Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201LStudent Name: Click here to enter text. Kit Code (located on the lid of your lab kit):Click here to enter text. Exercise 1: Data Interpretation “Dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid, such as water. Since many living organism requires oxygen to survive, it is a necessary component of water systems such as streams, lakes and rivers in order to support aquatic life. The dissolved oxygen is measured in units of parts per million (ppm). Examine the data in Table 4 showing the amount of dissolved oxygen present and the number of fish observed in the body of water the sample was taken from; finally, answer the questions below. “ Table 4: Water Quality vs. Fish Population Dissolved Oxygen 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 (ppm) Number of Fish 0 1 3 10 12 13 15 10 12 13 Observed Questions “1. What patterns do you observe based on the information in Table 4? “ Table above shows that dissolved oxygen constantly increases and the population of the fish has an irregular pattern of increasing and decreasing. I can interpret this in two different point of view. First is, from column 1 to 7, dissolved oxygen in water is directly proportional to the population of the fish having a maximum of 15 fishes in 12 ppm. While Column 7 and 8 showed the transition and became inversely proportional to each other The latter columns again showed direct proportionality. Second is, the lesser the population of fishes the more oxygen is present in the water. “2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water. “ If the population of fish increases, the dissolved oxygen content in water is decreased. According to Fondriest Environmental Inc. (2013), if the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water drops below the equilibrium level, mortality rate of fishes will increase. “3. What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis? “ I would do two experiment consisting of 2 separate containers. Container 1 having the less number of fishes and Container 2 having the maximum number of fishes both to be observed with the constant succession of the water quality by 2 ppm. In First container I will add more fish while in the second container I will remove fish and try to identify its effect to the quality of water. Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L “4. What would be the independent and dependent variables? “ The independent variable is the population of the fishes and the dependent variable is the rate of dissolved oxygen in water or the water quality. “5. What would be your control? “ I would reinforce my control by making sure that I have the same water source, strict constant succession of the rate of dissolved oxygen (ppm), the same start and end of experiment, same temperature of the environment, and possible fishes with equal size, weight, and health. “6. What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set? Why? “ A line graph would be a better mode of illustration. It will clearly show the transition or changes through the rate implied. “7. Graph the data from the table 4: Water Quality vs. Fish Population (found at the beginning of this exercise). “ “8. Interpret the data from the graph made in Question 7. “ The graph aboves shows that from 0-4 ppm there is greater amount of dissolved oxygen because of only few numbers of fishes. While from 6-12 ppm, there is a lesser quality of water due to increased number of fishes than the rate of dissolved oxygen in water. The latter part shows the transition from 12-14 ppm, there was a great decrease in the number of fishes jumping from 15 to 10 making the quality of water higher. From 14-18 ppm, the quality of water is also high because the rate of dissolved oxygen in water is higher than the number of fishes. Exercise 2: Testable Observations “Determine which of the following observations are testable. For those that are testable: “ “- write a hypothesis and null hypothesis to test the observation“ “- describe the experiment you would use to test this hypothesis“ “- list the dependent and independent variables“ “- list the positive and negative controls“ Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L “1. A plant grows three inches faster per day when placed on a window sill than it does when placed on a on a coffee table in the middle of the living room. “ “Testable (yes or no):“YES “Hypothesis:“Plants that are positioned on the window sill germinate faster than plants placed in the middle of the living room “Null Hypothesis:“Plants that are not positioned on the window sill have the same growth rate like those that are positioned. “Describe experiment:“In order to carry the experiment, I would need to have 2 identical plants having the same length and quality of soil. Plants need different nutrients to grow but the most important source of this is sunlight. When there is sunlight, the plant’s growth rate is faster but also dependes on the location or placement of the plant. Therefore, I would place Plant 1 on the window sill while the other is positioned in the middle of the living room. Plant 1 will have an access to the sunlight while the other will not. Each day I would strictly reinforce and provide necessary nutrients needed like water making sure that I would give exact amount to both plants. Monitor and document for changes in the growth or structure of the plant at the same time everday for a week. Then results everyday will be recapitulated at the end of the week to conclude whether the hypotheses made are accurate or null. “Dependent variables:“Growth rate of the plant “Independent variables:“Location or placement of the plant “Positive Control:“Plants placed on the window sill, where sunlight can pass through, grow faster “Negative Control:“Plants that are not placed on the window sill will not grow. Observe also a plant that is placed outside or on the window sill only at night. “2. When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she does not exercise and eats fatty foods. “ “Testable (yes or no):“YES “Hypothesis:“Eating healthy foods and having a routine exercise everyday lowers the blood pressure by 10 than when eating fatty foods and do not have a regular work out. “Null Hypothesis:“Eating unhealthy or fatty foods and having no daily routine of exercise lowers the blood pressure rate by 10. “Describe experiment:“Blood pressure could be affected by different situations such as temperature of the environment, activity done by the person, certain illnesses. But the root cause of the changes in blood pressure, is mainly the type of food eaten by the person and if he/she has a regular exercise. To conduct this study, I would make a schedule for sally. First schedule is 1 week of eating fatty foods and no daily routine of exercise. Second is 1 week of eating a healthy diet with regular work out routine. On Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L the first week, I will ensure that I would record vital statistics including blood pressure at the same time everyday for a week and same process will be reinforced for the second week. At the end of the experiment, I would colligate all the documented result each day for the whole 2 weeks. Then, I will plot it via line graph to visually demonstrate the differences of the statistics obtained. The result of the experiment will present whether the hypotheses made is true or a null. “Dependent variables:“Change in the blood pressure “Independent variables:“Type of food eaten and frequency of exercise each day “Positive Control:“Persons having a healthy diet and regular exercise tend to have normal or lower than her normal blood pressure “Negative Control:“Persons eating fatty foods and without any opportunity to work out will have an abnormal or higher rate of blood pressure. “3. The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at 10 pm. “ “Testable (yes or no):“NO “Hypothesis:“Click here to enter text. “Null Hypothesis:“Click here to enter text. “Describe experiment:“Click here to enter text. “Dependent variables:“Click here to enter text. “Independent variables:“Click here to enter text. “Positive Control:“Click here to enter text. “Negative Control:“Click here to enter text. “4. For the past two days, the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 3:15 pm. “ “Testable (yes or no):“NO “Hypothesis:“Click here to enter text. “Null Hypothesis:“Click here to enter text. “Describe experiment:“Click here to enter text. “Dependent variables:“Click here to enter text. “Independent variables:“Click here to enter text. “Positive Control:“Click here to enter text. “Negative Control:“Click here to enter text. Exercise 3: Conversion “For each of the following, convert each value into the designated units.“ “1. 46,756,790 mg =“46.75679 kg “2. 5.6 hours =“20160 seconds “3. 13.5 cm =“5.31496 inches Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L “4. 47 °C =“116.6°F Exercise 4: Accuracy and Precision “For the following, determine whether the information is accurate, precise, both or neither.“ “1. During gym class, four students decided to see if they could beat the norm of 45 sit-ups in a minute. The first student did 64 sit-ups, the second did 69, the third did 65, and the fourth did 67.“ PRECISE “2. The average score for the 5th grade math test is 89.5. The top 5th graders took the test and scored 89, 93, 91 and 87.“ BOTH “3. Yesterday the temperature was 89 °F, tomorrow it’s supposed to be 88 °F and the next day it’s supposed to be 90 °F, even though the average for September is only 75 °F degrees!“ PRECISE “4. Four friends decided to go out and play horseshoes. They took a picture of their results (shown to the right).“ BOTH “5. A local grocery store was holding a contest to see who could most closely guess the number of pennies that they had inside a large jar. The first six people guessed the numbers 735, 209, 390, 300, 1005 and 689. The grocery clerk said the jar actually contains 568 pennies.“ NEITHER Exercise 5: Significant Digits and Scientific Notation “Part 1: Determine the number of significant digits in each number and write out the specific significant digits.“ Number # of significant Specific significant digits digits Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L 405000 3 405 0.0098 2 98 39.999999 8 39999999 13.00 4 1300 80,000,089 8 80000089 55,430.00 7 5543000 0.000033 2 33 620.03080 8 62003080 “Part 2: Write the numbers below in scientific notation, incorporating what you know about significant digits.“ Number Scientific Notation 70,000,000,000 7 x 10^ 10 0. 000000048 4.8 x 10^ -8 67,890,000 6.789 x 10^ 7 70,500 7.05 x 10^ 4 450,900,800 4.509008 x 10^ 8 0.009045 9.045 x 10^ -3 0.023 2.3 x 10^ -2 Exercise 6: Percentage Error “In the questions below, determine the percentage error.“ “1. A dad holds five coins in his hand. He tells his son that if he can guess the amount of money he is holding within 5% error he can have the money. The son guesses that he is holding 81 cents. The dad opens his hand and displays 90 cents. Did the son guess close enough to receive the money from his father?“ “% error:“Subtract 90-81 first then multiply it to 100% and then the result will be divided by 90. It will become 9 x 100% = 900 %/90. The percent error is 10%. This means that the boy cant have the money because it is not close to the given 5 % error. “2. A science teacher tells her class that their final project requires the students to measure a specific variable and determine the velocity of a car with no more than 2.5% error. Jennifer and Johnny work hard and decide the velocity of the car is 34.87 m/s. The teacher informs them that the actual velocity is 34.15 m/s. Will Jennifer and Johnny pass their final project?“ “% error:“Subtract 34.87-34.15 then multiply to 100% and divide the result by 34.15. It will become 0.72 x 100% = 72/34.15. The percent error is 2.11 % therefore means that Jennifer and Johnny will pass their final project because 2.11% is lower than 2.5%. Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L “3. A locomotive train is on its way from Chicago, IL to Madison, WI. The trip is said to last 3.15 hours. When the train arrives in Madison the conductor notices it actually took them 3.26 hours. The train company prides itself on always having its trains to the station within a 3% error of the expected time. Will the train company live up to its reputation on this trip?“ “% error:“Subtract 3.26-3.15 hours then multiply to 100% and divide the result to 3.15. It will become 0.11 x 100% = 11/3.15. The percent error is 3.49 %. This means that the train company failed to live up its trip reputation because the actual percent error of 3.49% is higher than the expected error of 3%. “4. A coach tells his little league players that hitting a .275 batting average, within 7% percentage error, means that they had a really great season. Seven year old Tommy ended the season hitting a .258 batting average. According to his coach, did he have a great season?“ “% error:“Subtract .275-.258 then multiply to 100% and then divide the result by .275. It will become .017 x 100% = 1.7/.275. The percent error is 6.18 % meaning that Tommy had a really great season this is because his actual battling average percentage error of 6.18% is close to the expected percentage of 7% which will conclude how great they performed in the season. Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L Experiment 1: Design an Experiment Table 5: Experiment 1 Variables Water blended with oil Water added with vinegar Water blended with a bit of flour Faucet water Bottled water Sweet water Warm Temperature Cold Temperature High humidity Darkness “ Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L Tested Variable #1:“Water from faucet “Hypothesis:“Grains of beans mount faster when immersed in faucet water in opposition to sweet water “Null Hypothesis:“Grains of beans immersed in sweet water mount faster than those being dipped into faucet water “Describe experiment:“In order to conduct this experiment, I would need a grain of bean with same length and size, same amount of liqud, and the area of placement must have the same temperature. I will immerse the grains of beans to sweet water and faucet water at the same time. Strictly monitoring the rate of growth and the changes of both beans at the same time everyday for 10 days. After 10 days, I will compile and compare the result monitored. Then conclude whether the hypotheses made are accurate or a null hypothesis. “Dependent variables:“Cultivation of the grains of beans “Independent variables:“Type of water used “Positive Control:“Grains of beans dipped in faucet water germinates rapidly “Negative Control:“Grains of beans that are not dipped in faucet water will not germinate “Photo of Results:“ Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L “Tested Variable #2:“DARKNESS “Hypothesis:“Beans positioned in a darkened place grow faster than beans positioned in a lightened place. “Null Hypothesis:“Beans positioned in a lightened place grow faster than those beans placed in a darkened place. “Describe experiment:“In order to conduct this experiment, I would need beans having the same length and size, making sure that the dark area is totally dark and doesn’t have an opportunity to be lightened, and also making sure that light area is totally light with no opportunity to be darkened. I will place both beans at the same starting time and monitor its changes at the same time of each day for 10 days. At the end of 10 days, documented results will be gathered and inspected for comparisions. The result will prove whether the hypotheses made are accurate or a null. “Dependent variables:“Germination of the beans “Independent variables:“Darkness or Lightness of the area “Positive Control:“Beans that are set in a dark zone cultivates speedily “Negative Control:“Beans that are not set in a dark zone will not cultivate “Photo of Results:“ Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L “Tested Variable #1:“Bottled water “Hypothesis:“Grains of beans soaked in bottled water develop faster than grains soaked in water blended with oil “Null Hypothesis:“Grains of beans soaked in water blended with oil develop faster than those grains soaked in bottled water “Describe experiment:“To conduct this experiment, I will need to have beans with the same size and length and same amount of liquid in a container. I will soak the grains of beans in the container at the same time. Then I will strictly document the changes observed on both the grains at the same time everyday for 10 days. At the end of 10 days, results monitored are collated and compared for the differences that will show whether the formulated hypothesis is true or null. “Dependent variables:“Growth progress of the bean “Independent variables:“Type of liquid used in dispersion “Positive Control:“Beans develop rapidly when soaked in a bottled water “Negative Control:“Beans will not develop when soaked in a water blended with oil “Photo of Results:“