ASME Piping Code 2007 & ANSI Code

ASME Piping Code 2007B31 Code for pressure piping, developed by American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME, covers Power Piping, Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and Building Services Piping. ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31. B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants. The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance). B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals. This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly. B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points. Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this Code are: • • • • (A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and prover loop; (B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities; (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants; (D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping systems. B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs. Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions. This Code shall not apply to: • • (a) any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory: (b) water piping; • • (c) piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa) regardless of size; or (d) pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps, but does include all connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus. B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of those facilities. B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas. Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies. The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes. The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system. B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1. This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the building or within the property limits. B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems Design, construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping systems. stainless steel.1991 .9 .carbon steel .Building Services Piping ASME .Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials.American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes and standards ASME B31. AWWA. such as coal. BS. copper and more Related Documents • • • • • ASME .Working Pressure and Temperature Limits The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 . API 5L and ASTM A53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes ..Working Pressure and Temperature Limits The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31. B31G .Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines A supplement To B31 Code-Pressure Piping Sponsored Links Related Topics • • Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards .Pressure and Temperature Ratings Pressure (kPa) and temperature (oC) ratings of ASTM A106. AGA.Building Services Piping ASME B31. Pressure Ratings Pressure ratings of pipes and tubes and their fittings .ASME. API 5L and ASTM A53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes .9 Building Services Piping applies to the following building services: • • Condensing water Water for heating and cooling .450 oC ASME B31. mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.Performance Test Codes The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for conducting and reporting tests Slurry Transport and Minimum Flow Velocity Settling of solids in slurry transport pipes or tubes can be avoided with flow velocities above certain levels ASTM A106. ASTM. ANSI. ISO. API. DIN and more. plastic.9 .9 .temperatures ranging -29 oC .. and gasket dimensions and (g) tests.Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings This Standard for threaded malleable iron fittings Classes 150. (e) dimensions and tolerances.Standards of Pipes and Fittings The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron . (b) sizes and method of designating openings of reducing fittings.1 . cast bronze. minimum 0oF (-18oC) maximum 200oF (93oC). nut. minimum 0oF (-18oC) maximum 250oF (121oC).Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings This Standard for Classes 25. wrought copper and steel The ASME . minimum 0oF (-18oC) Pressure Limit 150 psig (1000 kPa) 150 psig (1000 kPa) 350 psig (2300 kPa) ASME/ANSI B16 . 125.1998 . ASME/ANSI B16. gases and vapors Nonflammable Liquids Temperature Limits maximum 366oF (186oC).• • • Steam and condensate Vacuum Compressed air and nontoxic nonflammable gases The working pressure and temperature limits of B31. wrought copper and steel. ASME/ANSI B16.9 can be summarized to: Service Steam and condensate Air.3 .American Society of Mechanical Engineers . (d) minimum requirements for materials.1998 . cast bronze. (c) marking. and 300 provides requirements for the following: . and 250 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers: • • • • • • • (a) pressure-temperature ratings. (f) bolt.ASME/ANSI B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron . The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150. ASME/ANSI B16.5 . 600. 1500.S units.1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers pressuretemperature ratings. forged.Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings This Standard covers overall dimensions. 900. ASME/ANSI B16.Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings The ASME B16. and 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24.10 . and markings for wrought factory-made buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through 48 (DN 15 through 1200).1998 .1996 . and center-to face and center-to-end dimensions of angle valves. ratings. materials.2000 . or plate materials. 400. testing.2001 . Also included in this Standard are requirements and recommendations regarding flange bolting.Cast Iron Threaded Fittings This Standard for gray iron threaded fittings. with requirements given in both metric and U.4 . dimensions. and flange joints.9 . and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast. marking. and (g) coatings ASME/ANSI B16. testing.• • • • • • • (a) pressure-temperature ratings (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings (c) marking (d) materials (e) dimensions and tolerances (f) threading (g) coatings ASME/ANSI B16. Classes 125 and 250 covers: • • • • • • • (a) pressure-temperature ratings (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings (c) marking (d) material (e) dimensions and tolerances (f) threading.Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves This Standard covers face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of straightway valves. flange gaskets. Its purpose is to assure . tolerances.5 . 300. and methods of designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings. tolerances. The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials. Forged Steel Fittings.Ferrous Pipe Plugs. type size.1998 . and (g) pattern taper. both socket-welding and threaded.installation interchangeability for valves of a given material. input shafts. (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing pipe fittings. (e) dimensions and tolerances. Certain requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs. (d) minimum requirements for casting quality and materials.14 . and foundation bolt holes (see Tables 1 and 2). . ASME/ANSI B16.Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings This Standard for cast iron threaded drainage fittings covers: • • • • • • • • (a) size and method of designating openings in reducing fittings (b) marking (c) materials (d) dimensions and tolerances (e) threading (f) ribs (g) coatings (h) face bevel discharge nozzles. couplings. Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads This Standard for Ferrous Pipe Plugs. (c) marking. Bushings. (d) materials.Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings This Standard pertains primarily to cast Class 125and Class 250 bronze threaded pipe fittings.1991 . (f) threading. and Locknuts with Pipe Threads covers: • • • • • • • (a) pressure-temperature ratings: (b) size.15 .11 . (c) marking. tolerances. and end connection ASME/ANSI B16. dimensions. This Standard covers: • • • • (a) pressure-temperature ratings. marking and material requirements for forged fittings. bushings. Socket-Welding and Threaded This Standard covers ratings.1985 (R1994) .12 . rating class. and caps.2001 . ASME/ANSI B16. ASME/ANSI B16. base plates. (e) Material.• • (e) dimensions and tolerances in U. seamless fittings. These gaskets are dimensionally suitable for used with flanges described in the reference flange standards ASME/ANSI B16.18. tolerances. establishes requirements for: • • • • • • • (a) Pressure-temperature ratings. brazing materials conforming to AWS A5.20 .Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges-Ring-Joint.1998 .8.Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings The Standard establishes specifications for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy.20.Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges This Standard for nonmetallic flat gaskets for bolted flanged joints in piping includes: • • • (a) types and sizes.1. or with tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1. designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 88 (water and general plumbing systems). customary and metric (SI) units. ASME/ANSI B16.5. and Jacketed This standard covers materials. Replaces API-601 or API-601. (c) Sizes and method of designating openings of fittings.47. ASME B16. and B 819 (medical gas systems). (f) threading.1992 . and (g) Tests. Spiral-Would. (b) materials.S. ASME/ANSI B16.1984 (R1994) .Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings This Standard for cast copper alloy solder joint pressure fittings designed for use with copper water tube. This standard covers spiralwound metal gaskets and metal jacketed gaskets for use with raised face and flat face flanges. B 280 (air conditioning and refrigeration service). which covers cast copper alloy pressure .18 .22 . ASME/ANSI B16. This Standard is allied with ASME B16. ASME/ANSI B16. and metal jacketed gaskets and filler material.21 . (d) Marking. and API-6A. (f) Dimensions and tolerances.1995 . solder-joint. and markings for metal ring-joint gaskets. dimensions. as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32. (c) dimensions and allowable tolerances. (b) Abbreviations for end connections. spiral-wound metal gaskets. This standard covers: • • • • • • • (a) description.Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings This Standard for Classes 25.fittings. and (g) tests. These fittings are designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 306. ASME/ANSI B16.29.DWV. ASME/ANSI B16. 250.25 . Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings . ASME/ANSI B16.Buttwelding Ends .1991 (R1998) . (f) dimension and tolerances.1992 . (b) sizes and methods of designating openings for reduced fittings. (e) material. or tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1. (c) abbreviations for end connections. nut.1997 . Copper Drainage Tube (DWV). (f) material. designed for use in drain.1. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. (f) bolt. as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32. (b) abbreviations for end connections. and gasket dimensions. and (g) tests. and (g) dimensions and tolerances. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. (b) pitch (slope). and 800 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers: • • • • • • • (a) pressure temperature ratings. This Standard covers: • • • • • • • (a) pressure temperature ratings. (c) size and method of designating openings of fittings. and vent (DWV) systems.24 .23 . (e) dimensions and tolerances. 125. (d) sizes and methods for designing openings for reducing fittings. (c) marking.20.Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV) The Standard establishes specifications for cast copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings. (d) marking. waste. This standard is allied with ASME B16. (d) minimum requirements for materials. (e) marking. or forgings.Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV) The standard for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings. It includes requirements for welding bevels. and markings for wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns.29 . (d) Sizes and Method of Designating Openings for Reducing Fittings. and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and tolerances). (b) Pitch (slope).28 . (g) Dimensions and Tolerances.26 .Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns This Standard covers ratings. (c) size. (d) consumable insert rings. ASME/ANSI B16. The term wrought denotes fittings made of pipe. ASME/ANSI B16. (b) split or non continuous backing rings.1994 . designed for use with copper drainage tube. (b) material. (d) threading. tubing.1988 . Coverage includes preparation for joints with the following. (c) solid or continuous backing rings. Details of preparation for any backing ring must be specified in ordering the component. (f) Material. tolerances. for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components. covers: • • • • • • • (a) Description. (e) marking. (a) no backing rings. (c) Abbreviations for End Connections.1994 . (e) Marking. ASME/ANSI B16. plate. overall dimensions.Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes This standard for Cast Copper Alloy Fitting for Flared Copper Tubes covers: • • • • • (a) pressure rating. testing.• • • • • • The Standard covers the preparation of butt welding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. (e) gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) of the root pass. . 34 . 900. Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters ASME/ANSI B16.Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping Systems Up to 125 psig General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes NPS 1.Orifice Flanges This Standard covers flanges (similar to those covered in ASME B16. and marking for cast.2 through NPS 2.38 .Flanged. and fabricated flanged. for use in distribution and service lines where the maximum gage pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated in accordance with the code of federal regulations (cfr). Threaded. threaded. 600. Valve seats. materials.Valves . nickel-base alloys. which a valve at the time of manufacture must possess. and other alloys shown in Table 1. and 2500 (b) slip-on and threaded Class 300 • Orifice. Wafer or flangeless valves. tolerances. and Welding End This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings.1985 (R1994) . ASME/ANSI B16. transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline. ASME/ANSI B16. characteristics.1996 . seals and stem packing may be nonmetallic.33 .1986 (R1998) . for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the gas service line and before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge pressure of the gas piping system does not exceed 125 psi (8. minimum safety standard. 1500. in order to be considered suitable for use in gas piping systems. and welding end. The Standard applies to valves operated in a temperature environment between . which are suitable for controlling the flow of gas from open to fully closed. does not exceed 125 psi (8. 400. and properties. testing.ASME/ANSI B16. Coverage is limited to the following: • • (a) welding neck flanges Classes 300. title 49. bolted or through-bolt types.36 .20 degrees F and 150 degrees F (. nondestructive examination requirements.6 bar). Design This Standard sets forth the minimum capabilities. forged.6 bar).5) that have orifice pressure differential connections.1990 .29 degrees C and 66 degrees C).Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions .Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution The standard covers only manually operated metallic valves in nominal pipe sizes 2 1/2 through 12 having the inlet and outlet on a common center line. dimensions.39 . part 192. that are installed between flanges or against a flange shall be treated as flanged end valves. and wafer or flangeless valves of steel. ASME/ANSI B16.1996 . classes 150. Minimum Safety Standards. and gaskets (g) tests .Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas The Standard covers manually operated thermoplastic valves in nominal sizes 1. C to 38 deg.This Standard for threaded malleable iron unions. nuts. Classes 150 and 300 The Standard covers minimum requirements for Class 150 and 300 cast ductile iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings. ASME/ANSI B16. Part 192. provides requirements for the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • (a) design (b) pressure-temperature ratings (c) size (d) marking (e) materials (f) joints and seats (g) threads (h) hydrostatic strength (i) tensile strength (j) air pressure test (k) sampling (l) coatings (m) dimensions ASME/ANSI B16. for temperature ranges of .1985 (R1994) .2 through 6 (as shown in Table 5). The requirements covered are as follows: • • • • • • • (a) pressure-temperature ratings (b) sizes and method of designating openings (c) marking (d) materials (e) dimensions and tolerances (f) blots. and 300. C). 250.40 . F to 100 deg. These valves are suitable for use below ground in thermoplastic distribution mains and service lines. This Standard sets requirements for newly manufactured valves for use in below ground piping systems for natural gas [includes synthetic natural gas (SNG)]. with or without the admixture of air) or mixtures thereof. This Standard sets qualification requirements for each nominal valve size for each valve design as a necessary condition for demonstrating conformance to this Standard.42 . The maximum pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated is in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Title 49. and liquefied petroleum (LP) gases (distributed as a vapor. F (. Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline.1998 .29 deg.20 deg.Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings. dimensions.1998 . forged. material. dimensions.Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Induction Bends for Transportation and Distribution Systems This Standard covers design.1997 . manufacturing. Flanges may be cast.48 . 150. and inspection requirements for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical properties. with or .49 . marking. and 2500 pressure classes. materials. testing.Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems The Standard for cast iron drainage fittings used on self-aerating. marking. and 900. 900.2000 .47 . 300. one-pipe Solvent drainage systems.Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60 This Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings. 600. tolerances.1995 . and testing for operating line blanks in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 for installation between ASME B16.0300.45 . 5 flanges in the 150. 1500.Steel Line Blanks The Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings.Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in House Piping Systems This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers quarter turn manually operated metallic valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2 which are intended for indoor installation as gas shutoff valves when installed in indoor gas piping between a gas meter outlet & the inlet connection to a gas appliance. ASME/ANSI B16.44 .1996 . or plate (for blind flanges only) materials. 400. materials. and testing for pipe flanges in sizes NPS 26 through NPS 60 and in ratings Classes 75. marking.ASME/ANSIB16. 600. produced by the induction bending process. covers the following: • • • • • • • • (a) description (b) sizes and methods for designating openings for reducing fittings (c) marking (d) material (e) pitch (f) design (g) dimensions and tolerances (h) tests ASME/ANSI B16. Requirements and recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included. tolerances. ASME/ANSI B16. ASME/ANSI B16. 02 mm).727 2.026 inches (102. inside and outside diameters.500 inches ( 114.ASME/ANSI B36.56 mm).g.368 0. Diameter Nominal Schedule (inches) (mm) 1/8 3 1/4 6 10S Std XS 10S 40 80 Outside Diameter -D(mm) 10.Metric Units Covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high and low temperatures and pressures.037 0.474 10. Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes .245 1. wall thickness.364 0. Regardless of schedule number.846 0. and the actual bore is reduced. a wall thickness of 0. B31. a wall thickness of 0. weight and weight of pipe filled with water . diameters.811 6.489 0.085 .without tangents.7 Wall Thickness -t(mm) 1. Carbon.8.468 0.30 mm).846 5.237 inches (6.26 mm) A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4. The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes.18 mm).651 Inside Diameter -d(mm) 7.024 0.048 0. ASME B31.479 0.277 0. wall thickness.500 inches (114. and therefore are not included in this Standard.826 inches (97.19 Stainless Steel Pipe.11) Process and power piping have differing requirements and materials that may not be appropriate for the restrictions and examinations described herein.30 mm). and B31. giving a bore of 4.337 inches (8.413 1. This Standard covers induction bends for transportation and distribution piping applications (e. giving a bore of 3.398 Inside Pipe Water Area Weight Weight (cm2) (kg/m) (kg/m) 0. For example: • • A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4. pipes of a particular size all have the same outside diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). the wall thickness increases..3 13. schedules. As the schedule number increases. working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36.4.10/19 Pipe sizes.235 0.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME/ANSI B36. 594 7.396 0.613 0.098 4.769 3.997 1.863 26.960 1.640 3.651 2.368 22.095 0.313 1.35 9.335 9.307 20.093 1.151 0.230 0.441 2.862 36.134 11.680 2.769 3.661 0.868 11.186 1.651 2.769 3.758 44.215 38.722 40.468 1.086 2.828 0.2 1.137 10.054 0.131 3.910 0.537 7.436 1.875 14.289 3.452 5.510 1.460 1.429 0.046 0.958 42.894 38.108 2.322 4.337 0.462 29.016 1.651 2.558 0.794 0.712 0.35 9.235 3.108 2.576 4.190 0.099 27.669 0.023 1.851 6.683 5.505 1.862 10.164 48.798 13.455 0.654 13.182 1.366 .395 7.67 33.683 3.523 10.818 11.454 20.1 33.464 0.836 6.843 12.645 2.818 4.630 0.75 7.823 1.232 0.521 11.091 0.651 2.433 1.26 40 80 160 2.336 26.843 1.907 2.227 4.799 0.110 0.145 21.747 1.965 0.556 4.912 5.650 8.87 3.302 1.407 1.94 21.59 0.16 13.93 18.377 4.769 3.219 9.536 9.893 3.273 1.140 0.596 11.464 22.289 2.629 0.072 6.587 1.311 3.703 1.651 2.645 24.846 15.279 0.3/8 10 1/2 15 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 20 25 32 40 Std XS 10S Std XS 5S 10S Std XS XXS 5S 10S Std XS XXS 5S 10S Std XS XXS 5S 10S Std XS XXS 5S 10S Std XS XXS 40 80 40 80 40 80 160 40 80 160 40 80 160 40 80 160 17.366 1.191 0.494 3.08 7.626 1.610 0.954 7.335 13.068 15.701 15.115 6.617 1.878 3.907 0.123 0.401 42.034 17.255 0.052 32.265 1.12 15.554 2.344 0.024 30.276 6.067 0.23 7.4 23.247 1.682 0.225 5.151 0.547 6.032 0.745 18.190 2.938 2.734 4.401 9.098 0.626 35.097 5.790 1.960 3.038 5.651 2.378 4.986 27.100 0. 713 59.165 1.383 3.508 3.048 5.889 27.448 7.294 16.145 20.173 66.928 73.048 5.415 16.696 42.246 8.45 2.771 9.9 XXS 3 1/2 90 4 100 5S 10S Std XS XXS 5S 10S Std XS 40 80 101.348 23.817 8.179 82.809 66.237 56.892 11.341 4.182 30.446 69.787 57.651 2.983 38.048 5.233 21.130 74.875 1.436 11.851 47.6 114.769 3.62 11.975 44.72 97.775 6.385 4.793 0.1 15.712 11.554 2.186 35.12 85.156 7.023 54.942 26.379 5.787 52.384 95.382 14.525 14.589 1.648 19.077 16.824 5.59 2.949 5.518 3.051 14.75 102.417 74.385 84.074 14.077 37.42 52.74 8.1 2.610 31.089 2.196 8.168 18.930 5.388 13.734 2.614 34.415 21.251 42.175 0.66 66.428 7.2 50 5S 10S Std XS 40 80 160 60.920 5.204 104.642 7.179 91.213 7.662 .955 86.129 1.3 40 80 120 15.24 18.292 110.240 27.770 4.261 3.025 XXS 3 80 5S 10S Std XS 40 80 160 88.357 2.925 35.538 23.734 3.537 8.901 38.154 2.929 62.07 45.325 XXS 2 1/2 65 5S 10S Std XS 40 80 160 73.1 16.455 11.501 49.876 20.684 82.178 0.158 7.784 8.461 11.177 31.804 77.7 58.680 2.108 3.32 2.01 9.033 22.18 92.021 17.324 53.645 2.636 63.447 7.719 3.108 3.621 12.863 16.486 7.775 25.485 71.743 5.005 53.575 21.275 17.342 37.141 25.26 97.518 9.905 1.214 2.164 6.533 18.262 28.912 5.048 4.5 6.059 13.446 1.735 32.402 3.564 26.677 5.425 68.56 11.108 3.340 12.145 0.710 95.579 33.881 15.805 21.288 1.618 8.084 108.504 90.632 5.607 11.494 2.417 6.344 22.108 3.02 8.255 15.51 57. 50 94.32 23.614 35.738 10.7 15.963 33.88 248.77 193.05 22.425 52.63 334.072 59.985 89.575 219.188 24.671 110.00 204.451 33.907 29.383 117.644 12.36 235.326 208.365 7.237 20.4 28.13 351.871 40.036 8.12 20.367 6.062 18.537 211.454 54.225 25.435 11.341 42.625 23.06 73.4 2.639 16.7 15.075 2.578 90.33 136.987 358.474 9.35 7.920 46.813 35.404 5.224 36.973 57.769 3.545 21.694 42.070 67.495 2.717 198.476 14.206 12.825 173.949 206.563 7.451 193.25 115.426 8.477 19.263 28.732 19.51 330.237 21.464 75.467 157.55 103.41 261.647 73.003 202.558 14.949 64.375 205.433 20.194 122.275 30.217 33.736 33.170 48.326 80.07 322.333 13.759 5.52 339.012 88.475 111.312 12.66 67.007 32.160 XXS 5S 10S Std XS 5 125 40 80 120 160 XXS 5S 10S 6 150 Std XS 40 80 120 160 XXS 8 200 5S 10S Std XS 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 12.17 153.329 139.149 154.20 31.5 162.725 131.51 108.125 213.737 161.893 50.261 3.520 .769 3.487 17.973 168.584 144.907 11.31 294.300 78.31 135.9 87.254 83.804 22.272 13.460 28.151 10.817 15.836 23.550 9.970 52.38 105.60 280.801 124.553 9.75 309.179 10.946 25.3 12.191 42.091 72.718 30.762 134.442 40.086 100.839 9.951 182.034 4.112 10.406 11.875 19.07 117.931 29.769 3.184 14.258 98.275 14.76 142.06 129.396 18.563 6.051 146.404 6.601 177.557 207.280 65.989 5.39 168.152 33.39 96.670 64.699 35.96 186.2 96.051 62.7 13.44 121.675 188.207 5.492 128.85 90.041 26.800 20.9 109.970 6.525 141.275 18. Weight Pipe.675 Identification Steel Iron Pipe Size Schedule No.364 . STD XS .237 inches (6. STD .068 . Transverse Internal Area.19 Stainless Steel Pipe.826 inches (97.994 22.500 inches ( 114.500 inches (114. giving a bore of 3. Wall Thickness.18 mm) Outside Diameter. moment of inertia. pipes of a particular size all have the same outside diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). wall thickness. For example: • • A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4. Elastic Section Modulus Pipe Size (inches) Outside Diameter (inches) 1/8 0.26 mm) A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.307 . wall thickness. Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes . 40 80 . weight of pip The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes.25.540 3/8 0. .065 . and the actual bore is reduced.405 1/4 0.119 .215 . a wall thickness of 0. giving a bore of 4.545 .575 168.088 . 40 80 . Regardless of schedule number. Identification. the wall thickness increases.302 .065 .10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME/ANSI B36.ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 Pipe sizes.049 .56 mm). External Surface.337 inches (8.091 . working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36. Weight Water. As the schedule number increases. inside and outside diameters.02 mm). Moment of Inertia. Inside Diameter • Area of Metal. transverse area.925 205.095 . schedules.269 .40 120.593 Carbon. a wall thickness of 0.493 . STD XS . 40 Stainless Steel Schedule No.410 .275 222. 10S 40S 80S 10S 40S 80S 10S 40S Wall Thickness -t(inches) Inside Diameter -d(inches) .93 133.240 161. diameters.4 28.30 mm).026 inches (102.887 20.30 mm). 674 .185 1. .179 . .742 .824 .815 .154 .375 .709 2. .160 .682 1. XXS .200 . 5S 10S 40S 80S .147 .382 . 40 80 160 .065 . 5S . .469 2.278 1.323 2.884 . 80 .344 .191 .338 1. XXS .083 . 80S 5S 10S 40S 80S .083 .120 .109 . . 40 80 160 .400 .660 1 1/2 1.065 . 5S 10S 40S 80S .771 3.375 2 1/2 2.281 .896 1.334 . STD XS .109 .252 .622 .552 .423 .710 .203 .546 . 5S 10S 40S 80S .097 1.065 .218 . STD XS . . . .503 2.900 2 2. . . .125 1.957 . .380 1. . . .840 1. STD XS .100 2. 5S 10S 40S 80S . XXS .083 . . 5S 10S 40S 80S .500 1.113 . STD XS .157 2.358 . STD XS .065 .065 .050 1 1. XXS . . 40 80 160 . XXS . 40 80 160 . .315 1 1/4 1.530 1.109 .145 .250 . 40 80 160 . STD XS .126 .187 .442 1.276 . . 40 80 160 . STD XS .133 .939 1.049 .219 . .245 2.1/2 3/4 0. .770 1. .612 .308 . 5S 10S 40S 80S . .067 1.687 1.610 1.920 .154 .875 3 3.083 .599 1.109 .635 2.250 .500 XS . XXS .434 1.065 .140 . .436 . . 40 80 160 . . XXS . .109 .466 .294 . . 40S . 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 .500 .329 8. STD XS .674 . . . 5S 10S 40S 80S . .406 .624 3.187 4. . 160 .250 .719 .548 3.625 7.981 7.300 . .109 . . .120 . 5S 10S .432 .760 3. .407 6.334 4. .295 5. .152 5.165 3. XS .500 .438 . .438 . XXS .065 5.318 .047 4. .258 .260 4.482 10.063 6.625 10 10.071 7.357 6. . .026 3. 40 80 120 160 . .750 . XXS .001 6.187 7. STD XS . .826 3.834 3.068 2.125 8.237 .563 6 6.594 . . 10S 40S 80S .750 .813 4.438 3.625 8 8. .300 3.864 . . STD XS . .407 8.134 .761 5.900 2. . . .3 1/2 4.563 4.280 . .148 .813 10. .322 . 40 80 120 160 .083 . .345 5.375 . 80S .624 2. STD . STD XS . XXS . 40 80 . . XXS . .120 .260 3.562 . .134 .277 .812 .875 . .134 . .813 7.083 . .718 . . 5S 10S 40S 80S . 40 80 160 .109 .313 4.437 7. STD XS . 5S 10S 40S 80S 5S 10S 40S 80S . .875 6.531 . 40 80 120 160 . .364 4. XXS .500 5 5.226 .109 .337 . 5S 10S .216 .897 8.420 .000 4 4.625 . .120 .600 . .906 .501 5. 062 8. . .562 . . .12 12.500 10. . 80S .374 11.594 . 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 . . . . 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 . STD .000 1. .375 .750 10.312 9.124 11.500 12.250 13. .938 13. .624 15.250 1.180 . . STD XS . . .750 8. 10 20 30 40 .219 10.307 . . . .165 . 40S .062 10. . 5S 10S .750 11.125 .312 13. .375 . . .312 . . .250 .365 .250 15.250 . .562 . . .750 .00 16 16. .136 10.188 . .000 1. . . .626 11.. . STD XS . .624 13.376 13. . .438 12. . 20 30 . . .438 .500 11.000 12. .562 9.00 .656 . XS . 60 80 100 120 140 160 .844 1.844 1. .500 .688 13. .500 12. .000 14.250 .938 1. STD .330 .376 15. .406 .390 12.124 13. .031 1. .812 12.312 156 .812 11.188 .750 9.250 .75 14 14.500 . .094 1.250 10. . . .844 1.156 .719 .688 .125 1.500 .312 . . .020 9.250 12. .500 . . . 5S 10S . . 40S 80S .500 15.594 . . . XS . .126 13.090 12. . .670 15.500 13. .188 15.000 11. 60 80 100 120 140 160 . .406 .375 .688 14.938 11. 40 . 5S 10S . STD .625 1.250 21. . 5S 10S . . .250 17. . .688 15.750 . STD XS . . 5S 10S . . . . .688 13.250 .938 1.562 .594 . .500 23. . STD XS . . 10 20 .00 22 22.124 17.876 14. . .375 1.438 17.250 14.250 19. .376 17. .875 2. . . 5S 10S . 140 160 .781 . 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 . . .969 .165 . .250 . . .375 1. 10 20 . .500 .624 19. .562 1.00 20 20.375 .75 23.750 1.624 17.670 17.000 20.218 . . .500 . .250 .624 21.250 19.218 . . . .812 1.00 24 24.376 17.500 17. .00 .375 .125 .000 22.564 19. . 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 .438 .500 21.125 1.875 1.124 15. .594 . 30 . 5S 10S . 30 40 .438 19. . XS . . 10 20 30 60 80 100 120 140 160 . .000 16. .75 18.281 1. .500 16. 1. . .156 1.876 16. . .564 23. .564 21.250 23.876 22. .18 18.124 12.312 .25 18.375 .188 . .500 .250 . .062 21. .938 17.562 .375 . . . . . . .000 18. . . .188 .438 1.500 16. . . STD XS .218 .75 19.500 19. .000 16. .188 .812 17.500 . .624 .25 17.812 18. . .500 1.031 1. . 500 .938 20.624 35.624 33.625 . .625 .26 28 30 32 34 36 42 • . 20 30 40 10 . . .625 . .4 mm 60 80 100 120 140 160 10 .250 25. .969 1. . . . .720 40.00 STD XS .500 29.250 35.375 . . . . . .312 25.00 XS . .312 33.375 . . . 20 10 . 30. .750 31. .500 .312 . Weight Water.750 22.250 .375 .00 XS . . .750 34. .812 2. .00 .625 .000 40. STD 34.00 XS .000 28.376 31.500 . STD XS 42.000 34. .500 .750 .500 . 1 in (inch) = 25. .688 .625 .562 20.250 33. .000 26. 26. . . 20 30 40 10 .750 30.375 . .062 21. 20 30 10 . STD 32.500 Area of Metal.00 STD XS . . STD 28. Moment of Inertia. Transverse Internal Area.219 1.376 35. .375 .688 .000 27. 20 30 40 .312 . . .500 41.500 . . 20 30 40 . . .250 27. . .376 19.000 30. . .375 .376 25. .376 29.625 .531 1.344 . .250 41.376 27. 20 30 . STD 36. . 10 .750 29.250 29.312 .750 32. 5S 10S . External Surface.062 2. .000 32. .344 .250 31.375 . Weight Pipe. . . . .312 .876 19.312 .00 XS .500 . Elastic Section Modulus Pipe Size Area of Transverse Internal Moment Weight Weight External Elastic . 00656 .03407 .00050 .00098 .1320 .24 .67 .032 .3200 .3959 .03704 1.275 .a (pounds (pounds feet per -linches) (square (square per foot) per foot) foot of (inches4) inches) feet) pipe) .00462 .3040 .122 .00106 .01032 .19 .633 .767 .435 .1662 .4330 .28 1.172 .57 .5217 .1706 .94 .495 .01197 .275 .963 .3262 .478 .4110 .178 3/8 .08531 .02008 1.04999 .00377 .534 .71 .10036 .2333 .5698 .141 .2136 .220 .220 .435 1 1/4 .231 .765 .0720 .00040 .00438 .01227 .220 .68 .885 .435 1.435 1.1405 3.0548 .04780 .02849 .00371 .05792 2.69 .00 .04479 1.3099 2.21 .84 .061 .022 .00072 .2839 3.00499 .8815 1.54 .036 .63 .1579 1.05269 1.31 .4335 .00976 .00088 .4118 .00035 .344 1 .2961 .273 .6138 .66 .31 .1583 .00437 .1246 .81 .40 .7180 .266 .2340 .4130 .222 .1070 1.11 .00362 .87 .2173 .2468 2.42 .031 .00163 .1934 .00660 .4939 .5678 6.00729 .3421 .1029 .00206 .00891 .344 .00133 .54 .01134 .1251 2.1250 .11032 .344 .04069 .00248 .050 .141 .0970 .42 .85 .1041 .00025 .025 .00600 .435 .344 1.7995 2.275 .6685 1.00523 .344 .07569 1.608 .178 .01040 .435 .00734 .01277 .128 .344 .3912 3.8365 .00426 .0716 .2011 .00122 .068 1.86 .00300 .106 .41 .275 .458 .05772 .86 .497 1.00103 .07603 .1405 .00091 .3747 2.01543 .429 1.42 .1670 .1606 .950 .00162 .275 .064 .00211 .4824 4.11512 .102 .01709 .839 .05267 .6648 .649 .00051 .797 .72 .1328 .188 .708 .882 .2346 .1056 2.01431 .282 .497 1 1/2 1.8640 .4717 1.083 .066 .016 .178 .1910 .00862 .00196 .3411 5.09 .057 .9452 .5078 .312 .141 1/4 .288 .00766 .02969 .497 of Inertia Section Modulus (in3) .02424 1.497 .Area Surface Metal Pipe Water (square -A(inches) (square .230 .220 .2521 .1947 2.74 .2913 .00275 .555 .1250 .132 220 1/2 .5043 .1605 1.27 .1903 .148 .5330 .0760 .08734 1.406 .0568 .7190 .6388 .13 .09 .02160 .409 .76 .0364 .2598 .461 .045 .44 .101 .497 .01395 .01414 .05655 .275 3/4 .47 .04667 .02450 .3568 .07055 .01736 .106 1/8 .375 .630 .33 .3326 .283 .00279 .5977 .497 1.3257 1.155 .01709 .00602 .1574 .1974 .00118 .17 .0925 .6133 2.1038 1.3836 .074 220 .2553 1.2503 .2418 3.01225 .0740 .00586 .02554 .057 .02212 1.00331 .106 . 595 6.78 27.98 4.214 4.431 9.57 36.51 .19 16.02749 .62 20.425 15.190 2.622 .07 3.55 7.33 5.80 22.50 3.65 13.029 5.064 1.62 3.178 1.456 1.651 3.73 30.67 25.51 27.788 4.453 4.456 1.178 1.8679 1.734 1.753 .07986 .32 18.621 8.53 5.85 14.44 22.04002 .963 7.178 5.31 9.016 4.886 8.16 9.45 1.1136 .29 18.734 1.734 1.916 .92 5.734 1.6657 .2652 .84 6.84 55.79 14.916 .2239 .250 10.868 2.979 1.73 11.464 8.017 3.06870 .456 1.258 .656 .02 3.09 6.36 2.35 53.4939 .22 14.1308 .7760 1.796 12.39 45.01 13.05796 .97 .233 9.871 1.761 3.888 14.394 3.70 13.894 5.755 4.178 1.104 9.953 2.898 6.047 1.51 11.58 10.2204 .72 1.02 6.5606 .3855 .16 24.60 9.03787 .97 28.680 3.4992 .01556 .788 6.162 1.2006 .04 32.225 2.178 1.97 66.27 15.03322 .02330 .916 .36 7.05130 .131 .54 1.610 11.605 5.07711 .02942 .65 5.822 3.456 1.463 2.205 5.753 .953 9.958 3.355 2.174 4.424 .112 7.96 38.9873 1.241 1.01710 .35 1.78 3.46 9.997 .1650 .810 3.228 3.028 .74 28.6 2.01 18.1390 .916 .03 4.61 12.730 8.155 11.408 4.101 1.0 22.61 10.77 14.152 1.07 1.530 1.64 3.30 9.02 20.61 2.77 21.02050 .06170 .81 20.238 3.545 11.285 4.0901 .546 2.622 .1558 .498 3.58 1.75 12.04587 .622 .622 .4717 .178 1.1263 .66 10.405 10.0645 .6868 1.98 17.16 8.456 1.02463 .924 2.0542 .075 1.02885 .29 10.79 7.274 2.02538 .576 4.50 10.7309 .11 12.09898 .047 1.00 4.407 5.791 2.47 4.032 5.38 9.77 2.64 2.25 14.50 4.06063 .178 1.08840 .622 .93 1.48 4.254 2.347 7.346 8.456 1.97 13.18 5.947 8.35 14.090 3.300 6.89 26.69 3.916 1.1810 .10245 .3149 .61 58.88 7.1529 .28 .54 6.98 19.249 1.7280 1.339 1.03755 .178 1.01232 .1469 .140 1.06 .393 6.03 33.271 5.733 5.4204 .54 8.021 1.20 2.231 2.301 1.456 1.678 1.33 7.734 1.14 40.340 2.734 2.466 1.622 .945 4.08017 .774 5.047 1.638 1.0716 .39 6.654 3.916 3.97 9.496 12.753 .696 11.25 12.07 23.87 1.581 8.81 4.40 28.63 11.67 7.58 3.7100 .311 .29 3.724 2.48 3.44 1.2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 6 8 .32 15.039 1.03 2.960 2.9799 1.24 31.49 49.104 .1015 .047 1.876 3.50 2.753 .704 2.753 .753 .28 6.378 2.72 9.33 26.734 1.353 2.02 7.041 1.916 .75 14.8910 1.61 13.451 7.28 7.15 18.16 20.477 2.7435 1.280 2.993 1.764 5.80 5.97 32. 77 63.0 76.5992 .68 16.2673 .13 115.3171 .90 39.20 32.5 153.7 109.8 47.4 475.02 6.76 34.04 34.07 27.55 35.63 107.78 18.3 98.665 8.75 58.665 3.6 23.46 55.04 2.24 10.57 29.814 2.8 286.48 12.7372 .43 45.53 36.64 96.39 14.29 85.96 17.9758 .4 160.7 162.5185 .49 139.2 61.52 26.3 122.24 30.83 17.05 18.16 101.61 54.814 2.338 3.2 117.59 38.4 140.39 36.48 11.338 3.338 3.80 13.69 78.03 60.1 324.95 35.258 2.665 3.96 26.42 73.814 2.73 128.8020 35.72 63.2578 .48 54.43 106.17 7.76 72.04 41.71 14.49 .58 15.00 44.814 2.89 59.1 56.338 3.7 137.941 6.29 19.5731 .43 74.6 700.97 4.05 106.1 162.07 11.9940 .5603 .10 111.15 25.5 781.4 372.8 .665 3.8185 .6 88.14 90.2 39.91 41.66 71.10 18.75 121.95 60.814 2.53 60.1 561.338 3.814 2.15 145.21 24.3601 .03 31.212 13.9575 .74 49.56 38.28 82.69 16.00 48.338 3.10 15.29 104.258 2.32 68.17 62.35 31.814 2.58 24.8 36.51 28.11 9.7854 .0 53.76 86.53 147.338 3.70 20.3 140.4176 .58 35.3018 .36 5.87 14.258 2.64 43.9 113.57 117.8 74.50 46.10 12 14 3.665 3.77 49.3 314.42 16.59 52.7 121.93 21.4732 .24 40.8438 .30 21.18 50.80 37.54 53.71 67.96 122.5922 .14 6.94 45.96 34.3 361.12 36.6677 .59 16.38 43.57 7.814 2.66 43.1 483.56 53.66 21.28 132.3474 .24 21.1 80.46 86.33 37.65 28.7972 .93 108.6 255.59 80.09 85.2819 .73 105.35 72.53 27.258 2.64 20.25 51.3 824.338 3.5475 .258 2.65 52.52 80.78 8.92 22.4 191.8956 .9217 .82 12.2 27.27 23.52 65.49 8.2 367.665 3.66 39.47 22.36 24.74 64.2532 .48 51.30 21.258 2.13 56.61 22.4989 .65 37.0124 .814 2.338 3.22 38.17 21.8373 .3784 .4481 .19 18.258 2.338 3.50 37.338 3.338 3.14 32.9 122.16 50.3553 .03 47.8 562.0 43.44 72.5592 1.85 23.07 49.6 194.32 125.258 2.43 77.5 400.1 100.70 28.814 2.665 3.258 2.3 69.84 68.0 244.665 3.26 8.258 2.41 57.6013 .63 26.7773 .50 120.665 3.9 63.3329 .67 160.63 34.64 57.76 14.73 36.4 13.92 46.7 62.4 279.86 53.84 19.06 24.6303 .52 34.46 40.3941 .40 22.81 20.0219 1.77 19.8 248.15 88.57 63.258 2.3 300.8522 .2 22.338 3.45 54.0 165.89 63.03 89.13 64.14 140.6 45.49 88.80 113.22 60.78 143.90 16.98 24.9394 .17 33.52 137.85 51.13 130.7058 .7528 .0 30.7 212.16 10.8 429.42 74.08 47.69 15.72 115.665 3.8 399.3 678.6 641.88 135.86 74.814 3.77 19.40 10.13 29.86 114.71 45.98 31.39 50. 236 5.8 146.5 375.236 5.236 5.33 87.00 265.46 300.41 24.6 144.96 244.0740 2.5503 2.4 66.712 4.1369 2.0 2257.33 111.7 80.78 46.64 55.94 70.0 4585.3 1489.0 257.236 5.49 30.49 12.189 4.9 383.77 107.67 122.81 80.50 135.62 40.6 32.56 65.236 5.7 473.35 31.48 56.5 48.189 4.51 23.72 169.5533 1.21 102.10 9.9690 1.4 225.236 5.82 202.43 223.3 291.2 3754.90 31.13 233.13 123.8 46.08 25.72 302.34 12.09 379.42 125.2070 1.95 61.4 .83 106.189 4.8 1010.0 59.0 1117.0 4216.3 203.3314 1.30 182.712 4.53 237.95 240.92 152.236 5.760 132.0 3020.3423 1.82 192.21 252.0035 .9394 .0 236.25 10.32 50.39 58.189 4.2684 1.0 2498.71 104.4074 2.12 76.2272 1.9 932.75 11.175 1.712 4.06 52.5 1555.32 70.57 88.67 367.40 208.665 3.83 204.06 130.11 27.1 331.39 98.8 1760.7 277.37 15.189 4.2 70.2 1171.1 168.15 93.712 4.712 4.4629 929.760 5.37 341.76 79.7612 .27 129.0 2180.07 55.5 170.2 806.1766 1.87 120.80 50.236 5.3393 1.50 39.189 4.12 30.14 48.17 71.17 43.17 170.3 145.63 8.11 166.4849 1.8 765.26 157.68 213.08 81.92 207.87 98.76 47.6 103.712 4.2684 1.07 86.3 277.189 4.5212 2.3 91.71 58.6467 1.6 1027.74 159.712 4.26 105.1 2749.60 104.01 42.87 256.44 75.0876 2.17 27.48 109.62 58.58 82.0 2772.78 72.4183 1.83 226.3 75.64 245.189 4.79 40.1 75.189 4.1004 2.92 109.2 36.75 42.52 13.61 298.67 138.76 24.5 766.712 5.5 116.5 335.5 69.63 36.0 130.12 62.7 1833.69 185.0596 1.71 230.55 15.73 78.6230 1.8 135.50 136.27 62.6585 1.8417 1.46 114.4 61.74 80.189 4.70 13.2 662.236 5.712 4.0 1703.3 1893.2 562.5 367.28 128.85 191.45 104.51 103.7 458.189 4.9305 1.32 153.3103 1.65 176.96 245.0 574.05 52.44 160.61 164.6 417.7550 1.38 18.1 731.24 193.6 111.66 90.760 5.7 40.3 1053.93 92.31 192.18 100.68 3.760 5.16 18 20 22 44.77 101.57 83.66 .07 75.6827 1.88 131.5 194.34 20.4 1155.236 5.15 48.6941 1.25 31.45 45.72 238.62 103.2 884.7 150.14 158.3 549.98 213.4 1113.21 9.8 242.35 92.4849 1.7213 .0142 1.59 82.18 99.72 188.53 278.04 283.7 930.712 4.69 182.88 14.66 87.58 73.60 83.5763 1.712 4.5 220.236 5.5 1514.189 4.2895 1.42 69.6 57.8 1364.0 1457.5762 1.4 91.665 3.65 290.27 96.94 17.5 421.92 17.7029 1.22 308.25 365.665 4.43 35.712 4.236 5.7 170.73 66.1 678.4 117.712 4.5 89.80 163.50 79.6703 1.6 305.14 274.10 296.5990 1.64 50.66 173.21 363.22 243.79 170.05 354.712 4.8 159.28 189.84 98.23 61.30 226.50 83.61 47.8956 1.98 223.5362 2.58 144.0 3315. 11 243.36 107.99 212.71 255.5 185.3 602.1151 6.49 140.76 126.31 142.35 291.4053 2.3 3829.81 302.5 295.4 3257.9483 2.61 403.31 335.77 58.330 7.901 8.05 332.9761 3.23 165.43 98.09 174.5 9127.18 293.425 117.5122 3.1 .74 490.9175 1.3263 5.45 126.22 344.9028 4.09 104.9 212.85 182.67 376.7 309.5 5599.68 31.48 411.4088 4.58 367.854 7.81 319.41 25.378 8.09 139.9 8786.96 660.78 89.52 158.6552 2.7 291.9 159.0 518.91 5.78 244.6 303.9 4658.08 105.378 8.88 353.16 216.73 248.4 8298.56 132.00 683.92 142.10 433.0 329.90 975.26 49.0 109.0 2601.07 73.6664 4.65 134.8166 1.283 6.9 587.854 7.19 40.06 37.0 2549.06 141.29 238.60 67.6 7583.8 5037.57 871.41 94.06 321.59 247.91 962.0346 3.11 159.00 34.1572 5.9 4030.330 7.21 209.2 6224.8 255.98 187.806 7.74 424.378 8.283 6.18 377.39 483.83 36.95 183.65 157.61 52.283 6.0299 5.39 429.3 213.73 79.901 8.854 8.75 23.0211 1.1 4084.53 296.0501 3.760 5.90 46.760 5.60 102.5869 4.8 172.56 562.76 671.2645 2.8853 2.283 6.8257 6.4 434.8 190.283 6.8 652.7921 2.1 414.56 415.55 868.55 132.8 550.66 168.17 92.41 250.11 2.98 41.4 5042.18 30.2414 5.53 72.98 505.76 346.45 436.30 842.8542 2.7 474.3911 2.3 336.854 7.3694 5.49 677.77 742.12 119.07 252.9 2077.20 53.35 365.35 296.283 6.71840 3.12 261.6 161.84 219.53 196.4 369.21 572.0285 3.8 291.7 2585.6813 1952.4 96.760 5.62 125.8 221.02 118.0 6849.760 5.4 4758.32 326.425 9.6 9991.13 85.3 536.75 500.23 188.68 171.5082 5.28 292.81 197.760 6.9 787.34 57.23 425.65 113.7067 4.4 1942.1 718.99 754.5 237.0 3898.04 87.3 5150.8050 6.283 6.4774 3.5 2843.63 136.18 773.92 982.283 6.283 6.91 41.0 8625.0 9455.2 3206.6 493.87 178.1547 2.7771 6.39 50.8 359.64 146.63 365.22 281.00 402.1 387.9 488.37 63.07 382.806 6.8 570.760 5.0121 2.5 5432.2 383.806 6.5 3244.27 370.8 5672.06 306.64 736.03 362.901 8.54 43.68 36.17 108.378 8.36 327.901 8.08 310.87 588.97 55.0876 4.6 250.2 2478.17 134.14 32.36 322.77 118.330 7.283 6.62 65.4 1151.00 451.06 27.89 416.08 123.5362 2.04 276.7 6626.26 110.9 243.93 118.7465 4.61 583.9 7825.39 835.5 6658.65 27.3 7383.2 114.854 7.6 1315.24 26 28 30 32 34 36 33.89 222.283 6.29 18.31 855.68 16.92 422.9396 5.901 9.0 3421.52 649.57 150.2365 2.19 766.67 178.0 366.7 472.07 126.760 5.425 9.06 55.0524 6.37 29.12 542.31 70.6 5569.0 3105.59 126.1275 2.0 285.43 230.48 61.18 286.37 39.70 291.5 6138.10 34.0 6053.283 6.8499 5.378 8.3 4652.26 149.68 189.95 179.330 7.4 432. 2 1304.23 42 948.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME B36.25 1.82 1336.35 167 222 276 330 417. food industry.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Stainless steel pipes are used in constructions. Stainless Steel Pipes .03 0.4 12906. 10868.19M Stainless Steel Pipe.2 6.3 572.19 Dimensions.425 10.405 0.24 0.99 603.049) (0.4 827. petrochemical industry.99 10.08 65.49 2.4918 .7 0.XXS The last two designations are sometimes referred to as extra heavy wall (XH). and double extra heavy wall (XXH).4 9.4 558. wall thickness and weights of stainless steel pipes according ASME B36. pharmaceutical industry. automotive industry.99 10.99 10.3 0.8 717.Dimensions and Weights ANSI/ASME 36. municipal and decorative purposes.and ANSI/ASME 36.73 1/8 10. Range of Stainless Steel pipes according to ANSI/ASME B36.28 0.0 506.80 mm (in) kg/m - - - - .425 9.3 1320.66 0.3 565.13 282. .XS double extra strong wall .09 579.42 934.37 (0.1 668.068) 1/4 13.STD extra strong wall .42 0. . three long standing traditional designations are used: • • • standard wall . .47 (0.69.18 81.5862 6.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe .1 1288.63 80S 160S mm kg/m (in) 2.2 STD.28 97.22 405.06 49.540 1.095) 3. Schedule Outside Nominal Diameter 5S 10S 40S Pipe Wall Thickness and Weight Size mm mm (inches) (mm) (inches) mm kg/m kg/m kg/m (in) (in) (in) 1.1 10627 14037 17373 20689 236.46 83. XS and XXS To distinguish different weights of pipe.3 985. 276) 7.8 (0.05 5.3 5.3 (0.147) 3.09 (0.10 (0.1 (0.148) 4.6 (0.280) 8.4 (0.9 3.191) 5.77 2.065) 1.66 42.9 (0.083) 2.3 (0.58 36.49 33.365) 9.083) 2.154) 5.1 (0. In contrast.432) 12.065) 1.563 9.154) 4.134) 3.11 88.3 4.109) 3.1 10.97 323.218) 7.27 67.00 (0.20 27.77 2.4 (0.88 49.083) 2.237) 6.54 7.38 2.3 0.20 (0.26 (0.63 (0.05 7.500 5.6 (0.90 5.74 13.109) 2. the .9 (0.6 (0.840 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 • - - 1.05 6.74 11.11 101.08 5.165) 4.92 5.109) 2.8 (0.065) 2.3 1.083) 2.16 8.675 1/2 21.1 8.28 60.083) 2.78 1.64 (0.standard covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high or low temperatures and pressures.083) 2.70 81.5 (0.5 15.11 1.226) 6.68 (0.11 114.050 1.11 60.1 18.02 (0.156) (0.5 (0.41 (0.18 42.120) 3.625 14.660 1. The word pipe is used as distinguished from tube to apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used for pipeline and piping systems.000 5.49 11.065) 1.66 0.0 (0.337) 9.01 11.66 48.37 (0.77 3.9 12.56 21.1 9.375 2.24 (0.2 0.69 4.200) 5.33 239 The ANSI/ASME B36.6 (0.20 8.84 (0.318) 8.203) 5.58 172 33.088) 2.750 22.13 21.77 219.05 8.20 1.39 (0.41 273.120) 3.46 (0.77 1.92 2.322) 9.56 3.3 (0.69 (0.9 11.065) 2.625 11.065) 2.66 33.53 31.18 (0.93 (0.3 6.40 (0.35 4.3 (0.52 (0.7 (0.500) 12.6 23.134) 3. Pipe NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have outside diameters numerically larger than corresponding sizes.12 28.216) 5.900 1.70 97.70 64.41 13.02 16.109) 2.133) 3.77 3.46 (0.3 (0.750 31.35 5.4 (0.53 73.55 3.57 2.6 (0.300) 8.500) 12.145) 3.875 3.11 73.091) 2.32 0.113) 3.60 7.065) 1.76 20.126) 3.86 4.120) 3.56 22.375) 10.27 (0.53 14.179) 4.11 1.119) 3.109) 3.258) 7.109) 2.91 (0.81 (0.500 4.08 18.3 2.3/8 17.120) 3.66 (0.66 0.66 26.62 (0.77 168.315 1.180) (0.30 (0.20 6.0 (0.375) (0.74 1.45 (0.109) 2.90 6.47 (0.28 (0.3 - - 13.14 7.3 (0.6 4.85 (0.02 111 28.065) 1.0 2.109) 2.41 (0.98 42.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe .69 (0.140) 3.2 1.8 (0.06 (0.11 (0.4 1.7 1.134) 3.41 11.87 1.77 141.50 (0.49 (0.500) - - 4.62 15. temperatures 100oF to 750oF Identification Tests for Stainless Steels Magnetic.pressure drop calculations and charts .Pressure Ratings Pressure ratings for standard seamless A312-TP316/316L stainless steel pipes . transverse area.S. Customary Units Heating Systems . martensitic and ferritic stainless steels Stainless Steel Weld Fittings .Dimensions ANSI/ASME B36.Steel Pipe Pressure Loss Diagram Steel pipes and tubes pressure loss diagram hot water heating systems Stainless Steel Pipes . and their fittings . wall thickness. inside and outside surface area Expansion of Copper.imperial units Briggs Standard Pipe Taps .moment of inertia. spark.insulation and heat loss diagrams Dimensions Sizes and dimensions of pipes and tubes. traverse metal area. hardness and acid identification tests of austenitic.stainless steel pipe standards Carbon.19M Stainless Steel Pipe .inside and outside diameter.US .U. Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes Thermal expansion of stainless steel. carbon steel pipes and copper tubes Pipe Formulas Pipe and Tube Equations . materials.dimensions.Comparing American and European Standards Comparing American . weight of pipe filled with water .and European . British (UK) and Swedish .10/19 Pipe sizes. moment of inertia. weight of empty pipes. section modulus. weight and more Related Documents • • • • • • • • • Stainless Steel Pipes . external pipe surface and traverse internal area .19 Pipe Equations Calculate cross-sectional area.19 Dimensions of stainless steel weld fittings according ANSI/ASME B36. Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes .Drill Sizes Drill sizes for Briggs Standard Pipe taps Drill sizes for Briggs Standard Pipe taps for direct tapping without reaming can be taken from the table below: . schedules.• • outside diameters of tubes are numerically identical to the size number for all sizes The ANSI/ASME 36. capacities .ASME/ANSI B36.covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought stainless steel pipe Stainless Steel Fittings Sponsored Links Related Topics • • Piping Systems Dimensions of pipes and tubes . weight of pipes filled with water. inside and outside diameters.German. 2 22 .α(10-6 m/m K) (10-6 in/in oF) ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene 73. copper. glass.4 Acetal 106.8 styrene) thermoplastic ABS -glass fiber-reinforced 30.glass fiber-reinforced 39.4 41 17 59.Size of Pipe (inches) 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 Size of Pipe (inches) 21/64 7/16 9/16 45/64 29/32 1 9/64 1 31/64 1 47/64 2 13/64 2 5/8 3 1/4 3 47/64 4 15/64 Coefficients of Linear Expansion Linear temperature expansion coefficients for some common materials as aluminum. iron and many more Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials can be found in the table below: Product Linear Temperature Expansion Coefficient .5 Acetal . 2 1.6 . extruded Alumina Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Beryllium Copper (Cu 75.4 4.1 3.4 6.2 14 100 10. cast Acrylic.9 66.0 5.3 10.4 3.3 5.Acrylic.7 20.6 37 6.6 6. Be 25) Bismuth Brass Brick masonary Bronze Cadmium Calcium Carbon .2 5.8 18.5 16.0 30 22.6 6.5 18.4 22.8 130 7.7 5. sintered Cupronickel 30% Diamond 81 234 5.3 1.67 6.5 10.0 5.4 3.4 9.7 8.6 11.2 10.9 12 14.3 13 18.0 16.6 11.5 45 130 3.6 9 0.3 6.3 3.2 25.5 9.2 10. sheet.0 2.7 9.2 55.4 0.0 12.0 72.8 2.1 10.4 16.8 12.diamond Cast Iron Gray Cellulose acetate (CA) Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) Cellulose nitrate (CN) Cement Cerium Chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC) Chromium Clay tile structure Cobalt Concrete Concrete structure Constantan Copper Corundum.8 16. 7 15.3 6.3 2.0 10.0 14.7 5.9 76.4 135 75 9 6.6 5.2 6.4 4.9 5.3 12.3 6.4 11.2 28. pure Iron.9 6.5 42. Pyrex Glass.Dysprosium Ebonite Epoxy.8 205 113. forged Lanthanum Lead Limestone Lithium Lutetium 9.9 4.2 7.4 12.6 5.6 33 1.9 5 3.0 8. unfilled Erbium Ethylene ethyl acrylate (EEA) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Europium Fluoroethylene propylene (FEP) Gadolinium Germanium Glass.9 7.3 3. castings resins & compounds.0 9.8 3. pure Hafnium Hard alloy K20 Hastelloy C Holmium Ice Inconel Indium Invar Iridium Iron. hard Glass.5 . cast Iron. plate Gold Granite Graphite.6 6.3 11.2 4.9 180 35 100 19.0 8 46 9.8 55 31 12.1 5.1 4.9 6 11.4 25.1 28.5 6.4 3.2 5.0 18.4 3.3 6.3 0.3 7.2 51 12. 1-7.4 5 11.Magnesium Manganese Marble Masonry Mica Molybdenum Monel Mortar Neodymium Nickel Niobium (Columbium) Nylon.4 9.13.6 13.8 20 . cast Nylon.0 30.2 80 44.7.7 2.6 44. general purpose Nylon.5 69 25 14 200 111 59.4 9. molding and extruding compound Nylon.1 4.0 54 91.3 3.5 5.0 1.7 .8 6.1 .2 2. Type 12.8 61.8 7.5 4.3 7.5 110 70.6 .5 44.8 80 16.4 33 35.glass fiberreinforced Polyester Polyester .5 7.0 3 5 13.5 9. Type 6/6.5 12 123.3 .14. Type 6.5 .2 5.2 3.7 85 47.9. molding compound Osmium Palladium Phenolic resin without fillers Plaster Platinum Plutonium Polyallomer Polyamide (PA) Polycarbonate (PC) Polycarbonate .9 2.6 80.9 40 100 55.2 50.glass fiberreinforced Polyethylene (PE) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polyphenylene . Type 11.1 39 21. molding and extruding compound Nylon.5.glass fiber- 25 22 5.0 7 72 14 12. 0 .7 10.8 5.0 8. unfilled Polypropylene . rigid Porcelain Potassium Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Porcelain Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Quartz Rhenium Rhodium Rubber.6 3.4 4.0 46.5 5.glass fiberreinforced Polystyrene (PS) Polysulfone (PSO) Polyurethane (PUR).7 4.2 3.8 57.0 2.8 1.8 71 4.1 127.4 70 24.5 83 6.50 Steatite Steel Steel Stainless Austenitic (304) Steel Stainless Austenitic (310) 90.1 13.0.3 9.1 3.7 11 0.1 7.7 7.4 8.79 3.5 10.3 32 18 70 55.1 12.6 14.reinforced Polypropylene (PP).7 5.4 61.7 8 77 9.7 11.1 19.6 83 110 38.5 50.9 31 32 2.1.8 39.3 17.7 5.5 46.43 .5 13.5 42. hard Ruthenium Samarium Sandstone Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Slate Sodium Solder 50 .7 6.1 0.4 6.7 2.1 6.6 10.77 . 9 5.3048 m • Calculate Thermal Pipe Expansion Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes .3 11.mm A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature expands .6 6.5 3. oak parallel to grain Wood.9 12 13.22 3.1 2.5 6.3 10. oak across to grain Wood.0 2.7 5.9 10.6 20.7 6.9 9.5 16.6 29.3 23.6 5.7 3.8 2.0 8. pine Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium 16.9 22.5 36.4 13.7 4.7 4.3 13.6 29.5 8.Steel Stainless Austenitic (316) Steel Stainless Ferritic (410) Strontium Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Terne Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vinyl Ester Wood.0 4.6 4.5 3.9 16.2 • • • T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) .32] 1 in (inch) = 25. fir Wood.8 14.9 8 16 .4 7.4 mm 1 ft (foot) = 0.4 8.4 5 26.5 5.7 7.12 2.7 5.7 .5 12. 0 10-6 (m/m oC) Carbon Steel Pipes .its important to handle the expansion properly. 100 m Pipe (mm) 63 96 136 166 203 246 279 323 To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines . The temperature expansion coefficient steel pipes per degree change of temperature is nearly constant: • • 6.5 10-6 (in/in oF) 14.in cold (non operating) and running (operating) condition. Production Temperature (oC) 66 93 121 149 177 204 232 260 Expansion pr.Fahrenheit The temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes expressed in inches per 100 feet per degree Fahrenheit: . Steel Pipes and Temperature Expansion Temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes The maximum and minimum length of a pipe depends to the maximum and minimum temperature of the pipe .The table below can be used to calculate the expansion of steam pipes at different operating temperatures.Temperature Expansion . Carbon Steel Pipes .Celcius The temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes expressed in mm per m per degree Celsius: .Temperature Expansion . Expansion Loop Capacity Steel pipes . glass. materials.dimensions. carbon steel.Sponsored Links Related Topics • • Piping Systems Dimensions of pipes and tubes . carbon steel pipes and copper tubes Steel Pipe . capacities . The expansion of the pipes can be expressed with the expansion formula Expansion of Copper.pressure drop calculations and charts .thermal expansion and expansion loop capacities . Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes Thermal expansion of stainless steel.stainless steel.insulation and heat loss diagrams Temperature Expansion Thermal expansion of pipes and tubes . copper. iron and many more Pipes and Tubes . plastics and more Related Documents • • • • Coefficients of Linear Expansion Linear temperature expansion coefficients for some common materials as aluminum.Temperature Expansion Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled. copper. 8 12.8 9.1 7.32 212 400 600 750 Alloy Steel (1% Cr.Temperature Expansion Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled.α . inch/inchoF) Mean expansion coefficient may vary with temperature as: Mean Expansion Coefficient .7 12.5 9.2% C) Stainless Steel (18% Cr.2 Mo) Mild Steel 7.6 9.(10-6 inch/inch oF) Temperature Range (oF) Material 32 32 32 32 . The expansion coefficient must be adjusted to o C. inch) Lo = length of pipe (m.32] .6 32 1300 12. 1/2% 7. 8% 10.8 9. The expansion of the pipes can be expressed with the expansion formula The temperature expansion of pipes depends on the start and final temperature of the pipe and the expansion coefficient of the piping material at the actual temperature.3 8.7 9. inch) dt = temperature difference (oC.1 Ni) 32 900 32 1100 9.1 .8 Formula (1) can also be used with SI units.8 8.4 8. The general expansion formula can be expressed as: dl = α Lo dt (1) where dl = expansion (m. oF) α = linear expansion coefficient (m/moK.Pipes and Tubes .0 (0.1 11.0 8. • T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) .8 11.7 8.4 12.5 11.0. Be aware that domestic rules may give lower limits. screwed connections Medium Heavy psi kPa psi kPa 150 1000 175 1200 150 1000 175 1200 150 1000 175 1200 150 1000 175 1200 150 1000 175 1200 125 850 150 1000 125 850 150 1000 100 700 125 850 100 700 125 850 100 700 125 850 80 550 100 700 80 550 100 700 60 400 80 550 Steam / Air.(32 oF)) = 1. welded connections Medium Heavy psi kPa psi kPa 250 1750 300 2000 250 1750 300 2000 250 1750 300 2000 250 1750 300 2000 250 1750 300 2000 200 1400 300 2000 200 1400 300 2000 200 1400 300 2000 200 1400 300 2000 150 1000 200 1400 150 1000 200 1400 150 1000 200 1400 125 850 75 1200 . The expansion can be expressed as: dl = (8 10-6 in/inoF)(100 feet) (12 in/ft) ((212 oF) .in psi (lb/in2) and kPa (kN/m2) The working pressures below are conservative estimates.Thermal Expansion of Heated Alloy Steel 100 feet of alloy steel pipe is heated from 32 to 212oF. Nominal bore Water Light inches mm psi kPa 1/4 8 150 1000 3/8 10 150 1000 1/2 15 150 1000 3/4 20 150 1000 1 25 150 1000 1 1/4 32 125 850 1 1/2 40 125 850 2 50 100 700 2 1/2 65 100 700 3 80 100 700 4 100 80 550 5 125 6 150 Medium psi kPa 300 2000 300 2000 300 2000 300 2000 300 2000 250 1750 250 1750 200 1400 200 1400 200 1400 150 1000 150 1000 125 850 Heavy psi kPa 350 2400 350 2400 350 2400 350 2400 350 2400 300 2000 300 2000 250 1750 250 1750 250 1750 200 1400 200 1400 150 1400 Steam / Air.Working Pressures Normal maximum working pressures for steel tubes.728 inch Steel Tubes . The expansion coefficient is 8 10-6 (inch/inchoF).4 mm 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m Expansion coefficients for some common materials Example .• • • 1 in (inch) = 25. and the actual bore is reduced. As the schedule number increases. a wall thickness of 0. 40 80 Stainless Steel Schedule No. Wall Thickness.Note! • • psi = lb/in2 kPa = kN/m2 Carbon. a wall thickness of 0. STD XS . giving a bore of 3. diameters.337 inches (8. pipes of a particular size all have the same outside diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36.30 mm). Inside Diameter • Area of Metal. 10S 40S 80S Wall Thickness -t(inches) Inside Diameter -d(inches) .026 inches (102. Customary Units The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes.500 inches (114.30 mm). Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes . transverse area. the wall thickness increases. For example: • • A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.307 .500 inches ( 114.068 .56 mm).U. Moment of Inertia.10/19 Pipe sizes.19 Stainless Steel Pipe.18 mm) Outside Diameter. .095 . Identification.269 .10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME/ANSI B36.ASME/ANSI B36. inside and outside diameters.405 Identification Steel Iron Pipe Size Schedule No.237 inches (6. schedules.049 .826 inches (97.02 mm).26 mm) A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4. moment of inertia. wall thickness. Weight Water. Elastic Section Modulus Pipe Size (inches) Outside Diameter (inches) 1/8 0. giving a bore of 4. wall thickness. weight of pipe filled with water . Regardless of schedule number. External Surface. Transverse Internal Area.215 . Weight Pipe.S. 091 . . STD XS .160 . 5S 10S 40S 80S . 5S 10S 40S 80S .250 .185 1.147 .281 .250 . 5S 10S 40S 80S . . .097 1. 5S 10S .315 1 1/4 1.065 . .065 .500 1.957 .113 .896 1.545 . .546 .049 .187 .133 .100 2. 40 80 160 . . .920 .540 3/8 0. . 40 80 160 .145 .682 1. . .1/4 0.710 . STD XS . 40 80 160 . .382 .083 .154 . 5S 10S 40S 80S .709 2.900 2 2. . STD XS .364 .610 1.065 .119 .400 . XXS .154 . 40 80 .218 .434 1. XXS .493 .200 .109 .050 1 1.770 1. STD XS .674 . 40 80 160 .065 . .358 .109 .884 .599 1. . XXS .294 .939 1. .191 .065 . XXS .065 . STD XS .840 3/4 1.120 . . 40 80 160 .503 2.742 .083 . . . .109 .278 1.824 .126 . . 10S 40S 80S 10S 40S 80S 5S 10S 40S 80S .660 1 1/2 1.245 2.140 .083 .442 1.109 .109 .423 .252 .179 . .338 1.675 1/2 0.875 . .410 . 5S 10S 40S 80S .219 .622 .065 .067 1. STD XS .466 . XXS . .815 . STD XS . STD XS . .088 .380 1.308 .302 .687 1.612 .375 2 1/2 2. .530 1.635 .344 .157 2. XXS .436 . 40 80 160 . 40 80 .065 . . . 594 . .152 5. XXS . STD XS .761 5. 5S 10S 40S 80S .329 8.047 4. 5S 10S 40S 80S .258 .120 . .120 .276 . .134 .187 4.260 3.750 .295 5.203 .624 3. .500 . .438 3.109 .277 .109 . .068 2. 5S 10S 40S 80S .625 7.063 6.300 .719 2.345 5. XXS . 40 80 .500 5 5. .148 .125 1.406 . . . 80S . 5S 10S 40S 80S 5S 10S 40S 80S .501 5. .134 .071 7.563 4.531 . .109 .438 . . .000 4 4.718 .981 7. . XS . .375 . STD .334 4. .322 . 40 80 120 160 .187 .625 STD XS .563 6 6. STD XS . .826 3.834 3.226 . 40 80 160 . 5S 10S .313 4.237 .375 . .125 8.280 .437 7.897 8.900 2. . . 40 80 120 160 . XXS .026 3. 40S .438 . . 40 80 160 .469 2. .771 3.600 .300 3. . STD XS . .083 .065 5.364 4.334 3. .500 3 1/2 4.813 4.562 . .083 .625 .3 3. . . . .083 .625 8 8.357 6.260 4.500 .318 .624 2.120 . XXS .323 2.813 7.552 .250 . . STD XS . STD XS .432 . 40 80 120 160 . . .407 8.407 6.760 3. .548 3. XXS .337 . 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 40S 80S .674 .864 .216 . . 80S .125 1.500 11. 5S 10S . 60 80 100 120 140 160 .375 7. 10 20 30 . .406 . .374 11. . . .500 13. 40S .594 .000 1. .594 .134 .376 15. . .165 .250 13.750 11.500 10.136 10.75 14 14. .500 12.001 6. 5S 10S .500 12. .250 .906 . . .562 . . STD .312 .438 . .750 8.500 15. .875 . . STD . . .250 .00 .000 12.375 .812 11. .750 10.719 . .250 10. . STD 140 .938 11. XS .420 10.062 10.10 10.844 1.812 . . .624 15.482 10.165 . . .156 . .188 15.813 10.312 . 5S 10S .500 .626 11.124 13.00 16 16. . .250 1.438 12.500 . XXS .365 .624 13.062 8.750 12 12.376 13. . .125 . 160 .500 . XS .406 . 20 30 . . . . .844 1.375 . . . . .330 .126 13.938 1.250 . .312 9. . 5S 10S . 10 20 30 40 . . .390 12. STD XS . .750 . . . . . .188 .312 156 . . 40S 80S .020 9. . 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 .750 9. .875 6.180 .000 1.688 13.250 .562 9.307 . . 40 .250 12. ..250 . .670 15.688 .812 12. . . .090 12. .000 11.094 1.124 11. .188 . 60 80 100 120 140 160 . 250 .564 19. 10 20 30 60 80 100 120 140 160 .75 23. .844 1. . . .500 19.375 1. STD .812 18. . .656 .124 12. .781 .500 21.938 17. . . . . . . . . .375 . 30 . .25 17.750 1.250 19. . .938 13.438 19.25 18. . . . . .500 17.969 . .376 17. .250 .624 19. . .250 17.312 13.000 14.876 16.75 19. . . . 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 .624 21. .812 17.812 1. .062 21.124 17. .624 17.125 .938 1.562 13.562 . 10 20 . . .188 .250 14. 5S . .594 . 5S 10S .875 2.375 . . . .188 . . .218 .562 1.031 1. 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 . STD XS .218 15. . . . XS . 5S 10S .312 . . .124 15.670 17. .18 18.156 1.375 1. 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 .188 .500 16.00 24 24.250 . .00 20 20.000 16.688 15.031 1.375 . . .281 1. .000 16. .500 .500 1.750 .75 18. . .438 17. . 5S 10S .165 . .000 20. .875 1.438 . .564 21.000 18. .688 14.625 1. .500 16. . . STD XS .594 .218 .125 1.250 21.564 .500 . .500 .876 14. .00 22 22. . .376 17.250 19.00 XS . .438 1. . .500 . .219 1. 062 21. . .250 41.250 31.000 22. .500 . . .376 19.375 .376 25. .250 33. . . 20 30 40 .250 23.00 . .00 STD XS . .625 . 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 10 . .500 . . .969 1.00 XS .00 STD XS . .750 30.376 31.000 26.625 .500 .312 .376 27.750 32. 20 30 .720 40. 20 30 40 10 . . 10 .688 . STD 28. . . 20 10 . .000 30. STD 36.500 . 20 30 40 10 .000 28. .26 28 30 32 34 36 42 • . . .312 .375 . .375 . 26.376 29. .4 mm 10 20 .250 29. .312 33. 30. STD 32.624 22.000 40. .625 .375 .500 .750 .219 1.250 25.812 2.312 .344 . . .344 .750 31.312 25. .00 XS .750 23. . STD XS 42. .312 . . .376 35.562 20.938 20. .625 .876 22.624 35.500 29.624 33.750 29.562 .500 . . STD XS . .500 41.500 . 20 30 10 .375 .688 . . .375 .750 34.000 27. . . . . . . .00 XS . STD 34.500 23. 5S 10S .625 . . .500 .250 35. . .000 34.062 2.688 . . 1 in (inch) = 25. .250 27.876 19.531 1.250 . .375 . 20 30 40 10S .312 . .500 .250 .625 . .000 32.00 XS . .375 . . 141 . Elastic Section Modulus Transverse Internal Moment Area of Area Weight of Inertia Pipe Size Metal Pipe a A (inches) (square (pounds -linches) (square (square per foot) (inches4) inches) feet) 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 .155 .220 .03704 .283 1.3421 .69 .1579 .5043 .07603 .00098 .24 .01040 .7180 .074 220 .220 .275 .435 .0548 .04667 .8365 1.2136 .00891 .025 .273 .00438 .188 .2839 .05267 .061 .00248 .6138 .00050 .11512 .1320 .71 .148 1.1934 .1328 .13 1.00734 .2346 .68 2.09 1.057 .01709 .6648 .435 .1605 .0720 .00 3.01709 .87 1.19 .375 .031 .275 .230 .01032 .102 .04479 .1974 .0760 .1910 .02008 .67 .85 1.266 .708 .04780 .122 .275 .11 1.42 .2333 .478 .128 .4130 .1405 .3040 .28 External Weight Surface Water (square (pounds feet per per foot) foot of pipe) .00118 .00035 .1250 .1246 .2173 .141 .435 .231 .54 .1405 .05792 .435 .172 .1038 .00211 .00656 .1056 .40 1.00499 .8815 1.2961 .1583 .00162 .6388 .5217 .178 .106 .05772 .312 .00025 .1606 .649 .27 3.495 1.839 1.00362 .435 .42 .141 .54 . Transverse Internal Area.0925 .458 .3959 .33 .1670 .31 .08531 .2553 .10036 .4110 .275 .94 2.00462 .2521 .81 2.00300 .2503 .555 .016 . External Surface.00523 .282 1.00206 .66 1.1041 .9452 .00106 .84 3.409 .01395 .1251 .0716 .022 .344 .74 .01197 .4939 .Area of Metal.3257 .0740 .3836 .1947 .1903 .02849 .01736 .220 .4717 .344 .7190 .00426 .3200 .02450 .797 .03407 .00163 .1574 .2418 .050 .0970 .00051 .275 .00122 .00196 .76 5.02160 .00600 .08734 .461 .3326 .02554 .3568 .1070 1.00133 .00275 .00437 .497 Elastic Section Modulus (in3) .101 .02212 .6685 .220 .534 .4335 .132 220 .00602 .106 .435 1.01134 .04999 .0364 .178 .344 .064 .2011 .630 2.5330 .00729 .05655 .00040 .178 .00331 .05269 .4330 .00371 .00862 .00091 .02969 .47 1.01277 .00586 . Moment of Inertia.066 .1706 .633 1.07055 .344 .31 1.02424 .1662 .21 1.106 .032 .0568 .344 .86 1.00766 .3747 .1250 .288 .8640 .344 .17 2.057 .44 . Weight Water.00377 .00088 .3411 .083 .2340 .01431 .00072 .045 .07569 .01227 .1029 .5698 .00279 .04069 .2913 .57 .00103 .11032 . Weight Pipe.275 . 89 .50 10.406 .231 2.88 7.73 30.610 11.233 9.796 12.285 4.339 1.78 3.08017 .20 2.0716 .788 4.25 14.1263 .01232 .2239 .03 4.6657 .7280 1.678 1.498 3.477 2.97 32.753 .238 3.01225 .353 2.174 4.86 6.3149 .02538 .761 3.039 1.466 1.788 6.7309 .03787 .456 1.1529 .02330 .04587 .58 1.346 8.595 6.456 1.280 2.753 .02 3.724 2.753 .0542 .31 9.162 1.6868 1.61 13.301 1.33 5.38 9.0645 .1015 .090 3.69 3.753 .36 7.07711 .67 25.960 2.05796 .97 .993 1.44 22.54 6.2204 .730 8.152 1.734 .464 8.50 2.755 4.78 27.00 4.916 .5078 .61 10.7435 1.425 15.35 1.51 27.2652 .4204 .03322 .64 3.02 7.54 1.1390 .53 5.8679 1.03 33.178 5.72 9.19 16.979 1.178 1.885 .07986 .456 1.898 6.2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 6 .63 4.75 14.021 1.622 .764 5.02463 .47 4.48 4.97 13.00976 .6133 .340 2.496 .963 .205 5.54 8.300 6.916 .2468 .00660 .463 2.311 .393 6.01414 .09898 .32 18.36 2.45 1.97 9.734 1.753 .0901 .1136 .753 .945 4.347 7.451 7.01543 .27 15.497 .02 20.2006 .41 1.02942 .888 14.274 2.67 7.916 .947 8.72 3.65 13.178 1.112 7.58 3.79 7.894 5.254 2.73 11.79 14.214 4.656 .104 .02050 .06170 .016 4.101 1.08840 .42 1.62 3.822 3.75 12.621 8.407 5.178 1.654 3.80 5.140 1.60 9.456 1.98 19.01 13.09 6.80 22.35 14.029 5.96 38.916 .017 3.546 2.03 2.916 1.5606 .530 1.651 3.958 3.6 2.10245 .07 3.98 4.02885 .222 2.84 6.394 3.39 6.33 7.4992 .733 5.1558 .04002 .696 11.638 1.622 .916 .497 .429 1.378 2.66 10.72 1.950 3.3912 .882 .497 .02749 .704 2.51 .14 2.068 1.04 32.178 1.18 5.28 .408 4.767 1.924 2.963 7.036 1.09 2.40 28.4824 .155 11.997 .81 4.608 .047 1.249 1.680 3.55 7.4939 .622 .5678 .01556 .29 18.11 12.5977 .62 20.581 2.50 3.16 20.791 2.63 11.765 .075 1.622 .178 1.622 .456 1.064 1.605 5.868 2.545 11.9873 1.9799 1.46 9.355 2.431 9.77 2.4717 .876 3.250 10.8910 1.225 2.77 14.497 .456 1.047 1.734 1.028 .61 2.3099 .953 2.622 .774 5.74 28.047 1.4118 .01710 .0 22.104 9.576 4.29 3.190 2.228 3.28 6.05130 .2598 .01 18.810 3.7995 1.58 10.3262 .178 1.178 1.07 1.61 12.25 12.871 1.241 1.50 4.06063 .271 5.047 1.497 .92 5.041 1.65 5.7100 .032 5.424 .953 9.7760 1.06870 .48 3.24 31.456 1.28 7.97 .453 4.87 1.85 14.886 8.03755 . 08 47.03 47.07 27.92 46.4 140.81 20.1308 .86 74.258 2.11 9.6 255.78 18.2 27.57 117.77 63.814 2.5 400.4989 .3 300.93 13.59 16.52 137.81 20.8 286.50 46.15 145.0219 1.69 78.4 191.3 122.6013 .97 4.0 30.338 3.338 3.71 45.36 5.58 35.92 22.734 1.22 60.0 43.338 3.30 21.64 20.93 108.5922 .03 31.0 76.41 57.1 162.76 14.20 32.8 74.338 3.35 72.17 33.63 107.43 77.47 22.32 125.58 24.46 86.9758 .3171 .15 88.80 113.57 7.0 244.52 26.814 2.16 10.3329 .06 23.19 18.71 67.5 153.4481 .00 48.50 120.75 121.5992 .14 6.6 641.665 12.14 32.78 8.258 2.84 19.53 36.258 2.1 324.76 34.17 21.8 10 12 14 8.6 45.12 36.06 24.7 62.48 54.39 14.02 6.916 3.48 11.96 34.24 40.26 8.131 8.6303 .63 26.65 52.7 109.56 38.3855 .57 11.63 34.258 2.87 14.64 2.39 50.14 140.35 53.8 28.67 160.338 3.40 10.88 .69 15.1 56.8 399.2 39.32 68.65 37.57 36.86 114.73 36.3601 .258 2.74 64.54 53.814 2.57 29.338 3.5592 1.39 36.95 35.50 37.9 122.4176 .70 13.7854 .42 16.77 21.44 35.94 45.43 106.24 30.258 2.258 2.8 36.49 49.5731 .84 68.7 212.90 16.52 80.10 111.814 2.07 23.75 1.8 47.6 700.10 15.8438 .7773 .734 1.29 85.84 55.80 13.98 24.13 115.665 3.59 52.2532 .53 147.00 44.15 18.5603 .814 2.35 31.74 49.405 10.72 63.2578 .98 17.70 20.22 14.1 100.64 43.6 88.258 2.04 41.61 54.49 88.38 43.4 279.4 372.65 28.24 10.258 2.91 41.53 27.3 314.39 45.6 23.0 53.46 40.76 72.30 9.338 3.5475 .85 51.51 54.814 2.32 15.03 89.52 34.212 13.0 165.4 160.95 60.7 162.17 7.77 19.13 64.7528 .338 3.59 38.814 2.89 59.97 66.665 3.04 34.25 51.5 781.6 194.07 49.40 22.8 248.7058 .338 3.64 96.07 11.338 3.8373 .3784 .338 3.8185 .90 39.734 2.78 143.7972 .59 80.93 21.3553 .36 24.42 73.17 62.9 63.61 58.89 63.3 361.0124 .814 3.96 17.43 74.338 3.9940 .9 113.70 28.258 2.28 82.58 15.15 25.30 21.49 139.76 86.734 1.10 18.16 50.7 137.51 28.16 9.24 21.33 26.7372 .665 3.665 3.2819 .05 26.27 23.814 2.61 22.49 8.814 2.16 24.53 60.77 19.9575 40.14 90.80 37.5185 .66 39.29 104.82 12.1 561.2673 .29 10.2 .55 35.4 475.13 56.13 29.814 2.83 17.43 45.1810 .33 37.258 2.4732 .52 65.16 8.48 12.71 14.2 367.3941 .3018 .258 2.3474 .02 6.73 105.42 74.6677 .56 53.16 101.69 16.2 22.03 60.29 19.66 71.338 3.1469 .96 26.68 16.1650 .7 121.77 49.66 43.941 6.48 51.3 140. 9394 .1 75.6 305.67 138.83 106.82 .3 1893.3103 1.71 104.11 27.42 69.3 277.3423 1.5763 1.3 291.92 207.5533 1.7550 1.8522 .49 109.79 170.93 92.2684 1.6467 1.11 166.27 129.44 75.25 31.37 15.0 130.6 417.87 120.56 65.78 72.189 4.28 189.3 91.6585 1.1 731.58 144.63 36.712 4.0 1117.46 114.1004 2.712 4.51 23.66 3.189 4.236 5.77 101.7 40.72 188.12 76.1 483.9 383.24 193.189 4.21 24.1 2749.33 135.1 80.8 132.74 80.0 2772.18 100.2 3754.22 308.48 56.4849 1.90 31.3 98.73 128.65 176.04 47.72 238.5762 1.66 21.9690 1.5 1514.72 115.45 45.30 182.26 105.64 55.21 252.0 2498.2 70.60 104.46 55.52 13.32 70.5990 1.13 123.5 220.96 244.7029 1.189 4.09 58.712 5.0 236.21 9.23 61.6 1027.22 38.5 1555.39 98.53 278.57 83.98 213.13 130.34 12.69 185.8956 .0 257.189 4.7 930.17 170.189 4.04 283.1 678.50 136.83 204.28 128.07 55.0 4216.73 78.189 4.86 53.92 152.2 117.3 203.46 300.66 90.2684 1.4 61.0 1457.82 192.5 48.5 367.45 104.8 1364.665 3.8417 1.66 173.3 75.37 341.60 83.7 277.7612 .236 5.4 1113.8 242.45 44.665 3.189 4.9394 .7 170.76 24.12 30.96 122.712 4.3 145.57 88.09 85.3393 1.5 116.0596 1.0 63.0740 2.7213 .08 81.4849 429.10 296.50 79.4183 1.236 5.77 107.2272 1.18 50.41 24.58 73.665 3.94 17.4 1155.7 1833.189 4.92 109.67 122.78 46.28 132.712 4.1766 1.236 5.01 42.665 4.0 1703.712 4.2 662.9217 .189 4.665 3.40 208.712 4.34 20.87 256.87 98.0 59.59 82.5 170.61 298.6 144.0876 2.2895 1.69 182.94 70.51 103.3 1053.4 117.35 92.32 50.49 30.5 89.5 194.0142 1.6827 1.15 93.2 36.0 2257.96 245.64 245.06 52.0 2180.6 103.73 66.80 163.665 3.2070 1.4 66.8 146.05 52.8 159.8 765.236 5.10 9.72 169.5 421.2 1171.5 335.13 233.42 125.1369 2.3314 1.712 4.1 331.175 1.16 18 20 18.712 4.8 1760.236 5.33 87.1 168.18 99.14 48.43 223.6703 1.95 240.6230 1.50 39.3 69.8 562.72 302.98 31.68 213.712 4.6941 1.5 375.712 4.189 4.95 61.7 473.35 31.236 5.17 71.79 40.44 72.25 10.27 62.14 274.712 4.81 80.236 61.236 5.98 223.61 164.2 806.85 150.17 27.22 243.76 47.189 4.6 111.50 83.43 35.06 130.53 237.6 57.63 8.665 3.3 824.83 226.71 230.2 562.50 135.0 3020.88 131.9 932.27 96.3 549.712 4.65 290.07 75.8 46.38 18.0035 .7 .64 57.6 32.62 58.75 11.8956 1.3 678.0 3315.75 42.55 15.76 79.58 82.39 58.712 4.236 5.84 98.4 225.12 62.8020 .64 50.9305 1.4 929.21 102.44 160.30 226.665 3.00 265.85 191.62 103.0 574.31 192.15 48.62 40.236 5.70 13.05 106. 73 248.12 542.83 36.9396 4585.283 6.56 415.760 5.52 158.8853 2.8 172.45 436.1 387.22 24 26 28 30 32 34 111.5362 2.55 868.63 5.56 132.88 353.75 500.8 221.27 370.26 149.9028 4.5 5599.00 402.4 96.3 336.22 281.5 379.32 326.06 55.21 209.236 5.99 754.31 142.7 1952.1275 2.10 34.5 3244.330 7.854 7.1547 2.7067 4.760 6.06 37.05 332.2365 2.12 261.6 161.96 660.58 367.8 291.3 3829.10 433.760 5.07 86.283 6.49 140.2414 5.7921 2.11 159.39 429.13 85.7 472.06 321.62 125.71840 3.0 3898.81 197.06 27.0285 3.18 286.3 .1151 6.22 344.0 518.9 212.35 365.07 252.8 1010.29 18.6 1315.4774 3.283 6.0 8625.4074 2.17 134.8542 2.283 6.77 742.901 8.61 583.62 202.330 7.68 36.48 411.48 33.81 302.806 6.5362 2.08 25.48 61.854 7.67 376.0299 5.1 4084.52 649.6 7583.35 291.14 32.760 5.4 5042.760 5.4 3257.4053 2.3263 5.17 108.45 126.3694 5.4 434.65 27.17 43.378 8.1 718.0 6849.23 188.76 671.8 5037.99 212.68 31.0876 4.26 49.5 766.283 6.2 884.14 158.92 17.5 295.6552 2.760 5.4088 4.81 319.3 213.55 132.8 135.2 3206.37 29.93 118.4 1151.60 102.20 53.5 2843.88 14.0 109.28 292.77 58.66 346.70 291.5 185.760 5.7 2585.63 136.283 6.91 41.26 157.85 182.78 89.56 562.61 114.3911 2.4 4758.8 5672.07 73.09 139.0 366.760 5.80 50.84 219.7 474.09 104.64 146.73 79.8 652.90 46.30 1.89 87.36 327.49 12.5122 3.5869 4.4629 2.0501 3.05 354.4 91.98 505.7 80.0 3421.0 3105.21 363.5 5432.43 230.39 50.9 243.806 6.854 7.0 2601.283 6.0346 3.901 8.74 424.18 30.2 383.76 126.54 43.2645 2.32 153.02 118.378 8.854 7.806 7.901 458.8166 1.6664 4.18 773.36 107.0211 1.41 250.74 159.87 178.07 382.68 16.04 276.4 1942.57 871.08 105.71 58.8 570.760 5.37 39.25 365.4 8298.8 255.3 4652.8 359.6 493.67 178.06 306.7 291.0 329.9 2077.5 237.87 588.378 8.39 483.2 6224.0121 2.5503 2.53 296.31 335.283 6.17 92.18 377.0 285.1572 5.53 196.31 70.283 6.35 296.41 25.8 190.7 6626.00 683.67 367.283 6.3 602.95 183.71 255.68 150.378 8.68 171.41 94.19 766.98 187.9 159.59 126.0 6053.1 414.07 126.9 7825.04 87.61 52.65 157.11 243.65 134.0524 6.4 117.06 141.18 293.330 7.5 6138.19 40.29 238.0 9455.12 119.0 2549.34 57.21 572.8 550.9 4658.5082 5.31 855.59 247.4 432.08 123.95 179.75 23.6 303.330 7.00 451.08 310.23 165.09 174.64 736.854 8.378 8.37 63.760 5.7465 4.283 6.16 216.26 110.5212 2.5 69.66 168.9175 1.49 677.60 67.3 7383.3 1489.760 5.65 113.2 2478.9 787.9761 3.9 4030.74 490.283 6.9483 2.36 322.3 5150.6 250.61 403.43 98. XS and XXS To distinguish different weights of pipe.8 717.425 9.08 65.09 579. .57 236.2 0.98 41.1 603.425 9.46 83.4 827.78 244.18 81.90 975.6 5569. carbon steel pipes and copper tubes (oF) 0 10 20 321) 40 Linear Temperature Expansion (inches/100 feet) Temperature Brass and Stainless Carbon Cast Iron Wrought Copper Steel Pipes Steel Pipes Pipes Iron Pipes Tubes 0 0 0 0 0 0. .99 10.5 6658.00 34.3 1320.92 422.1 0.901 8.4 0.9 587.1 10627 14037 17373 20689 222.92 982.1 668.99 10.3 565.9 488.53 72.97 55.8499 5.1 0.2 0. Expansion of Copper.XS double extra strong wall . three long standing traditional designations are used: • • • standard wall .2 STD. 9127.23 425.82 1336.8050 6.4 558.XXS The last two designations are sometimes referred to as extra heavy wall (XH).1 1288.2 1304.5862 6.39 835.425 10.6813 6.77 118.901 9.11 948.03 362.22 405.8257 6.4 12906.425 9.9 8786. and double extra heavy wall (XXH).91 962.4 0.92 142. carbon steel pipes and copper tubes Thermal expansion of stainless steel.0 506.425 9.4 8.4 369.76 69.1 0.5 0.42 934. Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes Thermal expansion of stainless steel.89 416.68 189.91 417.3 .99 10.7 309.2 0.4 0.2 10868.3 985.3 572.99 536. .7771 6.6 9991.23 36 42 842.28 97.4918 .2 5.13 282.06 49.STD extra strong wall .2 0.65.35 167 222 276 330 365. 7 3.4 2.2 3.9 2.5 1.9 3.9 4.8 0.9 1.6 1.2 2.4 mm Difference between Pipes and Tubes Pipes and tubes are not the same Pipes 0.4 2.1 2.8 2.2 3.8 0.0 3.8 1.7 0.2 2.4 0.1 1.7 0.9 2.0 1.4 0.9 4.7 2.5 3.5 2.0 1.6 3.2 4.0 2.4 0.4 4.8 3.2 3.5 3.9 1) Freezing point of water 2) Boiling point of water • • • 0.4 4.0 1.7 2.6 .4 1.9 1.7 1.3048 m 1 in (inch) = 25.6 0.2 T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) .4 2.5 0.8 2.5 0.6 2.4 1.1 1.5 2.4 1.2 2.7 1.7 1.6 0.3 2.1 4.3 1.4 2.9 3.9 1.5 1.32] 1 ft (foot) = 0.1 0.9 3.2 1.4 1.6 0.5 2.1 3.50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 2122) 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 0.7 0.1 1.1 2.7 0.4 3.2 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.9 1.6 0.6 1.4 2.6 1.8 0.3 3. It is common to identify pipes in inches by using NPS or "Nominal Pipe Size". The tolerances are looser to pipes compared with tubes and they are often less expensive to produce. oil or similar. If we look at Copper Tubes . The use of NPS does not conform to American Standard pipe designations where the term NPS means "National Pipe Thread Straight". Since the outside diameter of a single nominal pipe size is kept constant the inside diameter of a pipe will depend on the "schedule" or the thickness of the pipe. heating oil.The purpose with a pipe is the transport of a fluid like water. For a ASME/ANSI B 36.of a NPS 2 inches pipe with • • schedule 40 is 2. The metric equivalent is called DN or "diametre nominel". Tubes The nominal dimensions of tubes are based on the outside diameter.ID . relatively close to 2". natural gas. The schedule and the actual thickness of a pipe varies with the size of the pipe. and the most import property is the capacity or the inside diameter.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe the inside diameter .375" for both schedules.939" The inside diameters are close to 2" and the nominal diameter related to the inside diameter.ASTM B88 the outside diameter of a 2" pipe is 2.067" schedule 80 is 1. and miscellaneous piping used in buildings.125". The metric designations conform to International Standards Organization (ISO) usage and apply to all plumbing. Nominal Bore (NB) may be specified under British standards classifications along with schedule (wall thickness). . Outside diameter are 2. Linear thermal expansion for some common metals can be found in the table below: Metal Admiralty Brass Aluminum Aluminum Bronze Antimony Beryllium Beryllium Copper Bismuth Cast Iron. The tolerances are higher with tubes compared to pipes and tubes are often more expensive to produce than pipes.2 5.ASTM B88 the wall thickness of 0.0 7. Thermal Expansion Metals Thermal expansion of some common metals The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is the ratio of the change in length per degree F (imperial) to the length.3 7.3 6.4 .212 68 .The inside diameter of a tube will depend on the thickness of the tube.572 68 .7 9. If we look at Copper Tubes .8 9. The thickness is often specified as a gauge.2 13.3 6.083"of a 2" pipe is gauge 14.572 70 .572 68 . gray Chromium Cobalt Copper Cupronickel Gold Hastelloy C Inconel Temperature Range (oF) 68 .212 32 .212 Thermal Expansion (microinch/(in oF)) 11.212 68 .0 5 6.572 68 .7 9.200 68 .8 3.1 9.9 5. 4 3.212 68 .84 46 4.4 7.4 2.4 21 2.3 6.212 68 .7 12.5 7.572 32 .0 3.6 6.32] 1 in (inch) = 25.212 77 .212 68 .572 32 .5 6.800 68 .9 10.8 11.200 70 . pure Magnesium Manganese Manganese Bronze Molybdenum Monel Nickel Wrought Niobium (Columbium) Red Brass Osmium Platinum Plutonium Potassium Rhodium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Tantalum Thorium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Wrought Carbon Steel Yellow Brass Zinc • • • 32 .4 mm 1 ft (foot) = 0.8 4.8 11 39 3.4 4.8 3.0 7.3048 m 8.212 68 .8 7. nodular pearlitic Iron.Incoloy Iridium Iron.3 19 .572 T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) .8 5 19.8 14 12 11.212 68 .8 2. (m) Size (mm) 0.Expansion Loop Capacity Steel pipes .w .0 1.Steel Pipe . Expansion loops can be fabricated from standard pipes and elbows.0 2.5 200 150 125 115 220 190 150 .5 25 35 130 32 25 100 210 40 20 70 150 50 65 125 65 50 100 80 40 75 100 35 65 2. Approximate Expansion Capacity (mm) Nominal Pipe Width of Expansion Loop .thermal expansion and expansion loop capacities The expansion loop is a common way to absorb the temperature expansion in steel pipes.5 1. online calculator Linear thermal expansion can be expressed as dl = L0 α (t1 .Linear Linear temperature expansion .Thermal Expansion .t0) (1) where dl = change in length (m) L0 = initial length (m) α = linear expansion coefficient t0 = initial temperature (oC) t1 = final temperature (oC) Online Thermal Linear Expansion Calculator . it expands The table below can be used to calculate the expansion of steam pipes at different operating temperatures. .6 2.0016 (m) Linear Temperature Coefficients . 100 ft Pipe (inch) 0.linear expansion coefficient t0 .α .8 To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines .4 2.3 3.initial length (m) α .its important to handle the expansion properly.L0 .000016 (m/m oC) copper: 0.initial temperature (oC) t1 .final temperature (oC) Change in length (dL): 0.0016 (m) Final length (L1): 1.15 1.000023 (m/m oC) steel: 0.9 3.000017 (m/m oC) Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes .75 1.inches When a steam pipes is heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature .of some common metals • • • aluminum : 0. Production Temperature (oF) 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Expansion pr.0 2. Schedule 40 Temperature : 20.3 kg/m3 (62. Production Temperature (oC) 66 93 121 149 177 204 232 260 Expansion pr. 100 m Pipe (mm) 63 96 136 166 203 246 279 323 To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines .Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes .10/19 schedule 40 steel pipe. ft/s) and SI (Pa/100m.Friction loss and Velocity Diagram Friction loss and velocity diagrams .0 oC (68.mm A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature expands The table below can be used to calculate the expansion of steam pipes at different operating temperatures. • • • • • Fluid : Water Pipe : Steel Pipe . The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.01 stokes) (1.0 lb/ft3) Kinematic Viscosity : 1.08E-5 ft2/s) .its important to handle the expansion properly Steel Pipe Schedule 40 .in imperial (psi/100 ft.004 10-6 m2/s (0.0 oF) Density : 998. m/s) units The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through ASME/ANSI B36. • Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.Imperial Units .5 10-5 Pressure Drop . . • • • 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895x10-2 bar = 27.71 in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 2.307 Ft. H2O Pressure Drop - SI Units • • • 1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02x10-4 m H2O = 9.869x10-6 atm = 1.45x10-4 psi (lbf/in2) 1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 196.85 ft/min = 2.237 mph A table presentation of the diagrams above can be found in "Steel Pipe Schedule 40 Friction loss and Velocities". Steel Pipe Schedule 80 - Friction loss and Velocity Diagram Water flow in steel pipes schedule 80 - pressure drop and velocity diagrams in SI and Imperial units The diagrams below indicates pressure drop for water flow through ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 schedule 80 steel pipes. The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation. • • • • • • Fluid : Water Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 80 Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF) Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3) Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08E-5 ft2/s) Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.5 10-5 Pressure Drop - SI units . Imperial Units .200 Imp.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02x10-4 m H2O = 9.6 m3/h = 0.45x10-4 psi (lbf/in2) 1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.237 mph Pressure Drop .869x10-6 atm = 1.03532 ft3/s = 2.85 ft/min = 2.• • • 1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h 1 m/s = 3.gal (UK)/min = 15.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.6 km/h = 196. . 3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6.894.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0. H2O Valve Selection Guide (ASME) An applications guide for selecting valves The suitability of a valve for a particular application is decided by the materials used in relation to the conveyed fluid as well as its mechanical design.0227 m3/h = 0.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2. • • • 1 gal (US)/min =6.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.71 in H2O at 62oF (16.1337 ft3/min 1 ft/s = 0. Conveyed Fluid Nature of Fluid Valve Function Type of Disc .7oC) = 703.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.895x10-2 bar = 27.6 kg/m2 = 2.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.Friction Loss Table Friction loss table in pdf-format.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.7oC) = 51.307 Ft. The table below can be used as a valve selection guide.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16. Liquid Gate Rotary ball On/Off Plug Diaphragm Butterfly Neutral (Water. etc) Plug gate Globe Control valve. modulating Diaphragm Squeeze Pinch Slurry On/Off Rotary ball Butterfly Diaphragm Plug Pinch Squeeze .) Butterfly Globe Control valve. alkaline etc. beverages. modulating Diaphragm Butterfly Plug gate On/Off Hygienic (Food. modulating Butterfly Plug gate Diaphragm Needle Gate Plug gate On/Off Rotary ball Plug Diaphragm Corrosive (Acid. drugs etc) Butterfly Diaphragm Butterfly Control valve. Oil. modulating Diaphragm Squeeze Pinch Gate Globe On/Off Rotary ball Plug Diaphragm Neutral (Air. etc) On/Off. Control valve. modulating Globe Needle Diaphragm Gate Vacuum On/Off Globe Rotary ball Butterfly Solids Abrasive Powder (Silica. Pinch Squeeze . modulating Needle Butterfly Diaphragm Gate Butterfly Gas On/Off Corrosive (Acid vapors. Steam etc) Globe Control valve. chlorine etc.) Rotary ball Diaphragm Plug Butterfly Control valve.Butterfly Control valve. Fibrous Suspensions Control valve. modulating Diaphragm Squeeze Pinch Gate Gate On/Off. Socket-welding and Threated (1996) [url]http://rapidshare.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.1-2001) ASME B16.10-2000 .pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare. B31 (Revision of ASME B31.1-2004 Power Piping ASME Code for Pressure Piping.471996__BRIDAS_GRANDES___LARGE_DIAMETER_STEEL_FLANGES_NPS_28_T hrough_NPS_80.com/files/56087760/ASME_B16.5 -1996 Tables .1-2001_.2 Through NPS 24 ASME B31.2 .com/files/56092116/ASME_B16.51996_PIPE_FLANGES_AND_FLANGED_FITTINGS_NPS_1_2_Through_NP[/url] [url]http://rapidshare. etc modulating Spiral sock Pinch Gate Spiral sock Squeeze download Some Standard from American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ASME B16.34-1988) ASME b31.Face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of valves ASME B16.com/files/56093438/ASME_B16.10-2000_-_Face-to-face_and_endto-end_dimensions_of_valves.34 1996 Valve-Flanged Threaded Welded End -THREADED.12004__Power_Piping_ASME_Code_for_Pressure_Piping__B31__Revision_of_ASME_ B31.47-1996 (BRIDAS GRANDES) LARGE DIAMETER STEEL FLANGES NPS 28 Through NPS 80 ASME B31. talcum. (graphite.5a-1998 .pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.4-2002 Pipeline Trasportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbon and Other Liquids ASME B16.com/files/56091002/ASME_B31.Addenda to ASME B16.ADDENDA to ASME 816.Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids ASME B16.4-2002 .2__1968___Fuel_Gas_Piping_US .modulating On/Off.com/files/56091335/API_Standard_650_Addendum_2__2001_Wel ded_Steel_Tanks_For_Oil_Storage.PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS ASME B16.com/files/56089265/ASME_B16.5a__1998___ADDENDA_to_ASME_816. AND WELDING END .11 Forged Fittings.(Revision of ASMEANSI B16.5_-1996__Tables_____PIPE_FLANGES_AND_FLANGED_FITTINGS.5-1996 PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS NPS 1.com/files/56093737/ASME_B31. Lubricating powder Control valve.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.2 (1968) Fuel Gas Piping USAS B31.5a (1998) .pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.1968 Asme b16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges & Flanged Fittings ASME B31. com/files/56081151/API_MPMS_8.AS_B31._11___Novem ber_2005_.._51__No.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare._51__No.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare. A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes ._50__No._6___June_20 04_.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare. ASTM._8___August_ 2005_.html . .4-2002__Pipeline_Transportation_Systems_for_Liquid_Hydrocarbons_and_Other_Liquids.com/files/56096174/ASME_b31._10___Octobe r_2005_.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare. www.ASME. API.2_-_1968.com/files/56084107/Api_Standard_610__1995___Centrifugal_Pumps_For_Petroleum__Heavy_Duty_Chemical_And_Gas_Industry_Serv[ /url]  Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards .pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.engineeringtoolbox.com/files/56081028/AIChE_Journal__Vol.pdf [/url] [url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56100281/Asme_b31-03_Int_No18._7___July_20 05_._51__No.ASME B31.com/files/55917503/Heat_Transfer__Arpaci____solution_manual.djvu[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56075711/AIChE_Journal__Vol. ANSI._51__No.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.pdf[/u rl] [url]http://rapidshare.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare. AWWA..com/files/56081971/Api_Standard_674_Positive_Displacement_Pu mp-Reciprocating.2_Manual_of_Petro_Measure_ Standards_Chapter_8-Sampling_SECOND_EDITION________Copyright___[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56083636/API_Standard_675__1994__Positive_displace ment_pumps_-_Controlled_volume_2ed.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.r ar[/url] [url]http://rapidshare._5___May_20 05_.com/pipes-codes-standards-t_17..com/files/56077933/AIChE_Journal__Vol. . BS.com/files/56079497/AIChE_Journal__Vol.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare._51__No.com/files/56077806/AIChE_Journal__Vol.com/files/56064029/vargaftik_1_.com/files/56072349/AIChE_Journal__Vol. AGA. ISO.com/files/56099344/ASME_B31._9___Septe mber_2004_.com/files/56070432/2_AIChE_Journal__Vol._50__No.pdf[/url] [url]http://rapidshare..Similar .com/files/56095890/Asme_b16.34_1996_ValveFlanged_Threaded_Welded_End_-THREADED__AND_WELDING_END____Revision_of_ASMEAN[/url] [url]http://rapidshare.42002_Pipeline_Trasportation_Systems_for_Liquid_Hydrocarbon_and_Other_Liquids. html .engineeringtoolbox.. are the most common used in pipes and piping systems .American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME B31. AGA. www.Pipes and Tubes . ANSI.engineeringtoolbox. ASTM. .1 . . API. erection.com/asme-test-codes-d_21. . Fuel Gas Piping. ANSI..Similar  ASME/ANSI B16 ..Similar  Piping Codes & Standards Piping codes and standards from standardization organizations as ANSI. ASTM. A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes . ASTM.. fabrication. AGA.html .html .1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers .engineeringtoolbox.. www.Standards of Pressure Piping.. earlier known as ANSI B31 . www.com/piping-codes-standards-d_6.Standards of Pipes and Fittings The ASME B16. Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards .. ASME ..... API. Process Piping.International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code The International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of .engineeringtoolbox.ASME.html .com/asme-d_7. . and inspection of power .Similar  Pressure Ratings ..html . Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards . DIN and others.com/asme-b31pressure-piping-d_39.5 . . covers Power Piping.ASME.Similar  ASME B31 . ANSI.com/ansi-b16-pipes-fittings-standard-d_215.Similar  ASME . www. www.Similar  ASME .html .Performance Test Codes The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for ...2001 Power Piping .engineeringtoolbox.engineeringtoolbox. www. ASME. API.. ISO..The code prescribes minimum requirements for the design.Pressure Ratings ASME B31 . materials.ASME B31..ASME.com/asme-boiler-vessel-code-d_8... Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards . AGA..Standards of Pressure Piping B31 Code for pressure piping.. test. developed by American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME.. ANSI..3 .ASME.engineeringtoolbox.9 .9 Building Services Piping applies to .. .STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED REINFORCED THERMOSETTING PLASTIC (RTP) LAMINATES FOR CORROSION RESISTANT EQUIPMENT .15 .Similar  Bronze Flanges ..html ..com/asme-b31..www.POWER PIPING ASME/ANSI B31.Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings .9-working-pressure-d_10. www.. Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards .300 lb bronze flanges have .9 .html . www.American Society of Mechanical Engineers: • • • ASME/ANSI B31.Building Services Piping. ASTM.html .Similar Fiberglass Pipes .9 .com/asme-bronze-flanges-d_300.engineeringtoolbox. Sponsored Links.Working Pressure and Temperature Limits The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.Similar  ASME B31.STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSETTING RESINS USED IN GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED STRUCTURES INTENDED FOR LIQUID SERVICE ASTM C 582 .common Standards Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and their applications Some of the fiberglass related standards from the major standardization organizations: ASME Standards Fiberglass related standards from ASME .PROCESS PIPING ASME/ANSI B31.ASME/ANSI 300 lb ASME/ANSI B16. AGA.1 . ASME B31.com/pipes-pressure-rating-t_40.engineeringtoolbox.BUILDING SERVICES PIPING ASTM Standards Fiberglass related standards from ASTM International • • ASTM C 581 . TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPE AND FITTINGS BY MEANS OF A TUP (FALLING WEIGHT) ASTM D 2583 .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RESISTANCE TO SHORT-TIME HYDRAULIC PRESSURE OF PLASTIC PIPE.STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL LOADING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC PIPE BY PARALLEL-PLATE LOADING ASTM D 2444 .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS ASTM D 695M .STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF UNREINFORCED AND REINFORCED PLASTICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS ASTM D 792 .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR APPARENT HOOP TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLASTICOR REINFORCED PLASTIC PIPE BY SPLIT DISK METHOD ASTM D 2310 .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CYCLIC PRESSURE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED.TEST METHODS FOR DC RESISTANCE OR CONDUCTANCE OF INSULATING MATERIALS ASTM D 638 .30 DEGREES C AND 30 DEGREES C WITH A VITREOUS SILICA DILATOMETER ASTM D 790 .TEST METHODS FOR DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (RELATIVE DENSITY) OF PLASTICS BY DISPLACEMENT ASTM D 1598 . TUBING.STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TIME-TO-FAILURE OF PLASTIC PIPE UNDER CONSTANT INTERNAL PRESSURE ASTM D 1599 .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF PLASTICS BETWEEN .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONGITUDINAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND TUBE ASTM D 2143 . THERMOSETTING PLASTIC PIPE ASTM D 2290 . AND FITTINGS ASTM D 2105 .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF SOLID ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS AT COMMERCIAL POWER FREQUENCIES ASTM D 257 .STANDARD CLASSIFICATION FOR MACHINE-MADE "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE ASTM D 2412 .• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ASTM D 149 .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR IGNITION LOSS OF CURED REINFORCED RESINS .TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF RIGID PLASTICS (METRIC) ASTM D 696 .STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR INDENTATION HARDNESS OF RIGID PLASTICS BY MEANS OF A BARCOL IMPRESSOR ASTM D 2584 . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ASTM D 2924 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE RESISTANCE OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE ASTM D 2925 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR BEAM DEFLECTION OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE UNDER FULL BORE FLOW ASTM D 2992 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR OBTAINING HYDROSTATIC OR PRESSURE DESIGN BASIS FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS ASTM D 2996 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FILAMENT-WOUND "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE ASTM D 2997 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CENTRIFUGALLY CAST "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTINGRESIN) PIPE ASTM D 3262 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER PIPE ASTM D 3517 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE ASTM D 3567 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING DIMENSIONS "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS ASTM D 3615 - CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSET MOLDING COMPOUNDS ASTM D 3681 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE IN A DEFLECTED CONDITION ASTM D 3754 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER AND INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE PIPE ASTM D 3840 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE FITTINGS FOR NONPRESSURE APPLICATIONS ASTM D 4024 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR MACHINE MADE "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES ASTM D 4161 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE JOINTS USING FLEXIBLE ELASTOMERIC SEALS ASTM D 5365 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONG-TERM RINGBENDING STRAIN OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE ASTM D 5421 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT MOLDED "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES • • • • • ASTM D 5677 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FIBERGLASS (GLASSFIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS, ADHESIVE BONDED JOINT TYPE, FOR AVIATION JET TURBINE FUEL LINES ASTM D 5685 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE FITTINGS ASTM D 6041 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) CORROSION RESISTANT PIPE AND FITTINGS ASTM E 228 - LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLID MATERIALS WITH A VITREOUS SILICA DILATOMETER ASTM F 1173 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR THERMOSETTING RESIN FIBERGLASS PIPE SYSTEMS TO BE USED FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS AWWA Standards Fiberglass related standards from AWWA - American Water Works Association • • • • AWWA C950-01 - Fiberglass Pressure Pipe AWWA D120-84 (R89) - Thermosetting Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Tanks AWWA F101-02 - Contact-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Wash Water Troughs and Launders AWWA F102-02 - Matched-Die-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Weir Plates, Scum Baffles, and Mounting Brackets BSi Standards Fiberglass related standards from BSi - British Standards institute • • • • BS 5480 - Specification for glass reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes, joints and fittings for use for water supply or sewerage BS 6464 - Specification for reinforced plastics pipes, fittings and joints for process plants BS 7159 - Code of practice for design and construction of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping systems for individual plants or sites BS 8010-2.5 - Code of practice for pipelines - Pipelines on land: design, construction and installation - Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics DIN Standards Fiberglass related standards from DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung • DIN 53393 - Testing of Textile Glass-reinforced Plastics; Behavior to the Effect of Chemicals • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • DIN 53758 - Testing of plastics articles; determination of the effect of internal pressure on hollow objects by short-time test DIN 53768 - Determination by extrapolation of the long-term behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastics DIN 53769-1 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of the longitudinal shear strength of type B pipe fittings DIN 53769-2 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; long-term hydrostatic pressure test DIN 53769-3 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of initial and long-term ring stiffness DIN 53769-6 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; Testing of pipes and fittings under pulsating internal pressure DIN EN 59 - Glass Reinforced Plastics; Measurement of Hardness by Means of a Barcol Impressor DIN EN 637 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics components Determination of the amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method DIN EN 705 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings - Methods for regression analyses and their use DIN EN 761 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Determination of the creep factor under dry conditions DIN EN 1393 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes; Determination of initial longitudinal tensile properties DIN EN 1447 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Determination of long-term resistance to internal pressure DIN EN 1448 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components - Test methods to prove the design of rigid locked socket- and -spigot joints with elastomeric seals DIN EN 1449 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components - Test methods to prove the design of a cemented socket- and -spigot joints DIN EN 1450 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components - Test methods to prove the design of bolted flange joints ISO Standards Fiberglass related standards from ISO - International Organization for Standardization • • • • • ISO 178 - Plastics - Determination of flexural properties ISO 527-4 - Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites ISO 7370 - Glass fiber reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings; Nominal diameters, specified diameters and standard lengths ISO 7510 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) components - Determination of the amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method ISO 7684 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Determination of the creep factor under dry conditions Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes .Plastics piping systems .gpm and liter per second The diagrams below can be used for design of sewage and wastewater gravity conveying systems where capacities in GPM or liter per second and the slopes of the pipe lines are known.Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings .Part 2: Comparison of static calculation methods ISO/TR 10465-3 .Plastics piping systems .Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes .gpm . part 1: installation procedures ISO/TR 10465-2 .Test method to prove the resistance to initial ring deflection ISO 10928 .Imperial units .Methods for regression analysis and their use ISO/TR 10465-1 . Sewage Pipe Capacity .Part 3: Installation parameters and application limits Capacity of Sewer Pipes Carrying capacity of sewer and wastewater pipes .• • • • • ISO 10466 .Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes .Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes. SI Units .Sewage Pipe Capacity .liter per second . The table below indicates sewage pipe capacity in gpm: Carrying Capacity of Sewer Pipe (gallons per minute) Size of Decline per 100 ft pipe (feet) pipe 2 3 6 9 (inches) 1 3 13 19 23 32 40 4 27 38 47 66 81 6 75 105 129 183 224 8 153 211 265 375 460 9 205 290 355 503 617 10 267 378 463 655 803 12 422 596 730 1033 1273 15 740 1021 1282 1818 2224 18 1168 1651 2022 1860 3508 12 24 36 46 93 258 527 712 926 1468 2464 4045 64 131 364 750 1006 1310 2076 3617 5704 79 163 450 923 1240 1613 2554 4467 7047 . 24 27 30 36 2396 4407 5906 9700 3387 6211 8352 13769 4155 7674 10223 16816 5874 10883 14298 23760 7202 13257 17717 29284 8303 15344 20204 33722 11744 21770 28129 47523 14466 26622 35513 58406 The discharge rate is based on clean water and half filled pipes. • 1 gal (US)/min = 6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(liter)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min Sponsored Links Related Topics • • Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop Pipe lines - fluid flow and pressure loss - water, sewer, steel pipes, pvc pipes, copper tubes and more Water Systems Hot and cold water systems - design properties, capacities, sizing and more Related Documents • • • • • • • • • Waste Water and Flow Capacity In sewage piping and pumping systems the fluid flow rate must be kept within certain limits to avoid operating problems Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and their applications Drainage Fixture Unit Values (DFU) DFU are used to determine the drainage from fixtures and the necessary capacity of the sewer service systems Drainage Fixture Unit Loads for Sanitary Piping Maximum Drainage Fixture Unit - DFU - Loads for sanitary piping Expected Loads in Sanitary Drainage Systems Calculate expected loads in sanitary drainage systems Fixture-Unit Requirements on Trap Sizes Trap size and no. fixture units Drainage Piping and Hanger Spacing Support of drainage pipes Septic Systems A septic system handles the waste from the drain system Ditch-Filling Materials - Densities Weight or density of ditch-filling materials Drainage Piping and Hanger Spacing Support of drainage pipes Both vertical and horizontal drainage pipes must be supported properly. Recommended maximum distances between the hangers are indicated in the table below. Piping Material ABS plastic Galvanized steel DWV Copper Cast Iron PVC plastic 1) Distance between Supports (ft) Horizontal Pipe Vertical Pipe 4 4 12 15 10 10 5 151) 4 4 For cast iron stacks, the base of each stack must be supported Waste Water and Flow Capacity In sewage piping and pumping systems the fluid flow rate must be kept within certain limits to avoid operating problems n a sewage piping and pumping system the flow velocity must exceed certain limits to maintain trouble free operation and avoid settling and sedimentation of solids: • • For horizontal wastewater pipe systems with solids the speed should exceed 3 ft/sec. For wastewater water system with organic solids the speed should exceed 2 ft./sec. The flow velocity waste water systems must not exceed certain limits to reduce the potential for wear and tear due to the effects of erosion and abrasion: • • The speed in high-grit sewage handling systems should not exceed 12 ft/sec. The flow and velocity in sewage systems with low grit concentrations should not exceed 18 ft/sec. The flow rate capacity in US gal for a sewage piping and pumping systems with this limitations are expressed below for different pipe sizes: Flow Rate (US GPM) Pipe Dimension (inches) Minimum Velocity 2 ft/sec 3 ft/sec Maximum Velocity 12 ft/sec 18 ft/sec 3 4 6 8 10 12 (0.6 m/s) 45 80 180 300 500 700 (0.9 m/s) 65 120 260 500 750 1100 (3.6 m/s) 270 480 1050 1900 3000 4300 (5.4 m/s) 400 700 1600 2800 4400 6400 Thermal Expansion of PVC, CPVC, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel and Fiberglass Pipes Typical thermal expansion of PVC, CPVC, Carbon and Stainless Steel and Fiberglass pipes Thermal expansion of pipes in PVC, CPVC, Fiberglass and Carbon or Stainless Steel in inches per 100 feet can be found in the diagrams and table below: Thermal Expansion (inches/100 feet) 63 For temperature change: oF = 5/9 oC 1) Note the relative huge thermal expansion of thermoplastic plastic materials as PVC and CPVC compared to steel.28 3. • How to calculate thermal expansions of pipes? CPVC Pipes .36 0.40 1.90 1. Schedules 40 and 80 ASTM D2846 / D2846M .70 3.06 Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot.14 2.84 0.09 1.Operating and Collapsing Pressure Ratings Maximum operating and bursting pressures of CPVC Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) .60 5.Temperature Change (oF) 25 50 75 100 150 Fiberglass PVC1) CPVC1) Carbon Steel Stainless Steel 0.82 1.56 6.31 0.80 2.84 0.54 0.and Cold-Water Distribution Systems �are indicated in the diagram and table below: .18 0.72 1.92 1.42 4.08 0.23 1.27 0.piping systems Maximum operating and collapsing pressures at 70oF (21oC) for CPVC piping systems according • • ASTM F441 / F441M .61 0.54 0.02 Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe. 894.CPVC Nominal Pipe Size (inches) 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 4 6 8 10 12 • Collapse Pressure (psi) Schedule 40 Schedule 80 1605 2006 1219 1740 948 1628 511 1399 366 1034 213 653 276 758 179 521 108 334 54 214 37 146 27 125 22 116 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6.8 Pa (N/m2) Maximum Operating Pressure (psi) Schedule 40 Schedule 80 590 850 480 690 450 630 365 520 330 470 275 400 300 420 260 370 220 320 180 280 160 250 140 230 130 230 . 4 0.0 5.469 3.2 6 360 29.1 0.0 7. PE.026 6.3 0.9 0. PEH or similar.824 1.8 5.1 9.1 0.1 0.5 13.3 1.6 0. Be aware that maximum operating pressures varies with the fittings design.5 50 3000 14.7 20 1200 68.3 0.7 5.6 2. Pressure Friction Head Loss (ft H2O/100 ft pipe) Volume Flow Nominal Pipe Diameter (inches) Gallons Gallons 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 Per Per Minute Hour Nominal Inside Diameter (inches) 1) 2) (GPM) (GPH) 0.6 0.622 0.7 3.4 0.9 1. At the maximum operating temperature for CPVC .7 19.5 10 600 74.6 30 1800 11.2 .Note! The maximum operating pressures derates with temperature. PE. PP.Friction Head Loss Friction head loss (ft/100 ft) in plastic pipes.3 6.5 1. PVC.1 0.7 2.5 0.8 1.0 0.1 0. Plastic Pipes .8 3.8 4.3 0.2 20.049 1.2 0.the strength is derated to approximately 20% of the strength at 73oF (23oC).6 3.2 1.2 0. The friction head loss are calculated for PVC pipes Schedule 40 with the Hazen-Williams equation and a Hazen-Williams roughness constant c = 145. PP.0 0.065 0.6 40 2400 20.0 0. PEH The pressure head loss (feet H2O per 100 feet pipe) in straight plastic pipes made of materials as PVC.380 1.8 2.610 1 60 3.6 21.6 0.1 2 2 1/2 3 4 6 2.3 0.9 1.1 5 300 64.7 1.3 8 480 49.067 2.4 60 3600 20.2 5.4 2. Consult the manufacturing data.200oF (93oC) .1 0.3 2 120 11.5 12.2 0.068 4.8 1.3 1. can be estimated from the table below. Minor loss in fittings must be added.493 0.1 4 240 42.6 0. 4 4.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min 1 ft H2O = 0.3 3.9 2.1337 ft3/min = 0.pipes depends on the operating temperature.3048 m H2O = 0.6 0.1 0.43 lbs/ft2 Example of Friction Head Loss in Plastic Pipes A flow of 10 GPM in a 2" pipe gives a head loss of 0.5 9. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below: CPVC .3 6.70 80 90 100 125 150 4200 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 1) GPM = gallons per minute 2) GPH = gallons per hour • • 7.8 1.2 feet water column per 100 feet of pipe CPVC Pipes .228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s = 2.Wall Schedule 40 .9 3.Support Spacing (feet) Operating Temperature (oF) NPS (inches) 60 100 140 1/2 5 4 1/2 4 3/4 5 1/2 5 4 1 6 5 1/2 4 1/2 1 1/4 6 5 1/2 5 1 1/2 6 1/2 6 5 2 6 1/2 6 5 .Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride .Support Spacing Support spacing for CPVC pipes Maximum support spacing for CPVC .2 4.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 5.4335 psi = 62.3 12.5 1.8 0.9 1.1 0.227 m3/h = 0.2 1.2 1 gal (US)/min =6.3 10. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride PVC .CPVC .Temperature and Maximum Support Spacing Maximum support spacing PVC.is a thermoplastic pipe and fitting material made with CPVC compounds meeting the requirements of ASTM Class 23447 as defined in ASTM Specification D1784. and fire suppression systems. corrosive fluid handling in industry. CPVC applications are for potable water distribution.Polyvinyl Chloride PP .Wall Schedule 80 . PVDF and PP pipes Temperature and maximum support spacing for pipes made of • • • • PVDF .Support Spacing (feet) Operating Temperature (oF) NPS (inches) 60 100 140 1/2 5 4 1/2 2 1/2 3/4 5 1/2 4 1/2 2 1/2 1 6 5 3 1 1/2 6 1/2 5 1/2 3 1/2 2 7 6 3 1/2 3 8 7 4 4 9 7 1/2 4 1/2 6 10 9 5 8 10 9 5 • • 1 ft (foot) = 0.32] Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride . CPVC.PolyPropylene .3 4 6 8 8 8 1/2 9 1/2 9 1/2 7 7 1/2 8 1/2 8 1/2 6 6 1/2 7 1/2 7 1/2 CPVC .3048 m T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) . Thermoplastic Pipes .PolyVinylidene Fluoride CPVC . PVC Pipes .are indicated in the diagrams below. . • • 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m T(oF) = [T(oC)](9/5) + 32 CPVC Pipes . . PVDF Pipes . . PP Pipes . . Pressure Ratings Maximum operating and required burst pressure of PVC .Polyvinyl Chloride .Sponsored Links PVC Pipes .pipe fittings Maximum operating and required minimum bursting pressures at 73oF (23oC) for PVC pipe fittings according ASTM D1785 "Standard Specification for Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipes Schedules 40 and 80 are indicated in the diagram and table below: PVC Nominal Pipe Size (inches) 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 Required Minimum Burst Pressure (psi) Schedule 401) Schedule 802) 1910 2720 1540 2200 1440 2020 1180 1660 1060 1510 Maximum Operating Pressure (psi) Schedule 40 Schedule 80 358 509 289 413 270 378 221 312 198 282 . 140oF (60oC) . Ball Valves and typical Flow Coefficients .894. At the maximum operating temperature for PVC . Consult the manufacturing data.reduced and full bore Conventional ball valves are normally not used as throttling valves since partial flow will create high velocity flow tear at the ball and seals.8 Pa (N/m2) Note! The maximum operating pressures derates with temperature.Cv . Be aware that maximum operating pressures varies with the fittings design. Schedule 80 • 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6. ASTM D2467-04e1 Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings. Schedule 40 2.for ball valves .for full bore valves: Valve Size inches mm Flow 1 2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1/2 1/2 12 19 25 37.2 2 1/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 890 870 840 710 620 560 500 450 420 1290 1360 1200 1110 1040 930 890 790 600 166 182 158 133 117 106 93 84 79 243 255 225 194 173 167 148 140 137 1.06 Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings. Full Bore Valves Typical flow coefficients .Cv .5 75 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 26 50 94 260 480 750 1300 2300 5400 1000 1600 2400 3140 4300 57000 1/2 3/4 1 .Cv Typical flow coefficients . ASTM D2466 .the strength is derated to approximately 20% of the strength at 73oF (23oC).5 50 62. 7 0. Derating Factor Temperature (oC) (oF) 21 70 27 80 32 90 38 100 43 110 49 120 54 130 60 140 66 150 71 160 82 180 PVDF CPVC PVC PB PEX PE 1.6 0.9 0.2 1.8 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.3 1.7 0.0 1.6 0.for reduced bore valves: Valve Size inches 3 mm 75 Flow Coefficient 420 Cv 4 100 6 150 8 200 10 250 12 300 18 450 20 500 770 1800 2500 4500 8000 12000 14000 18000 22000 Thermoplastic Pipes .8 0.Temperature and Strength Derating Increased temperature derates the strength of thermoplastic piping materials Thermoplastic materials loose their strength to pressure and tension with increasing temperature.0 0.0 0.9 0.6 1.8 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) . Manufacturing data should always be consulted.7 0.Coefficien t Cv 0 0 0 0 14 350 16 400 0 Reduced Bore Valves Typical flow coefficients .7 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.Cv .5 0.9 0.0 1. The table below can be used as a guide to common thermoplastics and their derated strength with temperature.5 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.4 0. Polyvinyl Chloride PB .4 0.PolyVinylidene Fluoride CPVC .Polyethylene Plastic Pipes Temperature Derating Diagram . Operating conditions should be avoided.Cross Linked Polyethylene PE .4 0.4 0.93 104 121 138 200 220 250 280 0.Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride PVC . • • • • • • PVDF .5 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) The thermoplastic is not resistant for long term service at this temperature.4 0.3 0.2 1) 0.Polybutylene PEX . Higher Temperature and Reduced Strength If operating pressure for a 6" Schedule 80 CPVC pipe is 167 psi.friction loss (ft/100 ft.5 = 83.Friction Loss and Flow Velocity . psi/100 ft) and flow velocities at dimensions from 1/2 inch to 16 inches .Example .Schedule 40 Water flow in thermoplastic PVC and CPVC pipes Schedule 40 .5 psi PVC Pipes . the maximum operating pressure at 150 oF (66 oC) is reduced to (167 psi) 0. • • • • 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m/s 1 gal (US)/min =6.Friction loss and flow velocity in PVC and CPVC pipes Schedule 40 with water can be found in the table below.2 5.0 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.2 0.4 2.0 3.5 4.3 82.6 23.4 10.1 2.0 9.9 1.46 kPa/100 m Note! Velocity should not exceed 5 feet per second.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.6 8.5 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.5 12.5 6. 1/2 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 1 60 2 120 5 300 7 420 10 600 3/4 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 1 60 2 120 5 300 7 420 10 600 15 900 20 1200 1 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 2 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 120 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 1.5 0.5 18.7 4.3 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0. The table may be also be used for pipes in other thermoplastic materials where the inner diameter corresponds to PVC Schedule 40.3 4.6 35.3048 m 1 ft/s = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s = 2.6 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.8 0.3 ftH2O/100 ft = 2288 mmH2O/100 ft = 22.1 2.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.1 11.1337 ft3/min 1 psi/100 ft = 2.7 72.8 10.3 1.5 42.4 31.2 .4 7.7 18.6 0.3 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.9 43. The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length Method.3 20.0227 m3/h = 0.2 5. 4 1.6 0.5 300 7 420 10 600 15 900 20 1200 25 1500 30 1800 1 1/4 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 2 120 5 300 7 420 10 600 15 900 20 1200 25 1500 30 1800 35 2100 40 2400 45 2700 50 3000 1 1/2 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 2 120 5 300 7 420 10 600 15 900 20 1200 25 1500 30 1800 35 2100 1.9 5.2 9.1 0.6 0.5 8.4 0.0 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.3 0.3 3.7 5.0 4.1 30.9 25.4 1.4 0.4 2.8 21.03 0.8 0.9 5.1 0.5 6.2 0.7 15.2 6.7 11.1 6.4 1.9 13.8 1.1 1.2 1.8 8.8 2.7 3.9 7.5 3.4 3.9 46.6 5.7 2.3 0.6 11.2 20.7 10.8 8.7 2.1 11.0 12.6 1.2 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.7 9.7 1.7 1.4 5.6 3.5 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.1 0.6 4.1 0.1 0.4 3.5 9.7 7.2 0.6 5.1 0.2 2.4 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.0 4.8 20.5 5.8 32.4 2.3 4.2 .8 7.9 2.7 3.1 1.2 1.4 14. 5 3.8 15.1 0.03 0.5 0.7 14.3 8.1 5.2 0.1 9.0 4.9 8.7 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.3 8.5 2.7 0.1 1.05 0.3 1.8 7.5 7.0 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.5 0.8 6.02 0.7 9.2 2.3 5.9 1.0 0.02 0.3 0.08 0.8 4.07 0.8 2.4 11.3 .8 7.4 9.3 0.2 5.4 3.5 0.8 9.04 0.0 0.5 2 1/2 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 5 300 7 420 10 600 15 900 20 1200 25 1500 30 1800 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.4 3.7 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 300 420 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.6 3.8 7.7 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.9 4.7 0.9 1.04 0.4 2.2 1.05 0.1 0.1 6.09 0.2 1.2 8.4 4.8 4.3 20.5 2.40 45 50 60 2 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 2400 2700 3000 3600 6.8 12.9 2.9 5.5 1.4 6.4 1.2 1.8 2.2 3. 3 0.4 0.8 4.2 5.07 0.4 2.2 6.05 0.6 1.8 0.2 0.7 4.8 8.2 5.4 4.01 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.9 1.01 0.9 0.6 10.4 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 300 420 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 10500 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.3 0.5 3.4 1.2 0.5 1.5 2.07 0.1 0.1 0.6 13.5 0.3 9.2 1.8 0.02 0.8 5.5 3.03 0.1 1.3 1.9 1.6 7.7 4.1 3.5 0.7 0.4 1.6 2.4 0.1 3.4 4.3 0.5 6.1 5.8 2.3 2.03 0.6 0.7 3.7 6.3 3.2 1.0 0.2 5.9 3.8 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.6 0.4 2.3 3.4 2.3 6.0 1.6 0.4 0.8 1.01 0.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.4 2.7 0.35 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150 3 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150 175 2100 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 2.02 0.6 0.6 4.0 2.2 6.8 2.2 0.1 4.7 .1 1. 2 0.02 .6 0.03 0.5 0.03 0.01 0.2 0.6 5.01 0.3 0.03 0.4 1.02 0.08 1.0 0.04 0.6 0.2 4.4 5.3 1.01 0.200 250 4 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 5 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 30 35 40 45 50 12000 15000 8.1 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.2 1.03 0.7 0.2 0.9 11.06 0.02 0.9 2.9 10.05 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.1 0.6 3.7 4.5 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.05 0.2 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 10500 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.7 0.8 1.02 0.4 2.8 11.1 0.04 0.9 3.06 0.5 2.3 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.3 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.2 1.6 3.5 0.01 0.2 7.9 0.9 0.0 7.04 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.07 0.9 1.2 7.9 3.5 1.4 9.1 6.7 0.1 1.1 2.0 5.2 0.3 2. 7 0.6 .06 1.02 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 10500 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 27000 30000 1.5 1.7 6.05 1.07 0.5 0.5 2.02 0.0 0.04 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 2.6 3.8 3.8 0.6 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.04 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.08 0.1 0.9 0.3 2.0 0.8 0.0 1.3 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.02 0.1 0.8 4.05 0.07 0.4 2.3 0.9 0.1 1.03 0.2 0.1 1.3 1.02 0.0 2.04 0.2 1.4 3.01 0.7 6 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 10500 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 27000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.1 0.1 4.1 0.1 1.4 0.6 0.3 4.03 0.01 0.08 1.0 5.05 0.2 0.07 0.6 2.5 7.1 3.1 0.4 0.1 1.1 0.2 2.7 0.5 1.05 0.7 1.8 0.3 0.2 2.9 1.3 0.3 0.3 8.5 3.9 5.4 0. 5 5.2 0.2 0.01 0.9 0.1 3.3 .7 3.1 0.2 0.02 0.03 0.4 0.07 1.05 0.05 1.3 2.3 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 27000 30000 45000 60000 75000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.2 9.1 0.5 3.04 1.6 0.1 0.7 1.1 2.0 1.6 0.04 0.04 1.03 0.8 0.0 0.9 0.4 11.7 0.04 1.1 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.09 0.07 1.07 0.5 0.01 0.1 0.4 2.1 0.1 0.02 0.06 0.3 4.2 2.09 1.3 5.1 0.6 8.2 0.8 0.500 750 1000 8 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 10 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 750 1000 1250 30000 45000 60000 5.9 0.02 0.06 1.9 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.05 0.3 3.4 4.03 0.2 1.03 1.6 1.2 2.3 0.7 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.0 0.02 0.5 8.9 6.5 1.4 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 7500 9000 10500 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 27000 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 120000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.6 0.1 1.1 2.02 0. 02 0.2 3.3 0.0 8.9 1.9 1.7 0.03 1.2 1.7 0.7 10.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.1 2.3 1.9 0.06 2.7 7.5 1.08 0.9 2.09 0.7 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.5 5.9 0.1 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 21000 24000 27000 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 120000 150000 180000 210000 240000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 1 0.7 1.6 0.05 0.1 2.01 0.3 4.3 1.01 0.02 0.1 2.2 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 120000 150000 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 1.03 0.1 .2 10.4 0.6 0.1 1.2 8.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 11.4 5.7 0.3 4.03 0.05 0.2 0.7 1.1 11.1500 2000 2500 12 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 350 400 450 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 14 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 90000 120000 150000 6.6 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.1 8.8 0.2 0.2 0.7 2.6 0.03 1.0 1.6 10.04 1.2 3.5 0.07 2.7 7.7 2.1 0.1 0.05 1.3 9.5 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.1 3. 9 8.2 4.3 0.1 2.1 1.0 1.9 1.06 0.5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 16 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 330000 360000 390000 420000 450000 13.7 0.5 1.9 1.4 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 120000 150000 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000 330000 360000 390000 420000 450000 480000 510000 540000 570000 600000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100 ft) 0.5 16.3 18.5 6.0 2.4 0.1 3. .6 0.8 2.6 2.6 0.1 4.3 4.01 0.4 0.4 0.6 10.7 5.02 1.1 1.8 3.2 14.6 4.5 1.4 3.8 14.3 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.03 0.8 0.04 1.07 2.9 0.0 3.5 3.3 0.4 16.2 0.6 17.9 11.02 0.8 1.1 9.1 Pressure loss values can be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or the DarcyWeisbach Formula.2 1.2 0.3 0.7 2.4 1.4 5.2 1.7 1.7 0.9 2.8 0.9 17.7 7.3 10.8 2.1 0.5 13.5 3.04 0.2 15.2 4.3 1.5 0.1 14.2 12.5 0.5 0. 3048 m . Recommended maximum space between Nominal Recommended Rod Size Diameter Pipe Hangers (feet) (inches) NPS Standard Steel Pipe Copper Tube (inches) Stainless Water Steam Water Copper Steel 1/2 7 8 5 3/8 3/8 3/4 7 9 5 3/8 3/8 1 7 9 6 3/8 3/8 1 1/2 9 12 8 3/8 3/8 2 10 13 8 3/8 3/8 2 1/2 11 14 9 1/2 1/2 3 12 15 10 1/2 1/2 4 14 17 12 1/2 5/8 6 17 21 14 5/8 3/4 8 19 24 16 3/4 3/4 10 22 26 18 3/4 7/8 12 23 30 19 3/4 7/8 14 25 32 1 16 27 35 1 18 28 37 1 20 30 39 1-1/4 24 32 42 1-1/4 • 1 ft (foot) = 0. etc.Hanger Spacing and Rod Size for Horizontal Pipes Recommended maximum span between hangers . The values does not apply where loads are concentrated with flanges. A common rule of thumb is to support load of this type with hangers on both sides of the load.and rod sizes for straight horizontal pipes Recommended maximum space between hangers for straight horizontal pipes and tubes can be found in the table below. specialties. valves. 0 7.0631 dm3(liter)/s = 2.5 4.3048 m 1 ft/s = 0.7 0.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.PVC Pipes .0 8.5 19.1337 ft3/min 1 psi/100 ft = 2. The table may be also be used for pipes in other thermoplastic materials where the inner diameter corresponds to PVC Schedule 80.46 kPa/100 m Note! Velocity should in general not exceed 5 feet per second to avoid damaging noise and wear and tear of pipes and fittings.friction loss (ft/100 ft.9 9.0 3/4 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 1 60 2 120 5 300 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.4 45.7 3. psi/100 ft) and flow velocities at dimensions from 1/2 inch to 16 inches Friction loss and flow velocity in PVC and CPVC pipes Schedule 80 with water can be found in the table below.0227 m3/h = 0.3 83. 1/2 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 1 60 2 120 5 300 7 420 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 1.7 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.7 3.0 3. • • • • 1 ft (foot) = 0.3 ftH2O/100 ft = 2288 mmH2O/100 ft = 22.6 36.4 0.2 .Friction Loss and Flow Velocity .6 1.9 1.Schedule 80 Water flow in thermoplastic PVC and CPVC pipes Schedule 80 .3048 m/s 1 gal (US)/min =6.2 10. The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length Method.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.7 4.1 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 1. 7 7.8 15.8 11.9 0.4 30.3 2.3 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.6 7.5 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.6 2.1 19.1 0.0 11.3 13.1 23.2 4.2 1.0 73.4 9.7 52.0 20.9 4.2 2.1 13.8 1.4 10.0 16.3 3.0 45.3 5.1 3.8 71.4 1.6 1 1/2 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow Velocity Friction (ft/sec) Head Friction Loss .7 11.7 10 15 420 600 900 5.3 0.6 9.5 12.8 33.6 7.5 1.8 17.8 1 1/4 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 2 120 5 300 7 420 10 600 15 900 20 1200 25 1500 30 1800 35 2100 40 2400 45 2700 50 3000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.7 31.7 9.7 1.0 2.9 5.3 0.6 5.7 31.7 37.0 22.9 2.6 10.7 14.4 7.2 8.8 11.5 7.6 3.4 34.0 4.4 14.2 8.3 6.2 2.1 1 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 120 300 420 600 900 1200 1500 1800 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.5 0. 1 0.0 1.6 6.6 1.5 8.0 4.4 2.5 9.7 5.1 17.6 7.8 3.9 20.4 2 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 300 420 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.8 5.4 0.3 8.8 10.1 0.2 0.3 3.0 10.8 5.5 3.2 1.1 0.8 1.8 0.6 5.6 3.2 20.04 0.9 2.6 16.9 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.3 0.9 12.4 12.3 1.8 4.07 0.1 .3 0.6 2.8 8.7 5.7 0.3 (ft/100ft) 0.0 4.7 1.9 7.4 11.4 9.2 11.04 0.7 (psi/100 ft) 0.0 1.(gal/min) 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 (gal/hr) 120 300 420 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3600 0.0 7.6 2.8 5.5 3.3 1.5 28.1 2.3 8.3 6.8 10.8 6.2 1.6 5.5 0.4 4.2 3.9 1.5 3.5 1.6 0.9 13.9 3.1 0.6 13.1 2.5 4.1 7.3 1.7 8.7 2.7 8.1 0.0 2. 8 5.01 0.3 1.04 0.1 0.1 6.0 0.6 0.7 8.5 0.3 1.4 5.7 2.4 2.3 3.5 3.3 0.5 0.04 0.9 5.9 1.2 1/2 inches Volume Volume Flow Flow (gal/min) (gal/hr) 5 300 7 420 10 600 15 900 20 1200 25 1500 30 1800 35 2100 40 2400 45 2700 50 3000 60 3600 70 4200 75 4500 80 4800 90 5400 100 6000 125 7500 150 9000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.5 4.7 0.1 0.9 2.2 5.2 2.8 0.2 0.02 0.5 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.1 1.3 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.6 3.4 0.4 4.5 0.2 1.03 0.7 9.05 0.8 7.7 3.1 1.5 0.02 0.1 3.2 0.03 0.5 5.4 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.4 0.2 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 300 420 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 .5 2.3 0.2 11.2 7.3 0.1 1.0 3.1 0.09 1.2 1.4 0.5 2.7 1.7 18.07 0.02 0.0 2.0 7.0 3 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 35 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.9 2.8 8.0 0.7 0.8 13.8 0. 9 0.2 7.4 0.9 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.4 0.03 0.5 0.8 1.5 8.6 2.7 1.3 2.7 4.4 2.7 0.2 0.6 5.7 0.6 4.9 2.4 2.5 3.4 6.9 0.3 0.2 1.8 3.04 0.0 0.3 1.5 5.05 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.04 0.5 3.6 0.3 0.02 0.0 3.9 2.2 0.6 1.5 1.1 1.07 0.2 0.8 1.9 4.7 0.8 0.7 0.0 12.0 1.2 8.7 0.6 16.5 0.0 2.6 6.7 10.06 0.7 3.5 0.7 2.7 0.0 2.0 4 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 10500 12000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.9 1.09 0.5 2.5 2.1 1.08 1.06 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.3 10.2 0.2 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 .2 2.40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 250 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 10500 12000 15000 2.3 1.0 6.2 5.5 0.2 4.0 4. 5 3.1 0.1 0.6 10.04 0.2 0.2 8.4 0.02 .0 11.9 6.01 0.4 4.4 2.7 3.3 0.8 0.8 2.03 0.3 5.4 1.06 0.6 0.8 1.02 0.5 1.5 0.09 0.1 6 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 50 60 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 3000 3600 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.6 0.2 5.8 7.6 0.1 1.06 0.8 9.3 2.07 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.5 3.04 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.4 1.2 8.2 0.03 0.2 3.7 0.2 2.7 2.5 4.06 0.6 0.04 0.3 0.4 0.8 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.3 0.0 9.5 7.1 4.03 0.6 0.0 4.07 1.04 0.3 5 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 10500 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 27000 30000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.9 0.9 4.1 1.02 0.3 0.2 1.250 300 350 400 15000 18000 21000 24000 7.01 0.8 0.1 1.7 0.1 1.03 0.2 1. 4 5.6 0.2 0.8 4.6 6.2 0.04 0.9 0.3 7.02 0.9 1.1 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.4 0.1 7.4 12.3 1.9 2.0 1.03 0.3 2.5 0.8 1.05 1.8 8.8 10.7 4.9 0.6 1.3 0.1 1.1 0.2 0.1 2.1 1.3 0.9 2.2 0.6 0.06 0.04 0.1 3.2 8 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 750 1000 1250 1500 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 7500 9000 10500 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 27000 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.05 1.3 1.02 0.06 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.7 0.5 0.4 3.3 9.1 0.0 1.0 4.4 0.08 0.0 5.2 1.1 0.3 0.2 2.8 0.03 0.2 0.07 0.1 0.9 0.7 .3 3.6 0.70 75 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 750 1000 4200 4500 4800 5400 6000 7500 9000 10500 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 27000 30000 45000 60000 0.7 2.2 0.8 1.05 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.5 5.1 0.9 1.0 0.2 2.5 0.5 3.07 0.03 0.4 1.2 0.8 3.09 1.08 1. 05 1.3 3.6 2.5 0.6 6.4 0.6 1.09 1.6 0.7 0.2 2.2 1.1 0.1 2.04 0.3 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.03 0.04 1.4 9.3 4.9 8.5 .03 0.05 1.4 4.2 11.8 3.3 0.06 1.2 0.0 1.7 12.07 0.9 0.0 1.1 0.05 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.1 2.9 1.6 5.2 3.07 2.2 0.4 0.4 12 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 350 400 450 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 21000 24000 27000 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 120000 150000 180000 210000 240000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 1.02 0.02 0.4 0.4 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.2 3.4 4.3 0.8 0.1 0.02 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.02 0.3 9.4 0.2 0.03 0.07 1.8 0.2 0.10 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000 27000 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 120000 150000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 0.8 1.4 0.07 0.1 2.3 0.0 11.06 0.9 6.04 1. 0 1.6 7.5 0.01 0.0 2.04 0.5 0.3 3.5 0.1 3.5 0.4 10.07 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.1 9.0 0.05 2.3 2.0 0.2 4.8 15.5 6.9 0.3 5.5 0.7 4.0 0.3 5.6 6.1 1.3 0.1 3.3 0.14 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 120000 150000 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000 330000 360000 490000 420000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 1.1 11.02 0.05 0.8 2.2 14.2 18.4 0.9 7.7 10.0 0.7 2.0 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.7 Friction Loss (psi/100 ft) 0.0 1.1 0.2 1.08 0.04 0.2 3.08 2.3 0.0 5.6 0.7 .9 1.2 9.5 17.7 0.1 0.6 13.0 0.02 0.3 0.3 6.4 3.0 0.02 1.5 2.04 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 16 inches Volume Flow (gal/min) 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Volume Flow (gal/hr) 30000 45000 60000 75000 90000 120000 150000 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000 Friction Velocity Head (ft/sec) (ft/100ft) 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.9 8.09 2.9 1. PVC .4 1.0 12.9 12.6 3.2 1.5 12.0 5.4 0.5 15.6 13.5 2.7 2.0 22.4 1.0 67.5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 330000 360000 490000 420000 450000 480000 510000 540000 11.0 2.7 3.3 Run Tee Flow 4.2 8.5 4.3 2.1 Gatevalve 0.5 3.0 8.9 2.5 9.5 17.0 Tee Flow 1.0 Adapter 6 8 10 12 18.0 o 45 Elbow 0.3 5.0 57.5 2.0 17.feet of Straight Pipe (ft) Nominal Pipe Size (inches) Fitting 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 4 90o Elbow 1.5 6.9 7.5 2.0 15.0 16.0 22.0 1.0 14.3 1.3 0.1 2.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Branch Male/Female 1.8 1.7 6.0 12.5 16.7 1.0 2.3 2.1 Pressure loss values can be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or the DarcyWeisbach Formula.1 3.5 5.0 32.0 7.1 1.5 20.1 6.9 0.0 1.0 5.0 15.0 4.7 4.7 49.0 16.8 3.0 6.0 18.0 5.5 1.6 0.1 4.8 1. The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length Method.0 10.5 4. .9 1.0 1.Equivalent Length Friction Loss in Fittings Minor loss for PVC and CPVC fittings in equivalent length of straight pipe Approximate friction loss for PVC and CPVC fittings in Equivalent Length in feet of Straight Pipe for water can be found in the table below: Friction Loss Equivalent Length .8 2.0 14 The table can also used for other thermoplastic pipes materials with similar design.0 13.0 26 32 8.0 2.8 4.4 4. In many systems the structure can be simplified as above since the piping in both directions are of same size. The next node is the tees (2) where the piping system splits up. If a more fine grained approach is required. The other nodes are the heating radiators. Make a Diagram of the Piping System Make a diagram where the system is structured with nodes as shown below. In the very simply circulating system used in this example the first node (0) is the pump. 1.Equivalent Pipe Length Method . additional nodes can be added in both directions as shown below.Calculating Pressure Loss in Piping Systems Calculating pressure loss in piping systems with the Equivalent Pipe Length Method An efficient and simple way to calculate the pressure loss in a piping system is the "Equivalent Pipe Length Method". . Make a calculation table With the most simplified nodes structure above a calculation table can be made as shown below. volume flow. The pressure loss may alternatively be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or the Darcy-Weisbach Formula. 3. • Pressure loss for many types of pipes can be found here. An excel template with the table above can be downloaded here: • Equivalent Pipe Length Method . Fittings and Straight Pipes . Pipe Size and Pressure Loss for each Section Add actual pipe size and in each section. Add Equivalent Length of all Valves. Each section from node to node is calculated by supplying length. pipe size. Use tabulated data or a diagrams.Excel Template Note! The flow and pressure units must be adjusted to the data available for your piping system.2. pressure loss from diagrams or tables for the actual pipes and components in the sections and their individual equivalent length substituting the the minor loss. 4. Add Volume flow. Summarize the Pressure Loss in each Section Calculate and summarize the pressure loss in each section.2 . Add extra columns for additional paths in more complicated systems.Expansion Loops Temperature expansion and contraction in PVC piping systems Temperature expansion and contraction in PVC piping systems can be compensated through • • • • expansion loops consisting of pipes and 90o elbows flexible bends bellows and rubber expansion joints piston type expansion joints Expansion Loops Expansion loops are made of standard pipes and elbows and can be produced on the site adapted to the actual situation.like water supply systems. components. Note! The Equivalent Pipe Length Method can be adapted to most piping systems .one is section 0 . In the example above there are two unique paths . Add Balancing Valves Add valves where it is necessary to balance the system. fittings and straight pipes in the sections.4. gravity heating systems and similar. Summarize the Pressure Loss in all Paths Finally. 7. In the example above a balancing valve is added in section 2-4. the other is section 0 . 5.2 . add up the pressure loss in all sections that form unique paths. . The highest pressure loss determines the pump head.Add the equivalent length of all valves. PVC Pipes . 6.3. The length of leg A can be calculated by formula A = 0.(75 oF)) = 4.72 (D δl)1/2 (1) where A = length of leg (ft) D = nominal outside diameter (inches) δl = thermal expansion of pipe (inches) The length of leg B can be calculated by formula B = 1. The expansion can be calculated as δl = α Lo δt = (29 10-6 in/in oF) (300 ft) (12 in/ft) ((120 oF) .44 (D δl)1/2 (2) where B = length of leg (ft) Example .7 inches .Expansion Loop A length of 300 ft straight pipe of 2" diameter PVC Schedule 40 is installed at 75oF and operating at 120oF./inoF. The expansion coefficient of PVC is set to 29 10-6 in. The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through plastic schedule 40 PVC pipe.4 ft The length of leg B can be calculated as: B = 1.where δl = expansion (inch) Lo = length of pipe (inch) δt = temperature difference (oF) α = linear expansion coefficient (in.44 (D δl)1/2 = 1.375 in) (4.Friction loss and Velocity Diagram Friction loss (psi/100 ft) and velocity for water flow in plastic PVC pipe schedule 40 The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through plastic schedule 40 PVC pipe.72 (D δl)1/2 = 0./in. .8 ft • The Expansion Loop calculation as Excel file PVC Pipe Schedule 40 .7 in)]1/2 = 2.44 [(2.72 [(2.7 in)]1/2 = 4.oF) The length of leg A can be calculated as: A = 0.375 in) (4. . 7oC) = 703. H2O Comparing Friction Loss in Steel. copper and plastic PVC pipes. copper and PVC plastic pipes Due to difference in inside cross sectional area. The difference will vary with the size of pipe and the flow rate.8 .0 1.2 4.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.7oC) = 703.894.6 0.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.71 in H2O at 62oF (16.5 2.3 5. wet surface and roughness of the surface.steel.7 0.9 1.44 psi/100ft = 9.6 kg/m2 = 2.3 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0. • • • 1 gal (US)/min =6.7 1.8 8.3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6.5 13.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.5 1.8 2. • The difference will increase with decreased dimensions and increased flow rates The friction loss in feet of head per 100 feet of Steel pipes Schedule 40.1 12.7oC) = 2. there is significant difference in friction head loss in steel.307 Ft.1 1.0227 m3/h = 0.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.7oC) = 51.1 9.8 2.6 14.5 1.The calculation is based on the Hazen-Williams Equation with a Hazen-Williams coefficient c = 140.1337 ft3/min 1 ft/s = 0.3 1. Note that velocities above 5 feet per second should be avoided. Copper and Plastic Pipes Water flow and friction head loss (ft/100 ft) .8 1.2 PVC Pipe Schedule 40 0.2 1. Copper pipes Type L and thermoplastic PVC pipes Schedule 40 are compared below. • 1 ftH2O/100 ft = 0.895x10-2 bar = 27.1 2.7 5.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7 9. Flow Rate (gal/min) 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 Friction Loss (ft/100 ft) Steel Pipe Copper Pipe Schedule 40 Type L 0.8 kPa/100 m = 1000 mmH2O/100 m 3 in. 2 1.1 1.8 0.3 0.4 17.3 4.5 2.7 1.9 4.6 1.7 1.2 3.3 1.7 8.1 8.7 0.4 0.3 4.7 5.1 1.0 5.7 1.8 3.6 7.4 0.2 1.8 1.4 2.5 3.7 0.0 4 in.8 34.2 0.6 3.6 1.4 0.5 2.3 0.6 1.7 1.2 0.8 Friction Loss (ft/100 ft) Steel Pipe Copper Pipe Schedule 40 Type L 0.8 33.4 PVC Pipe Schedule 40 0.6 3.3 2. Flow Rate (gal/min) 150 200 250 300 400 500 6 in.300 400 19.5 0.8 PVC Pipe Schedule 40 0.8 2.2 0.5 0.4 1.8 0. Flow Rate (gal/min) 100 150 200 250 300 400 Friction Loss (ft/100 ft) Steel Pipe Copper Pipe Schedule 40 Type L 0.2 19.6 3. Flow Rate (gal/min) 150 200 250 300 400 500 750 .6 PVC Pipe Schedule 40 0.5 0.9 Friction Loss (ft/100 ft) Steel Pipe Copper Pipe Schedule 40 Type L 0.1 29.1 1.4 5 in.8 2.7 3. 08 0. Flow Rate (gal/min) 150 200 250 300 400 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 Friction Loss (ft/100 ft) Steel Pipe PVC Pipe Schedule 40 Schedule 40 0.1 0. Flow Rate (gal/min) Friction Loss (ft/100 ft) Steel Pipe PVC Pipe Flow Rate (gal/min) .3 0.3 0.9 0.8 1.4 0.9 1.1000 6.03 0.6 1.12 0.1 1.8 0.09 0.9 1.4 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.16 0.06 0.03 0.15 0.5 2.4 2.5 5.1 1.5 3.8 12 in.3 6.14 0.04 0.17 0.0 5.5 0.5 10 in.2 6.04 0.5 0.3 0.8 8 in. 200 250 300 400 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 Friction Loss (ft/100 ft) Steel Pipe PVC Pipe Schedule 40 Schedule 40 0.28 0.3 3.05 0. 852 / dh4.2 0.8 1. The PVC pipe calculation are made with the Online Hazens-Williams Calculator with a roughness coefficient c = 145.2083 (100/c)1.21 0.06 0. Since the approach requires a not so efficient trial and error iteration an alternative empirical head loss calculation like the Hazen-Williams equation may be preferred: f = 0.calculating Friction Head Loss in Water Pipes Friction head loss (ftH2O per 100 ft pipe) in water pipes can be estimated by using the empirical HazenWilliams equation The Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Moody diagram are considered to be the most accurate model for estimating frictional head loss in steady pipe flow.8655 (1) where f = friction head loss in feet of water per 100 feet of pipe (fth20/100 ft pipe) c = Hazen-Williams roughness constant q = volume flow (gal/min) dh = inside hydraulic diameter (inches) .7 Schedule 40 0. Hazen-Williams Equation .06 0.3 0.852 q1.13 0.32 0.5 0.04 0.6 The steel and copper calculations are made with the Online Fluid Flow Calculator.400 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 3000 • • Schedule 40 0.8 1.13 0.04 0.45 0. For hot water with a lower kinematic viscosity (0.inside hydraulic diameter (inch) • Hazen-Williams equation in an Excel template The Hazen-Williams equation is not the only empirical formula available.design coefficient determined for the type of pipe or tube q .4 oC)) the error will be significant. Manning's formula is common for gravity driven flows in open channels.0227 m3/h = 0.3048 m 1 in (inch) = 25. More about fluids and kinematic viscosity. Be aware that the roughness constants are based on "normal" condition with approximately 1 m/s (3 ft/sec).pipe or tube length (ft) c . The results for the formula is acceptable for cold water at 60 oF (15. • • • 1 ft (foot) = 0. .13 cSt.Note that the Hazen-Williams formula is empirical and lacks a theoretical basis.6 oC) with kinematic viscosity 1.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s = 2. Online Hazens-Williams Calculator The calculator below can used to calculate the head loss: l . The flow velocity can be calculated as v = 0.flow rate (gal/min) dh .8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min Note! The Hazen-Williams formula gives accurate head loss due to friction for fluids with kinematic viscosity of approximately 1.408709 q / dh2 (2) where v = flow velocity (ft/s) The Hazen-Williams equation can be assumed to be relatively accurate for piping systems with Reynolds Numbers above 105 (turbulent flow).1337 ft3/min = 0.1 cSt.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.55 cSt at 130 oF (54.4 mm 1 gal (US)/min =6. Since the Hazen Williams method is only valid for water flowing at ordinary temperatures between 40 to 75 oF.design coefficient determined for the type of pipe or tube .55 cSt at 130 oF (54. More about fluids and kinematic viscosity.85 dh4.85 / (c1.the higher the factor.13 cSt. Since the Hazen Williams method is only valid for water flowing at ordinary temperatures between 40 to 75 oF. Williams Hazens Equation of Pressure Drop The Hazen-Williams equation can be used to calculate pressure drop (psi) in pipes or tubes due to friction The Hazen-Williams formula for calculating head loss in pipes and tubes due to friction can be expressed as: Pd = 4. the Darcy Weisbach method should be used for other liquids or gases. The results for the formula is acceptable for cold water at 60 oF (15. Online Hazens-Williams Calculator The calculator below can used to calculate the head loss: l .52 q1. the Darcy Weisbach method should be used for other liquids or gases.8655) (1) where Pd = pressure drop (psi/ft pipe) c = design coefficient determined for the type of pipe or tube .6 oC) with kinematic viscosity 1. For hot water with a lower kinematic viscosity (0.1 cSt.pipe or tube length (ft) c .4 oC)) the error will be significant. the smoother the pipe or tube q = flow rate (gpm) dh = inside hydraulic diameter (inch) Note! The Hazen-Williams formula gives accurate head loss due to friction for fluids with kinematic viscosity of approximately 1. q .c The design factor is determined for the type of pipe or tube used: • • • • The c-value for cast iron and wrought iron pipes or tubes ranges from 80 to 150. asphalt coated Cast-Iron. Hazen-Williams Coefficients Hazen-Williams factor for some common piping materials Hazen-Williams coefficients are used in the Hazen-Williams equation for friction loss calculation in ducts and pipes. Coefficients for some common materials used in ducts and pipes can be found in the table below: Material ABS . with average value 140 and design value 140. with average value 130 and design value 100.new unlined (CIP) Cast-Iron 10 years old Cast-Iron 20 years old Cast-Iron 30 years old Cast-Iron 40 years old Cast-Iron. cement lined Hazen-Williams Coefficient -c130 130 .140 90 .140 130 .100 75 .150 140 130 .90 64-83 100 140 . The c-value for cement lined steel or iron pipes has average value of 150 and design value 140.Acrylonite Butadiene Styrene Aluminum Asbestos Cement Asphalt Lining Brass Brick sewer Cast-Iron .hydraulic diameter (inch) The Design Factor .113 89 . The c-value for epoxy and vinyl ester pipes can be set to 150. The c-value for copper. glass or brass pipes or tubes ranges from 120 to 150.100 130 107 .flow rate (gal/min) dh . vitrified. spiral-riveted Steel. welded and seamless Tin Vitrified Clay Wrought iron. PE.FRP Galvanized iron Glass Lead Metal Pipes . corrugated Steel. welded and seamless Steel. steel forms Concrete lined. no projecting rivets Steel.Cast-Iron. wrought plain Cement lining Concrete Concrete lined. CPVC Smooth Pipes Steel new unlined Steel.140 140 120 100 .120 .140 60 140 120 140 150 120 130 130 .140 100 .Smooth Wood Stave 140 120 100 130 .Very to extremely smooth Plastic Polyethylene. PEH Polyvinyl chloride. cement lined Fiber Fiber Glass Pipe . projecting girth and horizontal rivets Steel.150 60 100 110 100 90 .110 130 . sea-coated Cast-Iron. interior riveted. plain Wooden or Masonry Pipe . bituminous lined Cast-Iron.140 130 . old Copper Corrugated Metal Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) Ductile Iron. PVC.140 130 .110 100 130 110 100 120 110 . wooden forms Concrete.150 140 130 140 140 . Pressure Loss of Water Due to Friction in Copper Tubes Pressure Loss (psi/ft) of Water Due to Friction in Copper Tubes Types K. can be found in the diagram and tables below: The diagram as pdf-file pressure loss copper pipes ASTM B88 . Types K. L and M tubes according ASTM B88. L and M Copper Tube ASTM B88 Pressure loss of water due to friction (major loss) in copper pipes.Type K. . . . . . . 08E-5 ft2/s) Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 3. Copper Tubes Types K.The pressure loss is based on the Hazen-Williams formula with roughness coefficient c = 145.3 kg/m3 (62.Pressure Loss Diagram Pressure drop diagrams for PTFE.Dimensions Lined Pipes . PFA and PVDFlined pipes The diagrams below indicates the pressure loss with water flow in PTFE-lined steel pipes schedule 40.Schedule 40 Temperature : 20.Imperial Units . • • • • • • Fluid : Water Pipe : PTFE-lined Steel Pipes .0 oC (68.01 stokes) (1. The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.0 oF) Density : 998.0 10-6 m Pressure Drop .0 lb/ft3) Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0. PP. L and M . . 895x10-2 bar = 27. H2O Pressure Drop .6 kg/m2 = 2.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.1337 ft3/min 1 ft/s = 0.• • • 1 gal (US)/min =6.7oC) = 703.7oC) = 703.307 Ft.71 in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.7oC) = 51.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.894.SI units .0227 m3/h = 0. . 125 0.Chemical Resistance Chemical resistance of PolyPropylene .135 0.85 ft/min = 2.150 0.160 PP 0.• • • 1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.160 8 0. Common Thickness of Lining Material (inches) Pipe Diameter (inches) Lining Material 1 1 1/2 2 3 *) PTFE 0.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.310 0.150 0.PolyPropylene PFA .125 • • • • *) 4 0.145 6 0.125 0.125 0.160 0.160 0.113 0.220 0.160 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.6 km/h = 196. gal (UK)/h 1 m/s = 3.210 0.200 Imp.220 0.6 m3/h = 0.130 PVDF 0.PolyTetraFluoroEthylene PP .175 0.175 PFA 0.869x10-6 atm = 1.gal (UK)/min = 15.1020 kp/m2 = 1.130 0. Common thickness of other lining materials are indicated in the table below.114 0.PP . bases.275 0.114 0.237 mph The diagram above is based on the inside thickness of schedule 40 steel pipes with PTFE as the lining material.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp.02x10-4 m H2O = 9.145 0.185 PTFE .to some common acids.45x10-4 psi (lbf/in2) 1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.Perfluoroalkoxy Fluorocarbon PVDF .140 0. organic substances and solvents The chemical resistance of polypropylene to some common products and chemicals can be found in the tables below: Acids Product Benzoic acid Boric acid Rating 1) 20 oC 1 1 60 oC 2 1 .Polyvinylidene Fluoride used in the diagrams above Polypropylene PP . Hydrobromic acid 25 % Citric acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Phosphoric acid 25 % Phosphoric acid 85 % Phthalic acid Tannic acid Chromic acid Maleic acid Oleic acid Oxalic acid Nitric acid 5 % Nitric acid 65 % Chlorhydric acid 10 % Chlorhydric acid 37 % Butyric acid Sulphuric acid 10 % Sulphuric acid 78 % Sulphuric acid 93 % Tartaric acid Acetic acid 10 % Acetic acid 50 % Acetic acid 75 % Acetic acid 100 % Perchloric acid 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 4 1 3 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 2 Bases Product Aqua ammonia Calciumhydroxide Potassiumhydroxide Caustic soda Acid salt 2) Rating 1) 20 oC 1 1 1 1 1 60 oC 1 1 1 1 1 . Basic salt 3) Neutral salt 4) Various salt Potassium bicarbonate Potassium permanganate Sodium cyanide Natriumferricyanid Sodium hypochlorite 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 Organic Substances. Solvents Rating 1) Product 20 oC Acetone 3 Aniline 1 Benzol 3 Petrol 4 Butyl alcohol 1 Ethyl acetate 2 Ethyl alcohol 1 Ethyl dichloride 3 Ethyl ether 4 Phenol 2 Formalin 37% 1 Heptanes 3 Chlorobenzene 3 Chloroform 4 Carbon disulphide 4 Carbon tetrachloride 4 Methyl alcohol 1 Methylene (di)chloride 4 Methyl ethyle ketone 3 Nitrobenzene 3 Toluene 3 Trichlorethylene 4 Gases 60 oC 4 1 4 4 1 4 1 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 . sulphate of copper. copper chloride. 3. magnesium chloride. nitrate of potassium.PolyPropylene .Chlorine (damp) Chlorine (dry) Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide (damp) Sulphur dioxide (dry) Hydrogen sulphide 1) 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 4 4 1 1 3 3 1 Rating: 1. chloride of zinc. stannic chloride. PP Pipes . potassium sulphate. ferric chloride. sodium carbonate. 5. calcium nitrate. potash.Support Spacing Hanger spacing for PolyPropylene pipes Maximum support spacing for PP . sodium chloride. 4. ferrous sulphate. sodium bicarbonate.Support Spacing (feet) Operating Temperature (oF) NPS (inches) 60 100 140 1/2 1 1/2 1 1/2 1 1/2 3/4 2 2 1 1/2 1 2 2 2 180 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 . sodium nitrate. aluminum phosphate. calcium sulphate. limited use) Unacceptable (significant attack) Inferior (possible cracking or dissolving) 2) Acid salt (normally aqueous) aluminum chloride. 2. sodium sulphate etc. white vitriol etc 3) Basic salt (normally aqueous) bicarbonate of potassium. 4) Neutral salt (normally aqueous) calcium chloride. sodium phosphate etc.pipes depends on the operating temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below: PP .Wall Schedule 40 . Excellent (no attack) Good (no significant attack) Acceptable (light attack. 852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp.50 psi (lbf/in2) = 106 dyn/cm2 = 750 mmHg 1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.3048 m T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) . PEH and PVC Pipes A diagram with pressure drop (bar/100 m) and velocity for PE.03532 ft3/s = 2. PEH and PVC plastic pipes with water can be estimated from the diagram below: • • 1 bar = 105 Pa (N/m2) = 0.200 Imp.20 m H2O = 0.9869 atm = 14. used in a wide variety of applications.1 1/4 1 1/2 2 3 4 2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 2 2 2 2 1/2 3 PP . bases and acids. PEH and PVC pipes The pressure drop in PE.gal (UK)/min = 15.Wall Schedule 80 . Pressure Drop Diagram PE. Polypropylene is unusually resistant to chemical solvents.32] Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer. gal (UK)/h .197 kp/m2 = 10.Support Spacing (feet) Operating Temperature (oF) NPS (inches) 60 100 140 1/2 2 2 2 3/4 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 1 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 1 1/4 3 2 1/2 2 1/2 1 1/2 3 3 2 1/2 2 3 1/2 3 3 3 4 4 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 4 1/2 4 180 1 1/2 2 2 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 1/2 3 1/2 3 1/2 • • 2 1/2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 2 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 1/2 3 1 ft (foot) = 0.1 N/mm2 = 10.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.6 m3/h = 0. 5 bar/100 m as indicated in the diagram below. The flow velocity is approximately 1 m/s.Example .pressure drop in a PEH pipe The pressure drop in a PEH pipe with inside diameter 250 mm and water flow 50 l/s can be estimated to be approximately 3. . . 06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.307 Ft. H2O Steam and Condensate .The calculation is based on the Hazen-Williams Equation with a Hazen-Williams coefficient c = 140.less heat than excepted will be transferred Arithmetic and Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference . BTU or in Pounds of Steam delivered per hour Boiler Horsepower Determine boiler horsepower from heat transfer area Conductive Heat Transfer .Online Mean Temperature Calculator Boiler Capacity It is common to express the output of steam boilers in Boiler Horsepowers.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.6 kg/m2 = 2.formulas with examples .3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6.AMTD .7oC) = 703.0227 m3/h = 0.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.1337 ft3/min 1 ft/s = 0.and Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference . • • • 1 gal (US)/min =6. Note that velocities above 5 feet per second should be avoided.Thermodynamics (Khusus untuk Power Plant) Thermodynamics of steam and condensate applications Air and Steam Mixture With air in the steam the surface temperatures in heat exchangers will be lower .71 in H2O at 62oF (16.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.LMTD .895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.895x10-2 bar = 27.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.894.7oC) = 2.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16. SI units The amount of vapor .Conductive Heat Loss Conductive heat loss through cylinder or pipe walls Enthalpy Entropy Diagram Steam Enthalpy and entropy chart for steam Enthalpy of Superheated Steam A table with the enthalpy of steam superheated to temperatures above the boiling point with corresponding temperatures Enthalpy of Wet Steam Wet steam.Heat transfer takes place as conduction if there is a temperature gradient in a solid or fluid Cylinder or Pipe .kg per cubic meter . dryness fraction and enthalpy Entropy of Superheated Steam A table with the entropy of steam superheated to temperatures above the boiling point with corresponding temperatures Flash Steam Generation Generation of flash steam .in humid air .fundamentals of energy recovery Heat Transferred by Condensing Steam Calculate heat transferred by condensing steam Heating Air with Steam Calculating heating air with steam Heating Water by Injection Steam Water can be heated by injecting steam Humidifying Air with Steam . Imperial Units A steam table with sensible.Online Saturated Steam Table Calculator Online calculator to compute the thermodynamic properties of saturated steam Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for some common Fluids and Heat Exchanger Surfaces Average overall heat transmission coefficients for some common fluids and surface combinations as Water to Air. density. Steam to Water and more Power Plant Performance Factors Power plants and heat rate. load factor. capacity factor. economic efficiency. latent and total heat. Air to Air. thermal efficiency. specific volume. density.specific enthalpy of saturated liquid. operational efficiency.Pressure in Bar The Saturated Steam Table with properties as boiling point. saturated vapor and superheated vapor . and specific volume at different gauge pressures and temperatures Properties of Saturated Steam . specific enthalpy. specific enthalpy and specific entropy Sponsored Links Specific Volume of Wet Steam Wet steam an specific volume Steam & Condensate Equations Steam consumption and condensate generation formulas heating liquids or gas flows Steam and Vapor Enthalpy Introduction and definition of vapor and steam enthalpy . 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