 − 0.0 DF = 4. incl Over 127.0 To 127. incl Over 112.00 13.A 255 – 02 TABLE 16 Equations for Table 3 Distance Hardness Dividing Factors for Non-Boron Steels.07078 0.5 mm.00043 0.06858 0.5 DF = 4.07652 0.06638 0.67224 − 0.07467 X + 0.0 27.00044 0.0 To 52.5 DF = 4.000001 0.00112 X2− 0. incl Over 52.000001 X3 DF = 1.000001 0.000001 0.00047 X2− X2− X2− X2− X2− X2− X2− 0.5.00059 X2− 0.06879 0. incl Over 152.0.00 4.000007 X3 DF = 1.0 To 105.00 15.00 9.5 To 130.000002 X3 DF = 1.5.03528 X + 0.000002 X3 DF = 1.40247 − 0.37885 where: X = DI in millimetres. 20 − − − − − − − 0. 35541 X2− 12.33727 X3− 0.9.17730 X4+ 0.71553 X2+ 1.01084 X4− 0.57305 X2− 0.86832 − 10.24187 X3+ 0.03679 X4− 0.00 6 To 4.94906 X + 1.00 9 To 5.00110 X5 7.15067 X2+ 1.75138 − 8.46248 X + 0.58238 X2− 2.5.78088 X4− 0.31024 X4+ 0.25263 X5 DF = 1.32872 + 1.2 DF = 5. incl Over 5.) DIA Dividing Factor 2 To 2.22357 X3+ 0.00117 X5 27.72900 X2− 0.00221 X5 DF = 1.34598 + 0.1.00785 X5 where: X = DIB in inches.02325 X4+ 0.8. incl Over 6.00 3 To 2.42384 X3+ 0.4.67571 X2+ 1. A Max DI B= 7. incl Over 4.29009 X2+ 0.0 in.15904 X + 2.A 255 – 02 TABLE 17 Equations for Table 4 Distance Hardness Dividing Factors for Boron Steels.6.90431 X2− 10.00 8 To 5.45946 X + 6.01769 X4− 0.8 DF = 3.01332 X5 DF = 1. incl Over 5.2.00136 X5 DF = 1.00 7 To 5.00251 X5 12.49403 X3− 0.64165 X5 DF = 1.34623 X2− 5.14752 + 0.6.61359 X2+ 0.93841 X2− 0.96448 X − 3.00938 X5 DF = 1.00 5 To 4.58031 X3− 0. incl Over 3.50611 − 46.02018 X5 DF = 1.70604 X + 19.32700 X2− 0.60177 X + 54.85746 X3+ 6.21196 X4− 0.9 DF = 5.9.28828 X + 26.04375 X5 DF = 1.25591 − 28.9 DF = 13.05639 X4− 0.59130 X4− 0.34260 X + 12.12299 X3− 0. incl Over 6. incl Over 5.16374 X + 3.23150 X3+ 2.00 4 To 3.97570 − 54. incl Over 2.9.29821 X3+ 0.00334 X − 3.6 DF = 10.9 DF = 14.05879 X4+ 0.98810 X − 3. incl Over 6.29984 X2− 26.00 10 To 6.59480 X3+ 0.00 16 18 20 24 28 32 DF DF DF DF DF DF = = = = = = 14.35623 − 35.00055 X5 DF = 1.94580 − 6.5 DF = 22.00433 X5 43.29531 − 4.70430 X + 31.5 DF = 28.61397 + 4. in.41286 X2+ 0.91263 X3+ 1.6 DF = 2.11543 X4− 0.22285 X4+ 0.56368 − 33.52132 X3+ 0.35500 X − 1.00 14 To 6.10267 − 7.09097 X3− 0.5.1 DF = 11.58847 X2+ 1.02034 X4+ 0.22844 X4+ 0.80939 + 2.70752 X3− 0.69073 X − 4. “J” Distance (1⁄16 in.00010 X5 11. incl Over 4.3738 − 4.97580 X2− 1.81374 X4− 0.12747 X5 DF = 1.86570 X4− 0.4 DF = 24.00 12 To 6.42904 X + 1.25184 X3+ 0.01219 X5 DF = 1. incl Over 2.50690 X + 0.50991 − 20.22906 X3− 0. 21 . 000007 X3 DF = 1.5 To 125.0.5 To 112.5.0 To 120.0 DF = 6.0 To 167.06644 − 0.00147 X2− 0.55223 − 0. A Max DI B= 177.15758 X + 0.18965 X + 0.23608 X + 0. incl Over 167.0 To 90.01119 X + 0. incl Over 62.16786 X + 0.5 DF = 8.00001 X3 DF = 1.00 9.00586 X − 0.97104 − 0.80192 − 0.69675 − 0.0 To 62.00 6.00011 X2+ 0.000004 X3 where: X = DIB in millimetres.29826 − 0.000004 X3 16.00120 X2− 0.000002 X3 33.00116 X2− 0.00247 X2− 0.22857 X + 0.00 18.00176 X2− 0.00001 X3 DF = 1.0 To 150.0. incl Over 125.5.000006 X3 DF = 1.0 DF DF DF DF = = = = 11.00318 X2− 0.05632 − 0.000003 X3 15.5 mm.21151 X + 0.0 39.18018 X + 0.5 DF = 1. incl Over 147.00 21.00228 X2− 0.33728 − 0.00 15.5 To 72.00111 X2− 0.5 DF = 7.000002 X3 DF = 10.16538 X + 0.0000004 X3 DF = 1.000003 X3 DF = 1.0.5 To 147.00190 X2− 0.0 27.54529 − 0.0 DF = 9.00184 X2− 0. incl Over 72.00001 X3 DF = 1.A 255 – 02 TABLE 18 Equations for Table 5 Distance Hardness Dividing Factors for Boron Steels.85704 − 0.00265 X2− 0.0 DF = 9.18513 X + 0.00 7.000004 X3 DF = 1.0 51. incl Over 90.27682 X + 0.23623 X + 0. incl Over 137.21746 − 0.73723 − 0.0.19372 X + 0.57108 − 0.0 DF = 8.00 4.36182 − 0.5 DF = 9.00108 X2− 0.5.0.000002 X3 24. incl Over 120.5.5.0 45.0 To 170.00 12.5 DF = 8.00112 X2− 0.00 10.00135 X2− 0.00160 X2− 0. mm “J” Distance (mm) DIBA Dividing Factor 3.46158 − 0. 22 .26554 X + 0.5 DF = 1.21390 X + 0.0000004 X3 DF = 1. incl Over 150.56134 − 0.00001 X2+ 0.0 DF = 9.5. incl Over 170.000004 X3 DF = 1.87756 − 0. incl Over 112.00 13.000003 X3 12.0 To 137.0 DF = 8.23288 X + 0. 7 mm) from the quenched end in intervals of 1⁄32 in.1 Orifice Sizes for Testing Small-Size Specimens X1. (11. (0.4-mm) Specimen in Position 23 .4 mm) in diameter.2 Correlation with Standard End-Quench Specimens—Due to the greater air-cooling effect on test specimens less than 1. X1.4) 2. or 6. X1.8 mm). from the quenched end. in. and being completed at 8⁄16 in.4 mm) in diameter by 3.A 255 – 02 APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) X1. FIG.4) 0. 12⁄16 . and 6. If the standard hardenability curve is needed. (mm) Free Height of Water Column.0 (102) 8.4 mm) and being completed at 15⁄32 in.2) 0.25 (6. The orifice size and distance of the specimen from the orifice for testing these smaller specimens shall conform to the following requirements specified in Table X1.2 shall be used and tested as described in X1.1.3.4-mm) diameter standard hardenability specimen may be used to determine the hardenability of shallow-hardening steels.25-in.5 (63.. or 0.6 to 12. The procedure in preparing the specimen prior to hardness measurements is described in Sections 4. in.0) 0.0 (203) FIG.2.125 (3.9 mm) from the quenched end. The second hardness traverse is made after turning the bar over.0 in.375 (9. (25.25 in. two pairs of flats should be ground. X1.3 Only two flats 180° apart need be ground if the mechanical fixture has a grooved bed that will accommodate the indentations of the flat surveyed first. (19. (mm) Distance from Orifice to Quenched End of Specimen.4) 0. (1.4 mm) from the quenched end. The two hardness surveys are made on adjacent flats. (6.25-in.0 mm) in diameter. 12.3.2 and 25.0-in.3. X1.0-in. X1. (0. one starting at 1⁄16 in. X1. Distances for the odd number 1⁄32 in. (15. in.75 (19.75. For readings to 8⁄16 in.6 mm) in length. and the other starting at 3⁄32 in. (mm) 0. both with readings 1⁄16 in. in.7) 0.1.25 (6.2 or 10. the flats of each pair being 180° apart. 22. in which a 0. other than the carbon tool steels. (25. X1.25 (6.1. (mm) Orifice Size.1.1 Dimensions of Specimens and Quenching Fixtures— For determining the hardenability of steel received in bars less than 1.4 mm) in diameter.7) 0. (76.50 (12. If the fixture does not have such a grooved bed. 0. X1. (25. 19.3 Shallow-Hardening Steels X1.4.7) 0. (2. 14⁄16 .2 Subsize Specimens X1.5) 0. (6. Fig.1 Scope X1. Showing 0.50 (12. An anvil providing a means of very accurately measuring the distance from the quenched end is essential.9. then the insert test specimen shown in Fig.1. SPECIMENS FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS TABLE X1.2.0 in.8 mm) should be measured with care. the test specimen may be 0. 5.75 in. hardness values are obtained at 10⁄16 .1 Support for Smaller-Size Specimens. round specimen.0. These smaller specimens shall be tested in accordance with 5 of the method except that modifications are required in the water streams for quenching. by a modification in the hardness survey. 3 or when shallow hardening steel is to be tested. Beyond 8⁄16 in.2 Drilled Bar Specimen for Steel Available Only in Small Sizes X1. the standard form for plotting hardenability curves (Fig. and 16⁄16 in.1 The 1. two hardness traverses are made.4-mm) specimen is shown in position.50. the cooling rates at various distances from the quenched end will not be the same as in the standard 1.0-in.0 in.50 (12. and especially in specimens smaller than 0.0 or 4. Diameter of Test Specimen.5) 4.3. 4) should be used. Hardenability curves obtained from tests on these smaller specimens therefore are not comparable with curves obtained from tests on the standard 1. X1.4 For plotting test results. (19. round specimens.2 Hardness values are obtained from 1⁄16 to 8⁄16 in.1 The end-quench or Jominy hardenability test may be applied with some modification when the test specimens available are smaller in size than those shown in Fig. shows a suitable support for the smaller size specimens. 2 and Fig. apart. from the quenched end.7. OH. Hardenability Concepts with Applications to Steel. D. S. The small test specimen inserted in the sheath. 6. About 0. 1944. 1978. Vol 150. and Breen. 1977. After the quench. (7) Tartaglia. D. (1) New section 10. G.. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee. (9) Kramer. PO Box C700. Hardenability Calculated from Chemical Composition. E. A.1 A specimen available only in a small size may be prepared as an insert in an axially drilled standard size test which serves as a sheath (Fig.3.... Siegel. V. (8) Jatczak. Metal Progress. pp...4. at the address shown below. The Metallurgical Society of AIME. or through the ASTM website (www. Y. United States. X1. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone). and Lamont. warm the assembly in boiling water to melt the Woods metal and remove the specimen.. screw the stud in place so that the specimen is forced firmly against the bottom of the hole. and Kirkaldy. 24 . After the Woods metal is molten. Core Hardenability Calculations for Carburizing Steels. 610-832-9555 (fax). W.org (e-mail).. p.org).. that may impact the use of these test methods. J. M. SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to these test methods since the last issue. and 25 % tin. The Hardenability of Steels. eds. Heat Treatment of Metals. F. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised.2 renumbered as 10.2). J.. Then heat the assembly and quench in accordance with 6. 33–38. PA 19428-2959. 670. E.. p. and Eldis. Pa. R. 1942. J. (2) Banerji. Boron in Steel . 1946. A 255 . (4) Just. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. AIME Transactions. Then make Rockwell hardness measurements on the C scale on the specimen as prescribed in 6. 106–126.. J. September 1971. Vol 15A. (10) Crafts.3. AIME Transactions. Determining Hardenability from Composition. No. A. ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. REFERENCES (1) Grossman.A 255 – 02 X1. 100 Barr Harbor Drive. V. Doane. p. or service@astm. S.2 g of Woods metal4 shall be placed in the bottom of the test sheath (Fig. New Formulas for Calculating Hardenability Curves. 60. 162. pp..astm. H. June 1984. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards. 1981. pp. Warrentown. 25 % lead.2). D. AIME Transactions. (5) Doane.. 4 The composition of Woods metal is 50 % bismuth. 1173–1183. either reapproved or withdrawn. Hardenability—Its Prediction from Chemical Composition. Warrendale. and Morral. pp. X1. S. Vol 163.. and the melting point is 200°F (93°C). 87–88. PA. (6) Hewitt. 3. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights. No. M. C.. Metals Park. 1980. Metallurgical Transactions. Vol 100. pp. (3) Siebert. T. W.. Factors for the Calculation of Hardenability. I... and the sheath warmed to a temperature above the melting point of the Woods metal. are entirely their own responsibility. and the risk of infringement of such rights. 227–259. Metals Progress.99. November 1969. West Conshohocken. (2) Previous section 10. Vol 158.2 and 6. and Brooks. Vol 8.2 added. C. The Effects of Some Hardenability. which you may attend. K. p. AIME. 64 ff. ASM.3.4 Subsize Specimen as Insert in Standard EndQuench Test X1. The sheath shall preferably be made from a plain low-carbon steel.