SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNINGREG 265 ASSIGNMENTS ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA NAME NATASSYA NABILLA BINTI YUSOFF SHAHRUL EZZATI BINTI SHAHRUL AMIR SITI NURSYAFIQAH MOHD ZULKAIRI NUR DEENA SYAHEEDA BINTI BAHROM SUBMISSION DATE: 29 NOVEMBER 2013 LECTURER’S NAME: DR RODZI ISMAIL MATRIX NUMBER 114696 111416 114786 114722 1. Introduction 1.1 History of Electricity Supply in Malaysia Mains electricity is the general-purpose alternating-current (AC) electric power supply. In the US, electric power is referred to by several names including household power, household electricity, house current, powerline, domestic power, wall power, line power, AC power, city power, street power, and grid power. In many parts of Canada, it is called hydro, because much of the Canadian electrical generating capacity is hydroelectric. Electricity first made its appearance in Malaysia at the turn of the 20th century, and the earliest record of power generation can be traced back to a small mining town in Rawang, Selangor. Here, two enterprising individuals Loke Yew and Thamboosamy Pillai installed an electric generator in 1894 to operate their mines; they were the first to use electric pumps for mining in Malaya, and marked the great beginning of the story of electricity in Malaysia. In the same year, private supply for street lighting purposes was extended to Rawang town, and in 1895 the railway stations in Kuala Lumpur received its first electricity supply. In 1900, the Sempam Hydroelectric Power Station in Raub, built by the Raub Australian Gold Mining Company became the first power station in Malaysia. Until the mid nineteen twenties, most generating plants were small and used a variety of fuel including low grade coal, local wood, charcoal and important oil as well as water power. As the rapid increase in electricity demands continued to manifest; large scale planning, huge sums of capital from overseas and hiring of foreign technical experts became essential. Hence, the Central Electricity Board (CEB) was established and came into operation on 1 September 1949. The Board was to become heir to three major projects considered by the Electricity Department following its re-establishment in April 1946: The Connaught Bridge Power Station, The Cameron Highlands Hydroelectric Project & The development of a National Grid CEB became owner to 34 power stations with a generation capacity of 39.88 MW, including a steam power station in Bangsar with a capacity of 26.5 MW, a hydroelectric power station at Ulu Langat with a capacity of 2.28 MW as well as various diesel affairs with a total capacity of 11.1 MW. CEB also became owner to both transmission and distribution systems above and below ground valued at close to thirty million dollars, as well as the impressive list of 45,495 consumers and staff of 2,466. The age of private generators has come to an end, and all walks of life continue to enjoy fair share of electricity. For this, we sincerely thank the government for recognizing the central role of the power industry in developing the nation's economy and social growth. In 1964, the second expatriate General Manager of CEB, J. Sharples retired, and Raja Zainal bin Raja Sulaiman became the first Malaysian appointed to the post. Soon, The Connaught Bridge Power Station became fully operational and the first phase of the Cameron Highland Hydroelectric Project was close to completion. In Selangor, the precursor of the National Grid was slowly taking shape, and the Bangsar Power Station was connected to the Connaught Bridge Power Station, with the line subsequently extended to Malacca. On 22 June 1965, Central Electricity Board (CEB) of the Federation of Malaya was renamed as the National Electricity Board of the States of Malaya (NEB). Committed to long term programme of growth and expansion backed by plans carefully crafted and laid down in the period of CEB, NEB is now firmly led by a Malaysian as the CEO. The National Grid was one of the plans in full motion. The National Grid or Grid Nasional in Malay is the primary electricity transmission network linking the electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia. Electricity generating plants are strategically located at Paka in Terengganu, Temengor, Kenering, Bersia and Batang Padang in Perak, Connaught Bridge, Kapar and Serdang in Selangor, Cameron Highlands in Pahang, Prai in Penang, Port Dickson in Negeri Sembilan, Pergau in Kelantan, Pasir Gudang in Johor and in Malacca. Keeping the nation's interest in mind, the government relentlessly pursued its ultimate objective and two pieces of legislation were passed to replace the existing Electricity Act, and to provide for the establishment of a new corporation – TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB), purposefully replacing the NEB (Successor Company Act). Datuk Hj. Ibak bin Abu Hussein became the last Deputy Chairman and General Manager of the NEB and the first Managing Director of TNB. On 1 September 1990, Prime Minister Dato Seri Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad officially proclaimed TNB as the heir and successor to NEB. TNB became a private company whollyowned by the government; on the same day, Tan Sri Dato Haji (Dr) Ani bin Arope was appointed Chairman. 2. Supply System in Malaysia The conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers’ premises is known as electric supply system. An electric supply system consists of three principal components viz., the power station (generation system), the transmission lines and the distribution system. The electric supply system can be broadly classified into 2.1 d.c. or a.c. system overhead or underground system Power station (Generation System) Electricity generation is the process of generating electrical power from other sources of primary energy. The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet. For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry. Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaic and geothermal power. One of the generation power systems is water turbine. The theory of operation of water turbine is simple. The flowing water will directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines. The precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of water, and the type of impeller selected. 2.2 Transmission Lines Electric-power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centers. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become transmission networks. The combined transmission and distribution network is known as the "power grid" in the United States, or just "the grid". In the United Kingdom, the network is known as the "National Grid". In electronic engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to carry alternating current of radio frequency, that is, currents with a frequency high enough that their wave nature must be taken into account. Most transmission lines use high-voltage three-phase alternating current (AC), although single phase AC is sometimes used in railway electrification systems. High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology is used for greater efficiency in very long distances (typically hundreds of miles (kilometres)), or in submarine power cables (typically longer than 30 miles (50 km)). HVDC links are also used to stabilize against control problems in large power distribution networks where sudden new loads or blackouts in one part of a network can otherwise result in synchronization problems and cascading failures. 2.3 Distribution System Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to consumers. Typically, the network would include medium-voltage (2kV to 34.5kV) power lines, substations and pole-mounted transformers, low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution wiring and sometimes meters. Distribution networks are typically of two types, radial or interconnected. A radial network leaves the station and passes through the network area with no normal connection to any other supply. This is typical of long rural lines with isolated load areas. An interconnected network is generally found in more urban areas and will have multiple connections to other points of supply. These points of connection are normally open but allow various configurations by the operating utility by closing and opening switches. Operation of these switches may be by remote control from a control center or by a lineman. The benefit of the interconnected model is that in the event of a fault or required maintenance a small area of network can be isolated and the remainder kept on supply. Within these networks there may be a mix of overhead line construction utilizing traditional utility poles and wires and, increasingly, underground construction with cables and indoor or cabinet substations. However, underground distribution is significantly more expensive than overhead construction. In part to reduce this cost, underground power lines are sometimes co-located with other utility lines in what are called common utility ducts. Distribution feeders emanating from a substation are generally controlled by a circuit breaker which will open when a fault is detected. Automatic circuit reclosers may be installed to further segregate the feeder thus minimizing the impact of faults. 3. Main Power Supplier Our main power supply is Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Tenaga Nasional Berhad is the largest Electric utility company in Malaysia and also the largest power company in Southeast Asia with MYR 69.8 billion worth of assets. It serves over seven million customers throughout Peninsular Malaysia and also the eastern state of Sabah through Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd. TNB's core activities are in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Other activities include repairing, testing and maintaining power plants, providing engineering, procurement and construction services for power plants related products, assembling and manufacturing high voltage switchgears, coal mining and trading. Operations are carried out in Malaysia, Mauritius, Pakistan, India and Indonesia. Transmission Division Currently, the TNB Group has a complete power supply system, including the National Grid which is energised at 132, 275 and 500 kilovolt (kV), with its tallest electricity pylon in Malaysia and Southeast Asia being the Kerinchi Pylon located near Menara Telekom, Kerinchi, Kuala Lumpur. The National Grid is linked via 132 kV HVAC and 300 kV HVDC interconnection to Thailand and 230 kV cables to Singapore. TNB, through its subsidiaries, is also involved in the manufacturing of transformers, high voltage switchgears and cables, consultancy services, architectural, civil and electrical engineering works and services, repair and maintenance services and fuel undertakes research and development, property development, and project management services. Generation Division The Generation division owns and operates thermal assets and hydroelectric generation schemes in Peninsular Malaysia and one Independent Power Producer (IPP) operating in Pakistan. In the peninsula, it has a generation capacity of 11,296 MW. Among plans to expand its generation capacity include increasing hydroelectric generation by 2015[5] and commissioning the first nuclear power plant in Malaysia by 2025 if the government decides to include nuclear as an acceptable energy option. Distribution division The Distribution division conducts the distribution network operations and electricity retail operations of TNB. The division plans, constructs, operates, performs repairs and maintenance and manages the assets of the 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV and 415/240 volt in the Peninsular Malaysia distribution network. Sabah Electricity provides the same function in the state of Sabah. To conduct its electricity retailing business, it operates a network of state and area offices to purchase electricity from embedded generators, market and sell electricity, connect new supply, provide counter services, collect revenues, operate call management centers, provide supply restoration services, and implements customer and government relationships. 4. Generation System Use of generator to generate electricity in substantial amout Type of generators Hydro Thermal Diesel Gas Solar Steam 4.1 HYDROPOWER Peninsular Malaysia Tenaga Nasional Berhad operates three hydroelectric schemes in the peninsular with an installed generating capacity of 1,911 megawatts (MW). They are the Sungai Perak, Terengganu and Cameron Highland hydroelectric schemes with 21 dams in operation. A number of Independent Power Producers also own and operate several small hydro plants. Sungai Perak hydroelectric schemes, with 649 MW installed capacity: Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Power Station 72 MW Chenderoh Power Station 40.5 MW Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station 120 MW Sungai Piah Upper Power Station 14.6 MW Sungai Piah Lower Power Station 54 MW Temenggor Power Station 348 MW Sungai Terengganu hydroelectric scheme, with 400 MW installed capacity: Sultan Mahmud Power Station 400 MW Sungai Pergau hydroelectric scheme, with 600MW installed capacity: Sultan Ismail Petra Power Station Pergau Dam 600MW Cameron Highlands hydroelectric scheme, with 262 MW installed capacity: Sultan Yusof Jor Power Station 100 MW Sultan idris Woh Power Station 150 MW Odak Power Station 4.2 MW Habu Power Station 5.5 MW Kampong Raja Power Station 0.8 MW Kampong Terla Power Station 0.5 MW Robinson Falls Power Station 0.9 MW Independent hydroelectric schemes Sg Kenerong Small Hydro Power Station in Kelantan at Sungai Kenerong, 20 MW owned by Musteq Hydro Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Eden Inc Berhad Sabah and Sarawak 4.2 Bakun Dam 2400 MW Batang Ai Dam at Lubok Antu, Sarawak 100 MW Murum Dam in Sarawak 944 MW (Under construction) Tenom Pangi Dam at Tenom, Sabah 66 MW GAS-FIRED Plant Connaught Bridge Power Station Genting Sanyen Kuala Langat Power Plant Karambunai Power Station Lumut GB3 Power Station State Selangor at Klang MW 832 Selangor at Kuala Langat 720 Sabah at Karambunai Perak at Pantai Remis Type Combined cycle (1 ST, 2 GT), open cycle (4GT) Owner/Operator Tenaga Nasional Berhad Combined cycle Genting Sanyen Power Sdn Bhd 120 Open cycle (4 GT) Ranhill Powertron Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Ranhill Berhad 651 Combined cycle (1 ST), open cycle (3 GT) GB3 Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Malakoff Combined cycle (6 GT, 2 ST) Segari Energy Ventures Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Malakoff Lumut Power Station Perak at Pantai Remis 1,303 Nur Generation Plants Kedah in Kulim HighTech Industrial Park 220 Paka power station Terengganu at Paka 808 Pasir Gudang power station Johor at Pasir Gudang 404 Combined cycle (4 GT, 2 ST) Combined cycle (4 GT, 2 ST) Combined cycle (2 GT, 1ST) Nur Generation Sdn Bhd YTL Power International Berhad YTL Power International Berhad Petronas Gas Centralized Pahang (GebengUtilities Kerteh) Facilities (CUF) Port Dickson Power Station Negeri Sembilan in Port Dickson 324 Cogen(9 GT) Petronas Gas Berhad 440 Open cycle (4 GT) Malakoff Berhad Prai Power Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Malakoff Tenaga Nasional Berhad Prai power station Penang at Perai 350 Single shaft combine cycle (1 GT, 1 ST) Putrajaya Power Station Selangor at Serdang 625 Open cycle (5 GT) Sarawak Power Generation Sarawak at Bintulu Plant Sepanggar Bay Power Plant 220 Sabah at Kota 100 KinabaluIndustrial Park Open cycle (2 GT) Combined cycle Thermal (2 ST), combined cycle (2 GT, 1 ST), open cycle (2 GT) Combined cycle (8 GT, 4 ST) Combined cycle (2 GT, 1 ST)[4] Sultan Iskandar Johor at Pasir Gudang Power Station 729 Sultan Ismail Power Station Terengganu at Paka 1,136 Tanjung Kling Power Station Malacca at Tanjung Kling 330 Malacca at Telok Gong 440 Open cycle (4 GT) Malacca at Telok Gong 720 Combined cycle (2 GT, 1ST) Perlis at Kuala Sungai Baru 650 Combined cycle Telok Gong Power Station 1 Telok Gong Power Station 2 Teknologi Tenaga Perlis Consortium Sarawak Power Generation Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary ofSarawak Energy Berhad Sepangar Bay Power Corporation Sdn Bhd[3] Tenaga Nasional Berhad Tenaga Nasional Berhad Pahlawan Power, a subsidiary of Powertek Powertek Panglima Power, a subsidiary of Powertek Teknologi Tenaga Perlis Consortium Sdn Bhd / Global ETechnic Sdn Bhd Tuanku Jaafar Power Station 4.3 Negeri Sembilan at Port Dickson 1,500 Combined cycle (4 GT, 2 ST) Tenaga Nasional Berhad Coal-fired (or combined gas/coal) Plant Jimah Power Station Manjung Power Station State MW Negri Sembilan at Lukut 1,400 Perak at Manjung 2,295 PPLS Power Generation Plant Sarawak in Kuching 110 Sejingkat Power Corporation Plant Sarawak at Kuching 100 Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station Selangor at Kapar 2,420 Tanjung Bin Power Station Johor at Pontian 2,100 Type Owner/Operator Jimah Energy Thermal (2 ST) Ventures Sdn Bhd TNB Thermal (3 ST) Janamanjung Sdn Bhd PPLS Power Generation, a Thermal (2 subsidiary units) of Sarawak Energy Berhad Sejingkat Power Corporation Sdn Thermal Bhd, a subsidiary ofSarawak Energy Berhad Thermal (6 ST), open Kapar Energy cycle (2 GT), Ventures Sdn natural gas Bhd and coal with oil backup Tanjong Bin Power Sdn Bhd, Thermal (3 ST) a subsidiary of Malakoff 4.4 OIL-FIRED Plant Gelugor Power Station Melawa Power Station Sandakan Power Corporation Plant Stratavest Power Station Tawau Power Plant 4.5 State MW Type Owner/Operator Penang at Teluk Ewa 398 Combined cycle Tenaga Nasional Berhad Sabah in Melawa 50 4 diesel engines ARL Tenaga Sdn Bhd Sabah at Sandakan 34 4 diesel engines Sandakan Power Corporation Sdn Bhd Sabah at Sandakan 60 4 diesel engines Stratavest Sdn Bhd Sabah at Tawau 36 3 diesel engines Serudong Power Sdn Bhd BIOMASS Plant Bumibiopower Sdn Bhd (planning approved 2001) Jana Landfill Sdn Bhd TSH Bio Energy Sdn Bhd Potensi Gaya Sdn Bhd (planning approved 2003) Alaff Ekspresi Sdn Bhd (planning approved 2003) Naluri Ventures Sdn State MW Type Owner/Operator Perak at Pantai Remis 6 Steam turbines Empty fruit bunch Selangor at Seri Kembangan 2 Gas turbines Biogas Sabah at Tawau 14 Steam turbines Empty fruit bunch Sabah at Tawau 7 Steam turbines Empty fruit bunch Sabah at Tawau 8 Steam turbines Empty fruit bunch Johor at Pasir Gudang 12 Steam turbines Empty fruit bunch Bhd (planning approved 2005) Seguntor Bioenergy Sdn Bhd (planning approved 2007) Sabah at Sandakan 11.5 Steam turbines Empty fruit bunch Kina Biopower Sdn Bhd (planning approved 2007) Sabah at Sandakan 11.5 Steam turbines Empty fruit bunch Recycle Energy Sdn Bhd (commercial operation 2009) Selangor at Semenyih 8.9 Steam turbine Refuse-derived fuel 4.6 HYBRID POWER STATIONS Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu with a combined capacity of 650 kilowatts Two 100 kW wind turbines One 100 kW solar panels Two diesel generators capable of 200 and 150 kW respectively 5. Other Suppliers 5.1 Malakoff Corporation Berhad Malakoff Corporation Berhad is a Malaysian power company that generates and sells power as an independent power producer to Tenaga Nasional for uploading onto the National Grid, Malaysia. Malakoff generates electricity mainly from two major types of plant; steam turbine thermal plants and gas turbine plants. The company owns and operates four power plants: The Lumut Power Station in Segari, Perak with 1,303MW capacity. Malakoff has 93.75% equity interest in the plant owner Segari Energy Ventures Sdn. Bhd. (SEV). The Lumut GB3 Power Station in Segari, Perak with 640 MW; with 75% equity in plant owner GB3 Sdn Bhd. The Prai Power Station, Butterworth, Pulau Pinang, with 350MW; held through its wholly owned subsidiary, Prai Power Sdn. Bhd. The Tanjung Bin Power Station, Tanjung Bin, Johor with 2,100 MW; with 90% share in plant owner Tanjong Bin Power Sdn. Bhd. (formerly SKS Power Sdn. Bhd). The company also has equity on two power stations, but the capacity of these plants are listed under the majority shareholder. The Port Dickson Power Station, at Tanjong Gemok, near Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan - a 440MW open cycle peaking power plant through a 25% equity interest in Port Dickson Power Berhad, held through Malakoff’s wholly owned subsidiary, Hypergantic Sdn. Bhd. The Kapar Power Station, Kapar, Selangor - a 2,420 MW coal, oil and gas-fired plant, with a 40% share. Malakoff acquired a 50 percent share in the 420MW Australian Macarthur Wind Farm in 2013. 5.2 Sabah Gas Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah Gas Industries Sdn Bhd was a state owned holding company based in Labuan, Malaysia. It was established in 1982 by the Government of Sabah for the downstream operations of Sabah natural gas resources. The company owned and operated a 660,000tonne per year methanol plant, a 600,000-tonne per year sponge iron factory, and a 79 MW natural gas-fired power station, all commissioned in 1984 after the gas pipeline from the offshore gas fields became operational. The industries were supplied by natural gas from the Erb West and Samarang offshore fields. In the beginning of 1990s, due to financial difficulties, the company was put for privatization. In 1992, the methanol plant was sold to Petronas and operates today as Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd. The power station was sold to Sabah Electricity. The sponge iron factory was bought by the affiliated companies of the today's Lion Group. The plant operates today as Antara Steel Mills Sdn Bhd. 5.3 YTL Power YTL Power, a subsidiary of YTL Corporation, generates and sell power as an independent power producer to Tenaga Nasional for uploading onto the National Grid, Malaysia. YTL Power is the builder, owner and operator of two power plants for a concession period of 21 years following Malaysia's privatisation policy. As the first independent power producer licensed in Malaysia, its power purchase agreement has the best terms offered, which include a take-or-pay clause; which requires Tenaga Nasional to pay a guaranteed amount whether the power is uploaded or not. In December 2010, YTL Power acquired 30% stake in Eesti Energia's oil shale development project in Jordan. The total generation capacity is 1,212 MW. YTL Power generates electricity mainly from two combined cycle power stations; using both steam turbine and gas turbine. The company owns and operates the following power plants with installed capacity of: YTL Paka power station, Paka, Terengganu - 808 MW Pasir Gudang power station, Pasir Gudang, Johor- 404 MW 5.4 Powertek Sdn Bhd Powertek Sendirian Berhad is a subsidiary of Tanjong PLC, generates and sell power as an independent power producer to Tenaga Nasional for uploading onto the National Grid, Malaysia. The total generation capacity is 1,490 MW. Powertek generates electricity mainly from gas turbine plants. Powertek and its subsidiaries own and operate three power plants in Melaka, Malaysia with a total installed generating capacity of 1,490 MW, comprising: Telok Gong Power Station 1, Telok Gong - 440 MW open cycle gas turbine ("OCGT"), owned and operated by Powertek Berhad. Telok Gong Power Station 2, Telok Gong - 720 MW combined cycle gas turbine ("CCGT"), owned and operated by Panglima Power Sdn Bhd. Tanjong Kling Power Station, Tanjong Kling - 330 MW combined cycle gas turbine owned and operated by subsidiary, Pahlawan Power Sdn Bhd. 5.5 SESCO Berhad Sarawak Energy (formerly Syarikat SESCO Berhad or Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation, SESCO) is the energy company responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity for the Sarawak state in Malaysia. It is owned by the State Government of Sarawak. Sarawak Energy provides electricity to about 382 000 customers. Over the last four years, sales of electrical grew at an average of 8 per cent per annum. Sarawak Energy has slightly over 2000 employees. SESCO is owned 51.6% by the Sarawak State Government and 45% by the Sarawak Enterprise Corporation Berhad (SECB). The Corporation's total asset currently stands at around RM4.0 billion. Thirty-six power stations with a total installed capacity of 1315MW, comprising 5 per cent Diesel engine, 25.6 per cent gas turbines, 36.5 per cent coal-fired power plant,25 per cent Combined Cycle Power Station and 7.6 per cent hydro turbines, are strategically established throughout the State. The major towns are connected to via a 275/132kV State Transmission Grid. SESCO generates electricity mainly from two major types of plant; hydroelectric plants and thermal plants Hydroelectric power plants There is 1 major hydroelectric scheme with installed generating capacity of 100 MW with 1 dams in operation: Batang Ai hydroelectric scheme, with 100 MW installed capacity: Batang Ai Dam- 4 x 25 MW = 100 MW. Thermal power plants There are 35 thermal power plants and diesel-electric plants with installed generating capacity of 1215 MW in operation. Selected major plants are: Tun Abdul Rahman Power Station, Kuching - 46 MW Gas Turbine and 68 MW Diesel engine. Miri power station, Miri - 99 MW, Open Cycle Gas Turbine Bintulu power station, Bintulu- 330 MW, Combined Cycle Power Plant Tg Kidurong Power Station, Bintulu- 192 MW, Open Cycle Gas Turbine Sejingkat Power Station, Kuching -210 MW, coal-fired power station (phase II) Mukah Power Station, Mukah- 2 x 135 MW, Coal Fired Power Station A notable aspect of SESCO operation is the many small diesel-electric power plants in isolated areas, some supplied by air at prohibitive cost. 6. National Grid Although the year 1953 can be considered the birth year of the Grid System in Peninsular Malaysia, it was not until early 1970’s when the first 275kV transmission circuits were commissioned and started the rapid expansion of the Grid System. In the late 1980’s, to cater for fast demand growth and the need for a more secure Grid System, 500kV was chosen as the next transmission voltage level and in 1996 the first 500kV circuits were commissioned. National Grid originally taking shape in 1964 when the Bangsar Power Station was connected to the Connaught Bridge Power Station, with the line subsequently extended to Malacca. In 1965, a plan was set to connect the electricity generating plants that were spread out all over the country. Plants identified to be linked were located at Paka in Terengganu, Temenggor, Kenering, Bersia and Batang Padang in Perak, Connaught Bridge, Kapar and Serdang in Selangor, Cameron Highlands in Pahang, Perai in Penang, Port Dickson in Negeri Sembilan, Pergau in Kelantan, Pasir Gudang in Johor and in Malacca. The central area network with Connaught Bridge Power Station in Klang was the precursor of the energy grid; it also tapped into the Cameron Highlands Hydro scheme from the Sultan Yusuf Power Station, and was extended into a western network. Late in the 1980s, the loop was finally complete with the placement of Kota Bharu within the grid. The Grid System is also interconnected with power systems of Thailand in the North and Singapore in the South and both were first established in the 1980’s. The interconnection with Thailand has been upgraded since 1998 from a 100MW AC Interconnection to 300MW HVDC Interconnection that allows rapid control of power and energy transactions between two power systems. Although the energy transaction through the 250MW AC Interconnection with Singapore has always been set to zero, the interconnection has proven to be of benefit to both power systems in times of emergencies. 6.1 TYPE OF NATIONAL GRID’S TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Lines Description Length 500 kV 522 km 275 kV The single largest transmission system to be ever developed in Malaysia. the backbone of the transmission system in Peninsula Malaysia 73 km 132 kV 33 kV POWER GENERATION Power generation capacity connected to the Malaysian National Grid is 19,023 megawatt, with a maximum demand of 13,340 megawatt as of July 2007 according to Suruhanjaya Tenaga. The generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and 7% from other forms of fuel. DISTRIBUTION LEVEL Distribution lines of 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV and 400/230 volt in the Malaysia distribution network connect to the National Grid via transmission substations where voltages are stepped down by transformers. MALAYSIA’S GRID SYSTEM 7. Electricity Tariff Electricity pricing (sometimes referred to as electricity tariff or the price of electricity) varies widely from country to country, and may vary significantly from locality to locality within a particular country. There are many reasons that account for these differences in price. The price of power generation depends largely on the type and market price of the fuel used, government subsidies, government and industry regulation, and even local weather patterns. 7.1 Commercial TARIFF CATEGORY 1. UNIT RATES sen/kWh 39.3 sen/kWh 43.0 For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 25.9 For all kWh sen/kWh 31.2 For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 38.60 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 31.2 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 19.2 Tariff B - Low Voltage Commercial Tariff For Overall Monthly Consumption Between 0-200 kWh/month For all kWh The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20 For Overall Monthly Consumption More Than 200 kWh/month For all kWh (From 1kWh onwards) The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20 2. Tariff C1 - Medium Voltage General Commercial Tariff The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 3. Tariff C2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Commercial Tariff The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 7.2 Industrial TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES sen/kWh 34.5 1. Tariff D - Low Voltage Industrial Tariff For Overall Monthly Consumption Between 0-200 kWh/month For all kWh The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20 For Overall Monthly Consumption More Than 200 kWh/month For all kWh (From 1kWh onwards) sen/kWh 37.7 The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20 Tariff Ds – Special Industrial Tariff (for consumers who qualify only) For all kWh sen/kWh 35.9 For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 25.3 For all kWh sen/kWh 28.8 The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20 2. Tariff E1 - Medium Voltage General Industrial Tariff The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 Tariff E1s – Special Industrial Tariff (for consumers who qualify only) For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 19.9 For all kWh sen/kWh 28.3 For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 31.7 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 30.4 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 18.7 The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 3. Tariff E2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Industrial Tariff The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 Tariff E2s – Special Industrial Tariff (for consumers who qualify only) For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 27.7 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 28.3 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 16.1 For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 30.4 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 28.8 The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 4. Tariff E3 - High Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Industrial Tariff For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 17.3 The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 Tariff E3s – Special Industrial Tariff (for consumers who qualify only) For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 24.4 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 26.7 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 14.7 The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 Notes: SIT has a 2% higher increase than normal Industrial tariff in line with the Government's effort to gradually phase out the SIT subsidy Mining TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES sen/kWh 32.6 For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 18.1 For all kWh sen/kWh 26.8 For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 25.5 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 268 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 14.7 1. Tariff F - Low Voltage Mining Tariff For all kWh The minimum monthly charge is RM120.00 2. Tariff F1 - Medium Voltage General Mining Tariff The minimum monthly charge is RM120.00 3. Tariff F2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Mining Tariff The minimum monthly charge is RM120.00 Back to top Specific Agriculture TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES sen/kWh 36.9 1. Tariff H – Low Voltage Specific Agriculture Tariff For overall montly consumption between 0 - 200 kWh per month: For all kWh The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20 For overall montly consumption more than 200 kWh per month: For all kWh sen/kWh 40.3 For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 25.9 For all kWh sen/kWh 30.0 The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20 2. Tariff H1 - Medium Voltage General Specific Agriculture Tariff The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 3. Tariff H2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Specific Agriculture Tariff For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 34.9 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 31.2 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 19.2 The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00 Back to top Top-Up and Standby “Co-generator” means a generator who uses a single primary energy source to generate sequentially two different forms of useful energy for its own use at an efficiency rate of more than 70%. Services offered to co-generators are: Top-up supply: The additional supply required by a Co-generator who does not produce sufficient electricity for its own use. Standby supply: The supply that TNB provides to a Co-generator in the event that the Co-generator does not generate electricity due to plant failure or planned shutdown for maintenance. The Cogenerator has a choice of firm or non-firm supply. Non-firm standby means that TNB does not guarantee that supply can be given when the Co-generator fails or is shutdown for maintenance. TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES Top- Standby Up 1. Tariff C1 - Medium Voltage General Commercial Tariff Maximum demand charge per month RM/kW 25.9 For all kWh sen/kWh 31.2 14.0 2. Tariff C2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Commercial Tariff For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the RM/kW 38.6 14.0 peak period For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 31.2 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 19.2 3. Tariff E1 - Medium Voltage General Industrial Tariff Maximum demand charge per month RM/kW 25.3 For all kWh sen/kWh 28.8 14.0 4. Tariff E2 – Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Industrial Tariff For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 31.7 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 30.4 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 18.7 14.0 5. Tariff E3 – High Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Industrial Tariff For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 30.4 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 28.8 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 17.3 12.0 6. Tariff F1 – Medium Voltage General Mining Tariff Maximum demand charge per month RM/kW 18.1 For all kWh sen/kWh 26.8 14.0 7. Tariff F2 – Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Mining Tariff For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period RM/kW 25.5 For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 26.8 For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 14.7 14.0 8. Service Quality This section covers the performance of customer services of TNB, SESB and NUR, result of the surveys on customer satisfaction and statistics of complaints received by the Commission. Annual Performance Report on Customer Services Under the license conditions, TNB, SESB and NUR are required to submit annual reports on performance of customer services to the Energy Commission. These reports cover 15 types of services. The performance of the three utilities for the last few years are as shown in Appendix 1, II and III. Based on the reports submitted by TNB, SESB and NUR, it can be seen that the overall performance in customer services of the utilities is improving. Complaints Received by the Energy Commission A total of 201 complaints were received by the Energy Commission in the year 2004. Most of the complaints were received through the Commission's regional offices and the website. Table 14 shows the number and types of complaints received in the year 2003 and 2004. Various efforts were taken by the Energy Commission to resolve the complaints such as investigation into the complaints, having meetings with the relevant parties and issuing directives to the utilities etc. Table : Number and Types of Complaints Received by the Energy Commission in the Year 2003 and 2004 Survey On Customer Satisfaction Level In the year 2004, a customer survey was carried by Energy Commission on the satisfaction level of the services provided by TNB. NUR Distribution Sdn Bhd had also conducted a similar survey in KHTP to gauge the satisfaction level of its customers. Customer Satisfaction Level of TNB The survey was carried out for about 6 month from July to December 2004 and a total of 1,065 responses were received. Of the total responses received, 512 responses were from domestic customers while 553 responses were from industrial/commercial customers. The results of the survey is as shown in Table 16. Table : Percentage of Customers Satisfied with the Services of TNB Customer Satisfaction Level of NUR Distribution Sdn. Bhd. NUR Distribution Sdn. Bhd. had conducted the survey between 11th March and 15th April 2004 by distributing the survey forms to its industrial, commercial and domestic customers. A total of 153 responses were received out of 1,501 survey forms distributed. The number of response from each category of customers are as shown in Table 17. Table : Number of Responses Received by NUR Distribution Sdn. Bhd. in the year 2004 9. Power Quality Power Quality is defined as "the availability of pure voltage sinusoidal waveform at delivery point". Power Quality is becoming more important as electrical equipments are increasingly used in the industrial plant. Besides being sensitive to short voltage fluctuation, this equipment also produce harmonic which can degrade the power quality in the power system. Incompatibility between power supply and the industrial equipment can cause maloperation of customer equipment or degradation in the quality of industrial product. Monetary losses due to power quality problem can be as high as outage problem. How does it affect you Loads or customer's equipment determine the appropriate level of power quality. Different equipment requires different level of power quality. Power Quality problem is "Any problem manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviations that result in the failure or misoperation of any electrical equipment and installation". It can originate internally from customer own electrical system and externally from utility power system or other customers within the vicinity or due to natural causes. Major power quality problems are related to voltage dips (or voltage sag), transients and harmonics. Addressing equipment operational compatibility The customer is responsible to ensure that its equipment will perform its function duly in an electrical environment. This can be achieved via taking step to ensure all the power quality parameters (or Electromagnetic Compatibility) are incorporated in the equipment specification and design. On the other hand, the utility is responsible in ensuring acceptable level of reliability and manage power quality in the electrical environment so that it will not be degraded. How to request for higher level of Power Quality The request for higher level of Power Quality should be forwarded during initial supply application as it will be incorporated into the overall power system design. The extra cost of providing such higher level of power quality shall be borne by the customer. How to handle Power Quality issues Power Quality problem occurs in every power system around the world. International standard bodies e.g. IEEE (US), EEE (UK) and IEC (Europe) are producing documents on power quality guidelines and standards as reference to the power utilities, equipment manufacturers and equipment users. The best way to avoid power quality problem is by ensuring all equipments to be installed are compatible with power quality in the power system. This can be achieved by procuring equipment with proper technical specifications that incorporate power quality performance of its operating electrical environment. Background power quality survey should be done in order to obtain better information on the existing power quality parameters. Recommended steps to troubleshoot Power Quality issues Step1: Record the dates & times of the disturbance. Take voltage measurement (if necessary, for suspected under/overvoltage cases). Step2: Check when the problem normally occurs i.e. at certain times of a day or at random. Step3: Identify components that are frequently affected. Step4: Refer to TNB for data correlation to identify the types/sources/causes of the disturbances. Provide voltage measurement (if available). Step5(a): If the types/sources/causes are unknown, install power quality monitoring equipment. Diagnose the new data recorded. Step5(b): If the types/sources/causes originated from TNB’s system, TNB will implement mitigation measures to minimize the occurrence of the same problem again. Some of the problems may mitigated by rearranging the supply reticulation or by improving its protection philosophy. Step6: If the types/sources/causes are known, discuss with equipment manufacturers for minimizing the emission of the disturbances or improve the immunity of the equipment. Step7: Implement mitigation measures. 10. Conclusion Malaysia enjoys ample electricity supply. The national utility company, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), supplies power to Peninsular Malaysia, while in East Malaysia, the Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd (SESB) and the Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation (SESCO) provide power to the States of Sabah and Sarawak respectively. Transmission voltages are at 500 kV, 275 kV and 132 kV while distribution voltages are 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV and 415/240 volts. TNB also offers electricity packaged under the thermal generation assets and hydrogenerated schemes for the benefit of certain industries that require multiple forms of energy for their processes. Power generation capacity connected to the Malaysian National Grid is 19,023 megawatt, with a maximum demand of 13,340 megawatt as of July 2007 according to Suruhanjaya Tenaga. The generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and 7% from other forms of fuel. 11. References http://www.tnb.com.my/suppliers/srm.html http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-industrial/pricing-tariff.html http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-commercial/pricing-tariff.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Power_companies_of_Malaysia http://www.tnb.com.my/business/malaysian-grid-code.html http://www.tnb.com.my/about-tnb/history.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_(Malaysia) The Malaysian Grid Code.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_(Malaysia)
Report "Assignment Electricty Supply Sysytem in Malaysia.pdf"