2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Go to... NITROGEN CYCLE AND AQUARIUM & POND CYCLING; How the Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle Works Sections Included: • The Internets most in depth/updated Nitrogen Cycle (7) Methods of Aquarium Cycling: article!! Including *Fishless Cycling *Seasoned Media • Frequently Asked Questions/Answers *Fish Food *Pure Ammonia (1) Introduction *“Raw Shrimp” (2) What is Nitrogen *Cycling Products (3) NonNitrogen wastes *Saltwater Cycling) (4) Nitrification (Including Nitrifying Bacteria and an (8) Maintaining a healthy nitrogen cycle Ammonia Chart) (9) What to do for high Ammonia & Nitrites, & (5) DeNitrification Nitrates (6) BioFiltration (10) References & Downloadable pdf of this Including *Use of Medication on BioFiltration) article Custom Search Search Like Share 123 people like this. Sign Up to see what your 6 friends like. By Carl Strohmeyer Updated 10/30/16 INTRODUCTION: http://www.americanaquariumproducts.com/Nitrogen_Cycle.html 1/30 2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Please click on the picture for a better view, of a BASIC explanation of the "Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle". Please see a more advanced diagram further in this article. The aquarium nitrogen cycle is simply put the method by which diffusion from the gills of the fish and their wastes, as well as other decomposing organic matter (such as uneaten fish food) is converted from Ammonia or Ammonium to Nitrites to Nitrates. Then Nitrates are then either converted to free nitrogen (which is a gas that will not remain in the water) by plants or denitrifying anaerobic bacteria, or you remove/lower your nitrates by way of regular water changes, or by using chemical absorbents such as Purigen. Without this process going on in your aquarium/pond the keeping of fish or other inhabitants would be nearly impossible as ammonia is highly toxic in even small quantities (ammonium is not, but is quickly converted to ammonia at higher pH), nitrites are also toxic although not as much as ammonia. Nitrates are not toxic to most freshwater fish except in high amounts with long term exposure (this is not the case for many saltwater inhabitants though). So with this in mind it is important to have an “established aquarium nitrogen cycle” in your aquarium or pond. Please read on as this article has a lot of updated information about the Nitrogen cycle, including Cycling Methods (and is one of the more accurate and in depth articles available on the internet)! If any section is difficult to understand, please continue reading, as the article will become more clear after reading as a whole, especially after multiple readings. This is one of the most important, yet most often misunderstood aspects of aquarium keeping, especially among “newbies” so truly understanding this process is very important, and as well not getting confused by the many anecdotal statements made about this process is important as well. What is Nitrogen? Nitrogen is an element vital to all life processes on Earth. Nitrogen is very important in our biosphere, where nitrogen comprises 78% of the atmosphere, and is part of every living tissue. It is a component of amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids. With the exception of carbon, nitrogen is the most universal element of life. Life could not exist without nitrogen. See Reference Note. Nitrogen is essential for organic development; nitrogenous compounds are also required by some organisms for metabolic functions and respiration. Unfortunately, free nitrogen in the atmosphere is not in a form that is usable by plants or animals. Because of its stable structural formula, it is relatively inert and does not combine readily with other elements. All living organisms, from fish to plants, have great quantities of assimilated nitrogen in their tissues. Nitrogen is a fundamental ingredient for the formation of proteins and nucleic acids. Every organism you place in your aquarium adds nitrogen based compounds; from fish to coral, to live rock, to plants. The introduction of food also adds nitrogen. Dead or alive, they are organic masses, and possess the same nitrogenous attributes as the fish, plants, invertebrates you added to your aquarium. Inorganic nitrogen is added two ways: the atmosphere and new water. Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is incorporated into our aquarium water by way of nitrogen fixing bacteria and by Cyanobacteria (bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis) as ammonia (NH3). Some Cyanobacteria fix nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by plants, into ammonia, nitrites (NO2) or nitrates (NO3). Nitrates can then be utilized by plants and converted to nucleic acids and protein. Inorganic nitrogenous compounds from our tap or well water also enter our aquarium, often as http://www.americanaquariumproducts.com/Nitrogen_Cycle.html 2/30 The importance of knowing this is that certain organics may have low amounts or NO nitrogen containing compounds. As well BlueGreen Algae (actually Cyanobacteria) can “fix” nitrogen and often live symbiotically with some plants; such is the case with the tiny aquatic Azolla fern found throughout the tropical & temperate regions of the world. Certain plants develop anaerobic nodules on their roots that contain the nitrogenaseproducing bacteria such as soybeans. are generally gram positive and aerobic. Ponds OTHER ORGANIC WASTE I think it is important to explain that not all organic waste contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Reverse Osmosis can remove much of this. The few lipids that contain nitrogen atoms generally have few. of which varying amounts of nitrogen atoms are contained depending on the molecule in question. Actinomycetes decompose large organic substrates/compounds that are hardtodecompose such as cellulose or Chitin found in exoskeletons of crustaceans. please see this article: “What should I know about tap water for my aquarium? From Chlorine and Chloramines to Phosphates” Some Types of Bacteria Important to the Nitrogen Cycle; • One of the most important biological conversions involves the transformation of N2 into a form readily available for plants.html 3/30 . these do contribute to the aquarium bio load. Denitrifying bacteria are anaerobic. The bacteria that perform this task are anaerobic (no oxygen required).2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Nitrites or Nitrates. • Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate to nitrogen (N2) gas or Hydrogen sulfide under certain conditions in aquariums or ponds. HOWEVER sugars. They possess the enzyme nitrogenase.americanaquariumproducts. For more about tap water. and fats do not contribute to the nitrogen cycle. Specialized bacteria that live in soil (Rhizobium) have the capability of converting N2 into NH3 (ammonia) a chemical that plants can absorb through their roots. Fungi/Saprolegnia are more important in degrading these compounds at low pH. This is the most important aspect of the nitrogen cycle in an aquarium & pond and will be discussed in depth as this article progresses. albeit to a lesser amount than nitrogen containing organics. The process of converting N2 + 3H2 > 2NH3 is called Nitrogen fixation. It is noteworthy that while these these sugars. • Nitrifying bacteria change ammonia (NH3) OR ammonium (NH4+) to nitrite (NO2) then to nitrate (NO3). Saprolegnia in Aquariums. so controlling the addition of high content nitrogen containing compounds can be important in keeping lower nitrates in established aquariums or lower ammonia/nitrites in less established aquariums (or aquariums that have had their bio cycling process interrupted).). Ammonia can be used to synthesize amino acids (Rhizobia bacteria require a plant host as they cannot independently fix nitrogen). These Heterotrophic bacteria are active at high pH levels. carbohydrates (starches) and most fats (fats are a form of lipids. As well different animal and plant matter have varying amounts of nitrogen containing molecules (with plants in general containing less than animals). and are often less of a factor as well. necessary to catalyze this reaction. etc. (hence high ammonia.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. This process is also important to aquariums & ponds (especially marine reef aquariums) and will be discussed in depth as the article progresses. Reference: Hydrogen Sulfide; a biproduct of anaerobic denitrification • Another large group of bacteria are Actinomycetes that grow branching filamentous cells (hyphae) like fungi. carbohydrates. Actinomycetes are common in soil and are responsible for the characteristic smell of freshly turned healthy soil. All plant and animals contain proteins (amino acids) and lipids. meaning they are active where oxygen is absent. http://www. generally without nitrogen atoms though) do not contain nitrogen atoms and therefore CANNOT directly contribute to the nitrogen cycle of your aquarium or pond (bacteria that feed on these oils can multiply and indirectly affect ammonia/nitrites/nitrates). Reference: Fungus. They are able to reduce nitrate to ammonium passing through nitrite as an intermediary compound (blue line in diagram to the above left) The anaerobic oxidation processes of ammonium (ANAMMOX) ANAMMOX bacteria are capable of oxidizing ammonium to gaseous nitrogen (N2) by using nitrite as electron acceptor. an essential amino acid (protein): C6H13NO2 Further reference: http://www. So controlling these molecules via fish numbers vs. as well higher protein foods such as shrimp will also add more nitrogen compounds. even decomposing plants generally release fewer nitrogen bearing compounds than a decomposing fish or fish waste.americanaquariumproducts.htm NITRIFICATION: When an organism dies. Here are a few chemical formulas for example: *Glycerol; a basic sugar and a central component of many lipids: C3H5(OH)3 *Glucose; a common sugar: C6H12O6 *alpha Linolenic Acid. more fish equals more nitrogen compounds released into an aquarium/pond. This process is called Mineralization and is the end result of the metabolism of food. These bacterium convert NH4+ in NO2 (green line in diagram) The anaerobic reduction of nitrates to ammonium (DNRA) The DNRA reaction is found in anoxic sediments. which was isolated from the water of aquarium. ammonia is produced from both metabolism and mineralization. nitrogen is moved from plant or animal into the inorganic chemical ammonia by the process of bacterial decay. I have noticed this in my many both anecdotal observations as well as tests I have performed where many variables were changed. However. Ammonia (NH3) is the byproduct of this consumption. While plants. a fat; Shortchain omega3 fatty acid: CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH * Psychosine. the archaeabacteria (AOA) This includes the Nitrosopumilus maritimus. especially during the establishment of a new tanks bio filter (adding plants early on being one).dep.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates See: Aquarium BioLoad With this in mind. Heterotrophic microbes (organisms that require organic substrates to get its carbon for their growth and development) utilize the organic compounds of decomposing matter as their carbon source.newton.gov/askasci/mole00/mole00027. This involves bacteria of the Thioploca and Thiomargarita species. Ammonia is also produced by bacteria in the breakdown of protein.anl. Newer research indicates that there are three more dynamic processes involved in our aquarium nitrogen cycle. The process of nitrogen cycle was once thought to be a complete linear process. instead of oxygen (orange line in the diagram) http://www. however newer scientific evidence (2008) indicates otherwise.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. so this new science based theory really helps explain this: Ammonium oxidation by a particular group of microorganisms.html 4/30 . maritimus is chemoautrophic: as a matter of fact it grows with bicarbonate as the only source of carbon since organic carbon inhibits its growth. N. The decomposition (mineralization) process produces large quantities of ammonia (NH3) through the process of ammoniafication. a lipid intermediate in the biosynthesis: C24H47NO7 * Leucine. in particular marine aquaria. plant numbers and diet is important even for an established aquarium (so as to control nitrates). This is due in large part to the recent emergence of a wide variety of bacterial products claiming to be nitrifying aids. in its neutral state. It should be noted. this article is a MUST READ: Ultraviolet Sterilizer Use; Facts & Information Back to the more Basic/Traditional Explanation: Ammonia.html 7/30 . During this process of protonation NH3 (which is a base) converts into a weak acid (an acid which has the tendency to lose. Ammonium (NH4) is formed by the protonation (the addition of a Proton (H+) to the molecule. and others (as these bacteria are much easier packaged with a reasonable shelf life under normal conditions/room temperatures). Escherichia. Products such as Prime block this process.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. Plants (such as Hornwort) and algae can assimilate ammonia and ammonium directly for the biosynthesis. This tendency to “donate” a hydrogen ion is how NH4 converts back to NH3 as pH rises. no more than once per 24 hours). that without oxygen (nitrification is an oxidative process). The remaining bulk of decomposed byproducts are utilized by bacteria in a process called nitrification.americanaquariumproducts. maintaining the extra hydrogen ion. Fortunately Ammonia does not last long in a healthy aquarium environment. or can be further broken down into nitrogen gas (N2) through the activity of anaerobic bacteria such as Pseudomonas . forming the oxide nitrite (NO2). Another group of bacteria (similar to Nitrobacter in function) utilize the enzyme nitrite oxidase that is then responsible for converting nitrite into nitrate (NO3). Oxygen molecules are then affixed to the stripped nitrogen. Nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas quickly break down ammonia into less toxic Nitrite (NO2). What are nitrifying bacteria? There's a lot of confusion among aquarists about nitrifying bacteria.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates UV Bulbs Premium UV Replacement Bulbs at competitive prices! For those looking for ACCURATE information about stepping up to a higher level of fish care. http://www. specific species of nitrifying bacteria strip the ammonium of its hydrogen molecules as an energy source. Pseudomonas. also known as a “BrønstedLowry acid”. none of this process can take place. Most of these products (all dry products in particular) actually contain species of Heterotrophic bacteria from the genera Bacillus. or "donate" a hydrogen ion. This nitrate can either be used by plants as a nutrient source. PLEASE NOTE that products such as Prime or Amquel+ should not be over used during the initial cycling process of an aquarium or pond (use sparingly as per directions. exists as ammonium (NH4+). Product Resource: SeaChem Prime Ammonia is assimilated in more than one way. During this process. 2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Although a few better "sealed" (for shelf life) cycling products such as SeaChem Stability contain facultative bacteria which can live in both oxygen and nonoxygen environments (a further explanation is provided later). I will also note that most antibiotics can be harsh on a newly established bio filter. based on my assertion; since most aquarium diseases are gram negative (especially marine). They require oxygen. without initial protein synthesis. despite some http://www. europaea. Aeromonas and their resulting treatment with antibiotics such as Kanamycin or Nitrofurazone (which are primarily gram negative) will NOT interfere with the nitrifying cycling process when used correctly. The depletion of nitrifying bacteria by erythromycin is also reported in \cite{Dixo92}. nitrite to nitrate (Autotrophic bacteria are organisms that produce complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules). Pseudomonas.g. One of the variables the research has discovered is that the age of the biofilms has a direct bearing on their ability to inhibit antibiotic penetration." Another point of disagreement about these bacteria. For this reason. utilize mostly inorganic (without carbon) compounds as their energy source.americanaquariumproducts. From: The Krib; Erythromycin vs BlueGreen Algae a short article: "Although the instructions on the package specifically state that Maracyn does not affect Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria (those responsible for the nitrogen cycle in the tank). even a restarted aquarium will need to be repopulated (please see cycling methods further down in the article). Columnaris. diseases such as Vibrio. Another commonly used product for aquarium Ich infestation is Malachite Green. John Herzog) have shown these bacteria to react to gram positive treatments such as Erythromycin and not as much to gram negative antibiotics (such as Kanamycin). was shown to have an immediate response to the addition of ammonia as measured by nitrite production. nitrite to nitrate. Ampicillin. I have also found Tetracycline Hydrochloride to be harsh on nitrifying bacteria as well. oxygen and at least some moisture is present (not in areas void of oxygen). It is important to note that although the desired nitrifying species of bacteria are “all around us”. or. Some ammonia oxidizing bacteria can revive more quickly than others. and require carbon dioxide (CO2) for their source of carbon..html 8/30 . In the case of the Nitrobacteraceae these energy sources are derived from the chemical conversion of ammonia to nitrite. so do not expect these bacteria to “magically” populate your aquarium overnight. Reference: Molecular Analysis of Ammonia Oxidation in Natural Environments While these nitrifying bacteria have been shown to be gram negative; my research and that of my mentor (Dr. or. or Penicillin. I immediately noticed a rise in ammonia levels. After 342 days of ammonia starvation. any given biofilm may inhibit one type of antibiotic while they will not have a similar effect an a different antibiotic". so please consider this fact with a tank under 8 weeks of age (unless seeded with established filters from another aquarium).com/Nitrogen_Cycle. The desired Autotrophic aerobic bacteria of nitrifying bacteria are present everywhere (e. the AOB N. in the air). In addition. aquarium keepers need to be careful when treating with medications that are primarily gram positive such as Erythromycin (Maracyn). they do not readily store in sealed oxygen free containers (dying or going dormant without oxygen to the point of long periods to revive); it takes some time for the sparse air born nitrifying bacteria to populate an aquarium or pond. Product Resource: Stability; with encapsulated oxygen Autotrophic Bacteria True nitrifying bacteria are Autotrophic and considered to be those belonging to the family Nitrobacteraceae whose energy sources are derived from the chemical conversion of ammonia to nitrite. The reason for this obvious contradiction of facts is unknown; however one explanation given to me is: "biofilms (via excretion of exopolymeric substances) are able to inhibit the efficacy of antibiotics. are very closely related. Nitrosococcus (SW) Nitrospira Related Bacteria. europaea is most prevalent (SW). in part due to the fact of Heterotrophic Bacteria to convert many organics into food. Low pH and Nitrification Important; It is also noteworthy that the primary nitrifying bacteria are affected by pH. or similar; thus often resulting in sudden spikes in ammonia or nitrites when these Heterotrophic bacteria cycling products are not added in a timely or regular schedule! The other danger is cloudy water.0 until the nitrification process reestablishes itself at the higher pH http://www. however if the bio load is increased suddenly after use. can reproduce in as little as 15 minutes to 1 hour.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. Some are strictly aerobic. moscoviensis are the most prevalent for both NOB & AOB (FW) Nitrococcus mobilis (SW nitriteoxidizers) Nitrospina (SW nitriteoxidizers) KEY: AOB ="Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria" NOB ="Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria" Species of marine nitrifying bacteria are different from those that prefer fresh water. Heterotrophic Bacteria Heterotrophic Bacteria are an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.0.0 and ammonium (non toxic NH4) switches back to toxic NH3 over 7. For this reason products that contain only Heterotrophic Bacteria such as "Hagen Cycle" or even the popular EcoComplete planted substrate SHOULD BE AVOIDED in some aquariums! As a side note. Heterotrophs can be either grampositive (ex: Bacillus) or gramnegative (ex: Pseudomonas) which in the case of Pseudomonas many gram negative aquarium treatments (such as Kanamycin) can be effective against Pseudomonas while not harming true Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria. See this article: Aquarium Medications Part 3. Toxic Ammonia (NH3) changes to ammonium under 6.0 What is important. the use of EcoComplete likely will not have a major impact on the aquarium bio filter. marina & N. which N. Heterotrophic bacteria. this could lead to cloudy water or spikes in ammonia.html 9/30 .2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates common anecdotal comments Malachite Green. in a healthy established aquarium. Unfortunately research has shown that up to one million times more of these heterotrophic bacteria are required to perform a comparable level of ammonia conversion that is attained by true autotrophic nitrifying bacteria. and yet. Nitrification involving AOB & NOB bacteria is different at pH levels of above 7. Another point is growth (which is why Heterotrophic bacteria are favored for cycling products); nitrifying (Autotrophic) bacteria will double in population every 1524 hours under optimal growth conditions.0 versus below 6. The use of only Heterotrophic Bacteria to cycle an aquarium (or pond) can result in a bio environment that does not contain the necessary Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria to rapidly adapt to changes in bio load either from added fish. wastes. Heterotrophic Bacteria are generally found in most over the counter aquarium cycling products (especially "Sludge Removers") due to their portability and quick activity. is nitrification rates are rapidly depressed as the pH is raised above 7. on the other hand. as well as Copper Sulfate DO NOT affect nitrifying bacteria (please see references below).americanaquariumproducts. but many are facultative anaerobes (they can survive in either the presence or absence of oxygen).0 from pH levels under 6. Malachite Green We have ammoniaoxidizers and nitriteoxidizers in both fresh & saltwater: Nitrosomonas Related of which N. http://faq. I would postulate that a change in Heterotrophic bacteria along with possible Redox Reactions or lack there of (a low pH below 6.html or http://www. Sponge.com/Nitrogen_Cycle.0 is very oxidizing with little/no reduction which for this reason alone is not a healthy environment.americanaquariumproducts. as many aquarists will treat for fin rot or other diseases when the problem is either directly ammonia poisoning or a result of ammonia poisoning.com/begincycling.html 4. My "Tests and observations" were via aquariums with new & established bio filters as well with various filters (these included. The most common symptom of ammonia poisoning is rapid respiration (often near the surface). followed by flared or abnormally red gills. Affects of chemicals on the biofilter 2.html 10/30 . See References: Fungus. This low pH. As well.thekrib. Under Gravel. Saprolegnia in Aquariums or Ponds Aquarium Redox Balance Further References for the Previous Section: 1. Further pH/Nitrification Information: During the nitrification process carbonates are used by the aquarium or pond to counter acids produced during nitrification (or other organic breakdown). subtle or even sudden changes in pH can occur that affects the nitrogen cycle References: Aquarium Chemistry; pH Keeping a low pH/KH can be a double edged sword where by a simple procedure such as a water change with slightly higher pH water can result in an immediate conversion of ammonium (NH4) to deadly ammonia (NH3) with disastrous results. Sponge.duke.edu/~narten/faq/cycling. Prolonged exposure to even moderate levels of ammonia (or nitrites) can result in fin deterioration and loss of color. What are bacteria? 5. This is noteworthy. however larger more efficient bio filters such as Fluidized.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates The cause of this change in the nitrification process is still not clearly understood. A few key points about ammonia: Ammonia in the form of toxic NH3 commonly found in aquariums from wastes (Animal and plant) will convert to NH4 (which is much less toxic) in a pH of around 6. this bacterium might be part of the cause. One test showed destruction of bio filters within one week with the use of Erythromycin. Fluidized.) and these tests seemed to lock out these Heterotrophic bacteria (using only ammonium chloride).4 or less. poor nitrifying environment also easily allows for the growth of pathogenic Fungi/Saprolegnia and a depressed Redox balance. Such treatments will usually fail and often make the situation worse as dumping in medications to solve an ammonia poison issue will often exacerbate the problem further (the use of products such as http://www. From: HighRate Nitrification at Low pH in Suspended and AttachedBiomass Reactors "(i) the feeding solution contained only inorganic salts and no direct organic substrate to support substantial heterotrophic growth;" From the above article and quote. etc. Hang On and combinations there of). however without an adequate KH (even for Amazon River Fish such as Discus or German Rams). The symptoms of ammonia poisoning can often appear as a disease or actually allow a disease such as Aeromonas infections to establish in the fish under stress from ammonia poisoning.cs. Autotrophic bacterial adaptations may be part of this process and why there is an interruption in nitrification from changes in pH and between NH3 & NH4. and Canister showed less destruction and a quicker recovery. Canister. Since typical real world aquarium environments invariably are going to contain Heterotrophic bacteria (from fish food waste. autotroph 3. This generalization can very by substrate size.5 due to generally normal oscillations in the bio load of the aquarium. or Amquel but this is a short term solution to proper bio filtration. Reference: Aquarium Redox Balance; Reductant This process can take place in an environment of very limited oxygen by anaerobic bacteria. Denitrifying bacteria require a source of reductant (energy) and a source of oxidant (nitrate). utilizing organic carbon. In freshwater aquariums this process often produces potentially dangerous Hydrogen Sulfide. hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as electron donor and nitrate as electron acceptor. Toxic NH3 ammonia can be remove or detoxified by products such as Prime. or more shallow in fine sand).com/Nitrogen_Cycle. It is also noteworthy that many premium aquarium/pond cycling aids or waste digesters such as SeaChem Stability or API PondCare Pond Zyme contain anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria and can be http://www. Finally Sulfur fixing anaerobic bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfides generally live in substrate over 34 inches in depth.25 ppm and occasionally to . denitrification serves to balance nitrogen fixation by removing fixed nitrogen (rather than supplying it) to the biosphere. Plants roots are great for maintaining this balance of oxygen in the gravel for proper Nitrate removal by allowing very small amounts of oxygen into the substrate which promotes nitrogen reduction over sulfur reduction (which occurs in substrate with 0 oxygen). and anaerobic sulfur reducing occurs based on substrate depth and substrate size (fine to coarse). The ammonia commonly found in aquariums should not be confused with ammonia carbonate used in cooking which more readily evaporates nor should an aquarist confuse the process of evaporation in a cooling system commonly used in RV refrigerators which heats the ammonia for evaporation and cooling (this system basically works by heating anhydrous ammonia to evaporate it then the ammonia condenses and cools and the process starts over again). This is due to the fact the Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria do not immediately respond to these changes wastes in the water column. The electron donor is oxidized (to CO2. Please click to further enlarge. or “aquarium mud”. In terms of the global nitrogen cycle. Use of airline deep under sand beds over 56 inches that products very limited and controlled bubbles can allow for more denitrification while further limiting sulfur reduction. DENITRIFICATION: Denitrification is the process by which microorganisms convert nitrate (NO3) to nitrogen gas (N2).html 11/30 . While nitrogen fixing anaerobic bacteria oxidize nitrates in an area of 24 inches of substrate (again deeper for course media. Ammo Lock. water or sulfate) and nitrate is contemporaneously reduced to dinitrogen gas (N2). live rock.americanaquariumproducts. aerobic nitrification takes place in the top 12 inches of substrate (deeper in courser substrate. but by maintaining an oxygen level above 1 ppm. This process is more common in Marine aquaria and takes place in fine #00 sand. As a generalization. It is NORMAL in a healthy aquarium with an established nitrogen cycle for the ammonia levels to spike to . anaerobic de nitrification. but not quickly enough to be significant to a healthy aquarium. amount of plant roots and depth thereof as well as how deep certain worms. Most denitrifying bacteria are heterotrophic (such as Paracoccus denitrificans and various pseudomonads). this can be avoided. The picture to the left/above displays this generalization where aerobic nitrification. copepods dig into the substrate. more shallow for fine sand).2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Prime; toxic ammonia reducer are OK as a temporary solution to the problem of high ammonia) Surface agitation can cause some ammonia ions to evaporate. Remember you need oxygen (57 ppm dissolved oxygen) and a lot of surface area for bacterial colonies. Water will follow the path of least resistance. ceramic media. so agitation of filter media when rinsing (no tap water). as clever as they may seem is that they operates under the false assumption that an aquarium cannot supply adequate oxygen to a filter such as a Canister http://www. often with unclear answers as to whether anaerobic denitrification is beneficial in freshwater due to the POSSIBLE production of Hydrogen Sulfide. The only problem with these ideas. Besides the Bio Wheel; DIY bio filters have popped up in Internet forums and videos (these have been around before in some form or another long before the Internet). copepods.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. although in a deep sand bed excessive "deep" vacuuming can release hydrogen sulfide that would otherwise be harmlessly trapped in the deepest areas (generally over 4 inches).americanaquariumproducts.html 12/30 . sponge filters. you CAN have anaerobic denitrification and NOT have dangerous levels of Hydrogen Sulfide produced. so if your filter or gravel has a buildup of non nitrifying bacterial slime or is packed to tightly. and loosely packed upper layers of gravel are all sources for bacterial accumulation. and why the myth of UV Sterilizers killing beneficial bacteria is just that. With the most current research (although admittedly not conclusive in my view). Aquarium Bio load BIOFILTRATION: Nature can pack a lot of bacteria into small places. nitrification will be poor. If there is not adequate surface area in oxygenated areas filter media or gravel. This is why water exchanges between an established aquarium and a new (nonestablished) aquarium usually are ineffective for cycling aquariums. Hydrogen Sulfide production in anaerobic DeNitrification for Aquarium/Pond Nitrate Removal 2. However the oxygen aspect is where old anecdotal information has resurfaced on the Internet. whether freshwater. This is the beginning of the nitrogen process and the growth of bacterial colonies. Wet/dry filters. In freshwater. nitrification will not be achieved. marine. “Aquarium Answers; Nitrates” 3. Relatively new scientific evidence shows nitrifying bacteria to be sticky and adheres to the surfaces like glue (using exopolymeric substances). worms. research has shown that humans olfactory senses tend to block out the smell.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates useful to add during spikes in the bio load of an aquarium or pond to aid in nitrate reduction and lower incidence of Hydrogen Sulfide production from decaying organic wastes (which can also affect water clarity and algae blooms). A telltale sign of Hydro Sulfide production is black areas in the deep areas of sand or substrate. why changing water during cycling will not harm the bacteria (maybe only cut back on “food” for the bacteria in the water column). all that is required is ammonia and oxygenated water. Further Resources 1. etc often help perform this work. plant roots achieve this well and also remove raw ammonia as well as nitrates. In saltwater aquariums. The production of Hydrogen Sulfide in aquariums (both salt and even more so freshwater) is a controversial subject. or especially ponds. The rotten egg odor is another sign although as Hydrogen Sulfide levels in the air increase. Careful vacuuming (or even substrate stirring) can also help. One key to allow denitrification without production of Hydrogen Sulfide is to allow some oxygen penetration of the substrate and as well. or vacuuming of gravel will not destroy these colonies. For bacterial growth. a myth. which is to the advantage of the aquarist. even gravel in high flow areas to add to the aquarium under treatment every 34 days (all the while monitoring ammonia levels).html 13/30 . Erythromycin Streptococcus. Further Reference Information: Aquarium Medications; Antibiotics. This said If this were true. but in my tests in my maintenance business they are VASTLY overrated. In a healthy Saltwater fish aquarium nitrates should be below 40 ppm. grids. See expanded information about Kanamycin: Aquarium Medications; Antibiotics.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. Other suggestions include PreFilters and live rock/live rock crumbles sump filters (in Marine Aquariums). Please see this article for further information about medications: “Aquarium Medications/Treatments” SUMMARY OF LEVELS; In healthy aquarium ammonia and nitrites should be at 0 ppm In a healthy freshwater aquarium Nitrates should be 1550 ppm (below 15 ppm is not healthy for planted freshwater aquariums). so using medications such as Kanamycin are much less likely to damage your aquariums bio filter bed when used properly. As noted earlier. treatment in a quarantine tank will avoid the above problem in the first place. See: SeaChem Matrix Bio Filtration during use of Medications in Aquariums: During the use of medications. They tend to accumulate hard water deposits and stop and even when they are working my tests have shown little difference in aquariums when they are removed as compared to Sponge filters or Fluidized Filters.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Filter. the majority of aquarium fish diseases are gram negative. but these are not sold for this aspect of filtration either). the use of facultative bio bacterial aids during treatment are strongly suggested. BioWheels are very popular. in particular gram positive antibiotics/antimicrobials your aquarium (or pond’s) important aerobic nitrifying filter bed may be damaged or outright destroyed. Eye Infections Although systemic treatment of a display aquarium is often necessary. why would Sponge Filters and Fluidized filters beat Bio Wheels in head to head tests that included response to increased waste? As well such "bio filters" cannot maintain anaerobic filtration necessary in marine reef aquariums (nor can Sponge or Fluidized either. As well. foam inserts. including water changes prior to each treatment. or Fluidized Filter. with one final “plant” of this seasoned filter media 2 days after the last treatment.americanaquariumproducts. However. In a healthy Marine Reef http://www. In this case I strongly recommend having several “seeded” (seasoned/aged) bio filters/media such as sponge filters. Kanamycin Sometimes it is necessary to treat with wide spectrum (mixed antibiotic treatments) or strong gram positive antibiotics such as Erythromycin for unknown problems or diseases such as Streptococcus or Eye Infections. Sponge Filter. Products such as SeaChem Stability should be added approximately 12 hours after each medication treatment/dosing to aid in maintaining your bio filter. when possible. Reference & Product Links: Bio Wheels; Review Hydro Sponge Aquarium Filter TMC V2 Premium Fluidized Sand Bed Aquarium Filter Filter Max Premium PreFilters Canister filters can also be good sources for nitrification as long as the proper media is used (such as ceramic rings OR BETTER volcanic rock or SeaChem Matrix) and the media is not packed too tight and is rinsed regularly. Finally. In other words. METHODS OF AQUARIUM CYCLING: “FISHLESS CYCLING” Many associate fishless cycling with the pure ammonia method. but I would recommend at least every other day for beginners (generally more advanced aquarists can recognize signs and perform cycling as a routine that requires less testing). To prevent this transfer of disease pathogens and parasites. so merely squeezing sponges or similar will NOT add many of these bacteria http://www. These tests include the more obvious ammonia/nitrite & nitrate. this is why it is my preferred method WHEN possible. It is also important to note with this method that you do not rinse filter media/gravel prior to addition to the new tank (especially not with tap water which can kill the nitrifying bacteria). Reference for further information: Aquarium Chemistry [1] Seasoned Filter Media: My preferred cycling method is to transfer filter media.html 14/30 . See product links: Nirox Ceramic biological media & Volcanic rock Biological Aquarium and Pond Filter Media The method of adding “aged” or "seasoned" media is much faster (you still have to take it slow. but not at as frequent of intervals) is important in my opinion and will help you note subtle changes. Sponges work well as Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria tend to cling to sponge media in high quantities and sponge media is easily transferred. I would like to note that testing your and keeping a journal of your water parameters during the cycling process (as well later on. but almost as important is the testing of KH/pH as carbonates are used up during the cycling process and this can result in pH drops that can seriously slow the growth of nitrifying bacteria. the only negative is adding disease pathogens to your aquarium. only use a media source where no new fish have been added in 30 days. I will note that method one (if done properly) rarely results in an ammonia and nitrite spike. although floss. It is important to NOT rinse so as retain some of the organics necessary to “feed” the bacteria. etc. the ammonia and nitrites have gone up then back down which can take from 10 to as long as 45 days depending on method tank size and temperature.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. however fishless cycling is ANY method that does not introduce fish immediately or until the aquarium has gone thru the nitrogen cycle. ceramic media. and provides all the necessary bacteria. It should also be noted that true Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria secrete a glue like substance (as noted elsewhere in this article) that allow the bacteria to cling to filter media/surfaces. volcanic rock.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates aquarium nitrates should be below 20 ppm (or even less. ALL water parameters are good. I do NOT recommend adding “starter” or cycling fish to start your nitrogen cycle for either freshwater or saltwater. especially while fish are not present. are also fine from an established aquarium and possibly along with some gravel.americanaquariumproducts. but this with this method some fish can and should be introduced immediately). and if possible has UV Sterilization (although not necessary). The frequency is a mater of preference/experience. but I have rarely encountered this problem. before I jump into different cycling methods. many reef keepers aim for less than 10 ppm). then introduce the fish SLOWLY after 37 days. this simply may not be possible for a new aquarium owner who has no friends to obtain aged filter media or if one does not trust a Fish Stores (or even a friend) aquarium health for obtaining aged/seasoned filter media. generally the nitrifying filter media will quickly colonize the rest of the tank. amount of bacterial seed. http://www. A product that does not necessarily help speed up the cycling process itself. I suggest adding a small amount of fish food to feed your growing bacterial colonies. [2] Ammonia Method; Another method is fishless cycling where unscented pure ammonia is poured into the aquarium. I should note that with the use of seasoned filter media. then you could only initially stock the new tank to 25% initially.html 15/30 . This method (added media) will give you more instant bio bacterial colonies and this is method that is used by far the most by the professional aquarium maintenance community (which needs faster more sure results for their clients). and/or water conditions are less than desirable these pathogens will be opportunistic and cause a disease in the fish. often this spike may take a several days depending on the amount of fish added as well as the bio load that the seasoned media has grown to handle. the fish are in poor health due to poor feeding and lack of proper minerals.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates to your aquarium. 4 liters). but the use of Prime. Also keep in mind that many pathogens such as pseudomonas are usually present in a healthy aquarium.americanaquariumproducts. I recommend this method even more with Marine tanks using seasoned (cured) live rock and/or live sand as well as filter media. and disease transfer was minimal. you will rarely see ammonia levels rise past .2 4. but when fish are stressed. If the seasoned filter only carried 25% of the bio load from the tank it was removed from.4 kg) CURED live rock per gallon (approx. but detoxifies the ammonia and nitrites during this process. Generally this is not too much of a concern. In Marine tanks I still prefer to added aged media (not essential. As an example of what happens (and this is NOT scientific. We used this method for our Aquarium Maintenance route for years and never lost a fish to Ammonia or nitrite poisoning. however this can vary due to temperature.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. I would recommend one of the next two methods. This seasoned Sponge filter for the sake of argument carried 50% of the bio load. I will also note that the 37 days seems a bit vague. For marine tanks the use of seasoned or “cured” live rock serve this purpose quite well. allowing for less stress on fish while leaving the ammonia/nitrites still bio available to nitrifying bacteria is Prime. so I would not be overly concerned about the exact timing as I have added fish as soon as 2 days and as long as over a week with no problems. In this case. and other factors. just an analogy): If say you added a sponge filter from a 20 gallon tank that is fully seeded to another 20 gallon tank that is brand new or restarted after bleaching. so waiting 68 weeks to add more fish is rarely necessary (at least I have never observed this in many trials using seasoned filter media). It should also be noted that when done properly. See product link: "SeaChem Prime" As a negative to the aged biofilter media. but still better) along with 12 lbs (2. in theory you could only stock this new tank to 50%. cutting back on feeding. If fish are not added before 37 days. Further seasoned media cycling method tips An ammonia spike is not uncommon with the use of seasoned media for there to be an ammonia spike when more fish are added.50 ppm in the aged media method. despite the internet popularity of the next two cycling methods. and definitely placing the addition of any other fish "on hold" until the nitrifying bacteria "catch up" with the new bio load are good practices. addition of any medications during the cycling process can and most often will interrupt correct establishment of a bio filter [3] Fish Food Method; Another method is the gradual addition of fish food to an otherwise empty aquarium (no fish). This unfortunately is NOT the case with the raw shrimp method (recommended by a few poorly researched sites). This is my preferred method when aged bio media is not available (not everyone has a friend or helpful local fish store to give them some aged media). Here are some pluses and minuses to this method; *This method does not add actual bacteria (and is not really any quicker than the method below: adding fish food to a fishless aquarium) and because human nature is to want to add fish sooner than the 36 weeks it takes for this method. As well the nitrites should also come down and stay down at 0.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Add 35 drops per gallon pure ammonia) so as to bring your ammonia level to 34 ppm. usually about 3). *It is still not as quick as my preferred method above (seeded media. 4 ppm is a typical fishless cycling target whether using the fish food method or ammonia.americanaquariumproducts. sand.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. The only risk of the fish food method is the possibility of Saprolegnia (mold) growing on rotting fish food which can become pathogenic to new fish that will be introduced later.html 16/30 . *As a positive. Then repeat this a few times. Continue to add ammonia into the aquarium until the ammonia level goes to zero within 812 hours after the ammonia is put in. *With both this and the dissolved fish food method. *The pure ammonia method also has a positive over the fish food method in that there is no risk of Saprolegnia (mold) introduction to the new aquarium (although the “raw shrimp method” is of vastly higher risk for this than the fish food method). however it is not without a few drawbacks. Higher (7 http://www. This method is growing in popularity. This can be a very effective means of cycling that is preferred by many experienced aquarists. This method takes about the same time as the pure ammonia method (26 weeks. This is easily avoided with a fish flake food by powdering it between fingers before introduction to the aquarium (shaking fish flake food in a cup of water can also accomplish this). please check your ammonia purchase by shaking the bottle at the store. it has detergents and should not be used. *This method is especially dangerous when used with live rock and/or sand that have already been added as the ammonia will kill me organisms that reside in live rock adding even more ammonia and pollution to your tank thus defeating the reason for this method. This risk is relatively small and basically nonexistent when you use an easily “liquefied” fish flake food. However. each time waiting for the ammonia level to get back to "safe" before. This process usually takes about 36 weeks for the aquarium to cycle (when your ammonia and nitrites have dropped to 0). live rock). this method is very safe when one considers the possibility of disease pathogen introduction from the aged media method (no matter how remote the risk). gravel. if patience can be observed. if it foams or bubbles. they die back and are consumed by each other. http://www. addition of any medications during the cycling process can and most often will interrupt correct establishment of a bio filter [4] Other fishless cycling methods; There are other methods of fishless cycling being recommended or used however one method being pushed on the internet by "cut & paste". but most in my experience/tests do not work well with the exception of SeaChem Stability. Even after the source of Saprolegnia growth is removed. the Fritz product is better since it is sold direct with better control of shelf life. *please note. and even dead feeder fish) and has reappeared on the internet even though it was debunked in the early 1990's! I do not recommend this method. Fritz #7 or #9.americanaquariumproducts. MicrobeLift Nite Out. The key for BioSpira and Fritz Turbo Start is proper care. Dr Tim's One & Only .html 17/30 . & possibly BioSpira. Please Reference for further information: Saprolegnia in Aquariums Another note/point is that even the fish food method (as noted earlier) can allow for Saprolegnia to get a foothold in an aquarium if food is simply dumped into an aquarium. not because it does not work for cycling. Saprolegnia is a mold (often called a fungus) that easily gets a foot hold in decaying nitrogenous matter such as raw shrimp and I have seen this many times in my experiments. #7 and #9.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. even after large water changes/vacuumings. and shipping to the end customer. A new tank is the worst time to have a Saprolegnia infection get started as this is when fish are often much less resistant to disease due to the stressor of a new tank environment. so make sure to liquefy fish food prior to addition to your aquarium when used for cycling. anecdotal websites and forums is the use of Raw Shrimp; however this is a recycled idea (which included the use of silversides. the bio load is always going to be in flux (higher or lower). As a final point. nitrifying bacteria double in population in 18 to 24 hours. In my opinion. this article has a section dealing with water changes and their affect on pathogens or similar: “Aquarium Disease Prevention; Section 1. that does not require refrigeration and has a much longer shelf life. When higher is needed. that with both this and the pure ammonia method. however some risk still remains as per my many tests of pathogens and as per the often misunderstood lifecycle of Saprolegnia.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates ppm) or lower (3 ppm) is also fine for healthy bacterial colony growth (based on mine and others in the maintenance communities experience). making this method not any better than the “Raw Shrimp or Silversides” method as its decay will also attract Saprolegnia (or heterotrophic bacteria). When less are needed. Properly cared for BioSpira (continuous refrigeration is a must. frozen shrimp. Regardless of fishless cycling method chosen. as well shelf life is still short) or the newer FritzZyme Turbo Start #700 (Freshwater)& #900 (saltwater) can be effective as these are live albeit very fragile Autotrophic bacteria. the secondary zoospores which are the primary mode of pathogenic transmission can remain. Fritz also has a less concentrated live nitrifying bacteria. I should note back when this method was making its “rounds” in popularity that it worked fine in many instances and with a 100% water change and vacuuming of gravel can reduce this risk even further. Cleanliness” [5] Cycling Products; There are many products for cycling available too. refrigeration. the shelf life is short and both must be stored between 34 F and 40 F. but because it may also allow a Saprolegnia infection to get started in your new aquarium (or at the very least; heterotrophic bacteria which is not a desirable nitirfying bacteria as discussed earlier). Also poor storage and shelf life undoubtedly play a role as well. Tetra Safe Start is another newer product. Tim's for reasons of business practices). anaerobic. this explains the often mixed results especially with BioSpira.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. Most other products are Heterotrophs. that makes many claims. but without any real proof to date (as well previous experience with most of their products over the last 3 decades leaves me with LITTLE trust of any product with a Tetra Label). These tests were not controlled though. possibly due to poor storage. and facultative bacteria. although I have not had this problem with Stability. and proper since storage and handling cannot often be well verified. To purchase. In the meantime the quick acting faculative bacteria temporarily act as the agents of nitrification. etc. Product Resource: FritzZyme #7 from AAP It is also noteworthy that many I know in the aquatic community such as others in aquarium maintenance profession as well as aquatic forums have not had all that good of results in tests with BioSpira. however facultative bacteria are NOT the primary bacteria of nitrification and are mostly Heterotrophs of which I discussed the differences earlier in the article. SeaChem claims this to be a synergistic blend of aerobic (including encapsulated oxygen Autotrophs). so use of this product for cycling is helpful. both with "lab developed" aquarium nitrifiers that can be stored at room temperature in sealed bottles (although I personally do NOT recommend Dr. especially in warm weather as well as the ease of forgetting to refrigerate once received. Dr Tim's One & Only & MicrobeLift Nite Out are similar. The Heterotrophic Bacteria within these products can aid in the decomposing of excess organic waste however they are basically useless for actually seeding an aquarium and this is a FACT. poor filtration. It should also be noted that many freshwater products generally cannot be used in saltwater or vice versa. (Cycle can also be used as an aid to organic breakdown while waiting for your aquarium Nitrogen Cycle to get started from other means when fish are present). Another product on the market by a VERY reputable company; SeaChem.americanaquariumproducts. etc. One major positive of these products over other products such as Stress Zyme or MicrobeLift that also employ Heterotrophs is that its synergistic blend does not "dump" these into the aquarium/pond thus taking over any true nitrifying Autotrophs that may be present. it should not be used as a crutch for adding fish too quickly. see: SeaChem Stability What SeaChem provides is an autotrophic nitrifying bacteria that would normally shut down and become dormant until oxygen and ammonia/nitrite again become available that normally takes considerable time to revive (they can last for years in this state). Reference: Bio Load in an Aquarium or Pond Another problem with many cycling products is due to the fact that aerobic nitrifying bacteria cling to media and gravel (this has been PROVEN scientifically) and do not work while suspended in water. thus it allows for establishment of your bio filter while it also takes care of immediate and slowly released nitrogenous wastes ('MicrobeLift Nite Out' is similar to Stability as it is primarily 'aerobic encapsulated oxygen' Autotrophs). That said. I know a few persons I trust that have used this product (I have not) with poor to fair results (though better results than Cycle or StressZyme). http://www.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Since shipping of the Turbo Start has its risks. I prefer the Fritz #7 (freshwater) & #9 (saltwater) even though less concentrated. is “Stability”. Liquid Cycle and StressZyme are just preserved bacteria (mostly Heterotrophs) that are more useful for over feeding or other bio over loads in an established aquarium (as aerobic bacteria needed for nitrification do not store well in liquid form at room temperature without oxygen). that revive relatively quickly. so these are more of an observation. which cannot truly cycle an aquarium and are at best useful for spikes in bio loadsof established aquariums. Honestly in my tests Cycle or Stress Zyme are really only useful to aid in breakdown of excess wastes from over feeding.html 18/30 . Within 24 hours. and I would have probably gotten it if the store had not been out of it. it is best to add these products only when “food” in the form of raw ammonia or fish waste is present; so my recommendation is to wait a day or two after adding fish or to add pure ammonia immediately prior to these products. the fish guys told me to use heavy duty doses of Cycle to clear up the ammonia. had results with a controlled test where Stability beat even FritzZyme in results. [6] Marine Aquariums; Seasoned Live Rock is an excellent way to jump start your marine tank nitrogen cycle. http://www. & "Dr Tim's One & Only" are the best nonrefrigerated aquarium/pond cycling products available. i found lots of recommendations for BioSpira. Within 36 hours the ammonia level had dropped to almost normal.americanaquariumproducts. along with POSSIBLY "MicrobeLift Nite Out". and I hadn't even fed the fish! Exasperated.ucmp. 80% of the cloudiness was gone. These products should not be used on a regular basis. I went online to find a solution. but this is where a SCIENCE BASED EXPERIMENT TRUMPS OBSERVATION EVERY TIME! Here is a link to this study. Quote from a fish forum about the use of Stability.berkeley. Cycle.edu/bacteria/bacterialh.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. In fact.html 19/30 . I took it home and added it to my quickly clouding water. and I would recommend Stability to everyone! Maire S *Note; With any cycling product (especially the more proven products such as Fritz Turbo Start and Stability). the ammonia level had climbed two colors on the chart. and it never stabilized. the ammonia had risen to well past the 8. By seasoned I mean live rock that has been in a healthy established marine/saltwater aquarium at least 6 weeks.html. There was only one bottle of Stability. Stability. Be careful of buying socalled live rock for a new aquarium that just arrived at your local retailer or online. However I still have to question all these products when it comes to storage claims. as I noted earlier. I started a 45 liter Eclipse tank just after Christmas. StressZyme I can't say enough about Seachem's Stability.0 ppm on the test card. after 7 weeks. something even I did not expect. I waited a week to put the fish back in. HOWEVER. PLEASE reference this article for more information to back up what I am saying: http://www. These are again only Heterotrophs (due to the drying process) and these products are best used during times of bio stress or for "sludge clean up" (often followed by a water change). More bluntly. SeaChem If any nonrefrigerated cycling product is to be used in an aquarium. (ditto with the StressZyme) this Stability came along and fixed what no one else seemed to be able to! I am one happy camper. and more preferably 8 plus weeks. please note that the data records are very well documented and there is no fudging of data as well as is so common today's politically and corporately driven science! Experiment 1 Cycle Aids: Fritz vs. a new study that AAP has sponsored. It is a miracle worker. otherwise natural healthy nitrifying bacteria will be 'out competed'.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates My recommendation in the past as it pertains to Stability & the other similar products is to use it as an aid in cycling of new aquariums or (better) as a boost when the bio load of an aquarium suddenly “jumps’ for whatever reason. but two weeks later with no change. The guys at the local fish store couldn't believe anything was still alive in there. as there are often variables such as heat that are beyond the control of the manufacturer and distribution methods. and within 24 hours. Stability would be the first choice I would recommend for an aquarium that already has fish and is encountering cycling problems (whether an established aquarium that had a spike in bio load for whatever reason or a newer tank that had a set back for whatever reason). resulting in an unstable aquarium or pond nitrogen cycle. I decided to scrap the whole setup and start over. I couldn't believe my eyes! After using a half a bottle of Cycle over 2 weeks to no avail. NOT a primary way to cycle your aquarium. * "Dry" Cycling Products; there are many powered cycling products such as API Pond Zyme and the aquarium "EcoBioBlock". in fact in a heavily planted aquarium. although I have also had good results with this method combined with the fish food method (do not combine with the pure ammonia method). Product Resource: Seio Reliable High Performance Propeller Aquarium Pump I would point out that live sand does not add nitrifying bacteria in significant amounts to help jump start your nitrogen cycle nearly as well as live rock due to the fact of oxygen depth penetration. I usually do not add all the plants I desire until the aquarium is fully cycled (regardless of method used).americanaquariumproducts. which allows for a quicker addition of fish to your aquarium. I personally like to see at least some bacteria establish it self before a full load of plants are added (but there are others with have no problem with such a method). but only to state that the primary objective for this is for anaerobic bacteria which results in Nitrate control (not ammonia/nitrites). & Nitrococcus nitrifying bacteria in the outer areas where oxygenated water circulation can reach these bacteria. *Also the use of “live saltwater” is NOT based in any real scientific evidence since nitrifying bacteria secrete glue like substance to adhere to substances such as live rock and are generally not found in real quantity in the water column. This includes light failures. The plants will help carry the waste load vs.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates This live rock should likely also have some “food” for the nitrifying bacteria as well as healthy colonies of Nitrosococcus. *Effect of plants on Aquarium Cycling: As mentioned earlier. (He had 2 tanks both fishless cycled from http://www. Nitrospira. It is important to keep good circulation around your live rock with a power head or propeller pump once introduced into your new aquarium. an aquarium without plants. far from it. Having plants in the beginning does help keep the dangers of ammonia (NH3) or Nitrites (NO2) from building to toxic levels. many plants such as Hornwort also remove nitrogenous waste. even if in another aquarium that can be moved over is important. Also it should be noted that these high priced bags of live sand commonly sold primarily contain Heterotrophic Bacteria which are NOT the primary bacteria of nitrification. thus neutralizing any bacteria based bio filter. This is a point that is often missed due to inaccurate information that is still disseminated about lowering bacteria in the water column or in the gravel by performing water changes since aerobic Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria secrete a glue like substance (please see the section near the beginning of this article: “Biofiltration”). whether fishless or with methods such as “seasoned filter media” that allow for fish to be present. which is usually 23 weeks. *Finally I will note as to different cycling methods; I have used these different methods in my Aquarium maintenance and research business in controlled tests and still found that the added media/sand/gravel/seasoned live rock method works fastest and with the best results. What heavily planted aquarium keepers should be aware of is that if the plants suddenly shut down their photosynthesis and all nutrient uptake. True nitrifying Autotrophic Bacteria will NOT live long (or go uselessly dormant) in a sealed bag so the best you will get out of these prepackaged live sand bags is some denitrifying anaerobic bacteria which in my opinion is not worth the price and one is better off just buying dry #00 oolite sand for much less. Cycling Summary: Water changes are helpful during cycling. medication or certain medication combinations.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. The AAP Hydro Sponge Filters are excellent for such a use.html 20/30 . having a seeded bio filter. This is not to advocate against a deep sand bed. For this reason. this can result in sudden ammonia spikes. it is quite common for the plants to remove all nitrogenous compounds before bacteria can act upon these. or any other factor that neutralizes plant bio functioning. A test noted by a member of Everything Aquatic (unconfirmed) showed that a tank that had small water changes performed cycled faster by one day. Please also note that whatever method you choose to cycle your aquarium from aged media.americanaquariumproducts. or Bio Spira; that if your fish are exposed to high ammonia and nitrites for any prolonged period (over 24 hours in my opinion). This should be true for any cycling method and these water changes should be perform immediately before the introduction of any cycling product. fish food puree. using ammonia drops same dose in both tanks. not facts): 4. power failures. WHAT TO DO FOR HIGH AMMONIA OR NITRITES (when Fish are already present): Steps to temporarily improve high ammonia problems (emergency ammonia poisoning procedures) Followed by steps for a more permanent solution * Change anywhere from 20% 50% water every other day (or even every day in severe cases) until you at least reach an ammonia or nitrite level of 1 ppm or less (0 is what you want eventually). Another important point as to the use of cycling products. which is another reason that either adding generous amounts of “seasoned” filter media while fish are present or simply waiting until the tank/pond is cycled is best for the health of fish that may be subjected to high ammonia/nitrites. whether it be Cycle or the overly touted Bio Spira; often aquarists (even so called experts. ammonia. etc. the Heterotrophic Bacteria contained in Cycle will decompose some of the organics. This can also even be said about Bio Spira as it is highly possible for the Autotrophic bacteria to die off (or go uselessly dormant) leaving the Heterotrophic bacteria behind (the Heterotrophic bacteria survive much longer in a sealed container) giving the casual observer the impression that the product is performing an action it is not. this would be a wrong assumption! Here is my explanation. and I have to admit to being guilty to this at times myself). extended. etc. An explanation of these results is probably due to the fact that water changes can improve oxygen levels while removing organic waste decomposition. The use of Prime or Amquel Plus immediately after each water change is strongly suggested. just do not depend on them for cycling. but this is not actually “seeding” your aquarium because as soon as you cease using this product your ammonia will go right up due to the lack of Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Let me give an example; If you added fish to a non cycled aquarium.0 ppm ammonia. thus lowering initial ammonia output. seasoned media. One tank he left alone other than dosing ammonia.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates scratch. I might also make the point that by either employing fishless cycling or aged filter media. followed by a 50% water change.).html 21/30 . these fish can and will suffer permanent gill damage that will cause future problems with disease resistance and even overall aquarium health as these fish may become a starting point for opportunistic infections. Here are a few suggested water change amounts based on ammonia reading (please note these are suggestions.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. will base an opinion on whether a product or method is effective or is not effective on noncontrolled observations. this should never come down to the use of such products (unless your bio filter has been disrupted by the use of gram positive medications. but these products do not actually cycle your aquarium either! Of course my example also shows where these products can be useful as well. both of which help Autotrophic Bacteria out compete Heterotrophic Bacteria. you are still at 1. the other he maintained lower ammonia levels with water changes). Even the use of products such as Prime or Amquel Plus (which I highly recommend) will give a similar impression by limiting the toxic side effects of ammonia/nitrite while being used.0 or higher; up to 50% per day http://www. Also keep in mind that for example 2. pure ammonia. then started adding Cycle to this aquarium and noticed improved fish survival and lower ammonia/nitrites you might assume that this product is cycling your aquarium.0 ppm (which is why the Prime/Amquel + suggestion). detoxifies ammonia & nitrite) or Amquel Plus or to a lesser extent many other older generation Ammonia/Nitrite detoxifiers such Ammo Lock. and additional small water changes is generally what is called for with ammonia levels under . Since most test kits will still show the ammonia/nitrites at the SAME level as before the addition of Prime/Amquel +. Here is more information about Prime: "The detoxification of nitrite and nitrate by Prime (when used at elevated levels) is not well understood from a mechanistic standpoint. See Product Link: SeaChem Ammonia Alert; Tests ONLY toxic ammonia NH3 Prime or Amquel Plus will keep the ammonium safely "bound" even if the pH climbs (which would otherwise convert NH4 to NH3).e.0 2. it is bound and held in an inert state until such time that bacteria in the biological filter are able to take a hold of it.50 ppm should not be taken; rather increased monitoring. The most likely explanation is that the nitrite and nitrate is removed in a manner similar to the way ammonia is removed; i.25 to .5 will convert much of your aquarium ammonia to non toxic NH4 all the while slowing the nitrogen cycle and thus natural removal of ammonia. or during treatments.0; up to 50% every other day or 25% 50% per day 1. Simply make sure your buffering is where it should be. Major actions to correct ammonia levels under . especially with higher bio loads. but to say large water changes in tanks with poor buffering. So a sudden large water change that changes the pH. I have performed MANY tests over the years that showed conclusively that ammonia spikes would occur as soon as 1 day after a 100% water change.americanaquariumproducts. See: SeaChem Support AND "Aquarium Answers: Aquatic Water Conditioners" for more information.0; 25% every other day under 1. A pH under 6. even with small Betta bowls. Two other possible scenarios are reduction to nitrogen (N2) gas or conversion into a benign organic nitrogen compound". use of Prime or Amquel Plus.50 ppm) HOWEVER.0 4. or Amquel. Please Read this article for more: Aquarium Cleaning; Methods (Bowls) Be aware that if your aquarium has copious amounts of decomposition in the absence of correct KH Buffers likely will result in a low pH. high organic pH reducing organics. Reference: Aquarium Chemistry; KH Buffering * Use SeaChem Prime (removes chlorine/chloramines. This is not to say that water changes are bad. These products do not remove ammonia they change the ammonia from highly toxic NH3 to less toxic Ammonium (NH4). break it apart and use it. use Prime (or similar products).0; 1020% every other day (Please note that ammonia levels fluctuating from . most ammonia locking products (such as Ammo Lock) do just this and do not allow for the bio availability of ammonia to nitrifying bacteria and therefore continued use can cause cessation of the nitrogen cycle. The ammonium is still available for nitrifying bacteria to consume and therefore Prime will not interrupt the growth of healthy biobacterial colonies as the ionized ammonia and nitrites are still available for nitrifying bacteria. can result in more toxic NH3 ammonia. use water changes of no more than 50%. Please note the ammonia will still test after using these products as most test kits do not differentiate between ammonia and ammonium (ionized ammonia). http://www. with the exception being the SeaChem Ammonia Alert Test.html 22/30 . rest assured this is in a nontoxic ionized form that is still bio available to Nitrobacteraceae bacteria that are forming in your filter media/gravel.50 are quite common.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates 2.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. and use SeaChem Stability when ammonia is high and necessitating water changes. However I should note that with the exception of Prime or Amquel Plus. make sure that 100% water changes are NOT performed. with a crippled nitrogen cycle can initially cause more harm than good. Unless an Under Gravel filter is used. especially higher ppm. Matrix. Steps for a long term solution to lower ammonia levels * Add "seasoned" by bio media such as sponge or filter fiber from another healthy tank to kick start your bio filtration. Salt can be combined with Prime or Amquel Plus. * Increase pH slowly and more importantly KH. etc and transfer this in as high amounts as possible to avoid an aquarium recycle. High porosity bio media * Consider zeolite in the filters to absorb some of the ammonia (FRESHWATER ONLY!).html 23/30 . If at all possible. sometimes unbeknownst to the fish keeper who is losing their valuable stock. especially if large amounts of seasoned bio filter media from other tanks are added (6 weeks plus in age is best). substrate is often a poor means of beneficial bacteria transfer Best is to at most mildly rinse in dechlorinated water a high capacity bio filter media such as AAP Hydro Sponge Filters. growth and health. Please see this article: Quality Fish Food; what ingredients are needed for proper fish nutrition. This is often a problem with keepers of Discus and German Rams.americanaquariumproducts. However long term spikes. To expand on this point; ammonia has nitrogen in it (hence the "N" in NH3) and so do ALL proteins (where as carbohydrates/fats do not). Also beware as per sponge filters that the majority now sold are Chinese knock offs (example Deep Blue Sponge Filters) that have only 1/5 the bio capacity. this can do MUCH at lowering your ammonia/nitrites. For more about proper fish food ingredients. Biological and mechanical filter media & SeaChem Matrix. so feeding fish foods high in proteins or indigestible proteins during an episode of high ammonia can be a MAJOR factor in high ammonia levels. and especially SeaChem Matrix See product links: Volcanic Rock. Live Rock (or LR crumbles). Do not be too alarmed with temporary spikes of 1 ppm or less. FSB Filters. for ammonia. Product Resource: AmmoChips Zeolite * Use of chemical absorbents such as SeaChem Purigen placed in a filter or other high flow areas (even placed in a bag at the base of a sponge filter). unlike competing products. so do not count on these if used for bio transfer.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. as a pH below 7. * Add salt (NaCl); this is a popular method for "nitrite poisoning" and should be added at 1 tablespoon per 5 gallons to 1 teaspoon per gallon depending upon fish sensitivities. Ceramic Bio Media. which are mostly un digestible by fish and add to your ammonia. http://www.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates * Add a cycling aid. See product link: Kordon Methylene Blue.0 slows the growth of nitrifying bacteria (as stated earlier in this article). or volcanic rock from a canister filter. the bacteria employed by Stability are nonsulfur fixing and will not produce toxic hydrogen sulfide. the use of Methylene Blue in 30 minute baths is very effective and also counters the effects of methemoglobin in the blood by increasing the hemoglobin oxygen carrying abilities. * Add filter media with high abilities to maintain nitrifying bacteria such as Volcanic Rock. such as SeaChem Stability which interferes the least with establishment of a healthy bio filter in your substrate or filters as it provides both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic bacteria as well. Product Resource: SeaChem Purigen * Cut back on feeding and do not use fish foods high in nonaquatic proteins. * For high ammonia or nitrite exposure (common in fish shipped from long distances). however from my experience the salt method is not nearly as effective as Prime when used by itself and can cause stress to certain fish such as Clown Loaches. may mean the transfer/move was not conducted properly. nitrite poisoning * It is also common for ammonia and/or nitrite spikes after moving or transferring an aquarium. The addition of salt will prevent methemoglobin that forms in the blood due to nitrite exposure from building up. please follow the links at the end for more complete information. these products WILL remove nutrients from the water column necessary for a your true Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria to establish themselves.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. but with many invertebrates. although be careful http://www. Product link: ATI Premium Aquarium. Pond Sponge Filter For even better aerobic bio filtration. In fact a Sponge filter (a larger model) would even be a good addition to a larger aquarium that has a large bio load but is lacking in bio filtration. decomposing organic debris will tend to build up under the filter plate. as many buy poorly designed under gravel filters with small carbon (& sometimes a few grains of zeolite added) under the mistaken belief these can remove much ammonia/nitrites. it is a point many unfortunately miss (often due to being sold inadequate filters). high nitrates over 50 ppm can stunt fish growth and lead to health issues if fish are exposed to high nitrates for an extended time in freshwater. Better would be a Sponge Filter. WHAT TO DO FOR HIGH NITRATES: Although not generally toxic. or "Stress Zyme" are not good choices for "kick starting" your aquarium or pond nitrogen cycle (in other words used as a biological cycling product). This is a much more common problem with bowl/small aquarium filters. a canister filter. The negative of using many of these types of products during this time. or additional filters. otherwise I would not use them). for further information about the high aerobic bio filtration abilities of sponge filters. but "mulm" that will decompose and enter the nitrogen cycle and eventually become nitrates. Reference: Aquarium Filtration; Fluidized Sand Bed Filters Review The bottom line.americanaquariumproducts.html 24/30 . Make sure to vacuum around and under ornaments as well. This can be a particular problem with Under Gravel Filters (UGF). regardless of tank size. Reference; Sponge Filtration. Perform a water change using a gravel vacuum to remove not just dirty water. thus delaying the cycling processes. from my many years of aquarium maintenance as well as answering questions in emails and forums. Please note that these suggestions/points are NOT an exhaustive list. Even without UGF. I strongly suggest Fluidized Sand Bed Filterswhich have superior bio filtration to the popular Eheim 2080 or the Fluval FX5 filters. which in controlled tests are very inadequate. * Although as explained earlier that products such as "Cycle". increasing bio filtration is often a must for long term ammonia removal. The best choice here would be SeaChem Stability as it seems to do the best job for the amount used and has the least interference on replacing true Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria. is that unlike Prime or Amquel Plus.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates * Increase BioFiltration; While this may seem obvious to many. especially coral and cephalopods. whether it be a sponge filter. In saltwater the same holds true for fish. nitrates above 20 ppm can be deadly (phosphates are also a problem with many reef inhabitants). poor vacuuming procedures (or none at all) can contribute to high to high nitrates. SeaChem Prime as well as Amquel Plus will neutralize the Nitrate but is not a long term solution to high nitrate problems. they DO contain Heterotrophic Bacteria than can at least consume some of the organic waster while your nitrogen cycle is still in the process of establishing itself or reestablishing itself if the bio filter has been interrupted by gram positive medications (assuming fish are present. For these filters I recommend occasionally removing the lift tubes and placing a siphon into the opening and removing as much organic debris (mulm) as possible. but replacing the entire filter with a canister filter filled with Matrix. I have found some more pricey skimmers have also performed poorly such as the Remora as per tests. ceramic media. especially with the popularity of the highly over rated EShoppes Wet Dry Filter. See Product link: Eheim Sludge & Detritus Extractor Battery Gravel Vacuum Proper filtration and maintenance; Make sure and regularly rinse in dechlorinated or used aquarium water (never tap water) your bio filter media. it is just important to not ignore properly cleaning these filters even though their large capacity makes it very easy to do. which include in my experience (AND tests) to be; Canister Filters. Personally I have used many a "low end" Protein Skimmer and find many over rated considering the constant adjustments required and rate of refraction compared to water volume. This is not to say these filters are bad. A Refugium uses plants in a sump with strong lighting to remove nutrients including nitrates. Add aquatic plants to freshwater especially hornwort.americanaquariumproducts. volcanic rock. This is especially important with filters that tend to become "nitrate factories". The Eheim Sludge Remover Vacuum is also a helpful tool for aquariums under 75 gallons to remove decomposing organics between water changes. SeaChem Matrix & Live Rock crumbles/scrap are capable of containing these bacteria necessary deep inside their pores (as is volcanic rock. Saltwater Caulerpa Algae (which looks like a plant performs nitrate removal reasonably well). As well as sponge filters. See product links: *Volcanic Rock Filter Media *Matrix; with macropores to support denitrifying bacteria The reason behind this is that bio balls although excellent for aerobic nitrification only contain bacteria on the outer surfaces and thus are NOT capable of sustaining anaerobic denitrifying bacteria necessary for nitrate removal as these bacteria live on surfaces where little oxygen penetrates. Volcanic Rock or similar then running a Fluidized Filter such as the TMC #1000 FSB filter did in fact solve the nitrate issues (along with balancing bio loads). Unfortunately of late. Even changing out the bio balls often does not fully solving the problem. wet/dry filters have made a resurgence in popularity.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. they are by nature nitrate factories and my tests have proven this over and over during my years of aquarium maintenance. Please reference: Aquarium Protein Skimmer Review; Remora http://www. I will however add that for reef or planted freshwater aquariums I do not recommend the aforementioned filters unless one substitutes live rock crumbles. or SeaChem Matrix for bio balls and ceramic media.html 25/30 .2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates around live plant roots. The facts are these filter might be excellent at nitrifcation. although not quite to the same level). or any other media that is not changed in the filter. Protein skimmers remove nitrates before they enter the nitrogen cycle via foam refraction (a similar idea to vacuuming the "mulm"). For saltwater some green algae will perform this task as well (this is why I do not remove all my green algae in the marine aquariums I maintain). and Emperor Filters. WetDry filters. Another example of a filter I have changed out with notable improvements would be by removing an Emperor 400 and replacing it with a combination Sponge filter or Fluidized Filter System. As well. I have seen nitrates in freshwater go down by simply changing filter systems (the over all health of the aquarium improved as well). This includes bio rings and balls commonly found in wet dry filters and canister filters. For saltwater aquariums consider a Refugium or a Protein Skimmer. Please see this link for a DIY Deep Sand Bucket/Tank picture and more information about this idea: "DIY Deep Sand Bucket" The use of premium "over the counter" waste digesters or cycling aids (such as SeaChem Stability) which contain heterotrophic bacteria for waste digestion and nitrate removal (these products should be used as an aid and not depended upon for a long term solution to nitrate and organic decay problems). See these product links: *TMC V2 O3Zone Ozonizer *TMC V2 Skim Professional Skimmer A very effective compliment to a Protein Skimmer in Marine Reef Aquariums (& in some planted freshwater aquariums) is NPX Bioplastics Media. a DSB (Deep Sand Bed) in a bucket works well. A flow rate of 150200 gph. clean sand in a 5 gallon bucket; Oolitic sugar fine aragonite works best in my opinion. This is a very effective method (similar to Mud Filters) that can bring Nitrates down to near 0. to slightly less toxic nitrites.americanaquariumproducts.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates However this is not to say a protein skimmer does not work.com/Nitrogen_Cycle.html 26/30 . Please see these excellent articles for more about nitrates and nitrate removal: "Aquarium Answers; Nitrates" "Hydrogen Sulfide production in anaerobic DeNitrification for Aquarium/Pond Nitrate Removal" FREQUENTLY ASKED NITROGEN CYCLE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS: What is the Nitrogen Cycle? The nitrogen cycle is the process by which organic protein based wastes are converted from toxic ammonia. so purchasing a true quality unit is worth the investment such as the V2 Skim Professional Skimmer along with the purchase of a Ozone Generator to further improve the effectiveness of your protein skimmer. to relatively nontoxic nitrates. just enough flow over the sand to keep solids in suspension. I recommend prefiltering the water first to prevent detritus build up. these are useful tools in marine aquariums for nitrate control. * Besides the Refugium. In some aquarium or pond systems nitrates are converted to free nitrogen or consumed by plants or algae or removed by chemical/organic absorbents/resins such as SeaChem Purigen. This product has been proven to be VERY effective for Nitrate and Phosphate reduction when used in a Fluidized Filter or Reactor. See product link: SeaChem Purigen; controls nitrates by removing nitrogenous organic waste http://www. and I just do not recommend "throwing all your eggs in one basket" with these devices. See these product links: *NPX Bioplastics Nitrate & Phosphate Reducing Polymer Media *Fluidized Sand Bed Aquarium Filter A Mud Filter or Mud Filter/Refugium combination works well too. Also keep in mind that not all Protein Skimmers are created equal. Drill a bulkhead about an inch or two higher than the top of the substrate for the water to flow out from back into your tank/sump. Put 8" to 12" of fresh. *Second Stage; this is when ammonia/ammonium is converted into slightly less nitrites (readings should be still under .05 ppm are generally not an issue and often .2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates What are Organic Protein Based Wastes? Organic Protein Based Wastes are substances/molecules that contain nitrogen; this includes Urea. and decomposing fish or plant material (fish would have more more proteins than plants. and patience is still important. you will want to monitor your water parameters. anaerobic. at 6. uneaten fish food. especially when cycling a new tank. Feces. your aquarium has cycled. Bio Spira or FritzZyme Turbo Start are refrigerated live bacteria products that assuming 100% proper refrigeration can be helpful as a cycling aid or emergency ammonia/nitrite spike treatment.0 basically all nitrification ceases! Further resource information: Aquarium Chemistry; carbonate hardness Will adding any aquarium cycling aids help or hinder the cycling of the aquarium? Most aids such as "Cycle" and "StressZyme" are primarily Heterotrophic which do not at aid in establishing true Autotrophic Nitrobacteraceaein an aquarium and thus would hinder the establishment of a healthy nitrogen cycle. as the process of cycling will use carbonates and without adequate carbonates (KH) your pH can crash which will slow the establishment of nitrifying bacteria as nitrifying bacteria. Doing so will help you determine when your aquarium has cycled. thus having more nitrogen fueling higher ammonia. food or any organics (even small amounts of air born organics) are introduced to the aquarium. and temperature. and eventually nitrates). These organics are broken down into either ionized (NH3) or unionized ammonia (NH4). no cycling aid such as the above should be fully depended upon for establishing your nitrogen cycle; as low initial bio loads.05) *Final Stage; this is the conversion via denitrification of nitrites to relatively harmless nitrates (reef aquariums should have nitrates under . depending on the cycling method. See Product link: SeaChem Stability With the above said. HOWEVER sometimes a stop gap use of these products that may delay your cycling are necessary to prevent fish deaths.americanaquariumproducts. Better is the use of products such as SeaChem Stability which have a synergistic blend of aerobic. time.05. and facultative bacteria that is much less likely to hinder your aquariums cycling.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. This can take anywhere from 10 to 45 days. tank size. How do I know when my Aquarium has cycled? When you are cycling your aquarium.html 27/30 . nitrites.0% ppm will appear even in healthy aquariums in the ebb and flow of the nitrogen cycle. As per the Nitrification section. plants. What are the stages of the Nitrogen Cycle? *Initial stage; This starts when fish. Typically. Any amount of NH3 is toxic. while planted freshwater aquariums should maintain higher nitrates for plants) How does aquarium chemistry affect the nitrogen cycle? *Maintain carbonate hardness (KH). however amounts under . and come back down. As well the use of common Heterotrophic products should never be used for the purpose of establishing an aquariums nitrogen cycle. Can aquatic plants survive in water with high ammonia or nitrites? http://www. when your Ammonia and nitrites have gone up. How should I clean my filters and change water to maintain a healthy Nitrogen Cycle? *Rinse filter media in used tank water or dechlorinated tap water so as to not kill nitrifying bacteria. ammonia. *Do NOT wash gravel or totally change water. printed for easy reading Computer. these same plants can inhibit the establishment of beneficial nitrifying bacteria in a new tank by removing ammonia/nitrites prior to the establishment of these bacteria.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. Can I safely reuse substrate or bio media from an older "stored" aquarium? As long as the gravel was stored in an area where no chemicals or fumes came in contact. These can also be stored and reused.americanaquariumproducts. I have not established any minimum "hard numbers" where by some plants may be killed by ammonia or nitrites nor find any real research other than observations similar to my own. What is important is to rinse well with clean water before reusing. & nitrates. Bio Balls. Ditto for an older used sponge filter or any other bio filter media such as Ceramic Bio Rings. In a HOB filter with a cartridge. However no "number" has been established whereby you might burn your plants from high ammonia or nitrite levels. and to avoid delicate plants in an uncycled aquarium. *Do NOT vacuum all ‘dead’ spots under live rock in the live sand of a “Marine Tank ONLY”. *Rotate filter media changes so as to always have older media with bacterial colonies. etc. Even then try and vacuum only the top layer in open areas of live sand in marine tanks.html 28/30 . again this will destroy or hamper establishment of bio bacterial colonies. *Add dechlorinators when changing water over 10%.99 usd This can be saved to your iBooks. In fact some plants such as Hornwort can actually help remove nitrites.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates Generally speaking yes. So my advice would be do all you can to keep these numbers low with plants as well as fish. Also be aware that while plants such as Hornwort are a good tool for keeping low ammonia & nitrite levels. with only occasional “dips” into deeper sand (the use of a ½ inch layer of #3 crushed coral makes this process easier and quite bluntly makes for better aerobic and anaerobic filtrations and as well trapping of detritus). The general consensus is that many plants can utilize NH3 or NH4 (ammonia/ammonium) and thus can then lower nitrites and nitrates to. Please understand this fee covers the time to format and our fees to Adobe to generate this PDF article PLEASE NOTE; You MUST click on "Return to American Aquarium Products" at the end of the transaction to be redirected to your download/ebook If for whatever reason you fail to be redirected please email us for an attachment copy of your purchase; info@americanaquariumproducts http://www. (This can destroy anaerobic bacterial colonies in Marine Tanks needed for denitrification). computer. but this can depend upon the level and the plant in question. place a second cartridge in 710 days before changing the old one of install a sponge prefilter on your HOB filter such as a FilterMax PreFilter Please click on the "Buy Now" Button below for a pdf format downloadable ebook (33 pages) of this article as of 2/24/14 for $3. this gravel will be no different than new gravel "out of the bag". etc. americanaquariumproducts.com.com/Nitrogen_Cycle. Sorry Nanoreef. http://www. However It is noteworthy that this article actually used our information. Utilization of Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Bacteria in Aquaculture 7. despite the fact this website actually uses part of our content as their own without citing us. Hovanec 4.edu/~narten/faq/cycling.edu For more aquarium information and articles (pond too). as we well know the sting of plagiarism from written content to picture content. Nitrogen is an element vital to all life processes on Earth We list this as a resource only due to the fact Google gives higher authority to websites such as this. as the publish date of this website is 2008 while our article was published on the Internet in 2005.usda. Reference: Wikipedia; Academia. please consider a donation to help with the 100s of hours of research and regular updates that go into these articles: | Nitrateremoval | | Basic_Aquarium_Principles | Basic_Saltwater | Aquarium_Disease | Aquarium_Lighting | Goldfish_disease | Aquarium_cleaning | Nitrogen_Cycle | Redox_Potential | ClearPond | Aquarium_Filtration | Aquarium_Medication | Aquarium UV Sterilization | Vibrio_Aeromonas | Aquarium_Ich | Columnaris | AquariumKH | sponge_filtration | Aquarium Plants | Quality_Fish_Food | Oodinium | http://www. please visit this site: If you have found this site helpful (or the sister site Aquarium and Pond Answers).html 29/30 .gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/bacteria.2/18/2017 Aquarium Nitrogen Cycle | Cycling Methods | Ammonia & Nitrates FURTHER REFERENCES: 1.html 5.duke.cs. Removal of Nitrogenous Waste Products from Water 3..html 6. http://soils. Chemolithoautotrophic NitriteOxidizing Bacterium Nitrobacter 2. NitrospiraLike Bacteria Associated with Nitrite Oxidation in Freshwater Aquaria; by Timothy A. this is our original content and any content we do use from others IS cited in our references.