Animal taxonomy_II 2015.pptx

JIB 431 BiosystematicsAnimal Taxonomy II Lim Lee Sim This lecture is based on Chapter 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Animal Taxonomy, written by H. E. Goto in 1982. This book was published by Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited in London, United Kingdom. Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Sound Not common. Sounds ◦ Bird songs’ pattern (sympatric British leaf warblers)(Gilbert White in 18th century) http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/families/ warblers.aspx Chiffcha ff Willow Wood warbler Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Sound Can be useful in distinguishing species that are closely related. At higher taxonomic level, song patterns from three main groups of birds from Phoceidae family were described by J. Delacour (1943). The three groups of birds have song patterns common within group but distinct between groups. "grass finch." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24213 8/grass-finch>. common waxbill. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/11155 8/Common-waxbill >. golden-collared manakin. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/6490/G olden-collared-manakin >. because subspecific song variations are also common-variations between local populations and individual variations-establishment of territory. .Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Sound Must be careful. Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Comparison of bird song With the aid of sound spectrograms/ Sonagrams. . Sound spectrograms: visual representation in permanent record of vocalization (differences in frequency. amplitude and durations of songs). . . Spectrogram of a open-space bat’s call . Oscillogram of a open-space bat’s call . both produce sound of 330Hz at 25°C.) For example. melanogaster at the rate of 29/sec. This method applied in animal taxonomy for various animals.Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Sound Visual examination of these sound spectrograms-provide simple and decisive methods of comparing sounds. D. Drosophila melanogaster and its sister taxa. . insects etc. but D. simulans at 20/sec. simulans. D. mammalians. (amphibians. D. pseudoobscura produce sounds at 500hz but at the rate of 5/sec. .Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Sound Oscilloscope : precise amplitude/time display. Sound spectrograms-more useful than oscilloscope when there are sounds of different frequency produced simultaneously in the song need to be recorded. but only single frequency can be recorded at one time. colour and shape of individual flash sequences. http://en. of Photuris were known.wikipedia. flashing behavior of eastern North American fireflies (Photuris) differ in freuency.Barber in 1951) 3 spp.Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Bioluminescence For example.S. 18 sibling spp were discovered. intensity. (discovered by H.org/wiki/Photuris_ . . (J. 1941) http://en.wikipedia. For examples: ◦ Waving pattern of right cheliped of male fiddler crab. Crane.Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Activity Activity pattern of species also employed in animal taxonomy.org/wiki/Fiddler_crab . Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Activity More examples…. (W.org/wiki/Gryllidae http://en.org/wiki/Acrididae .wikipedia.wikipedia.. 1953) tp://en. Jacobs. ◦ Antenna-cleaning behavior of Orthoptera families. (A. Adriaanse. These constructions of  http://en.org/wiki/Tit_%28bird%29 . Adriaansei. A. campestris and A.wikipedia. campestris. ◦ Nest building behavior also suggested Paridae (titmice) may be an artificial assemblage of polyphyletic origin. 1948).g. discovered 2 subspecies of A.Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Activity ◦ Nest building behavior in the sandwasp. e. oligo-. Stenadaptive. . monoxenous vs.Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomy Following the divergent evolution/radiation of a host ancestor there will be corresponding speciation of its parasites/symbionts. polyxenous. Host specificity: the restriction of a parasite/symbiont to a particular host species. euryadaptive. Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomy So in general. Indicators of the taxonomic affinity of their hosts. closely related host-closely related parasites and symbionts. . More advance hosts have more advance parasites.Parasitophyletic rules Fahrenholz Rule: ◦ The phylogenetic relationships of parasites reflect the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts. Eichler’s Rule: ◦ Taxa with higher variable of hosts has higher variaty of parasites. . Szidat’s Rule: ◦ More primitive hosts have more primitive parasites. parasites can be indicators of the taxonomic positions of their host and vise versa. (external environment change more than internal environment) . Ectoparasites are more liable indicators than endoparasites. Still. animals get their ectoparasites from their prey.Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomy Sometimes. ◦ South African ostriches-S. struthionis ◦ South American rhea-S. rheae ◦ both of the above spp. . Example cases: ◦ Existing evidence show Mallophaga become parasite of birds long time ago and evolve together.Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomy Principle of phylogenetic specificity by Baer: the use of parasites as indicators for their host’s affinities. is believed to share the same origins based on the parasites on them. Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomy Detected sibling species based on parasites. actually 2 sibling species.2 spp parasites. californica. abelis differed in habitat & egg structure from those infested with D. californica. D. Example: Octopus bimaculatus. Thus. . Later. bimaculatus infected with D. abelis and D. They are also reproductively isolated. it was discovered that those O. (Muller.Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomy Detailed studies of homopteran bugs and their symbionts showed there is a strong correlation between the members of the bugs and their symbionts. Ermisch & Wagner) . . Please bare in mind: parasites/symbionts may be not as host specific as we thought. Exp.Revealed of sibling species of termites after discovery of different spp of beetles (Staphylinidae) inhabit in the termites colonies. Exp. . the scale insect Diaspidiotus ancylus. aphids Please bare in mind: morphological changes in individuals of the same species when found on different plant host/different part of the plant. phenomena associate with nucleus) Mainly focus on the number. genetics.Cytotaxonomy Mainly apply in plant taxonomy. biochemistry. . Covers all aspects of taxonomy at cellular level. physiology. (structure. morphology and behaviour of the chromosomes. Chromosome number Varies in animals. usually between 12-60. Number varies even within orders/families/genera. Animals-usually diploid. Lepidoptera varies between 14446. . earthworms. But polyploidy occurs in free-living flatworms. Diptera varies between 4-20. Exp. .Chromosome number Sometimes homologous pair of chromosomes may fail to separate. Down’s syndrome which chromosome 21 is a trisomic. Exp. give rise to a zygote with extra chromosomesaneuploids-trisomics. . .Chromosome structure Chromosomes structure based on the position of centromere: Metacentric. Acrocentric and Telocentric. Chromosome structure: results from translocation . Chromosome structure: results inversions . (© 2005 by W.htm The arrangement of chromosomes. Metaphase during mitosis: http:// www. Genetics: A conceptual approach.com/mitosis. B.) . Pierce. Freeman and Company. All rights reserved. 2nd Edition. picture of an individual organism's complete set of metaphase chromosomes: karyotype.Chromosome structure Comparisons of chromosomes usually at metaphase configurations.cellsalive. H. ©© Copyright 2007 Nature Publishing Group.. Conventional cytogenetics of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's ly mphoma. . 2064–2067. labeled "X" and "Y" (lower right). A. Leukemia 21. From: Stamatoullas.A karyotype of human chromosomes A karyotype of human chromosomes. plus the special 23rd pair of sex chromosomes. et al. which includes 22 pairs. Leukemia 21. From: Stamatoullas. plus the special 23rd pair of sex chromosomes.Largest chromosom e Smallest chromosom A karyotype of human chromosomes e A karyotype of human chromosomes. 2064–2067.. which includes 22 pairs. . labeled "X" and "Y" (lower right). A. Conventional cytogenetics of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's ly mphoma. et al. ©© Copyright 2007 Nature Publishing Group. Idiogram of human Chromosome 1 . .banding patterns..Chromosome structure Chromosomes of similar overall length are distinguished by: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Position of the centromere The p/q ratio Presence or absence of satellites Q. G.and R. . Chironomus tentans: difference in banding patterns of polytene salivary gland chromosomes between subspecies from Europe and Canada. Drosophila persimilis and D. But in some animals. karyotype are uniform among species. grasshopper. pseudoobscura.Chromosome structure Based on karyotype-possibilities to revealed existence of sibling species. Exp. Exp. Geographical subspecies also detectable. Exp. Chromosome structure When using karyological data.28. But 2n=27 much more common in autumn genetic combination than in spring genetic combination) . few things have to be conscious: ◦ Geographical subspecies ◦ Individual abnormalities (Down’s syndrome) ◦ Clines (Nucella lapillus: lowest chromosome numbers found in individuals living in areas with greatest wave and tidal movement) ◦ Seasonal difference (Ameles heldreichi: 2n=27.29. Character states recorded using coding method. ◦ Presence=+/1. brown. Involve computers. red.red=0 .absence=-/0 ◦ If the cuticle colour is brown from white.brown=1. Able to analyse big numbers of characters and organisms.Numerical taxonomy Widely implement in the last few decades. then coded as white=0. Then a data matrix t x n matrix can be generated. e. coefficient of similarity (S) can be .g. Based on the matrix. 1cm-5cm.Numerical taxonomy ◦ Character states can be ranked in order of magnitude: ordered multistate characters ◦ Continuous quantitative multi state characters can be group into a series of 2-state characters. <5cm etc. . Numerical taxonomy  S= . Coefficient of similarity. n=total of no characters (NC entries are excluded). S. . usually express in decimal fractions or percentages. m=no of matches of character state between OTUs. . . . . .Numerical taxonomy Comparison in matrix also permits graphical presentationphenogram. . many softwares involve in numerical taxonomy. McClade etc. usually a posteriori/correlation weighting is consider in character weighting. Exp. Nowadays. There are many controversies on numerical taxonomy. PAUP.Numerical taxonomy In numerical taxonomy.