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ASD LRFD
ASD LRFD
March 19, 2018 | Author: darebert | Category:
Structural Load
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Strength Of Materials
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Mechanics
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Mechanical Engineering
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Engineering
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31/7/2015ASD vs LRFD A Beginner's Guide to the Structural Engineering Basic Design Concepts © 2006,2008 T. Bartlett Quimby Introduction to Design Theory Section DC.5 ASD vs LRFD Design Objectives Limit State Concepts Searching for the Best Design ASD vs LRFD Loads and Their Combinations Example Problems Homework Problems References Report Errors or Make Last Revised: 11/04/2014 When designing in steel and timber, there is choice of design philosophies that needs to be made. In concrete the only design philosophy in extensive use is strength based (LRFD). Steel Before getting too deep into this section, it would be wise for your to read the AISC Steel Construction Manual (SCM) sections describing the Load and Resistance Factor Design and Allowable Strength Design philosophies as well as the section on Design Fundamentals. These are found on pages of 26 and 27 of the SCM. Until AISC introduced the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) specification in 1986, the design of steel structures was based solely on Allowable Stress Design (ASD) methodologies. The shift to LRFD has not been readily embraced by the profession even though almost all universities shifted to teaching the LRFD specification within ten years of its introduction. Its seems that there was not a perceived need by the profession to change methodologies even though there was ample evidence that LRFD produced structures with a more consistent factor of safety. Timber LRFD is relatively new to timber. It was explicitly included with ASD in the National Design Specification with the latest edition of the specification. Concrete http://www.bgstructuralengineering.com/BGDesign/BGDesign05.htm 1/6 htm Figure DC. In fact. Ultimate Strength The first difference between ASD and LRFD. Figure DC.1 Comparison of LRFD/ASD Capacities On a Load vs. Actual vs. historically. a difference in effective factors of safety. depending on which way you are going. The strength based (LRFD) method has been in use in the concrete specification ACI 318 since the 1970s.1 illustrates the member strength levels computed by the two methods on a typical mild steel load vs.com/BGDesign/BGDesign05.5. the new AISC Allowable Strength Design (ASD). There were two major differences between the two specifications: 1. has now switched the old stress based terminology to a strength based terminology. The comparison of loads to either actual or ultimate strengths and 2.31/7/2015 Suggestions Make Donation ASD vs LRFD Because of the complexities of analyzing composite sections using working stress method. stresses does not present much of a problem since the difference is normally just multiplying or dividing both sides of the limit state inequalities by a section property.bgstructuralengineering. Va) for ASD are typically kept below the yield load for the http://www. Displacement Diagram Rn/ = ASD Capacity Rn = LRFD Capacity Rn = Nominal Capacity 2/6 .5. which replaces the old allowable stress design. deformation diagram. virtually eliminating this difference between the philosophies. The difference between looking at strengths vs. The combined force levels (Pa. has been that the old Allowable Stress Design compared actual and allowable stresses while LRFD compares required strength to actual strengths. the much simpler strength approach was easily adopted with it was first introduced. Ma. 0 must be applied to the applied loads to express them in terms that are safely comparable to the ultimate strength levels. The LRFD specification accounts separately for the predictability of applied loads through the use of load factors applied to the required strength side of the limit state inequalities and for material and construction variabilities through resistance factors on the nominal strength side of the limit state inequality. if the LRFD approach is used. Rn. . Load factors are applied as coefficients in the load combination equations for both ASD and LRFD.bgstructuralengineering. By breaking the factor of safety apart into the independent load and resistance factors (as done in the LRFD approach) a more consistent effective factor of safety is obtained and can result in safer or lighter structures. The one exception to this is earthquake loads. and the factors of safety with the symbol . the combined force levels (Pu. When considering member strengths. that reduces the capacity to a point below yielding. This is accomplished in the load combination equations that consider the probabilities associated with simultaneous occurrence of different types of loads. a subscript of "s. times a resistance factor. dead. . snow.31/7/2015 ASD vs LRFD member by computing member load capacity as the nominal strength.equiv" is used to represent the result of a load combination that is the simple algebraic sum of all the individual load components. The resulting combined loads and load effects from LRFD combinations equations are given subscript of "u".com/BGDesign/BGDesign05. which are expressed at strength levels. wind. Mu. We'll see how http://www. each load type (i. Variable Factors of Safety The second major difference between the two methods is the manner in which the relationship between applied loads and member capacities are handled. (See A Beginner's Guide to ASCE 705 for detailed discussion about this document.) Typically. A subscript of "a" is used to indicate a load result from an ASD load combination. divided by a factor of safety. Consequently. The ASD specification combines the two factors into a single factor of safety. Load Combination Computations The basis for structural load computations in the United States is a document known as ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings & Other Structures. The individual loads are then combined using load combination equations that consider the probability of simultaneously occurring loads.e. then load factors greater than 1. etc) are expressed in terms of their service load levels. live. Particular to this text. Rn. we always want to keep our final design's actual loads below yielding so as to prevent permanent deformations in our structure. For LRFD. Vu) are kept below a computed member load capacity that is the product of the nominal strength.htm 3/6 . Fixed vs. The resistance factor is denoted with the symbol . depending on the predictability of the load types being used. the loads that cause failure) the "applied" loads are "fictitiously" increased by a load factors so that they can be safely compared with the ultimate strengths of the members.htm 4/6 .e.31/7/2015 ASD vs LRFD they are applied below. One method for comparing loads is to compute a composite load factor (CLF) that is the ratio of load combination result (Pu or Pa) to the algebraic sum of the individual load components (Ps..equiv * CLFASD CLFLRFD = Pu / Ps.e.eq).equiv * CLFLRFD Pa = Ps.equiv is the algebraic sum of all the service load components (i. Ps.equiv or Ps. The load combination with the lowest CLF is the critical load combination. ASD loads that are the result of ASD load combination equations are also FACTORED loads. Throughout these notes and the specification loads that have had LRFD load factors applied (and are higher than they will actually be) are called ULTIMATE or FACTORED loads.1.) and CLF is the Composite Load Factor for each case. Comparing LRFD and ASD Loads Ultimate or factored loads CANNOT be directly compared with service loads.5. Loads at their actual levels are referred to as SERVICE loads. The computation of CLF is shown in Table DC. Table DC.. Either the service loads must be factored or the ultimate loads must be unfactored if they are to be compared. since LRFD looks at the strength of members (i.equiv Where: Ps. The other issue that seems to be conceptually challenging for many engineers is that. This gets even more complicated when you consider the effect on load combination equations.equiv = D + L +.1 Composite Load Factors LRFD ASD Pu = Ps.5..equiv CLFASD = Pu / Ps.com/BGDesign/BGDesign05.bgstructuralengineering. http://www. Examples of this are given in the next section on load combinations since it is in the load combination equations where the load factors are applied. Table DC.00 Ra < Rn/ Req'd Rn = Ra < Rn Ra Rn < 1. Note that each equation is equivalent.00 Bending Moment Mu < Mn Req'd Mn = Mu / < Mn Mu / Mn < 1.2 Limit State Expressions LRFD ASD Axial Force Pu < Pn Req'd Pn = Pu / < Pn Pu / Pn < 1.00 Pa < Pn/ Req'd Pn = Pa < Pn Pa Pn < 1. This involves combining the load and resistance factors. This will become evident as the limit states are explained and demonstrated throughout this text.com/BGDesign/BGDesign05.00 Reaction/Resistance Ru < Rn Req'd Rn = Ru / < Rn Ru / Rn < 1. The other two forms are useful when analyzing the capacity of a particular member.00 The choice of form is dependent on what you are trying to do.5.bgstructuralengineering. In general.htm 5/6 .5. the general form of the limit state inequalities can each be expressed three ways. LRFD Effective Factor of Safety Another approach to comparing the two methods is to compute an effective factor of safety for the LRFD method that can be compared with the ASD factors of safety.00 Shear Force Vu < Vn Req'd Vn = Vu / < Vn Vu / Vn < 1.31/7/2015 ASD vs LRFD Putting it all together.00 Va < Vn/ Req'd Vn = Va < Vn Va Vn < 1. Table DC. the second form (Req'd nominal effect < actual nominal strength) is useful when you are selecting (or designing) member for a particular application.00 Ma < Mn/ Req'd Mn = Ma < Mn Ma Mn < 1.2 shows how this is done for LRFD and ASD for four common strength limit states. http://www. bgstructuralengineering.com/BGDesign/BGDesign05.31/7/2015 ASD vs LRFD Let us take the axial force limit state to conduct a comparative example between ASD and LRFD. varies with the relative magnitudes of the different types of loads. The result is a variable factor of safety for LRFD. is a constant. CLF = Pu/( Ps. The LRFD argument is that ASD is overly conservative for structures with predicable loads and non conservative for those subject to less predictable loads.e. Use of ASD and LRFD Finally. You can divide through by the load factors to get an equivalent factor of safety: LRFD : Ps. http://www. predominately dead load) the LRFD eff is lower than the ASD which results in a potentially lighter structure. You cannot switch between the two philosophies in a given project! In this text we use both ASD and LRFD so that you can be conversant in both but this is not the standard in practice. wind. For structures subjected to highly unpredictable loads (live. and seismic loads for example) the LRFD eff is higher than the ASD which results in stronger structures. you should be aware that you must select one or the other of the design philosophies when you design a structure. The composite load factor.htm 6/6 . In ASD this factor of safety is taken as a constant.equiv < Pn ( / CLFLRFD) = Pn/ eff Where the LRFD equivalent factor of safety is the term eff = ( / CLFLRFD). It can be argued that the variable LRFD eff is more consistent with the probabilities associated with design. The result is that structures with highly predictable loadings (i.equiv).
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