AnimeThe history of anime begins at the start of the 20th century, when Japanese filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques that were being explored in the West. During the 1970s, anime developed further, separating itself from its Western roots, and developing unique genres such as the mecha genre and its Super Robot subgenre. Notable shows in this period include Lupin III and Mazinger Z. During this period several filmmakers became famous, especially Hayao Miyazaki and Mamoru Oshii. Unlike America, where live-action shows and movies have generous budgets, the live-action industry in Japan is a small market and suffered from budgeting and location restrictions. The varied use of animation allowed artists to create settings that did not look like anything at all. In the 1980s, anime was accepted in the mainstream in Japan, and experienced a boom in production. The rise of the Gundam and Macross Real Robot space opera franchises and the beginnings of Rumiko Takahashi's career began in this decade. The cyberpunk film Akira set records in 1988 for the production costs of an anime film and went on to become a cult success worldwide (later in 2004, the same creators produced Steamboy, the most expensive anime film). The Super Dimension Fortress Macross also became a worldwide success after being adapted as part of Robotech, and Megazone 23 also gained recognition in the West after it was adapted as Robotech: The Movie. In the 1990s and 2000s, anime series such as Dragon Ball, Pokémon, Sailor Moon and the postcyberpunk film Ghost in the Shell became worldwide successes, while other anime series such as Gundam, Macross, Neon Genesis Evangelion and Cowboy Bebop were popular in Japan and attracted attention from the West A number of animeinfluenced animations have been produced in the West, and the growth of the internet also led to the rise of fansubbed anime. Spirited Away shared the first prize at the 2002 Berlin Film Festival and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in 2003, while Innocence: Ghost in the Shell was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. CLAMP (Tsubasa. Typical doujinshi features characters from popular anime. . Card Captor Sakura) and Sekihiku Inui (Comic Party. much like independent or small press comics in the U.S. many doujinshi creators get discovered and move on to mainstream manga careers with major publishers as a result of their fan-creations. There are also doujinshi that feature original stories and characters. The Japanese publishing industry recognizes the popularity of doujinshi and often looks the other way rather than pursuing copyright infringement enforcement against fan-created manga. short print-runs so doujinshi by popular creators often become coveted collector's items. Murder Princess) are two examples of creators who've gotten their start as doujinshi artists. romantic or even erotic manga artwork or stories. sequels or embellishments on incidents or minor characters from popular manga or anime series such as Neon Genesis Evangelion. and Europe. shonen manga titles with straight male characters such as Bleach or Slam Dunk are drawn as yaoi / boys love romantic/erotic stories. In fact.TYPE OF ANIMES Anime Doujinshi Doujinshi is essentially manga created by fans for fans. For example. Other doujinshi may be prequels. Naruto or Trigun. via fans' web sites or at manga shops. Many doujinshi are created in limited. Doujinshi are often created by "circles" or groups of creators and are sold at events such as the twice-yearly Comic Market (Comiket) in Tokyo. manga or video games reinterpreted as humorous. Tatsumi began publishing "gekiga" in 1957. there was an acceptance of a wide diversity of experimental stories into the mainstream comic market commonly referred to critics as being the Golden Age of Manga. These youths became known in Japan as the "manga generation.S. Not only was the storytelling in gekiga more serious but also the style was more realistic." It's akin to Will Eisner who started calling his comics "graphic novels" as opposed to "comic books" for the same reason. which were aimed at children. This started in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s. even Osamu Tezuka began to display the influence of gekiga cartoonists in works such as Hi no Tori (Phoenix). and especially in Adolf.-Japan Security Treaty and Labor oriented student protest groups at this time. produced in the early 1980s.Anime Gekiga ? Gekiga ( ) is Japanese for "dramatic pictures. Some authors use this original definition to produce works that only contained shock factor. Adolf has heavy influences from Tatsumi's artwork. Because of the growing popularity of these originally underground comics. These "dramatic pictures" emerged not from the mainstream manga publications in Tokyo headed by Osamu Tezuka but from the lending libraries based out of Osaka. As a result of Tezuka adopting gekiga styles and storytelling. niche. The lending library industry tolerated more experimental and offensive works to be published than the mainstream "Tezuka camp" during this time period." The term was coined by Yoshihiro Tatsumi and adopted by other more serious Japanese cartoonists who did not want their trade to be known as manga or "irresponsible pictures. Manga reading was particularly common in the 1960s among anti-U. produced in the early 1970s. with more realistic styling and darker settings than most of Tezuka·s work. Gekiga was vastly different from most manga at the time. By the late 1960s and early 1970s the children who grew up reading manga wanted something aimed at older audiences and gekiga provided for that . Gekiga constitutes the work of first generation of Japanese alternative cartoonists. In addition this particular generation came to be known as the manga generation and read manga as a form of rebellion (which was similar to the role rock and roll played for hippies in the United States). In turn Tatsumi was influenced by Tezuka though storytelling techniques. The term is not often applied to pornography in Japan. Well. Instead. to pornography.Anime Hentai Hentai listen (help info) is a Japanese word that. In Japanese the word hentai is a kanji compound of (hen meaning "change" "weird" or "strange") and (tai meaning "attitude" or "appearance"). In slang. terms such as 18-kin (18 . They looked a lot like lasagna-meatloaf. . or "sexual perversion".C. the first known "moving picture" hentai drawings ended at the mouth of a cave on a cliff. they would look like they were moving. in a small cave which happened to be located in a rather bad neighborhood. manga and computer games (see Japanese pornography). This behavior made all of the law abiding cavemens (and womens respectively) want to stay inside. particularly Japanese anime. Unfortunately. The word "hentai" has a negative connotation to the Japanese and is commonly used to mean "sexually perverted". which were then hyper-analyzed by archaeologists in desperate need of grant money. in the West. The term is used as a shortened form of the phrase (hentai seiyoku). Jog-by spearpokings happened constantly. then ran as fast as possible past the pictures. literally "18-prohibited") meaning "prohibited to those not yet 18 years old". In Japan it can be used to mean "metamorphosis" or "abnormality". The English letters AV are also used. and seijin manga ( "adult manga") are used when referring Hentai originated in 397 B. is used when referring to sexually explicit or pornographic comics and animation.) Eventually the cavemen realized that if they drew multiple pictures that changed only slightly in appearance. (hentai) is used as an insult meaning roughly "pervert" or "weirdo". standing for adult video. After a while they got bored and started drawing doodles of animals and spears on walls. eventually the spears became penises and the animals became female creatures (this is an appropriate description of a cavewoman. Rozen Maiden. Shin-chan. . Hellsing. and Sekirei. 3×3 Eyes. An example of a Seinen manga magazine is Young Magazine. Other popular seinen manga magazines include Ultra Jump. ranging from the avant-garde to the pornographic. but the audience can be much older with some comics aimed at businessmen well into their 40s.Seinen ? Seinen manga ( ) is a subset of manga that is generally targeted at an 18²30 year old male audience. Elfen Lied. Chobits. Oh My Goddess!. Usually Japanese manga magazines with the word young in the title (Young Jump for instance) are seinen. Lone wolf and cub. A common way to tell if a manga is seinen is by looking at whether or not furigana is used over the original kanji text: if there are furigana on all kanji. Afternoon. xxxHolic. the title is generally aimed at a younger audience. It has a wide variety of art styles and more variation in subject matter. Seinen is a genre (or more properly a demographic) of manga and anime aimed at young men. Gantz. The title of the magazine it was published in is also an important indicator. Tenjho Tenge. Bastard!!. In Japanese. Examples include 20th Century Boys. though it is also often read by women. and Big Comic. the word Seinen means "young man" or "young men" and is not suggestive of sexual matters. Blade of the Immortal. Trigun Maximum. Berserk. Ikkitousen. The female equivalent to seinen manga is josei manga. Black Lagoon. Anime and manga stories are categorized as Seinen if the original manga was published in a magazine aimed at young men aged 1830. Sh jo Sh nen Sh jo-ai / Yuri Sh nen-ai / Yaoi .