However. Apple has filed a patent application for a physical marking on an object such as a phone case. Opposite page: InfraTrac chemical taggants can be layered into jettable nano-composites. Gary E. including financially motivated knockoffs and intentional sabotage. but the spectrometer can. from shoes to jewelry and spare parts to medical implants.0007 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Anticounterfeiting Options for Three-Dimensional Printing Sharon Flank. Novel methods for chemical tagging and authentication address these vulnerabilities. Silver Spring.4 There are two basic paths to creating counterfeits with 3D printing. or blueprint. and then shared. as shown here on Chemcubed’s UV LED 3D printer for building objects with conductive traces.1–3 The ability to authenticate a 3D-printed object as genuine protects brands and manufacturers. The near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum has been shown to be useful for distinguishing specific regions of absorption of the tagging compounds not present in the substrate. Brand owners want a way to ensure that the products in the marketplace are genuine. The tagging in layers also represents a considerable advance over simply mixing a taggant chemical into a single printing medium since it makes possible a much larger number of tag options. taking advantage of analytical advances to create fast. described here. Number 4. but they could be crafted of weak materials and fail at a critical moment. Maryland. This under-the-skin tagging represents a substantial advance in security. Inc. Hybrids of the two paths also exist. An existing object (including a genuine branded or licensed product) can be 3D scanned to create the instructions. 181 . fail. both to ensure quality and to ensure that they are getting paid for their work. 3D-printed spare parts for an airplane may look fine. Even more sinister. secure validate-anywhere options. Limiting unauthorized versions is desirable to brand owners and important for public safety. It constitutes an opportunity to offer personalized custom versions of a wide range of products. uses under-the-surface taggant layers. in the same way that it is possible to use genuine ink in a genuine printer. detectable using portable chemical analyzers such as spectrometers. Simply requiring that the blueprint file contain an authorization code is not enough to prevent all types of 3D counterfeiting. DOI: 10. Alternatively. and Rebecca Maksimovic Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing opens up new possibilities in customization and manufacturing. in important ways.5 A physical 3D mark is minimal protection because it assumes the ability to tuck away a visible mark unobtrusively. but brings with it tremendous intellectual property vulnerabilities. but leaves no trace of that validation (or the lack of it) on the product that is generated. Encoding the instructions for materials tagging into the blueprint makes it possible to use software controls (authorized secure downloads) to limit proliferation of physical copies.1089/3dp.2015. New research. it InfraTrac. but it also protects the public. The authorization code validates the printing process. The authorization code validates the printing process. the instructions can be created as software. The ability of UVcured commodity chemicals to apply and adhere to a wide range of materials and remain undetectable in the visible spectral region is a key enabler of the technology. Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly acknowledged as vulnerable to counterfeiting. a 3D scan version that is then altered in one or more characteristics. or carry a toxic payload. 2015 ª Mary Ann Liebert.3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Volume 2. Ritchie. but leaves no trace of that validation (or the lack thereof) on the product that is generated. Simply requiring that the blueprint file contain an authorization code is not enough to prevent all types of 3D counterfeiting. They see 3D printing as an opportunity and a threat. rogue 3Dprinted objects can be intentionally designed to explode. This property is what makes the selected compounds particularly effective as covert taggants: the human eye cannot detect their presence. for printing a copy. For example. Using authorized material alone is also insufficient. to make illegal copies of a copyrighted work or to print a plagiarized document. for example. Upconverting phosphors are microscopic ceramic powders that convert invisible infrared light wavelengths to visible colored light. the quality has achieved the leading level of the world. best quality in china Up-conversion Anti-counterfeit Phosphor is a luminescent material that converts different invisible FLANK ET AL. and spare parts. industrial design. Essentially. and the brand owner’s laboratories spend time and money searching for the cause of failure or attempting to prove that the failed product is in fact a fake. nondestructive. These. but when made in a large reactor. and visit retailers to monitor their supply chain. Product use This product is suitable for printing all kinds of anti-fake paper and package. Some taggants emit such a strong signal that they are easy to identify even in minute quantities. Quantum dots are an excellent example of a fluorescent material. Rare earth taggants worked well as a first-generation solution. and reputation. and forensic laboratories. Options include fluorescent taggants. all of these fluorescent signals are active signals.8. From a counterfeiter’s perspective. footwear. In terms of scalability. dose-calibrated drugs). long lifetime. by using it. alcohol. infrared light into visible light. upconverting phosphors. automotive. label and branded Package of cigarette.17 These teams check distributors. dental and medical industries. often because it failed. military. not covert. too. medicine. a homogeneous mix-in solution does not provide any protection whatsoever against void attacks. the brand owners are alerted. Shanghai. professional producer 2. are widely available to counterfeiters as well as to legitimate players. Brand owners currently spend millions on ensuring that their products in the marketplace are genuine. If the prospective counterfeiter detects the fluorescence. IR phosphor. however. but avoiding toxicity limits the range of options. aerospace. Making full use of technology advantage of Chinese Academy of Sciences. but emit infrared light under black lights. garment. these taggants light up when an infrared light is shone on them. red in the case of Europium (III). Authentication is the fastest growing segment of the broader anticounterfeiting market because faster—and more portable—ways to check on products save money. food. secret shoppers. a Google search yields sources such as this one: 980 nm luminescent upconverting material anticounterfeit. This may occur because an unhappy customer returns a suspect product. China (Mainland). KPT is the first company in China that develop this product. easy test and the most important—high safety and concealed ability. jewelry. human tissue replacement. however. portfolio.7. compromising their protective ability. quantum dot synthesis is still a specialty process. The existing anticounterfeiting effort is.6 an evildoer may intentionally alter 3D instructions so that the resulting object contains an invisible hole and therefore performs badly. bill. In any event. They are added as taggants and their detection relies on fluorescence. The current solution is a labor-intensive approach at liter scale. or a customized medical implant from a dangerous chunk of plastic. fashion. security teams. Y2O3. under irradiation with UV light.9 Ultraviolet versions are available too. archives. Unfortunately.12 . including on Euro banknotes. There do exist viable infrared-emitting nanocrystals. and rare earth oxides. where the inks are invisible. however. time. even to counterfeiters. they tend not to have uniform properties. When knockoffs slip through. eyewear. tracked. Current Taggant-Based Methods for Anticounterfeiting of 3D-Printed Objects Current anticounterfeiting approaches include several taggant options and these are being applied to additive manufacturing as well. the product description is reproduced here verbatim10: Ultraviolet Anti-counterfeiting phosphors producer 1. They are bright. identified and proofread etc. such as. IT. employing quality inspectors. it is easy to make a few grams of quantum dots in a laboratory. In any event. and other physicochemical analytical tools. noninvasive. many incorporating rapid. beverage etc. and they are very stable. can produce as your requirement 3. certificate. rich glowing colors. but glow in different colors.11 Low-toxicity choices such as lanthanide-based emitters are highly preferable. their quality. it is clear there is a measure in place to be overcome or replicated. special purpose Used for currency detector anti-counterfeiting device Ultraviolet Anti-counterfeiting phosphors producer Rare earth oxides have been used to tag ink. Quantum dots can be made with a variety of sizes and therefore fluorescence wavelengths and they can be mixed to produce a unique fluorescence spectrum that would be difficult to reproduce without quantum dot expertise. they have narrow fluorescence spectra that can be mixed to produce an exact shape. which would be invisible to the eye. Newer processes using flow reactors are showing some success at sufficient quality for some commercial applications. engineering. IR (infrared ray) beam can be efficiently detected. and their market: how can they distinguish a branded athletic shoe from a knockoff. if both are 3D printed? In the case of a so-called void attack. but increasingly sophisticated counterfeiters have learned to identify their presence and replicate it. biotech (implantables. Fluorescent taggants are now widely available. spectroscopic. chemical. and they glow visibly under a black light.182 also threatens their brand. It has characteristic of sensitive response. They would be added to feedstock as an embedded fluorescence marker. there are additional major issues with their use. It well applies to the field of food. electric utensil. Quantum dots have been proposed as an anticounterfeiting method for additive manufacturing. inspiring InfraTrac’s 3D solutions. monitor suspect products at customs in cooperation with border authorities. Applications for additive manufacturing technologies that may need to identify a genuine product include architecture. construction. their surfaces can be tuned to be compatible with essentially any host material. Most versions are visible. in particular scalability and toxicity. insufficient to meet the challenges of 3D printing. US $600–2000/Kilogram. in particular because it is well suited to distinguishing plastics. or arsenic. solubility in a particular polymer) can be a considerable challenge in light of the fact that the process must be able to synthesize high-quality reproducible particles. With laminated object manufacturing. choice of materials is a sensitive issue. especially if they engender supply chain concerns. Color images available online at www. Department of Defense.com/3dp . Selective laser sintering (SLS)—a high-quality 3Dprinting technology that can use metal. Overall. If an object can be composed of more than one material. this technique too can be made compatible with chemical tagging and fingerprinting. As 3D printing moves from a prototyping technique to mainstream production. and there is little enthusiasm for novel ingredients. which somewhat restricts the universe of available taggants. inexpensive. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is one of the preferred techniques. Key authentication features are highlighted in Table 1. In regulated industries. long-lasting Secure Millions of possible codes Safe FIG. and not all have the same physical properties or optical specifications. which provide qualitative and quantitative material characterization. SLS is compatible with chemical taggants since there are (nonspectroscopic) detection modalities that can be used to distinguish metals.liebertpub. 1). which is likely to encounter compliance problems under Europe’s RoHS. or they may be caused by sole source reliance on a single supplier of a crafted nanoparticle since best practice encourages the availability of an alternate source of supply for all materials. cured by lasers. Authentication can be performed using a handheld spectrometer (courtesy of Spectral Engines OY. metal). but still allows a wide range of costeffective safe choices. glass. and highquality instruments are now being manufactured that are highly portable. worry about materials that must be purchased from Chinese suppliers. and easy to use (Fig.ANTICOUNTERFEITING OPTIONS FOR 3D PRINTING As for toxicity. or indium arsenide face similar restrictions. Stereolithographic (or SLA) 3D printing techniques— which put down a thin layer of resin that is cured with a UV laser. Another anticounterfeiting method. the common infraredemitting quantum dots made of lead selenide. and ceramic materials as media. either cured layer by layer as each layer is exposed to the UV curing as it moves up on a platform in a vat of liquid photopolymer or deposited (as in a spray) in layers. or direct metal laser sintering. 1. Anticounterfeiting Should Be Designed for Maximal Scalability and Minimal Footprint Properties of an optimal authentication system Easy to add taggants Easy to authenticate Fast Inexpensive Sturdy.. If there is more than one material available. the chemical taggants are detectable only with a 183 spectrometer. The development of nontoxic quantum dot materials is an active area of basic research. selective laser melting. paper. chemical taggants can be accommodated. of aluminum mixtures.g. thin layers are cut to shape and joined together (e. The superior quantum dot material for fluorescence in the visible light range is cadmium selenide. Optimally. Some methods melt or soften material to produce the layers.. and/or different resins can be used in fingerprinting. used on electronic parts within the U. lead sulfide. Table 1. most of the established quantum dot materials contain cadmium. for example.15 Engineering a solution to a given problem (e. DNA taggants can be used in certain types of 3D printing.S.14 but they are not yet commercially viable. the technology that extrudes the melted plastic out through the head of the 3D printer. Most methods for 3D printing are compatible with chemical tagging. Quantum dots do not have a predefined structure or predefined properties. including the following: Fused deposition modeling. Chemical Fingerprinting Ease of use is a key factor in technology adoption and it applies for taggants as well. their properties are derived from the exact size and shape of each individual quantum dot in the sample. These concerns may reflect sourcing issues. polymer. streamlining becomes more important. not with the human eye. This has the advantage of millions of possible taggants. in particular X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analyzers. quantum dot synthesis more closely resembles engineering on an atomic level rather than normal chemical synthesis. but the authentication requires polymerase chain reaction analysis. The heat tolerance requirements for a taggant in this case are in the range of 250C. Different 3D printing media have different curing methods. for example. but most are amenable to chemical fingerprinting. Finland). but of course not in the high-heat versions. A fingerprinting technique that can be controlled through software choices using existing feedstock is likely to be preferred over one that relies exclusively on custom addition of taggants and specialized materials. Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive13. Optimally. for example. lead. employs altered segments of botanical DNA as a taggant. These resins are compatible with chemical tagging.g. currently a sophisticated and rather cumbersome process. and distributors. the untagged liquid resin is removed. and verifying that the chemical code contained in the applied formulation exhibits the desired spectral absorption attributes. while overcoming the problem of rogue copying inherent in the rise of 3D printing. regardless of the print method. exposing liquid polymer resin. InfraTrac’s protection represents a significant improvement over existing methods because it is rapid. The fingerprinted end product. This approach to brand protection returns the anticounterfeiting advantage to legitimate manufacturers. applying the selected formulation. FIG. or 2-double-thickness-3-1. and the tagged resin is placed in the tray for curing of subsequent layers. and then knockoffs. and so on). 2. or 1-3-2. is an object with a covert marked area that consists of a chemically distinguishable layer or layers. Tagging can be covert. taggants that show up under ultraviolet or infrared light are no longer considered secure. To implement chemical tagging in the simplest format. For a multijet printer with mixing options. As noted. and aligns well with the 3D design and printing process. Subsurface fingerprinting can be placed in an inconspicuous nonload-bearing location for later field authentication. but not visible to the naked eye.184 In the case of UV-cured SLA. In the case of 3D printing. 3D models of the scanned object can then be produced. The workpiece layers of untagged resin are cured. Managing the digital rights is a start. The printer cures the workpiece by directing UV lights of various wavelengths at a moveable platform in a vat of resin. as in Figure 2. counterfeiters detect them with their own lights and replicate them with materials available on the internet from sources both legitimate and shady. packagers. This property is what makes the compounds used by InfraTrac particularly effective as covert taggants: humans cannot differentiate them. FLANK ET AL. without access to the software that made them. all locally controlled at the point of manufacture. but there is a clear need to mark the physical objects—so that the resulting objects can be authenticated. convenient. The NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum has been shown to be useful for distinguishing specific regions of absorption of the tagging compounds not present in the substrate.g. The UV curable resin is formulated using polymer added to a mix of photoinitiators in the UV longwave and shortwave range. The ability of UV-cured commodity chemicals to apply and adhere to a wide range of materials and remain undetectable in the visible spectral region is a key enabler of InfraTrac’s technology. in particular because spectroscopic (rather than visual) detection makes it possible for the taggant layer to be below the surface of the finished 3D-printed object. and then curing it layer by layer. The tagging in layers also represents a considerable advance over simply mixing a taggant chemical into a single printing medium since it makes possible a much larger number of tag options (e. or blueprints are available on 3D printing marketplaces. 3). . reliably distinguishing it from the bread–bread–bread version as well as from any bread–peanut butter–bread or bread–jelly–bread sections? NIR spectroscopy has been implemented successfully as a technology for use in plastic recycling because it does an Scan Vulnerabilities 3D scanning is a process of analyzing and collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object. InfraTrac’s patented brand protection methods employ a three-step process: developing suitable formulation(s) from commodity chemicals. the formulation step may instead be fingerprint validation and consist of verifying that a particular sandwich of materials can be distinguished from the nonsandwiched version. 3.. but a spectrometer can. Spectroscopic under-the-skin tagging represents a substantial advance in security. especially in the areas of aerospace and defense. That is. the resulting tagged object has an invisible under-the-skin marking. This is a particular concern with spare parts (Fig. NIR-active resin is formulated as a homogeneous mix. in the case of a UV-curing 3D printer with multiple jets for resin delivery rather than a vat of liquid. can the spectrometer validate the bread–peanut butter–jelly–bread section. Based on these data. layered 1-2-3. There is a growing need to address protection requirements across the marketplace without escalating costs and complexity. an article of manufacture is created using a UV-cure resin 3D printer. inexpensive. Subsurface layers of chemically detectable taggant materials create a covert fingerprint. in the top left corner. Thus. taggant is employed in one or more jets rather than as a homogeneous mix. The covert fingerprint is chemically distinct. or 2-3-1. the fingerprint can consist of a mix of NIR-active resins or a sandwiched area of NIR-active resin within other inert materials. can be produced. or in the bottom right corner. unauthorized and not necessarily made of high-quality material. Models FIG. making reverse lookup impossible and giving the counterfeiter little hope of reproducing the spectrum with his own set of materials. and that picture has. even the nonspecialist can see from the graph that the untagged sample is different from either the taggant or the tagged sample. They are analyzed automatically. with peaks at wavelengths of 1880 nm. where one serves as a covert taggant hidden under at least one layer of the other. The intermediate line. shows how clearly the tagged samples can be distinguished from the untagged. Figure 7 shows peaks for PLA and ABS. with a match–no match response. Many readily available plastics are easily distinguished using NIR spectroscopy. and so on. However. efficient job of distinguishing plastics and requires no analytical expertise from the end user. Figures 8. (b). 5. b. Even before full chemometric analysis. Figure 5. near-infrared. NIR spectroscopy has the further advantage of shifting peaks when materials are combined. The lightest line. Solution Characteristics No reverse engineering The most effective anticounterfeiting solutions deny detection personnel access to the coding secrets employed to FIG. The flat black (a) line is the untagged sample. This ability transfers well to the authentication of 3D printing. it is possible to use spectroscopy to discern clear chemical differences between samples such as a. with the sharpest peaks in the region of 1800– 2000 nm is taggant alone. it is essentially painting a full picture. shows the spectrum of the combination of the two. 1930 nm.ANTICOUNTERFEITING OPTIONS FOR 3D PRINTING FIG. Since the technique 185 provides a full chemical profile and is not just searching for the presence of a particular marker. The following graph. NIR. and c. An example of plastic distinguishability is given in Figure 4. 4. marked (c). with the taggant clearly detectable. 9 and 10 highlight the differences in the fingerprinted samples. The novice authenticator never sees the graphs. in particular in light of the fact that the repertoire of available materials is similar. been impossible to reverse engineer.16 The astute reader will then ask how easy it is to reverse engineer spectroscopic fingerprinting. Figure 6 is a spectral overview. for the full 70+year history of spectroscopy. Figures 6 through 10 show spectral comparisons of 3Dprinted materials created on a Makerbot 2· using ABS and PLA. . 2) (1640. it can provide spectral data—curves with peaks and valleys that represent the light-based signature of a product or package. Spectra of the ABS (black lines) and PLA (gray lines). FIG. especially when they reflect a mix of ingredients and shifts due to the underlying elements. 0. Yet combinatoric possibilities of these compounds offer the choice of millions of secure codes. protect the product being examined. That is. Different three-dimensional print materials show different NIR spectroscopic profiles. 0.186 FLANK ET AL.17)—to the covert taggant code that produced it. For the advanced user. . brand protection best practice is to separate what is needed to detect counterfeits from what is needed to create counterfeits. 7. trometer has no Eureka moment: it is not possible to make the leap from a spectrometer reading—(1429. Combinatoric smarts The combination of commodity (inexpensive) chemicals to create a taggant code provides a solution that is inherently cost-effective. However. Spectroscopy is ideal here: a handheld spectrometer provides an instant match/no match answer.3) (1803. a bad actor with a good spec- FIG. 6. 0. So. even an expert has no way to reverse engineer those curves. any anticounterfeiting measures will match the recycling profile of the object they protect so as to keep the product as green as possible. using off-the-shelf hardware and software. The new spectrometers are sturdy. ble. FIG.ANTICOUNTERFEITING OPTIONS FOR 3D PRINTING FIG. 187 The region 1600–1750 nm highlights differences between the fingerprinting and the matrix materials. This figure zooms in on additional differences between the fingerprinting and the matrix materials. and JDS Uniphase (Viavi Solutions). 8. Combinatoric smarts are being leveraged in the newer multiple jet printers and they are particularly amenable to this type of anticounterfeiting protection. 9. Hardware Relevant hardware developments include the emergence of tiny highly capable spectrometers from companies such as Texas Instruments. Spectral Engines OY. The cost of these devices is falling rapidly even as accuracy and ease of use improve dramatically. and offer tests that are noninvasive and nondestructive. porta- Recycling Optimally. The two ABS samples do not overlap perfectly. . Developments that make testing easier. If the spot-check can be spoofed. Fingerprinted material can be distinguished from both of the pure matrix substances using NIR spectroscopy. if the protection is a hologram or printed code that itself can be counterfeited. a spectrometer. Hoag for spectroscopic guidance. 3. for example. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the University of Maryland Terrapin Works laboratory for 3D printing assistance.188 FIG. the more people who can spotcheck. products are unharmed. Proceedings of the Cybersecurity for Direct Digital Manufacturing (DDM) Symposium. 3D printing will be a counterfeiter’s best friend. 2015). Even an expert counterfeiter with sophisticated spectrographic skills who manages to find the taggant signature will have no way to copy it since spectroscopy cannot be reverse engineered. Beyler of MIT for assistance on quantum dots. World Trademark Review. in actual practice. Hornick JF. the University of Maryland. A unique marking technique that cannot be replicated offers forensic proof of authenticity. faster. Schwarz SJ. the security plummets. 4. Scientific American.com/ip-strategiesfor-the-rise-of-3d-printing-04–14-2015/ (accessed April 29. able to be tested again.venable. much less copy them. So. and Andrew P. 2015. 2013. against determined evildoers with robust capabilities to render harm. FLANK ET AL. 2015. anticounterfeiting for 3D printing is best accomplished with a solution that is as follows: Inexpensive and scales cost-effectively Fast. The next requirement is for easy verification. showing results in a second or two Easy. Authentication The covert nature of the taggants makes it hard for counterfeiters to find the markings. Other methods may require forensic-level analysis using a laboratory instrument. less expensive. Paulsen C. Pierce JE. who learn how to copy the anticounterfeiting method. so it can be used anywhere by anyone with minimal training Discreet and invisible on products Nondestructive: after testing. IP licensing in a 3D printed world. Campbell TA. and more accessible enhance security in the real world. IP strategies for the rise of 3D printing. Cass WJ. spot-checking can backfire: it can become a training ground for unscrupulous actors. and ready to serve as evidence. It is most practical to use codes that can be detected in seconds with a handheld device. 2. Spectroscopically detectable chemical codes fit into this safe category. Testing every object is a wildly optimistic plan. Author Disclosure Statement All of the authors are coinventors of the patent referred to herein. Venable. Professor Stephen W. NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR)-8041. So the optimal protection is something that a counterfeiter cannot spoof. increasingly. with the clear understanding that reliable authentication protects not just against the rogue hobbyist but also. Baltimore. As for field authentication. for example. however. 2015. even if he knows about it. only a small portion can be tested. the stronger the protection. Wise companies and government entities are moving quickly to address the counterfeiting threat. www. Conclusion In sum. References 1. . 10. 2015. 11. deMello JC. Sturm L. 8. Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. Phillips TW. MD. Marketsandmarkets.d. 2015. 2015). Prospects of nanoscience with nanocrystals. Bawendi MG.en. Address correspondence to: Sharon Flank InfraTrac 8070 Georgia Ave. 10. Maceiczyk RM. 6. Lanthanide-based luminescent hybrid materials. Alibaba. Bischof TS. Chem Rev 2009. 7. Binnemans K. n. 189 13. n. 2014. 415 Silver Spring. Lignos IG. Beyler AP. 16.com. 2011. 15. Parker R. Lotfi A. An Analysis of Cyber-Physical Vulnerabilities in Additive Manufacturing. deMello AJ. pp.html (accessed May 29. Ste. Alibaba2. 2015. MD 20910 E-mail: sflank@infratrac. ACS Nano 2015.14:3172–3180.alibaba. 20–50. 2009. www. www. Nanochrystal synthesis in microfluidic reactors: where next? Lab Chip 2014.net/recycle/ plastic. White J.9:1012–1057. Official Journal of the European Union. Williams CB. 2015. Marketsandmarkets. Deconstructing the photon stream from single nanocrystals: from binning to correlation. American Pharmaceutical Review.109:4283–4374. Gaithersburg. Patent WO 2013191913 A1.d. Cui J.com. 12. et al.html (accessed May 19. Apple. 9. Kovalenko MV. Switzerland: WHO IMPACT (International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce). kpt.com (accessed May 21. Plastic Recycling. 2015). NIST Proceedings of the Cybersecurity for DDM Symposium. Chem Soc Rev 2014. Anti-counterfeiting packaging market by technology. 2015). 17. World Health Organization. Compression and Obfuscation of Three-Dimensional Coding.43:1287– 1310. Ritchie GE.lotfi. 14. European Parliament. Geneva. Emerging options for worldwide authentication and counterfeit detection.ANTICOUNTERFEITING OPTIONS FOR 3D PRINTING 5.com/product-detail/ultravioletanti-counterfeiting-phosphors-producer_759143329. Anti-counterfeit Technologies for the Protection of Medicines.com . Wilson MWB. Camelio JA.alibaba.
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