An Archaeo-Organological Survey of the Netherlands

An Archaeo-Organological Survey of the NetherlandsAuthor(s): Joan Rimmer Source: World Archaeology, Vol. 12, No. 3, Archaeology and Musical Instruments (Feb., 1981), pp. 233-245 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/124235 Accessed: 08/07/2010 05:26 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=taylorfrancis. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to World Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org can be dated to the early centuries of this era. The currently known total of instruments and soundmakers from Netherlands soil up to about A. I500 is nearly 200. presumably for suspension from the neck. in so far as space allows. one vertically and one horizontally placed (plate 3a). some are carefully formed and decorated with incised lines or indentations. double cone and double pie-crust (there are examples of the latter from Ur.: Rimmer I969: plate III b). though this may not give a true picture of the original density of instrument use elsewhere. the north. pink or yellowish clay have been found in the provinces of Friesland and Groningen.and nonChristian societies it may well have been as usual as it still is in many non-European societies. those of foreign origin which have been found in the Netherlands and those of non-Netherlandish origin which have been acquired by various means. One double cone. in pre. A few examples are hors de se'rie. from Finkum.D. from Hallum. as in most countries with some tradition of acquiring and preserving material objects of many kinds. 3 ? R. instruments from archaeological sources fall into three categories. I98I Musical instruments 0043-8243/81/I203-0233 $I.An of archaeo-organological survey the Netherlands Joan Rimmer In the Netherlands. particularly where these are about the size of a large pea. Over thirty complete or fragmentary vessel rattles of black.K. for example those found near Suawoude and Bantega. In many cases. with its comparatively dense population in the first millennium A. in others. Some are roughly made.C. of the early second millennium B. dry sound is produced by the friction of the large. This rattle sits comfortably between two hands. they are well preserved. hard pellets against the 5 mm-thick walls. to provide a general survey of instruments in the first category. Shapes include flattened oval. They somewhat resemble cup cymbals World Archaeology Volume I2 No.P. the pellets have disintegrated. Some rattles found during the last few decades. those of native provenance.From Groningen there are possible half-rattles of inverted cup shape with a spike or stump on top. and when it is shaken precisely a clear. and another large one.50/I . has so far yielded more than any other region. has a hanging loop at each end. has adult-size finger grips at each end.D. together with the size. Though the use of rattles in social and religious ritual (as in procession and dance) is now unfamiliar in most of Europe. It is the purpose of this article. reinforces the theory that they were ritual soundmakers. and soils favourable to preservation. and this pre-christianization date. Quantitatively. including purchase. weight and form of many rattles. or a sort of spindle terminating in a stump at the bottom. the probable time span they cover and the discovery of some comparable instruments elsewhere combine to provide a certain amount of information. Europe. They have been found in Friesland and elsewhere. as is the exterior shape (plate ib and c). They have been found in a number of external shapes. Their sizes and proportions are similar to those of the larger Mochica and Chimu whistles in the Haags Gemeentemuseum (total lengths of around 6o mm. from Hallum. The crudest whistles have rough-cut suspension(?) notches. for example in Schokland (formerly an island in the Zuiderzee. Apart from a number of notched flutes which were no doubt bird lures. flat 'spatulae' (plate ia) and turned tubes. rather like half coconuts. A small flute from Oosterlittens. Whistles and flutes A few clay whistles have been found in the west of Friesland. North Holland. are tiny vessel and tube flutes. A search for earlier tonal systems can be an unrewarding exercise.). Other kinds of vessel and duct flute are well known in Europe. with thirty-one tiny perforations in the top. Zeeland and coastal Brabant. given little knowledge of the fabric of musical activity from which they emerged. all these instruments are internal block and duct flutes made from the bones of various domestic animals. and this seems likely. but since evidence is lacking for this type in first millennium A. and tube diameter 2-3 mm. was considered by Boeles (I 95 I) to be an import into Friesland. for example. This whistle. One of dark brownish-black clay. Nevertheless. Bone whistles which do seem to be native are tiny block-and-duct vessel flutes. Van Vilsteren's study of the dating and function of some of them is in the press. with spherical vessels and tubular ducts (very long in proportion to the total length of the instruments) set at an angle over the vessel opening. that is. ranging from roughly worked antler tips (Atanassov I977: I I9 cites a present-day example of goat horn. seems less likely. out of a total of I I4 mm. is like a mushroom-shaped pepper-pot. while the other. The internal tubular vessel is small in relation to the overall length of the object. the quantity and variety of bone flutes from the north. below the vessel area. used as a railway whistle!) to bone 'shoe-horns'. both have a crisp sound. The latter appears to be wheel-turned. From Friesland come two which stand on end. was perhaps a bird lure. though now part of the Noordoostpolder).D. some of these have suspension notches like the antler whistles. tube lengths 40 mm. a mere 30 mm. There are traces of metal or metal stain in some of the perforations and stumps. and others which are coarser and perhaps locally-made examples of the same type.234 Joan Rimmer and give a dry thud when struck together. a thirteenth-fourteenth-century example found . with one finger-hole. the rest have either front to back and side-to-side perforations in the lower part. One from Bilgaard resembles a pointed egg in an eggcup. A few lack finger-holes. its presence in a few places on or near the coast of Friesland may be explained by importation of at least one example from post-Conquest Latin-America. goose or swan.. and therefore a date no earlier than the sixteenth century. His dating between the mid-eighth and the eleventh century. found in the old Zuiderzee port of Staveren. 2 bone whistles Fig'ure flutes(15Stypes). ~ -. the bottomthreeare carefullyand identicallycut while the uppertwo .IC 17 A8 vse 99 ate.Of the presentfive holes on a flute from Feerwerdtested by Megaw(I968: 338). .neke. c.there are severalinstrumentswhich resemblethe gar kleinePlockfl6tleinwith three finger-holesand a thumb-holewhich was illustrated and describedas late as the seventeenthcenturyby Praetorius(I6I9: 34 and plate 9). A brokenflute from Stiens.3 boneblock-and-duct 6 claywhistles. Jensum F *E^alge I QLeeuwaden+Hardegarljp d Deirnum X HatsumA Hh~~~~~~deI ~ ~ ( ( JeISum tAchlum 0 ROttum m *Mjnaldu X Wartfum!f **3 Hl CoIJd*Stiens U r~ >\ /tzinktim .presumablylater additions. * Oostum ' + ) Adu rd X X1eaf u |I wsr dur Sawud ~~~F H\su' 3bone f .Es Wo Tl wdsegar\E - ~Kbattrry pese m tLpesr uw 9.? triple-coiledclayhorns. In a few cases. winsum *Bantega Oosterlitensln ITheeProvittncs witmarsu .or to suggest social or .are quite differentin shape.several types must have been in use simultaneously. (4 types).An archaeo-organological surveyof the Netherlands 235 in Alkmaarhas been identifiedas similar to golden plover lures still in use in North Holland(Cordfunke.or left-handflutes. < ~~~~Teern.LWorhnm tyes).I975).4 bonereedpipe.LFra. fourteenth-fifteenthcentury.all are one-handflutes and in some cases offsettingof one or more finger-holesindicateswhetherthey were right. oewite % i The Provincesof Frieslandand Groningen.16 an rnne. Given the non-scientificcircumstancesin which most fluteswere uncovered(Boersma and theirwide distribution(figs.5 ..y . as is still the case in partsof easternEuropeand the Middle East.8 woodenreedpipe. the top one very shallow and the one below it deeply and crudely gashed.in fact has three cut finger-holesplus a small hole drilled iz mm. the position of the head in relationto the finger-holessuggeststhat the flute was playedfrom the side of the mouth.~ *Hoogebehlntumt v~~~~~~Haflum]Mt!we .9 jews'harps occupationaldifferentiationsrelated to type.nn n. From the later end of the probabletime span.7 hornpipeparts. listed by Crane(I972: 30) as a five-holer. below the remainsof the window.S *Suaweade - -eed H*ttewderd . Ferwerd1 /1 w/11r"_ Dokk Leku ldtiM Sp~~~Mea W{tmars ra F W erledittens e* Kubad ~ -ered ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~Huzvn B-gad Oosterutte. i and z) it is difficultto establishchronoI972: 9I-I09) logy .z clay vessel rattles. With one five-hole exception.2 -3 x4 *. and 87 mm.D. In 1973. If played on fundamentals. lathe-turned example from Warffum (a right-hand flute) has a back-cut beaked head and finger-holes drilled into the bore at an angle. interval implications as in B (i). frequently thick flutes of similar lengths with three finger-holes and thumbhole. A late. one was found along with remains of cheese-making equipment. fat bone flutes seems to be the north Spanish one-hand flute called fluviol. (ii) Two finger-holes and thumb-hole set low on the tube (in later English terminology tabor-pipe. these flutes exhibit many different degrees of skill and care in the selection and preparation of bone. whether they had been buried with their owners is now impossible to establish. lathe-turned instruments with drilled finger-holes and some very crudely hand-cut instruments. An example of this type from Staverencan be dated ? A. i5o mm. for a string to sling the instrument from the neck. (ii) Short. A. B (i) Two finger-holes set in the middle of the tube. Some modern . from the eighth-century registers of Fulda. the arigot or French flageolet. both shorter and longer and of bird and animal bone. Weakens. A possible analogy for some of the short. from Valkum in Groningen. each hand having two fingerholes and one thumb-hole. The idea that a bottom rear hole which is found in some instruments was a second thumb-hole (Brade I975: 30) seems to be based on a misunderstanding of the nature of instruments with two thumb-holes and of the practicalities of vertical flute playing. and of the cutting or drilling of finger-holes.D. one musical possibility is of touched drone on the lowest note. long.-I3o mm. The instrument type which does have two thumb-holes. the placing and shaping of the head. 68 mm. was found on Walcheren in Zeeland (Trimpe Burger I960-I: 207). of C.236 Joan Rimmer Between the later. I000-1300. near Winsum in Friesland. II3 mm.A late exampleof this type. A flute of this kind. Vellekoop I966. window and labium or voicing lip. has in fact a pair of tabor-pipe settings in one tube. flutes. Two were found in I920 in a terp cemetery at Aalsum in Groningen. The fundamental note series here would comprise a largish interval from the lowest note (all holes covered) to the next (lower hole open) and a smaller one from that to the next (both holes open). Brade I975). with three finger-holes. long (plate 2a). At least in the case of duplicate lateral holes. C (i) Short. for example as in one from Hallum in Friesland. in the course of levelling the remains of an early terp. also in tuning implications. they must have been for suspension. has a forward-cut beaked head. rear and lateral holes (sometimes quite small) set very close to the lower end are found on a number of instruments with three or four holes. possibly all were suspension holes. This is the category most discussed hitherto (Megaw I968: 34I-6. cattle holdings in Friesland of up to one hundred beasts. German schwegel). In the Netherlands. Were some of these bone flutes for the self-delectation of farmers and dairy women or had they also a signal function connected with fairly large scale cattle-keeping? Boeles (195I: 214) quoted. from the bottom of a tube I84 mm. Only a brief typological breakdown of these flutes can be given here: A (i) Two finger-holes set low on a tube c. I I00. (ii) Three finger-holes set in the middle of the tube. long. These occur in animal and bird bone. it is a short flute with three frontal and two rear holes disposed in the same manner as in some of the Netherlandish bone instruments. There is one example from Britsum. for others in northern Europe see Brade 1975. Five finger-holes. c. Some are of bird bone with holes on the concave surface. however. for example. F Four finger-holes and thumb-hole. in Heerlen in the south. while the bottom rear hole rests on and is closed by the upper surface of the little finger (Baines I96I: 228 and fig. longer than the largest bone example and it has holes in the side of the head.d. From Dordrecht in the Rhine Delta region came two wooden flutes . One of the Aalsum cemetery flutes and the cheese-associated Winsum flute are of this type..) and have finger-holes set slightly higher on the tube. A wellpreserved wooden tabor-pipe from the first half of the fifteenth-century was recovered. In connection with the fact that intonation and tone quality in the copy were satisfactory only when the bore was reduced to 8 mm. 210-230 surface. E Four finger-holes. These are rare. Remains of a slightly larger instrument from Aardenburg in Zeeuwse Vlanderen date from the second half of the fourteenth century (Rimmer I98I). Its frontal holes are closed by three fingers and the upper rear hole by the thumb. on the former island of Schokland. Leaving these aside. near the great rivers and in Zeeland (fig. it is interesting to note that one of the bone flutes from Blija (plate 2b) is almost closed at the bottom. from a disused well in Goedereede on the island of Goeree (Olivier I979). A small one from Farmsum. and only a centimetre or so longer than these. in Deventer and Zwolle in the east. Bird-bone flutes are mm. which has already been described elsewhere and a copy made (Weber 1976). long. Animal-bone flutes are shorter.D. 54f for a thirteenth-century depiction with tabor see Gardner n.a tiny instrument. D (i) Three finger-holes set on the lower half of a tube 150-200 mm. on concave or convex generally longer. it is 90 mm. seems to have been fashioned in imitation of a bird-bone flute.: 8-9). The bone flutes sit comfortably in the hand with the little finger under (in one case towards the side of) the bottom of the tube. long. i6oo (Sarfatij 1978: 308 and afb. made from the tibia of a long-legged sheep. Sevag 1973: 79-83). unfingered lower length carrying three vent holes. A.An archaeo-organological surveyof the Netherlands 237 forms have side keys and an extended. (ii) Three finger-holes and one thumb-hole set on the lower half of the tube. at the lower end (the original foot joint is missing). it seems that extension to four holes was more usual on the front. and the finger-holes. G Bone flutes have been found elsewhere. . 150i6o mm. from c. The second instrument from the Aalsum terp cemetery is the only example of this so far. At 240 mm. in Emmeloord. are set low on the tube (plate 2C). presumably for bolting the block in place (plate 2d). No doubt bone and wood flutes were in use contemporaneously in later times. 2 and Roes I963. only 8o mm. along with personal and domestic objects. (though one from Loppersum is I90 mm. on these longer flutes. 30) and the late fourteenthor early fifteenth-century recorder found in the ruins of the Huis te Merwede. C. 8 bronze horns. I7 duct panpipes Reedpipes Reedpipesof variouskindshavebeen found.5 tuba mouthpiece. "V A f~~~~~~~~~A 2 aD1 - 10 9R 11 t3 b ---12 -13 4 Y 5 .has six finger-holes. There are six holes on each pipe. The pair of pipes of eagle bone.The highest. the dispositionis close to that on the bird-boneblock and duct flutes. I4 wooden flutes (3 types). 9 clay horns. which were found in a fire pit of the first centuryA.probablyof more easterly origin.6 clay rattles. 2 bells. 26o mm. found at Hatsumin Friesland.Joan Rimmer 238 ( . 3 stick sistraand loosejingles. i6 panpipes.7 double reedpipes. ii jews' harps.14 c6 a 15 =7 t8 w 16 m 17 sL 9 Figure2 The Netherlandsexcept Friesland and Groningen. from the bottom and the rest fairly evenly spaced over the whole tube (Oomen I968. .A 2I5 mm. 4 goblet cymbals. RimmerI975).D.which is perhapsa later addition. i Janglingrings. io clay trumpet. 1971. at Mook on the Maas. came from a differenttraditionof pipe-making. long pipe of very pale birdbone. I2 bone whistles. c. I5 lyre bridges. long. I3 bone flutes. the lowest being 8o mm. is round while the others are oval and set in the lower half of the tube. with three finger-holes. Presentlength is nearly250 mm. equippedwith double reeds. The same questionsarise with the two pairs of five-hole bone pipes from the Avar cemeteryat Alattyan. Hallstattburialon the WezelscheBerg. Laterwest Europeanformswere larger(for examplethose depicted in BernardoDaddi's Nativity now in the Uffizi Gallery. Some single forms of the Russian zhaleika still have only three finger-holes.Earliestare four bronze bolts for axle caps. The now shrunkenremainsof a sevenhole wooden reedpipe were found in a terp at Blija.The lowest frontalhole was no doubt a vent hole.e.. nearWijchen. it is set in the middle of the lowest of the decoratedraised blocks which elsewhere on the pipe are situatedbetweenthe finger-holes. and the top is shapedso that a reed or reed-carriercan be fitted over it.they are between 107 and I20 mm.like the reedpipe(plate 2e). Copies of the Mook pipes.each uprighthas an anthropomorphicfinialand an integralloop to which a single ring carryingthree more rings is attached. have been found in Friesland. at the top and 6-7 mm.surveyof the Netherlands 239 An archaeo-organological They may have been played as parallelpipes. Thought to be eighth-eleventh century A.This family earlyexampleof a westernreedpipeseems closerto the cylindricalduduk-balaban than to the stronglyconicalIslamiczurnas(thoughthis nameis used in some regionsfor cylindricalinstrumentsalso) and later Westernshawms(Rimmer 1976: Vertkov 1975: 29). except in the now shrunkenpiece fromAchlumwhich is probablyof the same date as the reedpipefrom Blija. 5 mm. The lowest of the six frontalholes is nearly70 mm. only four of the holes could be coveredin each hand. octaveand fingeringmethodunspecified(Oomen I968: 59).Everybolt carriesa grid with threeuprights. Florence) but the rectangularexteriorand steppedfront are found as late as the eighteenthcenturyin one Welsh instrument(Harrisonand RimmerI964: plates 77-8).The backof the pipe is roundedwhile the front is flat. yielded g bb c d e g. while even large forms like the modernizedLithuanianbirbineclearlyshow two distinctone-handunits (Vertkov1975: IOI-2). this instrumenthas some similaritiesof proportionwith the Mook reedpipes. Bores are c. Now lackingreed fittings and terminalhorns though the fitting points for these are clear.a total of forty-eightjanglingrings.If played as divergent pipes. only minutelyconical. and the lower end terminatesin a gentle flare.C. It is noteworthythat these Frisian hornpipes seem to date from the time of intensive Frisian-Baltictrading. externallyrectangularand with raisedsectionsbetweenthe finger-holes. Other instruments Many of the soundmakersand instrumentsfrom the regions of the great rivers and further south are of a differentcharacter. The bore is at presentc. up from the bottom and the other five areevenlyspacedoverthe rest of the tube (the thumb-holeis slightlyhigherthan the highest finger-hole).D.two-horsechariotfound in I897 in a seventh-century B. fingeredright across both simultaneously.it is decoratedalong one side but the otheris plain.This may have been partof a doublehornpipe. at the bottom. 6 mm. . Four wooden sections of hornpipes.though the flaring part of the bone was not incorporatedinto these (Kovrig I963: I73-6). i. long. thoughthe slight flareat the lowerends suggests otherwise. from the remainsof a four-wheel. Klar. particularly from the great villa site at Plasmolen. ewer.. some of which did not survive(de Laet 1974: . found on the Hunnerberg in Nijmegen in i842. In four main categories. from the Grutberg in Nijmegen. Others were no doubt for sheep or goats and some of the tiny bells must have been for horse harness. see Atanassov1977: 50 for a presentday axle-attached soundmaker). Similar objects have been found in a sarcophagus in Hessloch in Germany. and loose jingles in the grave of a young girl in Kaiseraugst in Switzerland (van Buchem 1950) and with mid-third century burnt remains in Brunssum in Limburg (Bogaers I966). not clashed vertically or horizontally like bowl. in the Nijmegen area have heads of deer. One with wellmodelled antlers on a deer head was in a pre-A. It has a back-turned rim (internal diameter I90 mm. In a sarcophagus of the fourth century A. A bronze mouth-piece of the mid-second to mid-third century was found in a ditch system at Wijk bij Duurstede (plate 4b). They are up to ioo mm. ovoid bodies. some of which are about the same size as the Hunnerberg pieces though most are larger. These instruments.D.D. and plate 2. analogies are perhaps with instruments frequently depicted on the Hindu-Javanese temples at Barabadur and Prambanan (Kunst I968: 48-53). and it is possible that. they range in height from 130 mm. the shape has been retained to the present day. is cup-shaped internally with a cylindrical tube 4-4 mm. and a lamp. From post-Roman times come other metallic instruments. Were these instruments used by professional child dancers or entertainers? They are heavy and un-childish (see Atanassov 1977: 57 for a simple sistrum used in eastern Bulgaria).). high. 70 grave associated with large pots. flat tails (perhaps as finger grips?).D. were fragments of several stick sistra . finds One of a pair of sarcophagi of the sixth century A.or plate-shaped cymbals. Many Roman-period bells have come from the Nijmegen district.bucinaor even cornurather than lituus(Baines 1976: 57ff.or bell-cymbals (Leemans I842: i6 calls them bells). Distant as they may be in space. among other objects (Vermeulen 1932). stray discovered during work on the railways in Nijmegen. About 55 mm. long. cockerel or possibly dove set on squat.as they may be described . with solid handles and sharply flared rims. to little more than 2o mm. this journal). vertical in the case of the birds and horizontal in the deer. contained what appears to be a pair of goblet. they were ritual soundmakers of some kind. this journal).along with the remains of a girl of about ten years. they are decorated inside and out with incised and raised lines and they have no trace of clappers or of fixing for them (plate 3b). about 380 mm. in diameter (Verwers 1975: I13I4). with a hand grip in the middle and cut-out sections in each half into which a pair of heavy (ioo grams) bronze jingles of unequal size were set on a transverse rod (plate 3c). and large. The Viking rangle is based on the same principle (see Lund. Some must have been cowbells.240 Joan Rimmer 402. high and long. are struck together at a single point on the rim. They were solid wooden sticks. like the northern vessel rattles. dishes. held upwards or downwards. It does not match exactly with other known Roman mouthpieces though it must belong to a tuba.D.. Clay vessel rattles from gravefields of the mid-first to mid-third centuries A. Eleventh-century clay rattles from Schinveld are maracca-shape (Bruijn I964). One example still attached to part of a harness is in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn (Klar 1971: 329 and this journal). and with some still used in parts of south-east Asia. may be of later date. Thinner bronze jingles. . were stray finds from the site of Dorestad.D. Two splendid brass dijkshoorns. They date from the sixteenth century and probably had a total length of about 2 m. but seems likely to be post A. both in Groningen. it carries a circular stamp with the sign IHS (Trimpe Burger I967). and the integral mouthpiece is funnel-shaped internally. internal diameter at the rim and about 8 mm. I200.a so-called pelgrimshoorn.) slightly curved instrument. This is indeed a lituoid horn.D. The upper part of what must have been a similar instrument was found during excavation of the foundations of the Nieuwburg. that found at Velp before I887 (Land I894) cannot now be traced. A coiled clay horn was found in the Wieringermeer in West Friesland. long and weighs 2 kg. cannot at present be traced. while remains of two triple-coiled horns of pipe-clay . was found along with other ceramic articles at Schinveld (Bruijn I962-3). Two finished amber lyre bridges (Roes I965: 45-6 and plate I9: 140-I) and one unfinished example. which seems to have been a centre for the import and working of amber. have the upturned bell (Groenveld et al. they have grooves for six strings. 72). near Oudorp (now part of Alkmaar) in West Friesland.dating from the first half of the seventeenth century and used on the river Lek to give warning of rising water levels and such emergencies. The feet have not been cut in this example. Of the several sets of clay duct panpipes from the great rivers region. 1290 and destroyedin 1517. The few known Roman instruments and fragments of this type are of sheet bronze. probably made in Aachen or Cologne. when found. curved clay horn with a colourless lead glaze.was found during excavations on the site of the Abbey of Middelburg in Zeeland. on the island of Goeree (Pleyte I9OI: 85-6. A short (360 mm. The castlewas built aboutA.D. the outer two are set minutely lower than the rest. A folded trumpet of pipe-clay . Work must have been abandoned when a sizeable fracture appeared on one side. Lituoid metal horns were used even later in the Netherlands. it would not have been started on an already fractured piece of amber. is covered with bronze-coloured paint and the narrow bell carries an oval stamp in which a Virgin and Child stand in a sickle moon (Boersma et al. They bear the makers name in Latin (incomplete on the surviving fragments) and this tiny piece was perhaps a votive offering (Bogaers1975). This one is of thick cast bronze. IwoO rather than Roman. It has two slinging loops. Dating from about 1500. deep. 8z2 mm. Remains of a miniature five-tube clay panpipe were found in 197I near Eindhoven. It is 675 mm.so-called processiehoorns. Like most surviving European lyre bridges. A six-pipe example found at Cothen is probably fifteenth or sixteenth century (van Tent 1976: 66) though the type may go back to Roman times (Borger 1977: 49). manufactured locally about A. also from Ezinge.came from a terp in Ezinge and a monastery site in Warffum. like the Roman lituus. made in two parts with an octagonal hooked bell (plate 4a).D. all probably eighth-ninth-century A. Fragments of others come from various sites in South Holland and Brabant. it was thought perhaps to be the blowpipe of a bellows(RenaudI97I). The Ezinge instrument. and the horn fragment and other finds are dateable within that period. 68g. Clay horns of several kinds have been found.surveyof the Netherlands An archaeo-organological 241 A much worn and repaired instrument which has long been regarded locally as a Roman lituus was washed up by the sea in i6i8 at the place known as de Oude Wereld.. in the unfinished bridge. Trimpe Burger I960-I: 20I-2). 1979: 50). A short. I966: no. 196I. Leeuwarden in Friesland (a recent find).Wil Mank and Henk Bloklander. E. it would have been difficult to make even as brief a survey as this. Thanks are due to many people in the Netherlands. E.). J. et al. Baart.tpt TTtfrr. Een fluit?BrabantsHeem. Baines..J.Catalogusvan het GroningerMuseum. I also thank the Faculty of Letters and the Institute of Musicology of the University of Utrecht for subsidizing the necessary research. Instituut voor Muziekwetenschap '22 V TAR(R 7. P. A. Many come from urban areas and some can be safely dated between the early fourteenth century and the sixteenth century (van Sprang 1973. one cannot be sure whether or not these five instruments are Gallo-Roman.242 Joan Rimmer Jews harps of bronze or iron and of various types have been found all over the country. Haarlem: Fibula- WoodwindInstrumentsand theirHistory (2nd edn). both of the Rijksdiesnt voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek in Amersfoort .J. Systematikder BulgarischenVolksmusikinstrumenten.se. van Dishoek.I thank them all. Opgravingenin Amsterdam:20 jaar stadskernonderzoek. A register of all instruments from archaeological sources in the Netherlands (including those not mentioned or illustrated here) is in preparation and will incorporate this information.J.t References Atanassov. some of them private owners of single instruments or collections. (ed. I966. no inventory numbers or present whereabouts have been given for the objects discussed. The exact provenance of five bronze Jews harps from the Nijmegen district is not known. Boersma. Terpen:mensen milieu(2nd edn). Brass Instruments. and until more detailed comparative and technological studies have been made of all the older western European Jews harps. Munchen: Callwey. 1972. W. Boeles.27:I6o-2. C. without which it would not have been possible.J. Sofia: Bulgarische Akademieder Wissenschaften(in Bulgarian). A. 1976. London: Faber.London: Faber.. Frieslandtot de elfdeeeuw(2nd edn). Acknowledgements For reasons of space. . Das Romisch-Germanische MuseumKbln. I977. Borger. A. along the great rivers and in the Delta region. Den Haag: Nijhoff. In thanking two . V.. 1975. Without their goodwill and cooperation.H. in the Zeeland islands and in Maastricht. Deventer in Overijssel. Groningen.J. Boersma. I966. W. Bogaers. Amsterdam and Delft. Baines. 1977. Haren: Knoop and Niemeijer. Baart 1977: 476-7). I95I. 1977. NieuwsbulletinKNOB I966. et al. some of them professionally attached to museums and other institutions. 102-4. 5oo jaar kloosterTer Apel van mettentot vespers. Bogaers. Ypey 1976-7. RijkSMuIseum van Oudheden. Rij'ksmuseum van Oudheden. Haags Gemeentemuseum (c) Clay whistle Nwith rear loop.loops. Leiden (a) (b) () (d)() . Leeuwarden (b) (c) Plate2 (a) Bone flute with tw. Goedereede (e) Hornpipe fragment. Ilallum. Earlv fifteenth century. Leeuwarden (c) Swan ulnia flute with four fingerholes. Fries Museum. Lecuwarden (b)) Bone flute with three finger-holes. l\lochica. BIijia. Staveren. Leiden (d) Wooden tabor pipe. Gemeentehuis. Elst. Peru. Fries 1Iuseum. Goedereede. Ninth-eleventh centuries. Fries Museum.o finger-holes. Britsum. Mikkeli-Tuukkala. ii6 3H and 3K i96i). Early Iron Age. (Photo: ROB Amersfoort) (b) Bronze mouthpiece. Second-third centurieS A. (Photo: C. io0 mm.tn i g#qr (Photo: 1 Iron rattle. M. Nijmegen (a) Lituoid bronze horn.. 248I:78). 2890:I2). Gemeentehuis. no. I0 mm. Stockholm) (d) Bronze bells. (Photo: ATA. Finland Late Iron (NMH inv.D. Rijksmuseum G. (?). Nijmegen. original provenance unknown. Leiden (c) Stick sistrum. Fourth century A. Leeuwarden (b) Goblet cymbals. Late Iron Age. Hallum. Fries Museum. Havor. (a) Bronze Age Diameter420 MM. (Photo: G. Total width c. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.D. inv no. coast of Goeree. (Photo: ROB Amersfoort) Plate 5 (a) Bronze rattle. Finland (NMH inv. C Lund) 5 r . Wijk bij Duurstede. Visby) (C) (a) (b) (d) . no.ki.. Sw~eden (Gotlands fornsal.(a) Plate 3 (a) Clay vessel rattle. ~~~~~Age. Lund) (c) The BalkAkra'drum' BalkAkra. Early first millennium A. (b) DNI Kam. c. Sweden (SHM Cv no i46i). Sixth century A.. Goedereede. Visby. Nijmegen. Height c. Early Ri=ilF ? (b)I(b) Kalmaanm. Reconstruction with original jingles. GAdefors.D. Gotland. Length of handle i19o mm. twelfth-thirteenth Washed up by the sea on the centuries.D. J. M. Neumiinster: Wachholtz. Bruijn. C. Alkmaars. Knocherne Kernspaltflotenaus Haithabu. I964. S. . The Hague: Nijhoff. SyntagmaMusicum2. I97I.BonnerJahrbuicher.E.Neumiinster: Wachholtz. and Rimmer. Praetorius.BerichtenROB. Zwei R6mischeBlasinstrumenteim RijkmuseumKam in Nijmegen und uit het Rijksmuseum van oudheden ihre zoologische Interpretation. Extant MedievalMusicalInstruments. I97I. J. J. Kam. W. i968.J. Gardner. Das AwarenzeitlicheGraberfeldvon Alattyan. P. S.pp. 12-I3:384-5. Westerheem.De VrijeFries. 1975. 24 :274-5. Problemsand non-problemsin palaeo-organology. Simpson). I969. Prehistorische kulturenin het zuidenderLage Landen. Oomen. nigingvoorNoord-Nederlandsche muziekgeschiedenis. In Ausgrabungen p. de. Leemans. Harrison. der R6merzeitin Bonn. I963. et al. S. C.A. I894. Rimmer.und Nordeuropas= G6ttinger Schriftenzur Vor.und Fruhgeschichte.Wetteren: Universa. H.Numaga5:12-17 and51-3. 1958. Wolfenbiittel: Elias Holwein. I979.5I :I4-I6. G.London: Studio-Vista. I842.In Studiesin Ancient Europe. J.I:4. Opening van sarkofaagin het RijksmuseumG. Een goudplevierenfluitjeuit middeleeuws Alkmaar.pp. 353-8 (eds J. Pleyte. I90I. I. Twee aloude fluiten in Nederland opgegraven. H. Adolfsland. C. F. J. H.56: I79-82. N. I974. Leiden: Brill.d. I978. I964. Die mittelalterlichenKernspaltfl6tenMittel.J. Ouddorp: De Motte.Utrecht: Walburg. C.A.BerichtenROB.Lincoln: Friends of Lincoln Cathedral. P.47:57-60. N. D. Die mittelalterlichekeramischeIndustrie in Siidlimburg. Nieuwe vondstenvan middeleeuwsaardewerkin Zuidlimburg.M. Oomen. Kunst. De tonputten van Sommelsdijken Goedereede. Laet. Budapest: AkademiaiKiad6. n. Cordfunke.Amhem: Nijhoff. De Nieuwburg bij Oudorp. C. I2. Land. J. LincolnAngels. I97I. De kogeldoorde kerk. and Nieuwsoverde sarkofaag vande Grutberg. Jankuhn).Jaarboekje. 14:133-49.M. M. In Van Westvoornetot St. van. Groenveld. I962-3. I975. Buchem. Romeinschesteenendoodkisten. J. in Haithabu. W. A.Tijdschriftvan de veree4:33-5. S. uit het Rijgkuseum mededelingen Rimmer. I968.London: Trustees of the British Museum.Oudheidkundige mededelingen te Leiden. EuropeanMusicalInstruments. H. Oudheidkundige van oudhedente Leiden. The Tibiae Pares of Mook.F. 1975. 7:50-65. i979. Olivier.J. Nederlandscheoudhedenuit de vroegstetijden tot op Karel den Groote. Crane. Renaud. materiaalvoor oude muziekinstrumenten. Brade. Musikinstrumente Klar. I968. 30 (ed. Hindu-JavaneseMusicalInstruments(2nd edn). Kovrig. De ellepijp van vogels. i6.Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 1972. I6I9. H. AncientMusicalInstrumentsof WesternAsia in the BritishMuseum. Bruijn.An archaeo-organologicalsurvey of the Netherlands 243 Brade. Megaw. I7I:30I-33. V. J. A. I53-76. Coles and D. Leicester: Leicester University Press. H.). van. Sprang. BerichtenROB. Clay duct panpipes and amber lyre bridges come from the great rivers. I976. Beknopt overzicht van het oudheidkundigbodemonderzoekin het Deltagebied. Ypey. Archeologischekroniekvan de provincieUtrecht over de jaren I970-71. Westerheem. BerichtenROB. I973. J. Bone reedpipes(firstcenturyA.J. MaandbladOud-Utrecht. 10:308. Studia instrumentorum musicaepopularis(Stockholm). Tent. vertical bone flutes and whistles of many types (from a considerabletime span) and bone and wood reedpipes. H. BerichtenROB. Bone flutes and whistles also come from the easternNetherlands.). IO-II:z0I-z.D. Bone and Antler Objectsfrom the Frisianterp-mounds. Det gjallerog det icet. Westerheem. Paris. G. (ed. clayrattles(mid-firstto mid-thirdcenturyA. van.AmsterVermeulen. Archeologische kroniek van Zuid-Holland over I976. I976. A. Een Romeinsch dam: H.D. van. Galpin Society Journal.V. Tabor-pipes from Aardenburgand Goedereede: some musical implications.D. Trimpe Burger. J. I973. J.Tijdschriftvan de Verenigingvoor Nederlandse muziekgeschiedenis. 25:II3-I4. Roes. Weber.C. I978.D. J.).D. Holland. A. A.) andmanyRoman-period bells.the greatriver region. G. Vilsteren.244 Yoan Rimmer Rimmer. Sarfatij. alsojangling rings for chariotaxles (seventh century B. Roman period settlement traces and cemeteryat Wijk bij Duurstede.Joan An archaeo-organological survey of the Netherlands Musical instrumentsand soundmakershave been found in the Netherlands in archaeological sources from the seventh century B. Antiek. I4:97-105. Herwaarderingvan een vondst van Dorestad. i965. Verwers. I932. Vellekoop. W. Abstract Rimmer. i98i. Moscow: State Music Publishing House (in Russian). I975. Vondstenvan Dorestad. A. 29:35-41. 207.).) were found near Nijmegen. Een oudheidkundigonderzoekin de Abdij te Middelburgin x961. R. Roes. 22:g94-203.W. goblet cymbals (sixthcenturyA. Atlas of MusicalInstrumentsof the Inhabitantsof the USSR (znd edn). i963.). i964.K. I975. From the northern terpen come clay rattles (early first millenniumA. A. Mondharpen. I976. 1II:209-3I. The instruments called chirimia in Latin America. Trimpe Burger. grafveld op denHunnerbergte Nijmegen. to the sixteenth century A.D. i966.C. T. (in press). lituoid bronze . Voorlopersvan onze blokfluiten. Mondharpjes. Rimmer.J. J.4:IOI-IO. 20 (3):I78-85. R. J. the Zeelandislands.Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget. Vertkov.Groningen: Wolters. J. Sevag. Recorderfinds from the middle ages and the results of their reconstruction. I976-7. ig60-I.the Delta region and south Limburg. Haarlem:Tjeenk Willink. stick sistra (fourth century A. Berichten ROB. R.49:66.W. anotherfrom the early fifteenth century. straight and coiled clay horns and trumpet from Groningen. others may be Gallo-Roman. From late fourteenth-centuryDordrechtcamea wooden recorder.Jews harps of bronze or iron have been found all over the country.From Aardenburgthere is a wooden tabor-pipeof the second half of the fourteenthcentury. . some are fourteenth-sixteenthcentury.An archaeo-organological surveyof the Netherlands 245 horns from South and North Holland.and from Goedereede. South Limburg and Walcheren. Documents Similar To An Archaeo-Organological Survey of the NetherlandsSkip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextConceptualising Brahmanical Patriarchy iResearch Roundup Response to LiteratureG. E. R. 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