APES Review Packet2016 Developed by David Hong TAFT APES Experienced Teacher Workshop July 2016 # 1 - 16 Doug Errett 1.Use the axes to the right for the following: a. Draw and label a line that represents linear growth. b. Draw and label a line that represents exponential growth. CHINA USA INDIA INDONESIA 3.Define the term ecological footprint, what types of countries have low and high ecological footprints? a. The amount of productive land and resources needed to supply a population with the renewable resources it uses and dispose of the waste it generates. i. A measure of the avg environmental impact of a population The Rule of 70 is a quick way to calculate the doubling time of a population if you know the annual percentage growth rate. It is calculated by dividing 70 by the annual growth rate: DT = 70/G Where: DT = Doubling time (yrs) r = growth rate (% per year) For example, if the population growth rate is 1.5%, the doubling time will be: DT = 70/1.5 = 46.7 years Similarly, you can calculate the percentage growth rate of a population of you know the doubling time: r = 70/DT A quick YouTube vid on the Rule of 70 Using the “Rule of 70” from the previous example: G = 2% DT = 70/2 = 35 years Answer = Year 2047 @ 100,000 Year 2082 @ 200,000 Using the “Rule of 70” from the previous example: DT = 20 years G = 70/20 = 3.5 % 7.Identify three examples of renewable resources and three examples of nonrenewable resources. Renewable: 8. Forestry/Lumber 9. Wind power 10.Solar energy Nonrenewable: 11.Coal 12.Petroleum 13.Mineral resources (metals) An estimate of the avg number of children to which women in a population will give birth during her childbearing years The avg # of children a couple must bear to replace themselves (normally just above 2) The number of infants born (out of 1,000 total) that die during their first year Annual live births per 1,000 people in a population Annual deaths per 1,000 people in a population 9.Describe the circumstances that will result in a Tragedy of the Commons. 10.Describe an example of a Tragedy of the Commons. r = (Total incoming - Total Outgoing) ÷ 1000 Incoming = 45 + (1000 * 0.01) = 55 Outgoing = 20 + (1000* 0.005) = 25 r = (55 - 25) ÷ 1000 = 3% 13. Describe an example of a positive feedback loop. ● Global climate change has lead to a decrease in average polar ice cap extent, which has exposed more ocean water. This has led to a both a decrease in albedo (reflectivity) of incoming sunlight and an increase in heat absorption by the oceans, both of which will contribute to continued loss of polar ice, and the cycle accelerates. 14.Use the axes below to draw and label lines representing the birth rate, death rate and total population size during the idealized demographic transition of a country. Include, written directly onto the graph, the names of each phase and TWO explanations for each change in the birth rate and death rate for each phase. 15.On the axes below, draw and completely label four age-structure diagrams (pop pyramids) that represent slow growth, rapid growth, negative growth, & zero population growth (include labels on the x- and y-axes) 16.Describe an example of a negative feedback loop. a. Warmer average global temperature lead to greater evaporation of surface water. This could in turn lead to increased cloud formation, which then increases albedo (reflectivity) and thereby decreases warming. #17-60 Jenine Winslow 17. Arrange the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order from lowest to highest energy: a: Radio; microwave; infrared; visible; ultraviolet; x-ray; gamma 18. List the following types of visible light in order from shortest to longest wavelength a. Violet; blue; green; yellow; orange; red 19. Identify three examples of organic compounds and three examples of inorganic compounds. a. Organic * Inorganic Hydrocarbons Ammonia Simple sugars Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitric Acid *contain at least 2, carbon combined with atoms of one or more elements (methane only exception with 1 carbon 20. Using the axes on the right, draw and label three survivorship curves exemplifying early-loss, late-loss, and constant-loss species. Give two examples of organisms that exhibit each type of survivorship curve. 21. List three consequences of global warming. a. 1: flooding - sea level rise 2: degrading food & water supplies- falling water tables, drought, wildfires, etc. 3. Spread of disease outside of normal ranges- ie. malaria out of the tropics 22. List 3 things you could do to decrease your contribution to global warming. b. 1. Improve energy efficiency - decrease need for fossil fuels - energy efficient appliances 2. Walk or bike when possible 3. Eat less meat - avoids methane from livestock farms - as well as CO2 involved in cattle feed production 23. List 4 greenhouse gases a. 1. CH4/ methane 2. H20/water 3. N2O/nitrous oxide 4. CO2/ carbon dioxide 25. Human began agriculture approximately 12,500 years ago. 26. A man-made product is also known as anthropogenic. 27. The molecular formula of ozone is O3. 28. In the box below, write out a series of chemical equation that illustrate the destruction of the ozone in the ozone layer. 2O3 + UV = 3O2 (natural interaction with sunlight) or UV + CFC = CL CL + O3 = O2 + CLO O + CLO = O2 + CL 29. The acronym HCFC refers to hydro chloro fluoro carbon, which is: a group of organic compounds that contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine & hydrogen, used as refrigerants and in place of CFC’s. HCFC’s have a shorter lifespan and deliver less reactive CL to the stratosphere than CFC’s 30. Identify three examples of biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem: Biotic: Abiotic: 1. Plants 1. Soil 2. Animals 2. Water 3. Bacteria 3. Rock 30. 32. Write the balanced chemical equations for photosynthesis and respiration Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP 33. The approximate age of the Earth is 4.5 billion years. 34. Zebra mussel: invasive - takes over an area, reproduces rapidly, not native American alligator: keystone - foundation species - creates habitats (keystone: has a strong influence/importance to ecosystem, regardless of abundance Norway rat: generalist - broad niche, reproduce in high numbers; r-strategist Galapagos tortoise: endemic - habitat in one area; prone to extinction Tiger salamander: indicator - early indicators of an environmental stressor Giant Panda: specialist - narrow niche, more prone to extinction, k-strategist 35. Define the term biodiversity: a. The variety of genes in a particular habitat or ecosystem 36. Define the term biome b. Naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat 37. What main factors determine the type of biome an area will have? c. Climate and geography (latitude/longitude/elevation) 38. Describe the circumstances that will result in cultural eutrophication. a. 1. Excess nutrients enter H2O via runoff from farms, golf courses, etc. (N & P) 2. Excell nutrients cause algal blooms 3. As algae decompose, bacteria proliferate to break down decaying organic matter 4. The bacteria use all of the dissolved O2 during respiration, creating a hypoxic environment, killing fish. 39. Explain HOW the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to ocean acidification. Include a chemical equation in your answer. a. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid): CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere and condenses with water vapor in the troposphere to form clouds. The acidic water falls as precipitation and leads to ocean acidification. can cause coral bleaching, death of marine life, amplifies global climate change - kills phytoplankton 40. 41. 42. NO: nitric oxide NO2- : nitrite ion NO2+ : nitronium ion N2: nitrogen gas NH4+: ammonium NOx: nitrogen oxides NO2: nitrogen dioxide NO3-: nitrate N2O: dinitrogen monoxide NH3: ammonia HNO : nitric acid 43. Picture of house... 44. The % change in the per capita global production of protein from poultry between 1980 and 2000 was approx 92.3% 25-13=12; 12/13=.923 *100% 45. … from farmed fish between 1980 and 2000 was approx 500% 12-2 = 10; 10/2 = 5 *100% 46. … from beef between 1961-2009 was approximately 5% (21-20/20) 47. The founder of the Sierra Club was John Muir. 48. Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent Spring to raise people’s awareness of the harmful effects of the pesticide DDT. 49. The acronym ENSO refers to El Niño Southern Oscillation, a phenomenon that occurs in the Pacific Ocean. 50. Place the following nine events in chronological order, beginning with the most recent: 1. Deepwater Horizon: 2010 2. Kyoto Protocol: 1997 3. Exxon Valdez: 1989 4. Montreal Protocol: 1/1/1989 5. Chernobyl: 1986 6. Bhopal: 1984 7. Love Canal: 1978 8. Endangered Species Act: 1973 9. Earth Day: 1970 51. The acronym BOD refers to biological oxygen demand, which is the amount of dissolved oxygen that must be present in water in order for microorganisms to decompose organic matter in the water. 52. The acronym GMO refers to genetically modified organism, which is organisms in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. 53. If the grasses on a 100-hectare area of grassland grow at an ave. rate of 1 cm/day, the ave. volume of grass that is added to the grassland each day is 10,000 m3. If the density of the grasses that grow in the grassland averages 400 kg/m3, the net primary productivity is approximately 4,000 g/m2/day or 1,460,000 g/m2/year. 54. A 40 m2 solar array is installed on a house where the average insolation (exposure to the sun’s rays) is 6 kWh/m2/day if the average total electricity output of the array is 1.2 kWh/hr; the efficiency of the array is 12%. 55. What can be inferred from this graph As more females are educated and empowered, they will be able to make decisions about when & how many children to have; lowering TFR 56. The first National Park was Yellowstone National Park. 57. Match the ten most populous urban areas in the world with its respective continent. Asia N. America *None in Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mex Africa, Osaka/Kobe, Japan Los Angeles, USA Australia, Tokyo, Japan Europe, or Seoul, South Korea S. America Antarctica Jakarta, Indonesia Sao Paulo, Brazil Delhi, India Shanghai, China 58. Watershed: land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a major stream (river) Clean Air Act: US federal law designed to control air pollution. Requires the EPA to develop and enforce regulations against airborne pollutants known to be hazardous to human health. Clean Water Act: 1972: The EPA is charged with implementing pollution control programs and ensure water quality standards for surface waters. Does not protect groundwater, wells or artificial lakes. Safe Drinking Water Act: 1974: the EPA sets standards to protect drinking water against contaminants like animal wastes, chemical wastes, etc. Does not cover private wells. 58. cont. El Niño: an irregular occurring & complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region & beyond every few years. (tradewinds weaken or reverse) Baghouse filter: air pollution control device that removes particulates out of air or gas released from commercial processes or combustion from electricity generation. Electrostatic precipitator: a device that removes suspended dust particles from a gas or exhaust by applying a high voltage electrostatic charge & collecting the particles on charged plates. Dioxin: toxic compound produced during combustion process like waste incineration, forest fires, and backyard trash burning. As well as paper bleaching & herbicide manufacturing 58. cont. Safe Drinking Water Act: 1974: the EPA sets standards to protect drinking water against contaminants like animal wastes, chemical wastes, etc. Does not cover private wells. El Niño: an irregular occurring & complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region & beyond every few years. (tradewinds weaken or reverse) Baghouse filter: air pollution control device that removes particulates out of air or gas released from commercial processes or combustion from electricity generation. Electrostatic precipitator: 59. 3 sources of mathan that are amplified by human activities are: 1. cattle farms 2. landfills 3. natural gas and petroleum emissions 60. #61-86 Katie Fielding catalytic 61. NO2 is converted to N2 and O 2 converter in hydrocarb a _____________ _____, ons which also CO and H O converts _____________ to 2 2 ____________. --Eliminate NOx and VOCs to lower photochemical smog 62. Explain the causes of an urban heat island. Impermeable surfaces (roads, buildings, etc.) replace porous natural surfaces. Sun can heat roads and asphalt much hotter than air temps. Increased levels of air pollutants (GHG) trap heat. 63. Perform the following calculations: (Show all of your work.) A. A rectangular area of forest B. A 60-Watt light bulb that is that measures 10 thousand used for an average of 4 hours meters by 300 thousand each day uses 87.6 kilowatt- meters has an area of 3.0 x hours of electricity per year. 10^3 square kilometers. 60W 1hW 4hrs 365 10,000m x 300,000m= days 3x10^9 m^2 x 1km/1x10^6m^2=3.0 x 10^3 100 1 1yea 0W day r 64. List two characteristics of an r-selected species. 65. List two characteristics of a K-selected species. Endangered/Extinct Species 66. A Pacific Yew is a/an conifer tree and it is endangered because of the following: Overharvesting to produce breast/lung cancer drug. 67. A Piping Plover is a/an bird and it is endangered because of the following: Habitat destruction of nesting areas due to coastal development. Noise/disturbance caused females to abandon their nests. 68. An Orangutan is a/an ape and it is endangered because of the following: Habitat destruction caused by deforestation for palm oil. 69. A Dodo was a/an bird and it is extinct because of the 70. A company is importing rare tropical hardwood to manufacture furniture, list three laws, regulations, treaties, or acts that the company may have violated. 1. CITES: International Trade of Endangered Species 2. Lacey Act: prohibits the interstate transport of wild animals w/o permit 3. Kyoto Protocol: Commit to reduce GHG emissions, production of lumber does the opposite. 71. Whaling is justified in the name of scientific research, by the countries of ___________ and ___________. Norway Iceland Japan 72. Complete table Ecosys An economically tem Compo valuable ecosystem nent service it provides hon Pollination: ey Orchards bee wat Purifcation, er transport of cycl nutrients e Purification fore of air and st soil, erosion prevention Pollinate 73. Two islands, different distances from the mainland have different rates of extinction, this is explained by the theory of island biogeography. 74. Dredging is an ecologically damaging fishing technique typically used to harvest scallops, crabs, and shrimp from the sea floor. 75. 71% of the Earth is covered with water. Of all the water on Earth 96.5% of it is saltwater, 69% is frozen, and 1% is available and relatively accessible. 76. Arrange the following particles in order of smallest to largest: clay, sand, silt 77. What are the 3 most commonly produced grains? 1. Corn 2. Wheat 3. Rice 78. List four innovations that characterized the Green revolution. 1. Artificial Selection/GMO’s 2. Irrigation 3. Synthetic Pesticides/Herbicides 4. Synthetic fertilizers 79 Match the following: a. anemia iron deficiency A b. goiter vitamin A deficiency E c. scurvy vitamin D deficiency D d. rickets iodine deficiency B e. blindness vitamin C deficiency C 80. Use the axes below to draw and label an illustration of the pesticide treadmill, make sure to label predator, pest and application of pesticide. 81. Explain out the process of the pesticide treadmill and the creation of superbugs. Because organisms can become resistant to pesticides, farmers are caught on a treadmill of having to use stronger and stronger chemicals. Overtime pests become resistant to pesticides and therefore are termed “SUPER”. This has been showed to happen with GMO crops engineered for use with herbicide. 82. Explain how the biomagnification of DDT led to the (near) demise of the Bald Eagle DDT alterspopulation in the the calcium metabolism US. birds, causing thinning in female shells, prone to cracking during incubation. Small prey animals to the bald eagles ate plants sprayed w/DDT, this biomagification up the food chain, with bald eagles having high levels in their fatty tissues. 83. List three things you could do to conserve water. 1.Eat lower in the food chain (less H20 intensive foods) 2.Use gray water to flush toilet or landscape. 3.Low flow appliances. 4.Only do full loads of wash. 84. Perform the following calculations: (Show all of your work.) A family of 5 replaces a 6-gallon/minute A family has a rectangular swimming pool showerhead with a new 2-gallon/minute that measures 15 feet by 20 feet. If water low-flow showerhead. If every member of evaporates from the pool at a rate of 50 the family takes one 10-minute shower gallons per square foot per year and a per day, the family will save 73,000 gallons of water in one year. pool cover will reduce evaporation by 90 percent, the family can save 13,500 6-2 gallons=4gallons /min saved gallons of water per year by using a pool cover. 4 gal/min x 10 min shower x 5 people x 200 gal x 365 days 15 ft x 20 ft= 300 ft^2 300ft^2 x 50gal/ft=15,000 gallons/year lost 15,000 x .9= 13,500 gallons saved. 85. Define the following: pH: A measure of the acidity or alkiniity of a solution, 0-7 acid, 7-14 base Turbidity: Measure of water clarity Water hardness: Measure of the ammount of calcium and magnesium dissolved in water Biological oxygen demand: Amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water Organic waste: biodegradable waste that can be broken down within a reasonable amount of time Cholera: Bacterial disease causing diarrhea and dehydration, usually spread by fecal matter. Common in developing countries. Schistosomiasis: Chronic disease endemic to Africa and South America. Caused by blood fluke released by snails. 86. Label the following diagram of a sewage treatment plant and list the items removed at each step. #87-112 Joe Helpern 87. In the box below, list the ranks of coal in order from highest to lowest energy content. (indicate the direction in the box.) Lower Energy Higher Energy 88. List three air pollutants that are emitted during the burning of coal: A.Sulfur Dioxide B.Nitrogen Oxides C.Carbon Dioxide 89. List 5 products that are derived primarily from crude oil: Tar Asphalt Gasoline Diesel Kerosene 90. The acronym OPEC refers to _Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, which is important because: Motto: “To coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.” 91. Fracking is a common name for __Hydraulic Fracturing__ and it is a concern because… It forces open fissures in the subterranean rocks by introducing liquid of high pressure to extract oil of gas. Concerns include: groundwater contamination, ground instability, release of methane. 92. The acronym ANWR refers to...Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It’s impotant because… It was established in 1960 to preserve biodiversity, ensure a place for hunting and gathering, protest water quality, and follow international wildlife treaties. It contains the largest designated wildlife area in the U.S. 93. The Keystone Pipeline refers to.... an oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States, commissioned in 2010. It runs from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas, and also to oil tank farms and an oil pipeline distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma. It’s important because...while the first 2 phases of the project allowed the production of almost 600,000 barrels of oil, it increases the potential for oil spills and 94. Perform the following calculations: (Show all of your work in a logical progression to the final answer.) A family has a total of 1500 Watts of light bulbs throughout their house, if they replace them all with LED light bulbs, which use 90% less energy, the family will now use ___150__________ Watts of electricity. Show work: 1500 x .10 = 150 watts A space heater operates at 1500 Watts, if it is used for 10 hours each day for one week and the cost of electricity is 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, it will cost _____$21.00________ to operate the heater for the week. Show work: 95. The Acronym CAFE refers to...The Corporate Average Fuel Economy, which is important because… They are regulations in the US which are intended to improve average fuel economy of cars and light trucks which are produced in the US. 96. Silicon is the structural element in most photovoltaic cells. 97. List four things you could do to conserve energy. (1) Energy efficient appliances (2) Switch to LED light bulbs (3) Walk, bike, or carpool whenever possible (4) Double paned, southward facing windows 98. Complete the following chart: Minin Description Environmen g tal Techn consequence ique s Removing minerals Land above such as sleared, gravel sand, habitat Open- or metal ore destruction, Pit by digging erosion and minin out of the runoff g earth surface surface and water, acid leaving an mine open pit drainage behind Extraction of a metal Subsu Cave ins, ore or fuel rface explosions, such as coal minin fires, black from deep g lung undergroun d deposits Form of 99. Explain what happened at three-mile island and why it was important: Mining causes many environmental issues. The main pollutant from mining include air pollution: CO2, SO2, NO2, particulates, CH4 (methane gas) Soil / water pollution from runoff: sediment, sulfuric acid, mercury, arenic, cyanide (gold) 100. Explain how thermal pollution is produced by power plants: In most power plants, heat is produced when coal, oil, and gas are burned to release huge amounts of energy. This energy heats water, which generates steam, which turns a turbine, which produces electricity. This steam must be cold and condensed back to water. Cooling water is added to hot stream and this is then added to nearby lakes, streams, and rivers. 101. Explain what happened at Fukushima Daiichi and why it is significant: Occured on March 2011, in Okumej Fukushima, Japan. An initial failure occured when the plant was hit by a tsunami, triggered by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake. Meltdowns occured in 3/6 reators, No fatalities or short term radiation exposure were reported. 102. Perform the following calculation. Show all of your work. A radioactive cloud may contain Iodine-131, which has a half- life of 8 days. If the waste must decay to a concentration of less than 0.1% to be considered safe, it will take approximately __80__ days to reach safe levels. Show work: 100 - 50 - 25 - 12.5 - 6.25 - 3.13 - 1.56 - 0.78 - 0.39 - 0.195 - 0.097 10 half lives = 8 x 10 = 80 days 103. Perform the following calculation. (Show all of your work in a logical progression to the final answer.) A family has a 75 m2 solar array on their house, which has an efficiency of 10%. If the average insolation on their array is 6 kWh/m2/day and their average cost of electricity is 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, the family has the capacity to produce _________ worth of electricity daily, and _________ annually, from the sun. Show work: 104. For each of the following substances, draw an arrow that points to an unambiguous location along the line, below, representing pH: orange juice; normal rain; ammonia; lime (calcium carbonate); sulfuric acid; acid rain; human blood. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH 105. Explain what evapotranspiration is and why it’s significant: The process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces by transpiration from plants. Responsible for 10% of atmospheric water vapor. 106. What is different about growing plants hydroponically? Hydroponics is the process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients, but without soil. 107. Write a series of chemical reactions that leads to the formation of tropospheric ozone in photochemical smog: NOx + VOC + Sunlight ------> O3 108. The acronym POP refers to Persistent Organic Pollutants which is: Organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation, POP’s biomagnify, examples (pesticides). They are regulated by Stockholm Convention. 109. Explain what a watershed is and why it’s important: Land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams, to a major stream or river. 110. List two environmental benefits of wetlands: Flood control Natural filter 111. Explain how electricity is produced by a dam: 112. List four characteristics that will result in waste being classified as “hazardous” Poisonous Chemically Reactive Corrosive Flammable #113-126 Erick Sussin 113. What is a wet scrubber and how does it work? a wet scrubber is a device that removes pollutants from a gas stream (like furnace flues). The gas stream is brought in contact with a scrubbing liquid, capturing them in the liquid droplets. This final liquid must be treated before it is released. 114. Write a series of chemical reactions that leads to the formation of acid rain (simple answer) (simple answer) SO3 + H2O→ H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) NO2 + H2O→HNO3 (nitric acid) (detailed answer) (detailed answer) C + O2→CO2 N2 + O2→ 2NO 2C + O2 →2CO 2NO + O2→2NO2 S + O2→SO2 3NO2 + H2O→2HNO3 (nitric acid) + NO 2SO2+ O2→ 2SO3 SO3 + H2O→ H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) 115. Kwashiorkor is: AKA “bi-lateral oedema” Kwashiorkor is a life-threatening and debilitating form of malnutrition. It’s caused by a lack of protein in the diet. It is commonly seen in low- and lower-middle- income regions facing famine. It is also known as “edematous malnutrition” because of its association with edema (fluid retention). ● People suffering from kwashiorkor typically have an extremely emaciated appearance in all body parts except their ankles, feet, and belly, which swell with fluid. (source: healthline.com) 116. Marasmus is: AKA “wasting” A rapid deterioration in nutritional status in a short time can lead to marasmus, one form of acute malnutrition. Marasmus is the most common form of acute malnutrition in nutritional emergencies and, in its severe form, can very quickly lead to death if untreated. It is characterised by severe wasting of fat and muscle which the body breaks down to make energy. “Skin and bones appearance” (source: unicef.org) 117. If the cost of gas is $3.50 per gallon and the average gas mileage of a car is 25 mpg, the cost of driving the car per mile is _____________ $/mi, or _____________ ¢/mi. $3.50 ________ 1 gallon $0.14 100¢ ______ X ______ 14¢ ______ X = = gallon 25 miles mile 1$ mile 118. The acronym NIMBY refers to _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________, which is: Not In My Back Yard, which is opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it is too close to them, even though it is needed by society (i.e. landfills, power plants, etc.) 119. Identify significant sources of the following air pollutants: Formaldehyde: emitted from many building materials (plywood, particleboard, paneling, high-gloss wood), and various household products (furniture, drapes, upholstery, adhesives in carpeting and wallpaper) Radon: this is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is produced by natural radioactive decay of uranium-238, small amounts of which are contained in most rocks and soils Mercury: from coal-burning power plants Carbon monoxide: outdoors: motor vehicle exhaust, indoors: faulty furnaces, unvented gas stoves, kerosene heaters, wood stoves Nitrous oxide: outdoors: motor vehicle exhaust, indoors: faulty furnaces, unvented gas stoves, kerosene heaters, wood stoves 120. List three specific health effects of lead on humans. Lead is a potent neurotoxin that can cause palsy and/or paralysis, blindness, and mental retardation 121. What was the Green Revolution and why is it important? The Green Revolution first started from 1950-1970. It involved the introduction of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain (rice, wheat, corn) that, with adequate inputs of fertilizer and water, greatly increased crop yields. This allowed the growing Earth’s population to continue in exponential growth. The second Green Revolution has been happening since 1967 and it involves fast-growing varieties of rice and wheat, specially bred for tropical and sub-tropical climates of India, China, and Brazil. 122. Label the four major zones of life in the appropriate areas on the diagram representing a temperate lake in the box to the right. 123. List three disinfectants that are commonly used to make drinking water safe during in the water treatment process. chlorine, UV light, and ozone 124. On the circle to the right, draw out 0, 30, 60 and 90 degree latitude lines. Draw and label the Polar, Hadley and Ferrell cells, with the proper circulation pattern for each (clockwise or counterclockwise) 90o 90o 125. In the box below, write the chemical equation for the formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of water with carbon dioxide. CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 (carbonic acid) 126. Identify two places in the environment where the reaction, CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 occurs naturally. 1. in the oceans 2. in blood