Liceul Teoretic „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” BucurestiAN INSIGHT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Candidat: Mitrache Ioana- Mihaela Prof. Coord.: Malancu Paula Ciotârnel Adina Raluca 2016 and. but it is intended to make our lives easier by saving time. Secondly. dance. rather than just characters.ARGUMENTS “The question is not whether it will work. I think the future of these clever devices wouldn’t be a dangerous one because we. Firstly. we are commanding our gadgets only by using the natural language (Siri). allowing for a much easier. He uses this sensor to ‘type’ characters and numbers on his keyboard. how important will it be?”Marc Andreessen Artificial intelligence is used by most people every day. laugh or cry (Furby). Some may think it is not a really good thing. speedier experience for him. For example. when hopefully surviving and living will be a lot easier than it is today. that the machines could be way more intelligent than we will ever be and they will be able to take over the world and finally the human race will disappear. a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. resources and energy. artificial intelligence will soon be part of our lives more than it is nowadays. Do we really need it? Is it indispensable? Not really. The question is. humans. technology has advanced considerably from the past ten-fifteen years. children play with interactive toys which talk. because of his motor neuron disease to communicate by using a small sensor which is activated by a muscle in his cheek. artificial intelligence is often used by us nowadays. through inaction. are the ones that are creating them. we can set them some rules. if it does work. We mustn’t forget about the really advanced technology device Stephen Hawking uses. like Isaac Asimov first created in his science-fiction books about robots. will be an important part of our lives in the unknown future. The laws are: a robot may not injure a human being or. allow a human being to come to harm. That means that the time and effort Professor Hawking requires to type is significantly reduced. but not enough to create the fertile background of the artificial intelligence development. . even though some of us may not realize it. a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. but enough to simplify a little of our average life. under no doubt. So. SwiftKey’s technology has been integrated into his current system so that it can accurately predict whole words. which is really difficult to produce and still not possible. planning. linguistics. in which a number of sciences and professions converge. methods based on probability and economics. natural language processing. copied from the humen’s one. Allan Turing was considered to be “the parent of informatics and theoretical artificial intelligence” and proposed the question: “Can a machine think?” He was also thought to be the most influential personality in the contribution of informatics due to his Turing Test. elaborated between 1945-1947. There are a large number of tools used in AI. and many others. psychology. but in an algorithmical and logical-based way. intuitive judgements rather than the conscious. as well as other specialized fields such as artificial psychology. Human beings solve most of their problems using fast. The AI field is interdisciplinary. John McCarthy. most of the algorithms can require enormous computational resources – most experience a "combinatorial explosion": the amount of memory or computer time required becomes astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size. neural net research attempts to simulate the structures inside the brain that give rise to this skill. His theory could tell which of the human and the machine was the “robot”. including computer science. including versions of search and mathematical optimization. philosophy and neuroscience. knowledge. was the one who used this term for the first time in 1955 and he said it was "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines". step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able to model. logic. mathematics. . For difficult problems. such as reasoning. an American computer and cognitive scientist. The search for more efficient problem-solving algorithms is a high priority for AI research. which tells humans and computers apart automatically. [45] AI has made some progress at imitating this kind of "sub-symbolic" problem solving: embodied agent approaches emphasize the importance of sensorimotor skills to higher reasoning. softwares that can exhibit intelligence. statistical approaches to AI mimic the probabilistic nature of the human ability to guess. His test is the opposite of the 2000 Nicolas Hopper and John Langford’s CAPTCHA program.INTRODUCTION Artificial intelligence could be defined as the totality of machines. Since the early twentieth century the research for computer’s intelligence never stopped and even so there are still problems in developing this unnatural cleverness. but also memory. perception and the ability of moving and manipulating objects. and that mathematics will always contain undecidable propositions. That paper also introduced the “Turing machine”. mathematician. a new field at the time. Science was a considered a second-class pursuit in English public schools in the 1920s. He also studied physics. for fear he would fail. His math and science grades weren’t much better. issues which have been explored by myth. TURING TEST Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912 in London. He was nearly stopped from taking the national School Certificate exams on the subject. This raises philosophical arguments about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of tremendous optimism but has also suffered stunning setbacks. followed by many complaints from his teachers. logician. especially as a young man. human intelligence— the sapience of Homo sapiens sapiens—"can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it”. Today AI techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry. but some of it came out of simple curiosity about the world. . which was the most acceptable pursuit for gentlemen. He got bad to mediocre grades in school. He dabbled in quantum mechanics. He was a computer scientist. UK. providing the heavy lifting for many of the most challenging problems in computer science. who proved in 1936 that there cannot exist any universal algorithmic method of determining truth in mathematics. Turing’s passion for science embarrassed his mother. and immediately filled a notebook with his own thoughts and ideas on the subject.The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans. His papers on the subject are widely acknowledged as the foundation of research in artificial intelligence. cryptanalyst and theoretical biologist. who had hoped he would study the classics. as well as biology. Much of this work was related to creating machines that could learn and “think”. fiction and philosophy since antiquity. He read Einstein’s theory of relativity as a teenager. chemistry and neurology after the war. the program's performance is easy to measure. His work gave the Allies the edge they needed to win the war in Europe. He accepted treatment with DES (chemical castration) as an alternative to prison. or indistinguishable from. and all participants would be separated from one another. Chess and checkers were the most commonly experienced. it takes the program to have additional knowledge (other than rules of the game). the machine is said to have passed the test. the immediate conclusion was that even when it comes to games. then it was the one to follow. Turing died in 1954. but it has been noted that the known evidence is equally consistent with accidental poisoning. Then. when such behavior was still a criminal act in the UK. and led to the creation of the computer.Alan Turing was responsible for breaking the Nazi Enigma code during World War II. the rules are generally simple and few in number. There were two reasons for which games were among the first areas of application of artificial intelligence. of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to. 16 days before his 42nd birthday. trying to generate all possible sequences of moves from that point on. The test does not check the ability to give correct answers to questions. only how closely answers resemble those a human would give. An inquest determined his death as suicide. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so that the result would not be dependent on the machine's ability to render words as speech. GAMES AND THEOREME DEMONSTRATION The beginnings of artificial intelligence can be seen immediately after the Second World War. developed by Alan Turing in 1950. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is a machine. considering that the opponent always chooses the best move. that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine that is designed to generate human-like responses. so they can easily be described and used. The Turing test is an experiment. Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts. If a sequence reached a winning state. .being given a position on the board. The idea was very simple . If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human (Turing originally suggested that the machine would convince a human 70% of the time after five minutes of conversation). From here. from cyanide poisoning. First. in the first programs that solve puzzles or play certain games. In this area were created several interesting programs. even though this view is highly contentious. What must describe computer are set of axioms and inference rules. This area is similar to one of the games that are simple to assess performance. To validate the work. especially stories and dialogues. allowing ELIZA to be “free to assume the pose of knowing almost nothing of the real world”. worked by examining a user's typed comments for keywords. and the resulting sentence is returned. including “The Logic Theorist” of Newell. Thus. A group of experienced psychiatrists analyzed a combination of real patients and computers running PARRY through teleprinters. The psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 48 percent of the time – a figure consistent with random guessing. The program. ELIZA responds either with a generic riposte or by repeating one of the earlier comments. The two groups were then asked to identify which of the “patients” were human and which were computer programs. Joseph Weizenbaum created a program which appeared to pass the Turing test. It attempted to model the behavior of a paranoid schizophrenic. known as ELIZA. and Gelernter’s program that proves theorems of geometry. If a keyword is found. Another group of 33 psychiatrists were shown transcripts of the conversations. . it wants to make machines understand natural language.The other area that has aroused interest in this period of time was the demonstration of theorems. Weizenbaum developed ELIZA to replicate the behavior of a Rogerian psychotherapist. ELIZA is claimed by some to be one of the programs (perhaps the first) able to pass the Turing Test. a program described as “ELIZA with attitude”. with some subjects being “very hard to convince that ELIZA is not human”. using a similar (if more advanced) approach to that employed by Weizenbaum. a rule that transforms the user's comments is applied. The programs ELIZA and PARRY In 1966. If a keyword is not found. which prove theorems in the first chapter of the book “Principia Mathematica” by Whitehead and Russell. Kenneth Colby created PARRY in 1972. With these techniques. In addition. NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING In the 1965-1975s the world is preoccupied with “understanding”. PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a variation of the Turing Test. Weizenbaum's program was able to fool some people into believing that they were talking to a real person. feeling. as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". He is kind. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BETWEEN 1975-PRESENT It is said that artificial intelligence has become more lucid. such as bacteremia and meningitis. with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves. A lot of robots have been created that are capable to do what humans do. endearing and surprising. It is capable of moving. more critical about itself. walking.Pepper is the first . but also robotic animals. Cohen and others. a French robotics company headquartered in Paris. The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases. speaking. It was written in Lisp as the doctoral dissertation of Edward Shortliffe under the direction of Bruce G.MYCIN MYCIN was an early expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections. Stanley N. telling jokes and manipulating some objects. Pepper (left) is a human-shaped robot. programmable humanoid robot developed by Aldebaran Robotics. seeing and reproducing human behavior. more pragmatic. MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970s at Stanford University. It is designed to be a genuine everyday companion. whose number one quality is his ability to perceive emotions. It arose in the laboratory that had created the earlier Dendral expert system. and to recommend antibiotics. like: communicating. and to a certain extent. ROBOTS Nao (the little one) is an autonomous. which was better than the performance of infectious disease experts who were judged using the same criteria. Not only have humanoids appeared. MYCIN was never actually used in practice but research indicated that it proposed an acceptable therapy in about 69% of cases. Buchanan. hearing. assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale Crater has ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life.humanoid robot capable of recognizing the principal human emotions and adapting his behavior to the mood of his interlocutor.). with the ability to walk or run on two feet at speeds of up to 6 kilometers per hour (3. With aspirations of helping those who lack full mobility. including investigation of the role of water.7 mph). ASIMO was designed to be a multi-functional mobile assistant. designed to explore and further research into assisting elderly people and those who are losing their autonomy. Without this capability. Curiosity is a car-sized robotic rover exploring Gale Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratorymission (MSL). . kangaroos (real ones) would get very tired very quickly. Bionic Kangaroo is a hopping robotic kangaroo. and planetary habitability studies in preparation for future human exploration. climb stairs and reach objects on a table. the animals can bound at high speeds efficiently for substantial periods of time. ASIMO was designed to operate in real-world environments. is a humanoid robot designed and developed by Honda. His size was determined so as to enable him to open doors. 3 in) tall and 50 kg (110 lb. which means that it can efficiently recover energy from one jump to help it make another jump. ASIMO is frequently used in demonstrations across the world to encourage the study of science and mathematics. ASIMO. Romeo (right) is a 140 cm tall humanoid robot. an acronym for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility. but by using their tendons like elastic springs. Introduced on 21 October 2000. which is able to realistically emulate the jumping behavior of real kangaroos. The rover's goals are: investigation of the Martian climate and geology. At 130 cm (4 ft. he says. or conceivably destroyed by it”. “We cannot quite know what will happen if a machine exceeds our own intelligence. but believes it will come in the next few decades. Carpenter says we are a long way from having the computing power or developing the algorithms needed to achieve full artificial intelligence." His warning came in response to a question about a revamp of the technology he uses to communicate. so we can't know if we'll be infinitely helped by it. fooling a high proportion of people into believing they are talking to a human. Cleverbot’s software learns from its past conversations. Professor Hawking says the primitive forms of artificial intelligence developed so far have already proved very useful. but he fears the consequences of creating something that can match or surpass humans. said Rollo Carpenter. But he is betting that AI is going to be a positive force. “Humans. and has gained high scores in the Turing test. In the short term.THOUGHTS ON THE FUTURE Professor Stephen Hawking told: "The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. . But others are less pessimistic. creator of Cleverbot. Mr. which involves a basic form of AI. he said. “I believe we will remain in charge of the technology for a decently long time and the potential of it to solve many of the world problems will be realized”. or ignored by it and sidelined. who are limited by slow biological evolution. couldn't compete. “It would take off on its own. there are concerns that clever machines capable of undertaking tasks done by humans until now will swiftly destroy millions of jobs. and would be superseded”. and re-design itself at an ever increasing rate”. org/wiki/Turing_test http://www.ro/search?q=Nasa %27s+curiosity+mars+rover+robot&safe=strict&biw=1280&bih=879&source=lnm s&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjay6HiyL7MAhVE2BoKHdE8DKkQ_AUIBygB#imgr c=hq5yALl0TUwBlM%3A https://www.wikipedia.ieee.net/ https://en.captcha.pbs.wikipedia.org/newshour/updates/8-things-didnt-know-alan-turing/ https://en.wikipedia.wikipedia.99i_Testul_Turing https://en.BIBLIOGRAPHY https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence#The_work https://ro.com/news/technology-30290540 .google.2C_reasoning.com/en https://en.org/wiki/Alan_Turing#Primele_calculatoare_.org/wiki/Mycin http://spectrum.C8.aldebaran.com/people/alan-turing-9512017 http://www.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Deduction.wikipedia.biography.2C_prob lem_solving http://www.cs.bbc.html#SECTION00040000000000000000 https://en.edu/~mihaib/articole/ai/aihtml.org/automaton/robotics/robotics-hardware/festo-newest-robotis-a-hopping-bionic-kangaroo https://www.cmu.org/wiki/ASIMO http://www.
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