JERUSALEM: THE HOLY CITYANCIENT NEAR EAST 10W FALL 2012 University of California, Los Angeles Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:00–12:15 Jeremy D. Smoak CSYoung 24
[email protected] Office Hours Humanities 382: MW 10:00–11:00 (please make appt) Course Website: https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/12F-ANNEA10W-1 Discussion Sections: 1A Friday 1:00–1:50 MS3915D Michael Moore (
[email protected]) 1B Thurs 1:00–1:50 Lakretz 100 Jody Washburn (
[email protected]) 1C Thurs 2:00–2:50 MS 3915G Amy Karoll (
[email protected]) 1D Friday 10:00–10:50 Boelter 5273 Arnon Degani (
[email protected]) 1E Friday 11:00–11:50 Franz 2288 Mike Wingert (
[email protected]) 1F Friday 12:00–12:50 MS 3915G Jennifer Pantoja (
[email protected]) 1G Thurs 3:00–3:50 Bunche A152 Lisa Cleath (
[email protected]) 1H Thurs 4:00–4:50 MS 3915A Josiah Chappell (
[email protected]) COURSE DESCRIPTION This course will survey the cultural history of Jerusalem over three millennia, primarily as the symbolic focus of three faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The course content will focus on the transformation of sacred space as reflected by literary and archaeological evidence by examining the artifacts, architectural monuments, and iconography in relation to written sources. The creation of mythic Jerusalem through event and experience will be examined. Course requirements will focus on the development of advanced writing skills and critical thinking. This course is an L&S/SOAA/HSSEAS GE and a Writing II GE. (Check with your counselor/adviser to see which GE courses fill your requirements.) TEXTS Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (1997) Dan Bahat, The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem (1996) Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (1959) Diana Hacker, Writer’s Reference. 6 th ed. New Oxford Annotated Bible, with Apocrypha. Suggested version NRSV w/ Apocrypha & New Testament. Qur’an. Available at http://quran.org.uk/out.php?LinkID=84 Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 2 Additional resources on the Quran and other Islamic Literature at http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSAreferences/reference.html Selected texts on the Class WWW site (http://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/09S- ANNEA10W-1) COURSE REQUIREMENTS 1) Course attendance and participation (5%). Students are expected to attend and participate in lectures and discussion sections. Participation in this course is worth a minimum of 5%. However, per the terms outlined below attendance is worth considerably more; excessive unexcused absences will detrimentally affect your grade. Determinations regarding excused absences will only be made by the course instructor. The following terms are non-negotiable. a. Grading. Please remember that students must maintain a “C” in order to fulfill the Writing II requirement. b. Lecture Attendance. Lectures provide both content regarding the course themes and writing instruction. ! PowerPoints of lectures will NOT be posted and your TA is not responsible for providing you with notes for a missed class. Get notes from a fellow student. ! Students will be dropped from their sections if they miss the first two section meetings of the course. c. Discussion Section Attendance. Since there are a limited number of discussion sections in which TAs can work with students to improve their writing: ! Attendance will be taken by TAs for each discussion section. ! Each unexcused absence will result in a 5% reduction in final course grade. ! Two unexcused absences from sections constitute a FAILING GRADE for the course. Students needing two or more excused absences from discussion sections will be encouraged to withdraw from the course. If this is not possible, make-up assignments will be required. ! Failure to participate in peer review during week 8 will result in a one-letter grade reduction in the student’s paper. ! If students are late to discussion section on more than two occasions, the instructor will reduce the students overall grade. d. Individual Appointments with TA. It is strongly suggested that students meet with their TA for individual appointments at least once during the session. 2) Written Assignments (2 papers: 65%). a. Submissions and Due dates. ! Papers (First Drafts and Revised) turned in at any point after the beginning of class are considered late. 1. A hard copy must be turned in at the beginning of class on the date due. Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 3 2. Any draft of a paper more than one week late will not be accepted (will receive a 0 grade). 3. Both drafts and any requested documentation (e.g., cover sheets) must be submitted to be considered for a full grade. 4. Late papers will be marked down 5% per day (beginning in class). ! Each hard copy of a draft must be accompanied by the completed cover sheet provided by your TA. 1. Final grades on papers with missing cover sheets will be reduced 5%. 2. Cover sheet requirements must be met for paper to be considered for full grade. ! All drafts of papers and the close reading assignment will also be turned in using Turnitin.com. To access turnitin.com, students should first login into their myucla.edu account, then click on classes. The turnitin.com link will appear directly under the class name on myucla.edu. 1. Final grades on papers with missing cover sheets will be reduced 5% for each draft not submitted to Turnitin.com. 2. DO NOT include your cover sheet with the digital version you submit online. ! Illness must be grave and will require a signed doctor’s note, while a family death or tragedy will require a plane ticket or comparable proof for any consideration of an exception to this rule. ! To log into the turnitin.com site, go to myucla.edu and then click on the Study List Page and then the link for Jerusalem: The Holy City and then you will see a link for turnitin.com. b. Revisions. Final drafts of papers that do not meet minimum revision expectations will receive a failing grade. ! Any student who does not pick-up their first draft in class when they are returned as part of the revision process will receive a failing grade for the assignment. ! Revisions of second drafts that incorporate only those suggestions made by the TA will receive a failing grade for the assignment. Minimum revisions must include: 1. TA suggested revisions. 2. Your own revisions after incorporating the TAs suggestions. ! Tip: Have a fellow student review your paper after incorporating the TAs revisions. Then incorporate your peer’s remarks and suggestions. c. Minimum page requirements are for complete pages of text, NOT including bibliography. ! A 4 to 5 page paper, for example, will include a minimum of four COMPLETE pages of text, followed by bibliography. ! A 10% deduction will be issued for each page less than the minimum on both the draft and the revised copy. Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 4 d. Plagiarism. “Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, the use of another’s words or ideas as if they were one’s own; including, but not limited to representing, either with the intent to deceive or by the omission of the true source, part of or an entire work produced by someone other than the student, obtained by purchase or otherwise, as the student’s original work; or, representing the identifiable but altered ideas, data or writing of another person as if those ideas, data or writing were the student’s original work.”—from the UCLA Student Conduct Code (.pdf file), Fall 1998, section 102.01c e. Getting help. ! See your TA…actually meet with them. ! “Bruin Success with Less Stress” http://www.library.ucla.edu/bruinsuccess —a student-centered, interactive, online tutorial designed to guide you through information literacy topics including intellectual property, file sharing, citing and documenting sources, project management, and academic dishonesty. ! Writing Programs resources: http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/wp/resources/index.html 3) Exams (30%). Midterm (15%); Final (15%). Information provided towards end of quarter. There will be no early exams or make-up exams. Students who do not show up to an exam will receive a zero grade on the exam. The exam will include a combination of term identification, multiple choice questions, maps, and short essay questions. PAPER TOPICS 1. Paper 1 (Analytical Writing, 30%; 7–8 pages). Jerusalem as Physical and Sacred Space. The goal of this paper is to explain how certain biblical texts depict the city of Jerusalem as sacred space. The paper should address how the biblical texts relate the physical features of the city to the sacred or mythical aspects of Jerusalem. A large part of the paper should be devoted to explaining how the biblical texts envision the city as an axis mundi (cf. Eliade 1959). As such, the paper should demonstrate a thorough interaction with and grasp of the ideas found in the first chapter of The Sacred and the Profane. Some of the questions that the paper should address include: • How do the geographical images of the city in these texts contribute to the image of Jerusalem as a sacred city? • How do the biblical text’s use of geographical features illustrate the ideas presented by Eliade (axis mundi, imago mundi)? • What imagery do these texts use for the city of Jerusalem and how does this imagery contribute to Jerusalem’s status as “holy”? A successful paper will demonstrate a strong grasp of the ideas found in Eliade and explain how they relate to the depictions of Jerusalem in the following texts: Genesis 22; 2 Chronicles 3:1-2; 2 Samuel 24; 1 Kings 6–8; Genesis 2-3; Ezekiel 47; Psalm 46, 48, 137. A successful paper will also integrate observations about how these texts utilize elements Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 5 of the physical geography of the city, such as its mountains, valleys, and water systems, as part of their attempt to depict the city as sacred space. ! Analytical Paper of 7–8 pages (not counting bibliography) ! Goals: Thesis writing; Development of analytical writing skills; Critical reading of texts; Descriptive writing skills; Outlining skills to make writing easier; Development of a thesis and topic sentences ! Tip: A large part of the evaluation for this paper will depend on how well the paper integrates the concepts from Eliade with the language and imagery in the selected biblical texts. 2. Paper 2 (Analytical and Research Writing; 35%; 8–9 pages). The Sacred Architecture of the Holy City. Write a paper on one of the following buildings in the city of Jerusalem: Temple of Solomon, Church of the Holy Sepulcher, or Dome of the Rock. The purpose of the paper is to explain how the building’s location and architectural design reflect why it was/is conceived of as sacred space by the traditions of Judaism, Christianity, or Islam. Some of the questions that the paper should address include: • What religious traditions are associated with the building? • Where is the building located in the city and what is important about its location? • How does the architectural design of the building attempt to make a statement about its sanctity? • When was the building constructed and how does an understanding of its historical context clarify its religious significance? • How do the religious traditions about the building reflect certain concepts discussed in The Sacred and the Profane? Research Paper of 8–9 pages (not counting bibliography) At least 6 sources (do NOT cite as sources websites, lectures, or discussion sections) Goals: Development of research strategy; Use of a variety of sources; Consistent use of citation method and style You must have at least six sources for the paper, not including the textbooks. I do expect, however, that you will use the textbooks in the paper. The following sources are a good starting point for writing the paper and I would expect to find them integrated into your paper (you will find them on the course website): Robert Ousterhout, “The Temple, the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion of the Savior,” Gesta 29/1 (1990) 44–53. Robert Ousterhout, “Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre,” The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48/1 (1989) 66–78. Robert Ousterhout, “Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stones of the Holy Sepulchre,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62 (2003) 4–23. Angela Neuwirth, “The Spiritual Meaning of Jerusalem in Islam,” in City of the Great King: Jerusalem from David to the Present (Edited by Nitza Rosovsky; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) 1– 13. Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 6 Nassar Rabbat, “The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock,” Muqarnas Volume VI: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture (Edited by Oleg Grabar; Leiden: Brill, 1989). Oleg Grabar, “The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem,” Ars Orientalis 3 (1959) 33–62. Hagi Amitzur, “Justinian’s Solomon’s Temple,” in The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives (Edited by M. Poorthuis and Ch. Safrai; Kampem: Kok Pharos, 1996) 160–175. F.E. Peters, Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets from the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985). L.E. Stager, “Jerusalem as Eden,” Biblical Archaeology Review 26 (2000) 36–47. L.E. Stager, “Jerusalem as the Garden of Eden,” Eretz-Israel 26 (1999) 183–194. J.D. Levenson, “Temple and World,” The Journal of Religion 64 (1984) 275–298. K.J. Conant, “The Original Buildings at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem,” Speculum 31/1 (1956) 1–48. S. Schein, “Between Mount Moriah and the Holy Sepuchre: The Changing Traditions of the Temple Mount in the Central Middle Ages,” Traditio 40 (1984) 175–195. S.D. Goitein, “The Historical Background of the Erection of the Dome of the Rock,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 70/2 (1950) 104–108. R.A. Markus, “How on Earth Could Places Become Holy?” Journal of Early Christian Studies 2 (1994) 257–271. Important Dates: All Papers are Due at the beginning of lecture on the following dates: Paper #1 Draft Due — Oct 16 Paper #1 Revision Due — Oct 30 Midterm — Nov 6 Paper #2 Draft Due — Nov 20 Paper #2 Revision Due — Dec 6 Final Exam Dec 13 Grading: Attendance and Participation 5% Midterm Exam 15% Final Exam 15% Paper #1 30% Paper #2 35% Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 7 The Writing Center at UCLA The Undergraduate Writing Center offers UCLA undergraduates one-on-one sessions on their writing. The Center is staffed by peer learning facilitators (PLFs), undergraduates who are trained to help at any stage in the writing process and with writing assignments from across the curriculum. Our Services Scheduled appointments • 50-minute appointments in A61 Humanities • 30-minute appointments in Reiber 115 (for dorm residents only) • work in person with a Peer Learning Facilitator (PLF) Walk-in appointments • walk-in appointments available in A61 Humanities & Reiber 115 • first-come, first-served Online Writing Center (OWC): • 50-minute appointments • submit your paper online, using Google Docs • discuss your paper with a Peer Learning Facilitator, using Google Voice Chat What you should bring to the Writing Center: • A draft if you have one • Preliminary notes or writing if you don’t have a draft • A copy of the assignment • Instructor or peer comments on your paper • Copies of readings or research related to the assignment. LOCATIONS: A61 Humanities; Mon. – Thurs. 10AM – 6PM; Fri. 10AM – 3PM Reiber 115; Sun. – Thurs., 7 – 9 PM (for dorm residents only). APPOINTMENTS: Students can walk-in but appointments are preferred. Visit our website: www.wp.ucla.edu. Click on “UCLA Writing Center/Make an Appointment.” CONTACT: 310-206-1320;
[email protected] Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 8 COURSE SCHEDULE WEEK 0 SEPT 27 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE WEEK 1 OCT 2 THE BIBLICAL MYTHS OF JERUSALEM’S SANCTITY Reading: • Read the short essay “Cultural Contexts” 2236–2242 on the Course Website under Week 1. • Hebrew Bible/Genesis 1–3; 1 • Hebrew Bible/Genesis 12, 15, 22; • Hebrew Bible/Exodus 19, 24, 40. OCT 4 JERUSALEM AS PHYSICAL AND SACRED SPACE Reading: • Bahat, 10–17; • Eliade, The Sacred and Profane, Chapter 1; *Section: Overview of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament WEEK 2 OCT 9 DAVID AND THE CONSECRATION OF JERUSALEM Reading: • Hebrew Bible/Judges 19–21; • Hebrew Bible/2 Samuel 5–7, 24; • Armstrong, 37–47; • Bahat, 18–26. Oct 11 SOLOMON AND THE TEMPLE Reading: • Hebrew Bible/1 Kings 1, 6–9; Psalm 2:6–8; 89:25–28; • Stager, “Jerusalem as Eden” (CW) • Armstrong, 47–55. 1 A Note on Biblical References: When we want to refer to a section of the Bible, we use the name of the book along with chapter, and sometimes verse, references. The chapter and verse system was introduced over a long period of time, and finalized in the Middle Ages. Some examples: • “Genesis 2–3”: chapters 2 and 3 in the book of Genesis. • “Deuteronomy 6:4–7”: verses 4,5,6 and 7 in chapter 6 of the book of Deuteronomy. • “Exodus 14:4–15:2” from verse 4 of chapter 14 to the end of the chapter, then verses 1 and 2 of chapter 15. Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 9 *Section: The Sacred and the Profane, chapter 1; bring to section a one-page summary of The Sacred and Profane chapter 1, which explains the meaning of the following terms: hierophany, axis mundi, imago mundi and cites examples of these ideas from this chapter; *you will turn in this assignment. WEEK 3 OCT 16 HEZEKIAH AND ZION TRADITIONS: JERUSALEM IN THE 8 TH CENTURY Reading: • Hebrew Bible/1 Kings 11–12 • Hebrew Bible/2 Kings 17–19; • “Sennacherib’s Campaign to Judah (CW); • Armstrong, 56–71; • Bahat, 26–33. Paper #1 Draft Due! OCT 18 AXIS MUNDI AS RELIGIOUS POLICY: THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE IN THE LATE JUDAHITE MONARCHY Reading: • Hebrew Bible/2 Kings 22–23; • Armstrong, 71–76. *Section: Sennacherib’s Campaign to Judah (download “Sennacherib’s Campaign against Judah” from the course website and bring this to section. Bring a one- page paper that describes the similarities and differences between the Sennacherib account of the campaign and the biblical account of the campaign in 2 Kings 16– 18. WEEK 4 OCT 23 DESTROYING THE AXIS MUNDI: THE FALL OF JERUSALEM Reading: • Hebrew Bible/2 Kings 24–25; • Hebrew Bible/Ezekiel 43, 47; • Lamentations 1; • Armstrong, 76–78. Paper #1 Draft Handed back in Lecture! OCT 25 RETURNS TO ZION: VISIONS OF A NEW JERUSALEM AND NEW TEMPLE Reading: • Hebrew Bible/Ezra 1, 3, 10; • Hebrew Bible/Nehemiah 8; • Armstrong, 79–124; • Bahat, 34–36. *Section: Revising Paper #1 Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 10 WEEK 5 OCT 30 THE TEMPLE AS SACRED SPACE IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Reading: • Apocrypha/1 Maccabees 1–2, 4–6; • Apocrypha/2 Maccabees 4–7, 10; • Armstrong, 103–124; • Bahat, 37–41. Paper #1 Revision Due! NOV 1 HEROD’S JERUSALEM Reading: • Flavius Josephus’ Description of the Temple Mount” (CW); • Bahat, 42–59. *Section: Review for midterm exam. WEEK 6 NOV 6 MIDTERM EXAM NOV 8 WRITING PAPER #2: STRATEGIES AND SOURCES Reading: • No assigned reading for this day. *Section: No Section this Week WEEK 7 NOV 13 JERUSALEM IN EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE Reading: • New Testament/Gospel of Luke 2, 19–24; • New Testament/Gospel of Matthew 21, 24, 26–28; • New Testament/The Acts of the Apostles 1–3, 6, 9; • New Testament/Letter to the Ephesians 2; • Bahat, 60–63. NOV 15 THE NEW JERUSALEM: CONSTANTINE AND THE CULT OF MARTYRS Reading: • New Testament/Revelation 21–22; • R.A. Markus, “How on Earth Could Places Become Holy?” (CW) • Armstrong, 174–216; • Bahat, 64–87. Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 11 *Section: Strategies for Writing Paper #2 (bring a one-page outline that represents the way that you envision how your second paper will be organized). WEEK 8 NOV 20 JUSTINIAN’S JERUSALEM AND THE HOLY FIRE Reading: • Hagi Amitzur, “Justinian’s Solomon’s Temple,” in The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives (Edited by M. Poorthuis and Ch. Safrai; Kampem: Kok Pharos, 1996) 160–175 (CW). *Paper #2 Draft Due in Lecture NOV 22 THANKSGIVING (NO CLASS!) *Section: Sections Cancelled for Thanksgiving. WEEK 9 NOV 27 JERUSALEM IN EARLY ISLAM Reading: • Quran/Surah 17 (CW); • “Islamic Traditions about Jerusalem” (CW); • Neuwirth, “The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem”(CW). NOV 29 THE CONSECRATION OF UMAYYAD JERUSALEM Reading: • Armstrong, 217–244; • Bahat, 88–99. *Section: Peer Review of Paper #2 WEEK 10 Dec 4 THE CRUSADES AND LATE ISLAMIC JERUSALEM Reading: • Armstrong, 271–294; • Bahat, 100–119. Dec 6 THE TEMPLE MOUNT AS SACRED SPACE IN MODERN JERUSALEM AND REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM Reading: • Armstrong, 347–430; • Bahat, 156–163. Paper #2 Due in Lecture! *Section: Final Exam Review! Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 12 FINALS Dec 13 FINAL EXAM (3:00–6:00) Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 13 Chronol ogi cal Overvi ew (Know for t he Mi dt erm) 1200 Beginning of the Iron Age (Israel emerges in southern Levant) 1000 David’s conquest of Jerusalem; rise of United Monarchy 960 Solomon construct first temple in Jerusalem 928 Division of the United Monarchy; beginning of Divided Monarchy 745 Beginning of Assyrian involvement in Israel (Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III) 722 Fall of Samaria and northern kingdom to Assyria 701 Sennacherib’s conquest of Judah; Hezekiah, Isaiah, deliverance of Jerusalem 597 First Babylonian deportations; royal family exiled to Babylon; Jeremiah 587 Babylonians destroy Jerusalem, temple 539 Edict of Persian king Cyrus allows exiled Judeans to return to Palestine (Yehud) 520 Beginning of the rebuilding of the temple; Haggai, Zechariah 515 Dedication of the second temple 458 Ezra’s mission to Jerusalem 445 Nehemiah’s journey to Jerusalem 332 Persian empire falls to Alexander 167 Seleucid rule in Palestine; Antiochus III & IV 164 Hasmonean Dynasty Archaeol ogi cal Peri ods for Hi st ory of Syri a- Pal est i ne Bronze Age (3200-1200 BCE) Early Bronze (3200-2000 BCE) Middle Bronze (2000-1550 BCE) Late Bronze (1550-1200 BCE) Iron Age (1200-539 BCE) Iron I (1200-1000 BCE) Iron II (1000-539 BCE) Persian Period (539-332 BCE) Hellenistic Period (332-63 BCE) Hasmonean Period (167-63 BCE) Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 14 COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY Armstrong, Karen 1997 Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York: Ballatine Books. Astour, Michael C. 1992 Shaveh, Valley of. In ABD, vol. 5, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1168. New York: Doubleday. Avigad, Nahman 1983 Discovering Jerusalem. 1st ed. Nashville: Nelson. Bahat, Dan, and Hayim Rubinstein 1996 The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. Festive Jerusalem 3000 ed. Jerusalem: Carta Jerusalem. Biger, Gideon 1994 An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929. New York: St. Martin’s. Broshi, Magen 1974 The Expansion of Jerusalem in the Reigns of Hezekiah and Manasseh. IEJ 24:21–28. Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, and D. S. Richards 1987 Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study. London: British School of Archaeology. Cahill, Jane M. and David Tarler 1992 David, City of (PLACE). In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 52–67. New York: Doubleday. Cline, Eric H. 2004 Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. Coüasnon, Charles 1974 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. London: Oxford University Press. Davila, James R. 1992 Moriah. In ABD, vol. 4, ed. D. N. Freedman, 905. New York: Doubleday. Eliade, Mircea 1959 The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Harper & Row. Freedman, David Noel et al., eds. 1992 The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 1st ed. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. Geva, Hillel, ed. 2000 Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Reprinted and Expanded ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 2003 Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the Excavations in the Jewish Quarter. In Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, eds. A. G. Vaughn, and A. E. Killebrew, 183–208. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. Görg, M. 1992 Gihon. In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1018–19. New York: Doubleday. Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 15 Gray, John 1969 A History of Jerusalem. London: Hale. Hayes, John H. 1963 The Tradition of Zion’s Inviolability. JBL 82:419–26. Hess, Richard S. and Gordon J. Wenham 1999 Zion, City of our God. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Jeremias, Joachim 1975 Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus: An Investigation into Economic and Social Conditions during the New Testament Period. Philadelphia: Fortress. Kenyon, Kathleen M. 1967 Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years of History. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1974 Digging Up Jerusalem. London: Ernest Benn. Levenson, Jon D. 1985 Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible. San Francisco: Harper. 1992 Zion Traditions. In ABD, vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1098–102. New York: Doubleday. Levine, Lee I., ed. 1999 Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. New York: Continuum. 2002 Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.–70 C.E.). 1st ed. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. Lutfi, Huda 1985 Al Quds al-Mamlukiyya: A History of Mamlãuk Jerusalem Based on the Haram Documents. Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 113. Berlin: K. Schwarz. Mazar, Amihai 1994 Jerusalem and its Vicinity in Iron Age I. In From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, eds. I. Finkelstein, and N. Na’aman, 70–91. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society. Metzger, Bruce M., and Roland E. Murphy, eds. 1991 The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. New Revised Standard Version. New York: Oxford University Press. Meyers, Eric M., ed. 1997 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 5 vols. New York: Oxford University Press. Na’aman, Nadav 1992 Canaanite Jerusalem and Its Central Hill Country Neighbors in the Second Millennium B.C.E. UF 24:275–91. Peters, F. E. 1985 Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets from the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Poorthuis, Marcel, and Ch Safrai 1996 The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives. Kampen: Kok Pharos. Prawer, Joshua 1988 The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Oxford: Clarendon. Prawer, Joshua, and Haggai Ben-Shammai, eds. Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012) 16 1996 The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period 638–1099. New York: New York University. Reich, Ronny, and Eli Shukron 2003 The Urban Development of Jerusalem in the Late Eighth Century B.C.E. In Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, eds. A. G. Vaughn, and A. E. Killebrew, 209–18. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. Ritmeyer, Leen, and Kathleen Ritmeyer 2004 Jerusalem in the Year 30 A. D. 1 ed. Jerusalem: Carta. 2005 Jerusalem in the Time of Nehemiah. 1st ed. Jerusalem: Carta. Roberts, J. J. M. 1987 Yahweh’s Foundation in Zion (Isa 28:16). JBL 106:27–45. Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam 1989 The Early Islamic Monuments of al-Haram al-Shar!f. Qedem 28. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Smith, Robert W. 1992 Tyropoeon Valley. In ABD, vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman, 692. New York: Doubleday. Stern, Ephraim, ed. 1993 The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. English ed. 4 vols. New York: Simon & Schuster. Vaughn, Andrew G., and Ann E. Killebrew, eds. 2003 Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. Watson, Duane F. 1992a Gehenna. In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 926–28. New York: Doubleday. 1992b Hinnom Valley. In ABD, vol. 3, ed. D. N. Freedman, 202–03. New York: Doubleday. Wilkinson, John 1978 Jerusalem as Jesus Knew It: Archaeology as Evidence. London: Thames and Hudson. Yadin, Yigal, ed. 1975 Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeology in the Holy City 1968–1974. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.