ANP 300 Exam 3 Review

March 27, 2018 | Author: Nerdy Notes Inc. | Category: Stomach, Heart Valve, Larynx, Lymphatic System, Liver


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This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com).Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc. nerdy-notes.com uploaded by user pancholi Class: ANP 300 Lecture/Exam: Exam 3 School: SBU Semester: Spring 2012 Professor: Baab This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc. Cardio  Plasma is the liquid ground substance of blood.  Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes o They do coagulation of blood o Platelets stick together and form a plug in the damaged vessel. o Fibrogen, a protein, forms a fibrin clot to seal the hole.  Diapedesis – WBC’s squeeze through capillaries  Hemopoiesis – production of blood cells. o Lymphoid stem cells give rise to leukocytes o Myeloid stem cells give rise to everything, including some leukocytes  Pericardium – sack that surrounds the heart o Fibrous pericardium – attaches to the diaphragm and blood vessels. o Serous pericardium – Reflects at the vessels  Parietal pericardium – sticks to fibrous pericardium  Visceral pericardium – sticks to the heart  The parietal reflects and becomes visceral, etc.  Pericardial cavity- in between visceral and parietal layers.  Cuspid Valves – between Atria & Ventricles o Bicuspid – Left atrium/ventricle o Tricuspid – right atrium/ventricle o Powered by papillary muscles  Contraction keeps the valves closed. o Muscles are attached to the chordae tendinae  Semilunar Valves – o Passive – there is no muscle o Blood backwash fills the cusps. Pressure has to overcome the closed cusps to open the valves.  Right Atrium – o Fossa Ovalis (Foramen ovale) o Pectinate muscles. o Coronary sinus opens here.  Ventricles have trabeculae carnae muscles  Electrical signal set up o SA Node sends signal to AV node & Atria o AV node delays it This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc. o Sends it down the atrioventricular bundle o The bundle branches into left/right which branch off into the purkinje fibers.  [Know arteries & veins of the heart)  Innervation – o Parasympathetic – Vagus Nerve o Sympathetic trunk o Visceral sensation follows sympathetic  Arteries act a pressure reservoir while veins act as a volume reservoir.  Arteries have more smooth muscle and no valves.  Types of Capillaries - o Continuous – least permeable – only small molecules like O2 can get in. o Fenestrated – larger openings – kidneys, intestines, o Sinusoid (discontinuous) – Has huge openings, and is the most permeable. In liver, spleen, bone marrow.  Blood pressure – 120/80 in arteries, nothing in veins o Driving pressure = flow rate * peripheral resistance. o Arterial Pressure = Cardiac Output * peripheral resistance  Cardiac output = stroke volume * rate This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.  Glossopharyngeal nerve does visceral sensation to carotid body and carotid sinus (stretch receptors)  3 portal systems o Hypothalamic – hypophyseal o Hepatic (intestines to liver) o Nephronic (kidneys)  See Fetal Circulation PDF  Prenatal postnatal structures Pretnatal Postnatal Ductus arteriosus Ligamentum arteriosum Foramen ovale Fossa Ovalis Ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum Umbilical veins Ligamentum teres Umbilical arteries Medial umbilical ligaments  Lymph System –  Functions o Return interstitial fluid back to blood o Transport products of fat digestion o Filter foreign substances and dead cells o Make up part of immune system  Components - o Lymph – extra interstitial fluid RBCS or platelets  Dissolved lipids, and lymphocytes & macrophages. o Lymph Vessels – 4 levels  Capillary  Larger diameter and more permeable.  Blind ended.  Called Lacteals in small intestine.  Lympathic  Thinner walls and more valves than veins.  Passes through the nodes.  Drains everything except cornea & CNS  Superficial structures – follows veins  Deep structures (Except lungs) – follows arteries  Lungs o Paratracheal, tracheobronchial, bronchopulmonary.  Lympathic trunks (paired)  Jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar  Lymph duct  Thoracic duct – most of the blood  Right lymphatic duct This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc. o Has only right jugular and right subclavian trunks .  Both empty into the brachiocephalic veins. o Lymph Organs  Nodes  Spleen  Thymus o Lymphatic Tissue  Tonsils  Pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual.  Pharyngeal is nasopharynx, while other 2 are oropharynx.  Peyers Patches  On walls of ileum in small intestine. Respiratory  You have 3 conchae and 3 meatuses (channels through conchae) o Inferior nasal conchaeis its own bone. Other 2 come from ethmoid.  Sinuses – frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary. o Sphenoid sinus empties into sphenoehtmoid recess o Some ethmoid empties into superior meatus o Rest of ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary empty into middle meatus o Nasolacrimal duct empties into inferior meatus  Pharynx o Nasopharynx – choanea (opening to nasal cavity) & soft palate. o Oropharynx – Fauces (opening), & hyoid o Layngopharynx – cricoid cartilage is end of it.  Has superior, middle, and inferior constrictors.  Vagus innervations.  Larynx o Arytenoid cartilage – where vocal cords attach o Vestibular fold & vocal fold o Rima glottides – opening b/w vocal folds o All laryngeal muscles are innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve from vagus  Except cricothyroid – external laryngeal nerve. o Posterior cricoarytenoid abducts while all of the others adduct the cricoarytenoid joint.  Right lung has 3 lobes. Bronchus is straighter and shorter.  Left lung has linguala and cardiac notch.  Lungs have plural sac consisting of serous membrane This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc. o It’s reflected, and has both visceral and parietal layers o Full of serous fluid  Each lung segment gets its own tertiary bronchus, and branch of both pulmonary artery and vein.  Inspiration is active, exhalation is passive.  Symphatic nerves do bronchodilation  Vagus does bronchoconstriction  Medulla & pons control breathing. Phrenic nerve (C3-5) control the diaphragm.  Chemoreceptors from carotid bodies (CN 9), aortic bodies (CN X) and the central chemoreceptors affect breathing. Digestive System  Oral Cavity o Plaotglossol arch is in front of the palatopharyngeal arch, with palatine tonsil in between the 2.  Muscles of mastication o Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid o Innervation by V3  Buccinator, orbicularis oris – VII  Glossus muscles – CN XII  Palato muscles – CN X  Dentition o 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars.  Salivary glands- submandibular gland & sublingual gland & parotid gland o Submandibular and parotid glands have ducts. Sublingual doesn’t really have a duct.  Layers of GI Tract tube o Serosa – epithelial and connective tissue membrane o Muscularis – muscle. Circular muscle is deep. Longitudinal is superficial. o Submucosa – connective tissue w/ vessels and nerves. o Mucosa – epithelial layer. Thin layer of smooth muscle.  Peritoneum – serous membrane lining the abdominal organs o Has visceral & parietal layers  Mesentary – double fold of peritoneu connecting organs to body wall o Contains nerves and blood vessels o Organ to wall mesenteries This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.  Falciform ligament – liver to antererior wall  THE Mesentary – post. Wall to small intestine  Transverse & sigmoid mesocolon – post wall to colons o Organ to organ mesenteries –  Greater omentum  Lesser omentum  Esophagus o Begins from laryngopharynx and goes to stomach o Goes through diaphragm at T10 o Has adventitia instead of serosa o Muscularis layer has skeletal muscles for top 1/3 and smooth for the rest. o Somatic control is done by vagus.  Blood supply o Foregut – celiac artery o Midgut – superior mesenteric artery o Hindgut – inferior mesenteric artery  Foregut – liver, gallbladder, esophagus, pancreas, stomach, duodenum, spleen.  [Know arteries and all]  Stomach – cardia, fundus, body, greater/lesser curvature, and pylorus. o Gastric glands in mucosa secrete gastric juice o Contains a deeper layer of muscle called oblique fibers  Duodenum – part of small intestine, but part of foregut o Major duodenal papilla – where the juices from organs flow in.  Pancreas – deep to the stomach. Exocrine & endocrine.  Liver – know the 4 lobes. o Porta hepatis – where the hepatic artery, portal vein, and common bile duct enter/exit o Hepatic artery – oxygenated blood into the liver o Portal vein – blood that has to be cleaned up from gut o Common bile duct – sends out bile through here. o Each lobule in the lung has empties into the central vein  Gallbladder – stores bile that the liver makes. This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.  GI tract veins empty into portal vein, which goes to liver.  Midgut organs – ascending, transverse colon, jejenum & ileum.  Duodenum and jejenum have plicae circularis – they create tons of surface area for absorption  Illeum has peyers patches – lymph tissue  Colon has hepatic flexure & splenic flexure  Ascending and descending colon are retroperitoneal, transverse, and sigmoid aren’t retro  Hindgut – descending & sigmoid colon. Rectum as well. o Don’t get parasympathetics from vagus. Get from pelvic splenhic nerves instead. o External anal sphincter gets somatic from pudenal nerve. Urinary System  Kidney coverings superficial to deep o Pararenal fat o Renal fascia o Perirenal fat o Renal capsule  Flow of urine in kidney o Cortex  pyramid renal papilla  minor calix  major calix  renal pelvis  ureter  bladder  urethra porcelain goddess.  Renal arteries (From aorta) & renal veins enter through the renal hilum.  [understand nephron flow]  Innervation of kidney – renal plexus o T10-T12 sympathetics  Vasoconstriction for less filtration This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc. o Parasympathetic from vagus  Ureter is like GI tract, but has adventia, and the muscles are switched – circular is superficial, and longitudinal is deep. o Ureter innervated by sympathetic from T11-L2, and parasympathetics from vagus for top part, and pelvic splanchnic for bottom part.  Bladder has 4 layers, just like GI tract. Detrusor muscle is in the muscularis layer. o Has internal urethral sphincter (Smooth muscle ) aand o External urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)  Urethra o Females  Conducts only urine. 3-5 cm lone o Males  3 parts – prostatic(3-4cm), membranous (1cm), and spongy (15 cm)  Carries sperm and crap too.  Piss reflex o Distention (bladder is full) goes through pelvic splanchnic nerves o Pelvic splanhnics relax internal sphincter, and contract the detrusor muscle o Sympathetics get inhibited, and the internal sphincter is allowed to relax o Somatic motor (pudental nerve) is inhibited so that the external sphincter relaxes. o You piss! Reproductive  Pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm Muscles o Levitator Ani  Puborectalis  Kinds rectum to prevent crapping your pants  Pubococcygeus  Illiococcygeus o Coccygeus  Perinium is crap below the pelvic floor  Urogenital triange is deep and superficial  Deep – deep transverse perineus, and external urethral sphincter This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.  Superficial – bulbospongeous, ischocavernosus, superficial trasverse perineus  Developmental homologues Female Male Labia majora Scrotum Labia Minora Spongy Urethra Glans/crus of clitoris Glans/crus of penis Bulb of Vestibule Bulb of penis Vestibule Membraneous urethra Vestibular glands Bulbourethral glands Ovaries Testes  External vagina o Under bulbospingeous, you have the corpus spongeous o Under the ischiocavernous, you have the corpus cavernosum o Both meet up at the clitoris  External penis o Glans is tip o Corpus cavernosum make up the sides, with corpus spongiosum in between it. o Bulb is at the bottom  Internal female stuffs o Ovary is connected to uterus via ovarian ligament o Uterus is connected to labia majora via round ligament o Both ovarian and round ligaments are from the gubernaculum o Layers of uterus  Endometrium (most inner)  Myometrium (smooth muscle)  Perimetrium – outside layer where peritoneum sticks to the uterus. o The peritoneum makes 2 sacs around the uterus  Rectouterine pouch and vesicouterine pouch o Other ligaments  Uterosacral ligament, broad ligament, and suspensory ligament of the ovary  Broad ligament is double fold of peritoneum o Vascularization  Ovaries get ovarian artery from aorta via suspensory ligament  Right ovarian vein goes to the IVC  Left ovarian vein goes to renal vein  Uterine artery and veins come from iliac artery and veins via the broad ligament. o Innervation This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.  Sympathetics + vagus nerve for parasympathetic. For Ovary and fallopian tubes.  Sympathetics + pelvic splanchnics for parasympathetics  Visceral pain goes through sympathetics, but distention goes through parasympathetic  Inferior ¼ of vagina is somatic.  Internal Male anatomy o ductus deferens + seminal vesicle duct = ejaculatory duct o Sperm pathway –  Seminiferous tubules  rete testis efferent ducts epididymis ductus deferens ejaculatory duct urethra o Seminal vesicles and prostate both contribute to semen. o Bulbourethral glands secrete mucin into penis o Erection is parasympathetic o Ejaculation is sympathetic o Layers of Scrotum What is was before the balls dropped Scrotum Skin Skin Subcutaneous tissue Dartos muscle & fascia Aponeurosis of ext. oblique muscle External spermatic fascia Internal oblique muscle Cremasteric muscle Internal oblique fascia Cremasteric fascia Transversalis fascia Internal spermatic fascia Peritoneum Tunica vaginalis  Hernias o Direct – viscera push through the wall of canal through the superficial inguinal ring o Indirect – viscera push through patent processus vaginalis. This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc. Lab Manual Notes Lab 9 – Thorax  Boobies o Alveoli  lobules  lobe  lactiferous sinuses  lactiferous ducts  ducts o Areola around the nipple. o Adipose tissue & Suspensory ligaments  Ribs o 1-7 are real o 8-10 are fake o 11-12 are floating  Costoscapular muscles o Pectoralis minor – medial pectoral nerve o Serratus anterior – long thoracic nerve o Transversus thoracis – sternum to ribs. Innervated by intercostal nerves. Internal thoracic artery passed behind. o External/internal/innermost intercostal muscles  Diaphragm – vena caval foramen (T8), esophageal hiatus (T10), Aortic hiatus (T12)  Lung divisions o Bronchus  Primary – 1 per lung  Secondary (lobar) – 1 per lobe  Tertiary (segmented) – 10 per lung o Bronchiole  Bronchiole  Terminal bronchiole o Alveoli  Alveolar duct  Alveolar sac  Alveolus  Right lung – 3 lobes – superior, middle, inferior o Horizontal fissure & Oblique Fissure  Left lung – 2 lobes – superior & Inferior o Oblique fissure only o Lingula + cardiac notch.  Heart vessels o Arteries  Left coronary artery  Circumflex  Anterior interventricular  Right coronary artery This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.  Marginal  Posterior interventricular o Veins  Great/middle/small cardiac veins combine to make a coronary sinus, which drains into right atrium. Chapter 10 – Abdomen  Rectus abdominis – rectus sheath - linea alba  External oblique – internal oblique – transversus abdominus  Post wall – quadratus lumborum, psoas major/minor  Large intestines have bands called taeniae coli which cause bulges called haustra.  Arteries o Celiac artery  Left gastic artery  Splenic artery  Left gastroepiploic  Hepatic artery  Gastroduodenal artery o Right gastroepiploic o Right gastic artery o Cystic artery o Superior mesenteric artery  Jejunal & illeal branches  Middle & right colic artery  Illeocolic artery o Inferior mesenteric artery  Left colic artery  Sigmoid branches  Superior rectal artery  Veins o The branchs are drain the same o Inferior mesenteric vein joins splenic, which will then join superior mesenteric,  This creates the hepatic portal vein  Kidneys o Each kidney gets a renal artery & renal vein o Adrenal gland gets superior suprarenal artery (from inferior phrenic artery), middle suprarenal arter (From aorta) and inferior suprarenal artery (from renal artery) o On the left, the suprarenal vein joins with renal vein first This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc. o On the right, the suprarenal vein goes direct to the IVC.  Gonadal blood o Arteries come off of the abdominal aorta o Left vein goes into left renal vein o Right vein goes to the IVC directly. Chapter 11 – The Pelvis  Pelvis – pubis, ischium and illium o Auricular surface - greater sciatic notch – ischial spine – lesser sciatic notch – ischial tuberosity o Anterior/posterior sacroiliac ligament o Sacrospinous ligament o Sacrotuverous ligament o Sex differences  Subpubic angle – females have it wider  Ischiopubic ramus – men is convex, female is concave  Body of pubic – men have it tall and narrow.  Greator sciatic notch – more pronounced in females  Auricular surface – bigger on males  Anococcygeal raphe – part of that middle tendon from rectum to sacrum  Perineal body – tendom from urogenital hiatus to rectum  Ischiorectal fossa – space filled with fat around anal sphincter  Pouches o Rectovesical in males o Uterovesical & rectouterine in females  Fornix – fold of vagina past the cervix  Ovary o Tunica albuginea is the outside. o Under that is the germinal epithelium o Stroma is what ovaries are filled with o After a mature follicle releases a cell, it becomes a corpus luteum. o After that, the corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans o Mesovarian – “messentary” that connects ovary to tubes  Blood supply o Arteries  You have ovarian/testical.  Superior rectal from the inferior mesenteric. This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.  External iliac artery gives off inferior epigastric artery.. which gives off a branch to the cremaster muscle  Internal Iliac artery branches into post & ant  Posterior branches into lateral sacral artery  Anterior branches into a bunch of things  Umbilical artery, which also gives off superior vesical artery  Middle rectal artery  Either inferior vesical artery (men) or uterine artery (women)  Internal pudendal artery o Inferior rectal artery o Perineal artery o Artery of clit/penis o Veins – Follow same exact thing as the arteries  Nerves o You have lumbar & sacral plexuses at play. o Ventral rami of S2-S4 make the pudendal nerve, which provides inferior rectal nerve to anal sphincter.  The pudendal than breaks into perineal nerve or dorsal nerve of clit/penis o Sympathetic trunks run down through the abdomen via paravertebral ganglia untill they merge in front of coccyx at the superior hypogastric plexus. o The nerves from the superior hypogastric plexus then travel down to where it forms with the inferior hypogastric plexus with the parasympathetic pelvic splahnic nerves.
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