Alexander Panchenko - Theory and Practice of Chess Endings Convekta

Theory and Practice of Chess EndingsThis endgame course was composed by GM Alexander Panchenko. It's aim is to teach a student many intricacies of the endgame through a theoretical section that includes over 700 games/lectures, each of them illustrating both theoretical and practical endgame methods. Moreover, several of the themes are covered for the very first time. The special training section contains as many as 300 exercises for a user to solve, showing the refutations of wrong moves as well as giving numerous hints to help and find the correct answer. There are also 180 positions, especially chosen by their teaching value to be played and trained against the built-in chess playing engine Crafty. Multiple user profiles are possible with independent ratings and statistics for each. Several printing options are available as well. Language versions: English and Spanish. No additional software is required. System requirements: Essential: IBM-compatible PC, 16 MB RAM, Hard Disk 30 MB of free disk space, VGA graphics, Windows 95/98/2000/NT/ME/XP, CD-ROM drive. PAWN ENDINGS OPPOSITION ?@?@?@?6 @?@?@?@? 7@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@7@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ENDINGS WITH SMALL NUMBER OF PIECES OPPOSITION The kings are in opposition, when they PAWN ENDINGS are placed on the same file, rank, or diagonal, with an odd number of squares separating them. While standing in the opposition, the turn to move is always a disadvantage. Hence it is clear that one should strive for taking the opposition. It plays a decisive role while queening a Pawn endings constitute a basis of all endings. One should study them most carefully, because each ending can eventually transpose into a pawn one. pawn (see example 1), while breaking to the opponent's pawns and winning them (example 2), and while defending a worse position (examples 3 and 4). Despite their simplicity, pawn endings are very complicated - even masters and grandmasters often err in them. The complexity of a pawn ending is that it cannot be evaluated as ± or ²; it is either If it is White to move, then after 1. Kc5 , Black retains the opposition by [1. Ke5 Ke7=] 1... Kc7= , and saves the game. won or drawn. Erroneous transition to a pawn ending may have fatal consequences. Example In order to better understand pawn endings, one should master the following strategic ideas and devices. 1 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@7@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?8?@#@ @#@?@#"? ?"?6?"?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… But if it is Black to move, he is forced to allow the penetration of the opponent's If it is White to move, he draws. 1. Kc3! [But not 1. Kd3? Kd5! , and Black wins.] 1... Kd5 2. Kd3! Taking the opposition, king 1... Ke7 [1... Kc7 2. Ke6 ] 2. Kc6 , and Black loses. White saves the game. 2... Ke6! [Black even loses after 2... Kd6? 3. Kd4 ] Example 2 3. Kd4 Kd6= ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? #@?8?@#@ @#@?@#"? ?"?6?"?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Example 4 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?$?@?@ @?8?@?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@?… If it is Black's turn to move, he loses, because he is forced to allow the opponent's king to break to his pawns. 1... Ke6 [1... Kc6 2. Ke5 ] Black threatens 1... ¢d4, winning a pawn. Hence, the only chance is 1. e5! dxe5 2. Kc5 (this is forced) 2. Kc1! (taking the distant opposition) 2... Kd4 3. Kd2 , transforming the distant opposition opposition. Draw. Example 3 into Horvath D. - Horvath C.,Hungary,1988 2 2 close ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@#8?@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@?$ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? !$?@?@?@ @!@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1. Kf4 h3 2. Kg3 Kg5 3. Kh2!! [The only move. After 3. Kxh3? Kxh5 As a rule, such positions with a protected passed pawn are easily won. Black takes the opposition and wins.] 3... Kh6 [or 3... Kxh5 4. Kxh3=] 4. Kg3! , and the players agreed a draw. Here, however, after 1... Kd5! Black draws by taking the diagonal opposition: 2. Kf4 Kd4 3. Kg4 Ke4 4. Kg3 Ke5 [The black king must not move out of the "square" of the a-pawn: 4... Ke3 5. a5 ] 5. Kf3 Kd5! 6. a5 White is unable to Neustadtl G seize the opposition, so he tries his last chance. 6... Kc5 7. Ke4 Kb5 8. Kd5 Kxa5 9. Kc4 Ka6! [9... Kb6 10. Kxb4 ] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?$?$? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@7@?@?… 10. Kxb4 Kb6! , taking the opposition. Draw. Using the opposition, one can draw even CORRESPONDING SQUARES. in positions that seem hopeless. 1. Kh1! [Taking the distant opposition. Bad is TRIANGULATION ?@7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@!@?@?@ "?@5@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. Kf1? Kd2 2. Kf2 Kd3 - the f3-pawn hinders its own king to take the close opposition, and White loses after 3. Kg3 Ke3 4. Kg2 Ke2 5. Kg3 Kf1° , and the rest is clear.] 1... Kd2 2. Kh2! Kd3 3. Kh3= CORRESPONDING TRIANGULATION Example 5 3 SQUARES. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?@ "?@?8?@? ?6!@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? The following example explains the notion of "corresponding squares". In order to win, White must break with his king either to b6, winning the a6-pawn, or to d7, promoting the c-pawn. Nevertheless, on 1. ¢d6 Black plays 1... ¢d8, and 2. c7 ¢c8 3. ¢c6 leads If White manages to bring his king to d4, then he wins as it was shown in the previous example. Naturally, Black tries to prevent this. 1... Kd4 2. Kb3 Ke5 3. to stalemate, while 1. ¢c5 is met by 1... ¢c7, and Black succeeds in not allowing the penetration of the opponent's king to b6. That is, when the white king is on d6, the black king should be only on d8, and when the white king is on c5, the black king should be only on c7. These are the corresponding squares: to each position Ka4 Here the corresponding squares are: c3-e4, b4-d4, and b3-e5. But White has two reserve squares, a3 and a4, from which his king can move to b4 or b3, while Black has the only square, e4, from which his king can move to the key d4and e5-squares. White wins by of the white king there is a single corresponding position of the black king. It is easy to see that the square corresponding to d5 is c8, that to c4 is b8, maneuvering with his king in the a4-a3-b3 triangle. [It is worthy to note that the aim cannot be achieved by 3. Kc3 in view of 3... and d4-d8. But what if White loses (or wins?) a tempo by 1. Kd4 , and in response to 1... Kb8 , plays 2. Kc4 ? Then Black can no longer maintain the correspondence: 2... Kc8 is decisevely met by 3. Kd5 Kc7 [or 3... Kd8 4. Kd6 ] 4. Kc5 The white king's maneuver along Ke4 4. c5 Kd5 5. Kb4 Ke6! 6. Kc4 Ke5=] 3... Ke4 4. Ka3 Ke5 5. Kb3! Ke4 6. Kc3 , and White wins. the d4-c4-d5 squares is called triangulation. This device helps to win a lot of games. Alatortsev V. - Consultants,1934 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ $?@#@?@? !@?@7"?@ @?@?"?@? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@?… Dvoretzky M. - Nikitin A.,Moscow,1970 4 White wins by triangulation along e1-d2-e2. 1. Ke1! [The straightforward 1. Kd2 leads only ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!@ @7@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@?… to a draw after 1... d4 2. exd4 Kxd4] 1... Kf5 2. Kd2 Ke4 3. Ke2 THE RULE OF THE SQUARE If White begins, then after 1. g5 the black king is not able to step inside the g5-g8-d8-d5 "square", therefore Black loses. In practice, it is simpler to draw ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!@ @7@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@? mentally only one line - the diagonal of the "square", for example g4-c8 or g5-d8 in the examined examples. When a pawn is in its starting position, i.e. on the 2nd rank, the diagonal of the "square" should be drawn from the square in front of the pawn. THE RULE OF THE SQUARE The "rule of the square" enables one to Example 7 quickly determine whether or not a king can catch a pawn. Let us examine the following example. If it is Black to move, he plays 1... Kc4 , ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 8?@?@?@? ?@?@?"?@ 6?@?@?@?… and the king steps into the "square" of the g4-pawn. Its sides are equal to the distance of the pawn to its queening square (g4-g8-c8-c4). In this case the diagonal of the "square" Example 6 is f3-a8, therefore - draw. Reti Richard 5 Emanuel Lasker in a game against Tarrasch. ?@?@?@?6 @?@?@?@? 7@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Lasker E. - Tarrasch S.,Petersburg,1914 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? ?@?@?@?@ $#$?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @!@?@?@? ?"?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… The "rule of the square" is often seen in practice and in chess composition. At first sight the task seems impracticable, however, using two threats - to queen the c-pawn and to step into the "square" of the h-pawn - White 1. h4 Kg4 (otherwise White plays 2. h5) manages to draw. 1. Kg7 h4 2. Kf6 h3 [Or 2... Kb6 3. Ke5 Kxc6 4. Kf4= , stepping into the "square".] 2. Kg6! [2. Kf6? loses due to 2... c4 3. bxc4 bxc4 4. Ke5 c3! 5. bxc3 a4°] 3. Ke7! Kb6 4. Kd7 , with a draw. In chess literature, this idea was picturesquely called "chasing two birds". 2... Kxh4 3. Kf5 Kg3 4. Ke4 Kf2 5. Kd5 Ke3 6. Kxc5 Kd3 7. Kxb5 Kc2 8. Kxa5 Kxb3 Draw. Feiter K OUTSIDE PASSED PAWN 5@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?@ @7@?@?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ $#@?$7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !"?@?6?" @?@?@?@?… 1. Kb7 a5 2. Kc7 Kc5 OUTSIDE PASSED PAWN [2... a4 3. f5] 3. Kd7 Kd5 4. Ke7 Ke4 (it seems that Black is winning, but...) 5. Ke6! Kxf4 6. Kd5 The king has stepped into the "square". Draw. This idea was employed in practice by the world A passed pawn that is most remote from the center is called an outside passed champion 6 White's pawns. pawn. The possession of an outside passed pawn, or a threat of creating one, is a decisive advantage in pawn endings. The winning plan is simple and typical: to divert the opponent's king by the advance of this pawn, and then break through with one's own king to the opponent's pawns. Fischer R. - Larsen B.,Denver,1971 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8#@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@# !@?@?@?@ @?6?@?"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… Here is an elementary example. White's plan is simple: to advance his Q-side pawns as far as possible, and then to exchange the h-pawn for the black e-pawn, breaking with his king to the opponent's pawns. The game may 1. b4 continue as follows: [Or 1. a4] 1... b5 2. a3 a6 3. Ke3 Kf6 4. Ke4 e6 [Or 4... Kg5 5. Ke5 , and the rest is In some positions with an outside passed pawn, the stronger side must play accurately and subtly in order not to miss an advantage. 1. Kd4 Kd6 2. a5 f6 clear.] 5. h4 Kg6 6. Ke5 Kh5 7. Kxe6 Kxh4 8. Kd6 [2... Kc6 3. Ke5 ] 3. a6 Kc6 4. a7 Kb7 5. Kd5 h4! (the only chance) [5... f5 6. Ke5 h4 7. Kf6!] Gheorghiu F. - Gligoric S.,Hastings,1964 6. Ke6! Black resigned. [it was not too late to let the win slip away by 6. gxh4? Kxa7 7. Ke6 (or 7. h5 gxh5 8. h4 Kb7 9. Ke6 Kc7 10. Kxf6 ?@?@?@?@‹ $#@?@#@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8# ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@!"? !"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Kd7 11. Kg5 Ke7 12. Kxh5 Kf8=) 7... f5 8. Ke5? (correct is 8. h5! gxh5 (if 8... f4 , then 9. hxg6 f3 10. g7 f2 11. g8=Q f1=Q 12. Qf7+ ) 9. Kxf5 Kb6 10. Kg5 Kc6 11. Kxh5 Kd6 12. Kg6 Ke7 13. Kg7 Ke6 14. h4 Kf5 15. h5 ) 8... Kb7 9. h5 gxh5 10. Kxf5 Kc7 11. Kg5 Kd7 For the moment there is no an outside passed pawn, but Black quickly creates it: 1... f5 2. Ke3 f4+! 3. Kf2 [Or 3. gxf4+ Kf5 4. b4 b5 5. a3 a6° , and the rest is clear.] 12. Kxh5 Ke7=] On 6... f5 , White wins by 7. Kf6! 3... b5 White resigned. After 4. Kg2 b4 5. Kf2 fxg3+ 6. Kxg3 h4+ 7. Kh3 Kf4 8. Kxh4 Kxf3 the black king captures both PLAYING FOR STALEMATE 7 .. a6! (creating a "stalemate Many games have been saved thanks to shelter" for the king) 2.. he draws thanks to a Ka5! Kc5 Stalemate. Nevertheless.. 1. 1. 1.Taimanov M. Kd6 Ke8 4. Kd2 Ke4 4. stalemate.. Kg5 Kxd6 4.?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?8!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@?… Black is forced to defend his d7-pawn... d6 2. because he will lose the c5-pawn. b4 3. Kd1=] 3. Kc5 Kf7 3. It seems that after 1. and White manages to create a stalemate shelter for his king.. Kb4 Kg8 [Or 1. as it occurs in the following example. Chigorin M. Kc5 Kh6 3. Kh7 2. Kxc5 Stalemate.. 1. a5 b5 4. b5 2. Ke5 Kb6 6. a6 b4!°. Kc2 Ke4] 1.Nurnberg. f6! gxf6 Stalemate. Kd2 Ke4 3. Kf6 2. PLAYING FOR STALEMATE Nikolaevsky Y. This is explained by limited material on the board. Kf5 Kc6 5.. Ka5=] 2. 8 ..1967 Stalemate combinations occur in pawn endings much more often than in other ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@7@ @?$!@?@# ?$!@?@?6 @!@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… endings. Kd6 Kg5 4. . Kc3 Kd5 5. Kxd7 Kxf5 5.. but at a6. 7. Kxf3 [2... d6 Black is helpless. seemingly minor detail: his pawn is not at a5.. Kd1 Kxf3 2. Kb4 Kc6 6. and 1.Tbilisi.Tarrasch S. f4? Kxf4 2. a5! [White loses after both 1. Kxc6=. Kd5 Ka5! The king has reached a stalemate Troitsky A ?@?@?@?8 @?@#@?$? ?@#@?@?@ @?@?@!@? ?@!@?@?@ 6?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… shelter. c5 Kd8 5. Kxh5 Ke6 3.1896 Stalemate is possible even in the center. fxg6 f5+ 4. hxg6 does not win either in view of 3... Chigorin played 1. Kf5! [1. h5 f3 6. 1. then stalemate. 1. Kg4 Ke4 2. Kg5 ] ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@5@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?8?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 2. h6 gxh6+ 7. Ke6! Kc3 2. Kh4 4. Sometimes a saving combination is found only in analysis. h3+ Kh4=.. Kg6 Kg4! (3. and if 3.. g6! h6 [2. Kxh6=] 3. This maneuver. Kg6 Moravec Jaroslav (CZE) SHOULDER-CHARGING ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$? ?6?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? 7@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… (variation from the game) White needs five moves to capture the a7-pawn.. Kxf5 . Kg5 f4 5. Kg5? Kg2 2. the white king should simultaneously push away the black king. and resigned two moves later..king. Kg2 [1. but the same number of moves is enough for Black to reach c7 with his 9 . Kxa7 Kc6 6. Kh5 . is frequently employed in practice. instead of which he ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… could have drawn by 1. h5? Kg4 2. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$# ?@?@?$?@ @?@7@!"? ?@?@?6?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kd5! Kb4 3. h3+ Kh4=] 1... Kb7 Kc5 5.. h5 Kf3 3. drawing. h3 ) 4. SHOULDER-CHARGING 1. h5 Kh3 3. The following ending is Grigoriev Nikolay (RUS) especially instructive: even a great player has let a draw slip out of his hands. Hence. Ke3 2. Kc6 Kc4 4.. h3+ Kh4=] 3. Kb8 . which has received the name of "shoulder-charging". Kg6 Kg4! 4. Kg5! [3. Kxh2 4. and White wins.. gxf6?. heading for a7. h5 Kh3 3.. and so in the course of play it Sackmann F ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In conclusion let valuable example. g5 Kf1 6. Kb3 2. another taking the I. Ke5 Kb2 6. Kf3! Kg1 7.. Kb4 3. extra space). Kc2 In order to win.. 1. Kf6 2. [The natural 1. g4? Kb3 2. Kc2 5. Kf5 Kg3 10. Kg7 Kd4 4. but the king is moved there in a roundabout way. Kd3 Kxa2 7... g6 Kh2 8. Kd5 Kd3 4. Pawns are close to the queening square His far advanced pawns allow 10 . which we have not yet discussed.. Kh8! square (in other words.. Kd4 Kxa2 7. Kf5 III. This device often occurs in practice.. Ke3! Kd1 4. Kf7 A pawn breakthrough involves a sacrifice of one or several pawns in order to create a passed pawn.. Kg6 Kd4 4. Ke4 Kb2 6. The pawns hinder its own king to catch the opponent's pawn. Ke6 Kg4 11. 1. three factors contribute to a breakthrough. Kf6 Kc3 5. at the same time Draw.another kind of opposition. Kg4 BREAKTHROUGH Kg2 9. "shoulder-charging" the opponent's king.. is very important to foresee the possibility of a breakthrough. g5 ] 5. Kf5 BREAKTHROUGH ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@!"! ?@?@?@?@ 8?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 6?@?@?@?… Kf3 6. Kd5 Kc3=] 2. g5 Kg3=] 1. Kf6 2. g4 Kb3 4. II.. As a rule. Kc3 Kb1°] 1. Kf8 loses due to 1. Kc5! [Only a draw results from 1. g4 Ke1 [4. White must reach f7 with his king.. White saves the us study game.. The opponent has doubled pawns. Kc5 Kc3 3. g5 ] 3. Ke5 3. Kc2 [2. Kd4! [2. Kh7! (maintaining the knight's opposition) 2..Kc3 5. I. Kg8 Ke5 3. Pawns are close to the queening so-called "knight's opposition" . Ke5 Ke3 5.. gxf4 h3] 3. c5 Kf5 Pomar S. h6 ] 2. Kd5 [2.. Godes D... c6 bxc6 4. a6 . gxh3 gxh3 5.. 1. h4! 3. fxg3 e3°] 2... b6? loses due to 3. f6 gxf6 3... b6 cxb6 4. c6] 3. . c5] 1. h6! gxh6 3.. a6! [3. Kd6 4. 1..... a5 Kd5 3. dxc5 3. Averbakh Y Havazi . d6 ] 3..Reko... axb6 4. hxg6 2. exf4 h4! 3.Olot. The opponent has doubled pawns keep it until a pawn ending. Kd5 2. for example in the Scotch game. f4! 2. so all White has to do is to II.. Kg6 ] 2. f3! [Bad is 3. Kg4 2... the far advanced pawns decide the game. [Or 1. gxh4 g3 4. 1.White to promote one of them by a 1.Cuadras. cxb6 4. c5! bxc5 [1. b6 Here the white pawns are less advanced.. Kxe4 [3. axb6 Kc6°] 3. f6 ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?$?@?6?$ @!@?@?@? !@!@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Example 8 ?@?@?@?@ @#$?@?@? #@?$?@?@ "?@!@?@? ?"!@?@?@ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?6?… Here too. Kf3] 4. g6! fxg6 breakthrough. 2. axb6 Let us note that this pawn structure may arise in many openings. gxf3 h3 White resigned. b6 [Or 3. nevertheless. axb5 3. h3? 4.. b5! [Or 1...1976 11 . it is sufficient for a breakthrough. c6 Kd6 3.. c6 bxc6 5.1974 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?6?8?@ @?@?@#@# ?@?@#@#@ @?@?"?"? ?@?@?"!@ @?@?@?@? [2. a5 ) 5.Zvorykina K. ¢c2. 6. White could have drawn by 5..study. c6 a2 6. bxa3 Kf5 5.. c8=Q Qf1+ 8. a4 3. c5 a3 4. c6 dxc6 7. bxa3 2. bxa3 bxa3 5.. bxa3 Kg3! 3.. III. a4 because of 7. cxb3 c3°] 2. a4! 2. a6 h3 6. or 1. a4 bxa3 4. Kxg2 (otherwise Black plays ¢g3) 2. a6 c7 a1=Q 7.. Kf6! 4. EXTRA SPACE To start with... c6! dxc6 8. a4? 2. d4 Kxg4‡ .1962 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7@ $#@?@?@? ?@?$?6!@ "?@!@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Troitsky A 2 ?@?@?@?@ @?$#@?$# ?@?@?@?@ @?"!@!@? ?$?@?@?8 @?@?@?@? !"?@?@#@ @?@?@?6?… 1. bxa4 b3 4. resigned... Ke5? 5. bxa3 After the correct 1. b3! ] For example. Borisenko V.. cxd6 7. Kf3 Kd8=] 1. a7 h2#. cxb3 d3°.. and Black wins.. a4 bxa3 3. gxf6 2. probably in view of the following line: 1. White resigned. Kxg2? Kg5 2. d6! [6. Kg2 Qxg4+ . let us examine a classic 12 5... Ke6] 5.. 2. Kg3 Qf4+ 9. Kg4 3. however. a4 h5 4. c6 d6 7. a4 Ke7! (4. Kh3 Qh4+ 12. 2.. c4! Black could have won.. Kxd4 bxa3 4. a5 h4 5. a5 Kxd5] [2. a5 Kd5 9. The pawns hinder its own king to catch the opponent's pawn. a4? in view of 1. d6! cxd6 6. Kh3 Qf3+ 10. Kh2 Qf2+ 11. bxa4 b3 4.. bxc4 [Premature is 5. a4 [He. .. c6 dxc6 7.. bxa4 c4 3. f6!! ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?@ $?$?$?8! ?$?$!@!@ @!@!@?@5 ?"!@?@?@ @?@?@?@? [Bad is the immediate 1. d6 cxd6 6. dxc4 a4! 3.. Kc3 Kg5 Without the pawn on c2.. Ke4 b4 3. 1. Kg3 a4! 3. Ke5 6.. White puts a pawn barrier on the black king's way to the Q-side. Kf5 Kxa5 5. Kg6 Kb4 6. your pawns will be promoted quicker. a8=Q ] Kb6 Ke7 7. Kc6 Kf7 6. Ke5 Kxh6 6. Kb6 .. Grigoriev Nikolay (RUS) 2 EXTRA SPACE ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?$ "?@?8?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Extra space is a highly important advantage in all stages of the game. Kc4 Kg5 3. Kd5 [or 1. h7 a2 10. Kf4 2. Ke6 Kxh6 4. Kd3 Kc5 [2. as it was already shown in the previous section. Kb7 2. White has to fight for a draw. Kb5 Ke6 9. Kd5 Kg6 7. After eventual exchanges. Kb6 Kd6 7. space.] 3. Kc4 Kd6 4.. Kd4 Ke6 5. Kf6 Kh7 3. Kxa5 Kd7! 10..and h-pawns. Kxa6 Kd7 8. h6 a3 9. In pawn endings. wins. Kb6 Kc8! . and the rest Example 9 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@7 #@?@?@?" @?@?@?6? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? is clear. because he loses one of his pawns. For example. and 13 . Ke4 Kb5 4. Kf5 Kh7 5. Kd6 Kg6 5. If White begins.. Kc3! he takes the diagonal opposition and. h8=Q Grigoriev Nikolay (RUS) 3 But if it is Black to move. a6 Kc8 10. Ke5 3. a5! .. Kc5 Kxh5 4... The result depends on who it is to Nevertheless. Kg8 2. Kb6 Kg4 5. Kg6 a4 8. if you possess more At first sight. thanks to his spatial advantage secured by the far advanced a. a6 h3 8. Kc5 Kf6 8. Kxh6 a5 7. by 1.. Kh5 Kh8 3. a5! . Kb6 h4 7. it is White who move.. "Breakthrough". Draw. 1. he prevents White from seizing space by 1. Kxa6 Kc6 8.. Ka7 Kc7 9. Kg6 Kg8 4. a7 h2 9. and wins: 1. Kc5 Ke5 6. Kxa6 h5 6. you should strive to seize space with your king or pawns.draws: 2.the ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@7 #@?@?@?" @?@?@?6? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… king has arrived just in time. he seizes space by 1. Kxa7! ?@?@?@?@ @?@7@?@# ?@?@#@?" @?@?"?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@?… (now this decides) 5.. Kg5=)] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? ?@?$?@?@ @?$5@?@? #$?@?@?@ @?@?"?@? !"!@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. e4 Kc7 5. Kxb5 6.. and White wins easily... then exchanges Q-side pawns. Kg4 Ke4! 5.. g5! Kc5 4. . Walker Here. Kc7 e5 [Or 7.. Ke4 5. Kd7 ] 8. while White has 14 . Kg5 Kd6 7. Kh4 Kg6!° (7. Kxc5 Radu L. Kd5 Kb6 9. Kd4 Kg6 4. Ke3 Kf7 3.Bucharest.. Kxe5 Kc6 7. c3? a3!°] 1. the activity of the white king decides the game. Ka6 Kc4 5. Kf7!=] 2. bxc3 2. c4 Kd7 4. Kg4 Ke4!°] Although Black's pawns are advanced farther than White's. Kf6= breakthrough. thanks to his far advanced pawns on e5 and h6.1960 ?@?@?@?@‹ $?@7@?@? !$?$?@?@ @?$!@?@# ?@!@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@? First White seizes space on the K-side. g7 f4 11.. Kd6 Kf5 6. Kh4! [3. Ke6 Kc7 8. Kd4 4. Kc6 [If 1. Kf3 Kd5 3. 1. Kd6 Kb7 10.. Kg4! Kxe5 6. g8=Q . then the white king penetrates to the h7-pawn from the rear: 2. Kg3 Kd5 3. 1.1939 ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?@?@#@#@ 6!8?@?@# ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?"! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kakabadze . Kb7 Kc5 7..hxg4 Kc4 3.. Kxe5 8.Katskova. e5 dxe5 6. White saves the game by subtle king maneuvering. Kg5 Kxe5°] 4. g4! hxg4 2. g6 e4 10. and finally wins by a breakthrough. 1. Kh5! [4. Kh4 Kf4! 6. Kc5 Kg5! 5.. Ke7 . [1. Kh5 Kf5 7... Ke2 Kc6! 2... Ke7! Kxe5 7. Black has an extra pawn. Kf4 Kd4 4. f5! gxf5 9. Kd5 8.Teodorescu M. bxc3 a3 3.. Kf2!! [1. c4! Nipping in the bud a possibility of Black's 3. Kb5 ] [There was also another way to a draw: 3.. If it is White to move. Kf6 Kc5 7. d8=Q+ Kxa7 12. Kf4 Ke6=] 1. Ka8 6. Kxc3 Kc5=] 7. Kc7 b5 7. Kd4? 10.. axb7 Kxb7 7. Kb8 2. Kc7 Ke6 (after 9.. Kd4 Kd6 3. Kd7! (this line perfectly illustrates the great 5.. Ke7 ] Example 10 6. d6 b2 10.] 2. Kb6 Kc8 3.Vienna. Kxd5 9. Qb6+ Black resigned. Kb5 (or 9. Ka8 d5 13. Qa5+ Kb8 13. with a draw. Ke6 2. Several theoretical positions that one should know Alapin S. Kg5 Kxa6 5. a7+ [Simpler is 5.. Ke4 Kf6 3. Ke6 Kb5? A decisive mistake.] 3. cxb5 c4 4. a6 bxa6 5.. Kg5 h4 3. Kxh4 Kf6 . and White wins.. Ke7 2.. Kxd6 a4 8. Ke6 c3 8.. [A draw could have been achieved by 6.. Kxd6 a5 8. Kxc5 c3 9.king quickly decides the game. a5 Kb8 4. Kb7 Kd7 11. Kxa5 Kd6 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6!" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 11.1908 Theoretical position. d6 .. Kc7 [Correct was 1. Kb6 ] 2.. both one's own and opponent's. Kg5 b5 3. always consider the far advanced pawns. The chances are equal. Kg5 Kxb5 6. activity of the white 15 . Kxd6 b4 8. argument. Kb4 Kxd5 12. but Black persistently plays for a win... Kb6 6... because sooner or later they may become a weighty. Kb6 4.. Kf3 Kg5 4. .. d7 b1=Q 11. a7 d4 Stalemate. Kg3 Kf6 5. Kf6 bxc4 [5. or even a decisive.Reti R. the more active king and the far advanced a6and d5-pawns. Kb6 Kb8 3. a5 Kc8 4. Kc6! b3 9. Kxh5 Kb6 5. a6 Kb8 5. The game continued 1. Kc4 Ke5= Example 11 In this example too.. Kxa7 Kc7 12.... Ke4 ?@?@?@?@ @#8?@?@? ?@?$?@?@ @5@!$?$? ?@?@!@!$ "?@?@?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… [Or 1. While playing a pawn ending. Ke6 a5 7. h5 Ke6 2. Kd4 Kb6=) 9. Kc7 10. Kxd6 a5 8. Ka5! Ka7 6. Ka7 Kc8 7. Kb7 Ke3 11. a4 Kc8 [Or 1.. Kxh5 1. and this leads him to a defeat. Kc7 Kb4 9. Kb7! 7. one should importance of the advanced a6-pawn) 8. Kxa6 Kc7 6. then Black draws: 1. Kxa7 the white pawn is promoted first) 10. ..] Example 12 16 . b4+ Kh1 . Kb8 9. Kf2 [Or 3.] [10. for example: 4. Ke5 Ke7 5. Ka6 Kb8 7. Kg3 (6..5... b6 axb6 10. Kf5 Kf7 6. 1.1977 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?8?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @!6?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… If the stronger side manages to place king in front of the pawns. Kg1 g6!° Ka4 . [2.. a5 Kb8 9.. Kg5 . a5 Ka8 11.. Kh4=) 7. Kb6 using his extra tempo by g7-g6. Kg1 Kh3 4..] 4. b5 Kb8 12. g5! (6. and Black wins. Kb3 [2. Kg2 Kh4 3. axb6 Ka8=] If it is Black to move.. a5 3... h4 h5°) 6. h5 7... g5!° (if the white king were at g1. b5 Ka8 8.... a5 4. Kc4 Kc6 [But not 3.. Kc5 [Or 6. and Black loses. then Black would play 6. transposing to the previous example. b5 ] 3. Kd5 Kf7 4. Kg4 2. Ka6 . 1. b5 Kb8!=] 9. h5 Capablanca Jose Raul (CUB) Myslivic .. a3 a5!=] 2. Ke4 Kf6 3. a4 Kd6 [Simpler is 4. Ka6 Kb8 Draw. Kf3 h5!°] 3. Kb5 2. b6 axb6 13. Kh1 h4 6. Kh3 4. Kd3 Kc5=] 1. axb6 Ka8=] ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6!" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 6. In this position White is unable to win. Kb7! 9.. then he wins.. [. then 3... Ka5 Kc8! [8. a4+ Kb6 4.. Kh1 h5 5.. If 3..6... Kb5 Kc7 8. b5 a4 5... Kb4 a3 6. a6! . Kd7 7. Kg1 h5 5. Ke6 2. a3 a5 2.Dobosz H. g6!).. Kb5 Kc7 6. a4 Kd5 3. Kg1 h4 6. The game continued: 1. and now Black must calculate tempi . [1. Kg3 Kf5 5.. Black's task is not to allow the opponent to move his king forward.. then White wins. 8. Kf3 g6! 6. h3 ... Kb4 6. Ka4 [5. Ke4 Ka4 9. because Black would be able to capture it in time. Kg6 . and Black takes the distant opposition.. Kc6! [Only a draw results from 1. Kg4 [On 1.. Kg5 Kxg2 7. Kb2 Ka5 3. White's plan is to exchange his g2-pawn for the black f4-pawn. Kd5? due to 2.. Kd3 Ka3 8. and then return with his king to the b6-pawn. Kd3 Kd6 2.. b7 f3 5. Ka3! First White gains a tempo by triangulation. White is unable to break through with his king along the a-file. in this case d4.] 2. with the king. the white pawn were at a3.. Kf5 Kg3 6.. Kc4 Kc6 3. b6 Kxg2 4. Kxb6] 2. Ke3! Kb4 7. Kd5 Kb4 10. 1.. Kc5 Kg3 3. 1. he must transfer it to d5. Kd3 ] 6. Kd6! [But not 2.. and the rest is clear. Kxb6 Kg4 2. Kf6 Kh4 5. Kd3 Kb4=] Dedrle ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @!@?@?8? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… 5. 1..?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?"!@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Walker 2 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 8?$?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @5@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Theoretical position The winning plan is to support a more mobile pawn. e5 . Kb3 Kb6 4... in the starting position.. Kh5! . in order to win.. Kxf4 The addition of a black pawn at h5 does 17 . Ke5 Kg4 4.. Kg3 3. 1. a3+ If. therefore. b8=Q f2=] Example 13 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@#@# ?@?@?"?6 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… 1. Kd2! [5. White wins by 2. Kc3 Ka5 5. Kb6 2. the win would have been impossible. When queens appear on the board. Kg2 This example illustrates the power of separated pawns. Qe4+ Kh6 9. pawns endings... New scenarios become possible. no the pawn on h5. e7 g2 7.. Kg6=] 1. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@!6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Selezniev Alexei 18 8. but on the contrary. Kg3 (beginning a by-pass) 2. 1.] 2.. Kd4 Kd6 6. to use them. e6 g3 6. e5 . White must block it... 1. e5 the white pawn is promoted with check. an immediate win of the opponent's queen. distance between them is only one file.. it would have been a draw... even if the TRANSITION FROM PAWN ENDINGS TO 3.. f3 2. Ke3 Ke6 5. Kh6 The only move to win is 1... or a queen exchange. e5 Kh7 3. but now a win is achieved 1... Kf3 Kf6 4. OTHER ENDINGS and he is mating.. then 1.. g5 [3. the character of struggle changes sharply because of their great power.. Example 14 ?8?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?$#$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@?… such as a mating attack. Kd7 ] 4. g5 2. Ke6! [3. Kf7! g4 5. h3! If there were in another way. Kg8 4. Kh2 . g3 [After 1. and now. transposing into a favorable pawn ending. e8=Q g1=Q The pawns promoted simultaneously. but it is White to move. h3 2. Kc5 TRANSITION FROM PAWN ENDINGS TO OTHER ENDINGS One should not forget that pawn endings can transpose into queen or queen vs. Ke6 7. h4! (the decisive tempo) 6. Kf5! [If 1. Kf2 ] 2. e6 Kg8=] [1.. It is important not to miss these possibilities.. Kg6 3.. whichever black pawn is advanced. 1. Qh4# .not help Black. Kg1! . White wins by 1... Kh6 2. . Kd4+ 2.. Kc5! a4 [3.. a5 ] 2.. Kxf4 [1. d5 Ke5 3. Kf7!= Example 15 1. 1.. Ke3 8... Qd4+ .] 4... then the stronger side usually wins. b7 ?@?@?6?2 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 7$?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 19 . d7 a2 7. Qc5+ Kd1 14. but now his queen is lost. Kc4! [1. d8=Q a1=Q Black succeeded in queening the pawn. Qe8+ Kf6 9. d6 Ke6 5. Kd2 11.. 12.. Kg3! (luring the black king to an unfavorable position) 7. Qd5+ Kc1 13. Kf4+ [Or 1. f4 4. then he exchanges queens. 8.. Kc5 a4=] Troitsky A 3 1. Ke7 [1. in which a queen fights against one or several pawns. 10. d6 Ke6 5. b5 Kd6 3. because the black queen is unable to approach the e7-pawn with Grigoriev Nikolay (RUS) 4 ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? !@?@?$?@ @?@?@?@? ?"?6?@?@ @?@?@?@?… checks. Kc6 f3 6. exchanging queens on the next move. d7 f2 7. b8=Q f1=Q 10. 1. Qh8+ Kg5 10. Nevertheless. Kf5 9.. a4 2. Kc6 a3 6. and after 8. d5 ] 2. Ke2 Ke6 4. Qxa1 If an ending arises. Qe8+ . Kf3 Ke5 5. Kg4 Ke4 6. b6 f3 7. b4! [1.. Qf8+ Black loses his queen. Ke6! White draws. (Conclusion of a study) After 1. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?"?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?4?@?… d8=Q f1=Q 8....f2 9.. Kd7=] 2. axb4 2... Qe5+ First White wins a pawn. Qxa5+ Kd1 The king's ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ $?@5@#@? ?@?"?"7@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… retreat to the c-file shortens the solution by one move. the exceptions occur. Kd3 Ke7=] 1. Qc3 Ka2 7. g5 a2 8. h5) 3.] 14. [Now on 13. Qc4+ Ka1 6. A pawn ending is either won. Most often. White draws. f5 gxf5+ (the threat was 3.. Kh8 Qd4 11. Van Desburg . drive the black king to b1.. Kh6 Qf6+ 1. Qd5+ Ka1 4. 1.. Qd4 Ka2 5. Kg7! [White loses after 5.Theoretical position White is unable to win. Kc5 Kd3! (taking the knight's opposition) 12. sometimes err while evaluating the pawn endings that arise and lose precious points. one transposes into a pawn ending in order to utilize a material or positional advantage. Kh7 Qf5+ 13. TRANSITION TO A PAWN ENDING ?@?@?@?@‹ $#@?@?$# ?@?@7@?@ @?@/"#@? ?"/@?@?" @?*?6!"? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?. Kh6 (threatening 16. Ke7 (the only opportunity) 8. Precise calculation. g7 Qa7 10. Qf7 there follows 14. Kh7 Qf7 15.. Kc5 16.Zandvort.. h5 Qf6 12. Kxh7 a3 7.. and so one must not rely only on general considerations.. Even strong players. Kg6 Qe8+ 17. Qg8 16. Qh2 Ka1 2.?@? b1=Q 9. g8£) 15. For example: 1.1936 TRANSITION TO A PAWN ENDING ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# #@?@?$#@ @?@?@?@? 7@?@?"!" "?@5@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… The transition to a pawn ending is an important and difficult problem. Qc2 Ka1 8. Kd6 Kc2 11. Kxf5 a5 4. Qe5 Ka2 3. Transposing into an ending with two pawns against a queen.stalemate.. Exact knowledge of typical positions and strategic ideas of pawn endings. Kh6=] 20 . Kb4 6. Ke4 Kxa3 2. fxg6 hxg6 4. g5 Kb4 6. h5 a3 ..] Two things are needed transition to a pawn ending: 5. g6 a1=Q 9. Kh8 Draw. Kxa5 Kc5 Draw. g8=Q Qxg8 . Kxf6 a4 5. Qxb1+ Kxb1 10.. because the pawns at a4 and a5 do not allow him to 15..Maroczy G. h6 [Also possible is 15. because the black pawn promotes with check. or lost. however. Kb5 Kd4! 13. for correct 2. f5 Qd6+ 6.. Ra1 .. Mate in a few moves -@?@?@?@‹ "?@?@?8? ?@?6?$?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@!@!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @/@?@?@? was threatened. Qxg6+ Kh4 5. Qd1 [The only move.. Qg7+ Kh5 4. Qxf5 gxf5 3. while the pawn ending after 1. Kb4 Ke3 White resigned..Gereben E. e8=Q+ ] 2. h5 b6 7.. taking the opposition) 3.. Kxa4 Kd4 14. Kasparov G. f6 h3 4. Qe7+ Kh6 3.1979 21 . Kd2 Rxe1 4. bxc3 Rxe5+ 3. f6 A pawn ending is unavoidable.. Qxh5+ gxh5 2.. Kd8 Kh8!= . 3. Kb2 a4 12. Rc7+ Rxc7 5. Kc2 g5! Before the outside passed pawn is created. 8. 1. and Black lost.1994 not simple. . f8=Q h1=Q transposes into a drawn queen ending. not work due to 3. Rd7+ Rxd7 6. Kf6! [The pawn ending after 1. Rc8 Ra6+ 3. but a win is . which he won soon.1951 on 1. Fischer transposes into a pawn ending.Hungary. and only now 2. h6 f4 9.. Kd2 Kc4 6. Benko P. Black stabilizes the position on the K-side.. Qxe5+ 2.Kd8! Kh7 7.. Panchenko A. The game continued: 1. bxa5 bxa5 11. Kxd7 Kh7! (taking the distant opposition) 7. Rd6 Rxa7 5. and Black draws.. [An intermediate check. Rc6 Rxa7 4. f7 h2 5. g4 a5 10. Ke7 (or 3..Banja Luka. Kd8 g3 6. Kf8 Black draws by 1. Ra6+ 4. could have saved Black: 1. Kxc7 (the distant opposition) 5. Kd7! Kg6 8. . Ka3 Kxc3 13. Kf7 Kh8 4. Ke8 Let us examine some examples of the transition to a pawn ending.. in which his major trump is an outside passed pawn.. Kf6 Kg8=] 1.. e7 g2 7. Rxc3+ 2. Kg6 6. Ke6 ... fxe5 Kg8 is hopeless for Black in view of 3.Grigore G. unlike in the game. Black is an exchange up.. and the rest is clear. Ra1 3. Kg7 Qd7+ 7. e6 g4 5. f5 h4 3. g5 4.. Rd1+! 2.. and you will be convinced that this problem is not easy. The game continued: 1. .] 2. Rc8 does White has achieved a theoretically won position. Ra6+!=) 3.. however.Vukic. Rd8 (here. Kxg6 .Bucharest. Qf7 Qd3 8. Qf5+ 2. Kxe1 Kd5 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@7 ?@?@?@#@ @?@?2?@3 ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 5... .1980 cxd5 Kxa5 . Kd6 . Nxe8 Martynov . Kf3 Black's counterplay is sufficient. and White creates passed pawns on both wings] Here White wins by 4..] 1.. g5 (as far as we know. Rg1 White is better.Beliavsky A. Ra8 Rh6 6. Kxe4 g4! (the only move) 8.. . Play Karpov A. Nd6+ Ke7 3... Razuvaev Y. Transition to a pawn ending wins immediately.. the players agreed a draw. fxg5 hxg5 6. Rxd1 3. fxg5 5..1986 22 . b4! ?@?@?@?@ @#@?@#$? #@70#(?$ "?@?@?@! ?@!@?"!@ @?*?@?@? ?"5@?@?@ @?@?. Kf5 ?@?. Rxe8+ Kxd6 4. gxf6 2. Kxg4 Kd5 5.. and h6 gradually won the bishop ending. Rxe8+ Rxe8 3. Kxd1 Kc5 [if 3.Daugavpils. Bd5 Bxd5 4. Kf5 Kxc3 11. doubled pawns constitute to a breakthrough) 4. but Karpov rejected this tempting line. Kxg4 Kc4 10. Rh7! 2.+@?0 @?@?@7$? #@?@?$?@ @?@?$%@? ?@?@?@#" @?@?"?@? !"?@?6?@ @?@?@?@?… Kxd5 9.Katalymov B. Nd6+ Ke7 2. b4 . Rd1 Black resigned. creating passed pawns on both wings. he could have transposed into a pawn ending by 1. Kxd6 Kd4=] This example perfectly illustrates the necessity to calculate precisely. Kg3? [Instead of this.Tashkent.Ulibin M. exf5 gxf5 7. Ke6 Kc4!! (this study-like move leads to the draw) 12. Kg3 f5 6. Kd2 .?@?… . he could have transposed into a won pawn ending by 1.1972 +@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@7$?@?@ "?@?@?$? ?@!@#@?@ @?"?@?"? ?@5@)@?@ @?@?@?@?… could have concluded as follows: 2.. Ke3 Kc4 7. then 4. Kd2 Kb5 6. because he found a beautiful draw: 5. e4! g6 (otherwise White's pawn majority on the Q-side decides the game) 5. Bg4 Kb7 2.. 1.. Be6 Ka6 3. In this position White let a win slip out of his hands by 1.. Ra7 Rg6+ 7. and White wins easily. In the game White played 1.Kxe8 4. but the outcome of the game is unclear. Bxf6 [After 1.. [Instead of this..] 1. Kg3 Kxb4 16. Rusina E..1996 ?@?@/8?@‹ @?@?@?$? #@?@?$?$ @#(-"?@? ?@#@?@?@ @?"?6%@? !"?@?@!" @?@?@?@? Black could have transposed into a won pawn ending by 1. Rxe7 White cannot avoid the exchange. Kxe5 a4 8. Kg3 Kd4 14. b4 Kf7°] 6.. 1. a5 7. axb4 h3! (precisely calculated) 12.?@? 2.. Ke3 a5! 10.... h5 5. f4 b4 19. . a3 axb4 11.] 4. Ke5 h4 7. Ke6 b3 White resigned. Kxf5 b5 18.. Nd3! [In the game she played 1.. ¦e2°. c4 [On 4.Kostroma. Ke5 there follows 4. Kf2 Ke5 13.Timurova L. Na4 2. Kxe7 3..] ?@?@?@?@‹ $#@/@#$? ?@?8?@?$ @?@#@?@? ?@?6?@!@ @?"?@!@? !"?@?@?@ @?@?... Kxh3 Kxc4 15... b4 Kd6 9. Re7! Black gives up his extra pawn and transposes into a pawn ending in which he hopes to use his outside passed h-pawn. and Black wins. Kf4 f5! 8... seizing space on the Q-side. Rxe5 fxe5 6. because the white c3-pawn does not allow its own king to step into the "square" of the a3-pawn. b3 Nxe5 3. axb3 Rxe5+ 5. Rd2 fxe5 . Kf4 Kc4 17. Kd4 a3 . Nxe5 cxb3! 4. and won only after a long 23 .. otherwise Black invades by 2.struggle.. gxh5 gxh5 6. bxa4 bxa4 9. b5 . Kxd5 g6! 4. 2. 2. Ke4 [Or 6. we will also examine knight vs. sometimes it condemns a weaker side to a loss. the knight has its advantages and disadvantages. Let us examine them.KNIGHT ENDINGS Knight has restricted mobility ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@%@'@5@ @7@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@%@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… KNIGHT ENDINGS Knight has restricted mobility This chapter deals with endings in which a knight with pawns fights against a The knight's main feature is its short range. (Conclusion of a study) After 1. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@%@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Rinck H ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?8?@#(!@ @#@?&?@? #@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? 5@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… KNIGHT'S FEATURES As well as other pieces. In the diagrammed position White is unable to win. material advantage into a win. because his knight has to KNIGHT'S FEATURES watch over the a2-pawn and therefore cannot help the king and the h5-pawn. e5! White wins due to its restricted mobility the black 1 . pawns endings. Nd7+! Nxd7 2. Sometimes this feature prevents a stronger side from converting a large knight with pawns or without them. .. Ke7? in ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@'@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?@?… view of 2. g4 and 3. and White wins] 2. while from a corner the knight commands only two squares. Kc7! (but not 2.. h7 . Nd2 2. d8=Q+ . h6 Kf8 3.the clumsy knight has obstructed its own king's way to the white pawn. Ng7+! Nxg7 2. Nc3 [Or 1. d7 Nd4+ 4.. and Black cannot prevent mate in two moves by 2. d7 Ne5 4. Moravec Jaroslav (CZE) 2 ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@!@?@? ?@?@?@?8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @'@?@?@?… 1. and the knight cannot catch the pawn.. g5# This feature is easily explained: knight's activity on the edge of the board is limited to a great extent. Ne4 3. Kd5! Black is unable to stop the a-pawn. Nc4 3. d7 Nc5 4. ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@%@?@ @?@?@'@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@5… Example 16 ?@?@?@?@ (?@?@?@? ?@?@?@)8 @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… A knight has difficulties fighting against a rook's pawn 1. A knight has difficulties fighting against a rook's pawn Example 17 2 . for example 1. Kf6! .. Ardid R Rey 1. d6! .. Kc6! ("shoulder-charging") 2... and the pawn queens .knight is unable to stop the g-pawn. d8=Q Nc6+ . Eight squares are available to a central knight. Ne2 3.. with a draw) 2. or 7... After 1. h6 Nd6 2. Kc3 8. Ne4! 5. Kf6! Nc2 3. White wins.Panchenko A. Ng4!? [No better is 2.1993 Cheron A ?@?@?@?@‹ $?@?@?@? ?@7@?@?@ @?(?@?@5 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?&?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @'@?@?@! ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1.. Ke2 Kc3 9.. one cannot save with the knight without the help of the king. Na2+ Kb2 9.Beliavsky A. Kc5 White wins easily. . a5 2. Kg5 Nc4 5. Ke2 .Kalimaneshti.. 1. Black resigned. 2. a4 3. Kf3 Kd4! 7. Nc3+ 8. Here too.?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@%@'@5@ @7@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ "?(?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?@?… The same rule works in knight and pawn vs.. Nd4+! Nxd4 2. Black is helpless. Nc1 Nc5 8.. Na6 Kc3 . The Instructive example A lone knight cannot cope with a rook's pawn on the 7th rank.. Ne3 Kb5 [Only a draw results from 3. Nb4 (if 7.. Tsaga G. 1. Ke7 Nh8 4. is needed in order to obtain a draw. 3 . h5 Ne3 4. Kd1 Kb2 . knight endings: while fighting against a rook's pawn. winning) 7. a3?? 4. Kg4 in view of 4. Na2 Kc5 6.. Nd3 Nc5!! 11.. Nd1 a4 3. Kd2 Nxa2 9.. and Black wins] Eingorn V. the help of the king two following examples confirm this conclusion. . Nb4 Kb3 10. then 7. h6 . Kf6! ("shoulder-charging"). h7 Nf7+ 3. Kc2 Kc4!°. Nxc5+ Kc2 12. Nc3 a3 4.. It is a nimble piece. But if it is Black to move. with the following three being the most important: We have examined the disadvantages of I. Kg4 (or 1. Ke3 Nc3 12. It can erect a "barrier" in front of the enemy king. Kb4 7. Ne6! 6. the knight.. Nb4+ Kb5 6. Ne1 Kc3!°) 6. as the knight cannot gain a tempo. Kg5 with a draw. Kg4 Ne3+ 3. A knight can erect a "barrier" in front of the enemy king Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ (?@?8?@? !@?@?$?6 @?@?@!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… The knight creates these "barriers" thanks to its ability to fork the opponents pieces. Nc2+ Kc3 7... and Black wins] 5.. White is unable to win. Na3+ Kb4 6. ?@?@?@?6 @?@?@7@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @%@?@?@?… III. Kg4! [But not 1. Nb1 Nd4 10... White wins. A knight is unable to gain a tempo II. Na3+ (6. Kd1 Nb3‡ White resigned. Ng5+ Kf8 . Nc3 Kf8 2. a3 5. Ne4 Kf7 3. Nc2 Kc4 7. It works wonders. Kf4 Ne2+ 11. A knight can erect a "barrier" in front of the enemy king ?@?@?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?(?@5@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8?… A knight is unable to gain a tempo In spite of his large material advantage. Kf3 a2 6. sometimes they help 4 . Nb1 Nd4 with the idea of ¤e2-c3°] 4. Kg3 Kb3 7. a5 Kd5 . Nc4 2. Kg5 Ng2! 4. Kg4 [Also losing is 4. Kg5? Nc4 2. Ke2 Kc3 8.Nc2 a2 5. Na3 Ne6 8.. and so on. Nxa2] 4. now there is time to discuss its advantages. Kg4 Kb4! 9.. 1. Sometimes these "barriers" allow the defender to save. Nd2 a3°) 5. Nc2!? Kc4 5. for example 1. Ke5 Kf2 4. Therefore. As a result. [If 1.. c4. creating a "barrier" in front of the opponent's king. White wins. Nh1 (or 3. Kd7 Na8 4.and e7-squares are inaccessible to the white Conclusion of a study 1. 1. Ke4 Kxh1 6. Kd5 Kg2 5. and Black draws. If the black king is on the 1st rank. Kf6 Kg3 2. Kf3 Kg1°] 1. d5. After 1. Ke7 Kf4 3. Ne4 Kf3 4. after which the king approaches the c7-square. h2? 2. d5. Kf4 .. d4. Kd6 Ke1 3. the white king can get from e6 to b7 not in three moves. e6. Kd6 Ke2 3. Nd2+ Kg2°) 3. c8.. and the d6. Kf3 4. but only in five.. his pawn. Ng3! The only move. Example 18 Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 2 ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?(?… ?@?@?@?@ "?(?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?8 @?@?@?@?… In the following examples the stronger The following squares are inaccessible to the white king: b5.. and e8. [Only a draw is achieved by 1. Kc6 Ke5 5. Draw. Kg2] Kb7 Kd6 6. Kd6 . and Black wins. Kxa8 Kc7 Stalemate. then 2.. otherwise the black king is able to reach the c7-square in time. Kd1 king because of a fork. The squares a4... d7 are attacked by the knight. therefore .draw. Grigoriev Nikolay (RUS) 5 ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@%@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@7@?@?$ @?@?@?@?… Prokes L 5 .the stronger side to win. the black king has time to reach side wins. with a draw] 2. Kf2 Ne2! Black erects the "barrier". Kd3 . [Losing is 1. Nf2? Kd2 2. b3 . Nf4 . and there is no defense from 3.. a3 3. Kc5 7. Ne5! h4 2. Ne8! Otherwise the knight would not be A knight is a nimble piece ?@?6?@?& @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @7@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… able to take control of the b1-square in time. Nc7 Kd6 6. Na3+ Draw. Nc6! ("barrier"!). Nb5+? Kb4 ... Ne6+ Kc4 . ¤d2=] 4. It looks improbable that the knight can catch the a-pawn. Ng6! 6. f7. a4 2. Kc2 5. with a draw] 3. 1. Ne4+ (but not 4. Nd6! b2 6.. Ne4+ followed by 5. then 4. Chekhover Vitaly (RUS) 6 . Nf6 Kd4 8. Nc4 b1=Q 13. Na3+ . Nd3 Kc2 .. and Black is unable to win. Ne8 Ke5 [4. Nf6 Kd4 A knight is a nimble piece [if 3. with a draw] 3. it manages to solve this task rather easily: 1. Ne8 b3 9. Nc7 b3 8. b3 5. Conclusion of a study Here a draw is achieved by an unusual knight's maneuver. Nc7+ Kc4 2. Nb5+ and 7.. Ne4+ Kc2 11. Nd6 b2 12.. Kc5 [2. Nd6+ Kc3 4. Nc4 b1=Q 7. Ne5 Kc3°] 1. 2. White wins. a4 2.?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?8#"?@ @?@?@?@# ?6?@?@%@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Grigoriev Nikolay (RUS) 6 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @%@7@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?6 @?@?@?@?… 1. bad is 6..... Nd5+ Kb3 4.. b3 would be met 3. Kc5 7.. however.. 1. [White must chose a precise route.. Ne8+ [The only move...and Black wins) 4.. Nd6 Kc3 10. ¤a3=] Sometimes the weaker side is saved by a 5. winning] miracle: with the help of forks the knight catches one or even two pawns. Nf7 loses after 1... Nd6 b2 6. Nf4! Kc3 [Or 2. Nb5+ due to 6. Ng7 f4 [If 2. Here are several examples from the "fairy tale" chess. Kh1 2. no matter who is to move. Ng4 g5 4.. 1. 5@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#$? ?@7@?&?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Nf2#] 2. Ng4 h2 4. Ne3 g4 5. Kf1 h2 4. Nxg4+ Kh1 4. Kf1 h2 5. Nxf5 g2 4..In this position White is mating by force.. A knight works wonders Yanish K Miracles.. Ng4+ Kh1 3. a fork saves White: 5. Nf2# The idea to mate the black king smothered in the corner was known as early as in the XIII century. Nf1 g3+ 6. Kf1 g5 4. If Black is to move. Ne6! g4 2. Nf1 g3+ 8. then 3.. g5 2. 7 .. Nf2# Example 19 Conclusion of a study The position seems to be hopeless for ?@?@%@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?6?8 @?@?@?@? White.. there are two possible Nxg4 f1=Q 6. Ng4 h2 3. with the knight playing the main role. Nxg3#] ?@?@%@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?6?8 @?@?@?@?… 3.. Ne3 g4 5. Nxf3 . g3 . lines: 1. time after time attacking the opponent's pawns.. Nxg3#] 2. Kf2 h2 6. Nf6 g3 [After 4. Kh1 3. Ne4 g2 6. Ng4+ Kh1 4.. Nf1 g3+ 6. Nxg3#) 3. Nf6 Kh1 [or 1. Nd2+ Kd3 7. f2 too. Nh5 f3 4. Nf6 g4 [Or 2. Ne3+=] 5. Nf6 Kh2 (2.. he saves the game with the help of forks. however. Ne3+=] 3. h2 3. do occur on the chessboard. Draw. though rarely. Ne3 A knight works wonders g4 7. Kf1 g5 5. 1... g5 [1.. Kf2 . Nf3. Ng6+ Kh7 3. Ng3# knight. g6+ Kh8 3. Ne4 Kh1 7. however. Kf2 Kh2 8. Ne4 Kh1 7. Nxf7! Kxh7 3. Ng4 d1=Q Stalemate.. Kf1 f2 5.?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?@%@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@5@7… ?@%@?@7@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?@ 6?@?$?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In a similar way the game ends when Black has two pawns. Ne7+ Kh7 [Bad is both 1. transposing to the main line. Ng4+ Kh1 4.. h7 Kg7 2. Nf8+ Perpetual check . 1. but. Nf6+ Kh8 3. h2 2. with a draw. Draw. Nd2 Kh1 9. Ng4 f3 4. Nd5 e2 4. Kf1 f2 5. 1. Kd6! .draw! SEVERAL TYPICAL POSITIONS Iljin P 8 . Nh6 d2 4.. Kf7 e3 2. Kb4 e2 4. Nf4 e1=Q 5. Nxf2+ Kh2 6. Kc5 e1=Q 5. Kh1 3. Nf4] [Or 2. bishop's and Here too. Kf7 2. Kubbel L Selezniev Alexei 2 ?@?@?8?& @?@?@#@? ?@?@?$?" @?@?@?@5 ?@?@?@?" @?@#@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@%@?@ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@?6#$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. Nxf2+ Kh2 6. Ne5! Kh2 [1. Kf2 f3 1. White cannot catch the e-pawn. rook's. Nxg6+ Kh7 6. The black pawn is unstoppable. Nc6 e2 3... as the alone queen cannot drive the king away from the 3. and 1... Kh8 2.. Ng4] 2... he has a fantastic saving idea. Ne5+ Ke6 4.] 2. Nf1 h2 10. .. Ke1 [After 3. Kf7 . Nf3 Ke3 3. Kd7 Kg8 3. Chekhover Vitaly (RUS) 2 ?@?@?@?@ @?@7@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@#@# ?@?@?@?" @?@'@?@?… In this position White wins in a very instructive way.stalemate] ?@?@?@?@ "7@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @%6?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 7. 9 . 1. Kg1 Draw. Ne5 Ke4 Conclusion of a study White reaches a position from the 1. winning] 2.. Ne1+ .. Ne1 Kd2 4. Ng1 Kd2 [If 1.Ke6 2... Nc2+ Kd2 5. Nd5+ Ke4 7. Nc2! .. Ke2 Ke5 4.. ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@!$ @?@?6?@! ?@?@%@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Example 20 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?(?@ @?@?8?@# ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?6?… 1. mating. Example 21 SEVERAL TYPICAL POSITIONS White is unable to win. Kd3 previous example and draws. Ke7 Kh8 4. Ke3 . Kf1 Ne3+ [6. Ke3 4. Kd3 . Ke2 Kf4 6. Kd2 f2 3. White achieves nothing. Kf1 Ke4 5. Ke3 4. Nf6+ Ke3 .] 3. Reti R & Mandler A Black cannot evict the white king from the ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?8?$? ?@?@%@!@ @?@?@5@?… corner. Nb4 Ke3 6. in view of 3. then 2. Ke6 Kf8 2. Kxf2 Ng4+ 8. Nf3+ Kd3 3. Nf6! gxf6 5. f7 . or if the defender manages to blockade them. Ke5 Ng3 6. 1. Kd1 f3 (otherwise 7. Kf7 4. Ke3 9... Ng4 Kd3 6.... Kg7 2. g5 Nd5 3. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?(7@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?"!" @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Example 22 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@#@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!8?@?@ @?@?&5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Three connected pawns advanced to the 5th rank secure a win. [Or 4. Kd3! (taking the opposition) 2. Kf1 After White has given Black the move. winning] 4. Nf3 Kd3 8. and White wins. g6 Ng3 9. Ke5 Kh5! 4.. Kd1 11. Ke5 Kd3 7. Kf5 Kxe3 6.. g6 . Kf4 Ne2+ 5... Kd6 .. h6 Nc3 5.. Nd5+ 6. Kg6 Ne7+ with a draw] 1. h7 Kg7 6. Kb3= Fine Reuben (USA) Nb4! Kd2 12. Nc4 Kd3 6. h7+ Kh8 10. Kf2 Kd2 3.. Kc2 Kb5 3. h5! Nc3 [Or 3. Kd6 Kb5°] 1. Ke6 Nf6=) 5. Kd4 5. c5? Kc4 8. Ne1 Kd2 10. f5+! [Weak is 1. and White wins. Nd5 .. Nc2! (this decides) 10. Nd2 Ke3 7. Kc6 2.. Kf4 Kd4 5. f5 Kxh4 5. with a draw. Kf3 Kd3 4. Ke4 Ne7! 3. [It was not late even to lose after 7. Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 3 KNIGHT AND PAWN AGAINST KNIGHT ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?$7@?@? ?$%$?@?@ @?@5@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@5"7@' ?@?@?@?@ @?&?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? A knight can draw against three pawns 10 .. 1. Kf6 (or 5. g6 Kg5 6. Ne5+ ] 5.only if the pawns are not advanced far. g5? Nd5 2. ¢e2 would follow) 7. he is winning easily.. f6+ Kg8 7. 8. g7 Ng8 7. h6 Nh5 8. Kb6 Nc6 7. Kb6.. Na5 . ¢d6) 7.KNIGHT AND PAWN AGAINST KNIGHT or 1... Ke7 2.. Sooner or later the weaker side Kling I ends up in zugzwang and loses. Kc5 5. Kd8 Ne8 3. Nc4 Kd7 6.. Ka8 Nc6 5. Kc7 2.. with a win] 5. Kc5 loses due to 8. Ke6 2. Ne6! (this decides) 3.. Nd8 . ¤c5) 2. Nb4 10. provided only that there is no immediate possibility of perpetual check.. Nf8+ 2.. Nf6 4. Nd3+ Kd5 3. Kd6 3. 11 . Kb6 ] 8.. and the stronger side's king controls the queening square.. Nd7+ Kd5 9. Nd5+ Kd6 3.... One may conclude that if a pawn has reached the 7th rank. or 8. Kc7! Pawn on the 7th rank ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@5"7@' ?@?@?@?@ @?&?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? (preventing 7. the win is simple. Nf6+ [1. Kd8 ] 2.. Kc4 9... for example 1. Nb6 Ne5 4.... Now let us deal with some examples of perpetual check. diverting the black knight. White must transfer his knight to f8. Nf4 . Nd6 9.. transposing to the main line] 2.. Ng6 Kd5 [Or 4. Kd6 Na6 10. 1. and White wins. Nb4 [7... Ne6+ Kd6 8. Kb6 . 1. Nc5 Nb8 11. [Or 3. ?@?@?@?@ 6!@'@?@? %@?8?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Example 23 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?6!8?(? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?&?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? In order to win. Ng5+ Kg6 5.. Nf4+ Kc6 4. Kc7 ] Pawn on the 7th rank 1. Nf8 Ne5 6. Nd3 (threatening 3. Ka8 Nc6 7. Nd5+ Ke6 3.. Kd7 Ne8 5. Nd7 Nc6 [No better is 8. Nb4 Kc5 [Other king moves also lose. Nb6 . and White wins... Na6+ 9. Ne5! (offering the opponent a choice of two losing captures) 9. Ng5+ . Ne4 ] 4.. Ne5! Nb4 10.. Nf8 Ne5 6. Kd4 Na3 5.. Ng4! f1=Q With a pawn on the 6th rank a win is 5. Nf6 3. Kc7 Ne8+ 4... White manages to save himself by perpetual check. Selezniev Alexei 3 Example 24 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@'@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8# ?@?@5@?@ @?&?@?@?… ?@?@?@7@‹ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?"?( @?@?&?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Conclusion of a study Here too.Bronstein D.. Kd3 Ne6 (threatening ¤c5 or ¤g5) 8..1949 Pawn on the 6th or on the 5th rank ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?&?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@#@? ?@?@?@7( @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?8'@‹ @?@5@?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@%@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Pawn on the 6th or on the 5th rank 1. Kc6 Nf6= much more difficult. Ne2+ Kh3 5. Ke3! Nc7 12 .... Kc8 Nd6+ 3.. the weaker side obtains some extra defensive ideas. e7 because of 3. Ng4 2.. in addition to perpetual check. Nf5+ 2.. Kg7 2.. . Kf1 h2 Black to move draws immediately by the (otherwise 2. with a draw.. Ne3+ White draws. Ke6 Ng7+= Benko P. Ng1+ Kg3 4... Ke3 Nc4+ 4. Ne2+ Kf3 3. and there is no 3. Ng1+ . 1. as 1. Kd2 Nd4 7. 1. ¢g1= would follow) 2. Nxf6 f2 4. Ne4 The only move. Ke8 Nh6! . f2 was threatened.] 3.Black to play gives perpetual check: 1. because. Ne8+! 2. Kd2 Ne5 [After 2. because 5. Kd3 Nb5 6.. 1. Kg2= already familiar device. perpetual check: 1. Kg4 fails due to 6.. Nf5 with a draw. ... Kg8 Kg5 4..Belotti B. 13 . ¢e3 ¢g2 17. The a2-knight is unable to help the king in time. Nf6! f2 [Also after 13.. Nd4 Example 25 ?@?@?@7( @?@?6?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?&?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… With a pawn on the 6th rank. If it is White to move..Mendrisio. Nh6 16.. Kd5 Kd7 Rogers I...[White defends precisely... Kd3 Nd5 10.. 6. Kd3 Nf5 12. Nb8+! Kc8 [or 3. Nc5 or 8.1987 [2. Ke6 Nb4 6. Kg8 Ne6 9.. Kg5 7. Nf2) 16.. . Kc2 Ne3+ 11. on 8.. Nd7 Ng6 6. Nf2=] Cheron A 2 9. Ke8 the game transposes to the previous example. Kg7 Kf5 5. Nc3+ 3. ?@?@?@7(‹ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?&?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ¤f2 ¤f5) 15.. Ng4 f1=Q 15. Ke1! Kg2 (or 15. Ke7 .. 1. Kd8 4. Na6+! Nxa6 7. Ne5 Nf4 8. Ke6 ] 3.. Ng4 Nf5 (with the threat of 15. and White wins.. Kd2 Ng3 13. Kf8 Kh6 3. Ke6 Nb4 5.. having insufficient room for maneuvering. Draw. ¤h6 16. Nf2 Black achieves nothing] 14. Nf3+ Kf6 10.. 1. a win is possible in two cases: 1) if the weaker side cannot stand against coordinated actions of the opponent's pieces. d7+ Kc7 5. Ne3+ . Kg1 14. Ke8 2. d7 ] 4. f7 Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 4 ?@?@?8?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@%"?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@?@? '@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Now the win is easy. 2) if the weaker side's pieces are cramped. Kh7 2. ¤g5 there would follow the simple 9. An awkward position of the black knight decides the game. then after 1. the less winning chances it gives. winning] 3... Kb5 . Nd2 Kg7 2.. Kd8 Kg7=] But if the defender's king is remote. Nf5? [A simple draw could have been obtained by 1. Nc2 does not save either in view of 3. Ng6!= Pongracz A ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?"?@%@?@ (?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In this position Black made an instructive mistake. with a draw] 3. 14 . As a rule.. and Black resigned. Kd4! Ne4 .. Nf5! Kg8 5. Kf7 6.. Ng8 would be met by 4. Nd5 2. then 4. b6 Na4+ . e7+ (the pawn has advanced to the 7th rank!) 5. such positions KNIGHT AND TWO PAWNS AGAINST are drawn.. may be possible even with a pawn on the 4th rank.?@?@?8?@‹ @?@5(?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@%@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1. and 3.. b5? Nc3 4. Kc5 Nc3 7.] [But not 3. b5 Ke7 5. 1.. [2. b6 Kd7 6. Nc4 Nb1 Ne7+ . [. Kf7 4.. Cheron A 3 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@5@7 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?&?( @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? KNIGHT AND TWO PAWNS AGAINST KNIGHT ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@'8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"! ?@?@?&5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… The farther the pawn is from the promotion square..... Nd5 .. Nd4! Ne7 3.] [If 3. Nd6+ Ke6 7.. b5 Ne1 4. and White wins.. Kc6 .. Nf5 Nf6 5. Kd8! . a win Now Black loses by force. He played 1. winning. Ne5+ Kc8 8. 2. b6 Nd3+ 5. Nh2 Kf2 4.. whereas on 1. Kxh3 [if 4. Nf3 . ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?&? ?@?@?$5$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8'@ @?@?@?@? Black wins easily.1952 A knight is a short-range piece. . Nh2 Kg2°] 4. Ne6+ Kg8 2. Nd2+ Kd3 3.Hungary. Ke5=) 4.. with a draw. ¤g3 threatening 6. Ne3! 5.KNIGHT Exceptions are rare.. g6 Ne5+ 3.. Ng5 . Hence...1971 threat of ¤e3-f5). Kf5 Nf3 4. . f3 decides. Nf3!! White saves the game. Nf3+ Kg4 4. outside passed pawn. Kxf6 e4 5. Nh4! 5....Spassky B. Nh2+ Kh3 3.Kovacs P.Leningrad. Ke4 White plays 2.. h3! 3. Nf1 f5 4. then 4. no matter if the pawns are connected or not. Kf6 (with the Paoli E... zugzwang. the questions discussed while studying the ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@5@? ?@?@#$?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?(?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?&?… pawn endings are also topical for the knight endings: utilizing a material advantage.. Draw. etc. After 1.... Nf1 f5 (or 3. ¤f5=] 2.. triangulation. 1. e5 . precise supposed. however they occur. Ke2 4.. Nf3 STRATEGY AND TACTICS IN KNIGHT ENDINGS ?@?@?8?@ $?(?@#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !"?@?"!" @?@?&?6?… game [In response to 2. Kh4 Kg2 6. Nc4 . and so in many aspects the knight endings resemble the pawn ones. 15 . Kg5 Kg3! Zugzwang. Ne5+ Kg3 6.. 1. h6 [If 1. Kxf6 Kxf1 5. Kf6 Nf3 6.. Ke3! 2. Kh3 . Nh4+ Kg5 3. Kg4 A knight with two pawns normally win easily against a knight. STRATEGY AND TACTICS IN KNIGHT ENDINGS Taimanov M. Nh4+ 5. Kf6 followed by 5. White resigned. then 2. Let us deal with these subjects in detail.] 2. 2. and White wins. breakthrough. 1. Nf6 h5 20. Nb5 a6 6. b5 .. Kd3 Kc5 4. b3 Ne3+ 13. winning a pawn] 11. Na3 f6 3. A winning plan is simple: exploiting the fact that Black cannot exchange the knights. Ke7 2. g3 Ke6 First of all Black centralizes his pieces. f4 Nb5+ 12. Nc2 Nd5 [On 11. Nd3 Ng6 19. utilizing an extra pawn is rather simple. Kb4 12. h4 gxh4 13.. 1. Nd5 Nb8 21. Kd4 Kd6 15. Utilizing a material advantage ?@?@?8?@ $?(?@#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !"?@?"!" @?@?&?6?… Fayans . h3 Nd2 . Kxh5 Kd4 ..New York. Kd2 Kd6 8. Then White's outside passed pawn diverts the opponent's pieces. Kc5 Knight and three pawns against knight and two pawns on one wing Ne6+ 21. Ne2 Kc5 9. Kb2 Nf1 14.. Kd4 Nc7 11. Nc3 f5 7. Kb3 [10. gxh4 f4! 14. Kd3 Kb4] 10. b3 f5 7. h3 his pieces and then creates a passed pawn on the Q-side. g5! 11. Ke7 2. Ne3 [13.. Kc2 there follows 11. Nc4+ Kc6 [Or 15.] 13.. Nc1 Nxh4 18. Kc6 14. Kd6 g5 22. Ne7 .. and Black went on to win. Kf5 Ne7+ 20. h5 12.. Kc4 Nc7 13. Kd3 Ng2 16.... Ke5 Kb5 17. Ne3 Na6 [17. Nd5 Kc4 19. Kc3 Nd5+ 10. a3 g6 8. Kc2 Ne3+ 15..Fine R. sufficient for a win. Ke6 16... Kg5 Kd5 21. White improves the positions of 4. an extra pawn in a knight ending is almost always Here too.] 16. 5.1940 ?@?@?8?@‹ $?@?@#@# ?$?@?@#@ @?@'$?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@!@? ?"%@?6!" @?@?@?@? Utilizing a material advantage As well as in pawn endings. Ke4 Kd6 17. and White captures 1.ending] 18. Nf7+ Ke7 18.. Kxb4 18. Ke2 Nb4 5. Nf3 Kf6 20. Ke2 Kd6 3. b5 is also winning. axb4+ Kd6 10. Ng5 h6 19. and White wins. with a won pawn 16 . Ne5 Kd6 17. b4+ axb4 9. Kf1 the black pawns on the K-side. and White wins. g3 a5 6. Nd5+ . . 1..?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?(?$ @?@?&?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?6?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@#$ @?@?@'@? ?@?@%$?8 @?@?@!@? ?@?@?@5" @?@?@?@?… If the pawns are all on one wing. and lost.Averbakh Y.. and Black has achieved nothing. Kh2 Nc2 3.Najdorf M. Kg1 Nc2 3. [Nevertheless.. Nxh3 Kxh3 is hopeless.New York. Ke2 h5 7. [. An attempt to create a passed pawn leads to pawn exchanges and to a draw. the defender's drawing chances naturally In the game White played 1. Kf2 Kxh3! 5. Ne6 g5! White resigned. Ng5 h4 8.1955 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?$? ?@?(?8?$ @?@?$?@? ?@?@?@!" @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@%@? Fine R. two and four pawns vs.. Kg1 . Nf2 (it is important to increase.] 1. Ne3+ 2.. Nd3 g5 4. Ne3+ 2.1949 If the stronger side has a passed pawn. h3? . Let us deal with two alignments of forces that occur in practice most often: three pawns vs. three. The black pawns on g7 and h6 occupy the ideal defensive squares. Guldin L. Kf2 Kh3 5... the defense is extremely difficult. White is unable to improve his position without advancing the pawns.] Knight and three pawns against knight and two pawns on one wing [because a pawn ending after 9. .Baku. however. Kg2 Ne1+ 4. ... such positions are drawn due to the limited number of pawns. Nxg5 h3 10. ] As a rule. Kxe1 Kg2 6. g5! It is essential to fix the white 17 . a draw could have been obtained by 1. or if he can create it without numerous pawn exchanges. abstain from the weakening of the g3-square) 1. Ng4 Ng8 16. such endings are won. Nf2 Now White wins by exploiting the weakened g5-square. gxf5 Ke5 10. Ng3 Kd5 6.. 2. Kf3 Ne7 5. f6 Kxf6 11.. hxg5+ Kxg5 3. Kc5 e3 7. f6+ Kf7 20..] 8. Ng3 . Kf2 Ne5! 10. Ke7 19. Nh2 Nd2 6.Moscow. g4 position. e4+ 6. Ke2 Kg3 . Nd4 Kd5! 8. f4-f5] Black wins. and the white knight becomes dangerous. Kxb5 Kf3 9. f5+ gxf5 14. Kd3 Kd5 4.] 7. Knight and four pawns against knight and three Yuferov S.. Ke3 First White improves his 1.1988 pawns on one wing ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@7@#$ @?(?@?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?&?@5@! ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#8# ?@?(?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?&!@?@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@5@!" @?@?@?@? Unlike in the game V. winning) 3. Nxf5 6. 19.. and Ne4 Nc6+ 21. Nc3+ Kc4 (otherwise 9. Ke6 3. 2.... the black pawn is on g6. Kc4 Kxg4 10. Nd1 Kd5 10. Kg3 Nc4! 5.. Ke3 Nxe3 Kxe3 8. Ne3+ Kc5 5. h4! h5 [The immediate 6. Kd3 Ng8 11. Kd4 Kf4 5. Ke6 7. gxf5 Kd5 7. Ng3 Kg7 23. Nxh5+ Kh6 24. e4+ 4. Ke3 g4°] 5..... Nc2 [5. obtaining good winning chances. Kxe4 Ke6 12. Kd4 White is ready to create a passed pawn.. Ng8 [Or 6. Nd7 2.... Ke5 Kf7 18. Kd5 fails due to 7. The 18 . Ne7 13. ¢e4 would follow) 9. h5 [Bad is 2. gxf5+ Kd6 15. . Ne7 20. Nf1 Nb5+ 6. with an easy win.. which allows White to create a passed pawn... Nh2 e4 4. (zugzwang) 6. Ke3 Kc4! Nf6 [Or 12. Nf5 does not save due to 8. Ne4 Nb6 3. Ne4 Ne7 8. Kf3 (or 3. 12. Nb4+ Ke5 8. Kd3 Kf3 . because after 18.. Ke4] 13.. Kf4 Nd4 22.Panchenko. Nxf5+ [This is forced.. Ke4 followed by 8.Zavada A. and White has obtained an easily won position with two extra pawns. h5! the black knight is trapped] 19.. 9. Nc4+ 9.. and Black wins] 7. Ne2 [8. Kg4 Ke4 . Kg3 Kc4 ..pawns.. Kf2 Kf4 7. 1. Ke4 Ke7 17. Nd5+ 4. Kf3 Ke5 13. Nc6+ . Knight and four pawns against knight and three pawns on one wing As a rule...Shchekachev A. Nf5 loses after 5. Ne3+ Ke6 12. trouble... h6! 14. Kd7 9. e6 Nh8 17. Ne6! Pointed out by Yury Averbakh (not so clear is the line given by Fine: 11. These endings were studied by the American grandmaster Reuben Fine. Nxf5+! gxf5 10. and White wins the g6-pawn] 13. Kxf5 Nxg3+!) 11. f4 Ke7 Black is condemned to wait passively. It is important that a knight exchange leads to a won pawn ending..winning plan is typical: threatening to exchange knights. Ke5 Nf2 21. Kf6 .. f4! gxf4+ 7. Nd5 Ng4+ 22. . h4! Nf7 8. Kd5 Nf7 15.. 4. h6 there follows 13. fxe4 fxe4 ... g5 5.. Ne5 because of 13. Nf3 Kh5 13. Kf6 (if 5. Kd3 Ke7 10. Kd7 17. Nb4 Ng2 19. Nd2 Nc6 13. gxh6 Nxh6 15.. g3 Ke5 3.. gxf4 Nc4+ 8. Ke5 Kf8 18. f5 (intending to exchange as many pawns as possible) 5. f4 Nd3 12... Nc6+ Ke8 16. then 6.Tbilisi. Nf4+ Kg5 13. exf5 gxf5 7...Fine)] 5. Ke4 Nd2+ 13. f4) 5. 7. e5 Nf7 6.. Nd2+ Kc3 15. Kf6 . Ke2 Kb3 White resigned. Nd4+ (not so good is 5. e5+ Ke7 14.... winning) 17. Kc5 18.1949 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#$# ?@?@#@?@ @'@?8?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6!"? ?@?@%@?" @?@?@?@? Ke7 . Nc6+ 19 .. Nc1 Nf5+ 3. Kd6 Nf6 19. Nd6+ 11. Nc2+ Kc3 23. Kf2 Kd5 4. Ke2 Ne7 Step by step Black improves his position. Nd2+ Kc3 11. g4 (seizing space) 8. Nb5+ in view of Kd5 Nf1 14.. 1.. Na3 e4 17. and White wins.. Then.Geller E. Kd5 Ng4 16. Na3 Nd5+ 24. f5+ Kg5 15. Nd5 .. Kf4 Kg6 8. [. Kxe6 Nxh2 17. but White's position is hopeless anyway. e5 Kg6 10. f4 Nc5 12. Ke2 Nb2 11. g4 Nh3 14.. e6! fxe6+ 16. Ke7 Nb7 11.. Kf6 Ne4+ Let us deal with two practical examples. Nb1+ Kd4 12. Kd7 [4. f6 . Nd6 2. Nd3+ Kd4 7. and White wins) 6. Ilivitzki G. 1. e5 Nc4+ 7. g5! fxg5 12. 16.] Kc4 Kd6 [10. 19. ¤f3. h4 Despair. Ke3 Here Fine examines three main Ke8 (or 16. Nb1+ Kd4 Time after time Black wins a tempo by using triangulation. and White wins. and White is in queens (analysis by R. Ke3 Kb4 22.. h4+ Kh6 14... Kxf5 Kf7 11. Kd2 Nf6 21... Nb4+ Kc5 6.] 17. 15. Kf4 h6 8. the stronger side step by step improves the positions of his pieces and creates a passed pawn. Nc1 f5 9. Ke6 Nd8+ 10.. e5 Nd8 14... ¤d4 and 19. Kf2! Kg7 9. and the pawn 17. Nb4 Ne4+ 20. nor 17. the pawn is advanced and queened. Kf3 Nc4 12. Nd4+ Kf6 6. by coordinated actions of the king and the knight... g5 . Nc6+ Ke6 4.. continuations: 4. e6+ Ke8 18.. f4 [Better is neither 17.. Nd3 e5 5.. Ke6 Ne3 18. 8. Nd4 f6 6. Nd5+ 20. Nb3+ Kc4 10. h4 Nb2 9. Ke5 Nf7+ 9. Ke3 Nb4 19. Nb3+ Kc4 14. Kd6 . Na5 12. Kc5 followed by 18. h5 Nf2 13. Kd5] 11. Kf6 2. hxg5 Ke7 [On 12. Nd4 . f6+! (the final squeeze) 5.Zurich. Kb4 Kd3 1. Kf3 Kf8 2. Nd7+ Kg8 13. Kb5! Kxc3 5. .. Nc5 Nf5 (11.. f5! (the only way) 4. Ke4 Ke7 4. In order to win. Nd4 Ne7 7.Baden Baden. Nd6 Nc6 3..] 1. e6! fxe6 21.. White opts for another plan. Kd8 Nd4 12...[on 25. e5 . doomed.. e5 4. Kd6 Na5 20. Kc5! Kxc3 5..Stahlberg G. Reti R. Ke7 g5 [Zugzwang. Kd8 Ne6+ 17. Nb4 [After 4. 20 . triangulation. Ke7! Nc6+ 22. Nc3+] Corresponding squares.. In the two following examples White wins by means of "triangulation". Nxf5+ Kf8 6. as do Instead of creating a passed pawn along the e-file. zugzwang ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?&?8?@? ?@?@?@?@ 6?@?@?@?… Taimanov M. Kf3! Kf6 3. Ng7 Black resigned. Kg3 Kf5 2. Kb3! Kd4 3. h4! Kg8 8. then 15.... Nd4 There is no escape.. Kf4 the h-pawn is [Or 3.] 5. Nb5 or 25. Now if 14. and White wins. d3-b3 and e3-a2. Nc5 Nc6+ 19. White must give the move to Black ("triangulation" on 1.. Ke7 g4 25. Nb7 Na6 7. Ke8! Ne6 14.1925 Kd7 Nd4 10. g3-f3-g4). which involves pawn exchanges.1953 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?(#8? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?"?@# ?@?@%"?@ @?@?6?"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… Corresponding squares. 18. Ke6 6. zugzwang White has the only way to a win. [After 1. Kc5 . Kb2 Kd2! Black draws. Kd3 2. triangulation. 1. Ka2! A typical case of corresponding squares: d2 and b2 correspond. Kd6 Kd4 6. Kf8 [5. e6 was threatened) 11. Ke8 Ne5 23.] 4. Ke8 Nc7+ 16. e6 ] 15. Nxe6 Nf7 24.. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@%@?8?@ @#@!@?$? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Nc5 followed by 16... Kd5 Nc7+ 8. . winning... Kd6 Nb5+ 9. Ke7 (triangulation) 17.Marshall F. gxf5+ 5.. Nb7! winning] 6. ¤b1 there follows 25. Nc7 Kh8 2.] 1. Nf8+ Kh8 . and d7.. Kg2 g4 5. 3. Kh2!] Kh7 5. and the knight will get to f8 without a It seems that the draw agreement will check.. Kh2 g3+ 6. Kd6 2. Ng4+ . Kh7 7.. d6 Nc6 2. Ke5 2.. Ke6! follow soon. and Kg4 . 1. d6. Nf8 Zugzwang. Nf6! Nh6 3. White wins. Kxg3 (zugzwang) 7. and White has achieved nothing. Ne7! Nh6 3.. Nc7 Only now the knight is transferred to f8. by putting Black in zugzwang. 1. Liburkin M Outside passed pawn ?@?@?@%@ @?@?@'"? ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?$?@?@?@ $5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@#$?@ @?@?@?@# #@?@?@?" (?@?"%"? ?@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@?… After 1... Ka2! Black ends up in zugzwang and loses. g5 4.. He has to gain (or to lose) a tempo.] Outside passed pawn 21 . 6. winning. however. and White wins Bron V White wins. This can be done by means of triangulation on the squares e6. White wins. Kh2! (the only way) 3.. Kh8 2. Ne6 Kh7 3. Kd6 Kh8 4.] ?@?@%@'@ @?@?@5@7 ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kaminer S ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@%@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@!@?@7 ?(?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@5… 1.. Kd7 Kh7 3. Ne5+ .. Ke6! [A knight's transfer to f8 does not work due to 1.. Kg6 8. [. or 1.. Kf7 Kh8 6. Nf5+ . Kg2 Kh5 7.. d7 Kh4 [Or 2..[For example.. Ne6 Kh8 8. g5 3. Ne3 a1=Q+°] 5. Kg2 Nd2! (threatening to "freeze" the white K-side by 12. Nd4 Na6 [Worse is 5. Kxf2 so Black begins actions on the K-side. Nd4 Kf7 2... 5. Kxf2 in view of 11. Kc5 due to 6. Nxh7 h3°) 13. . Kd4 2. Nc3+ Kf3 10. Nh3 Nxf2 13. Ke4 a3 5. Nxf2 (or 13. [No better is 5. Nc2 [If 16... Kxa4 Nxg3 14. by exact play Kasparov 22 .. gxh5! 9. f3 e4 13. e4) 12. and White resigned. Nxf2 12. Nf3 f6 Black is forced to weaken his position. Kf3 there would follow 17. f4 Kd6 4. Ne5 3.. Ne6+ Kd6 White has drawing chances because of the small number of pawns on the board. [But not 10. Kc2 Nd3 4. Nc1 Nc3+ 6. h4 Ne5 7. because a weaker side's knight is unable to win it without king's support... ¢c3° would follow) 2. Ke5°] 14.. Kf3 f5 11. Nf4 Black wins by 11. Kd3 a2 7.. 5.1986 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@'@?@# ?@?@?@#@ @?@7@?@? #@?@?@?@ @?@?&?"? ?@?@5"?" @?@?@?@? Black is much worse: he cannot exchange the knights. Nf3 6. 8. Bogoljubow proves that White's position 1.. Kd2 (otherwise 2. because the pawn ending is hopeless. fxe4 Nxe4! (the simplest) 14. Kxa4 Kg3°] 11. . h4! 12. Nb3 Na4! 8.. 9. Kb2 Here the king keeps an eye on the a-pawn. Kf3 . Ng5+ Kxg3 14... Nd1 Ne1+ In knight endings an outside passed pawn is of great importance.. 1. Ne1+] Barcza G.. Ka3 Ke4 The white pawns are defenseless. Ne7 [In response to 11. Kf3 Kf6 15. Nh4+ Ke4 15.. Ke2 Ne4! 10. gxh4 h5! 15.. h4 Kd6 2. then 16...converts his advantage into a win. where he has an extra piece... Nf4!] 11. Kf4 Nc5 16. [.Kasparov G. Na1 Nc5+ The white knight is tied to the a-pawn. Nd5 Ng4! e5 3. Kd2 due to 5.. Kf3 is extremely difficult... g4 Kc5 3.] [because on 17. White exploits this in order to reinforce his position.. h5?! (the last chance) 8. the same way as it is in pawn endings.. 1. Nf5 Ne4 13.Sanchez ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#@# ?@?@?@#@ @?8#@?@? ?(?&?@?@ @!@?6?"? ?@?@?"?" @?@?@?@?… Schmidt V.Dubai.... a3! 6. Nd3+ . Kb4 Nf5° 16. Ne2 Nb1! (taking control of the important d5-square) 4.. Kxe1 a2 7... It is worthy to note that this pawn does not require protection. nevertheless. winning a pawn. a4 2.. h6!] 20.. f5 26... after his breakthrough on the Q-side he creates another passed pawn. g6! fxg6 breakthrough.. b7. As a rule.Polgar Z. then 20. b7) 18.7. b6 Na6 16... Ke5 .. Nc2 Kc5 7. Kxg4 d4 19. three factors contribute to a breakthrough. b4+ Kb5 9. h5 Nb7 18. gxh6 Nf5+ 28. Nxf5+ Ke5 14. Ke3 Nc5 [On 16. . III. which decides the game. Kf3 hxg4+ (17. b6 ] of a breakthrough. h6! gxh6 3. h5 ) 13. Ne3 f5+ 22. h6 d2 21.1984 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@!"! ?@?@?@?@ 8?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 6?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@7@?@ $?@?@'@? ?$?$?"#@ "!@!@?@? ?@%@?6?@ @?@?@?@? BREAKTHROUGH Black has a passed pawn on the K-side. Nb3 Kc6 [If 19. fxg6 hxg6 14.. Kd3 Ne8 12. Kd3 Nc7 8. 15. Nc1 Nd8 22. extra space). h5 d3 20. h5? 15. Kd4 Kd6 21. This device often occurs in practice. Nd3 Nc6+ square (in other words. 23.. Pawns are close to the queening I. d4 18. winning] 25.. h6 ] 2. Nf8 . b5 Nc7 [14. Breakthrough Pavlov M. axb4 A pawn breakthrough involves a sacrifice of one or several pawns in order to create 23 . Nxd5 . b7 . f5! a passed pawn. Nd4+ Kd6 11.. h5 there would follow 17. square His far advanced pawns allow White to promote one of them by a 1. Nb4 h6 [Bad is 24. I.. hxg6 2.] 6. Kc5? 25. Kc3 Kc6 10. and the pawn queens) 25.. f6 Black resigned. Kg5 . Ke3 Ne7 24. g5 f4 27.. [Or 1. winning] 17. f6 gxf6 3. The pawns hinder its own king to catch the opponent's pawn. and so in the course of play it is very important to foresee the possibility gxf5 (otherwise White creates a passed pawn on the h-file after 13. Kd3 Nxh6 29.. 1. The opponent has doubled pawns. ¤d5 ¤d5 27. Nd4 Kd6 19. Pawns are close to the queening II. Kd4 (threatening 26.. Ke4 Black resigned. Ke3 .. [.. Nxh5 Kxe4 6. f5 11.. Ke3 Kf6 4. fxe6! Nxc6 The only move. e7 Kxe7 6. Kxb6? 7.. 1. Kxg4 Ne3+ 11.1988 Pillsbury H. winning the d5-pawn] 2. and the d-pawn will queen with a check. gxf5 exf5 due to 3. [. Ng7 followed by ¤e8-c7-a6] 2. b4 h5 16.] [On 7. then 2.[2. hxg5+ Kxg5 6. .. Kf2 .. Now let us examine a masterpiece by the great American player Harry Pillsbury.. Nxe5 dxe5 3. gxf5 2. gxf5 g4 12.. Nxg4 Black finds 4. Ne5 b2 9. but.Hastings. [Bad is 1.Gunsberg I. Kf4 Nxf5! White resigned.. f6 ] 11. gxh5 gxh5 3.... Nf2 Kf6 2.. f5! (otherwise Black plays 1. c7 ] 1. Nxd3 2.. Nxc5 h4 7. Na3 b2 4. bxa4 b3°] 2. Kf4 Nf6 [Or 2. 1.1895 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? #@?$?@#@ "?$!(?@# ?$!@!@?" @!@%6?"? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?(?@?@?@ @?@?8?@# #@?@#$#@ @#"#@?@? ?@?"?"!@ @?@%"?@? !@?@5@?" @?@?@?@?… It may seem that White is unable to win.. axb3 a3 13. Nxg6 Nxd5+ 6. axb4 loses immediately after 5. Kb2 24 .. Kg3 Kxb6 8... dxe5+ 5. Kf4 Kb4 12. and White won the pawn ending after 8. cxd5 c4 7. Kd2 Ke5 5. b5 Kd5 5. Kf6 3... e5 dxe5+ 4. Ke4 g5 6. b5 a2 17. Nb4 a5 3.. ¤c6) 1. b4 9..... and White wins) 4. Kf4 decides. 4.. [4. Nxe5 dxe5+ 5. [But not 6. d5+ Kd6 8. after 1. Kg2 Ne3+ would be met by 4..Berlin. Kc4 b3 12. hxg4 . Kxd3 hxg4 3... b6 Kc6 6.Ostoijc P.. Kf4 Kg7 3. Nxc4!] 1. Nf4 Ng4+ 4.. gxf5 g4 15. g5 in response 1. d6 . Nc4+] Razuvaev Y.] [After 10. e5+! Nxe5 (3. c7 ] winning. Nxg4+ [If 1. g4! [After 1.. cxb3 there would follow 8. .. c6!! Kd6 [3. Ke4 Ka2 14. Nxc6 Kxc6 6.. Kd4 Ke7 [10.. Nd2 Nf1! the b-pawn is queening.. Kc3 f5 14. g4 hxg4 4. Kf6 does not save Black either in view of 2.. Kxe4 a4 10. e4! dxe4 7... Kf3 g5 5... axb3 3. axb4 4. Nxe5 Kd6 5. f5 Kc5 9. Kxe5 . Nxe5 dxe5 the pawn ending is drawn. Nc4+=] 7.] 3.] Nb1 Kb3 13. Nf4 . hxg5+ Kxg5 7.. Kb5 Nd5 2. Nf8 Ne2 12.. e5 Black seriously weakens the light squares. but also with the [After 1. 1. Nd6 Kd7 The last moves were forced. d7 Ke7 22. Kxf5 Ka5 Black's d8=Q+ Kxd8 24. Nd4 Nc3+ 4. 11. 1. h4 . and White plays for a win without any risk. Kf3 Kf6 6. Ke5 Nc7 13. b8=Q+ Kxb8 24. First of all White should tie the black pieces to the defense of his weak pawns. Kd4 Ke7 10. Kxf4 Kg6 10. Nd5 Kc6 19. h7 White wins 5. Ne4 Kf8 6. b8=Q+ ] 21.. Nxg3 . Nd7! Kxa4 17.Ree H.. Ke6 Nxh6 13. Kd5 Ne4 10.. b6 g3 20. Kd4 Ng6 14.. Nf8 Ng4 12. Nf6 Black resigned.. b4 Na6 [After 2. Ng7 Ne7 9. 14. Nxh7 Nxf4+ 13. Nb5 with good drawing chances. Nd6 b6 7. a3 Nc7 4. Kg5 Ng8 15. Kb5 Kb7 7. Kg4 Kg6 7. f4 Kc6 12. f4 gxf4 9. f5! White exchanges the opponent's weak pawn.. Nc4 Nd5 9. Pawn weaknesses Timman J. Kf6 21. Ke6 Nh6 20. bxc5 hxg5 Black loses. h6! Nf2 [Black avoids 10. f4! (fixing the weak for example: 4. d6+! Kxd6 [or 20. then 8. f3! Kh6 8.. Ne8 Ng8 10. Ke2 h6 [Much better is 4.] a1=Q+ 18. Kc4 Nd6+ 9. Kc7 3. Kxa1 h4 19.Amsterdam.. since after 11. the pawn weaknesses are more serious factor than in pawn endings. knight.. e7 g2 23.. but now his king's activity becomes a 25 . Kxf6 Ka6 14. b7 g2 23..1984 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?(?@# ?$?8?$?@ @?@?@#@! !@5@?@?@ @?@?@!"? ?@?@%@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@7@ $#@'@?$# ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@%@? !"?@?"!" @?@?@5@?… Pawn weaknesses One may estimate this position as 6:4 Black has a weak pawn at e6. Kc4 Ne7 6. Nc6 . Nd6+ Kc7 11. Ke5 Kf7 11. .] 2. because they can be attacked not only with the king.] pawns on f5 and f6) 2. e8=Q+ counterplay is far too late. Kd3 a6 8.. Ne6! Nc8 3. Kb4 Nd5+ 5. 16. Nxb6+ Kb5 18. Ng5 Nc5 In knight endings. Nxf6 Kc6 15. b7 Kc7 22.] [If 7. and the outside passed pawn decides.easily. Nxf5] 8. h6 3.. Ke2 Kf7 5.. g3 Kd7 11. Nf5 due to 24.. . 5..Birmingham. as well as in all other kinds of endings. d5! Nd7 The only opportunity of counterplay is to attack the white K-side pawns.. Kf1 Nd7 [An immediate king approach is better: 1. a4! [Not the immediate 24.. Kc2 Kc6 5. in this case White would In knight endings. Kb4 c5+ So. exf5 15. and Black resigned. White prevents this advance. Ka4 . g5 Alekhin A. Ke5 The pawn is unstoppable. Nf3 Nd3 11. Kd6 king comes quickly into play. a5 . 25. g5 Nh7 19. e2 12. Active king 1. so Black resigned. 14. a5 Kc4 [Black is in zugzwang.. Nxh5 Kc6 23.. 24. Nb3 Ka6 8.. ¢d6 would be met by 26. g4 Nf6 17. 4. Nxf5 Ne8 16. Nf5 Ng2 27... exf4 e3 10.it is too late. Ke2 Ke7 3. at the same time. Unlike its white counterpart. 9. Ka4 Nd7 7. Nxg7 Ng6+ 21.. Kb4 Nxf2 8. Kd1 a4 Black intends to 20. Nxe1 Nxe1 14. Nxa5? due to 8. and so he is forced to cede the e5-square. a4 e2 14. and the pawn queens] ?(?@?@7@ @?$?@?$? ?@?$?@?$ $?@?@#@? ?@!"#@?@ @?@?"?@? !@?&?"!" @?@?@?6?… Active king ?@?@?@?@‹ $?$7@#@# ?$?@?@#@ @?@?@?@? !@?(?@?@ @!@?&?"? ?@!@?"5" @?@?@?@? White has a clear advantage: he does not have any weaknesses in his camp.Znosko-Borovsky E. Ne1 Nd4+ 17. the a5-pawn is weak and may become a target for attack. Kxa4 f4 Here the black king's transferring to the Q-side does not save Black . Ke2 Nb6 3.. h3 h5 The alternatives are not better. the black 1. Kc3 Ng4 7. Kf7 2... Ng3 Kd5 24. Kb5! 26.decisive factor. Kb3 Kb6 6. 18.. and White cannot win the a5-pawn after 4. a5 Nb3 16. the advanced e4. Kd1 Kd7 . be forced to carry out the plan of 26 . fxg5 hxg5 13.. [No better is 11. Kd4 or 25.. Nf5+] Kc2 Ne5 6.. Nb6+ 9. fixing the c-pawn.. Kf6 Nxh4 22. h4 Nf8 undermining the black pawns with either f2-f3 or g2-g4. h3! Nc5 15..] 2. Ng2] block the Q-side by c7-c5.and -f5 pawns are also vulnerable in view of the eventual f2-f3 and g2-g4. an active king position is of great importance. b5 25. a4 e1=Q 13.1926 12. Kxe5 Ke7 13. Nf4 . 16. Kg5 Nxg6 8. Nd4 10. Kh5 Kh7 4. ¤f4) 1. Kf6 . Kb2 Nxb3 23. . Nd7 Kb4! 18. Nf8 Nxh4 20. Kxb3 23. Nd7 Nd4 15.... Nxh7 Nf3 21.. Nf6 Nd4+ 22. Nb6 11. a5 10. Nf7 2. Nh5+ Kf7 6.. 13. b3 Kf7] 3. Kg6 equal number of pawns. g6 Nd3 6. and this decides. Nb7 Nf4+ 7.. Nxb6 Ne2+! Black does not hurry to capture the Kf5 Kd7 14.. and.. 1. fxg3 c5 12. Nxd6 Despite the [1. 6. Ne5 g5 White resigned. Kg5 Kg7 5. and White went on to win. axb6 axb6 14. Na5 Kf7 12.Warszau. Ke1 Kc3 The difference in kings is noticeable. Nf4+ ] 2. Kh6 1.. Nc4 f5! 8. h5! gxh5 2. Nxc2 In addition to his positional advantage Black gains the material. White quickly obtains a decisive advantage.. for example: 3.2. Ne7 [8. e5 Nc8 15. Nd1+ Kd4] 9. Kf5 a4 position. Ne5 fxg3 11. Junge K. [Black could have retained drawing chances after 2. Na5 Kf7 4.Veil V.. Nb2 f4 9. Nd7 Ne6 24. Kf1 Kb4 4.. Nf4 Nd8 8. d6! .. Kf5! [This is stronger than 10. Na5 Kd7 4. winning] 9. Nxc5] 10. Ng5+ Ke7 10. doomed b3-pawn. exploiting the black knight's passive Using his active king. Nd5+ Space ?@?(?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@#@#&7@ @#"#"?@? #"?"?@5@ @?@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kc4 24. Nb7 Nc8 10. Nb6+ Kb5°] 22. Kh6 Nb7 7. the white king is Nd8 27 . Kc2 Nf5 19.. White has a great spatial advantage. Kd1 Nxg3 17.. Nc6 Ke8 5. 2.his king has to retreat.1942 Space ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? #@?$?@#@ @?$!$?"? ?@!@!@?" @%@'@?6? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… The player who possesses more space has a steady advantage and can gradually improve the positions of his pieces. 8. Kg7 3. he reinforces his position. Kd1 c6 With every move Black improves his much more active. Kh4 Nxb2 stance.. a5 does not help due to 9.. 5. Kxh5 Kg7 5. Nf4 Black is in zugzwang . Kc1 Nf3 7.. h4 Kc5 3. Nh5! (with the idea of 2.. Nc4 [9. Nb5 Kf7 11. Kd3 [No better is 22. Nh3! Nb7 9. Gotgilf S. Kg7 (tightening the ring of Salo . a6 a3 13. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#@# ?8?@#@#" @?@#"?"? ?@'6?"?@ @%@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… encirclement) 11. e6! fxe6 13.as we have already stated. Kb4 Kb6 7. which has led to a quick draw. Nxe6 Nc4 18. Ne3 Nb6 10. Ng8 Nf8= (threatening ¤g6-h4-f3 Ulibin M. and Black's defense is very difficult) 5. '@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?8#@%$?@ @!@#@?$? ?6?"#@!$ @?@?"?@? ?@?@?"?" @?@?@?@?… White's king is not very active. Nd7+ Kc6 3. but he possesses more space thanks to his advanced pawns at g5 and particularly h6... Nd7 5.. e8=Q+ Black resigned. Ng4 Kb4 6.] The game continued: 1. Nf7 Nb2 6... after 11... Nd8+ Kc7 4. Ke6 .or ¤h7-f6) [An attempt to break loose from White's grip by the knight sacrifice 10. Nf3 Nd8 13. Ng6+ Kd7 15. a8=Q b1=Q+ 16. fxg6 fxg6. Nb6 3. Ne3 Nb6 8. White transfers his knight to f6. Ka5 h3! 6. Ng4 Nd7 9.. Nb7 12. Ka5! (fighting for space) 2. e6 a3 20. Ka5 Nf8 9. e7 a2 21. Nf6 Kc6 8.. Kxd5 Nxf2 8.Kontic. bxa3 b3 14. Nc4 Breakthrough ... Kg7 .. Nxf5 exf5 12. for example: 4.Moscow. g6 e5+ 14. the same way as it is in pawn endings. White accurately realizes his Here White played 1.. 1. Ng7 Nxb2 19...Kuper I. winning (analysis by Svetlana Prudnikova).. Nxf6 Nc7 4. Kf6 Na5 16. Kb5! with good winning chances. The following example is illustrative. Nf3 (threatening ¤f3-h2-g4) 3. far advanced pawns contribute to it. Nb6 4. Kc5 Nd3+ 7. Ng7 . Nd4+ Kc5 3. An active king is not the only factor that secures a spatial advantage . cxb5 2. Nh4 Nb7 14. Kd4 Kb5 7.1989 28 . Nf8+ Kc8 17. bxc6! Kxc6 2. . 10.Tunha. Kb4 Ne6 10. Nh2 Nd7 5. f5! [Stronger would have been 1. 11. Kd3 hxg6 15. Kd3 Kb5 2. bxa5 b4 12. and White wins. (or 4. h7 Black resigned. advantage. gxf5 Otherwise.it is often Verlinsky V.. .] 11.1925 ensured by the far advanced pawns. a7 b2 15. Ne6+ Kd6 6. Nh7 Ne6 5. Nc5?! . Na5 does not work because of 11. ] Philidor D. . Ne6+ ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?&?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?(?@# ?@?@?@?" @?@?@7"5 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Kf6 5. Nh5? due to 6.. As a rule. Kg5 Ne4+ 9. Nf3 Kf5 8. g6+! [Exact play is required. however. Kg4 Ne4 3. Ne2! Kxg6 16. Kh7 Ne7 12. Kg7 7. coordinated actions of pieces allow either to mate the opponent's king. A win is rather difficult due to the limited material. Ne7! Kf7 4. with a number of pawns on the board being unimportant.. Nxg5! 7... and any knight move would be met by 5. Kh5!] 10. trapping the knight. The white king is restricted by its own 6.. Kg8 10.. Kf5 Nd6+ 5.. [Or 9. Ke5 Coordinated actions of king.. Ne8+ Kf8 9. Nd6 3. Kc5! . [On 14. Kb6 Kxg5 12. Kd5 Nc3+ 13. 2. g6+ Kg7 4.. Nc7 Nxa5 8.. Kd5 Kg6 7. and White wins. Nd6+ Kf6 13. g7+ Kf7 10. Kf5 Nd6+ 8. Kxg5 Ke7] or to create a mate threat... a5 reveals itself in the following lines: 1. Kh6 Nc6 11..Boudler. a5! (exactly the same device as in pawn endings) 1.. Kg4 Ne4 4. Kg4 Kh6 pawns.. Nd4 Ng3+ (or 2. Nc7! Kg7 6. Nd3 Kh1 .] 2.London. knight and pawn(s) Ne8 6. knight and pawn(s) manages to exploit his extra pawn in a very instructive way. Kc6! ("shoulder-charging"!). Ng3+ [The strength of 1. Ng4! 2. Kc6 Na2 14. Nxa6 Nc4 7. Kf2 3. Nd5 Kg6 5. Nc8 ) 3. ¤f2#. the young player Coordinated actions of king.. Nf4 Kg1 4.. and Black resigned [. Nf4+ Kf7 6. only a draw results from 6. Kxa6 Kf4 11..?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? #@%@?@?@ @?@?@?"5 !@?@'@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… We have dealt with the ideas common for pawn and knight endings. Ke6 Ne4 12. 1... which lets win or save in a difficult position. Now let us deal with two ideas that are inherent only for knight endings and essential for understanding them. and Black's king and knight create a mating net around it. Kf5 Nd6+ 11. Kb6 Kxf3 10.1749 29 . Kc6 Kf4 9. Kc4 . Kh7 2.] Nxg6 Other moves do not save either. 1.. Kg7 there would follow 15.. Ke3! (concentrating all forces around the d2-pawn) 3.. Qe6+ Kf8 8.1990 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?$?$ @!@?@?@? 5@'8?@?@ "?@?@?"? ?@?$?&?@ @?@?@?@? Only coordinated actions of all White's pieces allow to achieve a draw. Nf7+ By coordinated actions of all his pieces White is mating. Nc3+ Nietsl F ?@?@?@?8 @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? ?@%@?@?@ @?@#@?@? ?@'@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… [Or 5. Nc7+ Kf8! [In the case of 3. or 2. 30 . f1=Q! 3. with a draw.. Kb3 Qb2#] 5. Ke3 3. ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?6!@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?@%@?… Sanson ..Moscow.. d1=Q 3. and it is White who wins. a4 Na3+ 6. Nd5! [2.... Ne6+ . b6 Kc1 8.] 2.... Kb3 [2..Sagua. 1.1949 knight reaches f8 in time.. e7+ Kc8 5. Nd1+ (the only move) 4. Kxf2? 4. Kc3 Kxd1 7. Nb2+! 2. and mate is unavoidable. Ke2 5. Qc6+ Ka5 9.. Ne3 a3! 2. Nd6! [But not 2. Qf6+ Ke8 7. not 3.. . 1.. Kg8 4.. Nxd2? Nd4 . Kd8? White even wins: 4. Kxd2 Nc4+ 5. Kd3 Nd5! White resigned. and the black Barcza G. Qxf8+ Kxf8 7. Ng5! Qd3+ 9. e8=Q+ Kb7 6. b6 . Ka5 loses right off due to 2. e8=Q Qf8+ 6.. parrying all the threats. b8=Q Qd2+ 10. Kh6 . Kb6 Qb3+°.] 4.. e7? loses due to 2.Simagin V. h7+ Kf8 5. e7+ Kg7 5. f1=Q 3. h8=Q+ Ke7 6. a4 Ne3+ 7. Kg6! d2 2. Nd5+ Kb5 8. Qb6+ .3. mating. b8=Q Qa4+ 6. 1. Ke1 6..] 4... b7 d1=Q 5. Kc2 Nc4! [Surely. Kb4 Nd3+°] 2.. Kd3 Nxa3 6. b6 Kxf2 4.Estevez. Qa8+ Kb6 7. Nxf1 a2°] 2. b7 d1=Q 9.. . . White is powerless to stand against the three perfectly coordinated black pieces. Kd2 weaker side's knight being unable to oppose due to its restricted mobility.. with unavoidable mate. A knight sacrifice in knight endings Estrin Y.. Ke3 [In response to 2.Zaitsev I. [.. Kd4 possible is both 2. We have already seen a diverting knight sacrifice in knight and pawn vs.Moscow. Nf1 (and 2. Sometimes the knight sacrifice is the most effective means of utilizing a [No better is 2. and he is 2.devices in knight endings. as ?@?@?@?@‹ &?@?@?$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?8'"?@ @?@#@?"? !@?@?@?" @?6?@?@? well as in some other knight endings with a small number of pawns.. with the stronger side's king and pawns getting greater freedom of movement and the The following ending is a classic example of the coordination of pieces... Nc6+ Kc3! 3. White has a won position.. Ne7 d2+ 4..] material advantage. e5+)] A knight sacrifice is one of the typical 31 . Ke2°] choosing the simplest and most effective 1. Kc2 Ke3 5.and b5-pawns. Let us now examine some examples.1963 ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@7@? ?$5@?"?@ @!@%@?@? !@?@'@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ $?@?@#@? ?@?8#@?@ @#@!@'$? ?@?@5@!@ "!@?@!@# ?@?@?@?" @?@?&?@? A knight sacrifice in knight endings (Variation from the game) 1.. Nc4+ 3. knight endings.] [After 6. Nd6! (depriving the white knight of the important b5-square) 2. Nxa3 Black is winning by 6. Nb6+ Kd3 . way of utilizing his advantage: Nxb6! axb6 2.his knight is powerless to fight against the a5. Ng3+! 2.. It is intended to divert one or both of the opponent's pieces from the main scene of action.. Nb5 Na3+! White resigned. 1.. The knight sac also occurs in knight endings with a large number of pawns. Kc1 d2+ 4... a5 Black resigned . Kd1 Ne4 5. Nd5+ Kc4 6. 2.] 10. A diverting knight sacrifice solves White's task. Kxb3 Ne4 5. a8=Q e2 7. hxg7+ Kxg7 4. . d7 ) 1. Nf8! Kxf8 Black is forced to ?@?@?@?@ @%@?@?@? ?$?"?(?@ $?$?$?@? !@!@?@?@ @!@?8?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… let the white king pass to e6. Kg5 Ke7 4. Kxh1 Kc3 6. d8=Q? Qf3+ 17. Kf5 . Kf2 Nh1+! The knight perishes. Ne8+! Ke7 2. because after 2. Kxf6 h4 6. Nxc5! (threatening 2. and Black is winning . Qf8+ Kh7 1.URS. but Black's fortress seems unassailable. 32 . 1. . Alburt L..his pawns are unstoppable. cxb4 3. Qxf6+ Kg3 9.Tunis. Qxf6+ Kh7 . hxg7 h5 5.Lerner K. Kg1 Kd4 ?@?@'@?@ @#@%@7@# #@?$?$?" "?$!@5@? ?@!@!@?@ @!@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 5. c5 b3+ 4. f4 Kxa3 . Ke3+ Black resigned. Hernandez R . Kb1 Qb3+ 13. Nxd6! Kxd6 3. d8=Q h1=Q 9. d7 Qa4+ 12.and Black resigned. Ke7 h4 6. a7 e3 6. 3.Zapata A. h4? [Instead. Kxd5 3.] 16. a5 e4 4. a6 Kf2 5. h4 Nf6 6. d7 h2 8. Kc1 Qa3+ 14.1978 White possesses much more space.Saloniki.1985 ?(?@?@?@ @?&?@?$? #@?$?8?@ @?$!$?@? ?@!@!@5@ @!@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… 16. Ke7 Ng7 4. Ke1 Qh1+ . Kg6 Nd7 5.. 4....1984 White lets a win slip out of his hands: 1. Kg8 3. Qd2 Qa1 11. but the opponent's king will be out of play for a long time. Ke2 Kg4 Suba M.Sula. Qf8 e1=Q 8.. Qxc4+ 17. with a perpetual check.. Kg1 Kxb3 7. Qg5+ Kh3 10. Kxd6 h5 5. b4! axb4 [Or 2..2. bxc5 2.. e5 White is mating] 3. winning.. d6 h3 7... Qd1! [But not 16. Kd1 Qb3+ 15. Kc4 . he could have ensured the win by a knight sacrifice 1. Ke6 Ng7+?! [The only chance. Qf7+ Kh8 11. even stronger would have been 1. Kg3 Kf8 4.] 1. Kg4 Kf7 . 33 . Kf3 Ke7 3. Ne8+ Ke7 4.. h3 Kf7 2. and soon a draw was agreed.. h4 Kf6 followed by 3. Kf7 2. Nxd6! . etc. if Black plays passively. Kb6 Kd7=] 3. White transfers his king to b8 and wins) 5. nothing is achieved by 1. 1 . Bf5 2. then examine some general strategic ideas.. Ka7 Kd5 7. therefore we will examine only positions with two extra pawns. Kb6 Ke6 6. Kb8 Ba6 . Kc5 Kf7! (By-pass.BISHOPS OF OPPOSITE COLOR ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@+@#@ @?*#@?@# ?@?@?"?" @#6?"7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Doubled pawns ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!6?@?* @?"?@?@? ?@?@?@+@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… BISHOPS OF OPPOSITE COLOR Doubled pawns In order to master the specific features of endings with opposite colored bishops. one should first learn several exact positions. c7 leads to a move MINIMUM OF EXACT POSITIONS permutation. c7 Bh3 3. with a draw. Kc6 Bg2+ 4.. MINIMUM OF EXACT POSITIONS Isolated pawns In endings with opposite colored bishops. Bf3=] 1. Bc8 4. c6 ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!6?@?* @?"?@?@? ?@?@?@+@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… [3... which is demonstrated by the following example: 1. a bishop and a pawn cannot win against a bishop. Usually the defending side is able to draw.. Bg5 [Immediate 1.. Kc7 in view of 1. Kf4 Bf7 3. 11. the easier is the ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@7@? ?@+@?@?@ @?@?"!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?*?@? win. Bf3 Bh4 2. d6) 1. f7 Bh6 5. Bc8! .. Kf7 Kc7 10. Ke8 Bg5 Example 26 Now White wins by transferring his bishop to c8. Bd3 Bd8 7. and White wins. Kg8 Ke7 9. ¢e5. Kf6 Bf8 6. c7 .. Theoretical position 1.?@?@?@? ?@?@)@?@ @?@?@?@?… 2. Bb7 Kc7 13. Bf2 ] 2. Be4 Bg3 3. Ke6 Bh4 9... Here the win is more difficult: 1. and Black is losing. and White wins. [Only a draw results from 1.. Kg7 3. 2. as there is no defense from 14. f6 Bg5 4. Kxf7 8. Kd6 Kb8 8.?@?@?@?@ @?8?. e6 followed by 4. Bf3! (threatening 2. 1..?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@5@!@) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Connected pawns ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?"!@? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@? +@?@?@?@ @?@?*?@?… Isolated pawns Here White wins easily. Bh4+! It is important to deprive the black king of the f6-square. moving his king to the pawn which is stopped by the bishop. Kd4 The king goes to d6 to support the e-pawn. Kf7 [Or 1. This kind of ending was studied by Siegbert Tarrasch. d6+! Kb8 (otherwise the a-pawn queens) 4. Kh7! Kd8 Connected pawns [7. Bb4+ Kf7 Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 5 ?@?@?@?@ @?8?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @5@!@?@? ?@?@?@?@ . d7 Bh4 5. 2 . Bd6 2. Ke6 Kd8 3. Kd7 2. The more widely the pawns are separated. a7. Kg6 Ke7 7.. Kh6+ Kf8 5. f6 Ba4 7.. c7 ] 8. Kc6 Ka7 6. Kd4 Bb1!=] 1. Kg5 Ke7 4. e6 Be8 6.. Be4 Kb6 12.. ?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?6) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?8?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@!@?@? +@?@!@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?*?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1. e5 Bf7! 4. 1. Chelyabinsk 1975.. attacking one of There is no other way to reinforce White's position.?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?6) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Example 27 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@!6 @?@?*?@? ?@?@+@?@ @?@?@?@?… This is another drawn position. h6 Kg6= Draw.. g5 3 . otherwise Black ends up in zugzwang and loses.. Ke6! 2.. white at a5 and b4 and black at a6 and b7. Bb4+ Kd7 3. Constructing "a fortress" 1. Bd7? 2.... It is highly important that the bishop has at least two squares for maneuvering (d7 and c8 in this example). Be1! White wins. e5 Bc8 3. Bd7! The bishop must be placed in front of the pawns. of pawns on the Q-side. STRATEGIC IDEAS IN ENDINGS WITH BISHOPS OF OPPOSITE COLOR Tarrasch Siegbert ?. after 1. Kd4 Bg8 Draw. Constructing "a fortress" ?. with a draw.Panchenko V. which occurred in a game A. g7 Bc4 them.. 4. g6 Kf5! 3.] 2. Kf4 Bc8! .Peresypkin. even with the addition 2. Be8! STRATEGIC IDEAS IN ENDINGS WITH BISHOPS OF OPPOSITE COLOR [The bishop is transferred to f7.Basic drawn position 1. The construction of a "fortress" is the main device in endings with opposite colored bishops. Ka7! (… 8. Ke6 [But not 2. d7+! Kxd7 11.. Kd7 10. . Bd7 9..] 8. 5. Bg4! If it is Black to move.. Kb6 Bf5 10.. Be6 Kc7 4..... Bb3 e5 3.. he also draws.. Ke4 . and White wins. Draw... Kd4 Bb7 4. Kf5 Kd4 3. d7) 7. Ka7 (threatening 8. f4 ] [Bad is 7. 1. 1. Kb6 Although White has broken to the passed a-pawn with the king.. Kc8 8. ¢b8) 7.. Bc6 8. Kc3 Ke6 3..it moves along the squares of opposite color.1939 4 . Bh2? due to 2. Kd7 Bc7 . which rather often occurs in practice.?@#$?@ @?@?@?$? ?@!@?@?$ @?@?@5@! ?@)@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Koenig I. but exact play is required: 1. Kd7 Kb6 4. he is unable to win. because the bishop is unable to take part in a siege of the "fortress" .. Bg2? due to 7. Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 6 2. a7 Kd7=] Example 29 9. Bc7! followed by ¥c7-b8= [Bad is 1. Be8 Bc7! 5.] 7. c5! Bxc5 2.. White manages to construct an impregnable fortress.. ?8?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?. Kd4 Ke6! Draw. f4 Ke3=] Instructive example Sacrificing the third pawn. and Black loses... Kc5 Kd7 5. Kb6 Bf3 9. d7+! Kxd7 9. The stronger side has a hard job of breaking the opponent's defense. and so on. Kc8 Bd6 6. Kc5 3. Kd7 2. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? +@7"?@#@ "?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?@ *5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Example 28 ?.Landau S. a6 Kc8! [But not 6.. and the bishop moves along the h3-c8 diagonal. Bb4! (zugzwang) 8.. Kb8 . Kc5 [9. Bf3 6. Kb7 . Kf5 Kd4 2.?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?6) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1.. An amazing example of the construction of a fortress is given in a book "The Art of Analysis" by Mark Dvorietzky. Kc6 [Or 4. Kd3 Kxg5 6. Bf1! h4 [If 3. resigned. Bd3 Bh2 8. Bb1 Kc4 4. Kxh4 5. Bf2+ 2. Ke4 h4 7. b6 Ka5 6.?@? construction of a fortress being almost impossible. Bh3 Draw. b5 Kb4 5.. (Variation from 9th game of the World championship match) g6 Bxg6 5. fxg5 [No better is 2. with the N. exd4 Kg3 4.. ¢g4. and in view of an inevitable raid of the black king to c2. 5 .. the more difficult this task is.... Kh4 or 3. Kf3 [7. Kc8 Ka7! Just in time. 2. Be2 Kg5 2. Bd5+ . . hxg5 h4 3. d5 Bxd5+ 8. Bf1!=] Creating two passed pawns 4. Be7 Kxh4 5. Kxd5 h3°] 7. It seems that White draws. Let us start from a classic example..Alexandria weaker side's king and bishop to fight against two pawns at the same time.. Draw.. White Kd4! After the raid in the enemy's rear the black king has reached the saving a7-square. d4+! 3. Black manages to create two passed pawns on both flanks.. Be2 Kg5 5. 3....? ?$?@?8?$ @?@?$!@? !@?@5@?@ @!@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@)@?… Creating two passed pawns ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@+@#@ @?*#@?@# ?@?@?"?" @#6?"7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Here White manages to construct a fortress in a very interesting way: 1. 1.1981 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?$?@ @?6?8!@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@)@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?.. Creation of two passed pawns is a very important device in endings with bishops of opposite color... but. Bd6 Bf5 4. Kxb3 Kg2°] 2. g6+ Kg4°] 4. Kd7 Kb6 9. g5! By sacrificing two pawns. The more widely these pawns are separated. b7 Bg3 7.?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?. Bd3 h5 (it seems that Black is winning) 3. which decides the game. Ba3 1. then 4. It is difficult for the Chiburdanidze M.Borzhomi/Tbilisi. f5 Bxf5 6.. . h5 Bf3 7. 1. Kf5 6. f5! gxf5 3. Kb7 Kf4 19. Kf3 Kf6 has created two passed pawns. Kxd6 ] 6 . The ending resembles a study. Ke5 8. Kg6 16. Kf5 10.. h6 Kf6 10. Ke7 6. Kxh5? g3+ 9. 4. Bg3 Bf3 5.. Kg8 13. White manages to create two passed pawns and win.. h6) 8... g4! hxg4 [If 1. then 11. Bd7! Ke5 [After 7.. Polovodin I.?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?$?@?@ @?@)@?@? ?@!@?8?$ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?.. Be8 ] 9.] 14. and the a-pawn queens.URS. Kg4 ] 10.. a7 Ba8 7. f5 [8. h4 Bf2 5. Kg7 9. Be4+ Kf6 (or 10.. Kc6 Kf5 18...] 8. Ke7) 13. h5 gxh5 3. h5 Ke5 11.. Bc6 Kg6 [9.. h5 Kf6 12. Bg3 Kf7 10. then 2. role. Kg4 Bxf5+ Bf3 Bc5 14. Kf4! [Only a draw results from 14. h5 Ke5 9. Kg2 Bc5 3. with the doubled pawns on the a-file playing an important [5. Kf6 Kh7 15. d5 does not work due to 9. Kf4! . Be5+ Kf7 11.Psakhis L. h6 ) 11. Kd5 Bc5 17. Kd7 Kf5 17. Kg5 f4 9. Bg4 ] 6. Kb7 Kxh4=] 14. a7 ] 6. with a draw. Kg5 Bf3 [5.. Kf5 Kh6 13. Bg3 Kg7 10. Bg4! Kf4 [6.. Bh4 Bf3 8.. Bh5] 5.. Kg5 Be4 9. Kxh5! g3 12.. Bg2 Kg4 19... Kc6 Kf4 24. [But not 8. Bh5! Kf5 8... Kb6 Kg4 23. d5 7. h5 Ke5 9. Bd6+ Ke8 (or 12. Kg4 Kh6 11.. Kxa7 Kxh4 22. cxd5 Kxd5 8. Ke4 . Bf2 15. h6 ... but the win is not simple. Bg2 Kg4 20. Kxh5 Kf6 4. Kf6 h4 12..!@ @?@?@?@5… Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 7 ?@?@?@?@ "?@?@?8? !@?@?@#@ @?@?@#6# ?@?@+"?" @?@?@?"? ?@?@?*?@ @?@?@?@?… By subtle and precise play White converts his material advantage into a win. and White wins. Kf3 Ke5 9. . Bf3 Bb6 4. g4! hxg3 2...1980 [15.. Bxg3 Kf6 13. Kh6 Be4 6. Bd1 Here too. Bh5! ] Bh4+ Kf7 (or 7. Ke5 11. Kg7 ] 11. a7 Bxa7 21. Be2 Kf4 7. Kf7 5. Ke5 [Or 5. Kxf5 White 7. Kg5 g2 .. Kc6 Kf4 18. f6 Bd5 8. Be4 Kg7 12. 1.. cxd5 Kxd5 10. Kf8 . and Black resigned in view of [.. Ke4 8. Be8! Black ends up in zugzwang] 8.. Ke6? Kg6 16. h6 Kf6 10. Be5 Be4 [If 10. a8=Q! Bxa8 4. fxg4 .] 2.. h6 Kf6 12. f5 Kd7 7. in to e4xf3.. Black ties the 2.1977 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@)@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?. therefore: 1. c4? . Berger .?@ @#@?$?@? ?8?@?@?@ @?@5@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?8?@?@? ?$?$?$?@ @?@)$!@! !@!@!@?" @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?.. and the bishop attacks the If White plays f2-f3 and. .. e5 Bf7! 5.. b2 4.Panchenko A. Nimzowitsch A... response g2-pawn...] 2. otherwise Black draws by 1. h6! The only chance. ¢a1. Bb1! Fortress. g4 fxg4 3...?@?@+@?@‹ @7@?*?@# ?$?@?@?@ @?$?@#@? ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?@! !"!@?"!6 @?@?@?@? "Tying" (attacking the opponent's pawns with the bishop) ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@7@+@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@!@?@? ?*?6!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? It is necessary to tie the white king to the defense of the g2-pawn: 1. Kg4 Bd2! 3.. Kf4 Bg6 4.. Kg3 [Or 2. Bg6! .. . Kh5 Be1= The white king cannot come off the h4-pawn.. ¥h6=. recaptures with the then Black draws by attacking the f3. Bf7! The king is tied to the b3-pawn.. 2.... 1. Ke4 Bg8 Draw.. and lost. Bf1! g2-pawn. Bb5! [In the game Black played 1. b2 would follow) 3. hxg4 Be2 4.?@?@?… Black threatens to win by 1. Kg3 Bf3=] "Tying" (attacking the opponent's pawns with the bishop) By playing 1...1948 Dolmatov S.Kissingen. 1. (otherwise 3.1928 Double role of a bishop 7 .Tarrasch S. Ka2 2. Ke5 Bh7! (keep on "tying"!) 3..and h3-pawns.Kotlerman S. .Arkhangelsk. Draw. Bf5 1. opponent's pieces to the defense of the e4-pawn. Bxh6 2. Be6 Ka3 3.. Norlin A Fixing and exploiting weaknesses in the opponent's ?@?@?@?@ $7"?@?"? ?@?*?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?6?@?@ @+@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… camp ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@+@?@ "#6?@#@# ?"?@7"#" @?@?@?"? ?@?*?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In order to win. If the d5-pawn were at f5. and White wins. Kc5 Bb3 6. Kb4 Be6 3. By subtle maneuvering White achieves 1. but not along two. Kc3 Bf7 2. White has the following winning plan: to move his pawn to h6 and bishop to the c1-h6 diagonal. The black bishop is perfectly placed: it protects the g3-pawn and blockades the white pawns along the same diagonal... Kc6! with the ?@?@)@?@ @?@?@?@? ?8?@?@?@ $?@!. where it will defend the c7-pawn and blockade the black a-pawn. it would have been a draw. transferring his king to the a6-pawn. Kc5 Kc8 5. Bc3 followed by 8. .. Be5 his aim. ¢a6) 4. and White went on to win. White must transfer his bishop to a5.. ¥a6.. Ba2 4.Westerinen H.1971 Double role of a bishop ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@#@? #@?@+@?@ @#@#@?@! ?@?*?@?@ @?"?@?@? !"!6?@?@ @?@?@?@?… One should place his bishop such that it defends its own pawn(s) and blockades the opponent's pawn(s) along one diagonal. But first he is fixing the weakness on a6 by 1. Keres P. b4! .?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@?… idea of ¥c3-a5] 4.Kc8 [Or 3.Tallinn. Fixing and exploiting weaknesses in the opponent's camp 8 . Kb5! (threatening 5. Kb7 5. Kd6 Kc8 7. Kd5 Bb6 8.Verosh.1952 4. Ba3 Bg2 7.. They are weak because their bishops play for a win is to fix the h2-pawn.] Krenos . Ba3 [Stronger is 2. Kd4] are unable to defend them. Kg5 Bxh5 . Kf3 Ba7 4. 1. Ke6 Kc7 10. and the rest is clear. Kh6 b5 13.Spielmann R. Kh5 5. c5 [9. Bd1] 2. White at g3 and Black at a6. c4 [Better is 4. h4 gxh4 11. d7 Ke7 6. Kg6 Kd3 16.Budapest. Ke4 Kg4 6..over the board this task is not easy.] 9.. g5 3. Kxh7 c4 15. The game continued: 1.. The stronger side's king breaks to support a passed pawn ?@+@?@?@‹ @?$?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?"#@#$7 #@?"?@?$ @?@?@!"? ?@?@?6?" @?*?@?@? Vidmar M. ..?@?@ @?@?@?8# ?@?@?$?@ @?$!$!@? ?$!@?@?" $!@?@?@? !@)@?@5@ @?@?@?@?… Ke6 14. Bxc4 10.Petersburg. Kh6 2. Ba1 c5 14. and it is unlikely that Black can win.. Kg7 . Ba3 Kh5 5.In this example both opponents have weak pawns.. Bd6 Bf1! 8. h5 ?@?. hence Black's only opportunity to Usually. Ke3 . Kg7 Kf5 9. Be4 Ba5 11. Kxh7 loses due to 9.. Bc6 Bb8 5. the stronger side prepares such 9 . d8=Q+! Kxd8 9. Kf6 Kg4 6. g4+ Ke4 12. Bh3! 2. Kxg5 c3 White resigned. Bb4 Kg6 4.. Bf8 Kd5 15. The c5. a3 10. Be4 Bb6 3. Be5 bxc6 13. d6! Kf7 [1. It was many years after the game when the draw has been found . gxh4 Be2 12. Ke4 Ba7 7.. c6 a2 11.. White's task is to attack these pawns.. 2.. and White wins. Kxf6 Kd6 12.1909 ?@?@?@?@‹ @#@?@7@# ?@?@?@#@ @?*?6?@? #@?@?@?@ @?"?@?"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@+@? The stronger side's king breaks to support a passed pawn White intends to play h4 with an easy draw.and f6-pawns are weak. because the bishop is hardly able to defend them. Kh1 Kg4°] Connected passed pawns Solomenko . gxf3 Kxf3 14. Kg5 Kf7 4. the black king goes to the Q-side to support the passed a-pawn. Kf1 Kg3 4. hxg4 hxg4 9. 1.the white king is cut off from the Q-side. Kd7 8. Bb2 Connected passed pawns ?@?@?@?@ @#@?@?@? #*#@7@#@ "?@?@?@# ?"?@!6?" @+@?@!@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… Kxf4 8. Bd1 3.. Bg3 Black resigned. Bc1 Kh3 11. Be6+ Kg3 11. f4 c5 10. [. Kh4! 2. 8. Bc4 g4 [There is also another way to a win: 7. Kf2 Kg4 Now. Bg3 Kf6 First Black clears a way.Sverdlovsk. the opponent's king is tied to the defense of the h2-pawn. the stronger side manages to cut off the opponent's king from its passed pawn. ¥h4. Black's task is to break to the a4-pawn. h5 gxh5 10. Kf2 gxf3 5. 1. Be6 10 . f5 . Black must penetrate with his king to the Q-side... retains drawing chances] 2.Bessmertny.. Bc4 Bf2! A typical device . [After 2. 12. first he clears a way for his king. Kg1 Bg6 12. Ke3 Kf7 6. Bf7 g5 6. Be5 Ke6 7. e5 Bd3 Black Sometimes. Bb2 c6 10. gxf4 g4 3. when the and Black wins. h4 followed by g4. Bd4 Kf8 5. Bc1+ Kg4 9.. Bg8 Ke3 followed 15. fxg4 Bd1 3. gxh5 Bc2 6.] [No better is 7.!@5@!@ @?@?@?@? Connected passed serious advantage pawns secure a in endings with bishops of opposite colors.. bxc5 Kc6 11.1952 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?$?@?@# ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?8? ?@)@?$?@ $?@?@!@! ?...] 8. and White ends up in zuzwang.. g4 hxg4 2.f3! 13. Be6 c6 7. h5 gxh5 9. 7. Kxg4! This is the point: White intends to create connected passed pawns on the e. 1.. way is open. then he takes his king over to the a3-pawn. Kxf3 Be4+ 6. Kf4 Kf7 4... Bg8 h5 5. Kd4 b5 12. Kh1 Bh5 13.and f-files. which clears a way for the king. Kf2 Bd4+ 3. Kg1 Bd1! White resigned. because the weaker side is powerless to construct a fortress.. f4! 2. and so on. h5 gxh5 5.] [14. Bf4 Ke6 9. fxg4 Kxg4 10. a breakthrough by exchanging pawns. Kg2 Bf5 4. by coordinated actions of his king and bishop.. Kg7 9.. h6 gxh6 [Or 7.. 1. . Kxh4 Ba3 14. Therefore. Kg5 Bb4 15. not 2. h4 h6 5. and Black resigned in view of [.. f4 exd4+ 8.. Bd3 ] 8. then 12.Budapest.1975 ?@?@?@7@‹ @?@?@?$# ?@#.. Bxf3 Kf7 3. f5 h5 [8. Kd2 c5 14. . Kf5 followed by ¢e4-d5-c6 ] "Bad" bishop If the weaker side's bishop is severely Kovacevic V. Kg6 ) 16. fxg5? Be1 3.. in order to utilize his advantage. h6 ] 3.. Kg6 Bf4=] Be7 11. h5 e5! 6. Kf5 ] 9. White must play precisely.. exf6 Be1 6. Bc4 Bd2 6..] [If 12. bxc5+ Kxc5 followed by b4 or d4.1984 11 . Kd6! Bh4 12. Ke3 . Kg4 Bb4 13. Be8 Kb6! Black resigned. [.. @)@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In the following example Black transposed into an ending with In this position two factors favor Black: all pawns are on one wing. gxh6 Bd2 5. Ke7 loses due to 3. Ke8 12. opposite-colored bishops...] [11.. Kg4! 1. f6 gxf6 5. Kg5 Bd2 11. Ke4 Bc1 7. Bh5+ Kf8 13. f6 h4 10. Bb5+! Kf8 (15.?@?@?@ @?$)@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 8?6?$?@? ?@?@?@?@ @!@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 14. Bf7 [Of course. Kg4 Bc1 10. f5 Kf8 4. Ke6 Bg5 "Bad" bishop ?. Be1 [2. e6 Ba3 11. Be6 Kc7 10. Be2 Bg5 10.Espig L. Kxg5 Bd2 4.#$?@ @#@#@?@? ?"#"+"?@ @?"?6%"? ?@?@)"?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?$ @?@?"5@! ?@?@?"!..Ribli Z.] 2. Bg4 Ke7 4.. Kf3 Bb2 9.Bugojno. f6 Bc1 15.. fxe5 fxe5 7. Bf6 13. g6 8..Ribli Z.. Kf3! .. Bxf3! (the simplest) 2.. Kd8 16.. because this was the easiest way to realize his advantage. h6 gxh6 4. and the corner h8-square is the wrong color. g5! hxg5 2. Kd5 Kf7 11.. Kxd4 Kd8 9. Kf5 Bc1 5. e2 7. Bc4+ Ka7 5. .] 8... 2... Kg5 Be8 5. as a rule. Ke7 . b4+ Ka6 2. Ba7 3..Romanovsky P. Bd5 Ka7 [6..and c6-pawns. g6 Kf5 9. Bf3 Ka8 8. b6 ] 7..1934 ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?@? #@#@#@+@ @#"#@?@? ?"?"#@!* "?@?"?@5 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… The black bishop is "bad". Bg3 (1. Kf7 Bxg6+ 10.. 12 . Kg7 Be8 7. e5 was threatened) 1. e5 2. Ka7 3. Be6 e3 4. Kh4 Ke6 4. 1. then. Kh6 Bf7 6.. Bc8#.. Bf5] 3. Bxe5 Kf7 3.restricted by its own and opponent's pawns. Black is losing due to an awkward position of the b8-bishop.Leningrad. b5 Ka8 6. the weaker side ends up in zugzwang and loses. and White wins easily. 1. Bh5 8. Kxb6# Rabinovich I. In spite of his extra pawn.. Kf8 Black resigned. b6 cxb6 9.. Kc6 e4 [2.. and the king goes to the weak a6. g5 Kf5 [Or 7. bishop. Kf5 f6 11. Kf4 Kg6 [8. Black is OPPOSITE COLORED BISHOPS WITH ROOKS ?@?@?07@ @?@-@#@# ?$?@?@#@ $?. g5 Be7 12. the weaker side converts his advantage into a win by sacrificing an exchange or a piece..impregnable or organize an attack on the enemy king. which clears a way for the king. a4] OPPOSITE COLORED BISHOPS WITH ROOKS In endings with opposite colored bishops and rooks...the weakness of the f7-pawn is decisive. 7. hxg5 hxg5 4. Bd3+ Kg7 [9. Despite material equality. By coordinated actions of rook and 10. Kf4 f5 (11. Bc4 followed by ¦b7] 11. a4‡) 12.. with the c5-bishop being powerless to help in its defense. provided that rooks are on the OPPOSITE COLORED BISHOPS WITH ROOKS OR QUEENS ON THE BOARD board.. Re8 11. supported by king and pawns. Bd8 8.?@?@? ?@)@?@?@ @?@?@?"? !"?@?"5" @?@?@?@?… hopeless .. h4 g5 3. g5 Kg8 13. with the weaker side's bishop being powerless to take part in OPPOSITE COLORED BISHOPS WITH ROOKS OR QUEENS ON THE BOARD ?@?@?07@ @?@-@#@# ?$?@?@#@ $?. the stronger side does not have to fear of endings with opposite colored bishops. 1. In some cases. Kh6 10. which occur in practice rather 9. All these factors prove that. g6 Black resigned. White's plan involves a pawn advance on the K-side. Kf6 9. one can destroy a fortress that seem 1 .. gxf5] often. Kg3 Kg7 5. Bc4 Kg7 12. f4! Be3 6... Let us start with some classic endings. Kf5 Kh6 [10. fxg5 Bxg5 7. and the following examples will convince you of the truth of this statement.. the stronger side has much more chances to utilize his material or positional advantage than in endings with opposite colored bishops without rooks. Kf3! The king is transferred to f5 in order to support the g4-g5-g6 advance. g4! h6 2.?@?@? ?@)@?@?@ @?@?@?"? !"?@?"5" @?@?@?@?… defense. Rh8 12. .1986 ?@?@?@?@ @?@7@?$# ?@#@+$?@ @/@?$?@! #@#@!@?@ "?*?@!@? ?"!@?@!@ @?6?@?@-… on the Q-side.. 1. 1.. g4! (… ¦d1-d6) 5. after which White is defenseless. h5! The pawn joins the attack. ¥b5 ¢d8 7.... e7.Lutikov A. Rc7! (threatening 4. Bh4 The following ending is another illustration of utilizing an "extra" bishop. Kd2 Ke7 2. Rb8+ Bf8 10. Bb5+ Kf8 7.. Rb7 f6! (a pawn is of no importance) 5. Ke8! [4.. Rb7 [Or 7.. Ke3 h6 [Better is 2. after 2.?@? ?@?@!@!@ @-@?@?@! /@?@?@)@ @?@?@5@? the white pieces decide the game. The stronger side often manages to use his better pawn structure in spite of the presence of opposite colored bishops..Jussupow A. Rb7 Bc5 9.... Rf7+ Kg8 8.. Kh2 Re1 White resigned. e7 ) 3. Kf8 4. Rd1 Rd7 7. Kf6 3.. 1. f6 3. Rc7 Rg1+ 8.1929 White is unable to attack the opponent's weak pawns on the Q-side immediately... first he should open up the ?@?@?8?@ @?@-@?$? ?@?@?$?@ $)@?"?@? !@?@!@/" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?.1986 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#8# ?@?$?@#@ @?@!.. Bd4 6. Rc8+ Kf7 9.Smolensk. 5. Bogoljubow E.. In comparison with the e5-bishop. ¥a6 followed by 9.?6 @?@?@?@?… K-side..Variation from the game It seems that the draw agreement will follow soon. Kg2 Kf4 7. Bxh4 5. Bb5 Kf3 … ¥e5] 7..Alekhin A.. g3 Bf7 4. Bc4! (threatening 5... h4 Black would break with his king Panchenko A... Kg2] 6. Bf3 [Passive defense by 2. ¦f7 ¢g8 6. Rg1+ 8. . the g2-bishop looks like a "pawn". Bb4+ Ke8 5. Rb7] 3. [5. Rb7 6. Rf7+ Kg8 3. e7 ) 4.. Kh2 Re1 9. e7+ Rxe7 8.. 5. 5. e6 Rxe4 2. Bc4 .. .. Bb5+ Kf8 7. Rf7+ ] 5. Rc2 Ke3 10.. ¦d7 ¢c8 8. Rf3 could hardly have saved White. . but coordinated actions of Tal M. Be2 Kg5! 4. c5 [Bad is 5. Rxh7 Ra1+! (the simplest) 6. The black king comes to help its rook and bishop. ¢e8 6.] 2. Bc4+ Bd4 2. Rxd7 2 . Bb6 6. Ke3 g6 12. Kf2 Rd8 9. 22.?*?"? ?"?@!"?@ . e4) 7. Rb2 Ke6 16.. Rxc6 Black resigned. Rd7 10. h6 Rh2 20. Ra6 Re7 20. 1. Kc3 Ke6 18. Rf2! . Bd4 Rb7 Andersson U. Kf4 Kf7 [12. e5 fxe5+ [No better is 10. /@?0?@?@ $?@?8#$? ?@#@?@?@ @?@+$?@# ?@?@?@?" "?. . e4) 9..?@?6?@?… OPPOSITE COLORED BISHOPS WITH QUEENS 3@?@?@?@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?2?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@!@+@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?*?6 @?@?@7@?… The following ending was won by White by skilful... Rca5 Rxa6 33. Kf7 11. Rd2 Rbc7 Black is helpless.. Rh8+ Bg8? [18. Bd2 Ke6 3. ¢xe5) 9. 6. the K-side by "closing" it.. bxa5 Rxa5 3. Kc3 Rb6 32. Rd6 13. Rcc1! (it is OPPOSITE COLORED BISHOPS WITH QUEENS better to keep the rook from being 3 . e4 10. Rb7 23. Rc5 Rbc7 30.. f3! (… 7. Bf8 ] 6. Bxg4 8. f6 5.] 11. Rd1 Rdd7 11.1979 29. Rc2 Rb7 25.. 3) to attack the a7-pawn by ¦a5 and ¦a6 followed by ¥d4 or ¥e3. f5 8.Kxd7 due to 8. Bd4 Kf7 15.Steen M.. exf6 gxf6 12. and Black is in trouble. f4! exf4+ [Stronger is 7. e3!] 26.. Kg3 Rf7 14. Bc5 Rbc7 24. Rg6 Bf7 17. Rxa6 Ba2 34. Ra5 Kf7 19.. Rc5 Rb5 4.. Be3 Black's resistance. Rf1 Kg7 13.. a4 Rb7 6. e5 fxe5 11. Bxc5 Black resigned. Kxf4 Rb7 9. impossible is 1... Rg1! (threatening 10.Sao Paolo.. Kf8 14. Rg6] 14. Bd6+ Kf7 21. Bb6 ] 2. Kd2 Kf7 17. fxe5 fxe5! 9.. e3 Rbc7 28. Ka3 Rd7 27. a5 because of 2. Bc3 Be6 7. Kb2 Rdc7 [More stubborn would have been 25... Kxe5 Ke7 12.... f4!? [Also good is 12.. Ke7 could have prolonged 12.] 19. subtle play... b4! Rdb8 [The black pawns should be fixed. Rc5 White's plan involves the following steps: 1) to deprive Black of any counterplay on Bxe5 Rb7] 8. Re1 … ¦e5] Rg8 7. g5! Rd5 [13. Rb1 Rdd7 14. Kb2 Rb7 31. 2) to transfer the king to a3 in order to protect the b4-pawn. Kf8 13. Rxh6 Rd2 18.. Bc3 (… 9. Be5 Kf8 15. gxh6 gxh6 15. gxh6 gxh6 16.. exchanged) 4. Kf4] 13. Bc5 Red7 21. could not defend its king. Qd3+ Be2 9.. Qd8+ Kh5 9. Qb1+ ] 6. Bb8+! Kg5 ?@?@?.Montpellier...7@ @?@?4#@? ?$?@?@#$ $?@1@?@? ?@)@?@!" @!@?"?@? !@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@?… [7.. . Qxc5? Qxc5 10. mating. can tightly tie the opponent's pieces to the defense of some weak point. The black bishop played the role of a passive spectator and Queen and bishop. [In the game. h3! First White improves his own king's position . After the correct 1. Qe5 Qd5 15. the strongest side most often manages to organize an attack on the opponent's king.Tal M. and White quickly obtains a decisive advantage. and his own king's position is of great importance here. Qg3+ ] 8.will be in safety. Bf2+ Kf1 7.. Qb5 (penetrating from With queens on the board. the other side) 6. b3 c5 3.Uhannesen. Ke1 6. Kf7 10. White secures the a-file for his own 9. Qc2+ Kf3 [5. queen. . Ke1 [1.. Be5 Qd8 Black must not let the white queen to f6.. Bxc5 Qc6 11. 1. Qh8+ Kg6 10. 5. Bxc5 a5 11.. 1.. Qf6+ Black resigned. g5! followed by an advance of the e.and f-pawns Black would be helpless.1985 4 .. he would be unable to create any counterplay.on h2 it Andersson U.. 3. Seirawan Y. being tied to the defense ?@?@?@7@ $#@3@?@# ?@#@?@#@ @?@?@+@? ?@?@#@?@ @?*?"?"? !"?@?@!" @?@1@?6?… of the f7-pawn.Rio de Janeiro.1970 squares due to a loss of the queen. Qa1+ Ke2 3. after the premature 1. Bd6 a6 9. Qb8 Ke7 14.] The following study is a good illustration of queen's and bishop's perfect co-ordination. Bb6 a4 . Kh2 Bd5 8. 1. f4? b5! White failed to win. Bd4 h5 13.Ioseliani N. Qd3+ Kf4 7. Ke2 2. not 9. b5 4. Qxb8 8. Qa5! [Of course. Ba7+! Cutting of the black queen. Qf1! b4 5. Qc8 7. Qxf7+ . 6.. Qa6+] 2.. Bg3 Qa7 8.] The black king is weak.. ... Qa6+ Kd1 4. Qe1! Be6 2. Qg8+ Kh5 11. Qa4+ Ke2 The king cannot move to the dark Hort V. Qxb4 Be6 12.1985 White' position is nearly won. as well as rook and bishop. with a draw. Qb8+ Kd7 14. Bd3 It's all over 2. Qd8! Bf6 9. Bxf7 The black king is insecure.?@? ?@?@?@?@ @!@?"?@? !@?@1"!" @?@?@?6?… Qc8 2. Bf5+ Kb8 30. Bxd7 Kc7 33. .. Kf1 Bc3 20. Bc4 Kg8 6. Qg8+ Kh6 13.Despite equal number of pawns. not 4. Bc4 ?@?4?@7@ $?@?@#$? )$?@?@?$ @?$?. 25. Qd6 8. extremely difficult. Qd6 5.. he must have played 4. Qe7+ Kc8 29. Qxd7+? . Qa2 f5 9. 9. Qa3+ White does not let the black king to escape to g7. Qf3 (2..so great is the difference in pieces' activity.. One can hardly believe that White can win here. Qh8+ Black resigned. Qd5 Qe6 3. 1.Philadelphia. Bb5 Bd2 16. Kg2 Be1 Black has to passively wait. Qc5+ [Surely. Qa7+ Qd7 6. f4! The f5-pawn is doomed.. Black's position is almost hopeless . Kg2 h5 12. Qh5 Bf6? [Necessary was 1. Qf3 Bc3? [After this mistake Black's defense is now. f4! Ke8 23. Qa8+ Kh7 7. Bb5 Black resigned.. Kf8] 4. then 2.. Qa8! Qc7 7. but it is not easy to play this position with Black.. Qc5+ Kd8 25. Qd8!) . Be8+ The bishop is transferred to a more active position. 20. Qc8+ Ke7 24.. Qxf5 Qc6 27. Qxh5 10. Bh5 Qf6 11. Qg5! .. Qa7+ Kd8 13.... Bxf7 Qd1+ 11.. Qb5 Qd7 4.1996 ?@?@?@?4 @?@?8#@? ?@?@?$?@ @?@)$?@? ?@?$?@?" @?. Kasparov G.] 4. Qd8+ Kb7 31.. exf3 21. h5! Qf5 8. g3 Qd7 3. Ke7 15....Computer "Deep B. and if 2. Qd7+ Qxd7 32. White primary task is to attack the f7-pawn.. 9. 14. intending to regroup by g7-g6 and ¢g7. Be3 26. Bb2 or 4. Qh3 is met by 2. Qe8! White's three last moves have decided the game. Bc4 Bc3 18.?@1"? ?@?@!"?@ @?@?@?6?… 5 . 7. 19.. 1. ¥a1. Qe7 .] 5..] Qc7+ Kf8 17. Qa3+! Kd7 12... exf3 Bd2 22.. with a draw.. Qf8+ Kc7 28... A few inaccuracies have led him to a quick defeat. h4 Kh7 [Better is 3. e4 10. The closer is the pawn to a queening square. there are very few chances to escape. then the pawn advances and queens. White transfers his bishop to c6 and queens his d-pawn. If the defending king is a long way from the pawn. a draw SEVERAL THEORETICAL POSITIONS is apparent. SEVERAL THEORETICAL POSITIONS Every chessplayer must following typical positions. @?@?@?@?… Bishop and pawn against bishop BISHOPS OF THE SAME COLOR If the weaker side's king occupies a square in front of the pawn and is invulnerable to the enemy bishop. know the Centurini L ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?6?@?@ @)"?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@+@? ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?@?… Bishop and pawn against bishop The black king is far away from the 1 . A winning plan is typical: the stronger side's bishop drives away its counterpart from the diagonal on which it blockades the pawn.BISHOPS OF THE SAME COLOR ?@?@?8?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @+@?@?@) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@5*?@?@ @!@?@?@? ?@7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?. the less are ?@?@?8?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @+@?@?@) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… these chances. Janowski D. Be6 Ke3 4. Kb7! The best chance. Draw. Bb7 8. Kc6 Kd3! 5.. Be5 2.. then 8.1916 ?@?. Bb7 Kb6 14. Bg2 Bc8 9. Bd5 Bb5 3. b5 Kc4 7.?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@7@? ?"?@?@?@ @?*?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? The weaker side draws only if both his pieces control a crucial square on which the opponent can block the bishop's diagonal. Bg4 Ba4 2. Kd7 Bg5 6.. b5 c6-square. Ke2 4. Bh3 Kb4 [Or 7. Bh3 Ba6 16.. Kd5!? is Example 30 parried by 7. but if he had been familiar with the defensive method examined in the previous examples. with a draw..... Bd6 (a tricky attempt 7.. he would have been able to draw.New York. White is unable to block the black bishop's diagonal on the crucial In this position Janowski resigned.7@?* @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kb6 Kc4 11. 1. Kb8 Be6 13..] 8. Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 8 Kd6! 4. Bc6 Be2 2. 1. Bc5 Bg7 3. Bc7 Be3 7. and so White wins easily. Bg4 Kb4 10. Kc6 Kb4 10. Kb6 .. c7 Kc4 7. Bf1 Bb7 17. Kc6 Bd8!=] 3. winning.. Bb5! . and 8. c6 Kd4 6.. [Or 3. Be3 (it seems that Black is losing.. 1. Be3 9. but. Ka7 Kc5 12. Kc6 Ka5 9. Kc6 Kd3 5. Bc8 Bc4 15.. [Nothing is achieved by 6. Bf8 White is unable to block the black bishop's diagonal on the crucial e7-square. Be7 2 . This method sometimes works even with a pawn on the 7th rank. Bd4 Kf3! 3. Bd8 . He should take his king round to the rear: 1. Bb6 Bg5 6.) 3. Bc6 Bg4 .. and White wins. b6 fails due to (if 8. Bd2! . . There is no way to win. Kf4! 2.c-pawn. ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@!@? ?@?. ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @+8?@?@) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Capablanca J. Bd7 Ba6 5. Bc5 Ke2! 4. Bd7 Bd1 3. for example: 1.. Bd4 Bh6 . Be5! Kg4 6. Kc4 ..?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?"5@?@7@ @?*?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Centurini L 3 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@7@ @?*?.. Bf2 Bd8 9.. Bh6 Bc3 7. Bc5! The only winning move.. In this position too. Kc6 Kc4! (a saving tempo) 6.] 6. for example 3.Fischer R. Bf6! (zugzwang) 6. Bb6 Bg3 7. Be1 Ka4! The black king has arrived in time. Kb5 5. h6 Ba1 5.. Bd8 Kc6 6. Bf4 4.method allows to draw not always. Kf4 7. but the a7-b8 diagonal is too short Bb6 10. Bd8 Kc6 6. (only two squares). Kc4 7. Bd4 Bc7 4. Ka6 Kb3! (in order to cover the a5-square) 8. Bg5! (winning a decisive tempo for the bishop's transfer to a7) 6. Be7 Bh2! . Here are two most illustrative examples. ¥c7) 4. Be7 (threatening 4. Kc6 Ba5=) 8.. 1. Black controls the c7-square with both pieces. White manages to Centurini L 2 succeed. Bd4 Kh4 5. Bd6 4. Bc3 4. Kf4 2. Draw (analysis by Yury Averbakh). Bg7 Ba3 8. b5 Ke4 3.... Bh4 Kb5! (otherwise ¥f2-a7-b8 would follow) 2.?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1.. and this destroys all of Black's chances to survive. h6 . Bg7 ] 4. Ba5) 7.. Bh6 ?@5*?@?@ @!@?@?@? ?@7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?. and Black controls the c5-square with both of his pieces... h7 Bb2 6. Taimanov M.. Be3 . Bg7 Bd2 2. Be3 . and White has gained nothing... [If. Be3 Bf8 [Or 3. ?@?. Ba7 Bc7! Draw.] 3. Bg5 Kb5 5.1960 and White wins. ¥d8 followed by 5. .Buenos Aires. Bf2 Ka6 3.. Kc5 Kd3! (by-pass) 5. then 3. @?@?@?@?… Bb4 The pawn ending is lost. 1. Bh2 7... It is interesting to note that almost half a century later the eleventh world champion (at that time a 17-year-old talent) managed to draw in a similar position.. It should be noted that the examined 3 . 3.. because the black bishop has only one long diagonal from which it is easily driven away. Ke5 Bb3 4 . advancing the c-pawn.. then 18. h5+ Kg7 17. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@+@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@)@!" @?@?@?6? Example 31 ?@?@?@?@ @?@+@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@!@)"?@ @?@?@?@?… Bishop and two pawns against bishop Two extra pawns win easily only when they are connected or. g3 Kh6 3. and White wins easily. when they are not lateral. Bg4 Bd3 13. Bd2 Kc4= [But not 12. Kb2 Bf4 2. Kd3 2. if possible at all. h6+ Kh8 20. g4 Be2 11. Bf5 Bf1 10. Kh6 13... for example: 1. Ka4 Bd8! 4. Fine Reuben (USA) 2 These are the most "unfortunate" connected pawns.. Nevertheless. Kg3 Now let us deal with several positions in which two extra pawns are unable to win. Kd1 [Or 1.. Bh3 2. Bf7 . with a draw] 12. and White wins. Black draws by blockading the white pawns. Be4 Bb3 14. Ke5 Bh5 . Bd3 Bh3 9. being separated by at least two or three files. Ke3 Be6 7. Kf2 Bg4 6. Bishop and two pawns against bishop Bd5 Kh7 22. Kg7 12. Ka3 Bg5 3. In all other cases utilizing the advantage is very difficult. b5 Bb6=] 1. If Black were able to give up his bishop for the ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?. Be4 Bf7 19. Kf4 Bd7 8. 4. Kd4 . as the corner h8-square is the wrong color. and the pawn is queening. Bf1 Bg4 4. Kf4 Bf7 16.? ?"7@?@?@ @?"?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?*?@?… g-pawn. 1. this would be an elementary draw. h6+ Kg6 19. Bf3+ Kg6 15. f4 Bc6 2. b5 Bd8 3.. Kf6 Bh5 21.. Bd3+ Kf6 3. Bf5 5... g6? due to 12.. White wins easily. transferring his king to b6 and isolated... Bd1 13.. h4 White is gradually moving ahead.[If 17. h5 ] 12. Bh5+!] 18. Be8 . if they are 1. g5+ Kh5 [or 11.. Be7! White is unable to reinforce his position. Bxb3!= .?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?6 @?@?")@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@+@?… Example 32 ?@?. for example: 2. and its queening square is of the opposite color to that of the bishop.?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@7@?@?@ @?"?@?@? ?@5@!@?@ @?@?*?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF ENDINGS WITH BISHOPS OF THE SAME COLOR After 1.. with a draw.. e5 Bf8 3. Utilizing a material advantage Moravec Jaroslav (CZE) 3 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?6 @?@?")@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@+@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@)@? #$?@?@?@ 8+@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@?… Utilizing a material advantage White saves himself thanks to stalemate his bishop becomes a "desperado". Bc4 would be met by 2. realization of a material advantage in endings with bishops of the same color is rather the black bishop cannot escape from the perpetual attack of his "furious" white counterpart. e6 Be7 . difficult and requires a sophisticated technique especially when the material on the board is limited.. If one of the stronger 1. sometimes the defender manages to save himself by sacrificing MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF ENDINGS WITH BISHOPS OF THE SAME COLOR his bishop and transferring his king to the 5 . Draw. and As we have already seen. Bc2 b3 3. Bc2=] 2.. Bd1 2. side's pawns is rook's. Bd3! . 1.. Ka1! Ba2 [1... Kf7 6. Kg8=)] 5. Kg5 Ke6 8. Kd5? loses after 3... Kg6 Bxf5+! 18. h4! Kg4 8.1982 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!*5@?@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?. and after 5.. Bc8 Kf7 .Tbilisi.. Bf5+ Ke7 10. h4 Bf7 9. Ke4 Bd8 5. Kg7 Ke7 14. h5 Bd5 11. .. because 4.. Ke7 6.. Bd1! (the only chance) 2.. Kxh6 Be6 8.. Bf3 Ke7 10. Kxf4 Kd6 10.. Kg3 Kd6 8. h4 Bd8 3.Eruslanova I. Be6! . Kh6 Kd6 12. d5 [There is no other way. Kh5 Kg7 2. Kd6 7. Kd6! 2.Tallinn.. d5+ Kxd5 12... h6 Bh7 Be7 6. g3 Kf8 Bg6 Bxd5 6. reaching a theoretically drawn position. Bxf5 [Or 7. Kf4! The first step of the winning plan Bf7+ Kxd4 5. Kf4 Ke7 12... Bd7 Bc4 14. Kh7! White won: 8. Bh5 Bh7 4.. Bd7 Bd3+ 16. Kg5 Kxc6 11. Kg4 Kf7 5. All White's attempts lead to nowhere there is too little material on the board. Ke7! [2. Be4 Bg8 9. Be3 Bc7 8. Bd5 9. Kg4 Ke6 11. Kxh7 Ke6 13. Kf6 Kd6 13. Kxh6 Bg8 7. h6 f2 11. Sometimes a win is possible even despite very limited material. Bd5+ Ke7 6. Kxh6 Bg8 8. Kd7 8.. Be8 [Or 5. Draw. (but not 17. h6 Bf7 13. Kh5 (6. but he must play precisely. h5 Bg8! 10. Be8!? Kxe8 5. Kh5 Kf6 7. Kxh7 f3 10. 1. Kxh7 Kf7=] 4.?@?… White is unable to drive off the black king from e7.. Black has good drawing chances. Be8! (11. 6 . Bh5 Bh7 4. Kg4 followed by h4-h5] 2. h4 Bc4 10.1945 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?8?@? ?@?@?@+$ @?@?@#@? ?@?"?"?6 @)@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? Erneste I. Ba5 [1. . Be6 12... Bc5+ ] 7. corner inaccessible for the enemy bishop... Kxf7 7.. d6 Kf6!!=] 5.. Bc8 Bh7=] 8. Kf2 Bh5!=) 6.Lilienthal A. Be4 Bg8 9. Bg4 Bb3 13.. Kh5 Kxe8 7.. 1. f5 Kf8 17. Kh5 Ke4 6. Be6 Bg6 7. c6 Bd6 [6. h6? Bf7=) 11. h5 f4 9. with a draw (analysis by Yury Averbakh). Bxf5! Kf7 15.. e4 Bd3 3.[The game went 4. Bf4 Ba5 [The pawn ending is hopeless: 8. 1.. Bf7 Ke7 6. d6 Kd7 9. Bd2+ 2. h5 Be7 4. Bxf4 9.. Bc4 ] is to advance the pawn to h5. Kf4 Bh7 7. c5 3.. Kg7 ] 11. h4 Bf7! . etc.. Kxh6 Kxf4 7. Kd6! The only move. Bg8? . while the g6-bishop prevents the white king's breakthrough to the h6-pawn. 1. Kxh6 Bg8 8. Kh5 leads to a draw in view of 5. Keres P.. e5 Bg6+ 4. Kd6 ] 12.. c8=Q ] 13. 4. Kc6 Ke4 7..Alterman B. h5 2. Bg6 Ke7!= . Bf6! threatening 2. 8. Bc5 Be1 [3.. Kd7 Kf5 14. Kxa6 Bxb4 [All the previous moves were forced.Moscow.. 16. because after 13.. Kd5 Kf5] 2. Bxc7 Kxc7=] Kc7 9. Kf5 10.. Bd8 Bxd8 17. Smirin I. Kd5 Kf5 6. Bd2! Bc7 11..] 7 . winning easily] 9.. . Bxb5 6. By playing 5. Bg6 Kd8 10. g4! This move should have been foreseen long before. Bxh5 Bxb5 7. g2 12. Bd6! White improves his position to maximum extent. h5 Kd6 8... [Worse is 4. Kxh5 loses after 13. Erroneous is 13.1994 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?. Bc3 3... Kg5 Be2! The best chance. g4 leads to an immediate draw after 1. Be8! [The immediate 5. White manages to catch both. Kf6! Black resigned. Bd6! Black resigned.? #@?@?@7$ @?@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@5@?@! ?@?*?@!@ @?@?@?@?… and White transfers his bishop to d8: 14.. Bb4! Kg6 15. Bg6 Bd1 2.. ¥e4) 3. Bb6 12. h5 ] 12.. Bf5 catches it. b5 Bf2 10. Bd6! Black resigned.. Ke6 Bb6 [12.Veresov G. g2 14.. h4 Ke3! [11. 1. Be8+ Kc5 7. Be7 h5 16. Bc5+ Kg3 13.. b5 Kd6 (otherwise White plays 3. Bc3 Ke4 15. h5 Kd4! 13.. Kf5 Bxc7 11.. Kd4! [9. Bxh5 leads only to a draw after 5.. If The weakness of the h5-pawn kills Black.. Ke4! [1. b5 ] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@# +"?@)@?" @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 4... Bc5 Kf6!= the black king steps into the "square" of the h-pawn and 5. Be7 Ba5 17. h6 . Kd7 Bb6 ..9. 10. Bg4 Be8 8. Kf6! ] hxg3 11. 1. Kb6 6.. .. b6 . h4 5. Bxb4 Kf2 10. Bf5 Kd6 8... Kf4 Kc5 4. c7 Kd7 10. 5. Kd5 Kg4 [Or 11. Bf6 Kd5! Without the pawns on the h-file the position would be a theoretical draw. Bg4 Be8 7..] [Running after two hares. In this position White's win is rather difficult due to the weak pawn on b4. ¥e8!. b6 followed by 4. Kxd8 h4 18. Kb5 Ke5 15.. 9. Ke2 . a5 4. h5] Averbakh Y. c7 h3 19. White gains a decisive tempo.Israel. Be3 [2.1947 1.. Kb6 Ke3 8.. then 9.. Bxh5 Bc2 in view of 6. Kxb5 5. ¢a6 was threatened) 11.. Bb7! Be2 Eliskases E. Ke6! (but not 26. Bxd5 25. Bb5 First of all White should advance his pawn to b6.. Bg4 too...Havana.. 22. Bg4 Ke7 19. Ke7 [After 16.. Ke7 22. Ba6+ Kc6? This loses. ¢a6] 14.. 6. Black has just to sacrifice his bishop for the b-pawn and to bring his king to h8. White's win is rather complicated: in ends up in zugzwang] 17. b5 followed by 6. Be2 7. Bc2 Bf3 8. Bd5 Bf1 [Also losing is 24. Kb5] 16.... Bxb7 (or 11. Bc2 Kc7 [Or 3. ¢a6 is ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? )@+8?@?$ 6?@?@?@? ?"?@?@?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… threatened) 15. Kxd5 Kb7 26.1964 ?@?@?.. Kg6 h5 28.. Bf1 (again. if he were able to seize c5 with the king. Bc4 ] 22.. Kxa4 Kb6 (5. Bf3 2. b5 Kb7 6. An instructive ending! Bc6 3. Ba4 Bf3 [The pawn ending after 4. h5 4.. Kc5 Bg2 20. Kb5 Kd6 18. Bf7 Kc6 30. . Bb7 16. Ba6 Bf3 [Or 21. Unlike the Averbakh Veresov game examined above. he would win. Bd3 25. Black The following ending is very interesting.. 1. Kxb7 12. Bc8 Kd8 21. Kb4 Bb7! for example: 11. Kc5? h5! .. b6 ] 4. here it is on h6. Ka5! ) is lost. Kc5 does not save either due to 14.. Ke6 Be2 26. though not free from mistakes. Kc5 17. and White is unable to improve his position) 11. 16.. Ba6 Be4 15. Kf6 Kd7 27. Kg5 Kd6 29. h5!] 5.. b6 White has achieved his first aim. Bf3+ Kd6 13. Bg6 Bf3 5. order to draw. Bh3 [Also possible is 16.Semmering.. Ba6 Bf3 15. which is much better for Black. with a draw)] the black pawn was placed on h5.Capablanca J. Bxh5 Black resigned. the stronger 8 . Now. Kc5 h5!] 10... Bh2 ] . where Bc4 Kc8 24. Quite often in order to win. g2 14. Bc8! threatening 16... Kd6 It's all over now.. Bc8! Bf1 (11. .Smyslov V. Bd3 Bg2 9. Bg2 23.?@‹ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@# ?@7$?@!* @?@?@!@! ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@?@? space by 6.. h5 6..1937 [13.... 1...] [13.. Kc5 Kb7 [. Bg4 Bd3 12. Bxa4 5.. Be2 Bg2 12. because White secures necessary Donner J.[The draw could have been obtained by 9. Kb8! 10. . Kd3 Kc5 8. White should give Black the move. for example 3.?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@5*!@! ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@? Rather often. Be2 Be8! The best defense. Bf3 9 . Bg1 Bd4! 12. Kd4 Kc6! 6. Bd2 Bc3! (transposing into a won pawn ending) 11.. Kxd2 Kxh3 16.. Bf2 Opponent's pawns are placed on squares of the color of his bishop ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@+@? #@?8?@?@ @#@#@#@# ?"?6?"?" @?"?")@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Be5 9. Bh6+ 2.. Bd2 Bd6 5. Bf3] 2. Bc2 Bh7 4.. Kd1 Kd4 4. Bg6 2. Kxd2 Ke5 14. perhaps. Bf2 Bc5 3. Bxc3 dxc3 12.. Ke3 h3°] 12. the opponent's bishop's mobility is restricted.. and Black wins easily. at the same time.Bondarevsky I. Bg2 Bf7 5. Bd3 Bh7 3. and Black loses. Kxd4 13. 8.. Bg1+ Kxf3! 14. Bf2+ Kc3 Up until now everything is forced.side gives back his extra pawn. g5 Kg2 17. In order to win.] [After 1. Bd3 Bg6 [Or 2. Bd1 Bf7 5. 1. . 1. Bd7 3. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?$# #@7@?$?@ @?@#.. Bxd4 [12. the most significant in endings Botvinnik M. Bf2 Bc3 11. the defending side ends up in zugzwang and either has to allow an enemy king invasion. Ke3 13. Opponent's pawns are placed squares of the color of his bishop on This kind of positional advantage is...1941 with bishops of the same color. 3.. As Botvinnik pointed out.. sooner or later. Be1 Be5+ 7. and in the end White managed to hold his ground. Bg1 h4! (preparing for the coming pawn ending) 10. Bb6 Bf4 8. Be2 Bf7 5. Bg6 White puts his opponent in zugzwang by 2. Bf2 Kd3 7. or suffers decisive material losses. Bd6 [In the game Bondarevsky played 1. Bf1! . Kxc3 a5 .. Ba1! 9. Bc2 Be6 4. f5 .. Bd2 White's moves are forced.. Ke3 g5 White resigned. Bxd4 Kg2 15.. (on 3. Be1 Kb6 4. breaking through to the opponent's pawns with his king. Black could have won with 1.. Bg8 there follows 4. Bh2 does not save either: 12. Bf3) 4.. Kc2 d3+ 3. Bf3 ] Be1 d4 10. The stronger side's bishop can attack the weak pawns. Bb6 d2 (otherwise Black cannot win) 6. Bd1 Bf7 6. 5... Bb3! Bg8 5. Anhen.. Bg1 Bb2 6. Bc7 . 3.] 10. Black resigned. 1. Kd3 Kb5 4. Bc3! (the simplest) 16. e6 g3 21. Bf2 17..Moscow.. Bh8 10. 5. Bf2 Bd2 15. Bh4 Be3 [in response to 2.. Bxe5 After White has won the pawn. Kc2 . bxa4+ [If 6. Bg3 Bg7 11.. then 6. Kd3 Kb3°] 6.7@?@ @?@#@?@? ?@?"?@#@ @!@5@?"? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?*?@? 1. Bd8] 3. Bxe5 18.. Bf2 Kc1 (heading for the g3-pawn) 10..... Bf2 a3! 8... Bc3 .. then 2.. Kxb4 8. [If 17. exploiting the weakness of the white pawns on d4 and g3. A similar. . though more complicated way led White to a win in the next example. Ka3! (zugzwang) 8.. e7 ] 22. and if 2. Bf2 Kb4 9. Be1 Bc7 8. Bf2 Be7 [6. Bf2 [7.Kramnik V.. ¥e1] intending to penetrate into the opponent's camp with the help of zugzwang.. Bg1 Ba3 6. and White wins. Kc6 3. the win is simple... [If 1. Ba5+ Kc8 19. Bc3!‡] 2... Be7 11. b4 Bf4 15. Be1 Bc7 12.1986 Van Wely L. e5+ Kc7 Ba5! 13. Kxa4 7... Kd7! The king goes to the Q-side. Kb3 8. Be1 Bb6 The only way. g5 7. 2. Bg3! decides the game: 3. Bf2 followed by 7. Ke2 Kc2 11. b6! Kd6 20. Kd5 g4 20. Bc3 ] 7.. Be3 Bc3 14.. Bg3 Bd4 4. Bc7 . b6 . bxa4 a5-pawn is lost. Kd3 Kb3°] 7. Bxb4 (or 7. Shabalov A.. Bg3! Bf6 8. Kc2 a5 5. Bg1 10 .1990 ?@?. Bxa5 Bxg5 14. e5 with the idea of e6-e7] 12. Be3 Kc6 followed by the king's transfer to e4) 7. then 19. Kxa4 9. Be1 Bc7 5.?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@7@?@#@ $?@?$?@? ?@5@!@!@ @!@?@?@? ?@?*?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ $?@?@?@? ?@?.. Bh2! Bg7 9. Be3+ [Or 10. Ke2 White can only wait to see what Black will do. Bb8 4.. Ba1 due to 5. Kc2 does not help either in view of Bf6 Bb4 12. then 3. 2. 10. Be1 the Kd3 a4 6.... Kc6! Bg5 [21.Varavin V.. g2 22. .. Bh2! Bb2 [No better is 4. Bd6 7.. In this position Black wins in a very instructive way. Kb5 ] 18.. Bb4! 7.. Bxe5+ Kxe5 .. Bc3 [Also possible is 12. Be1 Kb2 9... g5! Bf8 [After 9. Be7 13. b5+ Kd6 16.. Bd4 .. Ivanka-Budinsky M.. Bd2 Kh2 9. Kh4 Bxf4 16. Kh5 Bd2 17... Kb4 Kf3 19. Bf4 Ke1 14. Bb2 Be1 [Also possible is 12.Tbilisi. Be1 f3 16. Kd1 11. Bd2 Bh4+ 4. Be7 3.1984 Kc3 Ke2 18. Ba1 [13.... White resigned. otherwise Black would have good winning chances after 1.. . Bf2 Kb6 11. Bf6 5.1975 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?. Be1 g5 This is the only chance. Kd3 Bd2! 14. Kc5 Ke4! Zugzwang. Bf8 2. ¢a5. 1. Bb2 Bh4 13. Bc3 improve his position. Be3 Bh4! 8. Bf2 5. h4! It is strange. Bc3 Kg1 Now the outcome of the game is clear. Be3 Kh4 6. Ke3 Bc1+ 13.Lukacs P. 13.... Bb4 12. Bh4 13. Bf2 [11. Ke3 Bb4! 15.. but now Black is unable to win due to limited material.. Be3 Be1 15. Bxg3 20. Be1 Bg5 18... 4.. Be7 2. Be5 Ke1 17.. Kg3 Ke2 15. 15.Kc3] 10. Bc3] 2. Bf2+ Kh3 7. Kd3 Kc6 5.. 1. Bc3 Be1°] 11.. Kf3 [If 4. 8. Kc2 . Ke2 Kd6 Black intends to break through on the Q-side. Bd2 ¢a4. White resigned.. ¥e7 followed by g5-g4.. Ka5 14. Bf2 Be7 17. violating positional principles. Kc2 (13. Bxc5? Bh4°] Be1°] 11 . Black manages to break through to the white camp. Kb3 Here too.? ?@#@#@?@ @#"#@#@7 #"?"?"?@ "?@!@?6? ?*?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? The following ending proves that there is no a rule without exceptions.. Kd3 Bd6 13..... fxg5 Bxg5 10. raises White's hopes of a draw. hxg5 hxg5 9. Be5 Bd2+ 16.. but now the draw is simple. Bc3 Be3 6.Ioseliani N. Bc1 [More stubborn is 2.. [19.. Bc1 [11. Bg3! [19.] 11. Kd3 Bg5 . Kf1 12. then 19. 1. Kc2 Kb6 6. Bf2 a6 [If 18. Kg3 Bc1°] Ka5 7. Kb6 ... but only this move.. Bf4 Bf2! 16.] 19.Hungary. Kb3 f4 Without this advance Black is unable to Bf2 11.?@ $?@?@7@? ?@?@?@#$ @?$?@#@? ?@!@?"?@ @?"?*?@? !@?@?@?" @?@?@5@?… Feldi J. Ba3! 12. 10. but does not succeed. then 4... followed by 14.. 13. Kc2 Bf4 12. Kg6 f4 .. Bc3 does not save White: 11. was threatened) 13.. . Kf1! 12.. Kxd5] ?@?@?. Bd2 14. 4. Bf4 would be met 11. Bf2 Ke6 3. Ke3 Kg2°] Bd2! Be7 13. winning. Kh3 .. Kc6 Bd8] 6. b5 Kf6 6. h4 Bxh4 7. Bd8 9. Ba3 Bc7 12..Moscow. Ke6 7.. h4 Kh3 8. especially an outside one... Ke6 2. Bb4 Kd7 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#@? ?@?. Bf8! [Losing is 6.. Ba7] 16. gxh6 gxh6 10.?$? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?$?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?"?*5@!@ @?@?@?@?… Black's plan is clear: the passed pawn's advance diverts the white king. b7 Bd6 11. then 8.. Bf4+ . 12 .] 8.. Ke4 Ke6 4. Bc7 16. Kb6 20. g5 g6 8. as well as in many other endings. b6 Bb8 10. Be3 Kc7 [15. f6 Bh8 . after which the black king attacks the Passed pawn opponent's K-side pawns. b6 .Salov V. Bc3 Bd6 2. Kc4 Kf5 3. Kd5 Kf5 7. h4 Kh3 9... Kd5 Bb8 14.. Bc5 e4 15. and wins.. .. 1. Bf6 7.. Bxf6 gxf6 8.19.Wijk aan Zee. Be5 Bf6 8. Kb3 Draw. Khalifman A.1994 the pawn is queening] 9. h3 Ke4 4.. g5 ] decisive.?@?@ @?@#@7$# ?$?"?@?@ @!@?@?"! ?@?@5"?@ @?*?@?@? [12. Bxe5 Bxg5 10. is a certain advantage that sometimes even turns out to be [6. Flohr S.Levenfish G. 1. Bb8 13. and White wins easily in the pawn ending. Bf2 Be7 21. Ke3 Kf7 3.7$? ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@?@? #@?6?"?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7@ @?@?... Bxg7 9. Kc2 Ka5 22. f6 Kg6! . g5 .. . Bxg7! The best chance. and Black [Worse is 6. Bb2! (zugzwang) 8.. b4 Bc7 5.1936 Passed pawn ?@?@?@?@‹ @?*?. a passed pawn. Bh8 Kg5 11. Be5! In bishop endings.. [If 8. Bc5! . Bd6 [Or 8. Bxf6 gxf6°] 6. 7.. Kxh4 9. g5 h5! 10. By force Black creates a passed h-pawn. g4 Kf3 5.. winning.. g4! White improves his position. f5 Kg2 6... and zugzwang again] 13. Kxg7 h5 [14. h4 Ke4°] 2. Kxe8 [13.... Kg4 Kd3 6. g5! ] captures the a6-pawn. b4 Bf8 Bg5 20. Ke7 15. f4 Bc8 11. Be8! This striking move decides the game.after which White is defenseless. then helps to queen the c-pawn. Be2 Bc8 6. Kd3] 3. Black wins after 10.. Ke4 Ka2° 15. Kb3 Bc1 19. Kf8 [Or 4. 1. h3+! 2. Be1 Be7 5. Bb7 3. Kd7 Kb5 10..1960 Superior king position ?@+@?8?@ @?@?@?$? #@#@?$)$ "?@#@?@5 ?"?"?@!@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@#@?@?@ "?. Kd3 Kb1 16. Kxg4! 1. Bf6 Bh6 21. after which he is in trouble. Kc3 Ba3 18.. Bb7 5. Bg5 Bc1 20. Bh6 Kb1 17. Kxh3 Kf3 3. 9. Be2 Kg8 6. Bb7 14.. Bh5! Bc8 13. Bc1 Kb3 14. Bd7 10.. Kc7 [More stubborn is 10. Bg6+ Kf8 9... h3 (zugzwang) 2. as a rule. Be7! White resigned. hxg4+ [Even worse is 2.. f3+ Kh3 8. f6 Bxf6 11. Bc1! . Bd6 h3 13. Kg6 Kg8 4.... g4! 2. Bd2 Bd6 6. Kxc6 Ka5 12. Kh8 Preparing a piece clear advantage in the endgame. gxf4 Kg2! 9. Bd3 Kf7 2. 9.. Kf8 [2. 13... Despite limited material. Ke4 13 .Furman S. Kd5 Ka4 13. Kc3 Bf6+ 18. Be1 f4! 7. but in this case too. Bd2 f5 4. Kf5 c3 7. Bf4 Kb2 16.?@?@? ?@#@?8?$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?"5@ @?@?*?@? Due to the weak pawn on a6 Black is forced to allow the enemy king into his Superior king position camp through g6 and h7. Bh6 Bc5 17.. (otherwise Black plays 13. secures a 3. White should improve his position to maximum extent.. Kh7 Kf7 8. Kxc6 Ka5 12.. h4 Bd7 16. a6 Ke2 4.. Kd3 Bh4 15.. Kd5 Kb4 13. [2.. . Kb3 Bb2 19.first it sacrifice. f5 Be7! 10. hxg4 3. ¥g3°) 13... Bb2 Bf8° zugzwang] 10. Ke6 c2 8. Bd7] 14. Kb3 14.. Bd3] 5. Kxa6 11. Kxa6 11. 1.. f5 Bd7 12. Ba3 Kc4! The black king comes in time everywhere . Bxb4 h4 12.... Ba3 Bf6! White resigned. Bf5 ] A more active king. ¥h4 followed by 14.. Bd3 Kf8 7. Black has good winning chances thanks to his active king. Bf1! (gaining a tempo) 4... Averbakh Y.. Bb4 Bxf2 5.. Ke5 Bg6 24. g7 Bf7 23. and so he diverts the white king with his e-pawn.. Bg4 Bg6 7. Kd6 Bd3 25. b5 Black resigned. Kd2 e5 3. 4. hxg4 Kf8 17. Kg4 Bd5 19. White resigned. Kf2 [15. Bf3 Bc8 The bishop is transferred to a more active square. Be2 e4 8. Ba2 Kc3 24. Kf4 [24. 2. . Be6 b2 23. 1. f6 Be8 21..Shirov A. h4 Be4 22. h5 Kb4°] 24.1994 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? +@?@#@?@ @?@?8?$? ?$!@?@?@ @!@?@?@! ?@5@?@)@ @?@?@?@? The active black king has decided the following game. Kamsky G. Kg5 Bd7 20. Ke2 Kxb3 13. Bd1 Be4 11. g6 Kf8 19. Kxf6 hxg4 16.. Kxg5 Kd4 21. Bd7 Be4 6... h5 Kb4 26. Kd4! (a precisely calculated maneuver) 17. Kg3 Kxc5 18. despite the white protected pawn on c4.Buenos Aires. Bd5 Bd7] 16. Bg4 Bb7 5. Kxe3 Bg2 14. 14 . g5 Kg8 18. Bf5 b3 20. Bc6 16.. Bg4 e3+ 9... Kf5 Kg8 22.15.. h6 Ka3 . Kxc6 Kf7 26. Bd5 Bxh3°] 15. Bg4 Kc3 12. Ke1 Bc2 10. Kd6 Bf5 27. Be6 Kc3 15. Bh7 25. c5 [16. Kd4 Black's task is to break through to the b3-pawn. Capablanca considered that a bishop is stronger than a knight. A bishop can cut off a knight from the main theatre of events. Though a bishop moves along the squares of only one color. however. That is. A. it can be maneuvered in such a way that it prevents an opposing knight reaching a needed square. while B. A bishop can cut off a knight from the main theatre of events.BISHOP AGAINST KNIGHT ?(?@?@?@ 8?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ "5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… BISHOP'S ADVANTAGES ?(?@?@?@ 8?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ "5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@) ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… BISHOP AGAINST KNIGHT BISHOP'S ADVANTAGES A bishop and a knight are completely different pieces. Being a long-range piece. on the edge . correspondingly. A bishop. which makes the fight between them picturesque. 8 and 2. his evaluation does not work always). A bishop itself can gain tempi. evaluating its advantage in the endgame as approximately half of a pawn (of course. can move along the squares of only one color. or even trap it on the edge of the board. A. let us examine their peculiarities. The knight. C. D. a knight . In the center of the board a bishop controls 13 squares.all over the board. a bishop supports its own passed pawns better than a knight. while a knight is unable to do this.7. a bishop has more possibilities to influence on play. 1 . or even trap it on the edge of the board. from In order to better understand how these pieces battle against each other. On our way we will study several theoretical positions. Kd7? Ng7 4. Kh8 6. a5 d3 4. or 1. d5? cxd5 2. Kg6? Ne6!=] 7.. a6 Ne8 5. Example 33 ?@?@?@?@ @?@7@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@!@?@' ?@5*?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. and Black is losing the knight.. a5 Zakhodyakin G '@?@?@?8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?6?@?@ @?@)@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Nf6 5. a6 Nd5=..] 1.. Ke4! Kh8 9. Kf4 Kh7 9. Kf7! Nd5 5. Ke5 1. [But not 7.. ¢c6 was threatened) 2.1924 [After 3. Ng7 [Or 3. a6 Nd5= with a draw in all cases. Kd6 Ne8+ 3. Nc7 4..New York... Nf5! 7. Kf6 Kh8 7.. Ke7! Reti R.stalemate] ?@?@?@7@ $#@?@?@# '@?*#@?@ "?@#"#@3 ?@?"?"?@ @!@?2?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@5… 3. Kf6 Kh7 7. Bf7+ Kh7 [No better is 5. g6 . a5? Ne7 2.. . a5 Nf6 4.White wins. Ba3 d4 3. Ke5 2 . Kc5 Nc7 (2. Kg2 (or 3. Kb6 . In this study also.. Kg4 Kh8 10. Ba3! Cutting of the knight from the a-pawn. Bd6! A decisive move . Bg6 Kg8 5. Kf7 Black escapes by 6. [Bad is 1. Bxf5 .. cxd5 3.] 6..Lasker E. a6 Nd5] 2. in the end the knight is trapped. f5 4. g6 .. a5? Nf6 3. Ke7 Kh8 6. and White wins the knight.Kh8 8. f5 2. Kh7 8. Be5! Troitsky A 4 ?@?@?@'@ @?@?@?@7 ?@#@?$?@ @?@?@?@? !@?"?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?*?@?@5… White shuts out of play the knight on the edge of the board and then promotes his d-pawn.. and the knight is trapped. Kf4 Kh7 10. 1. Bg6 Kg8 5.. d5! [2. Bc8 Ka8 2. g6 ] 4. 1. Kg4 Kh8 11. Bb4 Ne7) 3.. Nf3 Bh5°.. bxc4 b3 12. Kc2 Kd4°] Qe1+ 11. Kc1 Be4°) 6. Ke2 Ke6 3 . Kh5 Qe2+ 12. and the knight perishes. Bc4+ 6. b5 due to 2... Soon Black resigned. and finally on the edge. Kg3 Qxc7] [The alternatives do not save White: 4.1994 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# #@#"7@#@ @?"'@#"? ?"?*?@?" "?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Despite his extra pawn. Kh3 Qe3+ 10. Qf1! Qd8 (4.] 3. Qg3+ Kf7 6. bxc3 In the following example the black knight was at first amazingly trapped in the center of the board. b3 [2.. Kc2 Kb4 12. Ng7 Bd7 9. h4 Bh7 13. 6. Ng2 (6. Nf3 Bxb3 5. which is shut out of play. Kharitonov A. .. Kc1 Bxh3 11. bxc3 b3°] 2.. Nf3 Ke4 6.. b5 was threatened) 4. Kb1 b2 11.. b4 Kf7 2. Qg5! Qc8 (the only opportunity) 7. Nd1+ Kf3 12. Bc2 4.. 5. Ne3 Kd4! 9. Nf2 b2+°.. Nf2 Ke3 11.. 1. Ke6 4. Kd1 Kc5 7. Kh4 4.. Ng5+ Kf4°. then 3. Ke2 [If 3. Ne4 Bf5°] 9. Be5! The knight does not have any square to move to. 9. Nc4 Bd5 10. Kc2 Kb4 White ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?"? ?$#@+@?& @?@?6?@! ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? resigned. Kxh5 . Kh6 Qxh2+ 13.. Kc1 Be4 8. Kd5 (zugzwang) 3. 16.An ugly position of the a6-knight.. Nf5 [5. Kb3 Kd4°] Solozhenkin E. g7 Ke4! 6. Qh4 3. Kb1 b2 11.. 1. g7 b3+ 10.Petersburg. 5. g6 Be6°] 2. Qh5+ Qxh5+ 14. b4 Kf4! 17.Paris. 1. Kg2 (4.. Bxc7 Qd1+ 4.1993 8. Kc4 9... g7 Be6 12. Kc2 Be6 8. Ng2 Bc4+ 6. and Black wins. g6 .Rublevsky S.. Qh3! Kg8 5. Nf3 Bc4+°. Qc2+ 5.. Ke5! 7. Bxb3 5.. Kd7 2.. Nd1 Bf3°. c3! 2. 1.. or 4. Ne3 Kd4 9. 5. Nc7 3. Kd3 Bc4+ 6.. Bf5 10.. Kc2 Be2°.. b5 Qc1+ 8. g6 Qd3! [But not the immediate 2. h5 Bf5 14. Qg1 Qf3+) 4. h6 Bh7 15. Ng4 (or 9. . Ke2 Kf6 5. Ng3 [There is nothing better: 8. b3+ 10. White loses due to an awkward position of the knight on h4.. Ng2 Bxb3 5. Ne3+ Ke4 6.. b5 Ke5 . Kd1 Ke4 7. h5 Kd3 winning) 9.Yuneev A. Nxc3 (the last attempt) 15.. Kg2 Qd2+ 9.. h4 Bxc4 11. h4 [9. Nd1 b3+ 10.. Kd1 Bxg6 6. 8.. quickly decides the game in White's favor. . A bishop itself can gain tempi. d8=Q+ Kxd8 13. Ke5 Ng1 11. a4! Ne4 12. Bh4 Kc5 5.. Kd6 . Kd7 4. Be1! Nf4 (White threatened 9. Bd8 Kb5 4. Be3+ Kd5 7. Kxe5 4. Bd2 Nh5 White's task is to gain a tempo.. Bc3! A decisive move.. B. c7 ] 9.. d7 Ke7 12. b5 Nb4 15. and White wins. Be6! Kc5 2.. Kb5 2. Many theoretical 4 . Bd4!‡... Bf7 Kc5 4. Ne6+ 10.. ¢e5 ) 9.. Bh2 Ke6 7. ¥c2 followed by 10. Ke5 Nf8 11. 2. Kd2! [But not 3. 1. Kd4 Kd7 6. Ke5 Ng3 11. Bd4] [Black is defenseless in all cases: 9. Kf3 Nh4+ 13.3. Bh4! Kb5 (4. Kb5 3. Example 34 ?6?@?@)@ "?@?@?@? ?(7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… "Chess players chronicle" ?@?@'@?* @?@5@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?8?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Theoretical position 1.. and 1. Kd6 . Kf4 (… ¢g3) 11. Be3 Nc3 13. Nd5 10. 1.. d7! Nxd7+ 12. Ke5 Nxh4 11. 10. Ba5+! Kc5 [Or 2. c7 Black is in zugzwang and loses. Bd4! Nd6 7. Kb7 Kb5 3. Kg3 ] 3.. 9. h5 Zugzwang. Ke5 .... Ng2+ 12. Bd4! Nxa4 [Or 13. Bg5! Kc5 6.. Bc3 ] 14. Kd5 5.. while a knight is unable to do this Example 35 Putting into zugzwang is an important method while fighting with a bishop against a knight.. Ng2 10.. Bf2+ Kd5 6. Be8 .. Black resigned. Nd5 14... Kd3? because of 3. Kb6 3. [Now Black loses after both 1.. Bd4 Nd6 8. 9.. Be7 ) 5.. Kd3 Ke6 5. Bd8 Kc5 4. Kd5 2. Ne2+ 10. Bg3 Kf7 8. d7 Nf4+°] positions are won with the help of zugzwang. Ke5! [1.. Bc8! Kf4 [1. Kc7 . Kf7 2. Bf5! Nf3 5. Ke6! Nd8+ 5. Kd6 Kg7 6. and White wins. Nd3 2.. Be4 Nf7 2. or 1. 1. h5 Ng5 4.. Bf3 (gaining a tempo) 2..1975 and White wins. Conclusion of a study 1. ?@?@?@?@ @?(?"?@? ?@)@5@#$ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Example 36 ?@?(?8?@ @?@!@?@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@)@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… White manages to win by using zugzwang several times.. Betinsh I ?@?@?@?( @?@?8?@! ?@?@)@?6 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. and so ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?(?@? ?@?@7@)@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… on. Bh5 Ke7 4..Theoretical position ?6?@?@)@‹ "?@?@?@? ?(7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1.Poland.Duriga. Lukov V. Nf3 2. Kg6 Zugzwang. h4 Nf3 [2. Nd7+ 2. h6 Ng5 6. Bd5 Nf7! 4. Nd8 3. Bf3! (giving the opponent the move) 2. Bg4! The bishop is transferred to h5. 1.. Ng4+ 3...1971 If it is Black to move. Bf5+ ] 2...Vancouver.. . he gives perpetual check. Kf6 3.. . Kd6? Kf6=] 5 . Black resigned. Bb7+ . Kg7] 3.. Kg7 .Taimanov M. 1.. Fischer R. Kc8 Nb6+ . Bf7 Ng4+ 7. The position is equal. Kd6 ] 2... Kf7 Kh7 9. Bxg4 Kg6 13. Ba4! h4 3.... Be2 Black resigned.. Bf5 ] 15. Nh1 1.... Kf6 g5 8. Bg4! Kh7 16. Kh8 15. Kd6! Nf6 8.. Be6! Kh6 [No better is 5. bxc6 Ba6 6. bxc6 5. h5 [1. Kh8 10. Kf7 Kh6 [14... Kd6 ] 7. Bg4 Kf6 11.. b6 Ba6 5. c6 [Or 4. Bf5! g4 (the bishop is Capablanca Jose Raul (CUB) 2 ?@?@7@?@ $#$'@#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !"!@?"!" @?*?6?@?… immune) 12. Bd7 (zugzwang) 3. Ne4+ Kf3 3. Nc7 7.Shinzel. Bf5 ] 10. Kh8 17. Kh6 17. Nh1+ [Or 2. 6. a5 Bb5°] Capablanca Jose Raul (CUB) 3 6 . thus sooner or later he will end up in zugzwang. Nf2 Kg2 .. h3 4... Bd3 ] C. Kh4 2..] Bxh3 Ne8 5. [. Kxh1 7... Kf6 14.. Kh7 [Or 13. Bf5 ] 14... White is defenseless.. Being a long-range piece. a bishop supports its own passed pawns better than a knight Pritchett .. Kf3 3. Kf8 Kg6 [9... giving the opponent the move.] [16. White's pieces are badly placed. Nf2 Kg2 (zugzwang) 4. ?@?@?@?@‹ @#@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @!"?@?@? !@+@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?&7$ @?@?6?@? Let us examine three positions by Capablanca with his evaluations in the ten-point scale. Bd3 . Ke6] 6..1976 At the same time it can prevent an opponent's pawn advance.... c7 Ba6°] [6. Nf6 6. 5:5..Decin. Kg3 2. a5 Bb5 White resigned. 16.4. Kf2 Bc4 8. [... 1. Bd7 (gaining a tempo) 13..] 2. Bd7 Ng7 [9. h8=Q b2 7..The white bishop blockades the opponent's passed pawn and at the same time supports its own. Bb2 Ke6 3. Kh5 Nxc3 5.. ?@?@7@?@ $#$'@#@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!@?"!" @?*?6?@?… Dubya S. Ke7! 2. Kc1 c2 12.. Nd4 [Or 6. Nd6+) 6. 1. 8:2..1862 ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?. h6 Ne4+ 5. h4 a5 4.. .. and Black wins. Kg5 Ne4+ 7.. Nd4+ Kb2 2. Nxa2 c2+! 8. h6! Ne4+ [3. h8=Q b1=Q=) 3. Kc1 Bf8 10. Kf5! Nxc3 6. h5 Kf8? ?@?@7@?@ $#$'@#$? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?"!@?"!" @?*?6?@?… [As it was later pointed out by Averbakh.Krassing. Kxc2 Bh6 White resigned. 3. Bb2 Black resigned.] 6. Kc2 Bh6] 9.. h7 b2 6.1936 ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@'" @#*?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kxa2 . Qh7+ White is mating.. Nc2 Bg7! 8. Kg5 Nf2 3. Nb4 a2 7. a2 7. h5 a4 5. Kf7! 4. 6:4. Black could have drawn by 1.?@ @7$?@%@? ?@?@?@?" @?@5@?@?… White has an obvious advantage... Kg5 (or 2. Kh5 Nf6+=] White can create a passed pawn on the K-side. Bh6 10. 2. 1. h6 does not work in view of 3.everything is clear without explanations. After 4.. Kf5 Ng3+ (or 5. Bg7+! Ke7 6..Steinitz W. Ne4+ 4.. Capablanca even does not give any variations . 7 . Nf2 3. h7 Ne4+ 5.] Capablanca Jose Raul (CUB) 4 4. Bd4 (now 3..Munich.. so he is better. Kg6 Nd6 5. Kg5 Ne5=) 2. Kf7 does not help either. Ke2 Kolliander . h7 Nf7 7. Na1 Kxa1 9. g7 Bxg7 11.. g6 Bh6! The bishop controls both flanks. Kc2 [Or 9. Nc2 a3 6. f4. Ne3 Bd6! 4. Nf2 Bg3 8.f8. Nd5+ [3. Bf7 Nd3 3. Kc2 4. Nf5 Bf8 3. Bb6! 2. Draw.from a4 to e8... using corresponding squares.1981 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?@ .. Bc4 Nc5 4. the bishop must be at e6 or b7. d2 3.URS. The other Grigorian . The corresponding squares are: 5@?@?@)@ "?8?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@'… to f3 . or 8. Be6 Nf2 2.. etc. then 8. Bf4. Nb4+ Kd1! 5. he manages to hold his ground. Draw.. Ng4 [Or 4. Be6 Nb5 7. Ke1 Kc2°] Gey F 2. and so on. Bf4 5. Bb3! . Nc4 Bc7] D. to c5 . But deceptive is the 7. Bd6] 8.Aidarov N. to d6 . 1.e7. Nf4 [2. Nf6 Bd6 6. Bd6! (the only. This beginning.. on 8.. Bc4 Nc3 8.b3 and c6. Bf4! 9..e6 and a6. Nf3 Bf4! 11....e6 and c6. Ng1 Bh2 10. g4 ?@?@?@?8‹ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@5@ $?@?@?@? !@?&?@?@ @?@?@?.. Bb5! Ne4 5. Nd3 there follows 8. Ke2 dxe1=Q+ White resigned. By exact play Black manages to promote his passed pawn. The game may continue as follows: 1. but sufficient move) 2.. Ne4 Bf4 [Also possible is 6. 1.requires exact play. to c3 . to f5 . to e4 . Though a bishop moves along the squares of only one color. Ne4 .. Nh3 [If 8. g5 Kc2 8. it can be 4. Richter K Here Black's task is complicated by a necessity to defend the a5-pawn. and so on. Nd3 Bd4! 6..?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @!8#@?"? !@?@?@%" @?@?@5@? corresponding squares are: to f6 . If the knight is at e7. and everything repeats from the appearance: the bishop is able to prevent the knight from reaching b6... Bc4 Nd6 6.. Ne2+ Kc2°] 3. Nd4 Bd6 .. to c6 and b7 .e7.c7.? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? a5! 7. Ne1+ Kb1! 9. Be7] maneuvered in such a way that it prevents an opposing knight from reaching a needed square At first sight it may seem that White will be mated from b6. to e6 . nevertheless. ¤g4. 8 . . Ke2 [3. . Kc2 Nd3°] 9 . ¤b7 or 2.. Kxa8 Kc7 8. Ke6 3.. it defends and attacks simultaneously.. Nb6+ . a knight together with a king can gain a tempo. Kb8? Kd8! (but not 2. Nb7 Kc6 7... Ke3 Na4! (so far so good) 3. B. hampering it to get to a needed diagonal. seen in this example. Nd6 ] 3. Nc4 Ke7 [3. The knight can block a bishop's diagonal. As well as in the previous example. however. Kxa8 Kc7 6.. As we have Nd6! . Kb8 Kd6 4. Kc3 Kxa1 À.. Black's position is won. Nb7 ] 4.. Kc8! [Only a draw results from 2. The centralized knight can severely restrict a bishop. ¤b7 ] 5. Nb7 )] 2.Many theoretical positions are won using the threat of blocking a bishop's diagonal. Bg2 4. Na5 (threatening to block the diagonal by 2. 1. E. Nc4+ Kc6 5. Ba8 2. Sakaev K.Sao Paolo. ¤c6) 1. The knight has a great advantage over a bishop restricted by its own pawns. KNIGHT'S ADVANTAGES À.1991 C. or even build a fortress... Kd7 3. This is of great importance. Na5 followed by 6. Kd7 5. Nc3+ 2. Bg2 5. The knight can erect a barrier in the path of the enemy king. In a practical game. 4. Knight can block a bishop's diagonal 6.. The knight is the best blockading piece.. Nd6+ Ke7 5. Ke8 ?@?@?@?@ "?6?8?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@%@?@?@ @?@?@+@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… [Or 2.Sunye N.. Kd4 Kb1 4.. Kd3 Nc5+ 5.. Nd6! Kd7 6. Kb8! Kd8 [4. KNIGHT'S ADVANTAGES 1. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@7@5@?@ *'@?@?@? D. mistakes are possible due to a lack of knowledge of typical positions. and White wins.. Kc1! wins. Kc2=] then he wins. Nc7! Kf3 7.. Nd6 Bb6 10.3. diagonal. Kc7 Bb5 14. Kd1 Nc4 14. Kd8 Ba6 13.c7. on which the bishop is watching over the pawn. Ke3 Kb1?? (a decisive mistake. Nd6 Bd8 11. Bg7 Nc2 12. Ba1!= Nb4 [10. stronger side is able to deprive the opponent's bishop of all squares on the diagonal on which it is stopping the pawn. Kxa1 11. Bg7 Nb3 8. Bg1 2. Bb5 2. Kd2 Draw. 10.draw. Kd8 Bb5 4.. Nc4 Be1 13. the to a5. Kc8 Ba7 8. Kd7 Theoretical ending The black bishop alone stops the pawn without any help from the king... Ke7 Bc6 3. Nd6 (blocking the diagonal) 1.. Kd2 Na3 13. Nd7 Kh1 12. the Koshek V Example 37 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?"5@?@? ?@?@%@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?. but Black transfers it to another. then the defender draws even without the help of his king. Ne5 Be8! (7. Kc7 Kg1 5. Kd1 Na5 7. Kd8 Bg6 9. White wins. ¤c4 ] 9. Nb5! Kg2 6.. Kd7 Bb8 5. @?@?@?@7… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@+"?@?@ @?&?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@7… Theoretical ending White wins by force: 1. Ba5 10. Nd6! Kg4 11.. b6.. and so on. Ba1 Ne3+ 15. ¤c4 ] 4. Kb7 Bd8 [Or 9. is five squares or longer. 10. Ke7 Bf5 White has ousted the bishop Kd7 followed by 11. ¤c6 was threatened) 7. 1. Bc3 Nc5 9. Nc5 Bc8! 11. Kg2 due to 4.. Ne5 Be8! . In examined example White is able deprive the bishop of its four squares. Nd7 Kg1 8. Kd2! Nc4+ 6. Example 38 In positions of this kind the result is determined by the following rule: if the 10 . Ke6! Bc7 [Worse is 3. therefore he wins. Draw... missing the win) 5. Nb5 Bb6 [Weaker is 8. Bg7 Nd3 10. Ke6 followed by 5. Kc8 ] from one diagonal. Nd3 Kh1 6. If 11. Nb2 [3. Nd6 The last blocking... Kd7 Bg3 14. c6 Bb6 3. and d8. Be3 9.] 4. Kc8 Ba5 12. Otherwise .. Ne6+ Kh4 11. Nxd8 Kg5! 10.. or 1. Kd6 Bb4+ 13.. Kxh3 9... Na5 Bd8 7. Kc6! Be7 14.] 6. Ke8 Ba5 10. Nf4+ Kg3 10. Ruban V. Nd6 Bd8 4. Ne4+ Kxh3 8. d6 Kf4 [White's task is simpler after 1. Ke7 (but not 8.. Kf7? Kg3 6.. h4 Kg4 4. Nf7 Ke6 9.. Ba5 8. d8=Q Bxd8 20. Nb7 Bb6 5. Kf5! Bh4 6. Nf6! . Nc5! 11 ..] 8..] The defender draws if he is able to control the interception square with both his pieces. Nxd8 Kf4 21. Kd6 Bb4+ 10. White is unable to advance his pawn. Ng7+ ) 8. Nd5 . 2. Nc6 Bg3+ 18.. Kf7! Theoretical ending In this example too. Ke8 Kxh3 7. Bh4 6. Kf3 2... Nd8! Kd5 8. Bb6 11. Nd6 Bd8 (3.?@7@?@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kd8! Kxh3 10. Nc7 Bd2 11. Nh8! ) 6. Nc6 . (zugzwang) 10. Kg3 4. Ne7 Black resigned.. Kf7 Kg2 (5. Na5 Bg5 8. Ng6 Bg5 11. h4 ) 5. Bd8 ?@?@+@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ &?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@7… [5.? 4.. Kd6! Ke4 (the only move) 17.. Ke8 Ke5 7. Kf4 6. Ne6 Ba5 (7.. Nc6 Bc7 8.. winning.Barbulescu D. Kg5 Kg3 9..[Bad is 5. Bh4 8. Nf7! Kf6 12. blocking the diagonal. Nd4+ Kf4 16. Nf4 Kg3= with a draw) 8.. Ke7 Ba5 12. Kf7 Kg3 [More stubborn would have been 6. Bg5 5. Nc5 Ba5 11. Kd5 Kxh3 6.. Ke8 Kxh3 7.. Nf7 Kg3 22. d8=Q Bxd8 10. d7 Ba5 3.. Kf5! 7. Nb7) 9. d8=Q? Bxd8 9. Nf5 . 1. Ke7 Bb4+ (8. Ke8 Bg5 12. .. h4 Kf5 13.. Kd5 Bh4 15. Kf7 Kg3 7.. Nb7 Bh4 (no better is 4.. Bb4+ 9.1988 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@5@?@ @?@!@%@# ?. Ke6 Bc7 19. Na5 h4!=] 5. Nxd6+ Kf4 3. Ke8 Kxh3 9.. Ng5 ] 7. Bxd6 Example 39 2. Ne6 Bh4 [Or 7. and White wins in all cases. Nxd8+ Kf5 11.Ulan Bator. Kc6 ) ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @!&?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?. Nb7 Bg5 5. king and bishop. d7 Ba5 3. 1. Kf3 would be met by 5.?@ @5@?@?@?… 4. Bh2 Nf1 15. 12.URS. Nf4! 10. Nc5+ Kc4 3. Kd2! Ng4 17. "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@%@?"5$ @?@?@?@?… [9. f4 Kb4 7. . Ba7 Ng4 14. Bh2! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@7@?@?. Be1 2. Kh3 Kb5 5.] In many cases. Kd5=] 5. Kc4 White should 2. Nd4+ Kc5 [Or 1. Ke5 Kf3 14. Ne2 9..1976 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@'@?@?@ @?8?@?@? ?@?$?*#@ @?@5@?"? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… B. Reti Richard 2 Kb5 In order to draw... 1. Ng3 10. Ba7! Draw. c7. Bg1 Nf1 11. 1. f5 12 . Ka5 Nf5 7. Nf3! . h7 ] hurry to capture the a-pawn. Kxh2 Ka6 3. restrict a bishop. A centralized knight can severely By exact play White draws. Nd4+ Kc4 3. Kg4 Bb8 6. Kd2 Nf4 20. Kd2 Ne5 15. a centralized knight threatens to fork opponent's pieces. Bg3 2. because he controls the f4-square with both his pieces. Kc4 loses after 9. Kxc3 Kd5 3.. Kc4 g3 [Or 11.. Ke2 12... Nb3 Bf4+ 4. Nd4+ Kc4 3.. 4... Ke1 g2 16.... Kc5? Ne7!°) 5. Kapengut A. hampering it to get to a needed diagonal 1. Ne6! Bh4 [Or 1. 1. Kb4 Kf3 6. Kd3 Nh2 13. b6 Ke7 3. Ne4! In all cases the knight does not allow the bishop to stop the h-pawn. Bc7! Ke4 4... Kxa6 Nxg3 8.. 8. Draw..Kubbel L 2 Theoretical ending Black manages to take under double control the interception square. Kf6 2. Kc3 Nd5+°] 9. Nd8 6. Kb7 2. Nd4 [4..... Bf4 and White draws.. Kd4 Nd2 13. c3! (simplifying the position) 1.. dxc3 2. Bd6! (but not 5.. b7 Bh2 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?&?@ @7@?@?@? ?$?@?.Begun S.. Na6 Kd8! The king has arrived just in time. Bg1 Nf2 18. White must reach e1 on time. Ke1 Nd3+ 19. Ne6+ ] Black easily maintains the balance. d5+! exd5 3. White wins. Kd4 Ne8 2. A knight can erect a barrier in the path of the enemy king. Kh1! Zugzwang. and so on. Bxc6 Kxc6 with a draw. g4 Nd5 4. Example 40 Troitsky A 5 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?(?@?$? ?@!8?$?$ @?@?@!@! )@?6?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?$?@#@?.. Bg6 Nd6= White is powerless to the black bishop does not have any square to move to .URS.] 4. and White wins. Kc6 Ne8 4.. f6 Kb4 9. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? ?@?(!@?@ @?@!6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@)@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Nebylitsky .it will be forked everywhere.] Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 9 4. Kc5 Nd6 3. Kc2! Ba3 5. Bf3 Nxc6 6. a6 . 1. Kb5 Nc3+ 5.Galuzin. Nc3 5....!$! ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@?… C. winning.. Bb5 Nd5= . Nd4+ Kc7 6. Nd4+ Kc7 5. 3. for example: 1. or even build a fortress 13 . and the arising pawn ending is drawn. Bb5 Nd5 6. Nf5 Bc1 [3. Kb4 [Or 3.Kxb3 8. Ka5 [Or 4.. deprive the black knight of all its squares. Ka5 Nxa4 6. Nb5+ . On the empty board Black's fortress is impregnable. Bf8 (the same move follows in response to ¥g5 or ¥f4) 4. Ka6 Kc7! 7.. Kxa4 Kxc6 . Ba4 Nc3 8. Nd5+ 4. f7 Bd6 10.] 2. Na6 2. Kc4 Nc7 3. Bd1 Ne7! 5. a6 Kc6 2. "?@7@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@5@?&? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… Instructive example 1.1969 %@?8?@?@ @#@?@?@? ?@?$?@?@ @?@!$?$? !@!@!$?@ @?@?. One should remember that not all fortresses are impregnable . [2.Botvinnik M. however. Bxa5 3. can win by putting his opponent into zugzwang.] 3.. and White resigned. 5... f3!? ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?. Now Black's only chance is to transfer his king to h4.Moscow.. gxf3 2.. Kg5? Nf1 4. [Instead. Kf1 Kg6 8. Nb6 loses in view of 2. Nb6 Be3 4. Bf2! Ka8 5. and it is White who wins..) 11. Kf4 ... Kg2 Kf6 7. White.] 2. f4 gxf3 4. Kd1 Kb2 4. a6! The The game continued 1.Moscow.Makarov M. Kf1 The 1.1966 pawn sacrifices. Nxc5 Kh5 13.. 1. a5 (1.. but missed this opportunity. Nd3 Be7 .?@?@?@ @!@?@?@? ?$?8#@?@ @!@?@?@? !@?&5@?@ @?@?@?@?… [Simpler is 1.. Bc7 2. Nc3 Kg7 15.. Kf1 Kf8 16. Kg2 Ke7 17. Here are two examples.] 1. Kg2 Kh5 9.. Na4 Bd4 5. Na4 b6! followed by the black king's raid to the Q-side.. Nb6+! . Ne5 Kxa2 7.] Nf1! Kc3 (or 1. but.. Na5 Kb2 5... Ke7 6. Ng3! e3 3. Nf2! . dxc5? 12. Bd2 2. Kh4? White lets In the following game White could have created a fortress.. Kc2 Fortress. b6° was threatened) 1. Kg5 Ka8 5. Bg1 Ka8 3. ... Kg2 a5 (Black has reinforced Morozevich A. Kg3! Kb8 8. Kg2! Draw. Ng4 Bg5 4.. Nb5! a4 18.. bxa6 [Bad is 2.. g4 Nh2] 3.. Kb8 4. and the g-pawn queens. Kf1 Kh4 10. Kg5 Ka8 2.. 1. Kc3 2. d6 ] 12. Kh4 Kb8 3.they can be broken up with the help of zugzwang or Spassky B. g4 Nd2 7.In this difficult for him position White manages to set up a fortress. c5! Bxc5 [11. a7! Be3 4.. Kh3 Nf1 6. because the white bishop is the wrong color. Kc8 3. At first sight Black has set up a fortress. Kd1 Bd4 3. Ne3 Bf4 3. only move. maintaining the balance) 2. Ke2 e3! (zugzwang) 4. Kf1 Kd8 19. and White lost quickly.1995 his position to the maximum extent. . Na4! [13. Nc4? . fortress is built up. Nb7? a4°] ?8?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6#@ @?@?*?"? ?@?@?"?( @?@?@?@?… 13.. Kg6 14. Ne2 Kxa2 5. Draw. Kf5 [An immediate draw results from 3. correct would have been 1.. 14 . Nc6 Bc5 6. 1.Gaprindashvili In the following example the knight has erected a barrier in the path of the enemy king (this device was already examined in the chapter "Knight Endings"). a3 2.Kaikamdzozov J.. 4. Chiburdanidze M. Kb3 White resigned... . Bxf2 Nh2 Draw. Ba2 Ka3] 2.1975 5. Bb3 with a draw. Ng4! [Erroneous is 1. Nh3+! Kh5 7.. Nf1 6. Nxh1 Kg4 11. and Black wins. then (after Grancharov .] 2.. Kd3 [5. h3! [The game continued 1. Nf2 h1=Q+! 10. and 8.. Nd3 with Troitsky A 6 a quick draw.the win slip out of his hands. with a draw) 4. Kg3 Ke7 10. g4 f2 7... Be2 [2.. Kg3 h2 3.Pitsunda. Ng3 Kf4 . Nf2 Be2 6... Nf2 Bc2 7. [Necessary was 5..] 2. Black could have won by sacrificing her Kd3 Kc5 4. N. Kg2 h1=Q+°] 7.. Nf2 . Kb8 .. Kf3 [Or 5. If 5. Kg2 Be2 9. Nh2 would be met by 9.1978 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@#@?@?@ @+"?$?8? ?@?@!@?$ @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@%@?@? 1. Bb1 Nf5+! 5.. Nd3 Bg4+ 6.. D... Kh4 f2 7. g4 .. Nb4 Bd7 8.. Kg3 h2 because of 5. Bd3 h-pawn in order to break through with the king.. Nf2 h1=Q°] ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?@+ ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#6? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@%@ @?@?@?@?… 5. Kh5! . Nf1 6. h6 a3°] 3.. Ne3! 3. Nf2 Be6 5. a3 4. Nh1 [7. putting Black into zugzwang. Nf2 Bf1 3. Kf2 Bf3 12. Kh4 6... A knight has a great advantage over a 15 . Nh1 Bh3 (no better was 3. Kf3 h3 9. Nh1 Bd3 5. h3 [Or 3. Bc4? 2... Bd1+ 8. Nf2 Bf1! 4.Bulgaria. Ba2 Nf5+ 3. Kf2 Kf6 7.... Ke4 Ng3+] 5. Bxf2 Nf1 8.. g4 the g-pawn is unstoppable) 6. Bg3+! ] ?@?@?@?@‹ @?$?@#@? ?@!$?@?( @?@!@?@! #8)6?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 5. he gives his opponent the move by triangulation with his king on the squares d5. Third.. Nh4 Kg8 Spielmann Rudolf (AUT) 3 [2.1931 brings his king to c5. 1.5. and then attacks Black's K-side pawns with his knight. then the player with a knight has a doubtless advantage. after which White will be forced to play ¥b2. Kh6! Kh8 2. though it is not large. Kf1! If the opponent's pawns are placed on the same colored squares as his bishop.. The evaluation is 3. Ne5 Kg8 5. Ng6# ?@?@?@7@ @?@?. And finally.5:6. First. the back king penetrates to the enemy camp 16 . Nc6 Kh8 6.. his bishop is stronger than the white knight. Ne7 Bg8 7. Black plays a3!. exploiting an awkward position of the black bishop which is stuck behind its own pawn.Nimzowitsch A. White manages to win. d6 and c6.Wintergut. Second. White Henneberger . Three positions by Rudolf Spielmann This position is evaluated as 8:2. Bg8 3. Nf3 Kh8 4. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?(#@?@ @?@7@#@? #@#"?"#@ @?"?6?"? !@?@?@?@ @?@?*?@? Spielmann Rudolf (AUT) 2 Black's plan consists of the following steps. forcing ?@?@?@7@‹ @?@?@?@# #@'@#@#@ @#@?"#@? ?"?@?@?" "?*?@?"? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?6? ¥a1.bishop restricted by its own pawns Here an advantage is Black's. Ng6#] 3. he transfers his knight to b1.?@# #@?@#@#@ @#@?"#@? ?"?@?@?" "?&?@?"? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?6?… Spielmann Rudolf (AUT) ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?@# #@+@#@#@ @#@?"#@? ?"?@?@?" "?&?@?"? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?6?… In this position Black is better. 1. The evaluation is 4:6. Kxd5 f4 White resigned.. Bf2 Nf3 6. Be1 Ng1 12. Kd2 Ka3! 11. b5 8.. cxb4 . Kxb1 Kf3 10. Kd5 8. Kd2 Nxe1 5. 6.URS.. b5. Bf2 Nf3 Draw. Be1+ Kb2 14.Polovodin I. a4 Kxg3 12. Kf2 Nd2 9. and ¤d6-c8-b6-a4°] Zubarev N.. Nxd2 4.. Kc2! ] 10. axb2 11.. axb4 (if 3. Nf2 4. d5 e3 16.. Kxc4 Ke3 21. Bg3 Nxe3! 12. Be1 (also 4. Ke2 Kc6! (triangulation) 7.. Be1 Nxh3? [Irrevocably missing the win. Bd2 b4!] 4.. Bd2 [2. . Kc1 Ng1 10. 1. b5! (another zugzwang) 6. Bd2 b5 6.. f5 exf5 15. Qxg2+ Kxg2 Ne1+ 7. This ending is also won for Black. b4 7. Bg3 (or 5. Bh2 7. Ke2 a3!°] 3. Ka3 Kf3 19. Kc3 Ka4 13.Aleksandrov. Bb2 a3! 5. d5 exd5+ 22. bxc4+ Kxc4°) 4. a7 g2 15. Kxd2 Kb3 5. Kc1 c3! . b3+ Kxb5 (zugzwang) 6. Bg3=] 7. Kxb2 Qg2+ 17. Kf3 Kg1 22. d6 e2 17. Bg3= Ng1 5. a6 g3 14. Nd3! 5. Bb2! (the only chance) 10. Nb5 2. winning in the arisen queen ending) 5. d7 c2 20.. Bc1 [Or 3. Ke3 Kd5 8. a8=Q g1=Q+ 16. then 3. Kd1 [White loses also after 7. Kb1 loses in view of 2.. axb4 b5 8. it was not Faibisovich V. d8=Q c1=Q . c1=Q 17... Kxd3 Ka3 8. Be1 Nc2+ 4.1915 2. Kd2 Kb3 (zugzwang again) 11. cxb4 [Also possible is 7. .. Kc3 Ng1 9.1988 too late to retreat by 3. Bd2 Na3 3. Ke3 Nb3!] Kb3 19.. Kb3 followed by b4!. winning) 3. Kb4 Kxf4 20.. Kd2 c3+ 18. Bxc1+ Kxc1 18.. Nf2?! [The win could have been achieved by ?@?@?8?@ @?@+@?$# #@?@#@?@ @#@#"?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?"?@?@? !"%@?@!" @?@?@?6?… 2. c4 dxc4 12. Kd3 c2 16. b6! 2.. a5 Kh2 13... Bf2 Kxb2 10. e4 fxe4 14... Kxe2 via e4. Bg3 A pawn is of no importance. while the black knight ?@?@?@?@‹ @#@?@?@? ?@?@#$?@ @#@#@#@# 7@#"'"?" "?"?"?@! ?"5@?@?@ @?@?*?@? is simply offside. Kc3 Kd1 19..Moscow... Bg1 Kb3 9. Kd3 Ke1 20.. Kxe3 Kxc3 13. Kd1! Kb3 9. Kb1 Ne2 11. Bd2 18.cxb3+ 7. b3+ 17 . Kd1 Ng2! 8. Kg3 Kh1!°] 3. Ba1 Kd6 6. Ne2+ 10. Ne4 4.... Bxb2+ Kxb2 10. Bc1+ b2 9. b5 could not save White due to 4.. Bf2 Nf3 [Not falling into the last trap: 9. b4! 3. Nd3! 5. Kxe1 Ke4 6. Ke3 Kf1 21.. Kc2 Ke4 9. Nb1 4. precise game supposed... Bg3 Ng1 11.. 1. Kd2 c3+ 15. or 14. Ke2 White has to stick to waiting tactics.. Kf5 (or 22. fxg4 Nh6 21. 17. 1. whereas the white king penetrates into the opponent's camp on the Q-side. g3! (or even 26. Nf4 Bg4 23. Kd3 Kf5 12. Be3 f6 Black does not hurry. h4! (fixing the h5-pawn) 15..Fischer R. ..1963 have become classics thanks to typical plans demonstrated by the winners. 1. Nxg4µ Now White has two weaknesses. White's plan consists of the following steps.] f3 Kg6 6.. ¤f6) 9. Kf7 does not save Black. Kd3 f5 (seizing space) 15.. Ng4 h5 14. Bh2 Nh5 25.. Kc5 Bc8 5..] A fatal mistake. Nd3 Bd7 8. then 15.. 13. a4 Kf5 7. Nh3! h6 10.. Bd2! Kg6 10. Kf2 Nd8! The knight is transferred to a more active square... Ne6! 11.. Nf6 Bf7 13. [By 21. Ne2 Bf5 22. Nd2 Be2 19. ?@?@?@7@‹ @#@'@#$# #@?@?@?@ @?@#@?@? ?@?"?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?"?@?"!" @?*?@5@? Black must meet this with his king on c7. Ke3 2. Ke2 f4 16. It is not easy for Black to utilize his advantage. Kd3 h5 4.. Nb3 Bg4 20.. Be1?! 16. Nf4 Bf7 17. Kd3 g4 19. g4 15. g3 followed by 20.. g3 Bc8 7.. 22. Kf3 (with the idea of 24. 7. 2) The knight attacks the g7. Bb7 6. gxh4 gxh4 [16.. hxg4 20. Nb4 (starting the second stage of the plan) 5. Nf1 Bf3 18. Kd4 Kc7 4.Let us now examine two more difficult examples of utilizing the knight's advantage over a "bad" bishop.. Kb6 Bf3 25.. Nxe6 .and h7-pawns. thus creating new weakness in the opponent's camp. Kf2 Ke7 [1. Ng2. gxh4 16. 5) Black loses material. After 2. Nd4 Bh3 21. b4! example: 22. ¤h5. Ke2 Kg6 3. Nh5 Be8 12. since White has only one weakness. Nf6 24. Nf4! g5 11. Kd7 24. gxh4 Be4! So far Black prevents the white knight from reaching f4. Bg1! White could have maintained the balance. and in [10.. Ne3! Bg6 [Now. h3 Nf5 18. attacks the h7-pawn by 10.. b4 Zugzwang... g3!) 23. hxg4 (Black threatened 19. Ke2 Ne6 3.. and Black resigned. Bf2 Ng7 response to 9. Ne3 Kg5 4. 18 . They Seidy A.. g5 8. g4!?] 17.. 9. g6. Ke2 Kg6 14. 4) A zugzwang position is achieved. Kf3 Kf5 24. Nf8 2.... d4 and g2. if 14.. g3) 23. 1) White brings his king to c5. ¤h4°) 19. Kxa6 Kc6 26. for 15. Ke3 Kd8 3. 3) Black is forced to defend his weak pawns with his bishop. Ng2 Bg6 16. g3! the black king is faced by a "wall" on the K-side. Ke2 Nxg4 22.. a5 23... Nf4! g6 (otherwise White plays 9. a5! Kg5 26.] 10. the d4-pawn. g4!? deserved attention.. Be3 Kh7 5. h4 . Black's plan involves a K-side pawn advance in order to create White another weakness... Bd2 (zugzwang) 23.. g4!=)] 21. Nf5 28.. because in response to 13. 12. Nh2+ 24.. gxh4 f4=] 25.. Bxh4 Kxh4 30. but the Flohr S..Chechelian S. Then he transfer the knight to f4... and with the black king at c6. Kf4 Ke6 29. h4 Kd5 28. Nxd5 Bxb5 17.. Ke2 Ng3+! 27.1935 move in the game is also sufficient for a draw. Kf2 Nf5 28. Nd1 Be2 21. Kf3 Ke5 A draw was The previous examples proves that even though a bishop is restricted by its own agreed. gxf5 [This is forced. Nf4 Be8 16.. f4 Bd7 3.] 15. Kd3 [27.. after 27.. Bh4 Ne4 25. Bh2 f3 33. h3 [25. b6! 2. ¤f5°). White plays ¤e6!. 17. Nd2 Bc8 6.] [Indeed. 27. and supports it by g4. advances his pawn to f5. Bxf5 . Kf2 h4! 26. 8. b4 axb4 11. Nd5 Kc6 resigned. [. Ke2 Kf5 23. Bg1 Ke2 32. Be1 Kg4 26.. Kf1 f3°] 27.. Nxg2 30. transposing into a won [Bad is 22.. Nxd5 Bd7 15. ?@?@?@?@‹ @#@?@#$# #@?8+@?@ @?@#@?@? ?@?&?@?@ @?6?"?@? !"?@?"!" @?@?@?@? which is parried by Black) 22. .1968 Kd4 a5 5..Moscow... Nb1 Be6! 7. Ne7+ ] 14. Kf5 23.Kaluga. Bxg3 Kxg3 28. Bc3 Ne3!°. 1. Bf2 Nh4 29. he has to properly place his pawns on both wings. Bg3 Ne3 (… 34.to h4. e4 fxe4 30. a5 pawn ending. nor with his king . Nb2 Bb5 20.. White to play for a win) 13. g3 h5! Otherwise White transfers his knight ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? #@'@?@?@ @#"#@#8? ?"?"?@?@ @!@?@?6? ?@?*?@?@ @?@?@?@? 19 . Nd3 (the last attempt. Kxe4 f5+ the rest is clear. Nf3 f6! 4. . 10... His main task is to avoid the creation of new weaknesses.. Vaganian R. By exact play Black holds his ground. Kd5! 26. Bg8 15. Nf2 Bf1! 22. Nxf6 Bxb5 16. Nf4 Bf7 16..all the invasion squares are protected.] pawns. Nc3 Kc6! White is unable to penetrate into the opponent's camp neither with his knight. White has the decisive 14. Ke2 Ke4! 25.. Nc4+ Ke6 19. Ke2 Kg3 31.. In order to do this. Ne2 Bd7 [More precise woud have been 14. one weakness is usually insufficient for a win. h3 Be8 . Kc3 Kf3 31.. f5! (White's only chance [No better is 29. Bxd3! 23. a3 h6 9. Nxb6 Bc6 18..Capablanca J. Kf3 due to 23. axb4 Kd6 This is the position Black 13.. Kxd3 Ke5 24. Kf1 f3°] 29. Be1 Nf6 24. b5! g6 aimed for. Ke2 Ke4°] 22. though Black would have In this ending too. Kf4 Kxb3 7. 1. Ke6 Kc4! 9.. it defends and attacks simultaneously Standing on c6. Kd2 a5 3.. Black elegantly converts his advantage into a win.. Kxd7 Kf3 White resigned. Bc3 (the best chance) 4.. Bc2 Nf1! 15. . 4.. Ke2! with the idea of 7. Kf3 Nxb4°] 3. Nxb4 8.. Kb6 a3 13...Bulgaria. Bd3] 13. Bd1 Kd8 6. d6 g5 20. Ka4 Nh5 The rest is clear... Bf3 Ke7 5.. b5 2. Kolarov A. Kc6 g2 26. Nb8! 14.... Kc3 Kb5 11. Kxc6 a4 12.. but at the same time attacks the white pawns at b4 and d4....] 7. Kb3 Ka5 (Black threatened 13. Bd1 g3 23. Ka5 [15.1937 ?@?@?@?@‹ $#@?@?8# ?@?(?@#@ @?@!$?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?"? !@?@?@)" @?@?6?@? 1. Ba1 Kc2! 6. Bxa4 Kc7 9. Stronger would have been 5. Kxa5 Nxg3 16... Kb6 b4 15.1970 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#@? #@'@#@?@ @#"#@7@? ?@?"?@#@ "?*5"?"? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@? Eliskases E. Bf3 Ke3 24. . a4 11. Ke4 4. b3) 13. after blockades the c5-pawn..] 20 . Kb5 g4 22. Kd6 a5 10. Kb3 Kc5 12. Bb3? A decisive mistake. 1.. Be1 e5 3.. 17. the knight not only [White should not weaken his K-side pawns.. h6 6. Nd2 14. Kb6 Kd4! 18... Kc2? White waits passively. [White could have resisted after 13. Ke3 is even worse.. Nc6+ White resigned. bxa4! 7. Bd2 [Or 3. Kb4 Nf6 19. Ka5 Kb3!°] 10. Bc3 Kc7 6.. Knight is the best blockading piece.. Kd3 [Even stronger was 7. a2! 14. Ka4 Nc4 13. f4+! 2..E.. Kd3 Kf6 The king is heading for the Q-side. Ba3 Na6 12. Kb7 Kxd4!°] 15... f3. b4!] 8. Bc2 Kb6 10. Nxc6! 11. Bxa4 Kc7 White's position remained difficult. Bd2 Ke6 4. h4? retained a doubtless advantage. Bxg2 Kxg2 27. f6 2. c6 does not save White in view of 10. d7 Nxd7 28. Kf3 Nxd4+ 4. Bh1 Kf2 25.] 5. b4 followed by 14. 7.. [White should have tried to create counterplay by 6. Be1 Kd7 5. Black manages to use his blockading knight. bxa4 Bxf4+ Kf5 3. Bc1 a3 15. hxg5 hxg5 21.Karner H. 6. Kf5 [7. a4!? Nevertheless... Kc6 b4 13. Bd1 Kd8 7. a4 Now this is not as strong as it was previously. Bb2 [10.Semmering. Bb1 Nd2 14. Ke3 Nc2+ 5. 5.Flohr S. sooner or later the bishop will help its king to penetrate into the opponent's camp... Kb3 a5 8. Kxa3 Nxf2 29. ?@?@?@?8 $?@?@?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?$)@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?"'@?"? !@?@?@?@ @?@5@?@?… These bishop's advantages have already been examined. Bb2 Kd6!° knight is a more "tricky" piece. the Ne4!°] 25. Bc1 Kb5 14. Having studied the previous examples. Bf2 Kf5 35. Ne4 28. the bishop has some other remarkable features. Ka6 with the idea of 10. especially on different wings. The bishop turns out stronger than the knight much more often. Kb4 [27. f4°.. Ba1 a4+! 9. b4!µ 10.. 18. Be3 Nd1 32. axb4 Nxb4+ 11. Kb7 7.. Bb2 exd4 20. f4 2) The knight is a good blockading piece. Bb2 Nc7 17. Ba1 Kb5 25. Besides them.. b4] 9... Kc3 Nc6 Bb2 Ka6 13. Ke3 Kb4 22. Kxg4 Kxc7 27. Kc3 Kxc7 27. ¢a5 followed by 11. Bc1 Ke6 31.. and in view of 37. 3) As it was once noticed by Smyslov. Kd3 Ne4 28. Kb3 Ne2 34.CONCLUSIONS 2) The bishop is evidently stronger in positions with passed pawns... 21. g4 Kc4 30. c7 Nd6 24.. Ke3 Kc6] 27. c6 a3 23.. Kf4 Kc6 26. White resigned. which creates different tactical possibilities. conclusions. 1) The bishop can cut off the knight from the main theatre of events.6. 30. BISHOP AGAINST KNIGHT . one can come to the following 4) A bishop is good while attacking opponent's weak pawns. Bb2 Nb4 Ba3 Na6 16. Ke3 Kb5 29. A knight is stronger than a bishop when: 1) The bishop is restricted by its own pawns. Kc3 . Kc2 [If 9. BISHOP AGAINST CONCLUSIONS KNIGHT - 3) The defender is unable to protect his weak squares from an enemy's king's invasion .. Kc5 f5 . Kd3 [25. 15. Bg1 Nc3 33. Kb4 Ke4 36. then 9.. Kc6 26. Ba3 Ne6 Kd3 Ng5 19. 21 .. exd4 Ne4 12. Kf4 Kc6 28. Kf6 19. Ke7 7. Bxd3 Kc7 [8. g3 … 5. Kd5 Kc7 4.. Kd5 Nf4+ [18. Ke5 Nc6+ 6. Bg8! Nd7 [8. Bxc4 Ke7 3. In the examined examples. Kg6 Kf8 10.. . Bf5+ Ne6 [On 6.. invasion squares in the defender's camp were evident.. Kf5 In this position too. f6+ Kd7 6. 9.. Be6 Nb6 [10. b5 Nd8 10... Bb7 Kd7 16.. g4! (zugzwang) 6. Be6 Ke7 10. Ba6 Nc7 15... Ke4 Ne6 9. Kd6 21.. Kb6 Kd8 [20. but sometimes the stronger side must create 4.. cxb4 9. Bf5 Nh4 14. Be4 Black resigned. Bc8 (or 11. Kd5 Ne6 4. Kd5? Ne7+] 5.. f5 ] 3.Bulgaria. Bg6 decides. helpless.. Kxc5 Nxa2 8. c5 Nd3 24. Kg5 7. Bc8 a5 14. Bb3 ] 2. Kc2] 1. Kxc5 Nxh5 20. Ke3 Kg7 3.Stojanov. Ke2 [7. b4! d3 21.. Ke7 3.. Ne5 [1. Kd5 Nb4+ 7. e4 (this is forced) 5.Pilnick G. Bf5 Nf6+] 4. ¢d5) 9. 1. White wins easily. [Or 2. Ke5 (zugzwang) 12. g3] 19. or on the K-side.Lone Pine. Kf8 9. Nb6 8.. Kxa5 Kc7 22. Kc6 ... Ke4 Kb7 3. Kc6 ] 2.. g4)] 11. cxb4 8. Nf6 11. Ke5 Ke7 5. Bd7 g5 9. Bf5 ] [Also possible is 1. Ng6 12... Bg8! (… 5. Nc6 5.] Na8 13..1969 ?@?@?@?@ 8?@?@?$? #@?"?()$ @?$?$?@! ?@!@?@?@ "?@?6?@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… Browne W. Ke4 Kf6 4.... Bb3! [5. f5 Nc7 4. Kd5 Ke7 13. 7. Kg6? Ne5+°] 7... a4 a5 11. Kxe4 Kd6 6. 22 ... Estrin Y. Kxd4 ] 8.. Bc6! Ne6 18. Bf3 Ke7 17. c4! (White's complete domination) 11.. dxc4 2.. 1. . Ke5] Ke4 Kd6 4. Be6 Kf6 8.Black is powerless to prevent a white king's penetration either on the Q-side. Bxe6+ fxe6 9. Nb2? 2... c4! d4 [No better is 1.. a3 Black is them.. Ne7 6. Bd5 [7. 1. Bf7 [4. Be4! Black resigned. Kb5 Nf4 23.1975 ?@?(?8?@ $?@?@#@? ?@?@?@?$ @?$#@?@? ?@?@?"?@ @!")@5@? !@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… White breaks with his king into the opponent's camp.. a6 10. c5+ ] 7. d7! Nxd7 2. Kf5 Ke7 12.. Kf5 Ke7 5. Bc3 .. is typical. Bf7 . g4 Nd4 7.. Bxa5 Nxb3 8. Kd8 18. Bxh5 Nxf4 15. Bg2 ] 13. b3 Nc6 The only opportunity.. ¢c4 ¢c7 4. Be4 h5 26. Bd5 Ne7 1) Black's pieces are tied to the defense of his weak pawns. 4) A bishop is good while attacking opponent's weak pawns Black's position is hopeless.Moscow. ¢a6 ¢c6 7. or to allow the enemy king's penetration into his camp.. Bd5 Ne7 15.... Bf7! [Nothing is achieved by 9.. Bd8 (zugzwang) 9. c6 Black resigned. Ka7 13. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?$'8?@#@ $)$?@#@# !@?@?"?" @?"?@?"? ?"?@5@?@ @?@?@?@?… Konstantinopolski A.c4! ¢c7 6. Black is forced either [No better is 8. The game continued: 1. Bb5+ Kc7 17. ¢b5 ¢b7 5. and White wins. . Nd6+ 9. Kd3 Ne7 (White already threatened 2. The winning plan. Be8] 16. bad is 9. cxb4 Nc8 unstoppable. [Black is forced to allow the white king in at a6. ¢b8. Kc6 16. Bd1! Kb7 12.. Bxg6 Kc6 12. 1.. Bf7 Ne7 17.Taimanov M.. g4 Black can resign. winning) 2. Bf7 Nxg3 11.. Ke4 Ke6 3. a6 Kb8 28. Even worse is 12. Bxb6 Kd6 6. Bb3? Kb7 10. 23 . Bxg6 Nxg6 with a draw] 9. b4 White's pawns are 21.. and White wins. Be8! (forcing Black's next Fischer R. [After 4. a5 h4 27. Be8 Kd5 3. Kc7] 6. Ne5 4. ¥xc6 ¢xc6 3. Be8+ Kb7 [Nothing is changed by 5.. Bf3+ Kc7 3.. Bf7+ Kd6 4. Be8+ Kc7 13. Kxc5 Ne7 21. Kb5 Nc8! 7. Fischer precisely converts his advantage into a win.] to create himself new weaknesses. . Nd7 5... axb4 22..1971 2 move) 17. Kxb6 Kd7 20.. Kc4 Kc6! 5.] 5.a4 Ne5 25. Ka6 Ne4 10. Bxg6! (a decisive sacrifice) 18.1947 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?$?@?(?$ $?$?@?$? !@!@?@?@ @?@?6?*! ?"?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… Black is clearly worse: he has weak pawns. Bb3 Ka7 11. Ka6 Ng8 14. b5 and d5.. whereas White has invasion squares. Kb7 10. Bc6+ Kc7 8.Kasparian G. Bf3 Ng8. 3) Being in a zugzwang position. ¢a7 ¢c7 8. consisting of three steps. 2) White improves the position of his king. b3! ¢c6 9. Bc4! Nc6 [Or 15.Vancouver... Nxg6 19. Bc7 Nd7 2. Bf7 Ka7 11. Ka7 Ne2 14. b5 h3 26.. by putting the Pekarek .. also has difficult problems. 1. bxa4 4. Ke4 h4 A BISHOP IS SIMPLY STRONGER THAN A KNIGHT 23. and the king penetrates to g3. Ne3 f5 11.. Because a bishop is slightly stronger than a knight... Kd2 f4 12. all other things being equal.. Kb6 Kc8 26. Bd8+ Kc6 3. f3 Ba6+ 7. Kxa6 Kc6 14. hxg5 Kxg5 . Kb4 Kb6 2. Kd5 f3! 25. a7 Black resigned. Bxf6 Ng1 16. f3 g5 15. Nc2 Ke4 10. 17. a6 Nf4 18.. Nc6 Qb1 29.Czechoslovakia. [If 12. Bb4 Nb8 10. Nxa7 h2 27. b6 Black resigned.] 6. b5 Ne4+ 25. or by penetrating to the enemy camp with the king.. Kc4 Ke7 3.1991 ?@?@?@?@ @?@'*?@# #@7@?$#@ @#@?$?@? ?@?@!@!@ "!6?@!@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… opponent in zugzwang. Kf8 2.. h3 h6 9.. Ke2 Kd6 4. b6 h1=Q 28. Kd3 Kg4 22.. 21. Ke3 Kc5 White Kc6 8.. the side with the bishop often manages to tilt the balance in his favor in some way: by trapping the knight. Nd4 g6 9. Be7! Nxf3 15.] 12. Bf1 13. Nd7 Bc8 15. gxh4 Invasion squares have appeared in White's camp. Be7 Kc7 6. Ne7 Be6 20. h5 13.. Kf1 but bishop is bishop! Here too.. bxa4 g5?! 5. Kc6 Kb8 27. h4 (preventing the unpleasant 5. Ne1 Kf5 14. Nc5 Kg4] A BISHOP IS SIMPLY STRONGER THAN A KNIGHT ?@?@?@7@‹ $?@+@#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?&?@?@ @!@?@?@! ?@?@?"!@ @?@?@?6? 15. by creating a passed pawn.] 16... Nf8 [15.. g5! 16. a5 Kb7 7. then 12. hxg5 Kxg5 the knight is trapped.. a5 Nd6 24. Ba6+ 7. Ng4 Kb8 Ne6 19. 1. Kb6 It's all over now. Kg4 18. gxh4 17..23. g3 [After 16. Nf3 [After 6.Prandstetter E. Let us examine some examples. 12. Nf6+ Kf5 14.. Nc2 .. Bf8 Kd7 11. Black loses due to his weak pawns. Nd4 13. b4 Kxh4 Somehow insensibly Black has won a pawn. Ng6 Bf5 19. Bc8 6. g5) 5. 24 . At first sight the position seems equal. Kc3 h6 (restricting the white knight) 8. Nc6 Bf5+ 24. Ka7 Nxh3 17.. a4! (clearing a pathway for the king) 3. Kc5! Nc6 12. Kd3 Kd5 5.. Nb2 Bd7! The bishop is transferred to the a6-f1 diagonal... and at last White resigned.. Ke1 Bb2 3. Nd6 Kxa4 9..1982 ?@?@?@?@ $#8?@#@# ?@?@#$?@ @?@?.. Kc2 (9..1935 Spassov L. Nf6 Kc4 . Kb4 7. Nc4 Be6 4. f3 Kc4!] Ke5! 12. Nxf7 Bxh2 11. h4. whereas 1. Nxf6 Bf1 11. Kd2 Kc5 6. Be5 10... Kc6 2. But the move is Black's. Kd2 Bxh3 14. b4 h4! 5. Bf5!°] 12.. 6.. f3 Bc5 14.. Kc2 .Wijk aan Zee. Kc2 Be5 7. a4 Kc6 3.. 6. b5! Fixing the weak pawn at a3. Nd8 e5 Black has obtained an extra passed pawn. Suddenly the bishop is trapped.. a5 h5 3..[because 19. 1. White does not have time for setting up a fortress. a4 If it were White to play.. 2. [. 12.] Nc4 Bb5 8... f3?! f6 Black does not have to hurry..Lasker E... Nxh7 fails in view of 19. g3 Bxh3 13. Nh5+ (the only chance) 11. transferring his knight to d3. Ne3+ Ke5 9.1988 25 .] Krnic . Bb2 2. Nc6 Bg1 13. Kc2 Bd4 7. ¢b3 was threatened) 9. Ng4+ Kf4! 10.. g5 fxg5 17. Nc1 Kc5. Kb6 5. bxa4 Kc6! [Worse is 4. [Nothing is achieved by 1.Flear G. Kf5? [Black could have easily won by 11.. Kf1 [In spite of his doubled pawn.Panchenko A. he could have successfully defended by 1.. g5! (fixing the there follows 1. Ke1 A draw was agreed. Ke1 Kc5 4. ¢b3. Nc3 [6. Nb8 Kb5! (chasing the knight) 15. f4+ gxf4 14.. g4 Be7 16.. Nb5 a5! 8. Nd7 Bd6 18. a4 bxa4 4. Nxf4 (otherwise Black would promote his h-pawn) 14. Nc1 is impossible due to 1.Plovdiv..Moscow... and White resigned. Black has an edge. opponent's weak pawns) 2. f4 followed by 8. Chekhover V.. Kd2 Kb4 5. Bb2] 1. On 1.] 5.?@? ?@?@!@?@ "!@?@?@? ?@?@%"!" @?@?@?6?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @#@?@#$? #@?@?@?$ @?@7@+@? !@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@! ?"?&?"!@ @?@?@?@? The game continued: 1. Kd2 Ka5 6. Be7°] Kc5 Be4 . g4+ Kg6 13. 7.. and the white king has arrived just in time. .. ... . a5 Nc8 [6. a4! Nb6 6. Kxc8 Kf5 13. Kg8 Kf5 9. Kf7 6. h4 Kf5 (or 5. Kg7 Kg4 7. Nb6 [3.. Kb7 Kd5 12.. Kh8 ] 5. a6 ] 7. After the game Flear demonstrated that White could have won by 1. Kf4! Nc8 2. Nd5 5.. Kd7 Kf5 10.. Kf6 5. Ke6 Kg4 9.. h4 26 . 3.. Kh7 a5 7. Ke8! Kxh4 11.. Kd7 Kg4 12. Kg5 Kf7 3..?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?(?@7@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?*5@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… In this position the players agreed a draw. Nc4 7. Kh6! White wins by putting his opponent in zugzwang.. Bxa7 Nf6+ 6. Kf6 8. Kh7 Nc8 [4. Kb7 Ke6 14.. a6 4. Kf7! Kxh4 8. Bb6 ) 6... Bc5! (trapping the knight) 4. a4 (zugzwang) 7. Kf7 Kg4 10. Kxc8 Ke6 11. Be7 a5 13.. a4 ] 4. Bxf4 Bg5! This is the point: the bishop exchange reveals White's weaknesses.. Ke3 f4+ 27. Steinitz won the following ending. f4.. Kxe2 Kf4 25.. Ne2 Bxe2 24.BISHOP PAIR IN THE ENDGAME In this section we will examine the most simple cases when the player with a ?@?0?07@‹ $#$?@#. He worked out a method of play for the player with the bishop pair: by advancing Kf7 7. but White's position was defenseless in any case. In a very instructive way Steinitz magnifies his advantage. 17. Bf4 The first world champion Wilhelm Steinitz was the first who told about the advantage secured by a pair of bishops. retaining chances for a draw. Bxg5 hxg5 18. first of all the knight. g3 a5! 13. Be3 h6 10. his pawns along all the front. 1. a4 . severely squeezing White's position. Kf2 Rxe1 22.. Steinitz won many memorable games with the bishop pair.?@?@-6? Kf6 19. gxh4 20. c5! Now the knight at b3 is completely out of play.. Ke3 SIMPLE CASES ?@?0?07@‹ $#$?@#. step by step restricting White's pieces. the following two are real classics. gxh4 Re8+ 21. he gradually deprives the opponent of squares for knight's maneuvering. 19.?@?@-6? bishop pair wins without any visible efforts .] 4. In the same tournament. Nd4 Bd7 5. BISHOP PAIR IN THE ENDGAME h3 Be6 4. [15. 11. Rfe8 2. Black is doing the same on the K-side. h4 This loses by force..# ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@+@ @?"?*?@? !"?&?"!" . SIMPLE CASES 1 .. was good also. a3 Bc4 Soon White will have no moves at all. Nc1 a4 14. Re1 f5 11. Nb3 b6! (depriving the knight of the c5-square) 3. c4 Kg4 26. Kf2 gxf4 A specific approach. followed by an advance b5-b4. 5. and in a similar fashion.. Rxd8 Rxd8 9... Ke4 f3 28. f3 g5 Having seized space on the Q-side. Bf6 12. Kxe1 Ke5 23. Bg5 f6 6.it may even seem that the two bishops win by themselves! Black is better. Ke3 Kg3 White resigned. Rfd1 [Necessary was 4.. 15. Rd5 .] 16. 8..# ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@+@ @?"?*?@? !"?&?"!" . f4 Black threatened 11. 1883 /@+@?07@‹ $?$?@#. h3 Be6 3. it is difficult for the player with the bishop pair to use this method due to the exposing of his own king's position. 15. Ne4 Bc6 10.. a3 White can hardly manage without this pieces on the board. one of the strongest grandmasters in the beginning of the 20th 17. the player with the bishop pair wins easier when there are no other 1. .1927 passive defense could not save White. and a final squeeze of the opponent's pieces.?@?@-6? open files .. Bf8 9.. 4. Rxd8+ Rxd8 6. Bb3 5. Bf4? This is definitely a mistake. As a rule. g5 h5 15. Re2 Rxd6°] Many chessplayers. or to create himself a weakness on c6.factors should be taken into account while evaluating a position and working out a plan: attack on the king. though White has a clear advantage.. in the middlegame.# ?$?@?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?"?*%@? !"?@?"!" . while White does not have any ?@?@?@7@‹ $?4?@#$? ?@#. That is why. while speaking about the bishop pair. Re1 h6 Black prepares a pawn advance on the K-side. He can play c2-c4.New York. weakening. pawn structure. when there are many pieces on the century..Vidmar M. we will further mean only the bishop pair in the endgame.Steinitz W. h4 Kf7 12. Bxd6? Rxd2+ 18. a Spielmann R. 8. Besides. g4 As it was shown in the previous example. after which Black is faced with a difficult choice: either to advance his d-pawn...these are more important than the bishop pair. Steinitz's games perfectly demonstrate a winning plan with the bishop pair: a pawn advance on both flanks.?(?$ @?@#@?@? ?@?@?@?@ "?@)@?"? ?"!@1"?" @?*?@?6? counterplay. Rxh4 18. Nf1 Rh3 White resigned. 11. and so he can make the best of his bishops. Bd6! 16. a seizure of space.. but one can hardly advise White something better.. Kf2 f5! 14. many other 2 .. thus allowing White to create a passed pawn. c5! (depriving White of the important d4-square) 2. Selman .London. Rfd1 Rfd8 4. In both cases Black's board. even masters and grandmasters. In the middlegame. Here are two examples taken from the games by Rudolf Spielmann. Nd2 f6 Black does not hurry and calmly improves his position. Nd2 Ba4 7. f3 Rd5 13... 8. In this position a draw was agreed. underestimate the power of a bishop pair. c4 Rd4 17. Be3 [17. Be4+ Kd6 11. Spielmann R. ?@?@?@?@ $?8?@?@# ?$?(+@#@ @?@#@?@? ?@?@?@!@ "?")*?@! ?"?@?6?@ @?@?@?@?… Bc2 Nd5 28.sooner or later White will get to them.. but only for a while. Be4 Nd5 25. Bd4 Nc4 19. The d5-pawn is of no defense is difficult. though after 1. g5 followed by a bishop's this is all the more incomprehensible because he could play for a win without any risk.] 14. Nd6] 7.. Bc1 Kd7 3. and now his task is to penetrate with his Let us now study some examples that prove the bishop's pair power..?@#$# ?$#(?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!@?@)@ *!@?@?"! !@?@5"?@ @?@?@?@?… not have to hurry. the black Q-pawns are also weak . gxh5 Bg8 17.New York. 17. Bf5 followed by ¥c8] 26. c4! (bringing the dark-squared bishop into play) 7.and h7-pawns. Kf4 Kf6 Black succeeds in blocking the white king's way. Kf5 The king finally breaks to the h7-pawn.Moscow..Bykhovsky A.. Bb2 Nf7 9. and 12. . Bc2 White does ?@?@?@7@ $?. b4] Thus in one prestigious super-tournament Spielmann lost at least half a point. Bg7 White's bishops control all the board. Bg7+ Kd6 24. Kf5 Nf2 31.Nevinnomysk.. Kg3 Ke7 4. king to g7. the players agreed a draw.. Bf8+ Kc7 Bronstein D.Levenfish G.. White threatens to 3 . a5! (fixing another weakness . Bf8 Ne3 23. Kxe5 Be6 16. Bc5+ Ke6 20. 1.break with his king to the g6.1927 importance.. then 14. Kg5 gxh5 16. transfer to d5. 5. Nc3 27.... 11. Bxd3 Black resigned. b3 Ne5 [Better is 6. h4 Bd7 6. Ke5 Ne3 29..the a6-pawn) 21. b5 18. the rest is clear. cxd5+ Kxd5 10. Bc2 Bc4 32. a4 a6 21... Ke5 22. c5 it was difficult for Black to hold on. Panchenko A. Besides.. h5 Bf7 15. Ke6 8. Bb3 or 13. 26. Be6 In this position too... Kf6 Bd3 33. 1.. Ke5 26..1949 [25. Bd3 Nd6 [If 13. b4 Ke7 13. .. Be4 Ng4+ 30.1971 Black is in trouble. Nc4 2.. preventing h4-h5. h6 White has fixed the weakness on h7. . [or 1. Kd3 c5 2.. and White will exchange it by playing c4 in order to open up diagonals for his bishops.Capablanca J. ¥d5. Be5! Nxe5 15. ?@?@?@7@ @#@?,#$? #@#@?(#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?"?@ "?@?*)@? ?"!@?@!" @?@5@?@?… ?@?,?@7@ @?@?@?$# ?(?@#$?@ $)@?@?@? !$?*!@?@ @?@?@!@? !@?@5@!" @?@?@?@?… Here too, White's bishop pair is the main factor. By the way, pay attention that this Black seems to have a firm position, but it is not the case; rather quickly White converts his advantage into a win. 1. Kd3 Kf7 2. Kc2 Bc7 3. Kb3 h5 position is similar to the one occurred in Spielmann - Capablanca, New York 1927. White's plan is typical: to advance pawns on both flanks in order to [Black is unable to approach with his king by 3... Ke7 in view of 4. Bc5+] 4. h3 e5 5. Be3 h4 Black managed to restrict the opponent's pieces and to create weaknesses in his camp. 1. c4 Kf8 2. b4 Ke8 3. Kc2 Kd7 4. Kb3 Kc7 5. "freeze" the K-side, but White breaks through on the Q-side. [5... Ke6 does not work due to 6. h4 , threatening 7. ¥e8] g4 (according to the plan) 5... Ne8 6. a4 Kc8 Black is forced to wait passively for what White will undertake. 7. b5 Kc7 8. bxa6 bxa6 9. c5 (tightening the squeeze) 6. Bd2! (threatening 7. a3) 6... Nc8 This is forced, but now the white king penetrates to the a5-pawn. 7. Kc4 Bb6 8. Ba6 Nd6+ 9. Kd5 Ke7 10. Kc6 Bd4 11. 9... Kb7 10. Kc4 Nc7 11. Be4 Ne6 12. g5 Nf8 Black is unable to find a good square for his knight. Bd3 g5 12. Bc1 Bf2 13. Bb2 Be1 [After the more stubborn 13... Be3 14. a3 Bd2 15. axb4 Bxb4 White wins by 16. Bc1 followed by ¥e3-c5.] 14. Kb6 Nc8+ 15. Kxa5 b3+ 16. Ka6 bxa2 17. Bc4 Kd7 18. Bxa2 Ne7 19. Bc4 Nc8 [If 12... Bd8 , then 13. h4 Bc7 14. f5] 13. Bf3 f6 This simplifies White's task, but in case of a passive defense Black was also gradually losing. 14. h4 Ne6 15. Be2 Bd8 16. Bd3 f5 [16... Nf8 17. Bd4 , threatening 18. 20. Ba3 Black resigned. gxf6 ¥xf6 19. ¥xf6 gxf6 20. f5 ] 17. h5 Bc7 [No better is 17... gxh5 18. Bxf5] 18. h6 gxh6 19. gxh6 Nf8 20. Kd4 Nh7 21. Bc4 Nf6 22. Bg8! Black resigned. Sosonko G. - Karpov A.,1979 Boensch U. - Chekhov V.,1985 4 [On 5. Ne5 there follows 5... Be2 6. Nxf7 Bc7 (threatening 7... ¥c4) 7. Ng5 Bd6 8. Ne6+ Kf6 9. Nc5 Ke5µ] ?@?@?@7@‹ @+@?@#$? #,?@#@?$ @?@?"?@? ?$?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? !"?@?")" @?&?@?6? 5... f6 6. Kg2 Kf8 7. Na5 If White defends passively, Black transfers his king to d6. 7... Ke7 8. Nb3 Bc4 [This forces a transition to a bishop vs. knight ending, but 8... Kd6 would have been even stronger: after 9. Bb7 f5! White does not have any good move.] 9. Bxc4 bxc4 10. Na1 Kd6 The passed 1... Bc8! [Of course, not 1... Bxg2?] 2. Be4 Bd4 3. Nd3 a5 4. Kg2 f5 5. exf6 gxf6 6. g4 White is trying to set up a fortress, but against a bishop pair this attempt is usually doomed to failure. Here c-pawn is extremely dangerous. 11. Kf3 Kd5 12. Nc2 c3 13. Ke2 Kc4 14. f3 Ba7 The b-pawn is doomed. 15. g4 g5 16. b5 Bc5 17. Na1 Kxb5 18. Kd3 Kb4 19. White's last hope is to set up a Nc2+ Black's task is to prepare f6-f5. 6... Kf8 7. b3 Ke7 8. Kg3 Kd6 The king has come to the center. 9. Kf4 Bd7 10. h3 fortress, but the black king penetrates to his camp from the rear. 19... Kb3 20. Na1+ Kb2 21. Nc2 Bb6 22. Nb4 Bc7 23. Nc2 Be5 24. Ne3 Kc1 The rest is clear. Bb5 11. f3 Bd7! (zugzwang) 12. Kg3 f5 The plan is fulfilled, and White's position is falling apart. 13. gxf5 exf5 14. Bb7 Bb5 15. Ne1 Bc3 16. Nc2 Bd3 White 25. Nc2 [25. Ke2 Bf4°] 25... Kd1 26. Ne3+ Ke1 27. Nc2+ Kf2 28. Ke4 Ke2 29. Na3 Bd6 30. Nc2 Kd2 White resigned. resigned. Vize H. - Yudovich M.,Varna,1972 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#8# ?@?@?@#@ @#@)@?@? ?"?&?,?@ @?@+@?@! ?@?@?"!@ @?@?@?6? EXCHANGE OF ONE OF THE BISHOPS ?@?@?@7@ @?@'@#$? ?@?@?@?$ @#*?@!@? ?"+@?@!@ @?@?@?@! ?@)@?@?6 @?@?@?@?… In order to reach a draw, White needs only one move, ¥c6, but Black prevents this. 1... Be5! 2. Nc6 Bc3 3. Na7 (again, 4. ¥c6 is threatened) 3... Bd4 4. Nc6 Bb6 EXCHANGE BISHOPS 5. g3 5 OF ONE OF THE after which the bishop is transferred to d4. Then, diverting the black king by h5-h6-h7, White wins the f6-pawn and Quite often, while playing with a bishop pair, a situation occurs when, in order to utilize an advantage, it is both necessary and sufficient to trade one of the bishops for an opponent's knight or bishop. So it is not without reason that chessplayers joke: "a bishop pair is good just because one of the bishops can always be favorably exchanged". Nevertheless, it is the bishop pair that allows the stronger side to obtain some advantage before such an exchange. As a rule, the bishop exchange is aimed either to break down an opponent's fortress, or to simplify a position. White is better, but so far he has not obtains a pair of connected passed pawns. Petrosian A. - Panchenko A.,Vilnius,1978 ?@?(?@7@ $#@?@#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@'@ @!@?@?"? !@?@!@)" @?*?@?6?… achieved anything real. In order to obtain some more serious advantage, he must 1. Bd6 Nb6 2. Kg3 use his bishop pair. Bd5 3. Kf4 Nc4 4. Bc5 Bg2 Black has Black is on the verge of defeat. He would like to settle his knights on e4, e5, or e6, but his last hope is dashed against the power of White's bishop pair. 1. Bf4 Kf8 2. Bf3 Nf6 3. Kf2 Ke7 4. Ke3 Nd7 5. Kd2 built a fortress which White is unable to take without an exchange of the light-squared bishops. But before this White improves his position. 5. Bd3 f6 Nf8 [After 5... Nc6 6. Kc3 too, Black's defense is difficult.] 6. Be3! (forcing a decisive weakening of [5... Bxh3? 6. Kg3 ] 6. h4 Bc6 7. h5 (fixing the black pawns, which will further play an important role) 7... Kf7 8. Be4 Bd7 9. Bd4 Ke7 10. Ba8 (the safest square for the bishop) 10... Be8 11. Ke4 Bf7 12. Ba7 Kd7 the black Q-side) 6... a6 [6... b6 is no better.] 7. Kc3 Now White brings his king to b6; Black is unable to prevent this. 7... Nfe6 [If 12... Ne5 , then 13. Bc5+ Ke8 14. Kd4 (or 14. Bd6)] 8. Kb4 Kd6 9. Ka5 Kc7 10. Bb6+ Kc8 (it seems that Black still holds on, but...) 11. Bxd8! By exchanging his bishop, White 13. Kd4 Ne5 14. Bd5 Black has a dismal choice. 14... Nc6+ [Black loses after both 14... Bxd5 15. Kxd5 Nxg4 16. Bc5 Ke8 17. Kc6; invades the key b6-square, after which Black will be completely paralyzed. 11... Nxd8 12. Kb6 Kb8 13. Bd5 Even one bishop is too strong. 13... h6 14. e3 Before decisive actions White reinforces his position. 14... Kc8 15. a4 and 14... Be8 15. Bc5 followed by 16. ¥f8] 15. Bxc6+ Kxc6 16. Bc5 Bc4 17. Ke4! , and Black resigned. He is unable to prevent White from playing ¥f8xg7xh6, 6 Kb8 16. a5 Kc8 17. e4 Kb8 18. e5 Kc8 19. b4 Kb8 20. h4 Kc8 21. h5 Kb8 22. Be4 f6 So far Black reliably blocks the e4-pawn, but by subtle play White manages to advance it. 1. Kf3! It is [If 22... Kc8 , then 23. Bf5+ Ne6 (or 23... Kb8 24. Bd7) 24. Bxe6+ fxe6 25. b5 , and White wins the pawn ending thanks to his extra tempo, g3-g4.] useful to provoke g5. 1... g5 2. Ke2 Bd7 3. Kd3 Ke6 4. h4! (opening the position) 4... gxh4 [If 4... g4 , then 5. h5! , and the pawns 23. e6! Nxe6 24. Bxb7 f5 25. Bxa6 f4 Black resigned. at g4 and h7 become weak.] 5. gxh4 Kd6 6. Kd4 Bg4 7. Be1 Via g3 the bishop is transferred to g5 where it will support an advance of the e-pawn. We have already seen some examples of the bishop exchange previously, so in this section we content with the last two. 7... h5 8. e5+ Ke6 9. Bd5+ Kf5 [After 9... Ke7 10. Bb7 the a6-pawn is lost.] 10. Bg3 Nd2 11. Bg8! The pawn is ready to advance. 11... Bd1 12. e6 Kf6 BISHOP PAIR WITH A PASSED PAWN 13. Be5+ Ke7 14. Bf4 Nc4 15. Bg5+ Kf8 16. e7+ Ke8 17. Bh7 Nd6 Black has fortified his last defensive position, but he is powerless to hold it for a long time. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@# #@?@+@#@ @#@?@?@? ?"'@!@?@ @?*?@?"? ?@?@?6)" @?@?@?@?… 18. Ke5 Kd7 19. Kf6 White tries to penetrate with his king to f8. 19... Bb3 20. Kg7 Ke8 21. Kf6 Kd7 22. Bg6 (threatening 23. ¢g7) 22... Ne8+ 23. Ke5 Bd1 Black is powerless to defend all his weak points. 24. Bf5+ Kc6 25. Be3 Bf3 26. Bc5 Be2 [If 26... a5 , then 27. Bg6 Kd7 28. bxa5 ] BISHOP PAIR WITH A PASSED PAWN A bishop is a long-range piece, therefore a bishop pair excellently supports a 27. Kf4 Bc4 28. Bg6 Kd7 29. Kg5 Black resigned. passed pawn. It is important that the pair of bishops can take control over all squares on the pawn's way. The defender Karpov A. - Seirawan Y.,Brussels,1986 has a hard job of stopping the pawn; his only chance is to block it on the square of his own bishop's color. The blockade, however, is usually removed with the help of zugzwang. 7 ?@?@?@?@ @'@?@?8? ?@#@?@?$ ,#"?@?$! ?@?"?@?@ @)@?@?$? ?@5@?@!@ @?*?@?@?… Panchenko A. - Azmaiparashvili Z.,Dnepropetrovsk,1980 ?@?@?@?@ $?@?8?$? ?$?@?(?$ @?@#$?@? ?,?@?@?@ @?@?"!") !"?@5@?" @?*?@?@?… 1. d5! (creating a passed pawn) 1... Nxc5 2. Bb2+ Kf8 3. dxc6 Na6 [Black has to watch over the passed c6-pawn, at the same time protecting his weak pawn at h6. That is why he now could not play 3... Ke8 4. Bg7 ] So far White does not have a passed pawn, but it will appear soon. 1. b3 Bc5 4. Ba3+ Ke8 [4... Bb4? 5. c7 ] 5. Be6 Bb4 6. Bb2 Bf8 2. Bb2 Bd6 3. f4! exf4 4. exf4 Kf7 5. Kf3 Ng8 Black is powerless to hold his knight on f6. 6. Bd7 Nf6 7. Bf5 Ng8 8. [Black is also in trouble after 6... Kf8 7. Bc8! Nc7 8. Be5 Ba5 9. Bxg3] 7. Bd7+ Kd8 8. Be5 Nb4+ 9. Kd2 Nd5 10. Be6 Nc7 11. Bf7 Ne8 g4 Ne7 9. Bd7 g5 This simplifies White's task, Black is better to stick to waiting tactics. 10. f5 Being supported by the bishops, this pawn decides. 10... [Black is in zugzwang. He cannot move with his bishop due to ¥g7, nor he can stick to waiting tactics by 11... Na6 in Bxh2 11. Be6+ Ke8 [11... Kf8 12. Ba3 followed by 13. f6 ] 12. Bg7 Nc6 13. Bxd5 Ne5+ 14. Ke4 Nxg4 15. f6 Ne5 16. Kf5 Nf7 (17. ¢e6 was view of the following piquant line: 12. Be6 Nc7 13. Bf5 Na6 14. Kd1 Nc7 15. Bf6+ Ke8 16. Bg6#] 12. Bxe8! By exchanging his bishop White transposes into a won bishop ending. 12... Kxe8 13. Bf6! It's all over threatened) 17. Bc6+ Kd8 18. Ke6 Kc7 19. Bf3! The simplest. From h5 the bishop supports the f-pawn, at the same time stopping the opponent's pawns. 19... Nd8+ 20. Kd5 Bd6 21. Bh5 Nc6 22. f7 Nb4+ 23. Kc4 Be7 [23... Nxa2 24. Be5! ] now. Black's king must watch over the c6-pawn, while his bishop is powerless to defend two pawns at once, b5 and h6. 13... g4 14. Kc3 Bd6 15. Bg7 Bf4 16. Kb4 Kd8 17. Kxb5 Kc7 18. Kc5 Bd6+ 19. Kd5 Bf4 20. Bf8 24. a4 Nc2 25. f8=Q The rest moves were not obligatory. 25... Ne3+ 26. Kb5 Bxf8 27. Bxf8 Nf5 28. Bg6 Nd4+ 29. Kc4 Nf3 30. Kd5 Nd2 31. b4 a5 32. b5 Nf1 33. Bxh6 Ne3+ 34. Kd4 Black resigned. [20. Be5+ also wins.] 20... Kb6 21. Bd6 Bg5 22. Bxg3 Black resigned. 8 Kg4 Bf6 20. Ba5+ The rest is clear. 20... Ka7 21. Bb4 Bd4 22. Kf3 Nf2 23. Be7 Black resigned. Sherbakov R. - Akopian V.,Yurmala,1989 ?@?@?@?@ @?(?$#@? ?@)@?8?$ "?@?@?$? ?@?,?@?@ @?@?@?@! ?@?*?"!@ @?@?@5@?… MORE COMPLEX EXAMPLES ?@?@?8?@ @#@'@#$# #@?$?(?@ @?@!$?@? ?@?@!@?@ "?@?@!@? ?"?@)@!" @?*?@?6?… The farther from the center is a passed pawn, the more difficult is a defense. White has a large edge: his passed a-pawn is extremely dangerous, while the black K-side pawns are weak. 1. f4! Ke6 MORE COMPLEX EXAMPLES [After 1... gxf4 2. Bxf4 the pawn at h6 is doomed.] 2. Ke2 Kd6 3. Bf3 f6 4. fxg5 fxg5 [In response to 4... hxg5 , unpleasant for Black is 5. g3 followed by h4 against two lateral passed pawns Let us now examine several examples in which a win with a bishop pair was complicated and required good technique. The greatest difficulties arise in closed positions when the bishop's power is depreciated, and the defender obtains good chances to set up a Black is defenseless.] 5. Kd3 Kc5 6. Ke4 Nb5 [A desperate attempt of active counterplay. On 6... e6 White plays 7. Bg4 , transferring then his other bishop to g3.] fortress. In such cases, after long-lasting maneuvering, gradual improving of his position, and putting the opponent in zugzwang, the stronger side usually employs one of the already examined 7. Kf5 e5 8. Kg6! White has precisely calculated all consequences of Black's counterplay involving an advance of the e-pawn. 8... Nd6 9. Kxh6 e4 10. Be2 e3 11. Be1 Ne4 12. Bf3 Nf2 [An ending with opposite colored bishops after 12... Nd2 13. Bxd2 exd2 14. Kxg5 is hopeless for Black.] methods: creation of a passed pawn, bishop exchange, etc. The stronger side's king plays a very important role here. 1. Kf2 [Stronger is 1. b4! preventing the maneuver 1... ¤c5 2. b4 ¤a4 followed by b7-b5. If 1... Nb6 , then 2. Bd1! Ke7 3. Bb3 Ne8 4. f4 , and further play 13. Be2 Bf6 14. a6 Kb6 15. Kg6 Be7 16. Kf5 Nh1 17. Ke4 Bc5 18. Kf5 (a move repetition in time trouble) 18... Be7 19. 9 continues as in the game.] 1... Ke7 2. Be3 Kd8 3. Ke1 Kc7 4. Kd2 Nc5 5. b4 Ncd7?! Be4+ Ned5 [36... Nxe4 37. Kxe4 Kd6 38. h5 Ke6 39. h6 Kf6 40. h7 Kg7 41. Kxe5 ] [More stubborn would have been 5... Na4!? 6. Bd1 b5 7. Bxa4 bxa4 8. Kc3 Nd7 9. b5 a5] 6. g3 37. Bg5 Nh5 [If 37... Kd6 , then 38. Bxf6 Nxf6 39. Bb7 ] 38. Bf3 Ng3 39. Bd2 [More precise is 6. a4 , preventing ¤b6-a4] 6... Nb6 7. Kc2 Nbd7 [Black misses his last chance to play [The immediate 39. h5 could have given Black chances for a draw after 39... Nxh5 40. Bxh5 Nxb4+] 39... Kd6 40. Bg4 (with the idea of ¥c8) 7... Na4] 8. a4! Nb6 9. a5 Now the a6- and b7-pawns are fixed, constantly requiring protection. 9... Nbd7 10. Bc1 Kd8 11. 40... Nf6 41. Bc8 Kc6 42. Be1! e4+ 43. Kd4 Ngh5 44. Bf5 Kd6 45. Bd2 Black resigned. Bb2 Ne8 12. Kd2 Nc7 13. Ke3 Ke7 14. Bf1 White improves his position. 14... Nb5 15. h4 Nc7 16. Bh3 Ne8 17. f4 (threatening 18. ¥d7 followed by 19. fxe5) 17... f6 18. Bf5 This forces Black to Uhlmann W. - Gligoric S.,Hastings,1971 ?@?@?@?@ @#@'8?@? #@?$?(#@ "?$!@#@# ?@!@?"?@ @!*)@?@! ?@?@5@!@ @?@?@?@?… weaken his K-side. 18... g6 19. Bh3 h6 (with the idea of playing g5 in response to f5, but it was better to keep the pawn on h7) 20. Bc1 Ng7 21. fxe5! dxe5 [Bad is 21... Nxe5 due to 22. Bc8; whereas after 21... fxe5 22. Kf3 h5 23. Bg5+ Ke8 24. Ke3 Black is paralyzed.] 22. Kf3 h5 23. Be3 Kd6 24. Bh6 Ne8 25. g4! (opening the position) 25... hxg4+ 26. The position is closed, which makes White's task difficult. In order to win, he must conduct two breakthroughs, b3-b4 and g2-g4, but only under favorable for him circumstances. 1. Be1 Kf7 2. Ke3 Bxg4 Nc7 27. Be3 Nb5 28. Ke2 Nc7 29. Kd3! (zugzwang) 29... f5 This creates White a passed h-pawn which quickly Ke7 3. Bc2 Kf7 4. b4! cxb4 (otherwise White plays 5. b5 with the idea of 6. decides the game, [but no better is 29... Nb5 in view of 30. Be6 Ke7 31. Bc5+ Nxc5+ 32. bxc5 followed by ¥c8] 30. exf5 gxf5 31. Bxf5 The rest is bxa6) 5. Bxb4 Nc5 6. Kd4 [After 6. Bxc5 dxc5 followed by ¤e8-d6 White is unable to win.] 6... Nfd7 7. Bd1 Having fettered the black knights on the Q-side, White simple. 31... Nxd5 32. Bd2 N7f6 33. Kc4 Kc6 34. Bg6 b5+ 35. Kd3! Ne7 36. prepares a breakthrough on the K-side. 10 fortress seems impregnable. 7... Ke7 [7... h4? 8. Be1] 8. g4! hxg4 9. hxg4 Kf6 10. Ke3 3. Ne1 White switches to a preparation of the g3-g4 advance, leaving the b3-b4 (threatening to attack the f5-pawn after 11. ¥c3 ¢f7 12. gxf5 gxf5 13. ¥h5) 10... b6 [A dubious decision. Better was 10... fxg4 , though Black's defense would be breakthrough in reserve. 3... Bd4+ 4. Kf3 Bb2 5. Ng2! Nd7 6. Nh4 Kf6 7. Ke3 Nf7 Black believes he is in safety. 8. Bc2 Ba1 9. Ke2 Bb2 10. Be1 Ba1 11. g4! difficult in that case too.] 11. gxf5 gxf5 [On 11... bxa5 possible is 12. Bc3+ Kxf5 13. Bc2+] If Black kept his knight on h6, preventing g4, then White would break by 11. b4 cxb4 12. ¥xb4 ¤c5 13. ¥xc5 dxc5 14. d6. 11... hxg4 12. hxg4 fxg4 13. Nxg6 Kg7 12. Bxc5 Nxc5 [After 12... bxc5 13. Ba4 Nb8 the white king's raid to h4 is decisive.; Bad is also 12... dxc5 due to 13. Ba4] 13. axb6 a5 14. Bc2 Ke7 The f5-pawn 14. Nh4 Kf8 15. Bf5 The position has been opened, and the white bishops begin to work. 15... Nf6 16. Bc8 Nd8 17. Nf5 Nh5 [17... Ne8 18. Bh4] is doomed. 15. Kd2 Kd8 16. Bxf5 Na4 17. b7 Kc7 18. Bc8 Nc5 19. f5 Black is hopeless. 19... Ne4+ 20. Kc2 Kb8 21. Kb3 Nd2+ 22. Ka4 Nxc4 23. f6 Ne5 24. 18. Bd2 Bd4 19. Nxd4 Black resigned. Chernin A. - Petursson M.,Norway,1979 Kxa5 Black resigned. ?@?@?(7@ $?@?@#@# ?$?@?@?@ @?@?*)@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@+"? !@?@?@?" @?@?@5@?… Polugaevsky L. - Uhlmann W.,Amsterdam,1970 ?@?@?@?@ @#@'8?@? #@?$?@#( "?$!@#@# ?@!,?"?@ @!@)&5"! ?@?*?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In open positions a bishop pair may compensate for small material losses. For example, in the following ending White managed to win, being a pawn down. This example is similar to a previous one, with the addition of a couple of knights. White's plan is the same - to conduct g4 and b4. 1. Nc2 The best square for the knight is h4, but so far White fails to 1... Bb2 2. Ke3 Nf6 Black's find it. White has an edge, but he must prevent Black from exchanging the Q-side pawns. 1. Bb8 a6 2. Bc8! [But not 2. Bc7 b5 3. Bc8 b4! 4. Bxa6 Bd5=] 2... Bd5 11 Kf6 Bh5 26. Kxb6 e5 the pawn ending is passed pawn on the h-file.. a5 Ne7+ 46. Kd4 Bb3 36.?@?6? set up a fortress. White could have won by 41. On 28. Bc6 [30. Kc4 Kf7 39. Nxb6 42.] 5. Be4 Bg6 (30. Bd3 Bg4 21. ¤d5=] 5. Kb2 Bf3 38. Kxa5?? Be4 Be6 Black has to stick to waiting tactics. Bxb6 Kxg5 [No better is 40. Bd1 . ¥c7) 7. Bc7 Bf3 23. White would have won. Bb7 a5 (White threatened 7. Ke5 Bd1 35. Kd2 . Kc7! Nd5+ 47. Kc6 e4 45. Kb5 Kg6 40. Ba6 Be6 16. Bc7 Nc8 White forced his opponent to completely turn to defense.. Bd3 31. and now he reinforces his position on the K-side. Bxc8 Bc6 39..] 24. Bd3 Bh3 13.. Kxa5 e5 43. as it was pointed out by Dvorietzky. Ne6 in view of 5.. 21. and the white pawn promotes with check. Bc5 .] 41.?$?$ @?@+@?@? ?@#&?@?@ @?"?*!@? /@?@?@!" @?. Nxb6 41. Bxe6 fxe6 38. g5 White creates a [A blunder. After 41... h6 17. h4 Bh3 19. 44. e4 45. Kf6 was simpler. after 37.. Kf8 there follows 29... Ke3! [5. a3 Bc4+ 4. h6+ Now the black king will be tied to the defense of the h7-pawn.. h5 Be6 20.. a plan of utilizing a by 36. a6 .. Bc5! e5 43.. Kc3! Kf3 Be6 8. 12. Kd4 37. Bd1 25. Bd8 Bh3 11. Bb7 Bc2! Black's only chance is to ?@?@?@7@‹ @?@?@?$? ?@?.] 41.. a4?! [This move does not miss the win. drawn. g4! Bb3 15. g5 Be6 18. a5 3..] 42. Bd7 Bc2 32. Ke4 45. which he permitted on move bishop pair is the same as without rooks: 12 . Kf6?? [A blunder in response. 9. Bb7 ] 29. Bc7] 3. Bc7? Ne7! followed by 6. Ne7 6. Kf2 Ng6 [Bad is 4. trapping the knight. transposing into the ending. Kxb6 Kxg5 42....] 30. Kb4 Kf4 44. Be8 Bb3 33. Bb5 Bg4 27... (44. Kb5 Ke6 44...[2. Kc3 Be6?! [Black could have sacrificed the knight BOARD In endings with rooks. Kd2 ) 45.. Bd5 Bg6 [Black is in zugzwang. Be2 Bb3 [After 16. Be2 Be6 14... ¥f5 was threatened) 30.. a5 e4 46. Ke5 Kg7 10. BISHOP PAIR WITH ROOKS ON THE BOARD Bc4 Bh5 28. Bxc8 wins also. 30.] 17. Kb7 Black resigned. but 24... Still. Ka3 b5 . ¢d4 followed by 8. ¥a7 or 8. but under time pressure Chernin does not dare to BISHOP PAIR WITH ROOKS ON THE capture the knight. Bc4 Bg4 24. Ba7] 29. Bd7 Bc2 34. Kg8 22.. Nc5 14. 13. Nc6 [Perhaps.the stronger side advances his pawns. transposing into an ending with opposite colored bishops. pawn by 3.] his bishop to d3 where it will restrict the white rook.. h3. Preparations are over. . Kxh2 Bxf5 . 8. and Black begins a final storm. it is playable. Bc3] 4. Nd5 h4 8. Rd1 Bg6 3. fxg5 Bxg3] 13. but first of all he transfers In this example White also magnifies his advantage by means of a pawn advance on the K-side.. Bd3 4... Bc3 ... e5 6. cxb4 Rb2 f4 Be6 8.. gxf4 14.. h4 Rd8 7. Bd4 Ng6 5. Bc3 The rook exchange will not make Black's life easier. e6 Kg7 17.. Bb4 Nb3 18... h6!) 11. Ke3 c5 19. as well as all other already examined methods work also with rooks on the board.. gxh6 gxh6 13.. and though White's position is clearly worse. Ra1 Kg8 12.Vilnius. 7. it makes sense to sacrifice a 2. Nf5 Bxh2+ 4.. Rxd1 9. Ne7 h5! Black's position is hopeless: his king is tied to the defense of the h6-pawn. Bf7! 2. Ne3? White should not have allowed 8. h5! (preventing 11.?. which will sooner or later reveal the weakness of the black pawns at g7 and h6. which would be met by 12....)6?… Kasparov G. Ne6 3.Vilnius. Nb4 Bxb4 5. Kf4 Bd5 15. while the white bishop 13 . Bc2 f6 This simplifies White's task.. Kasparov G. h3 9. 16. for example 6. g3 f5 10. the stronger side should not be afraid of exchanging rooks. breakthrough of the white king.1984 2 /@?@?@7@ $?@/@+$# ?@#@?$?@ @?@?@?@? '@!@?@?@ "?@?@?*? ?@?@?"!" @?.Smyslov V. Rd1 [13.. g5! (fixing the black K-side pawns) 3.Smyslov V. Of course.. Bd2 . c5! Black is clearly worse: his knight is shut out of play. Bd4 [Necessary is 4. h6 Black should consider the h4-h5 advance. Rb2 5. Kg3 Nf8 6. and then attacks them. while White threatens to break with his king on the Q-side. . Ba7 fxg3 White resigned. Ne5 4. Black's plan involves a pawn advance on the K-side..1984 ?@+@/@7@ @#@'@#$# #@#@?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@!*?@ "?@?@!@? ?@?@)6!" @?@-@?@?… 1. f5 Bc4 11. 1.. Moreover. Bxd1 Nd7 10. Be3 Nd7 [2. g5] 3... creation of a passed pawn. and Black resigned..... 8. bishop exchange. f4 (this is forced) 10.. Be2 7.. Re1 g5! (a decisive blow) 13. f6. 1... g4 Nc5 [After 1. because he is unable to prevent ¥e4 followed by a Be4 11. Re1 Kh7 6. h6 12.] 3. creates weaknesses in the opponent's camp. Bf1 Bb3 16.. a4 Re7 9... Nb3 due to 2. hxg4 6. 1..] SUCCESSFUL FIGHT AGAINST BISHOP PAIR 7.) 5. This usually occurs in closed positions when the bishops are restricted by their own or opponent's pawns.. Nxg4 3.Rh7+ Kd6 8.. Rb8+ Kf7 6.. Kg6 because of 7. Rd8! Ke5 14. Black is better. Ka2 g5 16. Nc3+ Kc4 13. and Black ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@' ?$?$?(?@ $?$!$)$? !@!@!$?8 @?"?@!@? ?@?*5"?@ @?@?@?@? resigned. Bf2] 2.] 3..... Rd1! 4. and in this hopeless position White lost on time. Be3 10. Rxa4 Bg6 5. Bxf6 Ng5! 7. f4+ Ke4 15.. Nb3 Bf2 4.Linares. Rb1 Bd5 [Stronger is 4. g4 (there is nothing better) 5.. h5] Ne2 Kd5! 12. Despite being a pawn dawn. though such cases are very rare. but. Rf2 b6 17. 14 . Kg2 Nb2 . and White retains good drawing chances... Nxf3! 6. and Black went on to win. Bf5 with mating threats. Here are some typical examples. not 2.. Bh4 (the bishop is released. Rde1!? In this position the knights are obviously stronger than the bishops. 1. Bxg5 f3+ 8. 9. Rg2 Bf4 15.. Bxg4 . Ng5 3. f3 Kg3 4. 5. Bd6 [Worse is 3. Rxf6+ Ke5 11. Re2 Bg5° 14. Beliavsky A.. [If 2. because his bishops are obviously stronger than the white knights. g3 g6 8. fxg4 Ng5] 2. Kd2 f2 . .. Bxd4 3. hxg4 Bxg4 7. Rh2 has an excellent outpost at d6.. Bf4+ Kh5 9. cxd6 Kxd6 10. Exchanging rooks also could not have saved White. Rf8+ Ke6 [Dangerous is 6. Be3 2. Rc4 due to 3.. Bf7 4.. The game continued: 1... Re8+ Kd4 13.. Ka3 . and White's win is doubtful.. @?&?@+@# ?@?"?@?@ @?&?@?"! !"!@?@?@ @5@-@?@- FIGHT AGAINST Sometimes a pair of bishop turns out weaker than a bishop and a knight or two knights.. Ba6 Rxd6 (this is forced) 9. Ne6+ .. Rde8! [Of course. then 2... Besides. a5 Bf5 11. Rxe8 Rxe8 5. Rxa7 Bd3 ..] 3.. Bd3+ Kh6 8. Rxe8+ Bxe8 3. Re8 2. the white K-side pawns require a protection. fxg4 [Weak is 2. g4! 2. Rf8 c5 12. Be1+ Kg2 5.Ivanchuk V..1995 SUCCESSFUL BISHOP PAIR ?@?0?@?0‹ $#8?@?@? ?@#@?@#. ?@?@7@?0‹ @#0?@#$? #@'@#(#@ @?"#@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?"?@? !"?*?"!" @?.?6)@- Suba M. - Smyslov V.,Las Palmas,1982 ?@?@?@7@‹ $'@3@+$# ?$#$?@?@ @?@?@#@? ?@!@?"?@ *?"!2)@? !@?@?@!" @?@?@?@5 The position is closed, and White lacks development. Black has an advantage, but he must play boldly. 1... Ne4 2. a3 [2. f3 loses a pawn due to 2... Ng3 3. Black is better because of White's problem bishop at a3 and weak pawns at c3 and c4, but a win is difficult. 1... Nd8 Rg1 Nxf1 4. Kxf1 Rxh2] 2... Ke7 3. b4 Ne5 The knights dominate over the bishops. 4. Be2 a5! 2. Bd1 c5 (further restricting the bishop) 3. Bc1 Kf8 4. Qe2 Qc6 5. Qc2 d5 6. Bf3 Qd7 7. cxd5 Bxd5 8. Be2 (avoiding a (threatening 5... axb4 6. axb4 ¦a8) 5. Ra1 f6 [On 5... Ra8 there follows 6. Bc1 axb4 7. Bb2 f6 8. axb4] bishop exchange after which Black's advantage would be apparent) 8... Ne6 9. Be3 Ke7 10. Qd2 Qc6 All Black's pieces are placed excellently. 11. Bf1 6. Bc1 Ra8 7. f3 [This loses a pawn. Better was 7. Bb2] 7... Nc3! 8. Bb2 axb4 9. axb4 Rxa1+ 10. Bxa1 Na2! (this is the point) 11. Kd2 c4! 12. d4 a5 13. Qb2 Nc7 14. Bc1 Nb5 15. Qc2 Kf6 16. Kg1 Be4 Black step by step intensifies his pressure. 17. Qf2 Kf7 Nxb4 12. Rb1 Na6 13. Bd4 Nxc5 14. Bxc5+ Rxc5 15. Rxb7+ Kf8 The rest of the game does not relate to the subject, and therefore is given without annotations. 16. Bb5 g5 17. Rb8+ Ke7 18. h3 Rc7 19. Rg8 Kd6 20. Bf1 Ra7 21. [But not 17... Nxc3 in view of 18. d5 , enlivening the bishop.] 18. Bd2 Nd6 19. Qh4 h6 20. Qh5+ Kg8 21. Qg6 Bd5! (with the idea of hiding the king at h7) 22. Be1 Bf7 23. Qg3 Qe4 24. Qh4 Kh7 25. Bf2 Bd5 (perfect harmony) Kc3 Ra3+ 22. Kd2 Ra1 23. Be2 Rg1 24. f4 Nc4+ 25. Bxc4 dxc4 26. g4 Rg2+ 27. 26. Qd8 Nb5 (starting decisive actions) 27. Qxb6 Nxc3 28. Qxa5 Ne2+ 29. Bxe2 [29. Kh1 c3°] 29... Qxg2# Kd1 Kd5 28. fxg5 fxg5 29. e4+ Kxe4 30. Rxg7 Rh2 31. Rg6 Kd3 32. Ke1 c3 33. Rxe6 White resigned. A brilliant victory. HOW THE POSITIONS WITH A BISHOP PAIR Dorfman J. - Panchenko A.,Cheliabinsk,1975 ARISE? 15 system, after the introductory moves 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O /(+47,'0 $#$#$#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !"!"!"!" .%*16)&-… HOW THE POSITIONS BISHOP PAIR ARISE? In opening theory there Bd7 9. f4 b5 10. Bxf6 gxf6 11. f5 Qb6 12. Nxc6 it was previously considered that Black is forced to recapture at c6 with the queen, because on 12... Bxc6 there WITH are follows the unpleasant 13. fxe6 fxe6 14. Qf4 , and in the case of 14... ¥e7 15. £f4 White is better. Nevertheless, later on it was discovered that Black has an A interesting possibility: 14... h5! , and after 15. Qxf6 Qe3+ 16. Kb1 Rh6! 17. Qf3 [Or 17. Qh4 Be7] 17... Qxf3 18. gxf3 Rf6 followed by ¢e7 many systems in which one of the players obtains a bishop pair: the Nimzo-Indian, the Cambridge Springs variation in the and ¥h6, the game transposes into an endgame where Black's chances are not worse, despite being a pawn down. Queen's Gambit Declined, The Ruy Lopez, the Rauzer system in the Sicilian, the French, and others. Not always the player with the bishop pair has an In the next game Black conducted a similar pawn sacrifice. advantage after the opening, because the opponent usually gets some compensation: development lead, attack Suetin A. - Botvinnik M.,1952 on the king, better pawn structure, and so on. The possessor of the bishops dreams about the future endgame, but, as it was picturesquely said by Tartakower, "between the opening and the endgame the gods created the middlegame". That ?@/@?,/@‹ @#@+8#@? #@?$#$?@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@!@?$ @)&?@?@? !"!@?.!" @5@?@-@? is why the player with the bishop pair sometimes strives for the endgame even at the cost of a pawn, relying on the 1... Bh6! [… 2... ¥e3 3. ¦e2 (or 3. ¦f3) 3... ¥d4] 2. fxe6 fxe6 3. Rxf6 Rcf8 4. Rxf8 Bxf8! One rook should be preserved from being exchanged. 5. Rf2 Bh6 6. Bc4 Be3 7. Re2 Bg1 8. g3 [After 8. h3 Black keeps better bishops' power. Here are some examples. In a well-known line of the Rauzer 16 chances, and so White gives up his extra pawn, hoping for a draw.] 8... hxg3 9. hxg3 Rxg3 Black regained a pawn and retained the advantage thanks to his pair of bishops; then, by exact play, Botvinnik converted it into a win. Huebner R. - Smyslov V.,1983 /(+47,'0 $#$#$#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !"!"!"!" .%*16)&-… 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. d4 d5 6. Bd3 Be7 7. O-O Nc6 8. c4 Nb4 9. cxd5 Nxd3 10. Qxd3 Qxd5 11. Re1 Bf5 12. Nc3 Nxc3 13. Qxc3 Be6! By sacrificing a pawn, Black completes his development. 14. Qxc7 Bd6 15. Qc2 O-O 16. Bd2 Bf5 Black's bishop pair completely compensates for the sacrificed pawn; the game ended in a draw. The examined examples confirm that in open positions a bishop pair has an advantage over a bishop and a knight, as well as over two knights, which can be roughly evaluated as half a pawn. 17 EXTRA EXCHANGE 7,?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@-@ @?@?@?@?… The normal result in such endings is a draw, a win being possible only in exceptional cases. Theoretical ending 1. Kb6 Ba7+ 2. Ka6 Bb8 3. Ra2 Ba7 4. Rg2 Bb8 5. Rg4 [5. Rg8 - stalemate.] 5... Bd6 , and Black maintains the balance, keeping his bishop on the b8-h2 diagonal. EXTRA EXCHANGE Molien T ROOK AGAINST BISHOP ?@?@?@?8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?.?6? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@+ ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 7,?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@-@ @?@?@?@?… In this position Black loses, because his bishop is unable to reach the vital a2-g8 diagonal. 1. Re8+ Kg7 2. Re7+ Kf8 3. ROOK AGAINST BISHOP Kf6 Kg8 4. Kg6 Kf8 5. Re5! Bd7 [Zugzwang. Now, if 5... Bg2 (or 5... ¥g4), then 6. Kf6 Bf3 7. Re3! Bg2 8. Re2 Bf3 9. Rf2! , and the bishop is Rook against bishop without pawns 7,?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@-@ @?@?@?@?… lost.] 6. Kf6 Kg8 7. Rg5+! Kf8 [7... Kh8 8. Kf7 ] 8. Ra5! Bc6 9. Ra6 Bg2 10. Ra2 Be4 11. Re2 Bf3 12. Rf2! , and White wins. Horvits B, Kling I Rook against bishop without pawns 1 Rook and pawn against bishop ?@?@?@7@‹ @?@?@-@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?,?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Theoretical ending best defense. 1... Bg1! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@+8?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@5@?@? ?.?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… The [If 1... Bc5 2. Rc7 Bf8 , then 3. Rc8 ] 2. Rf1 Bh2! 3. Rf2 Bg3 4. Rg2! Be5 [Or 4... Bd6 5. Rd2 Be7 6. Rc2 followed by 7. ¦c8 ; Rook and pawn against bishop on 4... Bh4 , 5. Kh5+ decides.] 5. Re2 Bd6 6. Re8+ Bf8 7. Rd8 , and White is mating. The stronger side wins in the overwhelming majority of cases, though sometimes he has to overcome significant difficulties. One should note that the win is easier if the pawn has not yet advanced far. White's task is to occupy with his king one of the squares next to the pawn, c4 Platov V ?@?@?@?8 .?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?, @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… or e4; here it is comparatively easy. Rb8! Bg2 2. Rg8 Bf3 [2... Bf1+ 3. Ke4] 3. Rf8 Bb7 1. White wins only if he succeeds in not [If 3... Bg2 , then 4. Rf6+ Kd5 5. Rf5+ Ke6 6. Rg5 Bd5 7. Rg6+ , winning.] 4. Rf6+ Kd5 5. Rb6! Bc6 [5... Bc8 6. Rb5+ ] allowing the black king out of the corner. Here this is possible. 1. Kf5! (threatening 2. ¢g6) 1... Kg8 2. Ra4! (the 6. Rb8 Kd6 7. Rd8+ Ke7 8. Rh8 Kd6 9. Rh7 Kd5 10. Rh5+ Kd6 11. Kc4 , and White wins. The win is also achieved only winning move) 2... Be1 Other moves lose immediately. 3. Kg6 Kf8 4. Rf4+! , and White wins. On 4... Ke8 or 4... ¢g8 there follows 5. Re4+ when a pawn is on the 3rd rank. Guretzky-Kornints B 2 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@-@?@?@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?,?@?… Example 41 ?@?@?@+@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ .?@!8?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In this position a win is achieved by exceptionally subtle play. 1. Rc7+! It is important to have in reserve a possibility of check on c6. 1... Kf6 2. Rc2 Bh4 [Other continuations also lose: 2... Kf7 3. Kg5; 2... Bb4 3. Rc6+ Kf7 4. Ke5 ; White wins even after the Now let us examine several theoretical positions, in which the stronger side is unable to win. Back draws by moving with his bishop on f7 and g8. most stubborn 2... Ba5 3. Rc6+ Kf7 4. f6 (4. Ke5) 4... Kg6 5. Ke5 Bd8 6. Ra6 , and the rest is clear.] 3. Rc6+ Kf7 4. Rc1 Kf6 Example 42 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@7"?@-@ @?@?6?@? ?,?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… [4... Bf2 5. Rc2 Bh4 6. Rh2 Be7 7. Rh7+ Kf6 8. Rh6+ Kf7 9. Ke5; or 4... Be7 5. Rc7 Kf6 6. Rc6+ Kf7 7. Ke5 ] 5. Rg1 Bf2 6. Rg6+ Kf7 7. Rg2 Be1 [Or 7... Bb6 8. Rd2 Ba5 9. Rd7+ Kf6 10. Rd6+ Kf7 11. Kg5 ] 8. Kg5 Ba5 [On 8... Bc3 there follows 9. Rc2 Bf6+ White is powerless to improve his position. If the bishop were at b8, Black would draw by moving with his king on c6 and c5. 10. Kf4 Bd8 11. Rc3 Bh4 12. Rh3 Bd8 13. Ke5 , winning.] 9. Rc2 Bd8+ 10. Kf4 Bh4 11. Rh2 Bd8 12. Rh7+ Kf6 13. Ra7 Bc7+! 14. Kg4! Bd8 15. Ra6+ Kf7 16. Kh5 Kg7 17. Rd6 Be7 [17... Ba5 18. f6+ Kf7 19. Kg5 ] Del Rio E 18. Rd7 Kf7 19. Rxe7+ Kxe7 20. Kg6 , and White wins. 3 were played. 12. Kg5 Bc4 13. Rc7 Ba2 14. Rc1 Bd5 15. Kf5 Kf7 16. Ke5 Bb3 17. Rc7+ Kf8 18. Rb7 Bc4 19. Rb4 Ba2 20. ?@?@?8?@ .?@?@?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?6? ?@+@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kf5 Bd5 21. Kg6 Bf7+ 22. Kg5 Bd5 23. Rh4 Bb3 24. Rh8+ Kf7 25. Rh7+ Kf8 26. f7 (the last chance) 26... Ke7! 27. Kg6 Bc4 28. Rg7 Bb3 29. f8=Q+ Kxf8 30. Kf6 Ke8 31. Re7+ Kd8 Draw. Black maintains the balance by keeping his bishop on the a2-g8 diagonal. 1. Benko Pal C (USA) Rc7 Ba2 2. Rb7 Bc4! Black must always be able to meet 3. Kg6 by check [If 3. f7 , then 3... Kg7!=] 3... Bd3+ , with a draw. Knowledge of ?*?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#@7 ?0?@?@?@ @?@?@?6?… this position allowed Black to save in the dangerous for him situation in the following game. Szabo L. - Botvinnik M.,Budapest,1952 White draws by precise play. 1. Bd6 Rd2 2. Bf4 Rg2+ 3. Kf1 f2 , and the only ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@7@# ?@?@?"?@ "?@?@-$? ?@?@?@!@ 0?@%6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@+ 1... Bb7! saving move is 4. Ke2! [If 4. Bc7 , then 4... Rg7 5. Bb6 (5... ¦f7° was threatened) 5... Kg3 6. Bxf2+ Kf3 , and Black wins.] 4... Kg4 5. Bd6= (or ¥c7=) Benko Pal C (USA) 2 Botvinnik wrote about this move: "One of the most beautiful combinations in my career". 2. Kd2 Bc8! 3. Ne5+ Kf8 4. Rxg5 Rxa5! By ?*?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#@7 /@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@?… sacrificing an exchange Black obtains a theoretically drawn position. 5. Nd7+ [Or 5. Ng6+] 5... Bxd7 6. Rxa5 Bxg4 7. Ke3 Be6 8. Kf4 Bc4 9. Ra7 h5 10. Kg5 h4 11. Kxh4 Bb3= A theoretical draw. Still, some moves In the following position a draw is 4 achieved in a study-like way. 1. Kf1 f2! (there is nothing better) 2. Bc7! [Only this move saves the game. White loses after both 2. Be5 Ra5 3. Bd6 Rf5 secures a win) 6... Bg3 7. Ra7+ (a typical maneuver) 7... Kb8 8. Rf7! Ka8 9. a6 Bh2 10. a7 , and White wins.] 2. Rb3 Bd4 3. Rb4 Be3 4. Re4 Bf2 Black must always keep his bishop on the g1-a7 diagonal. 5. Re8+ Kc7 6. Re2 Bd4 7. Rc2+ Kb8 , and White has followed by ¢g4-f3; and 2. Bd6 Ra6 3. Bc5 Kg3! 4. Bxf2+ Kf3] 2... Rb2 3. Bd6! Rc2 4. Be5 Rd2 5. Bf4 achieved nothing. Re2! 6. Bb8! The only move. [Bad is 6. Bc7 due to 6... Ra2!; or 6. Bd6 Rb2! 7. Bg3 Kg4! , and Black wins.] Guretzky-Kornints B 2 6... Re8 [6... Ra2 7. Bc7! Rc2 8. Be5! - another example of corresponding squares. ?8?@?@?@ @?@?@?.? 5@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?,?@ @?@?@?@?… Draw.] 7. Bg3! Other moves lose, but now draw. Example 43 Only with his pawn on the 4th rank is White always sure of winning. 1. Rb7+ Kc8! [1... Ka8 2. a5 ] 2. Rb3! [But not 2. a5? - White must reserve ?8?@?@?@‹ @-@?@?@? 5@?@?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?,?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? the a5-square for his king.] 2... Kc7 [2... Bd4 3. Kb5 ] 3. Rc3+! [This move, which was pointed out by Barcza, is simpler than the author's solution: 3. Ka5 Kc6 (or 3... Be1+ 4. Theoretical ending Positions with a rook's pawn are the most difficult, and this example is not an exception. 1... Kc8! White is unable Kb5 Kb7 5. Rf3!; 3... Bg1 4. Rb5! followed by 5. ¢b4 ) 4. Rb5 Be1+ 5. Ka6 Kc7 6. Rb7+ Kc6 7. Rb1 Bd2 8. Rb2 followed by 9. ¦c2 ] 3... Kb8 4. Rf3 Bg1 The best defense. [4... Bd4 5. Rb3+ Kc7 6. Kb5 ; to win. [All other moves lose, for example 1... Ka8? 2. Re7 Bf4 3. Re8+ Bb8 4. Kb5 Kb7 5. Re7+ Ka8 6. Kb6! (White advances his pawn to a7, which 5 Re5! Kc8 11. Rf1 followed by 13. ¦f5 ] 6.. Ke6 Bd4 12. Rb1 Bc5+ 11. Ke6 Kf8 7. Rf5 followed by 12.Rubinstein A. Rd8! Bc5 4. Bg5 Rf8 16. Bd8 Kg4 14. Kh2 does not help in view of 12. Kg3 Ke2 5. Rb8! Bc3 9.1909 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?*# ?@?@7@?" @?@/@?@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? Rook and pawn against bishop and pawn In endings with such alignment of forces the result depends mainly on how the pawns are positioned. Bg5 Re2+ 18. Bg5 Kd3 4.. and White wins. Ke7 Bd4 10. Bc7 Rg1 12. Kg3 Rf3+ 7.. Bc7 Rh1+ 14.. which could have led to a draw.] 2. winning) 12. obtains a won pawn ending.. Kf3 . a5 ] Rh7+ Kf6 [Or 5. Be7 Re8 17. Black could have won by 1.or 4. and the rest is clear. ¢e6 and 13. Ka5 Bd2+ 9. 6 . unfavorable for the defender are positions in which the pawns blockade each other. keeping the white king in the corner: 2. Bg1 (other moves lead to the same [After 1.... It is more difficult to win with rook's pawns. ¦e5. Rb3+ Kc7 [5. Bd8 Rg4+ 10. by giving his rook for bishop and pawn. Rf1 13. [Instead. Ke8 6. Bh2 (12. Kg2 Ra3! (the rook is possible from the pawn. Kc5 White penetrates with his king from the other side: 2. Rf1 13. Ke2 Bd4 5. Ka7 ] 5. Rf3+ Kg6 11.. and White wins.. Rb7+! Kc8 [6.. Kg2 Rd1! 16. Ke6 transferred to g4) 8. Kc6 7. Bh4 5. 1. Kg2 Rf5 15. Rb7! Bd4 8.. Rh6+ Kd7 4.. and then.. Kc4 Kd6 3. Bh2 Ke4! 15. Rb5 Be3 8. 6. Kd6 Bc3 7.. Kd7 Kf6 10. Rook and pawn against bishop and pawn One can say that all endings of this type are won. Kf1 Kf3 .!@?@ @?@5@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@- Salwe G. Rh8 Kc6 3. . a5 . Bh6 Rf7 (Black's task is to push back the enemy king to the h-file) 3. A win is achieved by a typical plan in such positions: the stronger side drives the opponent's king as far away as Rf3! . Kb6 Kb8 10. Kg2 Rf2+ 6. Kd5 Ke7 5. Kh3 Kf3 11.. Rb1 ] 7. Kf5? .. Rh8+ Kg7 8.. Rb3 Kf7 9... The most Here Rubinstein played 1. Be7 Ra4 9. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?8?@?@ @?@?$?@? ?@?.. Rf8+ Kc7 6. Ka8 6.Prague. 11... Kd2 12. Bc5? finish) 16... Kf4 17. Bc5 Kg4 18. Be7 Re1! 19. Bg5 Re2+ 20. Kg1 Kg3 21. Kf1 Re8 Zugzwang. White loses the A decisive mistake. [White could have drawn by keeping his king on g4 and g5: 12. Kg2! Rf8 13. h4-pawn, and the game is over.] 2. Kf2! Kg4 3. Ke2 Rf3 4. Bh6 Kg3 5. Bg5 Rf8 6. Ke3 Re8+ 7. Kd3 Kf3 8. Kd4 Re6 9. Kd3! Rd6+ 10. Kc3 Ke2 11. Kc4! This Kg3! , and Black would be unable to cut off the white king beyond the g-file.] 12... Re5! 13. Bb4+ [Now 13. Bb6 loses in view of 13... saving variation was pointed out by Maizelis. To win, Black must drive the white king beyond the c-file, but he is unable to do this: White takes the Rf5+ 14. Kg2 Kc3 15. Kg3 Kb4 , and White's king does not reach c1 in time.] 13... Kd3 14. Kf2 Rb5! 15. Be1 Rf5+ 16. diagonal opposition. Kg3 Ke2 17. Kg4 [Or 17. Bb4 Rb5 18. Bc3 Rb3°] 17... Rc5! , and White resigned, [...] [since he loses either the bishop after 18. Bb4 Rc4+; Bellon B. - Tatai S.,Rome,1977 or the pawn after 18. Bg3 Rxa5] ?@/@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? #*?@?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?8?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 5@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Geller E. - Novikov I.,Helsinki,1992 )@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@/@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?8?@#@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? The game continued: 1... Rc2+ 2. Kb1 Kb3 3. Ba7 The only move; otherwise the bishop is lost. 3... Rh2? This move misses an easy win which could have been achieved by [3... Rc6 4. Bb6 (4. Bb8 Rc5°) 4... Rd6! 5. Kc1 Rd5!°] 4. Kc1 Kc3 5. Kd1 [Weak is 5. Kb1 due to 5... Rb2+ 6. The defender has much more drawing chances when his pawn is placed on a square of the opposite color to that of the Ka1 (6. Kc1 Ra2°) 6... Kb3 followed by ¦h2°] 5... Rd2+ 6. Ke1 Kd3 7. Bb6 Rh2 8. Bd8 [Also possible is 8. Kf1] 8... Rh1+ 9. Kf2 Rh8 10. Bb6 Re8 11. Kf1 [11. Kf3 Rf8+ 12. Kg4 Ke4 13. Kg3!=] bishop. White's fortress is impregnable; all he must do is not to allow Black to sacrifice the exchange, because the pawn ending would be lost. 1... Re7 2. Kf2 Kc5 3. Kg1 Re5 4. Kf2 Kb6 5. Kg1 Ra5 6. Be4 7 with a draw. Black is unable to deprive the white bishop of all its squares. 6... Kc5 7. Kf2 Kd4 8. Bc6 Draw. Lukin A. - Panchenko A.,Cheliabinsk,1975 Rubinstein A. - Tartakower S.,Vienna,1922 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@5 ?@?,?@?@ @-@?@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@/@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@!@ @?@7@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?*?@?@? When both sides have passed pawns, the bishop can successfully oppose the rook. In this well-known game Rubinstein achieved a draw by sacrificing the bishop Being a long-range piece, the bishop supports its own pawn, simultaneously impeding an enemy pawn's advance. on g5 in a proper moment. But there was also another way to the draw: to transfer the bishop to the b8-h2 diagonal, after which an exchange sacrifice on g3 or h2 1. Rb7+ Kg8 2. g7 The only opportunity to play for a win. Now, if there were no the b2-pawn, White would have won easily: 2... ¢h7 3. ¦f7! followed by 4. would lead to a drawn pawn ending. g8£ . 2... Bxg7 [2... Kh7=] 3. Kg6 Be5 4. Rb5 Kf8 Draw. Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 10 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@#8?@ @?@?@?@? /@?@)"?@ @?@?6?@?… Endings with several pawns ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? -@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@# ?@?,?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@5" @?@?@?@?… 1. Kf1 Ra1+ 2. Kg2 Rb1 3. Bh5! [The only saving move. White loses after both 3. Bf1 Rb2 4. Kg1 e3 5. fxe3+ Kg3! 6. e4 Rb1 7. e5 Re1°; and 3. Bc4 Rb2 4. Kg1 Kf3°] 3... Re1 4. Be8 Re2 5. Kf1 Rd2 6. Bh5 , Endings with several pawns 8 place his bishop on the f1-a6 diagonal. After h5-h4 he captures the black pawn and keeps on moving with his bishop In such endings the drawing chances are slight - after all the exchange is a serious advantage. Still, some exceptional positions are known, where the defender is able to draw. There are also numerous positions where the win is possible only after significant difficulties have been overcome. This is a theoretical draw, although exact play is demanded. 1. Kf3 Bb2 2. along this diagonal, and ¢h3 would be met by ¥f1. Therefore, 1. Bb7! [1. Be4 is also possible.] 1... h4 2. gxh4+! (Black threatened h3, winning easily) 2... Kxh4 [Senseless is 2... Kf4 3. Bd5=] 3. Ba6 Kh3 4. Bf1+ Kh4 5. Bb5 g3 6. hxg3+ Kxg3 7. Kf1 , with a draw. Ke4 Bc3 3. Kd5 Bb2 4. Kd6 Kf6 [Black draws simpler, if he holds his fortress: 4... Bf6 5. Ra7+ Kg8! 6. Ke6 Bc3 7. h4 Bd4 8. Rc7 Bb2 9. Kd5 (or 9. Example 45 g4 hxg4 10. Rc4 Kg7 11. Rxg4 Kh6 12. Kf7 Kh5 with a draw) 9... Bf6] A decisive 5. Kd7+ Kf5 6. Ra4 Bc1? error. [The draw could have been achieved ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@)@?8# ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?"? ?@/@?@?" @?@?@?6? by 6... Kf6 7. Rf4+ Kg7=] 7. Ke7! Bd2 [7... Bb2 8. Rf4+ ] 8. h3 Be1 9. Rf4+ Kg5 10. Rf3 Kh6 11. Kf6 Ba5 12. Kf7 Bd8 13. Rd3 Bc7 14. Rc3 Black resigned. Black to play wins easily, because after 1... h4 2. gxh4+ Kxh4 White is deprived of 3. ¥c4, and so he is unable to transfer his bishop to the f1-a6 diagonal. 3. Be4 Rd2 4. Bg2 Rb2 5. Kf1 [Or 5. Bf1 g3] 5... Ra2 6. Kg1 g3 , and Black wins. Example 44 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@)@?8# ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?"? ?@/@?@?" @?@?@?6?… Cifuentes P. - Quinteros M.,1987 Theoretical ending In order to save the game, White must 9 The following ending is typical. White's plan consists of three main steps: 1) to force an advance of the f7-pawn; ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@7@?$ @?@?$-@? ?@?@!,!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 2) to bring the king to e6; 3) to start a pawn storm. 1. Kd6 Bd4 2. Ke7 Be5 3. Rc4 Bb2 4. Ke8 f5 This is forced, because 5. ¦c7 was threatened. 5. Ke7 Ba1 6. Ke6 Bb2 7. Rc7+ Kg8 [7... Kh6? 8. Kf7 ] 8. Rd7 Bc3 9. f3 Bb2 10. g3 Bc3 11. Rd3 Ba1 12. Rd1 Bc3 13. Rg1! (preparation to White wins, but it is important to restrict Black's counterplay. 1. Kc5! A preventative move. [A draw results from the following interesting line: 1. Rf8 Ke7 2. Ra8? (2. Rf5) 2... Kf6! 3. Kd6 Kg5! 4. Rg8+ Kh4 the pawn storm) 13... Bd4 14. Rg2 Kg7 15. g4 fxg4 [15... hxg4 16. hxg4! (a draw results from 16. fxg4 fxg4 17. Rxg4 (or 17. hxg4 Bc3=) 17... Bc3=)] 5. Ke6 Kg3 6. Kf5 Kf3 7. Rg6 Ke3! (but not 7... Kg3 8. g5! ) 8. Re6 Kf3! , and his active king secures Black equal 16. hxg4! Kh6 17. gxh5! [Bad is the preliminary 17. Kf7? h4! 18. Rd2 Be3 19. Rd6 (19. Rd3 Bc1) 19... Kg5 20. Rxg6+ Kf4] chances.] 1... Be3+ 2. Kc4 Bf4 3. Kd3 Ke7 4. Ke2 Ke6 5. Rf8! Only now, when the g4-pawn is in safety, White transfers his 17... gxh5 [Black is mated after 17... Kxh5 18. Kf7 g5 19. Rh2#] 18. Kf5 h4 19. Rd2 Bc3 20. Rc2 Be1 21. rook to the 6th rank. 5... Bg5 6. Ra8 Kd6 [Or 6... Bf6 7. Kd3 Kf7 8. Kc4 Kg6 9. Rc6+ Kg7 22. Kg5 Bg3 23. f4 h3 24. Rg6+ Kf7 25. Rh6 h2 26. Kg4 Black resigned. He defended in the best way, but White played this difficult ending extremely well. Kd5 Kg5 10. Ke6 ] 7. Kd3 Ke6 8. Kc4 Bf6 9. Ra6+ Kf7 10. Kd5 Kg6 11. Ke6 Kg5 12. Ra8 Black resigned. Lputian S. - Sideif-Sade F.,1979 Lombardy W. - Fillipovic A.,Poljanica Zdroj,1974 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? ?@?@?@#@ @?@5@?@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@! ?@-@?"!@ ,?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?*?@7@#@ "?@#@?"? ?@?"?@5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@? 10 In this position a win is more difficult than in the previous example, because the strong a5-pawn restricts Black's activity. 23. Bh2 Rh8 24. a8=Q Rxa8 , and there is no stalemate.] 15... Ra6! 16. Bb6 Ra8 17. Kg3 In order to win, he must penetrate with his king to f5. This is impossible right off, and so the king occupies f5 by a long by-pass route e6-d7-c6-b5-c4-d3-e4-f5. [17. Kh4 Kf3!] 17... Kf5 The aim is achieved, and now only accuracy is required. 18. Kh4 Kf4 19. Kh3 Kxg5 20. Kg3 Kf5 21. Kf3 g5 22. At the same time, Black must parry both opponent's threats: to invade the e5-square with the king and to advance the a5-pawn. This is possible only with Kg3 Rc8! 23. Bc5 [No better is 23. a6 Rc3+ 24. Kf2 Kf4! 25. Ke2 Re3+! 26. Kd2 (26. Kf2 Ra3 27. a7 Ra2+) 26... Kf3! 27. a7 Ra3 28. the black rook at e6. The game continued: 1... Kd7! 2. Kf4 Rf1+! 3. Kg4 [3. Ke5? Rf5#] 3... Kc6 4. Kg3 Kb5 5. Kg4 Re1 6. Kf4 Now the black king is free. 7. Re6! Kc2 g4 29. Kb2 Ra6 30. Kc3 g3°] 23... Rc6! 24. Kf3! Re6 25. Bb6 Rh6 26. Kg3 Rc6! 27. Bc5 g4 28. Kf2 Kf4 29. Kg2 Re6 White resigned. Kf3 Kb4 8. Kf4 Kc3 9. Bc5 Kc4 10. Bb6 Kd3 11. Bc5 [On 11. Kf3 there follows 11... Kd2! 12. Kf2 Re2+! 13. Kf3 (or 13. Kf1 Ke3 14. ROOK AGAINST KNIGHT ?@?@?(7@ @?@?.?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… a6 Rf2+! 15. Kg1 Ra2 16. a7 Kf3 17. Bc5 Kg4 , and the rest is clear) 13... Re3+ 14. Kf2 (after 14. Kf4 Ke2! followed by 15... ¢f2 Black creates a mating net around the enemy king) 14... Ra3 15. Bd8 Kd3 16. Bb6 Ke4 17. Ke2 Ra2+ 18. Kd1 Kf5 19. Kc1 Kxg5 20. Kb1 Re2! 21. a6 Re6 , and Black wins.] ROOK AGAINST KNIGHT 11... Ke2 12. Kg3 [12. Bb6? Kf2°] 12... Ke3 13. Bb6 Ke4 14. Kg4 Rd6! Rook against knight or knight with pawns The strongest. [After 14... Ke3 15. Kg3! Black has to retreat with his king.] 15. Ba7 [Or 15. Bc5 Rc6! 16. Bb6 Rc1 17. a6 ?@?@?(7@ @?@?.?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Rg1+ 18. Kh3 Kf3 19. Kh2 Rg2+! 20. Kh1 Rxg5 21. a7 Kf2! 22. Bc7 Rh5+ 11 Rook against knight or knight with pawns pieces are separated, and the knight is lost. 1... Rh4 [1... Rh3!°] If there are no pawns on the board, the advantage of rook over knight is usually insufficient for a win. But if the knight is 2. Ne3 [2. Nf2 Rf4+] 2... Re4 3. Nd1 [Other moves lose also: 3. Nc2 Kd5 4. either far away from the king, or on the edge of the board, it may be lost. Theoretical ending. Although both black pieces are on the back rank, White Na3 Kc5 5. Nb1 Kb4 6. Nd2 Re2 7. Nb1 Rb2; or 3. Ng2 Kf6 , and the knight perishes.] is unable to win. 1. Kf6 Nh7+! [Wrong is 1... Kh8? 2. Kf7 Nh7 3. Re8+ ] 2. Kg6 Nf8+ 3. Kh6 Kh8 4. Rf7 Kg8 5. There is nothing Rg7+ Kh8 6. Rg1 3... Rf4+ 4. Kg7 Rf3! 5. Kg6 [No better is 5. Nb2 Kd5 6. Kg6 Kd4 7. Kg5 Rf1! 8. Kg4 Rb1 9. Na4 Rb4 , and the knight is trapped.] 5... Ke5 6. Kg5 Kd4 7. Kg4 Rf1 8. Nb2 Rb1 9. Na4 Rb4 White resigned. better. 6... Nd7! The only move. [Black loses after both 6... Nh7 7. Kg6! Kg8 8. Rg2 Nf8+ 9. Kf6+ Kh8 10. Kf7 ; Amelung Friedrich K and 6... Ne6 7. Kg6! Nf8+ 8. Kf7 Nh7 9. Rg8#] 7. Kg6 Kg8 8. Rd1 Nf8+ 9. Kf6 Nh7+ 10. Kg6 Nf8+ , with a draw. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?.?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?( @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Neiman G. - Steinitz W.,Baden Baden,1870 ?@?@?6?@‹ @?@?@?@/ ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@%@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? In this example the knight is also lost in the end. 1. Kg5 Nf3+ [1... Ng2 2. Re6] 2. Kg4 Ne5+ 3. Kf5 Nc4 [Bad is 3... Nf7 due to 4. Rd7 Kg8 5. Kf6] 4. Rd4 (chasing the knight) 4... Na5 [Or 4... Ne3+ 5. Kf4 Nc2 6. Rc4 Na3 7. Rc5 Kf6 8. Ke4 Ke6 9. Kd3 Kd6 10. Ra5 ] White's last move was a blunder. Instead of 1. ¤h6-g4? a simple draw could have obtained by 1. ¤h6-g8. Now the white 12 5. Ke6 Nb3 [5... Nc6 6. Rc4 Na5 (or 6... Nd8+ 7. Ke7 Nf7 8. Rg4+ ) 7. Rc7+ Kg6 8. to the king, and a draw is inevitable. Kd5] 6. Rg4+ Kh6 7. Kd5 Nd2 8. Rf4 Kg5 9. Rf2 Nb3 10. Rb2 Nc1 11. Kc4 , and White wins. Laza G -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@'@?@? ?@?8?@?@ @?@#$?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@?@?… Sahovic D. - Petronic,Novi Sad,1993 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@5@? -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8'… A rook can successfully defend against a knight and two connected pawns, even if they have reached the 3rd rank. Theoretical ending 1. Rd8! 1. Rb2? White lets the win slip out of his hands. [He could have won by exploiting an [The knight should be pinned; otherwise White loses: 1. Ra4+ Kc5 2. Ra5+ Kc4 3. Ra4+ Kb3 4. Rd4 Nc3+ 5. Ke1 Kc2 , and Black wins.] awkward position of the h1-knight: 1. Ra4! a5 (or 1... Kh2 2. Rg4! Kh3 3. Rxg5 Kh2 4. Rg8 , winning) 2. Rc4! (but not 2. Rd4? Nf2!=) 2... Kh2 (no 1... Ke4 2. Re8+ Kf3 3. Rf8+ Nf4 4. Rf7 , [or 4. Ke1] , and Black is unable to improve his position. better is 2... g4+ 3. Rxg4+ Kf1 4. Ra4 Kg1 5. Rxa5 Kh2 6. Rg5 ) 3. Rg4 a4 4. Rg2+ Kh3 5. Rxg5 Kh2 (5... Kh4 6. Rg8) 6. Rg8 a3 7. Ra8 a2 8. Rxa2+ ROOK AND PAWN AGAINST KNIGHT OR Kh3 9. Ra8 Kh2 10. Rg8 , trapping the knight.] 1... g4+! 2. Kxg4 Nf2+ 3. Kg3 Ne4+ 4. Kf3 KNIGHT WITH PAWNS ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?(?@?@ @?@!@?@?@?8?@?6 @?@?@?@?… Ng5+ 5. Ke3 Kf1 6. Rf2+ Kg1 7. Rf5 Ne6 8. Rf6 Nc7 9. Kd4 Kg2! The king is in a hurry to come to the rescue of the knight. 10. Rc6 Nb5+ 11. Kc4 Kf3 12. Rxa6 Nc7 13. Rc6 Ne8 14. Kd5 Ng7 15. Ke5 Nh5 16. Rg6 Ng3 The knight has come back 13 ROOK AND PAWN AGAINST KNIGHT OR KNIGHT WITH PAWNS ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?8'@?@ @?@#@?@?@?"?@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… There is a number of theoretical positions, where a knight and a pawn, or even a knight alone, are able to draw against a rook and a pawn. In response to 1. Kg2 , Black plays 1... Ke2 , and 2. Rg3 , intending to bring the Theoretical ending In endings of this type it is important whether the defender's knight can draw a king to e4, is met by 2... Nf5! 3. Rh3 Nd4 White is unable to improve his position. bead on the opponent's pawn. To push back the black pieces, White must use both the king and the rook, but this is Lasker E. - Lasker E.,New York,1924 impossible: one of the white pieces has to defend the d4-pawn. If the diagrammed position is moved one rank up the board, and the pawns are on d5 and d6, White ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?6?@?8?@ @#@?@?0? ?&?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? wins, transposing into a won pawn ending. Averbakh Yuri L (RUS) 11 Black's rook is tied to the defense of the b3-pawn, while the king is unable to help. 1... Ke4 2. Na4 Kd4 3. Nb2 Rf3 4. Na4 Re3 5. Nb2 Ke4 The last winning attempt proves in vain. 6. Na4 Kf3 7. ?@?@?@?@ @?@'@?@? ?@7$?@?@ @?@?@?.? ?@!6?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Ka3! Ke4 [Or 7... Ke2 8. Kb2 Kd2 9. Nc5] 8. Kb4 Kd4 9. Nb2 Rh3 10. Na4 Kd3 11. Kxb3 Kd4+ Draw. Theoretical ending White is unable to undertake anything, 1. Ra5 Nc5 2. Ra3 for example: Example 46 [A pawn ending after 2. Rxc5+ is drawn.] 14 2... Ne6+ 3. Kc3 Nc5 4. Kb4 Kb6 5. Ra8 Nd3+ 6. Kc3 Nc5 7. Kd4 Kc6 Draw. winning chances are significantly increased, since it is difficult for the defender to exchange all the pawns. Despite limited material, Black loses due to a poor position of his knight, which is exploited with the help of zugzwang. 1. Kf3! Nh7 Oganian - Lagunow A.,URS,1986 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?$/@? ?@?@?@%@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@7@5@ @?@?@?@? [1... Kh5 2. Rf7 ] 2. Kg4 e4 [Or 2... Nf8 3. Rf7 Nh7 4. h3! , and Black does not have any move.] 3. Re7 e3 4. Rxe3 Kg7 5. Re7+ Black resigned. Black wins easily thanks to his active king. 1... Rg5 2. Kg3 Rh5! 3. f4 This is forced. [In response 3. Kg2 , 3... Rf5 decides] Dobosz H. - Hassenruk,Dortmund,1976 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?(?@?@? ?@?@?$7$ @?@?@?$? ?@?@5@?@ .?@?@!"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? 3... e4 4. Nf6 e3! 5. Nxh5 Kd2 6. f5 e2 7. f6 e1=Q+ , and soon White resigned. ENDINGS WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF PAWNS White ?@?@?(?@ @?.?@?@? ?@?@?$?8 @?@?$!$? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… wins easily, exploiting the possibility to transpose into a pawn ending in some favorable for him moment. 1... Nb5 [Or 1... Ne6 2. f4 Ng7 3. Ra7 , threatening 4. ¦g7] 2. Rd3 Nc7 3. f4 Ne8 4. Rd7! Ng7 5. Rxg7+! Kxg7 6. f5 g4 7. Kd5 Black ENDINGS WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF PAWNS resigned. Kamsky G. - Salov V.,Buenos Aires,1994 With more pawns on the board the 15 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#8? ?@?@#@?@ @?@?"?(? -@?@?@!$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!6 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@-@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@#@?@ @?@#"?@? ?@?8?@!@ @?@'@?@? ?@5@?"?@ @?@?@?@? In some cases the defender manages to set up a fortress. The following example demonstrates another drawing device. Attacking the opponent's g-pawn with his knight, Black ties the white rook to the Salov began to strive for this position long before; his hopes to obtain a draw were connected with the weakness of the white e5-pawn. 1... Nh7! At g5 the knight defense of this pawn. 1... Nxf2! 2. g5 [2. Rg5 Ke4=] 2... Nh3! 3. g6 Nf4! 4. Kd2 was too passive - the best square for it is g6. 2. Kh3 Nf8 3. Re4 White cannot afford to give up the e5-pawn. 3... Ng6 [4. g7 Nh5!=] 4... Kxe5 5. Ke3 d4+ 6. Kf3 d3 7. Ke3 Nd5+ 8. Kxd3 Kf6 9. Ke4 Nc3+ 10. Kd4 Nd5 11. Rf8+ Kxg6 with a quick draw. 4. g5 Kg8 5. Kg4 Kh7 6. Kf3 Kg8 7. Ke3 Kf8 8. Kd4 Ke7 9. Kc5 Kd7 10. Kb6 Ke7 11. Kc6 Kf8 12. Kd6 Kg7 13. Re2 White has penetrated with his king as far as he could; now it is time to activate the rook. 13... Kf8 14. Rf2 Kg8 15. Rf6 Kg7 [Accuracy is demanded: 15... Kf8 loses due to 16. Rxg6 ] 16. Rf1 Kf8 17. Rf2 Kg8 18. Ra2 Kg7 19. Ra4 Kf8 20. Re4 Ke8 21. Kc6 Ke7 22. Kc7 Kf8 23. Kd7 Kg7 24. Ke8 Kg8 25. Re1 Kg7 26. Re2 Kg8 27. Rf2 (White's last chance) 27... Nxe5 28. Rf4 Kg7 29. Rxh4 Kg6 30. Re4 Nd3 31. Ke7 Kxg5 (the simplest) 32. Re3 Nf4 33. Rg3+ Kf5 34. Kxf7 e5 35. Rg8 Nxg2! 36. Rxg2 e4 , and a draw was agreed. Rubzova T. - Dubinsky I.,Petersburg,1995 16 ROOK AGAINST PAWNS ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?. @7@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?. @7@?@?@?… Pawn on the 2nd rank ROOK AGAINST PAWNS In this case a draw is a usual result, but the exceptions do exist. 1. Kb3 a1=N+ 2. Kc3 Zugzwang. White The struggle between rook and pawns is always sharp and dynamic; the result wins the knight. often depends on just one tempo, so the exact calculation is needed. Knowledge of typical methods, which are examined Stamma F further, allows one to quicker find correct plans and moves. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@?@? ?@?@-@?@ $?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @7@?@?@?… ROOK AGAINST PAWN ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?. @7@?@?@?… 1. Kc4 a2 2. Kb3 a1=N+ [2... a1=Q 3. Re1#] 3. Kc3 Nc2 [Or 3... Ka2 4. Rb4 Ka3 5. Rb2 ] 4. Re2 Na3 [4... Na1 5. Rh2 ] 5. Kb3 , and White wins. Promotion to a knight does not save the defender only in ROOK AGAINST PAWN the case of a rook's pawn; with all other pawns it secures a draw. Pawn on the 2nd rank 1 due to 5... Qa8! , and it is Black who wins.] Example 47 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@-@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8#@ @?@?@?@?… King is cut off beyond the 5th rank -6?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. Rc2+ Kf1 [Even simpler is 1... Kg1! 2. Kg3 Kh1! 3. Rxg2 - stalemate.] 2. Kf3 g1=N+ 3. Ke3 [3. Kg3 Ne2+=] King is cut off beyond the 5th rank After 1. Ra5! Black loses. As soon as the pawn reaches h3, White wins it by 3... Nh3 4. Rh2 Ng1! with a draw. [But not 4... Ng5? (Black should not take away the knight from the king) 5. Rh5 , and White wins (5. Rh6! is also winning)] ¦a3. Palatnik S. - Panchenko A.,Moscow,1982 ?@?@?@5@ @#@?@?"? ?"7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?.?@?@?@ @?@?@?0?… Example 48 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@#8?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… By cutting off the opponent's king beyond the 5th rank, White could have won in the following position. 1. Rf2! Kxb6 2. Rf5! Ka6 1. Rh2+ Ka3! [1... Kb1 2. Kb3 ] 2. Rh3+ Kb2 with a draw, because an attempt [...] [3. Kb4 a1=Q 4. Rh2+ Kb1 5. Kb3 fails [After 2... Kc6 3. Kf7 b5 4. g8=Q Rxg8 5. Kxg8 the rook cuts off the king beyond the 5th rank.] 3. Kf7 (threatening 4. ¦f6 followed by 5. 2 ¦g6) 3... Rxg7+ 4. Kxg7 b5 5. Kf6 Ka5 6. Ke5 , and White wins. rook, and others. Black draws by the only move 1... Ke4! , shoulder-charging the white king from the g4-pawn. [Hopeless is 1... Kf4 2. Kd4 Kf3 3. Kd3 g3 4. Rf7+ ] 2. Rg7 Kf3 3. Kd4 g3 4. Kd3 g2= Maizelis I ?@?@?@?6 @?@?@?.? ?8?@?@?@ @#@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Maizelis I 2 ?@?@?@5.‹ @?@?@?@? #8?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1. Rg5! (White's only chance) 1... Ka5 2. Kg7 Kb4! Only this move leads to a draw. [The natural 2... Ka4 loses due to 3. Kf6 ] 3. Kf6 Kc4 4. Ke5 b4 5. Ke4 b3 6. Ke3 b2 7. Rg1 Kc3! with a draw. 1... Kc5! [Black loses after both 1... a5 2. Rh5; and 1... Kb5 2. Kf7 a5 3. Ke6 a4 4. Kd5 Kb4 5. Kd4] 2. Kf7 a5 3. Ke6 a4 , and White is deprived of 4. ¢d5. Draw. "Shoulder-charging" ?@?@?@?@‹ .?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@7@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? By-pass ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ .?@?@?@?… "Shoulder-charging" This important device is often employed in many types of endings: pawn, knight, By-pass White's winning plan involves a by-pass 3 .. d4 2. Kd7 f4 2. Ka5 2. Rd2! [Or 1. Ka7 [or 1.. Kg4 . White wins by a by-pass. and White wins.. Kb6 b3 4. Ka6! White's winning plan consists of two steps: the rook attacks the enemy pawn from the rear...maneuver with the king. b4 2. Position of mutual zugzwang If it is White to move. Kc7! Kc4 3. but not 1. Rd1? d4 2. and so on.. Ka5! 1. and White wins. Kf6 f3 3. Reti Richard 3 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@#8?@? ?@?. Kc7 Kc5!=] Intermediate check 4 . Ka5 . Rd1! Now Black is in zugzwang.] 1. Ke6 f3 . Rb7! If it is Black to move.. and White wins.] 1. Example 50 ?@?@?@?@‹ @5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @7@?@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @-@?@?@? Botvinnik Mikhail (RUS) ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@-@? ?@?@?@?@ @#8?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. 1. Kg5 Ke3 4.. f4 2. Kd7 Kd5! with a draw.. Kc5 [or 1. Rd3. 1. 1. he is unable to win. 1. the king makes a by-pass maneuver. Kc6! ] 2.?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Example 49 ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @7@?@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @-@?@?@?… 1.. Ke7! [Only a draw results from 1.. Kramnik V. where the defender has many pawns. Kf5 Kd4 4. Kc1 f3 2. Rf1+! Kg2 [Or 1.. Rg1! Kf3 3. Kf3 b2 1. Rf1+! 2.. and White wins. Ra3+ Kf4 5. Ke3 would be met by 3. Kd3 g3 4.Hecht H. Kd1 f2 4.. Kh7 Kf6 9. Re1+ Kd4 3. Kg8 Kg6 11. Rb1! Kh2 7.?@?… Example 51 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?@?@? ?6?@7@?@ . Kf6 Kd6 6. winning. Ke1 [2. g5 Kd5 5.] [13. ROOK AGAINST TWO PAWNS 5 .Trepp . 6.. Kh8 Rh3+ 14. Ke2 2.. .. or to determine the position of the opponent's king. Ra8 . Kg8 Rf3 White resigned. Kg8 Rh7°] Intermediate check is an important device in rook vs.. Ke2 b3 6. Rb4 .. and now his king succeeds in stopping the black pawn.. and White wins.?@?@?@?… An intermediate check can also lead to a victory in endings. Rd1+! Ke3 2. Ke2 ] 3.. Rf4 g3 3.Luzerne. [. Ke5 Rg1 3. g7 Rh1+ 10.] 2. Kf8 Rf1+ 12. Rg4! b3 5.Moscow..1985 ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?$?@? ?@?8?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @-@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@!@ @?8?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@/@?@? Intermediate check 1. Kf7 White has gained a tempo.1994 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?$?6?@#@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?. 1. Kf3 . Rf1+ Kg2 5. g6 Rf1+ 7. it allows either to gain a tempo. Ke3 Kh2 4. Adams M.. Ra2+! (intermediate check) 2. pawns endings. Kg7 Ke7 8. 1. Czechoslovakia.. Kg5 2.. Kg6 Rg1+ 5. Kd7 Rf8+ Kg5 3. h7 Rh6+ 8. Kd7? Ke5 9. Rf1+ 3... Ke8 Rg1 7. Kg8 Rh1. Kc6! (8. Ke8 Ke6 11. Kd6! (7. Rh8! . Kc4 9. but exact play is demanded. Ra8 Kf4 2. Kg5? ... Kf7 Kf5) 7. Ke4 7.. If 3.. Kh2 Rg6! 7. g7! Rxh5+ 4. h6 Kf6 8. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@#$ . Kf4 Rh1!) 6. Kg1 Rg6+ 9. Ke6 Rh1 6.. Kg7 Kf5=] Pawns connected 3. Kf8 Ra1=) 6. Kf7 Rf1+ 6.. Kf4 Rh4+ 5. h6 Rg6! with a draw. the rook is powerless to stop the pawns.] 2. Ke3 11. g7? due to 6. h7! [It was not too late to miss the win: 4.?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?" @?@7@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?0?@?… ROOK AGAINST TWO PAWNS White wins. Kd4 8. Rg1+ the win is achieved in a study-like way: 4. and the opposing king is far away from them.. as a rule. Kg2 . Ke5 Rh1 3. Kf3 Rh3+ 6. Ra4 [White wins even simpler by attacking the pawns from the rear: 1.. Ke7 (6. Ke1 far. Rg1 7. Rxh6+ If the stronger side's king is in front of the pawns. 6.. Kd1 Kd3 12.. h6 [Bad is 2...?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@?… Kg5 Ke5! 4. Rf1+ 2.. 7.Demeter. Rf1+ 3. Ke3 h3 4. h7! (but not 6. Kb1 6 .. Ke5 4. 1. Kh6 Rh1+ 6... Kg4! [The only way. Kf1 Ra6 10. Rb4 But if the pawns have advanced Kd5 10. h5 Kd4 [Or 1..1975 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@#$ . h7 Rg1+ 5. 1. Ke4 [After 3. g7? Rg1+ 5. g7? because of 2.Kozma . Kf5 Rf1+ 5. Pawns connected winning. then 3. Ke7 Kf5=) 8.. a win is easy.. Kf2 Kh4 5.. g7 ] 4. Kf5 Rh5+ 8. Kc1 Kc3 13. then.] 2. winning.] 1. Kh3 Kf3 6. Kf2 Kh5 3. b7 Rb6+ 4.. Kb1 [Or 2. Kh3 Black resigned. Black could have won by 1. Example 52 7 . Kd3 c2 10.. Kf5 Ke2 8. Kf5 Here the players agreed a draw.URS. Kg3 5. Rg1+ 5. Kf5 Kh4 [Useless is 1.Nordwijk. Ke4 Horvits B.. Kd1 Kd3 6. Rb8 b2 6. Kd1 Kd3=] 2. Rh8 c1=N+! By the way. 1.1976 1. Ke5 Kf3! 7. Rg1+ Kh2 6..... ?@?@?@?@‹ "?@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?8?@?@ @?@?@?@? /@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? In the following ending Black could have won in a similar way. ..Tseshkovsky V. the same position with colors reversed occurred in the game Tarrasch Janowski (Ostende 1907). Kd3 Kf3 6. Rb1=] 5.. Ke1 Ke4 7... Kling I 2 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @-@?@?@?… Kd1 9. Kf3 Kh2 4... Kf6] 2. Rd8+ Ke3 5. Kh6 2... Rd8+ Kc5! 3.. Kc3 Draw. Ra5=] -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@7@?@? ?$?@?@?@ @?$?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 3. .. Kf1 Rh6!=] 1. Petrosian A.1938 [4. Kc3! 2. Still. agreed to a draw. Ra6 [Also possible is 2.. b3! 2. Kg1 Rg6+ 9. In endings of this type the defender succeeds to save only if the opponent's king is poorly placed on the edge of the board. Kf1 Kf3 8.. Ke3! Kg2 Keres P..Rb6+!=] 4.Eliskases E. Rc8+ Kd4 4. but.] [5. Kc1 Rh6! A draw was agreed in view of [. which was won by Tarrasch. Kf4 Kh3 3. b5 Kf4 3. b7 Rc7 4. f6 Rg5+!= a-pawn promotes. Ka6! [White fails to win after 1. Kg6 Kd3 3.] 1..Gelfand B. g4 [Instead.. a7 (no better is 4. Ka7 Kc6 2. Ka8 Rxb7 Stalemate. b8=Q+ Rxb8 7. g7 Rg3 3.] 2. f7 ] 2. Kd4 2..... Ka7 Kd6 5. Ka7 Kd6 6.Dos Hermanas. b7 Rb1 Black is forced to lose a tempo. Ke5 1. .. b5 Ke5 4. with a draw. Kd4 because of 2. Kh7! Maroczy G. Kxb8 .. a6? Kg3 2..] 1. Theoretical position Kb6 Kf4 3.Tarrasch S. [Black loses after 1. b6) 4. Kd6 5. f6 Ke5 with a draw. Kg7! Ke5 3.. In the following ending White could have won by using this typical device. Pawns separated Rivas P. Kg3 2.. . f6 Ke6 4. b6 Ke5 4. and the [Or 2. Rg3 3.. Rxc2 Kxc2 5.1911 Example 53 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ "5@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?8 0?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6!@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?8?@?@/ ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Variation from the game 1.1994 8 . he played 1. Kb7 Kc5 . led to a draw.?@?@?@?0 @?"7@?@? 5"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@7@?6? ?@?@?@?@ @?$?@?@? ?@?@-@!@ @?@?@?@/… Several interesting positions White could have won by 1. Kf7 Kd4 4.. 5. c8=Q+ Rxc8 3. Kg6 .. g5 Kd3 6. Rg2 c2 4. which has 1.San Sebastian. Rf3! The only move. a6? Kc5 3. a6! Rd1+ [Or 1.1991 Pawns separated ?0?@?@?@ @?@?"?@? 5@?8?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… When the pawns are separated.. Rb1+ 5. Ka7 Rb2°] 4.. White wins if he manages to advance both his pawns to the 7th rank... a7 . Ke3 Kg2 5.. a7 Re7+ 6. Kb7 Kc5 3. Re8 2. and Black have won. Kb7 Rb1+ 7. Kb7 Rxe7+°] 2.. and White wins. Kb7] 6. ?@?@?@?. Ka6 Kc7 6. Kb7! Rb1+ 4.Tsvetkovic. Kc4 Ke4 12.. e8=Q? Rxe8 2. 9 . Ke6 Re1+ 6. Berger I 1. Ka8 with a draw. Kb7! The only move. Rg8+ Black resigned. Ka7! [In the game White played 1. c7 Rd1+ 3. and White wins.] ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?0?@?… [Bad is 4. Kc8!] 5. Ka6 Ra1+ 8.. Ke2 h2 6.. 1. Ke6 h4 2. Kc5 5.. Kd7 [Or 4.. . a6 Re1 4.. Ka8 Rc1 5. Ermeni A. 1. Kd4 h3 4. c7 Ke5 11. The h-pawn is White's main enemy. Kb6 Rb1+ 9.a7! Kf4 [5. 4. a7 Rb1+ 6.. a6 Re7+ . Kb6! [But not 2. Rxe7 3. @?@5@?@? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Kc5 Ra1 10. a7? Rb1+ 5..Skople. ¢b2.. Ke7 Rc1 4. a8=N+ Kc6 7. Kd5! (this is the point) 2. Kg3 3. Ka6!=.. Ra1 2.] ROOK AGAINST THREE OR FOUR PAWNS 2. Kf6 Rf1+ 7. Rxc6 6. while the f-pawn is not dangerous. A draw could have been obtained by 1. the result depends to a great extent on the placing of the opposing king. Kg6 Rc1 8. Kc3 followed by 13. Kc8 Ra1 3. Kd7! Rd1+ 5. . 3. Ke5 5.. and White wins in all cases. Kf2! [Erroneous is 1... since 4. Kxe1 (or 3. Kf4 5. But moving this position one rank down the board changes the assessment: White is unable to win. Rb3 Kd7 4.. Kd4 5. Re1! .. Kxe2 Kd4 3. Kd3 (White is in zugzwang) 4. 4. Rb6 Kd7 4. Rf2 Kg6 2. ¢d2=) the pawns are.. Kd6 .] 2. Ra5 [White cannot take the f5-pawn. Kd2. 4.. Kd8 5. Let us examine several theoretical and practical examples.?@?6?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@#8?@?@ @?@#@?@? ?@?6#@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@-@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ROOK AGAINST THREE OR FOUR PAWNS In this position the black pawns have not advanced far... Kd6 ] In such endings the side with the rook wins extremely rarely. Kd2 Kb3 6.. Ke5 Kc7 5. Kc3 4. Re1 Kb2 5. Rg1 Laza G 2 [Nothing is achieved by 3. Kxg2? Ke4 2. Rxe1+ Kd3 followed by 4.. for example: [. Now Cheron A 4 he threatens to capture the pawn with check.?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@#@#@#@ @?. Rb3 . Rc3 Kd7 [Or 1.. and Black draws: 3.] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?6# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@-@?… [4...] 10 .. Rc1 ] 4. 1. Kf2 e1=Q+! . g3 . Kf2. no matter on which files 1.. Kc7 2. Rb3 Kd6 3. Kf4 Kf6 3.. 1. Ke4 2.. Kd2 Ke4=] 3. and so White is able to win. Ke4 [Or 3. and White wins. Ke3!] Black must defend precisely. Rg7 Kb8 6. 5. Rb7+ Kc8! [4.. Kxf5 would be met by 4. Ra1 Kc3=] 1. Ra2 Kf7 4.. Ke5 Kc7 3.. and the rest is clear... .. Rh5 [On 8.. Rg8 Kh7 11. Rb6 followed by 7. Ra8 Kg6 12. Rh5 ] 6.1996 6.. with a draw. Rh4? even loses due to 9.. Kxh6 10. Rd8+! 2. Lack of knowledge of these theoretical positions leads to a defeat.Short N.. Rh6+ Kg7 9...... Kd5 Rd8+ 4. Kc6 Ke6 [4. Kg6 5. Kd8 Rd6+ 12. Kd4 Kf5 3. as it was shown in the previous example (but not 4. Kovalevskaya E. Kxh3 . Kh5 Rh1+ 3. Kg5 Black has a strong objection: 8. Ra6+ Kf7 . 2. a6 Rd6+ 6. Kh5 6.Chen Z.. Kf4 Rg2 4. Ra6+ [Again.. b7 Kd7 12. Rb6 [6. a6 Ke6 7.. Rh6 Kg7 8. Kb7 Rd7+ 7. Kc4 Ke4 3. Kg5 Kg7 7. a7 ] Here White played 1. h7 Rh2 . Kg6 9. c4! Ke7 10... Kf4? and lost..Moscow.. f6 Kg6 5.. way to a draw: 1.1994 Ke8 Re6+ 13. and Black draws. b6 Rc8+ 4. Kf3 Black wins. Kb5 Kd5 5. b7 Rxc2 6. f3) 9.. Kg3 Rf1 3. Kb7 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7" @?@?@?"? ?@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@?… Rxc2 6.. ¦b8. and 1. Rh4 Kf6] 9.. Kf7 7. Kh7? 6. a7 ] 5. . f4! 9... Rg5+ Kh6 .. b6 Rd1 1:0 [.Novgorod.. Kd7 Rb6! . Rg1 3. and Maizelis I 3 11 . a6 Rb6! 10. Kg2!= . [2. Kb6 Rd6+ 8. Kg7! [Black loses after both 5. Kxg4 (9. Kg4 Rf1. . Rc8+ loses also in view of 5.. Kg4 Rf2°] 2. Kh7 White resigned in view of the following lines: 2.] 5. and all White's pawns perish.] ?@?@?@/@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ "!@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5@7@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 8.] 2. Rg5+ [9.. Kb6 Rb2+ 7. Kc7 Rc6+! 11.. [After the game Short pointed out a nothing. Kc7 Rc2+ 8. f5+? [A draw could have been achieved by 1. Kg3? Rf1! . Kg3 Rg1+ 2.. Rxf5? h2 6. Kh2 Ra1 4. Rg6+ Kh7 8.. Kg5 h2] Polgar J.. and 5.Black wins)] 4. Kh6 10. the pawn is immune from capture: 5. Kd7 Rb2 9. Kh3 Kf5 3. Ka5 Rd7 9.] [11... and White has achieved In the game Black played 1. 1929 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@!"?@ @?8?@?@? ?@?@?@!" 0?@?@?@? Rf6+!=] 2.. g4 Rf8+=] As a rule. Ke6 Rc1=) 3. Kf5 Ra8 The ?@?@?@?@‹ @?$?@?@? #8?@?@?@ @#@#@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@- players agreed a draw... Re8+ does not save Black in view of 3. b4 2.1992 When the pawns have not advanced far.. Re8? loses due to 2. Kremenietsky A.. Kf6 Rxg3 9. d6 Rxc5+ 4. Ra8 5. and so Black manages to save the game. Rf8+ 4. g4 Ra8! 5. Kb3? Kb5] In this ending Black draws by stalemate.Capablanca J. Kd6 Rd8+ 4. e6 Rg4 10. d7 Rd5 6. h4 Rg8 8. f6 Kd7 with a draw. Kc6 Rh6+ 6. h4 Rf8+ 6. d5? Rc8 3. b3] 3. [... 1. and the opposing king is in front of them. Ke7 ] 2. c6+ ) 6. f5 Rxh4 11. ?@?@?@?0‹ "7@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?"?@5@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1.[Or 4.] 4. 7. d5 The white pawns are not advanced far. .. Ke6 Euwe M.. Kd6 Rh6+ 4. and so a draw is good result for the side with the rook. Kb2 c5 [2.. Ka8! [1. Rh8! . c6 (or 3. Ra6+ 2. Kb7 6.Minasian A. Kb4! The only opportunity to play for a win. Ka6 Rh6 8.Karlovi Vary. Rh5+ [2. ... 1. d5 (but not 3.. and White draws by checking from the rear and attacking the pawns that are not defended by the king. g3 12 ... b7+ ] 3.] [Tartakower gives the following line: 7... d6 Rxc5 5. Kc7 Rc8+ 5.. e5 Kd5 4.. Ke5 [Bad is 2. king and rook are weaker than king with four pawns. Kf6! Ka8 3. [A draw results from 7. Kf6 Ra6+ 6.. Kc7 Rh7+ 5. Rc8 4. the draw is usually possible. e7 Re4 12.. Kg5 Rg8+ with a draw.. Kf5 Kd4 3. Kf7 Kd6 13. Kb5 Rh5! 7... [But not 3. Kd7 Rc6 (5... c6? Re6+=) 3. Ke4 Rc4 17. Ke4 Rc4 Black prevents the opponent's pawns from being advanced. Ke4 Rc3! 11. Ke5 Kb7! 15. Kd5 Ra4 16. Ke5 Rc4! 12. 13 .Rxb6+] 7. Ke5 Ka8! White is powerless to improve his position. Draw. 14. Kd3 Rg3+ 10.. Rh4 8.. Kd5 Ra4 13. Kc4 Rg4 9. Let us examine the most typical cases. one should know theoretical positions and typical methods of play. Ke6! (3. Kd6 (nothing is achieved by 2. 2.. To better understand rook simplest way to the draw. ROOK AND PAWN AGAINST ROOK 1 . 2) "building a bridge": 1. and the more the better.. Rf4 Rd2 Black has nothing better. e6 Rd1+=) 3. Re4! This maneuver is called "building a bridge". All rook endings most often may transpose into a rook and pawn vs. which every chessplayer should know: ROOK ENDINGS 1.. Generally speaking.. Rh1= This is the Rook endings are the most sophisticated and occur in practice most often . Re1! 3.?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5"?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? White has two ways to a win: 1) the rook's transfer to d8 followed by ¢d7.. ROOK AND PAWN AGAINST ROOK Pawn on the 7th rank ?@?@7@?0‹ .ROOK ENDINGS ?@?@7@?0‹ . then 2.. rook ending.nearly a half of all endings are the rook ones.] If 2. Kf8! The only saving move as it will be explained further. Ke5 Re2+ 7. Rh6! [There is also another way to a draw. endings.. A draw is obtained by 1. Kf6 Rf2+ 6. e6 .?@ @?@/@?@?… he/she is a strong player with deep positional understanding. Ke6 Re2+ 5. Pawn on the 7th rank ?@?@5@?@ @?@?"?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?..?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@5"?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Without a firm knowledge of these basic endings. Kf7 Rf2+ 4. White wins.. A result often depends on many subtle nuances. Rg4+ Kh7 3. Ke6 Rh6+=) 2.. the understanding of rook endings is impossible. if a chessplayer plays rook endings well. Rh1 2. 1..the short side (e8-h8) and the long side (e8-a8). 1. Kd6 Rb8 [Or 3. the draw is impossible. Kc6 Ra6+ 6.#@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?6?8?@?@ @?0?@?@?… Grigoriev Nikolay (RUS) 7 ?@?@5@?@‹ @?@?"?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ @?@?@-@? White played 1. Kg7 Ra8 5. Kd7 Ra7+ 3. provided only that the side is "long". Ka2! c3 2.. . and White wins.1968 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?. Kd7 ] 4. 5. If the Theoretical ending 1. Ra1! If there were no this Example 54 ?@?@5@?@‹ @?@?"?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? /@?@?@?@ @?@?@-@? move. Rh4= . Matsukevich A.. there is no defense. with the black rook being three squares away from the opponent's pawn. Rh8+ 2. Kd7 Rb7+ 3. Kd6 Ra6+ 4. Rb6+ 4. Kd7 .. and the 2 . a win is possible almost always. When the rook is on the short side. he could have made an easy draw by 1. In exceptional cases the defender can save the game by ?@?@5@?@‹ @?8?"?@/ ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@-@?@? checking the opponent's king from the side.... Kd5 Ra5+ 5.. Rb8+ 2. Rb8? [Instead. The side is long if the defender's rook is at least three squares away from the pawn. Re8 6.Lein A. it would have been a draw..URS. Kc7 Re6 5. Kf7 Rh7+ 3.. the board can be divided into two sides .. Kf7 defender's rook is on the short side. Example 55 When a pawn is on the 7th rank. Kb7 Re6= Relative to the e-pawn. Ra8+ 2. Kc7 Ra8 5. Kf6 Rh8 4. The knowledge of the long and short sides is extremely important. Kf8 Rf1+! 6. Rf1 Ra2! Black "lengthens" his rook. Kc7 Rb2 (threatening 6.. though his rook is only two files away from the pawn.?@?@?@? [Also possible is 2.. Rxc2 Rb8+°] 4. Ke8! ] Rd8+ Kc1 4.. Rd6 Re7+=. Ra1 3.. Ka2 Rd1! Black succeeds to advance his pawn to the 2nd rank. Pawn on the 6th rank Kd8 Rb8+ 5. and one should know it. e7+ Kf7=] 4.a draw. Rh3+ Rd3°. e7+ Ke8 5. Rd8 Ra7+ 2. Ke6 Ra6+ 6.. with a draw] 2.. Ra7+? loses due to 4. Kd6 Ra6+ 3. Kf6 4. Ke8+ Kf6 4. Rf1 Ra6+!=) 4.. e7 Ke6! 5. 1. Rd5 Ra8! pawn and the defense by the flank checks ensures a draw. This is a basic position. Example 56 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?6?@? ?@?@!@7@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ . Grigoriev Nikolay (RUS) 8 Pawn on the 6th rank ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?6?8? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ . Ra8! Being the most precise. 1. Ke8 Kf6 3. Kg7! Draw.. Rd7 [Or 2.. Rf7+ Kg6 5..] rook is on the long side.. Rh8 c2 5. Kb3 Kb1 7. Rh1+ Kd2 7. this move is not the only way to a draw. 3. Kg6! [3.. Kd7 Kf6 5.] 1. c3+ 2. ¢f6) 6.] [6. after which there are three files between the black rook and the white In such endings the rule of the long and short sides is also applied. [. Ke8 Ra1=] 3.. Rb7+ 2. Kd6+ Kf8 (or 3.. Rd6 Ra8 with 3 . 3.. 6.. 2. Kd6 Rb6+ 3. Rh2 Rd8 0-1. Kd7 Rb7+ 4... Rd6! A tricky attempt. Rh2+ Kc3 8...?@?@?@? ?@?@-@?@ @?@?6?8? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@?… This position is an exception to the rule: Black draws. Ke5 Ra5+ 4. Rc6 [4. [Nothing is achieved by 3. Kd7 Re8 3.. e7 . e7! Rh8+ 4. e7 Rb8+ 6. Kc7 Re8 (otherwise 7. and White wins. Kg7 Rh2 4.... Kc6] and this decides. and White wins. ¦e1 would follow) 7.. Kf8 .. then the task is simple. then 2. Kd6 Rb6+ 3. his task is to give his opponent the move: 1.] 2. Rd1! . Rf1+ Kg7 9. If it is Black to move.] 5.. Kf8 Rh8+ [Or 2. Kf6 is parried in the following instructive way: 5. Ra1! . Re1! reaches the 7th rank. then White wins. winning.?@?6?8? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. Rb1 2. Kd6 Re8 5. Kd7 Rb7+ 5.the same move decides. Ra1! . 1. ?0?@?@?@ . If it is White to play.. Kg7 Re8 5. Rf1+ Kg7 6. Ra8 Rb7+ 3.Yugoslavia. 2. Kd6 Rb6+ 4. . Kd6+! Kf6 [If 1. Example 58 Sax G. as we have seen in the previous example.?@?@?@? Theoretical position White wins. Rb7+ 2. Kd7 Rb7+ 4. Kd6! Rb8 8.. [Or 1. Kg6 The black rook lacks space for maneuver. Let us now examine the case when the defender's king is on the long side. Ra1 Re7+ 4. 1. Example 57 Example 59 ?0?@?@?@‹ .. and the pawn Ra8 7.. Rh7+ 2..?@?6?8? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@‹ @?8?6?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?0 .1975 4 .. Kc7 Ra8 10. Kd8 Rb8+ [An attempt to approach the king by 4.But if the black king is on g6.. Kd7 Kg7 There is nothing better.. Kc7 Rb2 6. Ke7 .Tseshkovsky V. Kf6!] 3. and the pawn reaches e7. Ra1! . Kd6 3. 3. simpler is 1. Kc7 [4.. resigned.an 1. considering his position hopeless.. 1. Kc6 Ke7! . Kd7 [Or 3. a draw is possible even when the defender's king is on the long side. Rh8+ Kf7 3... Example 60 Euwe Max (NED) 5 . Ra6! 2. Ra7+ 5. Ke8 [Of course. Kh7 2. Rd8! (threatening 3. while White is simply waiting: ¦c8-c7= In this position Black.. Kb6 Ke7! Draw. Kh7 Kf6!= important device. Re7 Rb6] 2.?@-@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?8?@?@ @?$?@?@? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?0? ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@5"7@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?. Kc8=] 2. Ke8 Rc8+] 3... ?@?8?@?@‹ @?@?@?@?@?6?@?@ @?@!@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@/@?@? Horvits B... 3. f7 Rc8! Other moves lose. Ra1! 4. Kling I 3 ?@?@-@?@‹ @?@?@5@? ?@?@!@?@ 0?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Pawn on the 5th rank Lasker proved that. e7 [2. here are two drawn positions with a pawn on the 6th rank.] 4.... Pawn on the 5th rank Draw.. Rf6+ 3.. But he had a simple draw: 1. Ra8! Black "lengthens" his rook..? ?@?@?@?@ @?0?@?@? Black is unable to improve his position. 3. against a central pawn on the 5th rank.. Ke7 Rc7+ 4. ¢c7) In conclusion. Rc8 Rd1! 5. Kg7 Rg6+ 4. . The defender's king is cut off from the pawn by four files. Kb7 followed by 5. [Wrong is 1. Vancura I -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? !@?@?0?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… A. Ra7 followed by 2.. Rh1! C. and Black is in zugzwang. 1. c6 ] Example 61 5@?@?@?@ "?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@-@?@ @/@?@?@?… Rook's pawn /8?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ 6?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ .. Rb8 Rook's pawn followed by 4. Rh8+ Kc7 3. In order to win. Kb5! . winning. Rc8 Ra1 4. Attacking the pawn by the rook 6 .[But not 1. @?0?@?@? [1. Rh7+ Kc6 3. If the defender's king is in front of the pawn. Rc8 . Rc8 Kd7 3. Ra7 ?@7@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?"?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?.. Let us examine different cases with a rook's pawn..?@?@?@?… B. Rc1+ Kd6 7. White must transfer his rook b8.. Ka6 Re8 5. Kb6? in view of 1. Rh1 Kc7 6.] 2.. Kb8 Re8+ 9. 1.. the game ends in a draw. 1. ¢b7 Here the stronger side is deprived of a by-pass.. Kb8!= To the short side. Rc2 Ke7 2. Kd8 2. a7 Rg8 4... ¦b7] 1.. Kc7 does not help either: 2. A win is possible only in unique positions where the defender's pieces are placed badly. Rh8+ Ke7 3. Win. Kb7 Re7+ 8. . on other files the situation is more difficult. hxg5 (2. a2? Theoretical position Look before you leap! One should take great care while making such moves.. h5 a2 followed by 1.. The weaker side's rook is behind the pawn Draw..Karpov A.. 1.Pavlodar (Kazakhstan). Kg3 Kd4 7. Rf3 Ra1 8. Rg7+! [1. Ra1 2. Kd5 Rf5+ 2. ...1982 Example 62 -@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?$7 ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?@?" $?@?@?"? ?@?@?@5@ 0?@?@?@? -@?@?@?@‹ "?@5@?@? ?@?@?@?8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?0? 1.Linares. while an attempt to approach with the king is parried by checks. [Instead. Rg4+] 3. Kc4 Rf6!= This method often occurs in practice... The white rook is tied to the defense of the a-pawn. Rb3 Ra2+ 6. Example 63 -@?@?@?@ "?@?@?@7 ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@?… Kamsky G. even with the addition of a white pawn on the g. Rg4! a3 4.Timoscenko G.1994 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?8?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5@ 0?@?@?@?… D.. 1. Kg2! Draw. Kb7 Rg7+= 7 . Kholmov R. . Rg6! Ke3 [2. Rh8+ ] 2. g5! 2. This set up also works on the fand h-files. Kc6 Kg5! 3.. Kb6 Rg6+ 4. Rg3+ Ke4 5.or h-file. Rb1? 3.Draw.. Black could have won by 1. Rf6+ Ke4 2. Rg1 Kf6 4. g4+!=] 5. Kh2 Kh5 5. Kg2 Rb1 10. Rg6 [Nothing is achieved by 2. h6 Rb3=) 4. Rxa2 Rb4 A win of the f5-pawn gives Black nothing.. ¢g3° was threatened) 19. Kb6 Rh1 3. Rc2 g3 12.. Rh3 3. Kg6 3. Ra8 Kf3 17. g4+! Kxh4 The black g-pawns are useless.f5-f4°) 2..... a7 2.. 7.... Kc7 Rh1 3. g5 5. no matter how is to move. Rg7 Rb8 5. 8.¢g5 Black creates a passed pawn on the f-file.. Ra1 g2 19. Rf6+ ] Theoretical position White's pieces are ideally placed. Rf7+ Kg5 6. Ra6 Kh6 3. because his king is not at g7. Kg7 Kf5 3.Delhi (India). Ra2 Kg4 13. Rf1+ Ke7= Example 65 Defense by frontal checks 8 . Kxg2 Draw. Kh2 Kh5 4. Rc8 1... Kg2 g6 . Ra3+ Re3 18.. ..] ?@?@?@?@‹ @5@?@?@? ?@-@?@?@ "?@7@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@/ 2. he wins. Rh3? loses due to 2. Ra2+ Re2 21. a6 Rf2+ 15.. Ra6 [1. Rb6 Rh1 3. Ra7 a2! 4.. 11. Rb1 4. Rg6 Rb7+ (3. a6 Ra1 2. and after 6.. Kh7 Rb3 3.. Rc2 Rf4 14. Rg6 Rh3 followed by ¢f5=] 1. Ra4! Kh6 [4.. Kh2! (19. Rh7+ 2.1984 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?. 1. 1.. Kg1 Re2 16. Kuzmin G. h6 Rb6=] 2. Kf5! [1. Rb1+ [1. a6 ] 2. gxf5+ g4 9...Thipsay P.?6 @?@?8?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?0? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Example 64 ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@? ?@-@?@?@ "?@7@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@/… Here White is unable to win. Kf2 20. Rxe2+ Kxe2 22. Ra6 Kh5 6. Ra4 g5 There nothing better. Rc8+ 3..?0?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@-@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@#8 @-@?@?@? ?@?@/@?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Defense by frontal checks 1. Kd3 Re8 3. Kd4!] The idea of this method is to prevent the stronger side's king from being advanced 1. Rg1 Re5 5. . Rh1+ Kg6 5. Rd7 Ke6 3. Ke6 Re8+ 5. Ra6 Rc8+ 6. With a bishop's or a central pawn. ¦d5+ ¢e6 4. Kd3 by means of frontal checks.¢d6) 4. Kd5 Rd8+ 4.. 2. Rb1 g5 4. Kd3 Kf5 7. and White wins. Rg1 Re5! White does not have 6. Rc6 Kd5 5.. Kc3 [Or 2. Cheron A 5 ?@?@/@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?.. Rc4 Rb8! (threatening 4. Kf6! . Kd3?? [A draw could have been obtained by 1. Kd4 Rd8+ 2..1968 1. with one square separating them diagonally.. Ra7 Rb6! 8. Ra7 Kd6 4. while the rook supports the pawn's advance from behind. Rc4 Rc6 with a draw.. The winning plan is to move the king ahead of the pawn. Re1 2. Tal M. b5! (the pawn has advanced) ¦ñ8+ 5. Kd4 Re4+ 8.. 9 . ¢e6 (there is nothing better) 2. against a knight's pawn the drawing chances are good. the winning chances increase. ¢d4=.Zaitsev I. Rb1 g5 2. 6. Ka4 Kc6=] 2. Kd2 Re8 3. Kc5 Re8 3. Rc7 Kd6 9.URS. As a rule.?… ¦c5 ¢d7 6. Rh1+ Kg6 4. Rd4 Ke5! If the black king were at e7. b6! . Kb3 Rc6! 7. then White would win: 1.. ¢c4 ¢e5 3. The opponent must not be allowed to advance his pawn even one square forward! g4° 1. 1.. with one square ?@?@?@?@ @/@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @!@?@?@? ?6?@-@?@ @?@?@?@?… separating them diagonally. Rc1 Ke7 6.. Kd4 Rb7 5. Ka6! Rc8 5. Kf6 2. Re1! … b4 4. Rb1 Black resigned.. Black could have obtained a draw by a typical Example 66 ?@/@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?. e6 and a6. Kb5 Rb8+ 4. Kc4 Rc7+ 7. Rc7+ 4.. Ra8+ 3.?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?8?@!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@5 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Several interesting positions 10 . Rc8 8.. Rh5+ Ke6 8. Kh4 Re8) 2. Re4! … b4 1. Kh4 Rg1 4. Kd5! (just as in theory!) 7. Ka5 Rc8 [Or 2. .Bucharest (Romania). Rd1+ Kc8 10. Theoretical ending Vaisman A.Kuzmin G.?@?… maneuver: [1. 1.. Rh3 Ke5 7. There are two such squares. Rg5? Although the white pawn has already reached the 5th rank.. Kc5 Kf4 6. Re6+ Kd7 3. but a6 can be reached. Rc7+ 5.Tashkent.. ?@?@?@/@‹ @?@?. Kc3 Kf5 3. Kh4 Re8=] 2. Kh5 Rg8 6...1981 White wins if he manages to post his king ahead of the c4-pawn.1..Adamski A.. Re3 Kf4 [Or 3. Rb7 8. Kd6 2. The e6-square is inaccessible to the white king... In conclusion let us examine a practical example with a pawn on the 3rd rank. Kh6 . Rg1 Rh8 11. Kb6 Rb8+ 4.... Re2 Kd7 5. Re5+ Kd6 3. Kb4 Rb8+ 2. Kd4 Rb7 6. Kd7! 3.. c5 Kd8 9..1980 4.. Kc7 ] 3. c5 Rb8+ 9. b4 ] c6 Sveshnikov E. . Kb7 Rc5 7. Re1 (or 2. Kb6 Rh5 [No better is 7. and the pawn reaches f7. Rh6+ Ke5 9. Kc7 ] 8. [2.?@?@?@‹ @!@?@?@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? /@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@5 ?@?@?@-@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Black saves the draw by hiding his king in the "shadow" of the white pawn. Draw. 1. Ke7 Ra1 5...?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 6#@?@?@/ ?@7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Several interesting positions Theoretical position 1.1969 ?. g5 Kh5! 3. g6 Ra6! 5. Kd7 Rb4! 4. Ra8 Re2=] 2. Kd6 Rd1+ 4. Draw.. b2+ 2.?@?. Re1! 1.. Rc4+ Rxc4 Stalemate.. Rf1+? 2.. Rg8 Rb6 White is unable to improve his position. Kf6 Rf1+ Draw. Rg8=] 3.Lapienis D... Izenegger S Tseitlin M... Rb4! (the only saving move) 3. Rinck H 2 Keres Paul (EST) 11 .. Ke8 ] 2. Rg3 [1. Rd7+ [3. Kc7 Rc4+ 5. Kd6 Rb4 with a draw. Kf8 3... Rg3 4. Rb8=] 4.?@?@‹ @?@?@?8? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?0? ?..URS. Rb7 Rc3 3.. Rg7 [Or 3.... 1. . Ke7 Kb3! (the only saving move) 3. Ra4! 2. Ka2=] 2.. Ra5 4.. Rb6+ 2. Rc8 [Black loses after 1. Ke5 Re1+ 3.. Kc8 Rg7 2. Kh5? fails due to 2. Rg2 4. Rd6+ Kxb5 Connected pawns 5. Re2 Kh3 2. 1.?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? /@?@?@7" @?@?@?"? ?.. Rd8 Rg7 4. Rd4 Rb6 Black's task is to watch over the 6th rank with his rook. Rg3! 3.?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. Rf8 3. and Black wins easily. Draw. Re2 Re8 4. Kg5 Kg3 . There is no other way. rook endings. Rh7 5. Kb8 [Nothing is achieved by 4. Ra3 Re2 5. Ra2 Kg3 5. Ra2 [2. Ra2 Connected pawns (3... one must pay serious attention to the rook and pawn vs. Kh6 Kg4°) 3. Kf4=] Two connected pawns normally win.. Rd8 Kg6= Cheron A 6 ROOK AND TWO PAWNS AGAINST ROOK ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@?@/ !8?@?@?@ @!@-@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? /@?@?@7" @?@?@?"? ?. Kc7 Rh7+ 8.. Ra3 Rf3 [3.. Kxb5? 6. [Losing is 5. Rf2 [Or 2.?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ROOK AND TWO PAWNS AGAINST ROOK 1.. To play rook endings well.?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?$/8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?.. a7 Rh8+ 7.. Kf4=] 4. 2... Rd6+ Kc5! The only move. Ke5 Rb7! (… ¢g5) 4... but if the defender manages to blockade the 3. Rd8 achieved nothing.. Rb4+ 3. and Black has pawns. Rg8+ Kh7 5.] 2. 2. Re2 4. a draw is possible.. Rd7 Rh8 9. Rd7 Rg8+ 3. Kb7 ] 12 .. Kb8 Rg8+=] 4. Re2! . . a8=Q Rh8+ 8.Rh2+ 3. Kc4 Rh4+ 7.. Rh2+ 6.Chernin A. The white pawns are firmly blockaded. Kc7 Rh7+ 8. 6. ending with rook and pawn vs. Rf8 (5. Ka8 [No better is 2. b6 Rh7 7.. Kc3 Rh3+ 6. Rf6! The only move... Kxa3 5. Also possible was 1. Kb7 Rxa8 9. Kxa3 3. b8=Q+ Rxb8 Stalemate. 1. Kc3 Rh3+ 7. this is not necessary. Kd3 Rh4! 4. b7 Rb4=) 4. Rc7 Kxa3 5. Kb6 Rh6+=] 4. . a7 Kxd6 7... Rc5 Ra8 5. Rc8 (or 4. Kc4 Rh4+ 8. [7.. Rh8 2. Kc3! Rc8+ 6. Kxd6 7. b7 Kc7 10. Rc3 Kasparian Genrikh (ARM) 13 . Rf4+ Kc3 11.. Rh2+ 5. rook. Ka6 . Kc5 Rh5+ 9. Kb6 Kxa3 9. Draw. a7 Kc5!=] 7.. Kd3 Rh4 4. Kg4 Ra4+= Black checks.. but Black must play very precisely in order to avoid transposing into a lost 1. b7 Rb8 with a draw. and Black resigned. 2. Ra5+ ] 3. In practice it is important to master the main methods of defense (in this case the blockade of pawns). Kc5 Rh5+ 8. Kd4 Rxa3 6. Rc4 Rh3+ 5. moreover... Rc7 Rh8 8. Rg6 Rh8+ 7.. Kxa8 Kc5=. Rc8! 2. This is possible only if the stronger side's pieces are placed badly. b6 [Or 6. Rf5 Rc8+ 4. [Nothing is achieved by 4.. Ka7 Kc6 9. Kd8 Kxb5=] 6. b5+ Ka5=] 6. b5 Kb4 6... Kc5 Rb3! 7. Kb2! Rh8 4.. b5! Kb4 10. Rd8 Kb6=. Rf6 Kb5) 5. 0?@?@?"! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… (Netherlands). Rf5? Rh5! 5.1993 /@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 7"?@?@?@ "?@?@-@? ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@?@? Sometimes the defender manages to draw even when pawns are not blockaded. Rc3 Rh8 3. b5 Kb4 6. thus not giving the white rook an opportunity to get free. Example 67 Serper G. Rh8+ 8.. One is unable to know all theoretical positions. Rd8+? [Correct was 1.Groningen ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?. b6 Ka5 7. 14 . 3. Rd6+ Ke7 3. but exact play is required. Kxd6 3. Rf6 Ra8 7... pawn. Kc6 .. Theoretical position 1. Rg1 3.?6?@?@?@‹ @?@7@?@? ?@?@-@?@ @?@!"?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@? ?0?@?@7@ . Rc3 [2.? ?@?@?@?0 @?6!@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Doubled pawns 1... Rc6! Rxc6 4. Rd6! If there were no the b6-pawn. Kd8 ] 3. g7 Rc8 6. 1. even in the case of a knight's 2. with the weaker side's king being placed on the back rank. Ra5 2. Theoretical position Example 68 Black draws "a la Philidor".?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"5 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… 1. Kc7 ] If one of the doubled pawns has reached the 6th rank. Rc6+ Kd8 5.. Rb7 Rg6 2... [Bad is 2. Ra6! Rf8 4. White would have won by building a bridge. Ka7 White wins. g4 Rb8 5. Rd2+ Ke7 2. 2. Rd6+ Kc7! Draw.. it would have been a draw.. Rb6 Rg4! The only move. Rf8+ ?6?@?@?@ @!@7@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@? ?@?@?@-@ @?@?@?@?… Example 69 ?@?8?@?@ @?@?@?. then a win is easy. Kh6! Rb6+ 2. Ka7 Rb5 3. Kc8 Rc3+ 4. Rb1+! [Bad is 1. Rd6+ Kc7! 4. g6 Rb8 If there were no the pawn on Doubled pawns g2. .1973 Isolated pawns 15 . and White wins. g5 Rg3 4.Lputian S. Dvoretzky M. Ke6 7. Kh6 Kd6 5. 2.. Kd6 Rd2+ [2.1984 ?@?@?@7@ @?. Ra7+ ] 3..?@?"? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?"?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@?… The simplest.. Kxg7 5.. Rb8+! Kc7 4. Kg6 Rg2 3. 1. Isolated pawns Re2 [4. Re1+ 7. Kf6 … e6 ] 2. Rc4 Yandemirov V. . [1.Ruban V. Rc8 Kd7 6.. Re6! ] 4. Kf5 Ra5 3. Kd5 Rh1 Draw. Black easily draws by sacrificing his pawn.Kolontaevo [6. one of them is sacrificed. (Russia). c5 Re1 with a 1. Rg7 3. Rg1+ … å6 .or 2.. Rf8! Eingorn V.Lvov (Ukraine)..Polanica Zdroj (Poland). Rc7+ Ke6 2. Rxc4 4. Kb4 Re5! 6. Kd5 followed by å6] 3.. Ke6 Two isolated pawns normally win. Rg1 ] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@-@?@?@ @?@?@?6? ?@?@?@!@ @?"?@?@? ?@/@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 5.. Rf8 Rxc3 7... Kd5 Rh1 6. Rd1! (the most precise) 4. e6 Ra2 6. . Rxf8 Kxf8 3. Ra6+ 2.Fillipovic A. d6+ Rxd6 6. Rd7! Ra2 draw. Rf1 Black resigned. Kb3 Kd7 5. Rxh6 Ke7! [But not 3. because his rook and king are very active. .. g6 .. Ke7 Ra2 4.. Kf6 Rf7+ 6.. Here White wins easily... 4. d6 Rg1 4. Ra8 Rg6 5. Ra6+ 3. As a rule. Ke6 Rf2 7..1994 ?@?0?@?@‹ @?@?@?8? ?@-@?@?$ @?@?@-@? ?@!@/@?@ @?@?@?@? ?6!@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1.. g6 ] 6. Ra7+ 5. Kc6 Rc1+ 5.. and the other queens. . Ke5 Rb5+ 3. Ke5 Rg6 17. 16 .. Rf4! Black ties the white rook to the defense of the h4-pawn.. 4. Ke6 Rxh5=. Ra1! ) 7.. h6 ] 15. Rh8+ Kxe7 7. Ra7+ Kxg6 4.] 5. [Bad is 2. Ke6 Re1+ 9. Ra7! … å6 . Kb3 Ka6 3. Kxa5? 15.. Rg8+ Kd7 13. Kf5 Rc5+ 14. e7+ ] ?@?@?@?@‹ @7@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@!@?@?@?" @?@?@/@? ?6?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 3. Kd5 Rg4 Chernin A. Ke7+ Kf5 5. then a win is much more difficult or even impossible. Kd6 Kf5 6. e5 Kxg6 4. Kg4 (threatening 3.Portisch F. 2. a5 Re4 4. Kc6 Rb1 6. Kd5 (13. Rf2 Ra1! with a draw. 1. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? -@?@?@!@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?0?@?… Kg7 Rg1+ 15.Rg7! Rc1+ 7. Ra5+ Kg6 8. and White has won. Kf5 7. Kf3 Rc3+ 8. Kxg6 3. h6 Rh5 6. Rb4+? 2. If one of the pawns is rook's or knight's.. a6+ Ka7! Kd6 Rb6+ 4. In positions with two rook's pawns the defender can employ the already examined defensive system.. Kd5 Rb5+ 5. Kf5 Ra5+ 4.Mukhin M. h7 Kf7 Draw. h5 Rc5! 14.. Ke7 Rb6 6. Kg6 Rc6+=) 13... . Rb1 3. Ra5! [Losing is 1. Kf6 Ra6+ 5. attacking the h-pawn with the rook from the side.. h5 Rc6+! 13. Kd6 Rd1+ 8. Ke7+ Kg7 4.... Kh8 Rh1 16.URS.. e6 Rb7+ 6. Rh7+ [12... 1. e5 Suetin A.. e6 Rb8 (or 6.1978 ?@?@7@?@‹ @?@?"?@?@?@?@?@ @/@?@?@! ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 10. Kd5 Rd1+ 2. Rh8 Kb7 12. . Rb1? 5. Ke6 Rg1! The only move. Rg6 … ¢g7 ] 2... Kf5 Rc6 18. Kg7 Ra1=] 4. Rf6! 14. Ke4 [4. Rb5 5. Ka6 13. ¦g7) 2. 1. Kf6 Re6+ 10. Ke4 Rc4+ 9. Kf6! Re1 12.. Ke5 Rc6 15. Rd8 Rh6=] 12. Ke3 Rc4 7. Ke6 Rc4 11... Kf8 Kf6 7. Rf7+ Kg6 7.. e5 Re1! [In the game Black played 4.Belgrade (Yugoslavia).1977 Rb1 5. Ra1 . Kc3 Rf4 5.. or 2. Ra4+ 3.. h6 Rc6+ 16. Kg5! Rxe7 11. Kd3 Rg4 6. Rh8 Kb7! [14. h6 Rf1+ 14. Kf7 Kg5! 8.. Rg3+ Kb4 5. one should bear in mind a possibility to transpose into a drawn ending with the f.and h-pawns. Ra5 Rb7+ 9. Kf5 Rf1+ 7. Kg7 (or 8. . Ka1 [Or 3. Rd8+ Kh7 5.. Ke6 ) 5. Kxf5 9.. ?@?@?@7@ . Kxh5=) 8. Ra8+ Kh7 4. While defending a worse rook ending... Rb8+ Kc3 3. Rh1 3.1969 10. Ra7+ Kh6 7. Rg6+ 10. 1. Theorists have proved that the defender can draw if his king is -@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?$?@?@? #@7@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?0 @5@?@?@? placed in front of the pawns and is not cut off by the opponent's rook on the back rank.. Rg8 c4 4. Rg1+ 6.] 2.. Ke5 17 . Ke6 Rb6+ 10. Rb6 6.Nice (France).. Kh7 Rf1 7. Kh8 5.. f6 Rg2 9.. Rb1 [6. h5 Rg1+ 2.[18..] 3. Kh6? Rg2=] 2.. c4 4. Kc3 is also winning. Kf6 1.. Rb2+ Kd3°] 6.. Rf3 c3°] [2. h6! [Nothing is gained by 3.and h-pawns are the most complicated. Kh7 Rg1=] 3. Kg6 ] 4. Kf4 Rc6 Draw. Rg1 c3 8. Kf8 in view of 5.. Let us first consider a position where the stronger side wins. Rxa6 19. Kg5 Rb1 5. Ke7 Re1+ 10.. Kg5 Rc5+ 20.Pisietsky..?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@!6? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @/@?@?@?… Kd8 Adamski J.. Ka2 Kc2 6.. Ra7! Rg1 8.. 3.. h6 (9. Kf7 Ra1 8.. Kb3 [1.. Re7 7.. In this game too.Ljubljana (Slovenia).1974 Positions with f.. Rb6+ [3..Robatsch K. 5. for example: 5.. Kb1 Rh7 [4. Rg7+ Kf8 (4. Kd6 Rd1+ 9. .. Ra5+ Kg4=) 9.. Rd7 Rh2 4. Rg8 Rd2°] Ke7 . a3 5. and White wins. f6 Ra7+ 9. f6 and White wins.. the stronger side has easily won. Rb1 [2. Rg7 Rf2 Gheorghiu F. Kg6 Rg1+ 6. Ke7 Rb7+ 5. Rg2+ Kd1 White resigned. Rh1 4. Kg5! ] 19. Re7! Kg8 6. Re8+ Kh7 7.. Ke6 Re1+ 8. . Ra2 2.. Kh7 5.. Rf8=] [5.. 4. Kh3 2. Rg6+ Kf7! The simplest.. 1.. Kxh6 4. 1. Kh7 2.. however.. Kd7 Ra8! with a draw) 4. Kg1! h4 4. Re5 Kxh6=] 4. Kg5 [Or 2. Kf7 Kxh6=] 5. Ke7+! (but not 4.If the defender's king is not cut off by the opponent's rook on the back rank. Rg7+ Kh6 6.? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?$?8 @?@?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ @?@?@5@? precise game supposed. Kf7+? Kh7 5. Rf7=] 3. Rf8 Kg3 [Or 4.. . because the black king is cut off on the h-file. f6 Ra2 6.. Re8+ Kd3 8. Rf8+ Ke3 7. Re6 18 .Moscow (Russia). Re7+ Kxh6 =... Gligoric S. Re8+ Kd1 10. Let us examine some examples.. and Black draws. f7 ] Here White manages to draw. f3 3. Rg2+ 3. Kf6 Theoretical ending Ra1 5. 5.. Ke5 Re2+] 2.. Taimanov M.. Ke8 Rg8+ 7. then a draw is achieved comparatively easily.Smyslov V. Rg8+ Kf4 6. Rf8 with an easy draw.. Rg2+ 5. Re6 [Or 2. Kf1! Kg3 6.. Kf6 Rf2! Black must Variation from the game prevent 4.1947 Maizelis I 4 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? -@?@?@?@ @/@?@?@! ?@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@-@?" @?@?@!@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@? 1.. Re7 Ra6+ 7.1976 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?. Rf2 . Rg8+ Kh2 7. Ra2! 5.. ¢f7.URS. Rg8 f3 4. Re3 [4. [Bad is 3. Rd8+ Ke2 9. f5 Rb1 3. . Kg5 Rg1+ 4. a draw is also obtainable by [1.Gulko B. as was pointed out by Averbakh.. f6 Rg7+! 6.. Re6 Ra2 Euwe M. 4...Netherlands. Re7 Rb1 9. Kh6 8.... c4 5. Kf5 Ra1 7. Rd6 Ra5+ 14. Kg5 ) 8.. Ra8 Kd2 White resigned. Rg6+ Kf7=] 7. Ra6+ due to 9.. as it was shown previously. h6 Ra1! (losing is 3... Rc6+ Kg7! [Bad is 4. Kf6 4. Ke6 2... Kf5 Ra5+ 8. Kf7? 19 .Ra7 8. f5 ] This loses. h7 In practice the weaker side very often loses drawn positions due to time pressure. Re1 Rb7!= (but not 8. Re5 Ra1 11. Ra4+ 7.. Rd4 Ra1 13. Kg5 Rg1+ 6. Kb4=) 5. Re8 Kg7 10.Kramer H. c4 5. Rg5 Ra7+ 9. Kg8 11.. Kf6 Ra1 9. Kf5 Ra5+=. Rg2+ 3. f6 (6. Rd6 Ra2 19.. Ka2 Rb7 9. Kg6 Rg4+ 10.] 4. Rxa4? Ra6+=] 3. Kf6 Ra1! 10. Kg5 Rg1+ 9... Rb8+ Kc4 2. Ke6 1. Kg5 [Or 2... Ra7 Rxf4 9. Rg7+ Kf8 6.1981 1.Ree H. Rg6+ Kf7= . Rh8=] 2. .. Kg5 Rg2+ 20.. Kf6 Rf4+ (10. f5 Re2+ 23. Rh8 Rd2 (4. Kg4 Ra1 [14. Rd5 Rf1 12. Kf5 Ra1 17. hxg7 ) 11. Rb5=] 15.. Even strong players err in these endings.. Re3 Rb1! 11. Ke7+ Kh7 22. 5. f6 Ra8! with a draw. h5 Ra1 4.] 2.. Re6 Rf1! (see above)) 6. Re6 Rg1+ 16.. Rh5 (4. Rf1 8.... Kg5 Rg1+ 6. f5 Kh7 6. Rh3+ Kd2 6. Rg1+=) 4. Rc5 [Black also draws after 3. Rc7+ Kg8 8. Rh2! Draw. Ka3 Kc3 4. @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?$?@?@? #8?@?@?@ @?@?@?0? ?6?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 2.. Ra6 Rd7 10. Kh8 ) 4. Rg5 Kf6 3. Rg1+? 4. . h6+ Kh7! 18. and Black loses)] ?@?@?@?.Leeuwarden (Netherlands). Rg7+ Rxg7 12. Kf6 Kxh6 21... h6! . Kf5 Rh1 5. Rh3 Rg1+ 7.. Rg5 Rb1 3. Ra8 Rg7! 6. Kg8 5. Kh7 Ra1 (7. Kf7? in view of 5. Ka2 Kc2 7.1940 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?8?@?@ @?@?@?@?@?@?"5" 0?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 24. Kf5 Rh1 7. Kh5 Rf1 8.. Kf7 Kg5 10. Rc7+ [7. [A draw could have been obtained by 4. Kg6 Rg1+ 7. Polugaevsky L. Ka1 c3 8. Ra8 [2. Rh3+ Rd3 6. Ke4 Re1+ 21. Kh6 Kf6 4. [17. instead of passive defense. 10.. Rb7 Ra1 5. Rf1 4. Smyslov V. Kh6 Rf1] 4. Kh6 Rf6! (the only move) [1. Ra7+ Kf6 5.. it is better to give up a pawn. f6 Kh7 Draw. and so some By precise play Smyslov manages to hold his ground.. h5 Otherwise White is unable to improve his position.. Rf4 ] ROOK AND PAWN AGAINST ROOK AND 20 . Rf1 [3.Makogonov V. Rg3+! 3. Rc3 pawn ending. Kf7! 3. h7 Kf5! 15. Rh6 Rg1 8. Rf1+ 2..1947 ROOK AND PAWN AGAINST ROOK AND PAWN ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?. thus reaching a theoretically drawn position Rb5 8. f5 Rc6 7. Ke6 4... 1. Sometimes. f5+ ] 4. Kf7 Ra8 28. Rc6+ Kf7 9. Ra5 11. g5 Ra1=] 3. Rxg6 Rh1+ 7. Rd7 Ra1 12. f6 Black resigned.. Ke7 Kxh7 25. h5 Rh1=] PAWN ?@?@?@?@ @?@?8?@? ?@?0?@#@ @?@?@?6? ?@?@?. Kg3 Ke6 16.... Rh4 Kf8 9. Rc7+ Kf6 10. Kh6 Kg8 10. or a rook vs. Rb5+ ] 18. Kf3 Rh1 20.. Ra4 g5+? [Black should have sacrificed the pawn in another way: 2.[A draw could have been achieved by 2. Kg4 Kf6 7...? ?@?@?"?" @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@? Although these endings are usually drawn.. Kh7 (3... Kd5 Rd1+ 22. Rb7 Kg6 (that is why a firm knowledge of typical positions is needed!) 1. rook. Rg5 Rh3 5.. Ra6 2. h6 Rg1+ 13. g5 ] 2. Rg8 [4. Rh7+ Kg8 [3. Rh6? 18. Kf6+ Kh6 26. Kg4 Rg1+ 19. h5 Ra6 6. Ra7+ Kg8=) 3. Kg4 Rg1+ 3. Rf1=] 4. Kxg5 Now White is winning.. Ra6+ Kf7! 6. In the majority of cases the game transposes into either a rook and pawn vs.!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 3. Kf3 Rh1 14. Kd6 Rd1+ 24. Rb6 4.. f5 Ra1 27. . Ra7 Kf5 17.. Ke5 Re1+ 23.Leningrad... Kf7 5. Kh5 Ra1 theoretical positions and typical methods of play are to be known.. even in such simple positions there are many subtleties. Rg3 Ra5+ 6. 3.. [Also possible is 3. ¦d7 and 10. Rb1 Ra6 5. Rb8? [4. @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Foreseeing the coming ending with pawn against rook. Rb8+ Kh7 . Kf7 Kd7 7. .1975 Ra7+ . g7 Rg2 12.. 1..1992 ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@/"5@? ?@?@?@?..¦d6. 1.Varna (Bulgaria). Ra4! [3.... Kg4? The ending with pawn against rook is unavoidable. Winning is 4.4. Ra8+ Kh7 5. and so Black should In the following example White managed to exploit bad positions of Black's pieces. Rg7+ Kf8 7. Ra7+ Kf8 5... Kg8=] 5.. Ra7 Rb8 9. Rh7 Kg8 10.. [A draw could have been obtained by Kxf7 ] 4.Bogoljubow E. Kg8! 4. ... . e6 Rb8 11. e6 Rb6 8. Kxf6 Kg8 4. Ke6 Re1! ?@?@7@?@‹ @-@?@?@? ?@?@?$5@ @?@?@!@? /@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? (8. Ra7 Rf1+ 8. Rg4+ Kh7 7. Black must play accurately. e6 ] 2.. Rh4! Kg8 5. Rf8 Black resigned. Ke8 4..1929 ?@?0?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?"5@?$?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @-@?@?@? Kirov N. Kg6 Rf2 6. a draw could have been obtained by 3. Taimanov M. Kg7 Rf2 9. Kd6+! )] 4.. Black resigned. have 21 prepared for it. 1. Rd8? [No better is 3. Ke7 followed by 9. Rg7+ Black resigned. Alekhin A.] 2. Kg7! Rc6 3. Rb1? 9.. g6 Rf1 10. Rb6 Rf4! 3. Ra6? Senseless. since the f6-pawn is lost in any case. Kf8! 2. Rg4+! Kf8 3. Ra8+ Ke7 8. Rb8+ Ke7 4. 1.. Rf8! Rd1 6.Mueller G. transferring the king to the short side..Koshic D.. Ke7 Rd5 6. Rxf7+ Kg8 7. Kf6 Kg8 [1.... Ra7? [A mistake in response. Rg7? Rxe5=] 3. Ke7 Kg7 10. Ke8 2. Kg8 Rg1 11.. . Ra8+ Kd7 5.Novi Sad (Yugoslavia). Re1+ Kd8 6. Rd1+ Kc7 8. Rxf7+ Kg8 6. g5 Rb2 7. ¦à2 ] 2.. 22 . Rh4+ Ka3 10. b8=Q Rxb8 4.?@ @5@!@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @7@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?0? ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@?@?… 2. This goal is achieved by force. Rc3! [Bad is 2. b7 f5 3..] Kopaev N 2 ?@?@?. Kc3 Ke2 9. Ke4! . Ka5 Rc2 12... ¦h2) 10. but the solution is more complicated.[A draw could have been achieved by 1. Kb7 Rb2+ 5. rook and rook vs. Kxf7 Kc4 with a draw.. Kb8 Rb2+ 2. Lasker Emanuel The idea is the same. Re8+ Kd1=] 2. and White 1. Rc2! (cutting off the black king from the a-pawn) [Only a draw results from 1. Ka8 Rc2 3. We have examined the transition to rook and pawn vs. Ke6 [1.. Kb6 (threatening 11. pawn endings. Re3+ Kd5 5. Rxh2 . Rh3+ Ka2 13. Kb7 Rb2+ 8. Kc5 f3 6. Rf8 Kg3 8.. some interesting tactical and strategic ideas occur in rook Konstantinopolski A. 1. Rxb8 f4 5. a3 3. Kxf7 a2 6.?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… The winning plan is to drive the black king onto a2 or b2. Rb2+ 11. Rh6+ Ka5 4.. rook and pawn endings. Lasker's idea was developed in chess composition. b8=Q Rxb8 4... b7 f5 3. for example: 2. Rxb8 f4 5. Kd5 f3 6. Re2+ Kd5 4. f7 Rxf7 4. Rf8 ?@5@?@?@ @?"?@?@7@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@/@?@?$ @?@?@?@?… Ke3 7. . f7 Rxf7 3. as well as in practice. ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@? ?@?@?"5@ @?@7@?@? #@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?. Ke4 f2 7. One of them is demonstrated in a famous study by Emanuel Lasker. Kxf7 Kc4=] 1.. Ka6 Rc2 9. Kc4 f2 8. Besides.1940 and pawn vs.Fridman P. Ke3 Black resigned. f7 Rxf7 2. Kxf7 followed by wins. f7? Rxf7 3. Rh5+ Ka4 7. after which ¦h2 decides. Ra3 Black resigned. Ka7 Rc2 6. a3 2. ?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@#@?@?@ @?@?@?@? which is one's desired goal in the rook endgame. Kh6 Rf2 13.. and Black resigned in view of the following line: 10. Rg4+ 2. Kd6 Rd3+ 4. Rf3+ 12. Rf5+ Ka4 (the best retreat) 2. Rc6+ Kh5 4.. Kb6 If White had not given check on the 2nd ?6?@?@?@ ... Rxh2 .?@?@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ $?0?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… move. ?@?@?@5@‹ @?@?@!@? ?@?@?@?8 @?. Ke6 Re4+ 10. Ke7 Re2+ 10. Kb5 Rb2+ 13. Kd8! A by-pass. Rd3 6. Kg7 ?@?@?@?@ . Rc5+ Kh4 7.Geller E. Rh4+ Ka3 7. d7 Rd3 2. 5. Rh3# An unexpected finale! The last examples demonstrate the perfect coordination of king and rook. Ke6 Re3+ 11. Kf5 Rd3 Jansa V. Kb6 Rb3+] 8. Kc6 Rc2+ 12. but right off this is impossible: [8. Kh8 Rf4 3.. Ke4 ] 12. The following original study develops Lasker's theme. Rxa3! Rxd7 13. Kf6 Rf4+ 9. . then Black would have drawn by ¦b3. Kc7 Rc3+ 8. Ke7 Rh3+ Ka2 15. Kf6 Rd3 9. Ke7 Re3+ 5. Ra5+ Kg4 7. 1. White needs to reach a5 with his king..Moscow... Kg7 Rg4+ 5. Rc4+ Kh3 14. Rh5 Rd3 4. Keres Paul (EST) 2 1. Kh5 Rf2 16. Kf5 . and White wins. Ra4+ Kh5 (otherwise White plays 10. Ka5 Rd2 14. Kh7 Rf4 6. Re3+ 8.. Kg6 Rg2+ 12. Kd6 Rd2+ 11. Ra5+! Kb4 3.1970 [11. Kg6 Rg2+ 15. Kc7 Rc3+ 5. Re2 11.?@?6?@7 ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@?… Rg4+ 8. Rc3+ followed by ¦ñ2 Kalandadze V Study by Paul Keres White's plan is to transfer the rook to the 2nd rank followed by ¦d2 and ¢d7. Rc2 9..1.. Kc7 Rc3+ 3. But 23 .¦à3 ) 10. Kf7 Rd3 6. Eliskases E. 3. . . 1. Ra4+ 2.Stockholm (Sweden). Rc7 [Or 15. Rxa2+ Kf3 13. Sometimes the stronger side's king can 24 . Ra7 Re6! (14. . Rd7 Ke5 .. ¢f2. and it is White A similar idea works also with a larger number of pawns on the board... Kf6 Rf1+ 9. Kotov A. Kd6 Kd1 9.. 7. Kf5 Rg7 5. Ra4+ Kh3 8.. Rb2! Black resigned. Rf7 Ke3 20.] 15. Rd7! Ke4 17. Rd1! Kf3 18.Melnikov. and Black wins "a la Keres". e7 Kh5 Black tries not to allow the white rook to get to the 2nd rank. Kh4 4. Rf1+ Ke2 19.Zugzwang. Ke5 Re7+ 8. Kg6 Re1 7. Kd7 ] 3. Kh3 5. Ke6 Rb7 first he advances his pawn to e7. after which Lasker's idea does work. Kxe7 e1=Q+ .1952 Zaitsev I. Kh5 Ra6 ¦g7 (h7)°. Kg4 Rg6+ 4. Ra3! Re1 2.. ¢g5.. Kg5 Rg1+ 10. Kh7 .Moscow. Ke8+ Kg6 2.. and White wins.. ¢g6 was threatened) 14.. Kf6 Rh7 6. 1. Ra5 Kg4 [Or 4. then 3.1973 ?@?@7@?@‹ @-@?@?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?6?$? ?@?@?0?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? -@?@?@?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? /@?@#@?@ @?@?8?@?… "Hide-away" The idea of the rook's transferring to the 2nd (7th) rank is often seen in practice.. Rg3+ Kh7 5. Rg2 Kh8 6. but not 15. Rd2 Kg7 7. Rb3 e2 3. Rb7. [If 2. then 3.1985 move onto the g-file.. Ra4! .. Ra3+ Kg2 12. Kg4 Black threatened ¦a6-g6 (h6) 1.] ?@5@?@?@ @?"?8?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?$?@! -@?@?@!@ @/@?@?@?… 5. 1. and Black went on to win. Kh5 Re1 11.. who is in zugzwang. Ke5 16. If now 3. Ra3 Kg7 4. Kg5 Ke4 15. Kf7 Rf1+ 6. and Black is in zugzwang. Ra3! By putting his opponent in zugzwang White forces the black king to Panchenko A. Kf5 . 3.Dvoretzky M. g7 Rg2+ 8.Semmering (Austria). Ke7 . Ra1 Kg4 5.. Rc2 3. Kg1 Kg3 11.. g5 Kg3 3.. and Black wins. Kf4! [In the game Black played 1.1911 Republic). 2. Rf1 [3. Ke6 Re2+ 3..Plachetka J. Ra1 Rxg4 5. Kg1 f2+ 6. Kh1 Kf3°) 4.. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?6 @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?0? ?@?@#8?@ .. Kf5 g4 The black g-pawn covers the white king from checks from the rear. 1. Kxg5 4. Kg1 Rb4 7. Rg1 Kf2 4.1926 Ra4+ Kg5 6.. Re8+ Black resigned.] 2.. Kc6 ... Rg1 Kf2! 4. and after 2. Schlechter C. Ra1 Rh4+ 8. Gilg K. Ra1 Kg4 7... Kh3 5... Rg1 [No better is 2.?@?@?@? Ra1 Rg4 5. Black would have had an easy or 2.. Rf1! Rg3 (or 2. Ra4+ Kg5 8. Rf1 Kg3 5. g6 Rh2+ 5.. 1.. Rxc8+ Kxc8 5. 1. Kf1 Rh2°.. In this position Back could have won by hiding his king in the "shadow" of the 1. . .... Rxf2 Rxf2 7. 4.Karlovy Vary (Czech Schmidt L. Rf1 Re2 3. Rg8+ Draw. Rf2 2. Kh4? . ¦å1°] 2. Ke6 (to the "shadow") 2. g6 Re1°] 3. which led to a draw: 3.1976 ?@?8?@?@ . e5! fxe5 [The alternatives are no better. g5 Kg3 4. Re2 3. g6 Rb4 7. g6 Rg2+ 9. Rf8 Rh4 12. Rg2+=) 3. and White wins..hide in the "shadow" of an opponent's pawn (pawns). Ra2+ Kg3 6... If there were no this pawn.?@?@?$? ?@?"?$?@ @?@5@?@? ?"?@!@?$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@/@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?@/@ @-@?@?@5 The device of hiding in the "shadow" often occurs in rook endings.Decin (Czech Republic). Rf1 f2 followed by 6. f7+ Kf8 6. Kg3 3. 25 . Kg6! Rf2 5. Rb8+ Ke7 7.. Kg3 . Rf5 Rh3+ 10. Rxe5+ 2. g5 f2 4. for example: 1.. Ra2+ Kg3 6.Perlis J. Ra5+ Kh4 9.Tartakower S.. Rb4 7. Kg1 f2+°) 6. g5 he was forced to capture the g-pawn. Rg1+ (4. Rd2+ 2. draw. Kg1 (6. Ra1 Rb2 8. .. d7+! ] g-pawn. Ra8+ Rc8 4. Ke6 Kc8 3.. h6 Re7+ White resigned. e1=Q 2. Rg1+ Kf5 10. Rg8 c2 9. h6 Kf4 6. Boleslavsky I. Re5? 6..1952 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?. g6 Rd6° 7. h7 2. c7 Rd6+ 8.] 1. ROOK AND TWO PAWNS AGAINST ROOK AND PAWN 26 . Ra3+ Kh4 6. Ra4+ Kg3! 5. Kd3 Rxc7 10. Rf7+= In the game A decisive mistake. [By 1.. Rc8? A simple draw could have been obtained by 1.. Kd4 2. Ra3+ [Now 3... Rb7! There could follow: 1.. g4! Re3 (2.?@?@?@ @?@5@?$7 ?@!@?@/@ @?@?@?@?… Vitolinsh A.. Kd4 2. Kf4 Rd1!°] 3.. Rxc7 g1=Q 11. Kg2 Rg6+ White resigned.... Kg3) 3.. Ra1 Re4 8. Kc4 Rc6+ 9. Ke2! Theoretical Several interesting positions In this example Black wins by subtle play. g7 Rf6+ 8. Rc8 Kd2 7. Rxe1 Kxe1 draw. Kg7 Kg5 12. Rxe2 loses in view of 3. Kd3 4. Rxc2+ Kxc2 6. h6 3. not 1. Kh8 Kg5 7.. g6 Re6 5. c6 g2 6. Kf4 4. c5 Kf3 5. Kf2 Kd2 5. g5 Re5 4. g5 Rd3! [5. Kg3 Rg5+ 6..3. g4 [No better is 2. g6 Rh5+ (otherwise White plays 5. 1. g7 Re7! followed by 10. Kxe2 4. Re3 3. Rxe1 Rxe1 10. the defender draws by putting his rook on the 7th (2nd) rank in order to protect his pawn. Ke3 White preferred 1. g7=) 5. Kg4 9. ¢d4=) 4. Rd8+ Kc1 8..... Kh3 Kd2 4.. Kg6 e1=Q 9.Saigin V.. Re1 Kf6 11.URS.Severodonetsk (Ukraine).. Kh7 with a draw. ¦b8 and achieved the draw with great difficulties.] 2. g5 Kd3! 4.¦d7°] Kg6 8. Ra2 Kf3 3. h7 Re7+ 13. g3 Ke3 3. Rg1! [Of course. Kg4 c2 5. Kg8 Kg6 ] 8. . Very often.. c4 Rf4 (otherwise White plays 4.. Rd8+ Ke2 6. .. Rh7+ Kg2 3. Kh7 Kg5 12.. Rd8+=] 6... when both opponents have passed pawns on different wings. Kg8 Kh6+ 9.Malaniuk V. Kg2 [3. Rg7 Rf6 7. Rh1+ [Or 8. Kh8 Ra1°] 3. Kf3 Rxg6 7.. Rc7! White could have saved the game: 1. Kh7 Kf3 5.1982 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@7@?@? ?@-@?@?@ @?$/@?@? ?@?@?@!6 @?@?@?@?… 1. Rf2 2. Ra4+ Rg4 7. Re6+ 11. Kh6 Rf8 10. Ra6! … f6 27 .. Kd5 Kf3 15. Kd3 ] Pawns on one wing 6. Rc2 2. But deceptive is the appearance: White maintains the 1.. Ke6 e3 12.. Ra7+ Kf8 4.. The game continued: fxe5 3. Kg6 Rg8+ 9. Kf6 Rc6+) 2.10. Let us examine several examples.. Rg7+ Kf8 7. f5 (there is nothing better) (2. Ra7 Kg8 -@?@?@?@‹ @?@?8#@? ?@?@?@?@ @/@?"?6? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 8. Kd4 e2 16. Kf6 Rxf7+ 12... Re8 Rb7 11. Kxf7 e4 10. Kf6 Re1! (4. Re8+? ROOK AND TWO PAWNS AGAINST ROOK AND PAWN 2.. Ra6+ Kf5 7... Rf6+! Kg4 9. f7 Rb7? [7. Kg6 Now Black's position is hopeless. Re8 5.1949 Pawns on one wing ?@?@?@?@‹ @?0?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#$?@?@?8?@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? As a rule. White's position seems hopeless due to his badly placed pieces. Ra8+ Kh7 ... Rxf7+ (5. Ke6 e3 14. Rh3 Ra2 3. Kg6 ) 5.... Re6 Kf4 10. [White could have won by 6. Kg7 Rb1 [4. Rc5! 2. Rxf7+ Kg8 6. 1. Ra4! ] 5. Ra7! Rf8+ 8. Kd4 Black -@?@?@?@‹ @?@?8#@? ?@?@?@?@ @/@?"?6? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? resigned. Kxf7 e4 13. Kg8 6.. Ra1=] 2. . Rg1+ 8. Correct is: 1. e4 5. Ra7+ Kf8! 3.. f5 Rb6+ 4. Rxe8+ Kxe8 7. f6+ Ke6 6. Kf5 7. f6+? [The position is drawn... Re7! Kf4 11. Kf8 Rh1!=] 8.Ljublinsky V. Kg8 Rxf7 9. The drawing tendencies are great in endings of this type.Moscow. Kg8 11. but the weaker side should know the main defensive methods. f7 Rb8 8. Rxe5 3.. and Black easily draws with his king on the short side) 7... Kd5 Kf3 13. Rg2 (or 7.. Rh5 balance. Khasin A. these ending are drawn.. Rg7+ Kh8 7. Ra8+ Re8 6. Kg7 Ke7=) 5.. Kf3? Rh4 3. Kg1] 5. . Rg1+ Rg4 [3. 1. Rg1+ Kf6°] 2.Moscow. Rf1+ Kg8 7. .. Rxg5 f4 5. Ke2 Draw. Rh4 3. Ke3 h5 17.1991 The assessment does not change if one of the stronger side's pawns is passed. Kf6 4. Rg1+ Kf3 14. Kg2 Rd1 12. Rh8=] 3. Kf3! [Weak is 2. Rxg5 Rg4+ White resigned. Rf2+ Kg1 19. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@?8! ?@?@?0?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@- 1. Kxf3 4. Ra1 h3 29. Kf3 Rd3+ 15.. Rf5=] 4. Rf1 Kh2 9. Rf7+ Kg3 16. Rf1+ Kg3 6.. Rg1 Kf7 6. Rf2+ Kh3 8. Theoretical ending 1. Kg2 Rb4 5. Rc1 Rb3+ 30.. Kf3 Rh2 8. Kg2 Rg3+ 4. Rf8 Re2+ 7. Kg2 Kg6 Draw. Rh8 Rh1 11. Rc7 Rf8+ 32. Kh2 Re3 5. Rh5 Kf6 10. Re4+ 2. Ra1 Rg5 10. Kg1? Smyslov V. Rf1+ Ke6 5. Example 70 ?@?@?. Rh1 Kf4 5. Kxf3 6.. Rxg7 Rg5 15. Ra1+ Kh2 24. Rf5=] Kg7 13..... Kf3 Rb2 25. Rh8 Kg7 9. Kf4! Rg8 20. Rh2 3. Rc2+ 2.. Kd3 [2. Kf4 Rg2 23.Germanavicius S.?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$7 ?@/@?$?@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? [A draw could have been obtained by 5. Rh8+ Kg6 4...?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?"5 /@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 13.Keres P. Rg8+ Kf6 5.. Rh3 Rb2+ 6. Rc3+ [2.. Rf8+ Even in this difficult for him position White defends successfully. Panchenko A. Kf2 Rb8 31. Rf3+ Kg2 18. Ra1! Re5+ 12. Kg4 Rb4+ 27. Kf3 Rb2 28.. Ra2 h4 21.. Kg2 Kg6 6.1949 ?..Katowice (Poland). 4.. 28 . Kf3 Rg3+ 22. e3 (the only way to play for a win) 2. Rf5 Rd2+ 14. Kg1 Kh4 3. Rc1 Rb3+ 26..Ra4 [3. Ra2+ Kg3 11. Ke3 Kg2 7.. Rb3 Re2 followed by ¦å3°] 2. Kd4 Rxh5 Black is unable to improve his position. fxg4+ [2.. 1. Kf7 Rb7 8. Rxg7?? Kf4°. A. d6! exd6 4. d6 ] 3.. Re8! [But not 4. Two connected pawns against passed pawn on the other wing 2.... Kh4 e1=Q 6.g4! [Bad is 2. f4 3. Rxf6 4.... f6? due to 1. Drawing chances exist only if the defender's pawn is advanced far and the 29 . Rf8+ Ke5 3.. Rd8+ Kc5 6.. Rb6 (2. Rf7 Ra1= 4. and White wins. Rb8 3. Rxg4 Rg2+ 6. Rg4 Rf1 7.. Rf4 Rg1+=] 3.. Kg6 Rb1 7.. Kf6 followed by 5. Rf5+ 5. gxf4 Rb3°] 2. Kg5 Ra1 4. Rg8+? Kf5 5. Ra7 . Re8 Kf5 7. Kxg2 Kxg4 7.?@?@?@ @?@?@7$? /@?@?@?@ @?@?@!"5 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Rh2#) 5. e6! Kd8 [Or 2. Re8+ Kd6 5... g6+ [Bad is 1. Re8 Kd6 5. Re3 (5.Luxembourg. Re4 Rg1+ Cheron A 7 6. Rd7 . Rf7! Ke6 [4.. Rxg7 Rf1 6. 3.. ¦h7 . f6! [3. Ra7!=] 1. Re3 Kf6 4. Kg5 ] ?0?@7@?@‹ . Kf8 3. Re5+ Kf6 6.. ¢å6 was threatened) 2. Kg6 Rb8 4. Re8 Rb2 5.?@?$?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@!"5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 5. Re8 e2 3. Kg1 Kg3°] 4. 1.1986 ?.. sometimes in endings of this type the stronger side succeeds thanks to pieces' activity. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7@ @-@?@?@? ?@?@?@!" @#@?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? Here are two highly instructive examples. Kf6 2. f4! 6. Two connected pawns against passed pawn on the other wing Nevertheless. Rxe1 Bauer . and White wins. Rf5+] 3.. Re7 Draw. Re1 5.. Kg3 Re2 4. Kg4 Rf6 6. Ra8+ Kc7 4..Polasek. 4. g5+ Ke6 4.1976 1. Kf6 2. 3.. Rg7 Rh8 8.. Kh6 .Velimirovic D. Kg6 Rh1 6. h5 followed by 3.. Rh4! [Bad is 4. Rf8 4. and White wins. then 30 .opponent's pieces are placed badly.. Rd7+=] 7.Skopje (Macedonia). Ra8+ ] ?0?@?@?@ @!. Rh7 Rd8 [3. Fine Reuben (USA) 3 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?@ .. h5 [3. Ra7+ Kf8 5. and White is unable to go ahead [6. Kg6! ] Matanovic A. Kf1 Kd3 6. Kf1=] 4. g5 Kg7 4.. g4 Kh7 [2. Rc7? f3°.. Re6+ Kd4 7. Ra7+ Kg6 3.. Rd6+ Ke5 8. Rh7 Ke4 If it is Black to move.?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5" $?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@? White manages to draw by exploiting the passive position of the opponent's rook. 1. Fine Reuben (USA) 4 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?@ .. with Black's rook at a1 and pawn at a2. g6 [Also winning is 5. Theoretical ending If it is White to move. Draw. Rb6 Kh7 3. One may conclude that if.. Kf1 Rh2] 3.. h5+ Kh6 4. Kg7! The white king is cut off on the back rank.. he wins easily. Ra8 Kg7 . Kg8 6. Rh3+ Ke4 3. Rh7! e3 2. Rb6 Rb8°] 4. Rxb3 Rc4 5.. Ke1 Black is unable to bring his rook into play..?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5" $?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@?… [But not 1. which gives Black an opportunity to draw. without losing the g3-pawn.. Kf1 f3 6. Rg8 5. f3 7. 1.?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@#$?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?6?@?… 5. a2! 2. Rh7! Rb8 9. Kh5 a2 2. White succeeds in advancing his pawns to the 4th rank. White is unable to win. Kf6 3. .. Rxa2 Rxh4 7. 1. Rh6? Rg8 5. and Black obtains a theoretically drawn position. Rg3 Kh6 6. Kg2 Kg5 .... Rc2! 4. g5 ] 2. Kg4 Rb2 5. Kg4 Ra1 3. ] 2. Kg5 .?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" $?@?@?"5 ?@/@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Example 71 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!6 @?@?@?@! #@?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@?… 1. Example 72 which secures a win. h6 Rb1 9. Kg6 Rg3 6.1893 31 . Kh4 (3. g5+ Kf5 11.. leaving the g-pawn in its place.Pogats J. h6 Rh2+ 12. Ra8+ Ke7 7.1964 ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?@?@?@?@!@ @?@?6!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@/$ @?@?@?@?… Theoretical ending White's plan is simple: to advance his king and h-pawn. Kg4 Kf6 3. Kg5 a2 5. Ra2? [It was shown above.. Kh5 Rh1 3.. Rh2+ 4. Rxa2 Black resigned. Rxa2 Kxg5=) 9. Kg5 Rb5+ 7. Ra6+ Kg7 6. Kh4 Rb2 8. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@7@ . h5 Kf8 8. . a2! 2. g4 Kf7! 9. h5+ Kf6 3.... g4! The pawns have reached the 4th rank. Ke7 6... Rg8! followed by 8. ¢h7 (or 9. otherwise Black draws. h6 Theoretical position This example is an exception to the rule.. a draw was obtainable by 1. 1. Ra7+ Kf6 10. Ra6+ Kf7 4. 5.. and the rest is clear.he wins.Pecs (Hungary). h4 Kg6 2. . g5 Kg7 2. Ra7+ Kf8 4. Rxa2 Kg5 with a draw) 3. Ra6+ Kf7 4.Chigorin M. Variation from the game Tarrasch S. g4? Rc5! 4.. Kg3 Rh1 13. Rxa2 Rxh3+ 5. 1.. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6! #@?@?@!@ 0?@?@?@?… Kholmov R. Rb6! Sometimes it is better for the defender to have his rook to the side of his pawn. Ra7+ Ke8 7. Kf4 [If 1..?@?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?$#@ @?6?@?@? ?@?@/@?@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1.URS. Kd3 g5 3. Rh3!=. f6 Rg2+ 4. Kf4 g3 5... Rxh4 there follows 2... Ke5 Re2+ 6.. Rb1 8. Makarichev S..] 2.3.. Rd4+ Kg3 4. Rg2+ 4. Ka3 Kf4 7. Rh3! Kc5 3. threatening 2.. Rc5 a4+ 32 . Rh5 Kg4 [7. Rxf5 Rxb7 4. Rf1=] 3.1976 Norberg . Kc3! This is the point: the king goes not to the b7-pawn.1974 ?@?. Re4 Rxh4 5.. Kf5 Rf2+ 5. This defensive method is often employed in practice.Palatnik S. Kxf6 Stalemate. Kf3=] 4. g4 [3.Rimavska Sobota (Slovakia).. Defensive method: the rook supports its pawn from behind. Re5 Draw. Kg5 Rb2 3. while the king is placed in front of the opponent's pawns [Also possible is 3. f7+ Rxf7!=] 3..Black is unable to realize his extra pawn. ..Sweden. Rd5=] Here too. Kd4 . Ka2] 8. Re5 Rb4+ 6... f4+ 4. Rd3 Kg4 [2. Kd4 Rf2 7.. Rc3+ Kb6 4. on 1. Rc3 This is the position that the weaker side should strive for . the rook's positioning to the side of his pawn allows Black to draw.Skalin V. Ke3 B. ¦à1] Zhezos . Kf2 Rb2+ 6.. Rh1 .. then 2. Kg6 3.1971 ?0?@?@?@ @!@?@?@? ?@?@?@#@ @-@?@#8? ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ $#@?@?@/ ?@?@7@?" @5@?@?@?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. Rxh1 Rf6+! 8. Rh3 [Or 3. 1.Vadasz L. Ka1 with a draw. Kg1 Kg3 7. The point is that the opponent's rook mobility is restricted.. Ke2 g4 5. Kh6 Rf2 5. but to the opponent's pawns. Kf6 Ra2 2. 1. [Also possible is 1.. 1. Kh4 2. g7 Rxf5 6. Rg6 Draw. Kb2! Rh2+ 4. Rxh4 3. Rb6 Kh3 6. Rh6+ Kg2 7. Draw. h1=Q! 7.. . Black is helpless. Ra4 Kh3 14. a5 Kxg4 6... a4 Kg6 5. Rxg2 Rxa5+ 7. a5 Rg7+ 9. g4 3.. Rg1 Ra4 6.1986 approaches to support the passed a-pawn. Kd4 Re5 8. a6 f3 7. Kb6 Ke5 10. Rf1=] 3. a7 f4 13.. a7 f2 9.1973 3. g2 5. Kb7 Rxa6 9. a5 f5 (4. Kd2 Kg4 16. Kf2 Rb8 5. Kc5! 2. Kc4! Kb7 Rg8 8. a5 Rd6 4. 33 . Kb6 f2°] 1. a6 Rg6+ 11. . Rf1! Re6 15.. Rxf4+ gxf4 4..Minev N. g5 2. Ke2 Kg2 10. Rxa6 g3 10. Rg1+=] 11... Kc5 Black resigned.. Ra4+! Kh3 The stronger side's rook defends its pawn horizontally ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?@ @?@?@?$? !@?@-@!@ @?@?@?@? /@?@?@?@ @?@5@?@?… 13. Ke6!] 4... Rg1 g4? [3. [But not 7.. Ra6 Draw.. ¦å3) 6... 1. In this game Black committed a typical error and lost. Kc6? f5 8.. Ke3 g4 4. The stronger side's rook defends its pawn horizontally White's pieces are ideally placed: the rook protects both pawns. Ke3 Kg4 12. Ra1 g3 10. Rf4 3. Kf4 8. Kd5! Rd8+ 6. Kb6= Black could have saved the game. Kb1 Rd2 [Also losing is 2. Kc6 Rc8+ 7. Ra8 f4 … f3°] 7. Kf3! g2 15. Rg1 Kf4 12..Ehlvest J. Rd3 Re5+! 5.. Rc3 Kd4 6. Rf1+! Kg5 9. a4 f4 3.. Kc4 g3 5..Greece/Bulgaria. a8=Q+ ] 3. ¢d5= 3. while the king Dreev A..the rook should be placed behind the pawn. a6 f4 6. a5 g4 6.2. 1. Rf2+! Kg3 14.Tallinn (Estonia). a7 Re8 7. Ke5? [After 1. ?@?@?@/@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@7@?$? !@?@?@-@ @!@5@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Kc2! Kg5 5. Kd2 Kg3 8. Kd3 Kg4 [10. Ke2 f5 12.] 2. Kc1 Rf2 (the only opportunity) 2. a7 f4+ 14.. a4 g3 4. g2 11. Rd1! The only move . [White loses after 1. back on the way to virtue . 10.. b4 Kf5? It was not too late to get a5 f3 4. Rc4+ Kd5 Turos . Ra1 Ra4 [Or 2. Rxg2 Rxa6 13. Kc2 Black resigned. f5 11. Re4=) 5. a6 Kg5 7. Kb5 Ra8 4. Kc5) 2. Kf3!=.. Kb5? f5 2. b4+ (or 2.. Rg4 Ke6 9.. Rg3 (or 6.1.. . Ke4 4. Qd2+ ] [2. 3. Rb1 Kc3 11.. Re8 Re5°] 9.. g6 f2 9. Kf3 [No better is 6. 34 . Kh3 8. Kc3 Rf3+ 5.?@?@!@ @?@?@7@? !@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@? Earlier the idea of the rook exchange was employed in the following game. Rf7+ Kg4°. Qg6+ Kh1 11. Rf2+! 4...1983 ?@?@?@/@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$? ?. Rc7+! Black's task is to transfer his rook to b4. Re7 b5 4. Qd8+! Black resigned. Qh7+ Kg1 10. Ra2 7. 8. . Rb7 b5 5. Rf4 6. Kc1 Rf2=) 5.Moscow. Rf4 due to 3. g5 f3 6. Kd1 Black's task is simple: to place his pawns on the 5th rank and to bring his king to the Q-side in order to support the b-pawn... Rb1 Rc4+ 13. Kd2 Rf2+ 6. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ $?0?@?@? !@?@?. Qh6+ Kg2 12. Ke4 Rc5 8. g5! [But not 1. g8=Q+ Kh4 [8. a5 Kc4 6. ?@?@?@?@‹ .... g7 f1=Q 10.] 2.... Kb2 (or 5. Rc7+ Rc5°] Marshall F. ¦f4) 2. Kg5 Kc3 White resigned. Rxf4 gxf4 7. Kh5 Kc4 7. h4 Rb4 4. Rd5! 3.. g5 Ke3 5. Kh2 9. g5 f3 8.. . Kg5 [4. g8=Q+ Kh4=] 4. Kh3 b5 3. Qd7+ Kh4 11. Rxf4 gxf4 5. Rb7 b4 4. Kd1! ] 3. Rb2+ 2. a6 b3 7...Malaniuk V. Rc1+ Kb4 12. Kf5 g4 14. Kg6 Rb7! 3. Rd7 b4 9..?@ @7@?@?@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Jussupow A.Capablanca J. Kh3 9. Kc4 7.?@?@?@? ?$?@?@#@ @/@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@? 1. Rxb4+ axb4 5.. 2. Kg4 Kd4 6. Qh7+ Kg4 10. Rd1 b3 10. 2. g7 f1=Q 1.. the only drawing opportunity is to transpose into a queen ending by exchanging rooks. Kg4 with a draw. Rf7+ [3. Rxf4+ gxf4 4. g6 f2 7.... Rb5+ Kf6 5. White is unable to prevent this plan. 1. Kc2! Kg3! [Bad is the immediate 2. Rb7 Rb2+°] 2.. Qd8+ . Rf8! (threatening 2...New York (USA). g4 b4 8.. a4 Rf4? [A draw could have been obtained by preliminary checks: 3.In endings of this type.1909 6.. Rb4 Ra7 4. ..?@?@?@ @#0?@?$? ?@?@?@!@ @5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Damjanovic M. Rc5 . Rh4 Rh8 9. 35 . Kb6 Kxf4 13.1974 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @7@?0?@# ?"?@?.11. Rc4 Kb7 5. Rd1! Kb3 (3.. 6.Huettemann K. 1.Yandemirov V.. Kg3 Rb1 7. Rc4? 2.. Rc5 Rxb4+ 10.1993 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@7@? ?. Kg6 Rg2+ 17. Kg6 Kb3 10. 1. Ke4 Kb6 4. Ke4 Rb5 8. 1..Minsk (Belarus). then 8. [If 8..?" @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In some favorable moment Back has to exchange his b5-pawn for the white g4-pawn. the passed pawn. Rc1 Ke3! 10. h6 Rb8 7.. Rc3 Rb1 14.Ratkovich I.Budapest (Hungary). Kb7 Draw. Rc4 Ra8 3. . h6 Black resigned. Rf1 Ke2 11.. Rc8! Rd4+ 10. h7 a4 8. In this position White is unable to utilize his advantage due to the extremely active black king. Kg5 Rb5+ 5. Kg7 Rxh7+ [Or 1. Rf5+ 7. Kf4 Rb5 3. Rxb4+ 4. Kd3 Kf3! 2. Rg1 Kc3 5. Rd4 Ra8 5. a8=Q b1=Q+=] 4... Kxh7 a3 Draw..?"7@ @?@?6?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 2. Kf6 Rh2 18. h5 Ka3! 6. Kf4! Rd5 [8. Rd4 Kc6 a7 b2 8. 8. Ra1 Ke3 12. Kf4 Rb5 3. Kb5 Kg5 Rh1 19. Kxh5 Kb6 13.... Kg5 ] 9. White's plan is to exchange his b4-pawn for the black h5-pawn.Dortmund (Germany). Ka4 2... Kg6 … ¦g1-g5 ) 4. Kxa4! 5. Kb7 9.. Kh6 Rh1 15.1994 opposite wing. Kg7! If the defender's king is placed in front of [Weak is the immediate 1. Kf3! White gives his opponent the move by maneuvering with his king in the triangle f3-e4-f4.. Ra8 9. Rxh5 ] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?@?@#@? !@?. Kf4 Kb6 6. Kg5 Kb7 11.. Rigan J. h5 Rh2 16. Kb4 Kd3! Black defends precisely. Rc4 Ra7 6. Ke4=] 8. ... Rg5 Rxb4+ 6. then the stronger side changes his plan: he diverts the opponent's pieces by his passed pawn and attacks the opponent's pawn on the Panchenko A. Rc5 Rxb4 12. Kc3 Ke3! 7. Rf1 Rxg4 6. Rxb8 Kxg2 with a draw. Rg1 Kh5°] 2. Rg1 Kg5 13.. Kd5 Rh6 6.. Ke5? 3.1977 ?@/@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ 6?@?@?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?. Rb1! g4 7.. Kxb5 Rxg4 4.. Rg2=] 2.. Kd2 36 .... Kg6 8. Rb1 Kg4 7. . Ke4 Rh3! 8... Kf3 Kf5 4. and White wins.?@!8 @?@?@?@? move) 5. Kc3 Re4 6. b8=Q Rb2+ 8. Rxb5 Kf6! 4.. Rh8 5. Kd2 Black is on the verge of defeat. Rf5+ Kg6 5.] 2. g4? 9. Kf2 Kh3°] 7. Rxg4 5. Qa8 Rf2 followed by ¢g1-h2=] 5. . b7 Rf8! 4. being tied to the defense of the b3-pawn. Kd2 Re4 10. Rc2 Rf2 5. Kd3? Rc3+°] 4. Rc8 Rf2 7. Rb1 Kg6 7.. b7 Rf8 3. Ka3! 2. Kd3 Re8 7.1985 ?@?@?@?0‹ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@?@ @#@?@?@? ?8?@?@?@ @!@?@?@?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@? /@?@?@?@‹ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?"? ?@?8?@?@ . Kb5 g3 3. 1. but by exact play he maintains the balance. 1. Rg1 Kh5 White resigned..Rxb5 Rxg4 3. Ke3 Kg4°] 4. Rb2 Kf5°. Ra5+ ] b4= 3. Kd3 Rf4 5. Rc4 3.. Rb1 g2 12. Kc5 Rh4! (the only winning Mednis E. Kb4 Rc4+ 3. Rc4 Rb3 Rg4 11.URS.Dukic. Kb3 [4... Rb1 g4 8.?@?$5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? The defender attacks an opponent's pawn and thus ties the opponent's pieces In this example White. Ra8+! Accuracy is demanded. Rf8 6. [4. Re1=] 9.. Ke2 Ka2 Draw. [Or 5.Itkis B. Kxe2 Ke4 [Bad is 2. Rb5 g3 9.. 7. 1. Kc2 Rc8+ 4. Kd2 [7.. Kc4 Rxb8 9. [Bad is 1. b8=Q Rxc2 6. Rf8 6. Ke3 Kh5 (or 5.. g3? 2. Kb2 [Also losing is 2.. Rb1 Re5! [8. Ke2 … ¦f1=) 6. e2! 2.. Kc3 Kg6 4. Rb2! . The defender attacks an opponent's pawn and thus ties the opponent's pieces Yakovich Y. Rg1+ Kf5 8.. is unable to improve his position. Kd1 Kb2 6.. Ke2 Kh4 14. Kc3 Rg2! 7. Kd3 Kh5 8.. Kg3 Ra8 10. Re7 Kd1 8. Kf4 Rf8+! 9. Rh3 Rb7+°] Positions of this type occur in practice most often. opponent's pawns. Kxg3 Kf1 13. Ke2 g4 3. Ra8 10. d4 3.... Rd7 d2 9. Kb2 Rg1 5. Kh4 Kf2 16. Kc5 Kxg5 12.. Re7 Rb3+ 15. Kg1 The players agreed a draw. g7 b3 4.3. 1.. Ke3=] 2. [Also possible was 12... Rf7+ Kg2 17. g4 [1. Kb3 Draw. Kb2 Rxg7 6... with his king being placed in front of the 2. . Kh3! ) 9. Rd7 g3 12. g6 Kd3 2. Ra3+ Kf4 15. Ke5?? Rf5+°] 9. Rd7! [Losing is 2. Ra1 Rf8+ 10. Rd7 d3 7. 1.. Rg7+ Kh2 18. Rxe4 Rxb7°)] 4. e4 4. Re7 Rb4+ 19. [3. Rxa7 g5 Draw. Ra4+ Kf3 14. Re7 with a draw.. Kf4 Kh4 (8. Rf7 e5 3. and 7.Spielmann R.1912 ?@?@?@?@ @!@?@-@? ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? ?0?@?@?@ @?@?@5@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?. Rg1+ 4. 8. g7 Rg6 [Nothing is achieved by 3.... Rf7!= (but not 4. Kf2 Kg4 5. Re8+? 8. Re7 e4 6. Rb8 Rg1+! 5. Re7 e3 9. Kg5=] Kb7 Rxa7+ 16. Kb6+ Kf4 13.. Kb2 Ke3 5. Re7+ Kd2 6.. Rf7+ Kg1 14. If the defender manages to advance his pawn to the 7th (2nd) rank and to defend it by his rook from the side. Rxb3+ Kd2 7.? ?@?@?@?@ @?@#@?"? ?$?8?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@/@ @?6?@?@?… Two isolated passed pawns against one White has to advance his pawn to g7.. Kg2 Ke2 8. Kd4 Kg4 11. 1. Rf7+ Ke3 5. Rg8? due to 2..San Sebastian (Spain). Ra5 Kf4 4..] 4.. then the game usually ends in a draw. Kf6 ] Otherwise Black is unable to improve his position. Kh5? 8. d4 3. Ke4 [9. Rf7 Rb1+ Kd5 Ra8 9. Kd4 Kg4 7. Re7 Kf4 37 . Rf8+ 9. 7. Two isolated passed pawns against one Leonhardt P. Re7 e2 11. Ke6 . Ke3 Kh4 6.. Ke4 Kh4! [Black loses after both 7. Rg7 In this position the draw is simple. Ke5 Ra8 11. Rd7 Ke1 10. Rb1+ 2. Rg8 e4 advance. but demands exact play. Kb1 b4 8. Rg8 Kf2 . Rd8+ Ke4 15. and White resigned in view of the following line: 6. Rh7 b2 10.. Rc8+ Kd3 14. Rb7 b4 6.. side's pawn is not Spielmann R. Rg8+ Kf3 11.. Kd1 Kd3 4.‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?$7$?@?@ @?@?@?@! /@?@?@?@ @?@5@?@? decided to keep his rook in front of his own pawn.. Kc2 Rh1°] 9. Rc8+ Kb3 4.. Rh2! 2. Kb1 . Rh8 Ka2 11.. b2 10. 4. h4 d2+ 6. and nothing can prevent their 1. 1) the opponent's king is not placed in front of the pawns.. Rf8+ Kg1 7. Rb8 [9. This also allows to maintain the balance. Rc8+ Kd3 (b3)°] 2. and so he loses. Kc7 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? -@?@?@?" @#@#@?@? ?@?8?0?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@?… [8. h7 Rh2+ 5.. h6 Kb1 9. . an easy draw was obtainable by Karastoichev E.. Rf8+ Ke4 12.White is unable to advance his pawn to h7. Instead. Rc7 b3 7. Kc3 Kc1 13.1959 [1. g2 2. Rf8+ Kg3 10.] 1. and the rest is clear.. Rb8 Rh4 3. White ?@?@?@?.Munich (Germany).Netherlands. Rg8 e2° 1. to advance the other pawn to b2. Kf2! 9. 2) the weaker advanced far. Kd1 Kb2 7. Ra7 Rh2+ 3.Richter. Re8 e3! 8. Rg5 Kf3 3. Rh8 Rc7+ White resigned. Rxe3 Kf2°] 8. Kc1 d4 5.. Kc3 3. Rh8 d3 Black's plan is simple: to check the white king by playing d2. 5. h7 b2°. Rb8+ Kc3 13. Kc1 Kininger . Kd1 Kd3 6. Rf8+ Ke2 5. and. . h5 b3 8. Rh8 Kd4 4. h7 Rh4 2. Kxd2 Ra7 12.Landau S... Ra8+ Kb3 12.1947 ?@?@?@?@‹ @!@?@?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?$?@?@?@7@?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?@ @/@?@?@? [2. 1.Minev N..1936 White's king is far away from the black pawns. h7 Rxh7 11. Kc1 d4 7. 38 . Kc5 2. The stronger side succeeds only in two exceptional cases: 9. in response to ¢d1. Rb6!? As we have already seen. Kh3! Kf1 5. . Kg2=] 6. Ke2 7....and h-pawns.. Kh2 h3! [7. Kf7 Rc2 5. Kxb4 d2 .Moscow. Kh3 Kf1 3.. Ke7 c2 7.1976 Here White has additional drawing chances connected with the f. Rb1+ Ke2 13. Rb2+ Ke3 13.Smejkal J. Ra3? 8. Rb4+ Kd3 13. Kg2=] 8..1973 14. Rxd4+ Kc3! 11. Rb4+ Kf3 White resigned. Ra3! 4. Rb8 f2+ 6. Kf7 Kh6 8. -@?@?@?@‹ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?$ 0?@?@#@? ?@?@?8?6 @?@?@?@? Petrosian T.. Re8+) 7. Rh8+ in 39 .. Kc1 . Rg8+ Kh1 10.. Kb2! A decisive mistake. Rd8? Rxh7 10. Rb4+ Ke5 15. Rf3 Ra2 15. Kh1? Ka1! The only move. Rb8 Rxa7 11. Rc2+ … ¦ñ7°] 8..4.. and Black wins as in the study by Keres (see above). Ra1! [Bad is 1. Kh2? [The simplest way to a draw was: 3. Rb3+ Kd4 11. Kg4 h3 9. Rb8! Rxa7 9.. 1.. Rf8=] 2. Rb2+ Ke3 11. Rxd3+ Kc2 14.. then 8.. f6 Rc1 6.. Rb2+ Ke1 5. Rb2+=] [1. [If 8. Rh3=] 3.Karpov A. Kg5 ] 2. Kh2! Rxa7 (6. Rd8 Rxh7 13. Ra6 9. Rxf3 h2 10.. Ra4? 2. Rb6+ The Ke7 17.. 10. Kh2 Kf1+ 6.Leningrad (Russia). Kh3 Ra4 3. Ra2! 5.. under some favorable ?@-@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@!@? ?@?@?@?@ @?$?@?@! ?@/@?@?@ @?@?@?@? circumstances he can activate his rook by sacrificing the a7-pawn.. Ra2 2.. Rb6+ Ke5 20. Rb8 Rxa7 4. Rb1+ Ke2 6. Rf2! Rf7 8. Kd2 9.. Rb2+ Ke3 10. Kb2? Rh3! 12. 19. Rb1+ Ke2 9. Rb1 Ra3! 18. 1. Rb3+ Kc4 14.. Rc1 (the only move) Rb2+ Kd1 7.. Kh3 f2 [Losing is 9. Kd1 12. Rb5+ Ke6 16.. [The draw was still possible: 6. Rd1 Kc2°] 9.] 11. h4 Rc2! [2. . Rb8 Rxa7 8. c2? 3. Kb3 Rh4 11. Rxc3 Ra6+ 3.. Rf8 Ra3+°] 8. Rg3 Draw.. f2 7. Ka4! [But not 11. Rb1+ Ke2 8. Rc5 [Nothing is achieved by 8. Kb3 Kd1 7. Kh1? [The draw was achieved by 4. Rb3+ Ke4 Tukmakov V.. Rb7+ Ke6 king returns to the f2-pawn. Kxh3 Kg1 9. Rb5+ Ke4 21... h5 ] 3.. h5 Rc1 4. Rb1+ Ke2 12. d3 10. Kh2 Ra1 10. Rb3+ Ke4 12. Kh1 [8.. Kd7 Kxh5=] 9. f7 Kxg2 13. Rd7+ Rxd7+ 6. White is unable to win. Kg3 Rh6 23. not 21. Rxc2 Ra7+ 10. h7 ] 22. h6 Kxh6 14. for example: 1. Rc6 Kh6 10.. (the only saving move) [If 11. Rg8+ Kxh5 10. Rd5 Rb7! 2. Kg3 Ra3+ 19. Kf6 Ra6+ 16. Ra7 22. Kg4 Rh7 Draw.. Ra8+ 14. Let us 8.. h6 ] 13.... Rf5 Ra6! Three pawns against two [Of course. Such endings are usually drawn. Kg5 9.. Kxd7 f5 7.. gxf5 Kf6= ?@?@?@7@ @?@-@?@? ?@?@?$?$ @/@?@?@! ?@?@5"!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Suetin A.Kholmov R. f7 Ra1! Three pawns against two ?@?@?@7@ @?@-@?@? ?@?@?$?$ @/@?@?@! ?@?@5"!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… [12. Ra1 9. Although the black king is cut off on the back rank. Ke8 Ra8+ 11. Kh7 [Also possible is 8. Kd5 Ra7 4.Kiev (Ukraine). Kg2 Kg7 20. h6 Rxf7 23... Kg4 Ra4+ 18.. Rxc2 [A beautiful draw results from 13. Kg7 Kh3! 12.1954 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? ?@-@?$?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@!6? /@?@?@!" @?@?@?@?… ROOK ENDINGS WITH SEVERAL PAWNS 40 . Kf5 Kf7] ROOK ENDINGS WITH SEVERAL PAWNS 2. Kh6 c1=Q+! 17..view of 8.. Rxc1 Rg6+!] 13. Kh6 . . Ra6+ 5... Rd8+ [2.. f7 Kh7 13. Kg5 Ra5+ 17. Kf7 3.. Rc7+ Kh8! examine some of them. Rf2 Kf8 21. Kh7 13. Kf6 Rf1+ 15. Kd6 Rb7 [Also sufficient is 4. Kc5 Ra4] 5. Rg2 Kh4 11.. Kg6 Rg1+ 16. Ke7 Ra7+ 15. Kf8 Kh7 11. Kg8! ] 12.. then 12. Ke7 Re1+ 14. f8=Q Rg1!°] Typical positions exist even in endings with a larger number of pawns. Kg5 Rg7+ 23. Rd6 Ra7 [20. Rb5 13. Rh7+ Kf8 35.. Rh6 Kf8 32. Rb4 5. Re7 Re4 6. Kg5 Kg7] 3. f3 Ra4 7. Rd7+ Kf8 20. Rd5 Ra6 14. Re3 7.. Ke3 Rb4 9. Re4 3.1977 The position is drawn. Rd8+ h-pawn is not too dangerous. f6 Ra1 33.. Re8 Rb4 21. Rd5 Ra4 10. Rb8 Ra7 29. Kg3 Rb4 [3. Rd7 Rb5 17.] 3. h5 h6! 3.. Rb6 Rc7 28. . The white passed [2. Rc5 Ra2 3. h5 Ra4 6. Rd7 Ra5 9. Kg3 Ra2 6. Kh4 Kf8 10. 4. Ra6 Kg7 19. Rf6+ Kg7 Chigorin M. Kf3 Ra4 The simplest. Ra7 Ra5 4. g4 Otherwise White is unable to improve his position... Rd4 Rb5 11.. g5 fxg5 16. Kf5 Rb1 36. Kh4 Kf8 15.URS. Rf6+ Kg7 25. . Re8 Kf7 30.Polugaevsky L. 1. g4 Re1 5.. White is unable to improve his position. Kxe5 gxf5 Draw. Kg3 Ke7 14.. e6 fxe6 20. Rd3 Ra5 16. f5 Rxe5! This blow is the point. f7 Ra6 38.. Ra5 13. Ke5 Kg7 19. Rxe6 Ra5=] 19.Tarrasch S.. Re4 Ra5 12.Nuernberg (Germany).. 16.. 1. Rxf7 Kh6 [19. ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@-@#8? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?"?@? ?@?@?"5@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@/@?@ @?@?@?@? 1.. on the contrary. Kg5 Ra5 7. Kg7 4. Rd4 Ra5 11. Rc6 Kg7 with a draw.Korchnoi V. Rd7 Kxh5 15. gxf5 Kh6 14. Rh8 Kg7 31.. Kf5 Rb6 15. Kg5 Rg6+! Draw. Re6 Kf8 26. Ra8 [Also possible is 12. Kh3 Rb2 4. g4 Ra4 6. h5 and lost in the end.] 2. Kf4 fxe5+ 25. Kf6 Rf7+ 22. Ke4 f5+ Black transposes into a theoretically drawn ending. Rxe5 f6+ 24.. Kg5 Re3 4.. Rd5 Ra6 18. they help him to hold his ground. Kf2 Ra4 8. Re7 Rb5 8. Ra7 Rc5 18..1896 27. ?@?@?@7@ @-@?@?@# #@?@?$?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?"? /@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@?… Polugaevsky L. h4 Rb2 2. 12. f4 Rb5 12. Kh4 Kf8 Hodos G. f5 Rxe5! 23. Rd7 Ra5 17. Black does not have to hold the a-pawn. Rc7 Rb4! 8. Re3 Black's task is to prevent White from advancing the pawns by g4 and f5.1967 41 . . Rb5 20..] 13.The doubled f-pawns do not give Black any trouble. Rh8+ Kf7 34. Rd7 Ra1 37.. Kg5 Rb5 22.. fxg5 Rb8 with a draw. Re8 Ra3 5. g4 Ra4 5. [Tarrasch played 1. 2. Ra4=] 21. Rg6 Ra7 24. returns the rook to à2.] 42 .. Ra1!=] 3. White advances the pawn only to a6. White advances the pawn to a7 and. But. a7 h2 14. pawns ending which is drawn. with his rook on a8. hxg4 the game would have transposed into a drawn ending from the game Polugaevsky . hxg4+ 4. Kf3 h5 2.. In the end the game may winning chances increase. Kf6 ] Even a passed pawn on the opposite wing does not help the stronger side. h3 … g4 hxg4 3. In this example White is unable to win. 1. Ke5 Rf3 7. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?8#@ @/@?@?@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?"5"? ?@-@?"?" @?@?@?@?… in response to ¢ñ6. Kg7 8. h4 [In case of 1. which was transpose into a rook vs. examined above. but both do not work against Black's correct defense. a7 Ra3 10. Ke6 Kh7 9. Kxg4 Rg2+] 4.. Rh8 . Kf5 Ra3 9.Korchnoi. g3 g5? [Correct is 2. Four pawns against three 1. because the white king is too far away from the black pawns. Ra7+ Kg8 11. Ke4 Rf2 5. g4 h4?! [3. Kf5 Ra5+ 11. He has two plans. 8. a6 Rxh3 [7. -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$7 ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6! /@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@?… 1. and White went on to win. Four pawns against three 2. Black With four pawns against three. But while White is moving his king to the Q-side. the captures one or even both white pawns on the K-side and begins advancing his own pawns. Kg6 Kf8 12. a5 Rf4+ 6.... with a draw. brings the king to the Q-side. in order to have a possibility to hide his king from checks at a7. Ra8+ Ke7 13.In the game Black have mistaken and lost. as soon as the king comes to b6. Kxg5 h3 10. but the weaker side has sufficient defensive resources. Black checks it with his rook ¦b2 and. . by advance of this pawn to divert the opponent's pieces from the g6-square. [27. e7 Rh8 7. e6? f5+°] 27.. Kf4 Re1! 7. gxh5 f6+! (the simplest) 26. Ra7 17. ¦d7 was threatened) 5. Kxh6? 28. Kf5 Draw. gxh5 25... Re1 Kf8 10. Rd4 Ra3 3. Kf3 Ra3 The active black rook hinders 2. f7) were placed ideally for defense. Kg2 Ra4 8.. Re3 Kg7 19.1978 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?"?@# ?@-@?6?" 0?@?@!"? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… A classic example of the realization of an extra pawn with the pawns on one wing is provided by the following ending.Najdorf M. Re4 Rf3 24. Kf6 Ke8 9... h5 [24. Ke4 Rb3 2. 15. if possible at all. Kg2 Ra5 3. a draw complicated. Kf4 Ra2 10. h5 (the last chance) 10. Rb5 Ra2 7. hxg4 21. Rc2 Kf6 16.Beliavsky A.. If the stronger side prevents this. Rb2 Kf6 6.. A rook's positioning on the 3rd rank also secures a draw.. g4 hxg4 4. Ra3 3. Ra2 Kg7 because of 5. Kf8 20. Rd3 Ra4+ 4.. e5 Otherwise White is unable to reinforce his position. gxh5 11. e5 fxe5 4.1956 30. fxg4 Kg7 22. e4 Re1 12. 19..... Kh3! fxe4 becomes Botvinnik M. g6. Rxh5 [12. g4 [20. Ra1 Rg2 9. Rxh4 6. Rh3? White's pawn advance. e6?? f6#.. e6 Rg5] 20. Rd5 Ra7 3. Ra6 Rb1 14. to penetrate to g6 with the king.. Rd2 Ke5 5. 24. Kf4 [2.. . Kg5 Rg3 8. fxg4 Ra1!= (But not 4. Ra5 Rc7 2. Kg6! Draw.. fxe5 Ke7 ( 4... e6 f5+ 29. fxe5+ 13. h6+ [27. Re2 Kf6 18. 12. e7! ] ?@?@?@?@ @/@?@7$? ?@?@?$?$ @?@?@5@! ?@?@!"!@ @?@?@?@? -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Razuvaev Y.Ra5=] 1.. Rxe5 Ra2 14. f3 Re2 11.URS. Rc7 Rg1+ 6. Rc6 Rg1! Keres defends very accurately.. Rxe6 Kg7=] Re2 8.. e6! fxe6 (5. Kxg4 [4.. Ke5 ) 6. Kg4 Rf1 27.Moscow. White's plan is simple: to create a passed pawn on the e-file.. Kg5 Rf1! 23. Kh3 Ra4 4. 9. 1. Rc4 )] 4. . Rc7+ Kf8 7. Rf5+ 2. Rb6+ Kg7 13. It should be noted that in both examples the black pawns (h5. Rh1 f6! 12. Ra1 5. e6 fxe6 21. Rf4 Re3=] 24. Ke3 43 . 1. . fxg4+ (5. Rf7+ Kg8 9. Rf6 Black resigned. Kf2 Kh3°) 7. Kxg7 g3 10. Ra7 7.. Rxe4 Rh1+!°] 13. Rxe7 h5 14. fxe4 fxe4°..Antoshin V. Rh8 Ra1+ 12. Kf6 g3 12. f5 f6=] Re2 e4 6... ¦d6. after which two lines are possible: 5. then 13. h6! gxh6 11.. g4+ hxg3+! 4.. Rg5 Kxe6+ 12. fxe5 5. Re1 g4 10.. Kxg5 Ra1 9. Ke5 [2. Capablanca J.1930 44 .Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).. h4 Rg1 15. Re2 Rc5! (zugzwang) 9. ¦å8. Kxf3 Ra5!°) 5. Kh1 e3 17... Rg3? 2. Kg6) 8. Rf8! f6 3. Rh6 Ke3 9.Rb2 Rc3°] e6 Ra4 [5.. Rf2 (7. or 3.. Re8 Rg3 18.1979 ?@?@?@?@‹ 0?@?@?$? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?$7@? ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@!@? ?@?@-@!" @?@?@?6? If the defender manages to prevent a creation of the opponent's passed pawn on the e-file. Kf2 g5 3. Rg6+ Kf4 8. fxg4+ [4. Kh7 ] 3. hxg3 g4! . Kf5 Rf1 4.URS. The h4-pawn severely cramps White.. then he draws. f3 14. Kg6 (also winning is 8. h6! gxh6 11.. Kxg4 5... Kd5 Rf5+ 6. Kf5 Rg2 Draw.. Re2 gxf3 7. h6 g2 11.Vaganian R. Kh2 Kf2 13.. h3? Kf4 4. f6+ 3. Kd6 Rxh5 7.. g4 9. Kg6 ) 9. . 2. gxf3 Rg2+ 16.Hastings. e6 Rxf4+ 5. Rf8 (or 8. Rd7+ Kf8 7. g4! 4.. Kopayev)] 7. e5 (what else?) 4. e7 Rxe7 13. Ra4! 2. Rd7+ Kf8 8. e7 . e7 Ra8 12.. Rb6 Ra2+ 6.1954 ?@-@?@?@‹ @?@?@#$7 ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@?@! ?@?6!"!@ 0?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Harandi K. Kd6 followed by ¦a1] 4. Kg2 Rc4! 7.. White won. If 12. .] 2. h3 6. f5 8. g5! hxg5? [After the more stubborn 6.... and 1. Rg7! (pointed out by [13. Kxg4 6. Rb2 [No better is 3. 1. Kg1 f5 7. Kg6 g4 10. Re8 f3 14.Yates F. gxf3 Kf4° … f5. Rb2 Kg5 6.. Kh2 Rxf3 White resigned. Rb2 f5 5. By exact play Black manages to win.. Re5! hxg5 White wins by 8. e5! Rxg4 4. h3 e4 10. ... Rxh4 f4 11. Rc2 gxf3 5. Korchnoi V.. Kxe5 Rg1 6.. Kg6 Rxe6+ 8.. Rf3! [In the game Black opted for 1. Ra6? 6. . g5! hxg5 49. Kb6 … f6] 34.. Ra2+ 29. f4 Ra2+ 7.. Kd6 Ra7 45. Kf3 Rf1+ 22. Ra3+ 30.. h6 3. f6! . Rf6+ Kg7 23. [Stronger is the preliminary 16. Ra1 29.. 2. Kc5 Rc7+ 44.] 24. h5! . Rh7 Rh1 18. Ke3 [Simpler is 29. Rd5 Ra4 6. Kg2 Re1 11. Kxf7 17.. Rb8+! Kg7 28. and Black retains good drawing chances..] 24. Rc4? [An easy draw could have been gained by 1. f6+ Kh7 33. h5! 26. g4! Now Black's defense is not easy. Kf2 Ra3 24. Rb4 [24. Re5 Re1 9. Kg2 Rc4 [4. Kc6 Kg6 40. Ke4 Ra4+ 26. Ke7 Rxe6+ 47. Kf5 (28. g5+ ) square. g5 h4] 1.. Rb7 Kg8 27..] ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#8# ?@?@?@#@ . Ra4! 24.. Rb1! wins quicker. Ke4 Rg1 19.. e4 Re5 48. e5 (21. Kh3 Rf1 19..Tashkent (Uzbekistan).. Kd6 Kg7 36. Re7 Re1 28.. Ra7+ 34. Rf6+ Kg7 26.Dorfman J. Kf5 Rc4 ... Kxg5 Rf1 25.. Re3 23. Ra7+ Kg8 (16. Rd8! At last the rook has reached the needed 12. f5 … f6. Kf6 17. f5 g5 18. [Better is 23.. preventing g4. Kg3 Re2 8... Rb6? [Stronger is 23. Kh4? Rf3 22. fxe5 h5!=) 22.. for example: 20. f6!?] 32.. Rxe5 Rxe5 23..¦f8 28. Ra7 Re2 27. Ke4 Kf6! with a draw] If the stronger side has a passed pawn on 45 .. f5 Rxe5!=) 28. e6 Ra5+ 30. 36... h5 Re2+ 13.1980 fxe5 22. Rf3 -@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@?" "?@?@5"? /@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@?… Ra5 25. g5!?] 26. e5 Re3+ 21. Ra3 22... Lerner K.. Kg2 Re1 21. Kf3 Ra3+ 25. Rf1+ 17.] 2. and White wins. Rc3 25.. Kd5 Ra5+ [31. Ra6 Re1 26... Rf6+ Kg7 23. hxg6 Kxg6 [Worse is 15. f6 Black could have saved the game. Rf8 ] 5.. Ra5 37. Kf2? Ra3? [25.. Ke4 Ra4+ 31..] 16. Rf8 Ra7 39. Kf2 Rh1 10.. Kc7 Kh7 [33. Kg2! [21. Rg7+ Kh8 42. Rxg4 32. Kg3 Rc1 4. Rd5] 16. Rf5 Re1? [By 19.. Kh4 ] 29.. Kb6 Rd7 43.. Rd6 … ¦d7(d8) followed by an advance of the f-pawn. fxg6 due to 16. Kg6 Black resigned An instructive ending. e6 Ra6+ 46. Kd6 Ra6+ 33... Ra5 Kg7 15. Kd7 Ra7+ 35. Kg3 Rg1+ 18. g5 hxg5+ 24. Ke3 Rg1=) 21. fxe5 (22.?@?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ @?@?"5"! ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@? 23. Rg8+ Kh7 41. Re3? A mistake in response.21.. Rf5 Ra3!=] 20. Kg3 Ra3+ 30. h4 Kf6 [11... Kf3 Re1 14. f6+ Kh7 38.. . [Correct is 7.] 5. Rf2! This study-like move decides. and his king arrives in time. a7 Rxa7+ 18. Rxg6+ Kf1=] Now the black 13. Ra3+ 12.. a8=Q drawn. Rb1 Kf4 23. Rb8 Ra3 14. Rb8 Ra3 13. Rxg3? 2.. Kd4 g3 24. Ra6? h2] 19. Ke4 Ra1 9. Kg7 [But not 1. Kg6 24.. Rxg3 46 .. hxg5 h4 18.] 2. Kb6 f4 21... Rb6+ Kf5 with a draw. Rxh2 fxg5 23. a6 Rxf3? A decisive mistake. [After 5. Rb6! king turns out to be cut off. 14.. Kc2 g5! The only move Black saves the game by creating a passed pawn. Kf6!] 11. 1. "shoulder-charge". though still possible. Rb7+ Kf6 5. Rg6+ Kf3 27. 23.. Ra3 8. Kf6 9.. Ra8 Kg7?! Black should not retreat with his king from f6. then a draw is more complicated. Rf3+ Kg2 28. Kd2 The king has to retreat. Rxf2 h3 27. Rf1+ Kg4 25.. Kf4 Ra2 3. Kb7 g5 [Also losing is 16. Kb7 g4 25... Kg7 6. 8. the opposite wing... Rb8 Ra3 15. Kc6 Ra3 16. White avoids the king goes to the Q-side. Kc6 Kg5 26.g5=) 20. [The draw could have been gained by 1. Kxa8 h2 21. Ke4 Ra4+ [10. 7. Rb4 f5 (or 19. Black captures one or two opponent's pawn on the K-side and creates his own passed 1. Kf6! 13. Rb8 Ra3 4... Rb1 Kxh4 24.15. Kxa7 Kxg3 19. a7 h3 19. Rxa8 20. Ke5 Ra3 10. Kc5 f3 22..Averbakh in Volume V of "Comprehensive Chess Endings" assess a similar position as Kxa7 g5 19. Rg2? Kf4!=] 27. in a practical game. Rb6 Kf5 16. Kc5 g4 22. Kb6 Kf5 21. Rb6+ 12. Rf8! [27. a7 Rxa7+ 18... a4 Kf6 5. f6 … 20... Kd2 Rxg3 3. Ke5! ] 17.. Kd5 Ra3 12. f6 17. Ke3 Kf5 11. a7 Ke6 the activity of his king secures Black a draw. a5 Ra4+ 10.] 8. however.. a6 Ra4+ 10. Ke3 Kg3 25.. f3 pawn. Rh8 . Ke4 Black resigned.. G... f3 9. Rb7+ Kg6 Kd4 f2 23. Kd3 (11. Kg4 28.. Ke3 Ra1 2. Kb7 Kg4 17. Rxf6 g2 26. a5 Ra4+ Levenfish G. Kc4 Rxf3=] 9. Rf1 h4 26. Ra7 Kf6 7. where it was closer to the white pawns. Rb4! Kg6 20. Ke2 The only chance. Rf6 h2 29. and precise play is demanded. Black's plan is typical: while the white [19. Ra6+ Kg7 6.Smyslov V -@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? !@?@?@#@ @?@?@#@# ?@?@?"?" 0?@?@?"? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@?… [It makes good sense to return the king to f6: 8.Smyslov in "Theory of Rook Endings" and Yu. a7 Ra3 3. Rh6! f6™ 22... a7 Kf6!=) 11.. Kc6 Rxf3 14. the draw is not easy. Ra1 4. They are absolutely right. Kd5 g3 27..Levenfish and V. a6 Rxf3 12. fxg5 f4 8. and White wins. Kd5 Ra3 11. . Kc6! . Ke3 47 . and Black ends up 1.] 2. Kxb8 g5 13. Kc7 gxh4 14. Kc7 Rg8 11.. Ra8 ] 6. b6 ] in zugzwang. Ke3 Kg3 15. fxg4+ ] The king has reached the 10. Kb6 f6 11... gxh4 Kxh4 15.1965 10. Kc4 Ra3 5. Rxa8 Kg4 9.. Ke4 Kf6] because he can move neither with the king. Kb5! Re7 5. Re5 Rf3 5. Kc4 Rd7 4.Antoshin V. Rxf3 Rxa7 . Kd3 Ra1 3. hxg5 Rf5 4. Kc4 Kf6 4.. Kb4 Kd6 8. [Only a draw results from 9. Kd4 Ra5 4. Kd5 Kg4 7. Re3 Kf5 5. Unzicker W. Kd4! [Worse is 1. Rg7 Re2+ 13. Rxf3 does not save Black either 3.. Ke1 Kf5 12. the stronger side needs one move less to return his king. Ka5 Kc7 9. Kxh5 Rg8 15.Lundin E. Ke6 Kb6 14. Kd6 Kg4 16.. Rxb3 6..10. Ra3 g5 10.. Kc6 g5 12. Rb8 Rxa7 12.. g4 Rh8+ 16. Ke5! The only way.. Ra6 11. hxg5 Kxg5 11. Kd4 h4 12. Re7 Rb2 [2. hxg5 fxg5 11. resigned. Kg6 Black (Netherlands).. a8=Q Rxa8 8.1954 ?@?@?@?@ @-@?@#8? ?@?@?@#@ @!@?@?@# ?@?@?@?" @?@?6?"? ?0?@?"?@ @?@?@?@?… -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@?$#@ @?@?@7@# ?@?@?@?" 0?@?@!"? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@?… In endings of this type a result often With a knight's pawn the winning chances increase. g5 does not work due to 3.Sochi (Russia).Amsterdam Spassky B. . Kd6 Ra3 7. f3 Rb3+ 2. Kh6! 6. Kg7 Ra1 [9.. gxh4 Kxb5 16. Kd5 h4 17. a7! Black is unable to prevent a march of the opponent's king to h6. theoretically drawn ending has arisen. Ra2+ [1. b7 Rb8 9. g4+! hxg4 13. b6 Rc8 8. 1. Ke4 h3 18.. Kd3 Rd6+ 3. Ka6 Kb8 10. Rf7+ [12. Ra6 2.. Kd5 Kc7 13. Kg7 ] 14. a7 Ra2+ 11. Rb3 Rxg5 7. gxh4 gxh4 13. Kxf6 gxh4 because of 6. b8=Q Rxb8 12. Kc6 f6 10. Kf7 Ra3 9. Kg6 Ke8 19. Kxb3 Ke5 7. After 1. Rb5+ Ke6 13... Rb3! Rc2+ [A pawn ending is lost: 5. Kc5 Ra1 [5. Rf8 Ra3 7. Kxh5 Kd7 18. and a destination square. Kxg6 Ra8 14. the defender's rook. Kg5 Kc6 17. Kg6 13. Re3 Rf5 6. because after having captured depends on the position of the defender's pieces and pawns. g5 10. 1. Kf7 Kf5 12. Ke7 Ra6 8.. Rxf2 2. nor with the pawns... Kf1 Ra2=] 12. g4!? Ra4 2. Kf1 Rb2 2. Rc7 Re8 7. g5±] 1. Kc7! Back resigned. Kc5 Rf4! 11. 48 . Kd8 Rb1 15. Rc2 Rg4 10..] h2] 9. Kb3 Such positions are almost always won. Kd2 Kg3 14. Kc6 h3 17. f7 h2 16. Kc4 Rb1 10. f4 h5? [After 4. Kg4 fails due to 12.. Rxb7 h1=Q 18... threatening 3. Rc4+ Kf5 12. hxg5 Kxg5 11. Kd6 Kg7!=) 6. Rb4! f5 12. Rc4+ Kxg3 10. Rf4+ Kxg3 11. 4. Kd3 Kf5! 9. Rc7! (6.. gxh4 Kxh4 19. exf4 5. Rb3! Kg4 18. Rd4+ Kxg3 13. Kc7 Rxb7+ 6. f6 2. Rb7 Re1 3. f3 Rb3 4. Rc7 Rb5 7. Rb1 8. Rb4 g5! with a draw. Rxg3? 6. g5 10.Ke3 Kg4 10. Kb2 Rg2+ 9. Rb5 [1. Rxf7+ (9.. Rf5?! [Losing is 5... Kd2 There is nothing better. gxf4+ Kf5 14. Rb4+ Kh3 19. 12.. Kg4 10. Rxf7+? Kxf7 7. Kxb7 h4 16. Re3! . Rb4 Rxb7 11. ?@?@?@?@ @-@?@#8? ?"?@?@#@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@?" @/@?@?"? ?@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@?… Five pawns against four ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@#@# ?@?@?@#@ @?@?$?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@!@?"? ?. Rxh3 ] 10. b7 Rg2+! 8. Rd6 g5 17. Kg8 Qg3+ 23.. Kg7 ] 17. Kh8 Qc3+ 22. f6 h3 15. Kc3 f6 9. Kf3] 3. Kg3 17. however. Rg1 8. After 5. Kc4 Rg4+ 10. gxf4 h5.. gxf4 Kxh4 12. b7 Ke6 [7. Kc8 Kg4 16. Kd6 f4 13.. f5 h4 14. Hollis . Rxb7 Kxh4 12. Rxf3 5. b8=Q Rf5+ 12.. Rd7! Rc1+ [11. f3 deserved attention.?@!"5" 0?@?@?@?… Nevertheless. Rb4 ] Rxb7 [16. Kh7 Qc2+ 21. Rg2+ 7... f5 [9. Kc5 Kf5 11.... Kf2 f6 11. Rxf6 gxh4 18... Rb2 [¹ 3. Kc2 Five pawns against four … ¦f7 followed by b7 5. Kf7 4.Florian T. Ke1 Kf6 3. Kc3! Kg4 9. f8=Q Qg2+ 20. Black could have successfully defended: 6. Kf6 f4 11.. 1. Kf5 8.. Kd6 Rb1 13.. Kc3 Rg3+ 9. Kc7 Rc1+ 14. ¦b5 f6 4. Rc3 . b7 Rb8 8. the weaker side retains the drawing chances... Ke1 ] 15. Rb4 g5=) 9. Rxf7 g5 13.. 1.. Rg6! Kh3 20. Qg7 Black resigned. Kxg6 Kg4 13.. Rd1+ 13. Kd6 Ra2 14. Kc2 Kh7 8.. Kxc7 ] 12. Kxf3] 3. Rc8 . fxe5 Kxe5 Black still could resist. Rd6! Black resigned. Kc3 Kg7 10. .. f3 Kg7 Where one should keep his/her rook? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? /@?@?@#$ "?@?@?@? ?@?. Rd6 Rxa7 17. Kd6 Ra1 [12. 1. of 12. Kd2 Kg7 7. Kd7 Ra1 14. fxe4 Rxe3+ 4. Ke6 Ra1 14.Linares (Spain).1994 13. and White transposes into a won pawn ending..Illescas C. while the rook alone is powerless to oppose the enemy king.. Rd8 ] Kasparov G.. a7! Kh7 2. e3! 11. Kh7 11.. Kb4 Ra1 [10. Rc7+ Rxc7 16.. Kf2 Ra3 5. -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?8? !@?@?$?$ @?@?@?$! ?@?@#@!@ 0?@?"?6? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@?… SOME STRATEGIC IDEAS IN ROOK ENDINGS ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? /@?@?@#$ "?@?@?@? ?@?.?@?" @?@?@?"? ?@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@?… [Nothing is changed by 2..?@?" @?@?@?"? ?@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@?… Variation from the game White's plan is to exchange his a-pawn SOME STRATEGIC IDEAS IN ROOK for the black e4-pawn and then to bring his king to the center (to c6. Rb6+ Kf7 10.. Kg7 13.Kasparov)] or 4. fxe5 fxe5 6. Kb2 Ra6 9. Kxd7 (analysis by Where one should keep his/her rook? 49 . Kf3 Ra1 7.. Rd8!) 13. Ke2 Kh7 6. Kc6 Rc2+ 13. Rd7+ Rxd7 18. exf3 3. Black is unable to prevent this: ENDINGS his king must stay at g7 or h7. Rc8 Rxa7 15. d6. Ke6 5. or e6) in order to transpose into a won pawn ending.. Kb5 Ra1 12. Ke6 Kg7 15. h3 Rc5 11.. Kc6 Rc1+ (12. Kc5 Rc1+ [11. Ke4 Ra5 8. Ra2 does not help Black in view Kf6 9. Rd8 Ra6+ 16..] 5. . Kd4 Rd6+ 8. have to solve this problem. because now Black's rook cannot leave a6. ¦d5 is also good. Ra2! (zugzwang) 6.. Kg7 Rf5 19. Kc1 Kd4 Black's plan is clear: while the a3-pawn diverts the opponent's pieces. Rg5! Rh1 17.. Kc3 Kc5 6. 12. Ra4 Kb5 20. 1. a6 . Kh6 Rf5 12.. Ra4! Here the white rook stands better than at d5. f4 [4. Rf3 ] 15. Rd5 17. gxf4 Rf5+ 21. Ke4 9. Re4! Ka6 [20. Kg6 Rxf4 22. Kf6 Rd5 19. Re7! Black resigned.. 1... Let us now see how the struggle evolves when the stronger side's rook supports its pawn from behind. Although 1. Rh5+ [17. Kg5 Rc5 18. Kf6 2. Rc5 13. Ra7 g5°] [16.. Kb1 Rb8+ 10. Re5+ 11. Ra3 Rc7 14. Re5 Ra1 23. Kb7 22.. Kb6 3. Kf4 Ka6 10.. Kd5 7. Kxh5 Rg1 24.. . behind the pawn the rook looks better. Kd1 50 . Ka1 Rb2 10.. Kf6 Rc7 16.. Ra5 Ke5 3. Kc1 Rxg3 18.] 2. gxf4 Rd5 18. Kd2 a3 7. Ra7 g5 15. f5 Rf2! 19. the black [12. Tarrasch's rule is applicable in the overwhelming majority of cases. Ka1 Rb2 11. Rb1 a3 7. Kc1 Kf3 20. Re6+ Kb5 3. Kb5 [6. Ra8 A sealed move. Rf5 ] 22. Rxa3 Rxh2 Now the decisive factor is that White's king is too far away from the 17. In a practical game both sides. Ra2 a5 4. Rxa3 Rxf2 11. f4 a2 8.. Kb1 Rd2 13.?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?"?" @?@?@?6? 1. Ra1 Kb4 .Karpov A.Tarrasch says: "A rook should always be deployed behind a passed pawn. Kh6 f4 king breaks to the white K-side pawns. Rd4+ … ¦f4 ] 12. f5 [15. Kg7 Rd7 15. Alekhine has become a world champion. Rd2 Kxa5 14. Kf3 Kasparov G. Kb1 Rb8+ 9. Rd5+ Kb4 15.. Rxf7 Kc6 27.. Having won this game. Ke2 Kc5 6. Re8!?] 5... Rxh6 Rg2 17. Kf1 a4 7.. If it is your own pawn. Ke4 18.1984 ?@?0?@?@‹ $?@?@?$? ?@7@?@?$ @?@?.Moscow (Russia).. Kg7 Rf3 13. the rook hinders its advance".. gxf5 16. f5 Rc6+ 17.. Kg5! The black rook alone is not capable of defending the K-side pawns. Re5+ ] 21. Re7 a5 4. 10.. Ra6 g4! 16. Rf6+ Kg3°] 24. Ke2 Kxf4 20. f4 [8.. Rxg7 a4 5.. Kg5 Rf1 K-side. Ra8 7.25. Kxh5 ] 8. Rb7+ Ka5 6. 8. the stronger and the weaker. Kd3 Kd5 5. Ke3 h5 4.. We have already examined positions where the defender deploys his rook behind an opponent's pawn. Kxf7 gxf5 18. Kd2 Rf3 19. Kb4 ] [No better is 2. and Black wins.. 2. Ra6 Rf6! 12. 6.. while if it is an enemy pawn. Rf5 Kb6 26. Ra6 Kf5 14. Re5 Rxf4 23. the rook supports it. Ke5 Re6+ 9...... A famous rule by S. Kxf7 f4 20. Kxa5 21. Kh6 Rxa5 [21. Ke3 e5! 3. Rg6 (23. Ke4 [Nothing is achieved by 3.1992 Botvinnik M. Rg6 Re6!°) 23. Re4! followed by a king's march to the Q-side. Kxb6 2. f6 in view of 20. f7 Rf5 28.. Rg6 g2 25. [Instead of this White could have easily won by 1. Kc3 Kc6 6. Kf5 Rf8+ 2. Kd4 Rh5! 27.. For example. Ra2 h3 Draw.. Ke6 Rf2 3. g2 27. Kf3 Kg5 21. g5 6.Timman J. allowing the rook to influence on both wings. If the defender's king blockades the opponent's passed pawn. Rh3+ Kg4 28.Moscow (Russia).. Re1+ Kf6 6.with equality. Rh6 Kg2 22.] 1. but to the side of it. Re1! [Worse is 1.. Ke2 Re5+ 25. [Or 26. f6 Rf4 27. Ke2 Kd6!? [Simpler is 13. Kxg3 21. Kxf4 Ke6 5.. g4 Kf6 19. fxe5+ Kxe5 1..?@?… ?0?@?@?@ @7@?@?$# ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?@!@ @-@?@?@?… Tarrasch's rule. Kb4 Re5 51 . Kd3 Kd5 5. Ra1 . Jussupow A. gxh4 Rh5=] 14. Rg8 [1. Ra3 Ke6 17.. Rc5 10... then in the majority of cases the stronger side should which has lead to a draw. Rc5! . Kd1 g3 23. Kd2 Kf2 . Re1+ Kf5 9. White played "a la Tarrasch" 1. Rh8 Rf4 29. Rg5 g3 23. . Kf4 Kg6 20... h4 14. however. Rg7 g2 29. Kd3 Rf4! 30. g4 Rf3!] 1. Ke3 Ke6 13. Ke2 Re5+ 27... because the black king has become very active. Kd3 Kf3 26. Rh6 g2 28. Ke2 Re4+ 25.. Rg6 Kf2°] 26.] Black wins (variation by S. After 7. Kd3 Kf3! 26.. Re4 g5+ 7. Kf3 Kf1 28. Ke3 h4! 18. Kf2 Ke5 15.Boleslavsky I. exf4 4. Black would be able to defend successfully. Rb1+ ] 4. 9.. Ke3 .. Ke4 [More winning chances could have 26... . the following case in an exception.. Kf3 Ra5 8. Rh5 Rf4 24.Linares. Re4 The rook has returned to the right square. Ra5 2.. Kxg3 21. deploy his rook not behind the pawn.. Ke2 Rxf5 White resigned. Rh6 Rf5 3. is not always applicable. Rf5! 24. and been retained by 5. Ke1 Kg1 24. Re3+ Kd5 16. Re3 Ra5 11.. hxg5 Rxg5 7. but too late. Ke1 Kg2 22..Dolmatov)] 20. Rh1 5. however. Ra3 Ke5 12.1941 /@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@#8#@ @?@?@?@# !@?@?"?" @?@?@?"? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?.] [No better is 20.. 11. Kd5 Kf5 11. Kd6 Rc2 15. Kg8 12. Kf6 Rf4+ 10. g7+! The rest is simple. Good coordination of pieces is Sometimes the defender should keep his rook to the side of the opponent's passed often more important than a material advantage. Rc7 Rb2 9. Kg5 Kb7 4. 4.Yerevan (Armenia). creating irresistible threats. Rxh6 Rg7 10.. rook.... Rg5+ 13. h6 gxh6 9.. Rg7+ Kh8 7.] Rxc3+ 2. Activity of pieces Ka6 5.. Kh4 Kb7 8. Rxf7+ Kg4 12.all his pieces are in perfect harmony. 52 .. Rb7 Kg7 5... Coordinated actions of pieces allow to win in the better positions and to save in the worse ones. Ke5 Rg4 10. [After 5. Rf6! 6.. Ke4 The white king has come in time. Kf6! White has reached his cherished goal . 2. Rxg6+ Kxh4 14. Kd6 … ¢ñ6 ] 13. Kxb7 h4 17. Ke4! (following the familiar pattern) 7. and White wins easily. foreseeing the following sacrifice of two pawns. d6 Black resigned.. b6 Rb5? A blunder. Kf3 Rb2 7. Kh4 Rf3 3. Rg7 Kxg3 13.. g4 Ka6 7. Rxa7 Rg1 [12. Kf6 (regaining all the sacrificed material) 7.. pawn in order to cut off the enemy king off this pawn.1975 Activity of pieces ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? ?.. Kf1 Re6! Black could hold his ground. . g3 h5 The black rook does not allow White's king to get to the Q-side. h4! The h-pawn plays the role of a battering-ram. Kg2 Rf5! 4. Kc6 Kh3 15. Kc6 Kh2 18.. b7 Black's counterplay is too late.?@?@#$ @!@?0?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@! ?@?@?"!@ @?@?@5@?… The decisive factor in rook endings is the activity of all pieces: king... Kg8 6. Rxh7 . g6! (opening a way to f6 for the king) 3. Kg5 Re4 5. 11. d5 Rc1 16. 1. Re8 8. ?@?@?8?@ $?$?@?@?$/@?@?@ @?@#@#"? !@?"?"?@ @?"?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Bronstein D. Kd5 h3 19... Kxf5 Re4 9. Ka6 3. 1. Kxd5 Rc1 14. 1.2. Black resigned. Re6! (the best place for the rook) 2. g5 Kxb6 14.. Rg5! Rxb7 16.. Rc7 Ra1 17. Rc6 Re7 12. h5 Kb7 6. Rxf2 8.Romanishin O.. Rxf4+ 4. Kc6 Rxa4 18. Kh5 Ka6 11. and pawns. h4 Capablanca strived for this position. 9. 5. Rxc7 6. Kh7 3. Kg3! White activates his king. Rc7 Re5+ 13.. Ke4 Rd1 [Worse is 2.. a position from the examined above study by Botvinnik has been reached. Rf6 Kg7 10. Ke4! Kf6 5..] 1. Rxf7+ Ke8 5. g4 h5 the position is equal. Rh3! Ra1 6. supported by the king and the rook. e8=Q Rxe8+ 36. Re1+ 3.. b5 5. Rxc2 Rd1+ 32.. White is clearly better thanks to his strong passed pawn which he will support with all his might..1969 ?@?@?@?@ $?@-@#8# ?$?@?@#@ @?@?"?0? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@5"!@ @?@?@?@?… Despite Black's extra pawn. Rd5 c3 21. e6! (threatening 2. Ra3+! 4. Rc7! Kg6 34. Rf3 22.. Kxe8 g5 With flanks reversed..Hungary. ¦h8 followed by 3. bxa5 Rxa5 7. e7! Rxf5+ 29. 53 . h5 Rh1 6. h4! White threatens to create a pair of connected passed pawns by means of h5-h6. [After 1. å7 ) 1. and Black would be able to successfully defend. f3 Rg5 4. e7! Ra8 11.1969 28. Rf7+ Kg8 [8. e8=N+ Ke6 .. Rc5 Rd2 26. Kd3 Rf5 3. 19. Ke8 9. 1... Rc5 [11. 4. Ke5 Rd4 9. . Rc8 Re1+ 12. Ke5 b5 In spite of all Black's efforts. Ke4! White brings his king into play. Rc8 Kh7 27. Kh5 Black resigned. Rxh7 a5 6. Kf3 Rxa2 3.... Rg7! g4 38.. Rf1 20.. Kf5 … ¦d3] 1. Kc6 c4 14. Kd5 Rd1+ 13. Ke6 … ¦d6-d8 ] 12.Shereshevski M. f5 Rh4+ 8. bxc4 bxc4 7. Rd3 Rxh5 7.Honfi K. Ke8 a5 24... Rxa5 c2 25. It seems that a draw is not far off. e7 3. but Black's task is not at all simple.?@?@?@7@ @?$?@?$? #$?@?@?@ @?$?"?@? ?@?@?"?@ @!@?@5@/@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… Portisch L. 15. Kg6 g3 40. Rh8+ Ke7 11. Kc8 Re1 33. Kd7 Rf1 (the best chance) 31. f4! White plays actively. 9.] 4. which quickly decides the game.. Ke7 The e-pawn will advance soon. Kf7 Kf4 39. 37. Rxg2+ 2.. Ke6 Rf6+ 30. Rd7 Re1 18. Kf7 Rf2 Panchenko A. Kf8 8.Grozny (Russia). Rf7+ Kg8 17. Rc6! Ra8 13. Rg7 ] 9. Rxa7 Rxe5+ 2. Rc8 12. Rd1 10. Rd6! Black resigned. Rxc7+ Kf8 16.. Ra1 2. Kd8 Kf5 35.. . Rg3 Kf8 4. Kd6 Rd1+ 19.. e6 Kf8? [Drawing chances could have been retained by 3. Kd7 Rd3+ 23. the white pieces penetrate to the opponent's camp. Rd2! Bednarski J.. Ke1 Re2+ with ?. Rf4 Rc2 11. Only active play can save Black from a defeat. ... Kh2 Ra2+ 7. g6+ Kf6 7.. Rf6 . Kh6 Rb1 10. Ra1+ Draw. 54 .. Kd1 Rxf2 13. Rc7+ Kf8 14. Rxb6+ Kg5 3. 1. Kh6 Rh1+ 17. being four pawns (!) down. Rxf5 Rxb2 7. Ke2 … à4 ] 2.. Rxe4 h5! 9.] 7. Rxe4+ 5.. Rc8+ Kg7 13. Kh5 Rb4 6.. Rc7 Rh1+ 11.. 5. Rf4 [After 7.. ..By sacrificing three pawns in line. c5 Ke3 14.1911 ?@?0?@?@‹ @?@?@?@# -$?@?@7@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@#@?@ @?"?@?@? !"?@?"?" @?@?@5@? 1. Ke1 [Or 3. Rxh5 Kd4 Draw. Rf8+ All White's forces help the pawn.Damjanovic M. Rb5! Kg4! … f4 5. c4 Kg2 10. Rxc5 f4! 4.. a4 Ra2 8....Moscow (Russia). a4 f4 4.Kecskemet (Hungary)..Smyslov V. Kxh3 6.. Tarrasch S. Rxc6 Ke4 3.?@?@?@ @#@?@7@? #@#@?@?@ 0?@?$?"? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@?… a draw.. 1. Rxf2? 12. Kh3?? g4#)] 5. g7+ Kg8 15. Kg1= (7. Kg4 Ra4 3. Ke5! [Weak is the passive 1. Kf3! [1.1941 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@#@7@?..] 2. a5 f3 5. .. Rd6? 2. Rc2 4.1964 [Bad is 1. h3 [5. Rxb7+? Kg6°] 1... Kg5 e4 12. and White is winning. Kd7? 2. Kg6 2. by the king and the rook... Rg8+! Kf7 4. Rf7+ Lilienthal A. Black activates his king and draws. @?$?@#$? ?@!@?@?@ @!@?"?"? /@?@?@?" @?@?@?6? Kg8 9.] 3. Re5 Kf3 the game also ends in a draw. Kg7 8.San Sebastian. and his only chance is the g5-pawn which he supports [11. Kg6 Rg1+ 16. exf4 Kf3 5. Kg6 Rg1+ The players agreed a draw... h3+! The only chance. Rxa2 8. Rc8! (the only opportunity) 4. h4 Ra1+ 6. Rh2+! ] 12. a5 Kg4 9. 7.. Rh4 Kf3! White is two pawns down.Rubinstein A. . Kg3 Kf8 2. sometimes only one of them. . Re2! Kg7 9.?"?" @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@5@ @?@?@?@?… Passive placing of the opponent's pieces 55 . Kf8! 5. Rh1 White also saves the magnifying his advantage to breakthrough by f4-f5. the stronger side always finds a plan of improving his pieces' positions. Kg4=] 9. c4 Rh1 3.. Rh7+ Kg8 10.. 1..] 3. defender's pieces are passive.. e5 fxe5+ 3. Rh4 Kg7 8. c4=] 4. Kg4 Rxc3 4.Yugoslavia. Rh4 Kf8 11. Ra7 Re6 with a decisive advantage for Black. c5 Rd1+ 4. Kg5 Kf7 7. Kxe5 does not work due to 3. Rf3!. which allows to magnify his advantage. Kg3 Kg7 11. Kxg6 Rg3+ 5..?@?@? ?@#@/@#@ @?"#@?"# ?@?"#"?6 @?@?"?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@7@ @-@?@?@? ?@?@?$#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@!@?$ @?"?6?0! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Passive placing of the opponent's pieces 1. and Black Sometimes both defending pieces. Kg4 Kh6 12. Kf5 h3 6..] 1. Kg5! [3.. Kf5 h3 6. This Re7 Rc4+ 5. Rxh4 Black resigned. Rh6 Rg7 6. king and rook. Rb5 Re3 6. happens because the defender. In this position White has a clear way of Rb7+ Ke6°) 5. having passive pieces. Rb4 Re3 7. Kxe5 h2 8.1991 ?@?@?@7@ @?. Rxc3 [After 3. Kg5 h3 6. Kg4 Rh5 10. Kg4 Draw.... Rf3+ 9.Yakovich Y.. Kf4! [Obviously worse is 1. Kf4 Re7 4.. Rxc6 h4 5. Kf4 Rh4+°) 4. If both or even one of the wins. Kxh4 (4. Rh7 Ke8 12. Kxg6 Rg1+ 5. Rb2 Rh1 7. Kc4 h3 . f5! gxf5 3. Rh5! Kf7 [8. 8.Calcutta (India).1975 ?@?@?@?@ @?$?0?8? ?$?@#@#@ $!@?"?@# !@?. are passive. Rh4=.. Rxh3 2. Kd4 Rxh3 2..Hodgson J.Matulovic M. Bukic E. Rh1 Rc5+ 9. Kg5 (5. Rxe5 h2 7. game: 4... Ra3 9. . Re1 Kf7 8. is hardly able to create counterplay.. Rc6 6. also bad is 3. but all the same he loses due to zugzwang. Kxg4 Rg2+ 14. 1. Kxg4 Kh6 Black prevents the opponent's plan. We will now examine cases where only the rook was passive.. Rc8 Rd7 11. Rd5 Rc4 18. Kh3 Rb2 15. Ke7 Rh8 7.. Ke6 Rf8 6.. and then plays e4 or g4.. a4! (fixing the à3-pawn for an eventual counterattack) 2. Rd6+! Kb7 5. Kxf5 ] resigned.?@#@? !@?6?"?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In the following example Black's attempt to bring his rook into play was unsuccessful. g4 hxg4+ 3. Kf4 Ke6 3. Kf3 Rxa3 10. Ke6 (zugzwang) 8. . Rf8 3. Ra6+ Ke5 12. Ke6 ) 4. Rc6+ Kf7 5. Kg4 Rg1+ 20. [3. Rd8 Kh7 Ke4 ] 4. Ke5 Kc5 8. Kf3 Rf7 2. Rc4 Rf7 5. Rc6+ Kb7 10. Ra3+! Ke4 19.. 1. Rxc5+ Kxc5 8.Ree H.. however. ?@?@?@?@ @/@?@?@# ?@?8?@#@ $#. were passive. 1.Tilburg (Netherlands). chance) [After 5. Rxh7 g5+ 9.. Rc6+! Ka7 5... Rc5 ] 6. it was Black's best chance. Rb8 4. Andersson U.White's plan of improving his position involves a pawn advance on the K-side in order to clear a way for the king. Ka6 7.... Rb5+ Ka6 2. king and rook. 56 . Kxh5 Kh7 9. exf5 12. Rc4 Rf8 6. Rd6 . f6 Black resigned.Haifa (Israel). Rd4 Rc5+ 6. Ra7 Ra2 11. h4 White's plan is to reinforce his position on the K-side: first he advances We have considered examples where both defending pieces. Rb7+ Kf6 8.. g4 fxg4+ 13. h5 gxh5 8. Kxf5 Kc6 7.Miles A.1976 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?8?@?0?@ $?. Rc5! Kb6 (3. Rc1 4. ..?@#@? ?"?@?@?@ "?@?"5"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… Lombardy W. h6 Black's defense is difficult. Rxa4 Ke4 16. h5 Kf6 4. Rd5 ] 6. Ke7 Rh8 8.. Kg5 Kg7 10.. Kxf5 Kb4 9. Rc5+ 6. Re4 Black [5. Ke5 Rc6 [Passive defense does not help: 2. Kf6 Rf8+ 9.] Rc6+ Kb7 8. Rc5 Rd7! (the only 1. Rxb5 Rd3 7. e6 Re7 13.. his pawn to h6... Kxe3 17.. Rd5 Kc6 7. h6 Rb1 3. Re8 ] 6.. Rc5 ) 7. Rc6+ Kf7 7. Rd2 Re7 5. Ke6 Kb6 (6.. Kf6! Rf8+ 8. Ka6 9. Rf7 6. Kg5 Kg7 7. Rd4 Rc1 [5.. Kf6 6. 4.. Kb6 4. Kg3 Rb1 [Also losing is 16. 3. Rd6+ Kb7 5.. f5! Kf7 [11.1981 12.. Rg7 c4 21. a3 Ra8 7. 57 . Now he intends to seize space on the K-side by advancing his The black rook at d7 is passive. Ra5 Ra8 4... g4 ] 14. Kc7 6.. Kf2 Re7 25. Rxh7 axb4 13. Kc7 12. h7 Rd8 7. Rxf7 b5 8.Rg3 ] 17. Rg7 Rh8 11. Kg4 Rxh7 15.#@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @!@?"!@? !@?@?@!" @?@?@5@?… [13.. h5 Ka6 4. Kf2 Rh1 19. cxb5 Kxb5 9. b6 Rb7 26. Kf3 Rh4 16. 4.] 10. Rxh7 Kxd4 16. Kxe4 Ra7? [More drawing chances could have been retained by 9. 1.. Karpov A. Ra6 Kd5 20. b5 ] Weak pawns 22. axb4 Kxa5 6. f5 5. but his task is not simple.?@?@?@?… 1. Rg6 Ke4 [21. h5! g5 ?@/@?8?@ @?@?@#@# #@#@?@#@ @?. White's plan of improving his position involves a rook's transferring to f6 followed by pawns: g4 and h4 followed by å3-å4. Kg4 c5 18. h3 Rh6 17.... h4 Ke6 [11. Kg4 Ra8 13.1979 ?@?@?@?@ @#8/@#@? ?@#@?@#$ "?@?@?@? ?@!"?@!" @?@5@?@? ?@?@?@?@ . Kg5 Rh8 19. h6 6. being forced to defend these weaknesses. Kd6 Re8! with a defensible position. b4 Rb8? [Stronger is 5. By correct defense Black can draw. Kf6 ] 12... b5 Kf5 23. especially against such a virtuoso as Salo Flohr. g5! (creating a passed pawn) 4. Rc6 Re4 24.Tilburg (Netherlands). . The weaker side. Re7 a5 12. Rb7+! Ka6 10. h4 Rc8 .. 1. Kg3! Black resigned. gxh5+ 14. Weak pawns and the passed c-pawn would be extremely dangerous. Rd7+ Black resigned. Rxg6+ Kb5 20. Kxh5 Rg8 15. Ke4 Ra7 17. fxe4 dxe4 9. Rf1 Kb8 2. Kf3 Ra8 16. h6 Rg1+ 18... Re5 Kb6 11.] h4-h5. Rd7! Kd3 14. Ra4 14.. Kd3 Kd6 3. Kd4 White has tied the opponent's rook to the defense of the a6-pawn. Kg3 Rh4 21... Ke2 Endings of this type require sophisticated technique. hxg5 5.Hort V. Ke4 Kb5 12. Kc7 10. Kc5 Kb7 7. Ke5 Kb6 13. Rg7 Rxb4+ 15. Kf4 h6 11. e4! fxe4 8. while the stronger side can gradually improve his position and then begin decisive actions. The possession of weak pawns in a rook ending is an obvious disadvantage. Kf3 Kc4 13. Rf6 Ka7 3. Ke7 2. is almost completely deprived of any counterplay. g3 Ra7 15. Kc4 22.. fxg5 Rc7 11. f4 Rb7 [5.Vaddinhvin. Rb8 Rc1 21.. . Kh3 Kg5 3.?"? ?@?@!"5" @?@?@?@?… Petrosian T. axb4 Kb6 24.?$?@ @?@?@7@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? !"?@?"5" @?@?@?@?… A win is difficult. Kf3 Rd3+ Ra5 Kf6 15. e3 Rb7 10. Karpov A. e5+ Ke7 16. Rb7+ Kf8 23.. Ra6! gxf4 12. 13. f5? Rb6!=) 8. Rb7 8. f7. Rc7 14. f5 e4 7. By subtle play. Kf4 Rb7 12. e5 6. and h7... Re6+ Kb5 24. Ke3 Rd5 11. Black was unable to prevent this in any case: sooner or later.. Kh4 Kg6 5. Ra5 Ra7 20. Rxa7 Kxa7 23. c5 19.. Rxc5 Rh7 22. g6 [7.Hort V. Re8! … ¦h8. Kf5 Rf7+ 25.Sosonko G. g5 Rc7 (9.... Kf4! Kf7 17. Kd4 would end up in zugzwang. Kg4 Rc7 12. h5! (8. Kd4 ] Re2 17.Re5+ Kd6 [17. f5? Re7=] 14... h5! A "cage" for Black's monarch is ready. g4 Kf6 5. White's advantage.. Ra6 Kf7 14.. hxg5 10.. b4 Rf4 20. Kg3 Kf6 15. h6 4. Kg3 [14.. f5 Re7 16.. h5 g5 [10. 6. . seems to be insufficient for a victory. Ra3 Re7 2. Rxb7 Rg2 18. gxh6 gxh6 13. f4+ Kf5 4. Rf6 Black resigned. Rc8+ Kb6 21. a4 Rxf5+ 21. f5±] 8. Rb6 58 . Rh8 cxb4 21. e4 Rb7 11. Ke3 13. b5 f4 24.. Kg2 Rb7 14. however.. Kc5 Rxg4 19.. Ra5 Kf6 9. Ra6 … f5 7. Kf4 Re7 13. which consists in the 1. Ke4 Re5+ 12.. e4 e5+ 18. Ra5 Kg8 18. Rc5 Rc7 19. after b4 followed by a4-a5. Kg3±] opponent's weak pawns at f6. Petrosian has managed to win. ?@?@/@7@ $?@?@?$# ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?. exf4 Rb3+ 13.1979 23. Kg5 … h6 ) 10. Kc7 20. Rc7 Black 18. Kf7 15. Rb6 Rc7 2. h4 Rd4+ 8. Kf6 18. Kg4 Rd7 6. Ra5 Kf7 3... Kb6 Re5 22. Kf5 ] 20. g6+ Kg7 22. Re5 Kc6 resigned. Kf7 9. g4 Re5+ This move allows White to break with his king to the opponent's Q-side pawns. f5+ White ties the enemy king to the defense of the weak pawns. 6. Rd8+ Kc6 [19.. Kg7 7.. g6+ Ke7 14. Rh7+! Kb6 22. 3..¢f5 18. 11. but Karpov has managed to overcome the opponent's resistance. Kf4 Rd4+ 10. e4 Rc7 13. 1. Kf3 Rc7 7. Kg4 a6 20. Rxh5 Kg6 12.. Kxa6 f5 (too late) 23. h4 It is important to seize as much space as possible. Ra4 Kg7 16. Ra5 Rd7 9. g5 Rc7 17. gxh5 11.Las Palmas (Spain). Kg3 ] Rc5 15. Rb5! Kf7 19.1980 ?@/@?@?@ @#@?@#@# #@?.. he 16.. Kd4 Ke7 27. h3 Ra3 5. 1.Machulsky A. When the weaker side's king is cut off from its pawns. Rg4 Ra6 exploits its bad position and scores a beautiful victory. where the main events will occur. Kd6 2.Vilnius (Lithuania).. b5! Rxb5 [On 2.. Rf1 Kg6 5. Rg1+ Kh7 6. a defense is extremely difficult. in addition. If his king were at d5. Kd5 4.. Kf3 Rf5+ 7. Black is helpless. 1. g4 Ra6 16. Ra7 e5+ 29. Kg7 2..1989 59 .. White [3. Kf2 Rf6 4. Re8] 4. Kg4 Ra5 8. Ra6+ Black resigned. Kg5 Kf7 13. fxe5+ Rxe5 30. Ke7 12. then he loses almost inevitably. [1. 2. Defender's king is cut off Re5! Rxe5 13.. g5 Black resigned. Rb6 3.. Kf3 Rf1+ 25.?@# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@!@? /@?@?@!" @?@?@5@?… Defender's king is cut off ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@?@?@?@#@ 0?8?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6!" @?@?@?@? Here too. Kh3 gxh4 8. Kf3 Ra5 10. Kd5 [1. Rf4+ Kg8 15. Re4 g5 (White threatened ¢h4 followed by ¢g5) 6. .. the defender is a Dolmatov S. Re4 Kd7 The black king is too far from the Q-side.¢å6. h4! Rg6 7.Moscow (Russia). Kxh4 Ra5 10. Black would have drawn by 1. 11. ?@?@?@?@ @?@7@?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?. Ke4 Re1+ 26. g6 fxg6 3. With his king at c5 ?@?@?@?@ @/@?@#@? #@?@#@7@ "?@#6?"? ?"?"?@?@ @?@?@-@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Black loses.. Rxa6 Kf6 28.... g3 Kd7 11. Kg3 Kd6 5. Kf4! The king goes to h6. Kd6 3. Re7! (cutting off the king from the g6-pawn) 2.Belov I. Re3 Ra5 6. Kxh5 Kf6 15. Re4 Ra2 9. Re2! Rg5 9. b4 Rc7 4.Rg1+ 24.. Kh6 Rb6 14. Rxe6 ] 2.. Rh6 ] 2. g4 Black resigned. Kf6] Dreev A. h3 White does not hurry. Kg1 Rb2 2.. If... f4 Kd6 12. 1. Rf6+ Kxg5 11.... axb5 there follows 3. .1978 pawn down. fxe5+ Kxe5 14. Rg7+! Kh6 5.?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?"5@? !@?@?@!" @?@?@?@?… resigned. Kxa5 Kd4 14. Kb8 Rh2 22.URS. b4 Rb2! 3. Rxg6 Rxf5+ 12... Kxe6 … ¦f5] 4.1963 ?@?@?@?@‹ $?@?@?@7$?@?@?@ @?@/@?@? ?@?@?@5@ "?@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? threatened) 9. Rh1 Rd8+ 11... An "extra" king is a great advantage! 1. Rd2 2. f5 [9. Kxe6 Kf4 7. Re5 Ra7 5. b6 ] 12. Ka6 Ra2+ 19. Ke4 [7. Rb7 Kg5 6. Kc5 Ra4 [11. Ke5 Re7+] 7. ¢g4 was Kholmov R. Ke4 Ka4 6. Ka7 Ra2+ 21.. Rc1+ Kb2 he is helpless. the opponent's king than to be one or even two pawns up. Kf3 h5! (9. Rxf7 Rxa5 [3. sometimes the weaker sides manages to save. Rh3 Ra2 4.URS. Ke3 Ke5 13..3. Ke3 Kc3 12. Ra1 Black resigned. Black must exploit this. This is possible only if the king comes to its pawns in time.RUBINSTEIN 60 ROOK ENDINGS BY . ?@?@?@?@ @?@/@?$# ?8?@?@?@ @?@?@-@? ?@5@?"?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@?… b4 Ra4 8. SEVERAL ROOK ENDINGS BY A. After 10. Ra6 Kd5 Draw. Rxb2 4. 1. Rxa7+ Kxb4 8. Rc1 Rh2 17. Rf7! 10. Kd4 Ra8 White ?@?@?@?@ $/@?8?$# ?@?@?@?@ . Kd4 Ra3 6. Kb6 Rb2+ 20. Rh5 [1.1972 SEVERAL A. Kg2 Ra6] 9.RUBINSTEIN The white king is too far away.Botvinnik M. . Re6+ Kd5 11.Razuvaev Y. b6 Kd6 16... Re8 Ra3+ 10. Sometimes it is more important to cut off Nevertheless. Rh7 b5 9.. Rd5 Re7 3. . Kxd5 a5 9. Rd5 Re7] 1. Kf4 Kb5 5... h4 Kc6 4.. g6 2. Rc7! Kd5 15. b5 Ke3 10. Kb6 Rh4 13. Kholmov R. Ra7 Rxd4+ 11. Rh7 Rxa3 7. a4 12. Kd6 8.. b7 Rb2 18. Re3 Ra7! 7.. h6 gxh6 8. then 14. b3 on the K-side) 3... . Rc7 Rc2 61 .. we offer you to study several classic endings played by Akiba Rubinstein. Rf3? 4. hxg6 Rxf2+ 3. h5! In order to better understand rook endings. à4-à5-à6 ] 7. f7 Ra8 13. Rg7 Rg1 8. Kf5 ] of an extra pawn. e3 5. Re7 Rubinstein A. Rc8+ Ke7 16. Rc8+ Ke7 16.. Rubinstein tries the last chance. Kg5 Rxf2 4.. . exf4 Kxg6 [4. e2 8.... e5 Rb7 12. e7! ?@7@?@?@ $?@?@?$# ?@#@?@?@ @?@?"?@? ?@5@?@?@ @?$?"?@? /@?@?"!" @?. Rxc3 Kd7 [2. Kg6 Rb3 15. Ra3!? Kb7 4.. In the following ending Rubinstein demonstrated a method of the realization [Nothing is achieved by 1. Re3 Black resigned. h4 (parrying the eventual invasion ¦ñ2 and seizing space 5. Kf7 4.. Rc6 Kf7 13. Kg6 Re8 16. 1. f5 e3 7. 1. Kf6 . Kd4 g6 7. Rxh6 Kg7 9. Kxg7 Rxa3 17. Rxh2 3. Ra6 Kf7 10.... Kf7 does not save Black either: 7. 13. 3..Tartakower once said: "Rubinstein is an ending of the chess game started by the gods a thousand years ago". and one can hardly argue this statement. Kxg7 . f5)] 3. g4 Kf8 5.Mieses J. Rh8+ Kg7 2. Black resigned. which has become typical for the positions of this type.Reti R. Rxa7 h5 5. a "king" of the rook endgame. Kg6 Kf8 15. Rxa6+ Kh5 6...1909 -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? #@/@?@#8 @#@?@#@? ?"?@#6?" @?@?"?@? ?"?@?"?@ @?@?@?@?… 1. Rc2 2. Ke6 Ra4 11. [The draw could have been gained by 7. Kf4 Ke7 6. Ke7 14. e6 Rh6 5.. Kxg6=] 4.. Rg3+ Kh7 12..Berlin (Germany). Ra8 Kh6= (2. Rxe3 Rxb4 9. Kf5 Ra8 16. Kxg6 Kf8 6. Ra6 Kf7 11. f4! The activity of White's pieces decides the outcome of the game. e5 Rb7 9. Kxh6 ] . Ke4 Rg2 9. f6 Kg6 10. Ke5 f4? [3.. Rc2? 3. Ke7 Ra7+ 14.. h5 h6 [6... Ra6 Kf8 2. Ra7+ Kg8 5. f6 Kg6 10. Kf5 Re7 11. Re3 Kg5 9. h4 Rg4 6. a3! Zugzwang.. Rf7+ )] 1. Kf8 14. Witty S. Ra3 Ke6 4. Rd6 Ke7 10..Berlin (Germany). If 13.. e6+ Kg8 15.. Kf5 Kf7 8.?@?@?… Rubinstein A. Ra3 Rxb2? A decisive mistake.1928 [13. Rd3 … å6 (3. Kf6 Ra6+ 15. Rc6 … Kf7] 8. Rxg2 2.. Rd6 Kf8 12. e4 Rc7 3.The position is drawn. 1. .Carlsbad (Czech Republic). Rubinstein A.1929 1.. Rc7 Ra6+ 28.. e6+ Black resigned. Rxb6 a4 3. hxg3 Rg8! 12.... 1. Kd3 Kb6 6. Re2+ [9. Kc5 Rc1+ 19. Rd3 h3 19. e4 Ke6 7. Re4+ Kd7 14. b5! 7... d5 Kd7 11... Kg2 c4 23. Rf4+ Ke6 13.. exf5 gxf5 5. Kb7 4. Rc8+ Kf7 30. Kd7 7. Rc1 Kd7 10.. gxf4 Rf8] fxe4 fxg4) 5. Kb6 c5 20. a5 2. Ke2! The white king is Kd2 [18. Rxa6 4.Carlsbad (Czech Republic). Kg3 h5 [Black makes a desperate attempt to activate his rook. Rg1 16. e4! Rd1+ 12. Rxg6+ Ke7 21. Re1 Rf7 8. Kc3 Ke6 9. Kd2 Rc4 14. Rxc8 ?@70?@?@‹ @#@?@?$# #@?$?$?@ @?$-@?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?@?@!@? !"!@?@!" @?6?@?@? Kxc8 3.) 6. exd5+ Kxd5 8. Kxe3 d5! White resigned. Kc3 Kxa6 7. f3! (threatening 2. f5 Rc4 22. Kc2 Ke6 4. Kd5 Rxh4 24. because with passive defense he would have finally lost in a 62 . Kd3 Rc1 11.. Kf2 Rf8 13. Ke3 Re1+ 17. Kxe4 . f6 Rf4 26. g5 (5. Kc5 Rg1 18. Rh1 Ke6 6. Kf2 h2 22. Rc6 Rf8 11. Kd7 2. c4 g6 3.. g6 c2 25... Kf5 h4 29. Kd4 Rd1+ 17. g4 Kd7 (5. but. It is hard to imagine that Black can win.Alekhin A. Rxg6+! ] 16. Re3 h4! 16.. cxd5 [or 20... Kc3 f5 5.. Rd2 (White plays logically. Re7 5.Rubinstein A. g5 c3 24. å4 followed by g4) 1. Kc2 Re2+ 20. Rxe3 19.. g4 Re6 4.. /@?@?@?@ $?@7@?@# ?$-@?@#@ @!@#@#@? ?@?"?"?@ @?@?"?"? ?@?@5"?@ @?@?@?@?… Matison G. exf5+ gxf5 6. Kd3 Re7 3. White sticks to waiting tactics. Kd4 Rd1+ 18. g5 d4+°] heading for h4.20. Kc3 Rf2!°] 18. 6. bxa4 Re8! 18... Re8 [Losing is 1. Ke3 Ke6 7. . f5! ) 6. fxe4 dxe4 5. Ra6 The position is completely equal. a4 bxa4 17. Kc6 Rxe4 23. Re4 fxg3 11... Also bad is 1. Rf7 12. Rc8 in view of 2... Kb4 ] 2. g4 Rf8 15. Ra1 Kd6 9... e4 dxe4+ 6. Kf5 10. g3 f4! 9. Rg7 Rd1+ [15. b3 h5 8. Kg3 Re8 14. Kh4 h6 (this is forced) 16. Rxe6 Kxe6 5. Kd6 6. g4 ) 4... Kd4 Kd6=] 4. Ke6 Ra4 27. Rc1 So far 9. e4 fxe4 (3.. Rc1 [4.. Kc4 Kd6 10. Ke2 Rc1 13..1911 Rg7+ Kf8 25. bxa6 Kc6 5. h3 21. Kd3 Rc1 15. Play could have concluded: 20. Rc3 Re7 15. g7 h1=Q+° 10. 11. h5 6. Ra2 Ra4! 3. .. Rxe3 4. Kf3 Kd5 6.Rubinstein A. Ra8 2. Ke7 Re4+ 44. Rd7+ Kc6 39. Rd3 Ke7 4.? [No better is 2. 2. 17.pawn ending: 16.. Kxh7 g2 21. Kf6 Rf1+ 34. because all White's pawns are isolated and become targets for an attack. f4 (4.. Re2 Ke6 7. Rxe6 Kxe6 23. Rb7 Rxa3 9.. Kg5 Rb1 22. Kh7 Rf3 28.. e4] 2... Ra3 Rxb5 23. f6 Now the decisive 17. Rc6 Re6 21. gxf5 gxf5 22.. is complicated. fxe3 Re6! 5. . [7. Ke8 Re1+ 37. Rxe5 Rxe5 5. A win. dxe5 [Losing is 2. Kd3 Re7 20. e5! Black intends to attack White's weak pawns at f2 and g2 by both rooks. Rb3 f6 1.. Kd2 Ra8 Having tied the opponent's pieces to the defense exf4! 5. c5 h4 12. Re8 17.. Rxd4? in view of 4.. Rd3 d5 10. Ke2 Re8 19. 1. Re4+ 42.. Kxg6? g3! 20. Rxe5 3.. Kc3 g4 11.San Sebastian (Spain).. Kg5 Rf1 32. Kf4 Ke7 8. factor is the activity of White's pieces.. Rc1 3. Rxd5 f3°] of pawn weaknesses.Rubinstein A. Re1 Rf6 6. however.. Kxg4 Rh1 21. Kc4 g3 14. Kg5 fxg4 19. Rxa7+ Kd6 24. Ra4 3. Rc3 Schlechter C. Petersburg ?0?@?8?@‹ @?@?@#$? ?@?$?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?@?"?@?@ "?@?@?@! ?@-@?"?6 @?@?@?@? Kf8 Rd1 36. a4 Rc4 5. Ke5° Black is obviously better. c4 Ke4 9... Kf2 Re7 18. Re7 Kb5 41. Rxf6 Kxf6 4.. Re3?! [More stubborn would have been 3. Kh4! The white king's maneuvers are impressive.. Rh7 18. Rxd4? 8. Rd3!] 8. Ke2 g5! 7. Kf6! Rf4+ 31. a6 Ra7 7. Rg1 a6+! White resigned.. Kg6 Rg1+ 33. 2. fxg4 [19. Kg7 Rg1+ 35. dxe5+ Kxe5°) 4. 26. b4 g5 10. Kd7 Rf4 43.... Ke3 [8. f5 Rxe3 26. (Russia). Kd8 Rf1 38..... Kb5 bxc5 16... Black 63 activates . Kc2 Ke5 8. Rxg7 Rxh3µ] 8. Ke8 Rf4 40. Kg3 Ke7! (but not 3. f7 Rf4 29. Kf6 Rf4+ 45. Rc1] 17. Kg3 Ke6 5.1912 ?@?@?@?@‹ $?@?8#@? ?$/@#@#@ @?@/@?@# ?@?"?@?@ @?"?@-@? !"?@?"?" @5@?@?. hxg3 h3 15. hxg4 20. Ke4 with an easy draw). Kg7 Rg4+ 30. Kxg6 Rb3 25.St. a5 Rc7 6. Rc7 Black resigned in view of 41. Rg5 Rf6! 3. bxc5 Kf3 h4°] 19. Rc6 Ke7] 2.1909 Spielmann R. Kc4 9. Rg3+ 27. Rg2 Rg6 13. Ke4 Kd6 33.. Ra2 Rh4 23. Kxd4 14.. Rxa4 26. Kh5 Kd4! (pointed out by Yu.. 31.. Kd3 [23..] 17. Kd2 Re7! 13. Kd2 Rf5 19.. d4+ 18.. Ke2 Ka5! 21.. Kxg6 Rxh7 35. 34.] [After the most stubborn 37.his rook. Ke1 Kb4 20. Re2 Rf4 27.. Ra3 Kb4°] 23.Averbakh)] 64 .. Kxd2 Kb3!°] 13. Ra3 Ra5 16. Rh1 Kc6 Rh7 Ra7 32.. Rd2 Rxd2+ 15. Kd3 [25. Rb1+! . Rxa4+ Kxa4 27. Ke6 g4! Kf5 Kb4 29. a4 Ra7 15. Rxa4 26. Kh6! Black wins by 37. Kxg4 g6!] 25. Rc1+ Kb4 18. Kc2 Re2+ 14. retaining chances for the draw. [. Kc2 Ra7 12. 11. Ke3 Kb6 Rc2 Kb7 29.. 28. Kxh7 Ke5 36.. f5 38. Ke3 [Better is 17. Kf5 g6+! 28. Kd5 is aso losing due to 25. Re3 Rb7!. Ra1 Kc4 17. Rc1 Ra4 30. 13. Rc3+ [13. Rxh3+ 24.. Kxd4 Rh4+ 25. Kg6 g4 White resigned. Ra3 Rf4 22. but [7. Kf8 17. fxe3 Rd8 3. Kg2 Ra2 [Better is 6. f4 Rfe7 13. g6] ENDINGS WITH FOUR ROOKS 7.using the power of two rooks. Rc8+ Kf7 9. Kh3 Rf7 14. clear) 10.. Re8+ . since /@?@/8?@‹ $?@?@?$# ?@-@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?. Rc6 Rf5 11.] 2. position is the one with two rooks on the 7th (2nd) rank. ¦d7 ¦d7 14. Rb8 4. Rb5 Black has to passively wait.. Rf3+ Ke6 (or 9. Re8+ Kd6 11. Kh5 REALIZATION OF A MATERIAL ADVANTAGE Re1 20. h4 Rb5 5. R3c5 Kf8 15. a6) 3. It is much easier for the stronger side to utilize his material or positional advantage . g4 Kf7 19.ADVANTAGE ENDINGS WITH FOUR ROOKS 1. Kg5 Ree7 21. An ideal [Even worse is 8. Kg7 16.. Kh4 The king supports the passed f-pawn. Let us consider the most characteristic features of these endings. Red8 [Black avoids a rook exchange. Rg8 . a5! (intending to create an outpost at b7 after 4. ¦c7 ¦ff7 13. Rxe3 2. Ke7 10. g6] 9. since he does not have any counterplay. h6 gxh6 he gets an opportunity to attack the enemy king. ¦c8.Em. and White wins.Rubinstein .Lasker. . 15. from which there is no defense. 1909.?@? ?@?@?"!" @?@?@?6? after 1.] 8. Rb8! White threatens 22.. The decisive factor in these endings is the activity of rooks and coordination between them.Biel. 16. Ra6 play could have transposed into a hopeless for him ending from the game A....?@? ?@?@?"!" @?@?@?6? REALIZATION OF A resigned. f6! ¢h8 24. Rxd7+ Kxd7 13. ¦h8 ¢g7 23. Petrosian T..1976 MATERIAL 1 ... Rg8 Ke6 11. h5! Ra5 Now White creates a very dangerous passed pawn on the f-file. and the rest is Endings with four rooks on the board significantly differ from endings with two rooks. Rd3+ Kc7 12.... g3 Rd7 3.... Black /@?@/8?@‹ $?@?@?$# ?@-@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?.. a6 Ra5 6..Larsen B. Rxh6 Kg7 10. Rec3 Rff7 (White threatened 12.. h6 does not help Black in view of 8. f5 Rfe7 18. ¦b3 followed by ¦b7) 12. . Kxf7 Rf3 12. h5+! 2. Rg3+ Kf8 8... Rg8+ Kh6 14.. hxg5 Rb5+ 9. ¦d7 was threatened) 3. An impressive study. Rcg8#] The only 2. Rg8+ Kh6 [3. Rh8+ Ke7 9.. .. Kxg7 with a simple win] Black resigned. . with four rooks White wins. g5 fxg5 8.. Rd3 exf5 [9. Rh7+ Ke8 11. In this position Black quickly "punishes" the white monarch.Festel.defense from immediate mate. h5+ Kh6 5. Rg6+! Kh7 17. hxg5+ PLAYING FOR MATE ?@-@?@?@ @?@-@#8? ?@?@#@#@ @?@?"?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?@?@?@# ?0?@?0?" @?6?@?@?… [3.?@? 11. c5 Rh8#] 3..Tbilisi. Rc2 Rg8+ 5. With two rooks it would have been an easy draw.. Kg8 Kg6 7. Ra4 Rf2 14. g4 Rg3 6.1967 PLAYING FOR MATE After 1.. Rf7 Rxf7 ?@?@?@?@‹ @#@?@?@? #@?@?8?$ @?@/@?$? ?"!@#@5" @?@?"/@? ?"?@-@?@ @?@?. Kg6? 4. Rhf8+ Ke7 [Surely. exf6 ] 10. Rxg4 Kh7 5. Kxh5 Rd8 3. f5! (blocking) 2... g5 [1.. Rdd8! Black is powerless to escape mate: 1. 1. Rf2 Rg7+ 8. Kg6 [. Kf5! R2b3 5..] [On 9. Rhh8 Rb7 ( 3. f6 10..Biel.. Kd1 Ra2 16. g4 2 . Kf8 Rh8# Chiburdanidze M. Rb7 there follows 10. Rh8+! .. Rc3! Rxh2 6. Rhe8+ Kf7 12. e6+ Kg6 13. Rd8+ Kf7 2.Korchnoi V. Rxh2 2. Rh8#] Shahovic D. Rh8+ Kg7 4. not 3. Kf5 4. and the white pawn is queening with check. Kg4 gxh4 4.. Kh7 4. 1.. Kxh4 Kf5 6. Rde8+ Kd6 7. Rcg8#] 4. Rg8+ Kh6 3. Rh4+ Kg7 7. Kg7 Rd7+ 6.1979 4.. Rh8+ Kg7 5.. Re4 Kd5 13. e7 Rbc2+ 15. Rdd8 f6 11. ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?@?@?0?@?"5" @?@-@?"? ?0?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… 3. Kh6 Rh3+ 5. Rd7 ] Chandler M. 1. Rxf6+ Kxf6 5. Rd8! Rc4 /@?@?@7@‹ $?@?@#@# -@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !0?@?"!" . Qc3 ROOKS ON THE 7th (2nd) RANK f6 9. Rxa2 Rxa2 A drawn ending with pawns on one wing has arisen.. Ra2! The only chance. Kg3 Rc6 unavoidable.Kupreichik V. Kh3 Raf2! 6. Rxg2+ 5. then 2. or 6.] [Draw in view of 9... Rxd7 Re6 4. Rh7#] ?@-@?@?@‹ $?@?@#8# ?@!@?@#@ @?@?@?@? ?0?@?@?@ 0?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!@ @?. Raa4 2.. Rg7+ Kf6 4.positions that seem completely equal.1982 2.-@? #@?0?@7$ @#@#@?@? ?@?0?@!@ @!@?@?@? !@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@?… Despite material equality. Kh4 g5+! [8... Rd7! Rxd7 3. 1. c8=Q Rfg2! 8... a3] 4..] [6. g5+! hxg5 5. Qc7 Rg4 10. 1. then 6. Kh2 [4. c8=Q [If 6.] 4. Ra3 [Or 3... Rxd5±.. Rg8+! Kh6! 3.. or 1. c7 Rbb2 4. is [If 1.. Kg3 Rhg2+ 8.. f4 Rc2 3. Kf4 Rf6+ 4.. Rxa7 Rdd2 3. Rdd1! White wins. Rh2+ 7. Rg5! 7. helpless. Rd8! Black doubles his rook along the 2nd rank. f5+! [.. Kg3+!] [.. Rg1!? Rxg1 7. ROOKS ON THE 7th (2nd) RANK Black's position looks dangerous.. Rh8 Kg5!] 6.. Rg3+ Black Kf8 5... .?@?6? Black resigned. Rh2+? 9. 2. Rf1 Rxa2=] 3. [After the natural 1. Rgf7+ Kg6 6.. c8=Q Rxg2+ with a draw.. Qh3 g5+ 10. c8=Q Rf3+ 8. Rh1 .Minsk.. Rxg5 Rh2+ 10. Kh6 7.. Rxf2 4. Rf1 Rxa2 5. f3 d4 3. Re4 . Kh2 Rf2+=. Kf8! [This is stronger than 3.?@?@?6? 3.] 2. Rd3+ 2.. With their help one can Rfg2+=] draw with a material deficit or win 3 . and a draw becomes ?@?@?@?@ @?@?... Kg3 We have already stated that the rooks are most efficiently placed on the penultimate rank. A sharp 4. Kf5 2.?@?@?@?@ @?@?0?@? ?"?@?@?6 @?@?@?@? ?$?@70?@ @?@?@?@? -@?@?@?@ . Rf5 . Rd5 Re8 6. Kf3 Kf6 [Deserving attention was 3.. Ra6 Rxa6 8. not 1. Ke6 7. Rcc7 Rf6+ 6. Kg2 [Of course. Rb7! [But not 16.. Re6+ Kxe6 4.. Re2+? . The decisive factor here is that White's pawn is advanced farther. and White REALIZATION OF POSITIONAL ADVANTAGE wins. Kxe6 17. Rf7+! [The aim is not achieved by 3. Kg2 Ra8 with a probable draw.. Rfxf7 Rg8 16. Kg6 Rf6+ [Bad is 20... Kxf7 4. Ra7 Kd8 with a draw. especially rooks. Rf2! Rxf2 7. hxg5] 6.. R2e6+ Kd5 22. Rfxf7 Rxf7 15.. 3. Rdd7 Rf8 7. Rxc5 Ra6! 5. b7 Rf7+ 5. Rxg7 Kf6! with a draw. or 3.. ¦e1!] 6.. Re7! (threatening e4-e5-e6) 7. Rg2? Rb5! 7. [More stubborn would have been 22. Rae7 Rac8 move. Ra4!? 4. . Rxg6! Black resigned. Rbe7+ Kd6 18. b8=Q the h2-square is protected. h5 2..] 1. and more active pieces. 1.. Kg4 Rb5=. Rc6! Ke4 13. Kg5 Rf5+ 6.. Kh3 Rc7? This loses immediately. Rxf7 Kxe5=] 14. e4 Rd4 9. Rf6 Raa8 14.] 21... Rxc5 Rd3+ 11.1977 ?@?@?07@ @?. e5+ Kf5 10.-@#@# ?@?@?@#@ @?$?@?@? ?@/@?@?@ @?@?"?"? ?@?@?"?" @?@?@?6?… REALIZATION ADVANTAGE 1.. f4 Ra8] 23.. since after 6. as it will become clear from the annotation to Black's 5th [14. Ke5 15. Ra7 [But not 6. e6 tactical clash results in White's victory. h4 Kg7 5.Balashov Y. Rcf8 23..?@?@?@?… Petrosian T. g5? 21. Re2 Raf8 19. Kg5 Rb6 7.. b7 Rf6+ 5. b8=Q . weak pawns in the opponent's camp.] 16. Rg7? Rxg7 17. Kh7 Rb6 [Losing is 5. R2e6+ Kd5 22. h3 Kg7 3. Re5+ Kd6 23.. Ra7 Ra8 20. That is why on the 1st move White played 1.. Rxe7 Kf6 3. Kg2 Ra3 12. Rd5] 1.] OF POSITIONAL Positional advantage in endings with four rooks may consist in a passed pawn. Kh7 Kxe7 4.. 4 . Kf6 8. Rg7+ Ke6=] 6. b7 Rf6+ 5. Re1+! [But not 1.. Rxg1 followed by 11. Rd8+ Kf7 5. ..5@ @?@?@?@?… Capablanca Jose Raul (CUB) 5 ?@?@?@7@‹ $?@?@#@# ?$?@?@#@ @?@/@?@? ?@/@?@?@ "?"?@?@! ?@-@?"!@ @?. Rd4+ Kc8 37.Short N. exf4 12.. Kg7 7..1994 Kan I. Rf4! 9.. Rg1 [More stubborn would have been 8. Re5+ 25. Rf5#!] 12.. while the black rooks are free at any moment to attack the opponent's pawn on the K-side. f4! 1..?@/@?@?@ @?@?@/$7 ?@?@#@?$ @#@?$?@? #@?@!@?" @?"-@!"? ?"?@?. Re5 Kc7 32.. Kb3 Re8 29. then 5. and Black wins easily. Rb6 Rc5 3. g4 (clearing a way for the king) 8. [Weaker is 11. Kxg4 Kf6 10. though in this case too.. b5 Rd6 31.] 4.and c3-pawns. f3] 13. Kh3 h5 7. Rb4 Rc7 17. Kg5 Kd5 18.. Kb3 Raa5 9... Rxe5 . Ra8! (preventing a4-a3 weak a3. Kc2 Rg5! 8. Rb7 16. Raa6 Re7 8. Kd3 [9. Re2 Ra4 3. Kc4 Rd8 30. gxf3 .. Rd2 Kg8 [Better is 3... h4 6. Rd7 6. hxg4+ 9. bxa3 Rxc3 5.. 15. 1.. Rxb5 Rxe4 13.. a3 4.. Rf3+ 10. Kf4 Rf7+ 19. Ke3 Rf1 20. then 10. Re4 Rc3 35.. h5 Rcc7 11. Kd2 (intending to transfer the king to b3) 6.. Rc5+ Kb6 28.] 11.. Kb3 Rb5+°] 9.... Rg4 Rf5 23. Rd6 Re7 2. b6 Rb3 36. Rxa4 The rest is clear.. Re4+ 2. Rxe5 Rxe5 14. Rd4+ Kc5 21.?6?@? White skillfully converts his advantage into a win. Kc5 Rd3 33. . Rc4 [If now 11.Linares. The white rooks are doomed to passive defense of the Rxa3 6.. Rxb5 Instructive example Black is clearly better. fxe5+ Kxe5 15. Kamsky G.Moscow. Rd1 Rda5 5. Kc2 Rd8 27. Rxh3 . and threatening ¦aa6) 5.. c4 Kd7 34. Rda1 Both White's rooks are a sorry sight.. Rc7 8.. Ra2 h5 (with the idea of fixing the g2-pawn by h5-h4 for a future attack by ¦g5) 4. Kd3 Rd5+ 26. Black's defense is difficult.Capablanca J. ¦h1°] 10. b4+ Kb5 22.. Rxg7 Rxh5 24. Kc6 Black resigned. Rxb5 Rb7 and Black has good drawing chances. Ke2 [If 10.1936 5 . Rxb5 Rb7 . and f-files. d4 Kc8 16..1913 ?8?@/@?@ @#$/@?$# #@#@?$?@ @?@?@-@? ?@?@!@?@ @!@!@?@! !@!@?@!@ @?@?@-6?… Black has an edge... a4! hxg4 14. Rd4 5. c3 Rxd3+ 23. or on the K-side. and White resigned. Rh1 Rd4+ 10. Kf2 Rxe4 35. Rf8 Rh4+ 25..Hastings. Kf3 . g5 fxg5 10. Kxd3 d5 24.. Rb1 Re5 6.?@?@/@7@‹ @?$?@?$# /$#$?@?@ @?@?$?@? ?@?@!@?@ "?@-@!@? ?"!@?. Rg4 Rg7 15. f4! White have retained the drawing chances. Kd3 Rh3+ 26. Rg3 Rhe6 15.. Rg5 h6 [No better is 13.. Kxg3 d4°] 23. d3-d4) 12. . His rooks can operate along the open a. fxg4? Rg8 16. h3 h5 9. Rh1! 20. Rxg5 Rh6 11. while White does not have any counterplay. fxe5 Rdxe4+ 21.... g4 Rh1+ 31.. Rd2 Rd4! 17. Rf8+ Kb7 17... Kf2 Ra4 4. hxg5 hxg5 20. Rhd1? g4 13. Kxg3 Rg4+ 23. Kxg3 [28.. Rxf4 Ra4 4. b3 c4+ 25. f4 does not work in view of 2. moreover. Rxc3+ 29.Speelman D... Rh4 20.. c5 3. Ke4 Ree7 19.. Rxe5] 14. d5 Black resigned. Rfd2 White's advantage is obvious: he possesses the open f-file and has a clear plan of creating a strong passed pawn on [2. Rbf1 Rde7 9. Ke3 Ra1! 27. exf4 3. b4! 2. bxc5 Ra3 28. Kh4 Rc1 30. Kosten A. Re3 Rc4 5. a5) 4.Janowski D. Ke2 Kf7 5. for example: 19. Re2 c6 18. Kf3 Rhf4+ 22. 1. Kf2 b5 (intending to open the a-file after 4. Rc3 g5! (starting to play on the K-side) 8. Rf1! 21.. Rh5 Kd7 with an approximately equal game] 19. Re6 8. bxc4 bxc4+ 26. b5 2. Rf5 Kc8 21. Re5 14. and White loses a pawn] the e-file after the g2-g4-g5 advance. Ke3 Rf4] (preventing Black's plan) 4. Rxh7 Rxh7 24. he can open up the position either on the Q-side. Kd2 c5 27. Re3 Rb3! 29. 28.. Kf3 Rxe2 24.. Kf3 Rxa3° 28. Rgxg5 Rh7 22.New York. g4 b6 2.. Kg3 d4 32.. h4 g6 13..1991 6 . Rc3 g3 19.. 1. hxg4 Kb7 [Stronger is 2. Rd3? [By 19..!" @?@?@?6? Capablanca J. . Rd1 Ke6 6. Ke3 Rh8! 15. Kf3 Rf8+ 17. Rf8 Re8 15. Rh2 16. Rb3 [15. Ke2 Rg8 11. a5! ("freezing" the black Q-side) 7.. Ra2 d3 33. f5+ Kf6 22. f4 (too late) 20. Kc8] 3. e5 g5 18. c3 d5 . Ke3 Rd7 7. while Black's counterplay on the Q-side is skillfully suppressed.. Kg2 Re1 34. Kd2 Rb8 7.. Kxe2 (preventing 12. Rd3 Ra4! 12. ¢b6 followed by 5.. because after the game move the g4-pawn requires a defense. Rb6 Rxf3+ 14. h4 . a6 e4 16. 4. Nevertheless. Kg2 Rf4 15. Rf8 Ra1 [5. 7 . R2xa3 6. a4 Ra2 12.?$? ?@?0?$?8 @?@?$?@# ?@?@?@?@ "?@?@-"! /@?@?"5@ @?@?@?@?… Black wins. a5 Raa3° 13. Rb3 Rd4 8. Rb5 Rc3 [But not 10. hxg4 2. Rxa6 with a draw. Kg1 e3 White resigned. because his rooks are more active and better coordinated than opponent's. 8. 1.?@?@?@?@ @?@?..] 1. R8xf6! e4 7. f3 This move is forced.. Rd2+ 9. f4+=] 11.. g4 [An attempt to create counterplay. Rcc2 11..] 6. Rf7 Ra2+ 17... Rf7 Ra6 5. Kg3 Kg5! The king has occupied the ideal position. better is 1.. Kg3 Rc6! 10.. by now the black rook invades of the 2nd rank. Kg2 Rd1 (in order to attack the g4-pawn) 7. hxg4 g6 3. 1. Kf8 [3. Qg7#] 4. And. Kh7 2. Qf8+ Kh5] one should know principal methods of play and some typical positions. force. Qg4+! (the only way) 3.. Qh3+ Kg8 3. while playing these endings.. White mates by In order to understand queen endings. Queen endings seem to be complicated due to numerous board or without pawns at all. with pawns or without them..QUEEN ENDINGS MATING THREATS ?@?@1@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @3@?@?@?… ?@?@1@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?6?8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @3@?@?@?… QUEEN ENDINGS MATING THREATS In this chapter we will study queen endings. even though he is to move. 1. Qe3+ [Only a draw results from 1. Naturally. but this complexity should not be overestimated.. As a rule. Let us first examine ideas. one should calculate numerous variations. as Queen is the strongest piece in chess. and then consider some theoretical positions.just don't be afraid of checks! are active. while their counterparts are passive. Qc8# In the following example Black is unable to escape from mating threats. of course. this is possible when the stronger side's pieces checks and long play. Qh8+ Qh7. As a matter of fact they are simple . king and pawns must help the queen to weave a mating net. therefore mating threats are real even with a small number of pawns on the well as endings with queen and minor piece against queen. Neumann A 1 . Kh7 4. or 1.. Exploiting bad positions of the opponent's pieces. which are characteristic of queen endings.. Qf8+ Moravec Jaroslav (CZE) 4 [There is nothing better. Qh8+ ] 4. Qf2+ 8..URS.[The best chance. Qg3+ followed by 9. Qe7 2 . 2. Qe5+ Qe7 [1. 2. from which Black is defenseless. then 7. Kg5 Kg7 7. hxg4 8. ?@5@7@?@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@!@# ?4?@?@?@ @?@?@?2? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… and 2.. Ke7+ 4. h3 ?@?@?2?@ @#@?@?@? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@?8 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?6 @?@3@?@?… Qe4+ 6. g4 [No better is 6.. Despite his passed pawn. ¢f2. Qe7 [Or 3. or 7. Kg5 f6#. Qh8+ Qf8 3. Qf3! [Nothing is achieved by 1. Kh4] 2. f6! Qe6+ 5... ¢g3.. Kc7 Kf8 6. Kh4 Kh6 9.1988 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?4#8 @?2?@?@# ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?"5 ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? The stronger side often succeeds by putting his opponent in zugzwang.. Zvonitsky . £d1. Qd6+ Kg8 8.. Qd5 . Qc7 Qe3+ 8. Qd8#] 2. White wins. Kc7 Qa8 (the only defense from mate) 5. Qd5 . Qf1+ 2. If 2. Qd4! This "quiet" move leads to a victory. Kh4 f6°] 2. Qc5 Qf1+ 4... Qf4+ g5+!] 6. Qh8+ Ke7 3. Qf4! 7. Kg5 Qh6+ 10. Qd8+ Qe8 7.. Kf6 Qf4# Peronake 1.£g7#. £h5.... 3.. 1. White loses due to his badly placed king..Khmelnitsky. hxg4 Qh2+ 9. Kh4 Qg2! 5. Kf8 2. Qf1+ 3.. then 2. If 7... Qe5+ Kf8 6. Qc6 Kh6°] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@1@?@? ?4?@5@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@7… 7. 1.. Kh7 3. Kf3! Without check! White has four threats at once: 2. . of Black's king.. Qd5+ Kg4 4.. Despite White's three extra pawns and 4. The stronger side must be very careful in order not to allow perpetual check. Qf4+ [1. c5? Qd8+] Black in zugzwang. Kg1 Kg4] 2. Kd6 Qf8+ 4.Tbilisi. while after 2.White is three pawns down. 3. Qg4 2. Qe3! Everything is repeated. 2.1984 PERPETUAL CHECK ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?2? ?@?@7@?$ @?@?4?$? ?@?@?@?@ @#@?@?"? ?@?@?@?6 @?@?@?@?… ?8?@?@?@ @?@?4?@? !61@?@?@ @!@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In this position too. 1. Ke4 3.. Qxb3 Black's chances of winning are highly problematic] 3.Gaprindashvili N... other moves lead to mate: 1. Qe4+ Qg4 8. Qe4+ Qg4 5. Qd7+. he is unable to win due to perpetual check. If 1. This tactical device often occurs in practice: the king cannot "leave" Qe7+ Qg5 7. Kc6 Qc8+ 3. Qc5 [The only move. Qf1+! [4. Qe7+ Qg5 10. Qe3! This "quiet" move puts Qa3+ 2. especially if his own king is exposed.. Qxb3? Qe2+ 3.. a queen is often able to threaten or to give perpetual check in a position with a check by 3.. Black is mated. Kd4 Qf2+! with a draw by perpetual check. but he wins! Time after time he puts his opponent in zugzwang by exploiting the bad position turn to move. Qe7+ Qg5 4.. Qe3 The last zugzwang. Qe4+ Qg4 13. Chiburdanidze M. Qf6 White gives perpetual PERPETUAL CHECK Besides creating mating threats.. Qb1+! 3 . Qxb3+ Qe3µ] material or positional disadvantage. then 1. Qd5? Qc7#.. Qf2+? Kg5°] 1. Qf7+! [Bad is 2.. 1. Qxb4+ Qg4 11. 5. White manages to draw by giving perpetual check. Qc4+ Kf3 4. Ke4 5. b5 6.. Kd5 Qf5+ 5. Kb6 Qe7. Kg4 [On 2.. Qd8+ 2. . Qe7+ Qg5 12. 1. Qg8+ Kf5 2... Ka5 .. b6 The black queen cannot move because of mate on g3 or h3. 1. Qd1+ Qf3 5. 1. Qe3 b4 9.. the queen and is forced to move around it. g5 5... Qb6+] 17. 1. Qb6+ Ke1 [16. Qa2+ Ke1 14. Qa1+] Kg7 10. Qxc7 Qxg2 7. Kf3 [5... Kf2 Qa7+ 12.. Qh5+ Kg7 4. 7. h6 with the idea of 10... Ke2 Qb2+ 6. threatens to give Qe2 5. g4 [Nothing is achieved by 4. Draw.Reshevsky S. Qe7+ Kg6 6. Qb4+ Kd3 9. being guaranteed against mate and perpetual check. Qd5 Kg7 5.. Qe4 . a5 Qa6! Here the White's advantage consists in his safe king's position. h4! e5 8. Qa2 [If 1.. attacks it. Kg7 8. Kd2 13. Qe6! Qd2+ 11. Kf2 Qd6 6.. Kh3 Qd7+ 3. Qc4+ Qd4] 5. Qf1+ Ke3 7. Kd4 6.Amsterdam. Ke2 Qa6+ 13. Qh4! Kg7 2. Qxb3+ Qc3 10.. SAFE KING'S POSITION 12... Qd2+ 2.. Qe1+ Kd4 8. Alekhin A. Kg2 It is difficult for White to improve his position. Draw.. Black hopes to obtain a draw are connected only with perpetual check. Qe3 17. Qe8! (forcing the opponent's reply) 4. and Black has chances for a draw. e5. Qxd6 in view of 7. Qf5 Qd4+ 15. 1.. Kh3 Qe3 12. Kf1 Qa6+ 7. Qa1+ Kf2 15.. Qa6+! [12.. 4 .1938 SAFE KING'S POSITION ?@?@?@?@ @?@3@#@7 ?@?@?@#$ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ "?@?@!"? ?@1@?@5" @?@?@?@?… When the stronger side's king is in safety. Qf6+ Qf3 16. . e5 [Bad is 6. Worse is 6. and converting of a material or positional advantage into a win becomes much easier. Qg4+ Kf7 3... g4 Qd1!] 1. This allows him to attack the opponent's king and pawns by his queen.. Qb8+ king. He can attack the black king and pawns without any risk. 4. Qxh6? g4+] Perpetual check.. black queen is placed in the best way. a4 Qc6 3. last but not least..[5. h5+ Kg5 9. and. Kd2 Qc4! Now the draw is evident. Qd4+ Kg8 6. f5 because of 7. Qe5+ Kg8 11. Qf6+ Qf3 18. Qb4+ Kf2 18. Qb2+ Kg8 9. 14. Qb6+ Black cannot hide ?@?@?8?@ $#$?@?@# 3@?$#$?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @!"?@!@? !6!@?2!" @?@?@?@?… from checks. Kg8 2. Qb6 Qe2+] 4. It blockades the opponent's pawn.] 6.. Qf8! [White draws a bead on the enemy perpetual check. then 1. he can play comfortably.. .... d5 9.. Qxf6 . Qf8+ Kg6 10. and at last Black resigned. cxd4 exd4 fails due to 14. Qg7 Qd2 [Insufficient is 11.. Qxc7] 9. Qc8 31.. Qg4+ (c8£ ) 26. c5 f5 [19. Qd6 Kf2 32. 8. Qf4+ Kg2 28. Kg1 Qh5? e-pawn gives Black drawing chances.. fxe4 fxe4 15. Ka3 Qc1+ 35. exchanging Qxe4+ fxe4 23. Kxf3 (otherwise White plays 17. Qxc7 e4 14.. g4+ Kg5 14.. g3! . Qd5 6... Qe8+ . 1. Qe6 Kf3 25. Kf2 . Kg2 26. Qg6+! [Accuracy is necessary. Qf2 Karpov A. f5 12. Qxh7+ Qh6 13. Qxf5+ [Simpler is 25.. g4 Qh3 7. £e4 ) 17. Ke2 Qg2+ . PASSED PAWN 5 .. Qe8+ Kh7 9.£g7 ] 7. Qxf7+ Kh8 8. Qe6 e1=Q 24. Qe7! Kh7 [5.. Qxb7 Qh1 16. e3 21... c8=Q Qxc8 26. h5+ Kxh5 11. attacking on the K-side by the king under cover of the pawns (or 5. Qxe1 Black has 24.. a win is simple.] 21.... Qd4+ Qe4 22. g5+ Kh5 11. Qe7+] 12.. Qb4+! (the most precise) 16. g6 d4 13. On the more stubborn 4.. Qxc7 Kf4 White has an extra pawn. Qxh7+ Kg4 12. Qd8 e1=Q 33.. c7 e2 24. c3 e3 22. and the pawn promotes with check. h4 position.. bringing the king to the b5-pawn)] 5. Qe4+ Kg8 10. 1@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#8# ?@?@3@#@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? Qf4 [Stronger is 30.] 18. Kf1 Qh3+ 12. Qb4 Qf6 3.Budapest. Qxf5+] 25. f5 Qg3+ 11. Qf5] 30.1973 White reinforces his ?@?@?@7@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?@?$ @#@?@?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?@3@?@? !2?@?"!6 @?@?@?@?… [An attempt to create counterplay by 8. Qd4+] 20.. . capturing the pawn. c4 Black resigned. After 22.Vaganian R. Qg8+ Kh6 8. £c7.. Qh4+ 4.. c6 Qh8+ [No better is 20. [A mistake...] 6. e4 19. Qh2+ followed by 25 ... Qxd6 Kxg4 18.. Kf2 27. Qxh7+ Kg5 13. Qxc8 Qd2+ 34. c7 e2 queens. and with his 15. Qf3+ Ke1 30. Qf6 White would play either 5.. Qd5! .. c7 . f3! (in order to have a possibility to exchange queens on both e4 and e5) 3. Qxc8 PASSED PAWN e1=Q 27. g4 Qxf3 10. Ka4 Qf4+ 36.] 22. c4! [If 18. and the king being in safety. then 18. Kf4 23. Qe3 Kf1 29. a3 Qd6 2. 23. e3? 20. a5 c2 4. Qg3+ Kd4 Black transfers his king to the a-file. d7 b3 Black 6 . Kf8 Qf3+ 9. Qb7+ Ka3! [Naturally.1983 device often occurs in queen endings. a6 c1=Q 10. In positions where both sides have passed pawns.: Qb7 . a7] 7. where it will hide in the "shadow" of White's a-pawn.Sarajevo (Bosnia & Herzegovina).Moscow.. Kc4? 9. Qh5+ Kg8 8.. White is obviously better thanks to his far advanced passed d-pawn. Black's only but the move in the game is much stronger.. 8.g. Kd7 Qb7+ 6. Qf7+ Kc5 11.Plachetka J. to win... Qc5! b4 9. Kxa5 is also winning. Qg6+ ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$7 ?$?2?@?@ @?@!@5@? ?@3@?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… [9. . Qa8+ 7. Ke2 7.Czechoslovakia. 12. or to threaten its creation. c1=Q 10.. c3 2. Qd6+ Ke3! [After 6.Ivanovic B. a7 Q1a3!] 9. . Ke6 Qe4+ 5. Ke7] 7. Just one tempo may have a decisive effect on the assessment of the position. and it is only White who can play 10. Qd6+ Ke4 [8.. The weaker side often saves the game by sacrificing one or even more pawns in order to create a passed pawn. Ke7 Qe4+ 8. Qc8! Beliavsky A. Qb4+ Ke3 3. Qd6+ Kc4 White saves the game: 9.is just one tempo too late. hope is perpetual check. Qc7+ Kb4 12. Kd8 b5 [Further checking does not make Ftacnik L.. a material advantage becomes of secondary importance. A passed pawn is a very important factor in queen endings. The more advanced the pawns. Kd5 10.1975 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?$ 2?@?@?@? !@#@7@?@ @?@3@?@! ?@?@?@!6 @?@?@?@? Black's task is to avoid perpetual check. a6 h4 3.. Qb4+ Qc3 6.. Qe8+ Kh7 3.] White resigned. Qe6+ Kd3 8. the more dangerous they are. h5 2. 4. Qf7 Qa8+ 10. 1.Vaganian R.. Qc5+ Kd2 5. e. a7 h3 4. a6 for a win. and the result depends on whose passed pawn is closer to its promotion square. This Sveshnikov E..1978 sense: 6.... .. Instructive example Black is unable 1.. d6 Qd3+ Defending such positions is difficult. 1. a6!] 9. Qg6+ Kg8 2. . Qd8+ Kh5 15.. e3 20.1992 20.. Qg7! [20. Qd6+ Kh5 13. Qd4+ ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$7 1@?@?$?@ @?@?$3@# ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?"? ?"?@?"?6 @?@?@?@?… Kg5 28. even not far advanced. Qe3 Qf5 7.. Qb8+ Kc6 4. Kf5 Qc5+ 8. Qc6+ Kb4 7....Rublevsky S. Qg7+ Kh5 17. Qh8+ Kg4 16. Correct is 1. Qb4 with good drawing chances)] 2. 1... Qf4+ 19. Kf3! e1=N+ 12. b6 e3+ 8. Qe8 Kb6 [2. only one side has a passed pawn. The weaker side has a hard job of defending his position.. Kf1] 6. Kg8! 2. Qf3 Qc7 [No better is 24. Kg3 Black resigned. the 6... Qc1+ 21.... 18.. Qe2 ?@?@?2?@‹ @?@?@?@? 7@?@?@5@ @?@3$?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?" @?@?@?@? Kh6 [An inaccuracy.. b5+ Kc5 5. 23. but his passed e-pawn equalizes the chances. If. Qd3+ Kf6 27. Kf4 Qd6+ Draw. gxh4 gxh4 [Better is 10. h3+] 25. Kg6] 4. Qd6+] natural 5.. Qh8+ Kg4 18. with the material being equal.. Qe8 Kd4! [Accuracy is required of Black. b4 Qb1 3. e3? 7. Ke2 11. .. White is better.. Qd3] 3. Qa1+] 7.to create a 7 .. Qb2! White Qe5+ 13. e3+ 24. b5 Kg6 [5. Kxh3 Qd7+ 30. then it is an important factor in fighting for a win. Of course.. Qe3+] Black is two pawns down. b7 It's all over now.. Qc5 Qf3 5. Qd1+ Kg5 [Necessary was 13. Qc3 h4 Black exposes the opponent's king. b6 Qd5 8. Qe3! e4 [Stronger is 3. b7 Qe3+ 10. Kg2 Qc6 22.. b7 Qg4+] Lputian S. Qc7 Qf5 12.passed pawn or to go for perpetual check... Qf7+ Ke5 23.. 1. b4 g5 3. Qb4 h3+ 29. b5 Qb3 (or 3. Kg1 Kf5 [19. b6 Qd6+ [6. Kg4 Qd4+ 11.. still his position remains difficult.. e4! 2.. Kg5 e2 9. Qa4+ Ke5 8. plays precisely. hxg5 fxg5 9. 10. Qe2+] 20. He has ACTIVE QUEEN to aim for counterplay . Kh6] 14. Qd3? loses after 6. gxh4 6. Qxe3+ Kf5 26. Qa2 there follows 6. Kg7 Let us consider a classic ending by Maroczy. Kh3! with a secure an advantage. Qh4! The difference in the placing of the queens is especially marked. Qe1 Qd3+ 3. h3 h5 8. ACTIVE QUEEN Spassov L. Qxf2 followed by h5-h4] 6.. Qd8+ Kh7 15. 1. £f5°] 12.... Qf7+ Kh8 5. Qd1+.. b3 (and sharp 2. Ke6 Kh4 13. Qc5 b4 12. and White retains drawing chances. Kg1 Qc2! 4. while 6. g3 advantage in both cases)] 2.. a5! 5. Kg8! (zugzwang) 7. h3 Kh6 11. then it gradually ties the opponent's pieces.. Kg7 9. Qd8 4. h4 Kg7 Kh5 12.1975 ?@?@?@?@ @?4?@7@? ?$?$?@?$ $?$!$?@? !@!@!$?@ @?@?@!@? ?"?@?2?" @?@?@?@5… If the stronger side's queen is active enough. Qd7+ Kg8 7. Kh3 Qf6 6..] 4. His perfectly placed queen and the opponent's weak e5-pawn secure Black [On 1. Qg4+ Kf7 6. Qe7 in view of 12. f4 [On 6. the greatest expert in queen endings. Qa1 [Better is 4. Kg2 Qb8 [4. Qd7 White can choose between the quiet 2. h4 h5 6... Qd1+ 2. Kc7 g4 15. Qb1+ followed by ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#@7 #@?@#@#$ @#@3"?@? ?@?@?@?@ "?2?@?@? ?"?@?"!" @?@?@5@? 16. Kf5 [If 5. for example: 8. Kg4 Kg6 10. Qc7] 8 ... Qg4+ Kh7 3. Qg1 Qxb2 11.[No better is 12. By precise play he converts it into a win. axb4 . fxg4 f3 16.. b4 Qb2 5.. Qe6! Kg7 [After 3. bxa3 13.Ermenkov E. exf5 13... d6 . Qd8 5... £e7) 15. b4 axb4 6. exf7 Kxf7 15..... Qe6+ Kg7 5.. and the rest is clear.. Qf6 (or 15.. Qxg5 hxg5 8.. Kg2! Black ends up in zugzwang and loses in a pawn ending: 6.Varna. Qxh6 Qxa4 3... f5!? The only opportunity of counterplay.. Kh3 . after which it is much easier to realize the advantage. Qg5+ 7. a4 6.. 1. Qc7+ Ke6 The king easily hides from checks.. Kxd6 Kxh3 14. Kg2 Qd1!? 4... e6 bxa3 14. 9. 1. Qg6 Qh4 6.. Kh1 Qf2 10. Qf6+ Kg8 14. . Qe4 . then 6.] 4.. Kh1 is met by 6. White resigned. Qe4] 5. .the black queen does not a have good Queen and pawn against queen square to move to. In some cases the win is secured if the pawn has reached the 6th THEORETICAL ENDINGS or even the 5th rank. White brings his king to help the queen. Qe5! Some kind of zugzwang . then the stronger side succeeds almost always. which quickly decides ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?2?@?@? ?@?@3@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?8?@?@ @?@?@?@?… the game. however.. Kh6 There is nothing better.. . because otherwise a draw is elementary. If a central or bishop's pawn has reached the 7th rank. Kh7 [1.£a7] 2. Qe6+ Kg7 9.Grabarczyk M. Qd8 Qb1+ 5. Qc8+ 7. Qb8+ è 3. The centralized queen.. Kh3 Having fettered the opponent's forces. Qe7 Qf5 (the only opportunity of counterplay) 4... 6.. Qc6 2. In this position White has a standard winning plan of the king's transferring to the Q-side. 1. Defender's checks 9 .. Qe7+ Kg6 6. allows to win much quicker. 2. Kg1! [Unclear is 2. precise play supposed. 1. 3.Katowice (Poland). Kh4 Qb8 8. Qe7 Qf5] We will now consider positions where the weaker side's king is far away from the pawn.1991 THEORETICAL ENDINGS ?@3@?@7@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?@#@ $?$1@?@# ?@!@?@?" @!@?@?"? !@?@?"?6 @?@?@?@?… Queen and pawn against queen ?@?@?@?@ @5@?@?@? ?@!@?@?@ @?2?@?@? ?@?@3@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?8?@?@ @?@?@?@?… With an active queen it is much easier to convert a material advantage into a win. Kh5 Black resigned.. Qf8+ Black resigned.5. Panchenko A. Kh2 Qb2 (mate on h8 was threatened) 6. Qc7 2. Kf6 Qf3+ 7. [If 2. Kh6) 6. then 3.. 1. Kg8 Qd8+ 17.. Kd8 Qb8+ 7. Qa6+ 9. Qe6+ Kh2 [Or 3.. 15..... Ka5! Qa2+ 4. Ke7 Qc7+ 8. Kg6 Qg3+ 7. Qg1+ 5. Ka5 Qa8+ 7. Qb7+ 6. c7 Qc8 [A hopeless for Black theoretical position has arisen. Ka7! Qa4+ 2. Ke1 7.. Qa8 5. Qa1+ [1.. Ke8 Qb5 The best move. [Or 8. Kb2 Qb7+ 10. Qa5+ 3.. Qd5! Qa7 11. Kf6 Kg2 9.. Kh8) 5. Kb4 The king is heading for c1. Qc2+ Kg3 11. Kb5 As well as here.. Ke7 Qc7 9. Kh2 6..are dangerous only from a viewpoint of the rule of 50 moves.. Qe6 Qb7 9. Ke7 Qc7 10.. Qb7 5. Qf5 Qc6+ 8. Qc3+ [1.. Qc7 16.. Ka1 Qa6+ 11. Qf1+ 5. Qf5 Qb6+ 7.. Kc7 Qa7+ 6. Kh5] 4.. Kh7! Qc6 13. Kf8 Qd8+ 7. now a win is achieved easier. Kg3 6. followed by £e6-e7... No better is 5.. Qc6! Black resigned.1969 Kc1 Kf4 14...] 10 . Qg1+ 2.. Kg7 Qg2+ 17.. checks usually Ke6. Qc6! followed by ¢a7 and £b7 ] 6. Kb1 Qc8 12. Qd6 [Or 15. Qe7. Kg7 Qc7 (4. and White wins.. Kc1 Ke5 13.. Qe3+ . Ka3 Kg3 Kf7 Kh2 9. Qc6] 9. Kf7 Qb7 5. 1.. . Kf7 Qc7 8. 5.. Qe7 . [6.. Kf7 Qf3+ 11.Rich.] 6. Kb6 is winning too. Qh1+ 16. Kd7 Qb7+ 5. and 4. Kc6 Qa6+ 5.. 9. Ke8!] 3. Qf5+ Kh4 (other king 10. come to an end. Kf7 retreats do not save Black also: 5. Kf7.. Kg7 Qg5+ 6. Qg4+ Kf1 14. Qe6! Qa5+ 4. Kh7 Qd8 7. Qc4 Kh2 10. Kf8 Qc5+ 4.. 4. 2. Kb6! Qc8 8. Qc5+ d6 The pawn has reached the 6th rank. Kg6 Qb1+ 6... Kf7 Qb3+ 8. Ivkov B... Qb3+ 3.. 2. Qd5] 5... Kg3 4. Qc2+ Kg3 13. Kc5 Kf3 [Or 2. Qf5+ Ke1 15. Kg6 Qg2+ 6. 15. Kc4] 2. Kf7 Qh5+ [Black also loses after both 4. Qc1+ Kf2 8.... Ke7.. Fine Reuben (USA) 5 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@!6?@? ?@?@?2?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?4?@?@7 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1. Ke8 Qc6 9. Kc6 Qa6+ 4. Ke8] 2. Kb6! The king attacks the queen! This device often occurs in queen endings.Hartoch R. Kg7 Qc3+ 12. Kb2 Kf4 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?2?@?@ @?@!@?@? ?@?6?@7@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@3 12. Kg6! Kh1 8. d7 The rest is simple. Qh5+ 3. Qe7+] 3. ] queens.Moscow. Qb4+ Kc2 5. Qf8 Qa2+ 4.. .. Kd7 Qd5+ 5. £c6 ) 20. Kc6 Qc4+ 9. Qa2+ 3.the computer program "Belle"). Qe4+ Kc3 6. Qe7 Qf4+ 15. . [No better is 6. Qh2+ Kd3 11.. Qa5+ 2. 8. Kc8 Qe8+ 7. 11 . and White wins (analysis by "Belle"). Qa3) 3. Ka3 .. Kb4) 7. Ka4 Qa8+ 3. and sometimes impossible at all. Qb4+ Ke5 10... Qf3+ [If 1. Ke7 Qc5+ 6. Qe6+ . Qb5+ Ke4 8. Qb3 Qg2+ 12. Ka3 Qf7 (6. Qa5 Qe6 4. Qc2+ 9. Qe6+ Kf1 19. Ka3] 10.. Ka3.] 16. Ka3 Qa8+ 10. Qb1+ .. Qg3+ Kd4 9. then 2. Kb6 (with the idea of 21.. Qb4+ Ke5 10. Qb8+] 9.. Ke6 Kg2 .. Kb7 Qd5+ 3.] 2. Ka5 Qa8+ 12.. Qd8+ 21. and White 13. ?@?@?@?@‹ 6?@?@?@? ?"?@?@1@ @?@3@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@7@? Nevertheless.New York. Kg7 Qb8 16.Soltis A.. Kb4 Qb8+ 11. Qd6? [Stronger is 5. Qg2+ Kc3 8. Qb8+. Kf6 Qf4+ 18.. a win is difficult. Kb5 Kf1 17. Kc7 Qf7+ 8. Qb1+ Kf2 11.. Qa5 Qg8 4. Kf8 Qa8+ 8. We will now consider three practical examples in which the stronger side has managed to succeed. Qe4 Kg3 1.. Kb2 because of 7. Kf7 Qb8 20. Qf3+ Kd4 5.. Kg6 Kf3 17... Qa5+ Black resigned. Qc2+ Kf1 10.1988 With a rook's or knight's pawn... assistance. b7 Kg1 20. Kb5 Qe8+ 11. Ka3. Qb3! Qa8+ Pachman L. Qa3. Qf7+ 6. Qf8 Qa2+ 8.. Ka4 Qa6+ (or 2. the defender's task is not simple. Qa6+ 7. Qa3 Qg8 [Other queen retreats also lose: 8. b7 Qb8 12. Qc5+ Kd3 6.. Kc2 7.. Qg8 3. Black could defend better. 2. Kc7 Qc5+ 4.. Qb4+ Kc2 5... Qg3+ Kd2 9. Qb3+ (analysis by Qg6+ Kh1 15. Qg2+ Kc3 8.. Qf7 9.. Qc3+ Kd1 13. Kb4 Ke2 10.1947 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?"? ?@?@?@?@ @?2?@?@? ?@?@3@?@ @5@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @7@?@?@? [9. Kf7 Qc7+ 14. Ka7 Black resigned. Qb3 Qc6+ 10. 6. 8. Of course. and White wins. Qg2 9. but over the board it was difficult. 7. and let the computer programs prove whether or not a draw was possible! Over the board one must play without the computer's 1. Qf5+ Kg1 14. Barlov D. Kb2 Qb7+ 11. Kg7 Qg3+ 19. Kg7 Ke2 9. Qc5 Qe6+ 10. Kf7 Qd5+ 7.. Kb4 Qb8 13. Qe8+ 10. Ka6! Ke1 18. Qh3+ Kc2 12. Qc6+ Kg1 16.Gligoric S. . Qf3 [Better is 13.1980 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@5@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# ?@?@?@?8 @?2?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?4? ?@?@?@?@‹ 8?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ "5@1@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@?4?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? 1. isolated. Kc5 The king easily hides from checks. Qe7+ [Or 3. Kf6 Qe3 29.1979 12 . Kc6 Qc3+ 22.Queen and two pawns against queen Gligoric S.... Qh2+ Kd1 27. Kg4 8. Qg2 Qc4! 19. Qg1 Kh3 7. preventing the pawn's advance. Qg6] immediate perpetual check. Qg3 2. Kb7 Qd4 21. Qe3+ Kd8 14. Ke6 [23.. Qg2+ Kf6 11. 7.Bugojno.. Qb5+ . 1. Qe1+ White resigned. .. Kd6+ Kb8 9. Qf6+] 2. Kc6!] 23.. Kb6 Qc5+ 20. Qc3+ 8.. Qg6+ Kc5 17... Qe5 Black centralizes his queen. Qc6+ Kb4 18. Qe3+ 5. Qf2+ 4. Kc7 Qg7+ 7. It is hard to say.] 13. provided only that there is no seems that he does not have a clear winning plan. Qd6 Qg5+ [4.. exchanging queens on the next move.Timman J. Kd7 Qd3+ 23. 6. Qg4+ 3.. Qh1+ [Checks are not always good.. and so far it A win in positions with two extra pawns is simple. Larsen B. Kb7 h4 15. Kc7 Qg7+ 6. Kb6 Qf6+ 5.. Qd1+ Kf4 9. Qh2 Kc3 25. Qf1+ Kg5 10.. Qd4+ 14.. better is 7. Qd7] Queen and two pawns against queen 4.. Qe2+ 3.. Qh5 Kd6 16. Qa3+ Qd6 13. 3. Kf5? Qf2+! 30. or doubled. Kc4 7. Kc6 Qf6+ 5. Qf3+ Ke7 Black brings his king closer the opponent's king in order to cover from checks. . 5. Ke5 [30.. Qe5+? Kc2 26...Bled/Portoroz (Slovenia). Kg4 Qg2+] 30. Qe8+ (the best opportunity) 2. where the Ka7 defender should keep his king. Qd7 Black was unable to prevent White from achieving this position. Qd4] 5... It is of small importance. Qc1 [Better is 2. Kc7 Qg7+ 4.. Qh1+ Kd2 28.Gligoric S. which are the pawns: connected. 12. Kc6 Qg2+ 6.. h3 24. Qf2 . Qg6+] Queen and knight against queen Reshevsky S.] 2. Qf4 Qh1+ 14. Qd5+! Kc2 7. Kb4 5... Qg8+ Kh6 11.Geller E. Qd8+ Kh7 3. Nd3+ Kb1 10. and White wins. Qc4+ Kb2 9... Qd6+ Kg7 [Or 7. Qf5 Qe2+ 21.. Qd7+ Kc5 4... Qc4+ Kd7 6. . Qf4+ Kh5 3. Qg4+ . g5+ Kh5 12. with the stronger side's pieces being coordinated. Kf4 Queen and knight against queen ?@1@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?8?@ @?@?&?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? ?@?@?@?@ 4?@?@?@?… (zugzwang) 5. Qh8+ Kg6 10... g6! Qe7+ [18. Kf4! 13 .. Qf8+ Kh7 10. exchanging queens. Qf7+ Kd6 3. Qc6+ Kd4 [Or 4. f6+ Kc7 5. Kh7 . 1.. 2. Kh5! Qe8+ 17. Qf3 Qa4+ 16. Kg5 8.by 15. Qe7+ Kh8 9. Qd5 12.. Kh4 Kg8 18. 1. Kg7 5. g5 Qe4+ 13. Qd4+ Kc8 7. Qf4+ followed mating.] 3.. Qh4+ Kf5 14. Qxg6 19.. f7 Qa6+ 8..1967 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@?2?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!6 @?@?4?@?… Queen and knight are normally unable to win against queen. Kg6 Qxa5 4.] ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@7@?@? ?@?@?@?@ "?@?@!6? ?2?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@3 8. Qh7+ Kxg5 13. Qb4+ Kf7 5. Qd7+ Kg8 4. Qg4 Qd5 [Or 2. but in some exceptional cases the win is possible due to badly placed opponent's pieces. Nb4+ Kc1 8.. which checks Black gives. Kg4 Qd1+ 15. Kh4 Qe4 9. Qd7+ Kg6 7. 4. Qh5+ Kg7 12. Qc6 6. Qc1 (taking control over the h1-square) 11. Qg4 Kh8! 20.] [. Qd2+ Kh7 11. Kg4 Qe6+ 20. Qf7+ Kh8 11.. £g4.Sousse (Tunisia). Qb3+ Kf8 7.. Kg5 2. and Black resigned in view of 8. Qb3+] All White's pieces are perfectly 5. Qd5+ It is always useful to centralize a queen.. Qf8+ Ke6 [1. Qd7+ Kh6 10. Qa3+ Kg7 [. Nd3+ Kb3 6. Qd2+ 3. Qh5+] 19. g3 Kg8 2. Kh3! Black resigned. Kh3 Qe2 6.. Qg2+ It does not matter. Qa4+ Ke7 4. 1. Qd8+ Kh6 9.. without any help from his king.... .. Kb8 Qe8+ 10. Nf3+ Kd3 7. Ne1+! Kd4 8. Kb8 Qb6+ . White wins by force. climbing the "staircase".. Qg1+ Ka8 9. Kf7 7@?@?@?@ 4?@%@?2? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?6?@?@ @?@?@?@?… [4. Qb5+ 1@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@5@? ?@?8?@?@ @?@'@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?4?@?@? Black lost his queen. Qa2 [Mate by 6. and White wins.] 6. Kc7 Qe7+ 6.coordinated. Qa1+ Qa7 5. Queen and bishop against queen Qh1+ Qb7 6. Ke7 Qh4+! 4. Ka7 Qa5+ 17. then the stronger side is able to mate the opponent's king by his queen and knight. mating... Ka7 Nb5+ 11. Nc2+ Kd3 9. Kb7 Qd5+ Black's queen has approached the white king with checks.. Nb4+ . Qg8+ . Qf6+ 5. Nc5+! 3. Qh8+ Ka7 7. Qg2+ Qb7 2. while after 5. 5. 1. Qh7+ 5. Qg1+ Ka8 4. Kb7 Qe4+! 12. Kb8 Qe5+ 13. Kd6 loses also: 4.Cienfuegos (Cuba).. 14. The maneuvers of the white queen are very impressive. Qf4+ 2. Kb7 Nd6+ 16. Kb6 Nd7+!] 4. Qg8+ Ka7 3. 1.Levy.1972 Queen and bishop against queen A win with queen and bishop against 14 . forking the queen. Kb8 Qd8+ 15. Kg6 Ne5+ 3. £c4# was threatened. Nf3+ Kd3 7. Kd7 Qf7+ 8. Qf1+ 6. If the defender's king and queen are placed on the edge of the board. ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 6?@7@?@? 1@?@?@?* @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@3… Lengyel L.. Kf6 Ne4+ 6. Yuzef D Let us now consider a practical example. Ke6 Qg6+ 7... Kc8 Nd6+ 9. Qa1+ Qa6 8. Ke6 [2. Kg7 Qf7+] 2. . Qc3+ Ke2 [8. The poor position of Black's queen is 1.. Ke5 2. Be1+! Kd4 [4.. Qd7+ Kc4 the cause of his defeat... on 4. queen is possible only in studies. Qg7+! Ke6 3. Qh1! Qb2 4. 1. In these endings the stronger side should place his queen and bishop on the opposite colored squares. Qd5. Halberstadt 7@?6?@?@ @?@?@#@? ?@?*?@?@ @?@?@?@1 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?4?@?@ @?@?@?@?… In this position Black's king is placed badly. Qb5+ Kd4 3. Qc4+ Qb5 8. Qc6 Qb4 6. on 4. Qh8+ there follows 5. Qf2+ Ka6 6. where the weaker side's pieces are extremely badly placed. Qf3 f5 [Black is in zugzwang and loses in all cases. then 5... Qa2+] 5. If 4. winning the queen or mating. Qd2+ . Qb4 White mates by: 5. Kc8 Qc3+ 2. Qb6+ Kc4 7.. Qe2+ Qb5 7. Qxf7+ Ka6 7. Qa2+. Bf2+ Kc3 4. Bd8 Qb2 6. Bc7 Ka7 There is nothing else.. Qc6+] 9.White wins. f6 . Qf6+ Kg4 5. Ke4 9. Qg5+] 2.. Qb4+ Kd3 8. and 15 . Qe7+ Kf5 4.. [Or 1. Qb2+ Kc5 6. Qc4+] 5. Bc5 . Bd6! Qb6 7.. Kc2 5. 3. in this case they supplement each other. Qf1+ Rd1 3. Qf3+ Rg4 1 . After 1. If the defender's pieces are passive. Qe2+ QUEEN IS STRONGER THAN TWO ROOKS Karpov A.. 1. Ra3+ [Or 1.his king cannot escape from a mating net. £f4+ two rooks are slightly stronger than a queen. Qb4+ followed by 5. £b2#] rule. but the correct assessment depends on a situation on the board.Tilburg. 2. Qc4! .. Qf4+ Kb1 4.1977 ?@1@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?8/@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@1@? ?@?@?@#$ 0?@?@?07 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@!6 @?@?@?@?… QUEEN IS STRONGER THAN TWO ROOKS In this position too. while positional players prefer two rooks. £b4 with mate on the next move. Black is defenseless. Rd2 2. 1. tactical players prefer to have a queen. threatening 2.. . the stronger side's queen. Black is helpless . As a followed by 3. Formally...QUEEN AGAINST TWO ROOKS Creation of mating threats ?@1@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?8/@?@?… ?@1@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?6?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ 0?8/@?@?… QUEEN AGAINST TWO ROOKS Creation of mating threats A battle of a queen against two rooks is always sharp and complicated. Kb4+ Kb2 3.Timman J. king and pawns can weave a mating net. Qe7+ Kg8+ 2. Qb8+ Kh7 6. Qf5+) 4. Kg6 Rg7+ 9.. Rc1 3. Qf3+ Kh2 6. Qe7+ Kd1 7. Kg8 8.. and White wins. Jansa V. £a8..Sokolov A. Ke3+? Kg3 2.. 5. Qf2+ Kh3 3. Qf5+ [Bad is 7.. Rf8 3. Kh4 2. Kg1 2. Kg6 Rh6+ 4.. Qb7+ Kg1 8. Kg3! [1. Qh5+ Qe6+ Kf8 7.. Qd5+ Rg5 [3. Qc7+ Kg2 7. Qe5+ Kg8 5. opportunity to win one of the rooks with checks... winning. Qf2+ Kh3 7.. g5 4.. Qh2+ Kg8 7.1990 2 .. one of them by a series of precise checks. Qg6+.. Qb2#] [1. Qa2+ Kg7 8. Qf7#] 6. Kxh6 Rf6+ 5. Qf5+ Kg3 4. Qe6+ Kg7 4. 1... g4+! Raxg4 5. Ke1 6. Qxc5+ Kg3 [No better is 5.Gausdal (Norway). 4.. Qd3+ Kf2 3. Qe8+ Kg7 4.. The black rooks are disconnected. 1. Rf5 6.. Qf3! (zugzwang) 5. Kf3 Rg4! . Kc3+! [The aim is not achieved by 1. Qf5+ Rg4 4.. and this gives White an opportunity to win 2.. Qh3#] 2. Kf5 Rf7+) 9.. Kf2 (or 6. 1. Kh3 Raa4 3. 2... Kf8 4.. Qf6+ Kg8 5. Qe5+ Kf2 All Black's moves are forced. Qe6+ Kg7 (3... Kg6 Rh7 6. Qd2+ Kb1 9. Rc2 3. Rg6+! with a draw. Kg5!. Qb1+ .Qd7+ Kc1 8. Ra7+ 8.. Qxg4# Rinck H 3 Rooks are disconnected or passive ?@/@?@?0 @?@?@?@7 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@5 ?@?@?@?2 @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@/@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?$?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@16?@7@ @?@?@?@/… In this example Black also loses a rook.. and it is Black who has winning chances) 6. Kg5! Ra8 [The alternatives do not save either: Rooks are disconnected or passive In these cases the stronger sides gets an 2. Kxh7? due to 7. Qd5+ followed by 9. .] Rh4 5. Kf6 (9. Qb1+] 2. Rg1!] 7. Qb2+] 3.. .. Qxe5 Rxe5+ 7.] [7. Qb7+ Ka5 6. 2. or to threaten its creation. Kd4 Rd5+ 5. and 2.: 1. Qd7+ Kb6 5. Qa8+ Kb6 5.Linares..Ljubojevic L. Rf4+ 2.. Kd4 Kxa6 4. [No better is 3. c7) 5. 3 .. Qxc5 Rxc5 7. a material advantage becomes of secondary importance.. Ke4 Re5+! 6. Kd6 Kc8! with a draw. Kxe5 Kb7] the pawns. Qa7+ Kb4 for a win. or 2. Kd4 Rd5+! 4. Qb7+. and it is only White who can play 3. the result depends on whose passed pawn is closer to its promotion square. Kd3] PASSED PAWN 2. c7 Rbc5 6... Rfc5+ 2. c7] Black resigned.. Qb7+. a7 h3 4. Rc1? 4... h5 2.... The more advanced Kb7 6.1985 7.. Qa8+ Kb6 5. Ka7 3. Miles A. Qe7! [. the more dangerous they are. a6 h4 3. otherwise he will lose. Qe7+) 3.. Rfc5+ [Bad is 2.?@?2?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? 7@!@?@?@ "/@?@/@? ?@5@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Passed pawn 1@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@#8# ?@?@3@#@ "?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?6? Black must coordinate his rooks. Kxa6? 3. Ka7! The only move..g. Qe7+ (or 4. Kd4 Rxa5 (2.. Ra5 8. Qb7 . Kxc5 Kb7] 4. c7 Rfc5+ 4. Qa8+. c7 Rfc5+ 3. Qxd5 Rxd5+ 5.. Rbc5+? 3.. Kd4 Kxa6? This loses. .. a6!? [Nothing is achieved by 2. Rc2! 4. A draw could have been obtained by to win. Rxc6? 4.. Qa8+ Kb6 4.... Kxa6 5. In positions where both sides have passed pawns. Qe7+ Ka6 3. Qe7+! Kxa6 (4. Instructive example Black is unable or 3. Qa3+. c7 Rbc5) 4.. [Black loses after both 1. Kxd5 A passed pawn is a very important factor in queen endings.. Just one tempo may have a decisive effect on the assessment of the position. Qb7+ Ka5 6. Ka8 5... and 1. e. The weaker side often saves the game by sacrificing one or even more pawns in order to create a passed pawn. 1... c7] 3. .. Rh7+ Kg8 2. winning the queen. Re2 Qd1+ 17. or on the b.. 4 .] 4. exf4 gxf4 12.] [Nothing is achieved by 3.?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8# ?@?@?@#@ @?@#@?@? ?4?"#@?@ $?@?"?@? ?@-@?"!" @?.. Rf1 h4 26. Rg7+ Kf8 8. Ra7 Qg8 4.. Rhe7 Kh8 3. 1.. Kf1 Qf8+ (the queen is deprived of the c4-square) 5. Kf1 [No better is 1.?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@5@?@ @?@?@?@?… Black's task is to advance his pawn to a2. with the opponent's king being cut on the edge of the board. Ra8 Kg6 7. Kg1 Qg7+! with a draw. Ra7 Qb2 4. Rh7 . Rh7+ Kg8 8. Rf8+ Kg5 20. Ra8 Kxh3 23. [2.. SUCCESSFUL BATTLE OF ROOKS AGAINST A QUEEN Then he attacks the opponent's K-side with his king and pawns. SUCCESSFUL BATTLE OF TWO ROOKS AGAINST A QUEEN This study made quite an impression on me . Rf7 Qg8 6. h4+ Kf6] 18. g3 Qb1! (depriving White of any activity) 6. Rf7 Qe8+ 6. Ra8 [18. Ra5 Qd3+ 11. This example perfectly demonstrates the power of two rooks doubled on the 7th rank. Rd1 Qb2] 1. h3 f5 8. Kf2 Kg8 [Or 6. Qd1+! 12. Re1 Qb1 Zugzwang. Ra3 Qb2 22. Kg1 Qb1 24.. 10. a2] 2. TWO In these endings the decisive factor is the coordination between the rooks. Ra8 Kh4 21. Qg8 7. a2 3.?6?@?… ?@?@?4?8 @-. Kg2 Qd2) 11. Re1 g5! 5.. There is no way for White to counter this plan.. Ra7 Kh8 5. Re2 (11. Rd2 a2 2.. Kd2 a2 3.. f5 Kg5 15. Kxf5 19. Ra6+ Kh5 9. Kd1 Qb3 2. Ra3+ Kg4 25. Rc7 best situation is when the rooks are doubled either on the penultimate rank. Qb3 2. Rbc7! Ra7 [10. Ra8 h3 White resigned. Rag7+ Kf8 9. Kf1] 7. after which the white rooks will be tied.. or 3. Ra5 Qd3+ 16.] 3. Ra1 Qb1+ 3. Rh8+ .. and White wins..I understood what the 7th rank is. 1. Re1 Qb1! 18. Qg8 .or g-files. Kg8 [If 3. Rc3 Qb5+ followed by 3 . then 4. Ra3 h5 14. or 1.. Kc1.. Soon I managed to carry out the following combination. Ra8 h6 10. gxf4 Kh4 13.. f4 11. Kf2 Qf8+ 5. The Ra1 Qd3+ 4. Ra7 Qe8 7. Rf7 Qd6. Kg1 Qe3+ 9.Vaisman A.Sofia (Bulgaria).. Qf5+ Kg3 . Qc4±.. Kh7 3. Rg8 Qh3+ 8. 5.# ?@#@?@#@ @?@?$?@? ?@)"?@?@ @?"?@1*! !"?@?"!@ @?@-. e6 Ne5 The alternatives are even worse... Rg1 Qh6 11.1976 ?@7@/0?@ $#4'@#. Kh2 Qd2+ 4.. but I was Black skillfully exploits a poor position of the opponent's king.. Kg2 Rd2+ 4.Leningrad. g5 Kg8] 7. Rd1+ 3. Bxe5 Bxe5 7. Rd8! 2. Qd7 7. .. Rb7! 5. gxh5 8. Ree7 Qxc3 13. Qxb2 . 1. Bxe5 3.Ionescu C.. Qg4+ with an extra pawn for White] Stanciu P.. ..] 9... Rxe5 Qxa2 8. Qxh3 [2. h4 Rbxc2 7. Kh1 Qc1+ 10....?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@-@ $?$?$?@? !@3@!@?@ @?@?@?@7 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@-6?… Panchenko A. Bxf7! Re7 2. Kg1 [4. dxe5 Rfxf7 [Or 2.Zaichik G.. Qxb2 11. Nxe5 4.Romania.1978 3. Qxf7! Rxf7 4. Nxe5 3. Rdd7 . Qxe5+ loses right off due to 2. Rg2 Qh6 (the only move) 5..... threatening to give perpetual check by £c1-f4. Rb2! 5 . A study in a practical game. 11. Qa1 Rd2] 2.. Rf8! Qc1+ 3. . Qf6+ Kxh5 10. exf7 Qxf7 6.1986 hides from checks on the Q-side.] 10. 1.. [The immediate 10. Kd8 12. Re8+ Kc7 9. Be6+) 4. Qf1 Rb2 6. Rfg3! (7. Rde1! Starting my ?@?@?@?0‹ @?@?@/8? ?@#@?@#@ $?@?$?@? !@!@!@!@ @?2?@?@# ?@!@?@?" @?@?@?6? combination. 4.. More stubborn would have been 2. Rf3 Qe6 6. 1. R8g2 Black resigned. Rxe5! Rxe5 (3. Re7+ Kc8 10. and the black king Georgiev K. ¦g8) 6.. h5 [7. Bxe5 Rxe5 4. Rf3+ Kh4 2. Rxb7 Here Black resigned. c5 [No better is 9. does not work due to 10.. I planned to double my rooks on the 7th rank. gxh5 Kh6! 9. however. Rf7! White protects the f4-square and prepares to double his rooks...?6?… White wins by force. Kg3 Rdf2] disappointed .. Qxe5+ Kg4 11... Qf4 g5 5.so pleasant was the position.. . h4 Raxa6 13... Qe4 Rc5 6. 2) to double the rooks on the 7th rank. Qe8+ Kh7 7.. Kxh5 because of 10. Qc8+ Kh7 14. Kf2 Qh8 14. 3) to transpose into a won pawn ending.. Qd1+ Kh4 13. Rd1 Qe2 3. Qd8 Re3+ 27.. [Still. Rbc7 Qh8 18.?"?6 @?@?4?@?… The following two examples demonstrate Black has an obvious advantage.Averbakh Y. Qf1 Kg8 9. 19. h5 g5! White is doomed. Ke6 Black resigned. Qc1 Re6! (avoiding eventual thus forcing Black to advance it... Qd3 Red6 17. Qd1 Rcc4 22. Qh3+!] 10. Qe2 Rc3 18.. Qxb4 Rgd5 5. Qh8+ Kg4 29. Kg2 Rf4 21. Kd2 Qd8+ 16. Rf2 11. Rh7+! Qxh7 22. Qc8+ f5 30. Rg5 3.. Kg1 f5 Black is unable to avoid this weakening. Kh1 Rf1+ 33... more stubborn would have been 4.. . 4. Kh2 Qb2+ 9. Rbd2 12. White's plan is typical for positions of this type: 1) to attack the f7-pawn twice. Black will have to defend passively. Kg2 [15. Qe2] 5. Qc2+ g6 15. Qb1+ Rce4 23. Kh1 11. Rd7 Qc2 Black's only chance is to attack one of the rooks.. Rb7 Qg8 11. perpetual check) 12.?@?" @?@?@?"? ?@?. Kh3 Qh8 10. g4 axb4 4. Qe1 Rbe2] Qd8+ 19.to the Q-side. Qe3+ Kh7 13. R8d5! 2. Kh2 Rf2+ 32. Kf1 Rh2] 10.1993 ?@?0?@7@‹ @?@?@#$? ?2?@?@?@ $?@?@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@! ?"?0?@!@ @?@?@?6? Gurgenidze B. [But not 9.. Kc5 Qh8 21. Kc2 Qc8+ 17. 10. Qd3 [11. Kg2 Qg8 13. Rac6 16.. Ree7 Qh8 7. Rxh7+ Kxh7 23. a6 Rd6 11. Kc4 Qg8 20. f4! Qa1+ 8. Qe1 Rcc2 8. Kg1 Rfe2 White resigned. Qd8 Rg3+ 31.. and the young Moldavian player accurately converts it into a win. Kd3 [10.. h5] 15. Kf2 Rgf4+ 25. 11.1961 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#8? ?@?@?@#@ @?@?@?@# ?@?. 1. Qg1 Kxh5 12. Qd3 Rxg4+ 24.Bucharest. Kd5 Kg7 24. the power of two rooks in realization of a positional advantage. Re1 Qc8 6. Qd4+ Rf4 White resigned. Rf7 White prepares to transfer his king Kg3 Kh6 26. Iosif C. b4 (the best chance) 2.Susterman A. Kg2 Kh6 2. 6 . . Qh8 12. Ke2 Qe8+ 15. Kf2 Rf6+ 20. Kh2 Rgf3 34. Qe1 Rg2+ 11.Baku. 1. a5 Ra2 First of all Black must eliminate the a-pawn. Kg2 Kxh5 28. Rb4 g5 4. b5 Reb4 5.. b6 Rxa5 4. by sacrificing a rook. Rd2] Defending with two rooks. Kc1 a5 7. Draw. Qb8+ Kh7 4. and Black has constructed a fortress.... Qb5 9. fortress. Rd4… ¦d2 the game also ends in a Portisch L. Kf2 Rb2+ 10. a7 Ra5 5. Rb3 Qxc4 9. .Smyslov V. Rf3! Qh5 [After 1.. Rb2! [Bad is 1. Qd8+ Kh7 6.. Qd5 Ra2 3.. Qb7+ 6. c6 a3 10.1964 ?@?@/@7@‹ @?@?@#$? ?@?@?@?$ "?@?@?@? ?"?@?@?@ @?@1@?@! ?@?@?0!6 @?@?@?@? draw. .. c7 Qe1+ 11. Kg3 R1b3+ 9.. but. c6 Qxc6 10. Rh3+ Kg8 3.. Rd1 Qe3+ 12. Kb2 a4 10... 5. c4 Qb4 [Or 7.Kallinger. Rxh3+ Kg8 5.. Honfi K. Qa8 The players agreed a draw.Havana. Rbxb5! 4. Kg1 Rb1+ 11. a6 (3. b5 Re5! 3. Qb5 [Or 2.. a4 8. Re4 3.] 2. b7 Rab5) 3. 7 . Rbxg7+! (the only way) 3. h2 2. Rd3 with the idea of ¦d3-a3-d3. he sets up a fortress. Qa8 Rb1 8.. Rg3 Qh6 3. one has an important defensive resource: to sacrifice one of the rooks in order to set up a 8. c5 Qb4 (8.. Qxg7 4.1. Qxa8 Re6 .. b6 Rb5! 6. Rd3 White's fortress is impregnable. 1.] 2. Qa7 f5! 7... Kb2) 9. Ree2? due to 2.1991 ?@?@?@?@ $-@?@-$7 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?4?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?"?@?@# ?6!@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… White's position looks hopeless. Kh2 R1b2 12. b5] 2. a8=Q Rxa8 7. Qa6 Rb1 13..ñorr. One should work out a plan and try to carry out it. when the chessboard has cleared. The endgame has its own rules. while in the endgame. do not arise in their "pure" form right from the start. however. They are like lighthouses at which such endings. one should aim from afar. MULTI-PIECE ENDINGS The exact calculation is also required in endings where both opponents have In previous chapters we have considered typical endgame positions and plans. we will supply them with annotations by great players. When possible. planning becomes crucial. Calculation of variations is necessary here. Depending on Let us now consider some classic examples. in any case. especially if they are far advanced. passed pawns. however. Playing planning is always punished. an active king helps its pieces to launch an attack on a passively placed opponent's king. or even replaced by a new one. one can analyze the 1 . Much more often. middlegames and multi-piece endings. such a badly placed king or weak pawns. guided them during the games. one should play openings. a chessplayer should be guided by a plan. different from the opening and middlegame ones. Due to its increased activity. a king sometimes becomes a target for attack. without Why? Of course. In this position the game was adjourned. to reach them. In the endgame one should try to play actively. Breakthroughs and sacrifices of an exchange or a piece often occur in These basic endings.MULTI-PIECE ENDINGS ?@?@?0?@‹ @?@?0?@# ?$?$?@7@ $!$?@#@? !@!@?"?@ @?@!@)&? ?@?*?"?" @?@?@5@? This in no way means that tactics is absent in the endgame. coordinating all one's pieces against vulnerable points in the opponent's camp. The most important thing in the middlegame is calculating variations. This will help the reader to better understand the plans and ideas which a situation on the board. but. and Black resigned without a resumption. the plan may be changed. ?0‹ @#@?$#$# ?$'@?@?@ @?@#@+@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?"%@? !"?*?"!" . Bxa5 Rxc1+ 10.. e4 Kf7 12. in the end the black king penetrates to d3 or f3". g3+! Qxg3 8. Qb7+ Kd3 13.Petryaev.. Qa5+ Kc1 ..Capablanca J. g3 b5 9.position by "moving" the pieces: "I go here.. Qb5+ Kd2 15. He gives just one line: 9. O-O Bd6 4. Nc4 10. Ke3 White is tied to the Rca8 16. . Qf4 due to 7. Rab1 h6 2 . Bd7! The bishop is needed exactly here. Ne5] 6.. If one has a plan. hxg4 hxg4 6. Be7 13. Nc5 followed by ¤d3 with a probable draw. Kg1 White can only wait to see what Black will do. it can be carried out.. Qd5+ Qd4 10. Re1 with the idea of e3-e4. e5? [After this move White's position is hardly defensible. Necessary was 9. Black has drawn up a plan. Correct is 12. Be2 e6 3. This simple and convincing scheme is a fine example of planning.. Qb6+ Kf5 11. f4 b5 14.?@?6)@- Yermolin .] are forced: 1. a3 An unnecessary weakening. Na5 7..1971 ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?$? ?@?@?@?$ @?@?@?@7 ?2?@?@?@ @?@?$?4! ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?6?… 1. it will support the ¤a5-c4 maneuver after the preliminary b6-b5.1916 /@?@7.. Kh1 h5 4. g4 5. Rxc1 Rxa5 11. bxc4 11. He adjudged a victory to Black. [Better is 6. Qb5+ Kf6 10. Qb5+ Ke4 12. Qe2+ Kh4 3. In his annotations to this game Capablanca recommended the most "scientific" winning method. Bxc4 [Better is 10... Nxc4 bxc4 11. 4.] 7.and everything will become clear right off.New York. Black is forced to protect the b6-pawn by ¦b8 or ¦b7. Nb3 Ra8 12. Bad is 6. he goes there". winning an exchange. g3+ Kg5 Botvinnik wrote about this position: "After 8.. Black is forced to play h7-h6 and retreat with his king to h7. Janowski D. Nd2 f5 (preventing e3-e4) 8. Kf2 Ra4 15. But simpler is to work out a plan . exd5 exd5 13... Qb5+ g5 2. and the rest is clear. and so on. Qf2! with a draw.. Thus. White places his bishop at c3 and advances the pawn to h5. One's main task is to have the plan. Bc3 Rhc8 6. f3? [White must not allow the black knight In this position the game was adjourned and adjudged by Botvinnik. 2. The following moves to invade of c4. Kh2 Qc3 White is unable to find a draw.] 9. 14. Rfc1 Ke7! 5. f4 followed by ¤f3-e5] 12. Kh1 Qe5! [Black centralizes his queen. Then White puts his bishop at h3 and transfers the knight to d5. after which there follows ¤f6+. ¦ad8 followed by ¤e7-c8-d6 with roughly equal chances. Third. 25. White opens a diagonal for his bishop. . these obvious drawbacks are overweighed by less apparent. Rb8 with a decisive gives Black the strong e5-square. Kf7 10. [Weaker is 4. Bf6 because of 33. Bxf4 3...... Second. axb4 Black can choose between 25.. Rfd2 Rde7 9. Kxf4 Bg5+] 25. Rf2 b5 8. Bxd6 cxd6 4.. gxf4 Raa8 21...defense of his Q-side. Kf3 Ra8 37. Nf3] 17. Rxe6+ Kh7 White resigned. Kf3 Rxh2 32. Rh3+ 33. Rad1 Nc8 7. still more significant advantages. b6 This move suggests itself. Re7 Rxb2+ 36. 2. going deeper into the position's nuances.. h5 (and 25.. All these factors give White more Ra7 Bxg2 29.. Rg1 Rag8 23. Bc2 26. First. Ba4 The bishop is transferred to e4. Nevertheless. Kf2 Rb3 34.. f5!? At that time this idea was brand-new. Ne1 Rg8 19. axb4 1. he seriously cramps the opponent's knight and light-squared bishop. Kf2 h5! Now White is unable to avoid material losses in view of the threatening h5-h4... White creates himself a backward e4-pawn and [In response to 24.. Rxf4 Bb7 Now Black gets the weak pawn at d6. h4 g5 18. and Black launches an offensive on the K-side. Nf3 [Stronger is 17. Bxe7 [No better is 32.... gxf4 20. 6. Ng2 Rg4 22. Rxe7+ Kf8 33. R. Better is 1. hxg5 hxg5 /@+@/@7@ @#$?(?$# #@#.1914 4. 17. Kf3 [19. 24.. b4! Black brings his light-squared bishop into play.Capablanca J. he creates an outpost at e6 for the white pieces. 28.... and Black is OK... 3 .?*?@-6?… 19. Rgh8!] than sufficient compensation for the surrender of the e5-square".. Bg5+ Kg6 35.)] 24.. Bf4 Bb7 32.?$?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@!"?@ @%&?@?@? !"!@?@!" .Reti wrote: "An unexpected and at first sight strange move. but it is not the best. Rxg2 h4 30.. [Better is 2. Ne6 Rd7 Now Black is unable to chase away the troublesome knight.] 3. Ra1 [25. Bxb4 Bxb4 25. b4 (preventing c6-c5) 9. which quickly decides the game. Nd4! The knight hurries to occupy the weak e6-square.. g5 18. Rxf4+! 26. Ng2!?] 19. Rad1 Rad8 5. 1.. Rad8 5.St.] Lasker E.. Bxh4 Rxg2+ 31. ¥d7 and 2. Petersburg. Nd4 Bc8! . Bg3 Be4+ 27... one may find out that advantage in both cases. Be1 (intending to play ¥f2 followed by ¤e3) 23. Rc1 fails due to 25. f5? [White is just asking for trouble. an exchange sacrifice deserves attention: /@?@7@?0‹ $?$#@#$# ?$'@#@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@!"?@?@ @?@?"?"? !"?&?"!@ . White takes his king away from eventual checks. Rc8 9. Nd2 . g5 deserved attention. fxe6+ Rxe6 .. b3!.Kissingen. Ke2 Rhb8 5. Correct is 9... Therefore. Capablanca persistently plays for a win. Kf3! Nb6 20. cxd6+ cxd6 8. c5 d5! [This is stronger than 6. Ra1! Kd8 30.] 3. White should play on the K-side.1928 8. N6c5 Bc8 (this is forced) 27... 14.. Rg3 [The immediate 18.a3 Ba8 [Here. g5] Ke7 2. Rhc1 Rc8 (or 8. White would have retained an indisputable advantage after 20. a3 [This move is the first in the series of aimless moves. 12. Rdh1 Bb7 24.Capablanca J.. 1. Nc5 Black resigned...] 11. 22.. and Black has good drawing chances.. Nxd7 Bxd7 28. Kd7) 9..?@?6?@- 10. as well as on the next move. Rxd6 Rh8! followed by 22. f4?! [By 8. Rxe6 11.] 19. gxf5 19.. h4 axb4 15.] 4 . maintaining the balance.] Bogoljubow E... Ra8+ Bc8 31.. g5+ [This leads to a quick defeat. ... g4 h6 3. g4 Being supported by the e6-knight. on the K-side. though the position is equal.. stubborn would have been 18.. dxe5 25. hxg5 hxg5 21. b5 6. axb4 Rae7 It is difficult to suggest Black anything better. with Capablanca being one and a half point behind. g5! .. and a draw becomes unavoidable. or 5.. Rhc1 Na5 10. White's attack on the K-side is irresistible.. Rh5] 5.. Ke2 followed by ¦h5 and ¦ah1 chances are equal. h6 13. Rd3 a5 The a-file gives Black nothing. More Before this game Bogoljubow was on the lead. a4 Na5 8. Rg8 17. His plan involves a pawn advance on the Q-side. Rh3! [Weaker is 21. e5! (a decisive blow) 24. b3! White prevents the Q-side files from being opened.] 7.] 18. Rh7 Rf8 29... Ne4 Nd5 26. b4 7. and White obtains counterplay 21. ¤c4 with drawing chances for Black.. Kf2 Ra7 12. Kg3! Prevention. exf5! d5 . though in this case too. After 3.. Kf4 g6 18. a6 4. Kf3 The following game perfectly demonstrates the difference between systematic purposeful play and aimless trampling.. Ke8 23. Rd7 22. 16. Ne4 [Better is 5. . ¤b2) 17.. b3 Rh8! (preparing the following combination) 8.. Ne7 13... who wrote about this 5 .. have been exchanged. exd4 Nf4 6. for example: position: "All White's pieces.. Though at the moment Black's advantage is not apparent. 8.. Rh5 Kf6 16. Rh2! 12. Re8 (that is why Black played 7. Rac1 Rac8 15. Rh1 The Petersburg team was headed by 11. d5 12. ¦h8) 10.. Ra1 [27. Nc4 11.. Nb4 6. 20.. forcing the black rook to retreat difficult... cxd4 [Worse is 5.St.Chigorin. Bh3 ) In this case Black would prepare the e5-e4 advance. which were developed. Kc3 axb6] M.. Rd1 c4 13. Rf3+ Kg6 19. Nc5) 11..] 9. Ne4+ Rxe4! 16. Nd2 Rh4 [More stubborn would have been 11. knights and pawns are 10. Nf3! . Ke2 [On 9. ¤d2 Black plays 12.. fxe4 Nge5 17. Rxc8 Rxc8 12. fxe6 fxe6 13. Nd2 . according to Chigorin.. Rc7 14... a4 (or 12. b5 Ne7 followed by c5 and. b3 Na5 12. Kg3 there follows 9. Ra1 Ne4 25. Na5 10. g4 Nd6 Black prepares a final blow.. Rh8 2. a3 One cannot endure b4 21. Kf1 e5 3. e5 with the idea of e4 followed by (impossible is 4. Kg1 Ne2+ 7. f3?! [This is the move Black anticipated.. c5! 12. 1....... Kf2 b6 (with the idea of c7-c5) 7. R6c4 28. Kd4 Rxe2] such a knight. Rf2 b3 24.. Nf1 c5 11. Rxg4? 5. Kxd3 Rxg2 11. Rh2 10.. Nc5 or 12. Kd3 [Now the game is hard to save. fxe6 fxe6 14. Rab1 perfectly placed. Rh7 [After 12. Rac1 . Nd2 Kc5 15. and. dxc5+ bxc5 Black obtains the [11.. in response to bxc6. dxc5+ bxc5 12. Rc2 d5 13.. ¢e7-f6-g5. Nd1 Rc2 23. fxe6 fxe6 12.. Necessary was 10. Nc3 [On 12.. Rh3 Rac8 (threatening 17. exd4 5. Nc3 Kf1 Rh2] 5. Black's king. Nc4 11. Rc6 13.. axb6 Nxb4+ 15.. bxc4 27. axb4 axb4 22..1886 /@?@?@?@‹ $#$?@?$? ?@'8#$'@ @?@#@?@? ?@?"?@!@ @?"?"?@? !"?@?")@ . Nc3] 10.. Stronger would have been 4. "It is clear that despite being an exchange down Black is at least not worse". Ra5 Nc5+! White resigned. Rb1 e5 27. dxc4 14.. Bf1 Kb5 .. Nd3+ 9.9. After the London . Na2 a5 18.] 12. Re2 R8c6! 26. Nb3 (or 10.] 11. ¤xc6-a5) 12. Rxc7+ Rxc7 White's defense would be 4. though after 13.. a5 Nc6 14. sooner or later it may be converted into a win"..] 4. b4 would be met by 11..Petersburg. g5 hxg5 15.%@?6?@? move in the game Black gains the initiative. dxe5 Nc5+ 28. Tarrasch S. Chigorin M. but here White step by step gains an initiative... Nc6 because White's pawn is much better 6 .. Rc1! Rd8 attention. Rb7 Kf4 22.1893 Nf6+ Kc8 20. Rc4 Na6 [This is forced... Kd3 a5 16. The draw could have been obtained by 12. Na2 [Weaker is 11. Nd7 Na6 23.] 12.Tarrasch S. 18.. . Qg8 Kd7 10.. Bxb4 Nxb4 3.?@?@?@ @%@?"?@? !"?*?"!" . Ne6 15. Kc3 [Bad is 14.. Qxc7+! Kxc7 6. Ke3 Rg1! (a very strong maneuver) 17. Nxa2 4.. Qg6 Nc7 2. Qh7+ Kc6? 5. Nc1 Nd7 8.. Ngf4 Qe7 [Back is unable to protect both pawns. approximately 5.. Nh5! This decides. Kh1 Rf2] 22.Breslau. Qg6 13. h4 a4 6.5. Ke2 Ke7 [3. Qxe7 a1=Q 21. Qh5 Qh7 14. Qxa3 Qxh6+ 14. Ke3? g5! . Kf2 Nxd4 20. Qxf8+ Kb7 22.. Ke8 fails due to 18. Ke2! with winning chances for White. Rb8 Rc3+ 19.5 : 4.?@?6?@-… In spite of being a pawn down. Nxe6+ Kd7 7.] 3.] Rxb6+ Ke5 The activity of Black's pieces quickly decides the game. 1. Qg6 Nf8 "Black is noticeably worse. Ng6+] 18. mating. Qxh6 a5 5.important e5-square for his knight. Petersburg. Kd8! 13. 1. Qg7+ Qe7 [17. exd4 Nf4+ 14. 11. Qf7+ Qe7? [This loses.1925 /@?@7@?0 $#@?@#$# ?@?@#@?@ @?@'@?@? ?. ?8?@?4?@ @?@?@?@? #(?@#@?$ @'@#"?@? ?@#"?@?@ @?"?@?@? ?@16%@?" @?@?&?@?… Nimzowitsch A. g5 [Or 22... because it is difficult for Black to defend his pawns at e6 and especially at h6. 16. then 4. but stronger is 11. Rxg7 Re3 23.. Rh8 [17. Qxf8+ Kxf8 19. a2 19. Qxf8 Qf2+] 13.] 2.. Qg5 Qe7 Kg1 Nxf3+ 25. cxd4 13.. h6 Ne8 11. because on 4.. Qxf8 14. Nf1 Re2+ 24... If 3.. a5 deserved Positions with symmetrical pawn structures are usually drawn. h5 a3 7. Qg8 Qh4 17. Nxe6 Qxe6! 12.] supported" (Tarrasch)... 21. Ng2! Kc8 [The immediate 2.. Rc1! 18.. Nb4 Nc7 15.. Nxf8+] 4. 9. Kd7 . [After 1.St. White is better. O-O the black king is out of play. . Re3 White resigned.. Qh4! 12.. Kc2 Nc7 with a probable draw. Kd3 Rc1!] 17. Nc5+ Black resigned. Ra1±] 4. h5+ Kg5 23. Nxe4 Black will not hold for a long time. Rh8 Nc5 29. Rhc1 b5 4. Kf4! Kg8 26. g5 Kh7 35. Rxc7 Rd8 [13. h4 17.... Kg4 Nc5 36. Rc6+ Rd6 [There is no defense. Ke3 with a clear advantage to White. Kd5 17. Nxe5 The rest is clear. Rc7 Nd7 5. b5!] 8. Kd5 18. h4] 8. Rc1!] 8. Rg7+ Kh4 24. 19. ¤e4 followed by b4-b5. Rhc1 Bb7 3. Nf5 Nd5 25.. Bxe8 Rubinstein A. e5 9. Rg1 g6 12..] 14. mating. Kh5 Ne6 37.. Kf5 . h5 [Also good is 14. gxf6 Nxf6 17. b6 2. Kf3 Nd3 27. g4! h6 [No better is 7. Be2 f6 10. f6 14. Ke3 Nf6 6. Nf3 Ke6 11. Bb5! a6 [Or 1. Nxf6 15. Be8 9.. Ra7+! Kh8 [21. h7+ Kh8 39..Schlechter C. b5+] 18.. f4! Rhd8 7. Rg6+ Ke7 [Or 17. Be2! Be8 [18..... Rd5 15. R1c2! (an important preventative It is hard to believe that this position occurred as early as in the beginning of the 20th century! This example one more time confirms the necessity of studying move) 12. Re7) 15. g5 Nh5 (8. b4 White improves his position. Nd2 with the idea of 15.] 11. e4+ Kc6 20. Rh7+ Kg8 30. Nf5 Nxa4 33. Nf7+] Kg8 34.. [The immediate 8. Rxa7 Nxb4 21.. g4 Nf4+ 26. 1. Bxb5! Nf6 24.. h4 Rd6 14. If 16. Ne7+! Kf8 24. Ne5 fxe4 23. 6. exf5 exf5 25. Nd7 9. Ne5 Bd7 7. Rcg6 e4 18. Nd2 Nxb4 19. after 16. Be8 8.. Nc6) 9. fxg5 Nh7 11.White has the unpleasant 5.1912 Rxe8 25. but in fact he is on the /(+@?07@ $#@?@#$# ?@?@#@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?"!@?@ @?@?@%@? !@?6?"!" @-@?@)@-… verge of defeat" (A. Rxg7+ Kf8 19.. 7 ... f4! [This is stronger than 8. gxf6 gxf6 16. Nh6+ Kh8 18. Nxh6+ Kf8 32. Ng3# (pointed out by Kmoch)] 22. g6+ Kg8 38. Nd4 f6 8. Bd3 Rd8 3. Rhc1 ±] 5. Rhc1 Rd7 "Black's position still seems to be firm.. Kh6 Black resigned. Rxh6 Rxh6 31... Ng4] 14. Re6 22.. Ng4 f5 21. Kg5 Rf8 27. then the classics. Nh6 Nf8 26. Bf1+ Kh2 28. 11. Nxf5+ Kh3 27. Ra7 f6 15.San Sebastian. Rg4 R5d7 16. h6 Rdc8 12. Rxd6 Rxd6 20.] 2.. a4! White prepares b2-b4.. fxe5 fxe5 10.. Rbc1 Rxc7 13. Rg2+ Kh1 29.. Ng6+ Kg8 23. b4 could be met by 8. Bxe2 19. Ng4 Bh5 17.. Ra8+ Kf7 28.. . Rxa6 Kg7 20.. 21.. Rcg6 .. Rcxd6+ Rxd6 19. h6 13. g5 hxg5 10..Nimzowitch). b6 12. Kg6 Black resigned. gxf6 gxf6 (14. Kg6 22.. Re7! Rd6 13. . b3 Ke6 15. Rb2 Kd7 12.. Rg2 Re8 24. [15. Rf8! with the idea of ¢e5. Nb3 a5 28. Rh8 Kc7 26. Nxb7] 27.. Bd6 Nd8 8. 2. Kf1 (6. cxd4 Rxh4 The position is simplified.] Black is better. bxc5 Ke7 11. Rg1 Nh4! This move provokes White to weaken the f3-square. Kf3 Re4 15. but passive tactics could not save Black. Bxa5 5.. h5-h4 and g5-g4. Ne8! The knight is transferred to f5.? %@?"?@?@ @%@?"?@! !"?@?"!* @?. Reb1 Nd8] where it will support both eventual advances. Nevertheless.?.. Bc3 Rh1+ 11. Nd3 b5 Despair. 5. Rg7 Nd8 20. g4! 8. h4 7. ¤g3 was threatened) 6.1926 /@?@/@7@ @#@'@#$? #@#@'@#@ @?@#@?.Budapest. gxh4 15. Bc3 Black improves his position.Takac. Kg4 [. Na5 Ra7 2. Ra8 27. Rh1 … h4] c5! Black is not afraid to isolate his d-pawn. Nxb7 Rxb7 22. Ra8 34.. Rg8 f4 21.?6?… Black resigned. [26. Nc5 Nxc5 9. Rgg8 Rd7 10. Rg7+ Kb8 35. in compensation he activates his bishop. g3 Nf5 14.. 30. fxe3 22. .1925 ?@?@?@?0‹ $#(7@?@? ?@#.. Re1 7.[33. 2.. Rg1 Nf7 17. Bd2 Nf5 4. dxc5 Bxc5 6. . b4 f5 4. 1. and Black gets rid of his passive pieces.. Nc5 Rd6 32.] 7.. because White has only one weakness. Rh8 [Weaker is 21. 13.. bxc5 Ne6 10. 12. g6 [7. Bd8 3. Kf5 Rc8 35. Rxd8+ . h4! gxh4 18. gxf5 gxf5 19. Reb1 Kc8 13. Nd3 Kf7 6... Bb2 a6 16.. Bxc7 Nxc7 8. Nc1 Ra8 29. Nc5 Nxc5 9... a4 Rc8 33.] 8 . Re2 Ng7 3. Bxc5 Bxc5 10. f4 16. Rosseli M.. Besides.. the d4-pawn. Rc2 Bb6 [Better is 6. Rb2 Re7 11. or 33. 5.] 21. but Black retains the advantage: he has the active knight against the opponent's passive bishop. Nb2 g5 [After 4...Baden Baden.. Nd4 Bxd4! 9...?$?@ @?@#@?$# ?@?"?@?@ @?"?*%"? !"-@?"!@ @?@?@?6? 1. the knight will control the d4-square after c6-c5. 16. but a win is difficult.. Ke2 Re7 14. Kf1 Due to an ugly position of the black rook at a7 White has a large advantage.. converting it into a win is by no means easy.. Rhh7] Rubinstein A.. bxa5 Black creates himself a chronic weakness at b7. g4 Nh6 loses a pawn. g4! White intends to open up the K-side and invade the enemy camp with his rooks. cxb6+ Kxb6 31. Bc7 7. Rxh4 Re7 25. Kc7 34..Rubinstein A. fxe3 Kd7 23. Ke2 Rh2! Black's advantage after a rook exchange may prove insufficient for the win. ... g3 in view of 39. Rxb3 19. Rh1 42. Ne7 15. ¦c1=] knight from f5. ¤g3! with Bb4 f5 28.. Ba5 Ng5 25. he magnified his difficulties. f3 is not good .... b5 21. Ke3 Ne4 18.. f3) 36. Kxf3 a5!] 41. 38. Re1+ 43. Rd2 Rb1 19.. Ke2? Lasker E. h3?.it weakens the g3-pawn. Rf1 Rh8 The rook has done its job on the K-side. while the black king becomes more active. f5 Kxf5 42. gxf4 Rh7! (preventing 36.. Nd1 Rb1! [This is stronger than 17. not 38... ¦b1µ] 12. and so Black transfers it to the ?@/@?@7@‹ $?@?@#$? ?4?@#@?@ @?@#@'@# ?@?"?@?@ @!@?@?@! !@?2%"!@ @?@-@?6? Q-side.Nd6 17.. Qb1 Qb4 5. [36. Rxd2 axb3 9. Rxf3+ Rxf3+ 43. fxg3 [On 12. b4 [Also losing is 41. Nb4 18. Kg1 a5! (intending to create White the second weakness by playing a5-a4) 6. Ke1 Na5 19. Kd3 Re4! White resigned.. Kf2 Nc6 17. 4. Ra1+ 13. Instead of this White should have played 1. Kf1 g6 Black improves his position.... Kg2 Nd6 with the idea of 14. axb3 The queen exchange has not alleviated White's defense. Be1 Kf5 19.. Ba5 Rh8 23. 20. Kd3 f4! At last Black switches to active operations. Ke2 Nxb2 22. 1. Ke3 Re7 34.... Kd3 [20. he is waiting for an opponent's blunder.. Kd3 Rc8 31.. By his last move.Capablanca J.. Ra1!] 42. Nxd2! Rubinstein transposes into his favorite rook ending which he has foreseen when playing 34. Bd2 good drawing chances. Ke3 f2+ 40.. 1.Havana.. a3 Rh7 22.. Ba5 Rh8 29. Kxf2 Rxb3] 39. Bd2 Ne4 Black has no reason to hurry. hxg3 12. Ba5 Kg6 27. Kd2] 18. Nb2 Rxb2 20... White is worse due to his weak pawn at d4. . Rxf3 .] 20.. 35. Nc3 Rc2 14. Ke3 followed by 40. Kf5 40.. Ke3 Rb4 9 .. Rh3!] 36.. Ke3 Kg4 41. Qd3 Rc6 3.. f3 would be met by 36. Rf2 [Or 39. g4 Trying to push the troublesome Kxd2 Rh3 38. h4! Black immediately takes an opportunity to secure the knight's stance at f5. gxf3 [Of course. Qd2 Qxd2 8. f3 This is forced. Rd3 Ra6 11.. f5 [If 42.. 9. 2. Ne3 Rc1+ 16. Bb4 Rc7 32. White weakens the e4-square. Rxb2 Nd3+ 21. Ke3 Re8 30.. was threatened) 14. Nd1 (14. Ra2 13. Qb2 a4 7. f4! 37. 11. Kd2 Rxb3 20. ¤d4 39.. then 42.1921 [More stubborn would have been 18. Rxb3 Nxb3+µ] Now only 18.. 26. Bb4 Rc8 24. Nxg3 there would follow 12.. Rb6 10.. Ba5 Rh7 33. Rc1+ Kd5 White 12. Bf3 Bg6 followed by e4 and e3°] resigned. Kf1 Rf2+ 28. Be2 Nd6 15.. Kf2 ?@?@?@?@‹ @+@?@?$# ?8?@#$?@ @#(?@?@? ?@#@?@?@ "?@?"!@? %"?6)@!" @?@?@?@? with the idea of 28. h5 17. Ba4 Nd7 26.Jarmout. hxg3 hxg3 29. Bd1 Bd7 20. then 2. Kc5 3.. 20. Kf1 Rb1+ 26. Ba6 there follows 27.. Kd4 Alatortsev V.] 11.] It may seem that White possesses an 6.. Be4 f5 11. Kf1 Ra2 38. Kg2 Bc6 10.... Kf1 Kg7 30... Bc2 Nf6 19. Kc1 [If 2. 32.. Kxb2 bxa3+ 10. Ke1 Rg2 37.. Bc2 h6 8. and Black is winning. Nc3 Ne7 21. Bxc6 Kxc6 followed by ¢c5-b4 and ¤d5 White still faces Rb2+ 27. Kf2 h4 22. ¥g6. Bc2 [After 11. Na2 Kc2 30.. Better is 12. Capablanca considered this game to be one of his best.Leningrad. Rd3 f6 32. ¥e8 and 4. Nb4+ Kxb2 White resigned.1935 king decides the game.. Rd1 d4 42. fxg4 Bxe4 17. Nc3 b4 6.] Klein . Bd1 Nc8 14. Re3 Kg6 31. Bc6 followed by 3... Na4 2. or 6. Kxb4 7. Black's 10 . Black has an edge thanks to his more active pieces. g4 Nd6 24.. Rd3 Rf2+ 36. Kf7 33.-@?@?6? 2. h3. Bc2 g3+ 23. Ke1 Ra2 Black is ready to bring his king into play. Na4+ Nxa4 7. Na2+ Kc5 9. whereas on 27. Bb1 Ne8 18. Bc2 [Or 16.Reshevsky S.. but a win is still a long way off.. but this is not the case. Kxa3 Kc4 . Ke1 [20.. Bb5 Nb6 27. Rd3 exd4 40.. 29.Lisitsyn G. Bd1 g4 16. Bxa4 c3+! 8. Kc2 cxb2 9.. Rxd4 Kc5 41.. h3 Bxh3] Now the activity of Black's 20. Bd1] helpless.1935 ?@?0?@7@‹ $?0?@#$? ?$?@#(?$ "?$?&?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?"?"?@? ?@?@?"!" .. Re3 White is problems. 16.. 21.. Bd1 Nb6 4.. Be2? fails due to 20. Na4] 27. Re3 e5 39. Kd2 g5! A player with an advantage must attack! 5. Nb1 due to the maneuver ¥b7-c6-e8-g6. axb4+ [Bad is 6.. Nc3 initiative. g3 21. Kd2 28. 1. which will decide the game. Kg1 Ke3 24. e4? [Falling into a severe squeeze. Ng1 Ne4+ 25. Ne2 Nf5+ 22.accuracy is required of Black.. Nc3 [On 27. Kf2 g5 23. ... e5 13. Kh1 Black wins by 27.. Re3 Kd6 35. Kc2 . f4 12. Rd3 Ke7 34.... Nb1 Be6 25. Nc5 Bc8 25. Ng5 in view of 13.. Nc5 Ne8 [No better is 13.. Nxc3 leads to equality. b4 .. Bc4 Black resigned.. Kf2 Kg6 21. a4 [More precise is 5. Rxf2+ 9. Rc3 g5! a draw is difficult. Re1 [After 13. 5.pieces are placed harmoniously. Kg1 h5 10. Nd4 Nc7 18. f3 Nc5 3. Ne4! 3. Nb3 Kd6 24. Bxb7 Ne6 29.1931 11 . Kg2 g5! 18. g5! followed by 16. Kd4] 27. while Black can only wait to see what White will do. Be2 Bc8 19... 8. b4 Nc7 8. Ra3 followed by ¢g2-f1-e1. maintaining the balance... cxd4 Rdc8 5.. h4 Bd7 20. Re2 Rd1+ 17. Kc3 Kd6 4. Ng1 Kf5 22.Podebradi. 4.. Nb3 Bc6?! 13. e4! dxe4 26. Nd3 Rd2 11. Ra1 Nc3! [Nothing is achieved by 12. Bd7 [5. a5!?. Nb3 Bd7 17. Nh3 Nc3 19. Rc2 Rd3! 20. Rxa5 Chances are equal. Bf3 Be6 23. a5! (fixing the pawns at a6 and b7) 6.] 5. Kxd1 Rxf3 25. h3 Rf3! White resigned. ¢d4 ] 14.. Bxe4 Nc7 [Or 26. Bxf5] 5. Rxc1 Rxc1+ 7.. There is nothing to be added.Pirc V.. Be2 Ne8 11. g3? A mistake..] 12. Nxb7+ Bxb7 28. Nf4 g6 12.. Rf1 followed by ¦f2] Ne6 7.. h6 is stronger. bxa5! 2. dxe4 15. Rc1+ 6. with a drawn position. 1. Nd1 14. . h3 . Ng2 Kg7) 14. 1..Flor has his word: "White's advantage is minimal. h6! Now Black is defenseless.... Nf5+ Bxf5 6. Bd3 Ne8 16. Kg7 14.] [Better is 11... Rba1 cxd4! [Black tries to take over the initiative...1936 ?@?@?@?@ @#@?8#$# #@?(+@?@ @?@#@?@? ?@?&?@?@ @)@?"?@? !"?@?"!" @?@5@?@?… Nxf4 30. Nimzowitsch A. 21. 9. Kc2 Ne4 2.. because now Black could have successfully Rxa7? [Stronger is 8. and White has a weakness of the back rank. Ne4+ 14. Ke2 Rxe3+ 24. . Rc1 Ne2+ (or 13.] 5. Bd7 10. b6!?] 6. Nh3 Ne4! 15. Nxe4+ 13... Bd3 Be8 9.. Bxa6 Flohr S. Bc2 g6 [Perhaps. g4 Nf6 13. h5 Ne8 21.] defended by 5.. Nxe2 Rxe2 15. f4 White improves his position. h5 . Nd3 Rd2 9. Nf4 Kh6 16. Nf3 Nd1+ 23. and Black draws by precise defense"... 3. a5 or 5.. 4. Kc7 27. Ke2 Ke4 26... preventing a squeeze on the K-side. Ke7 22.Maroczy G. since Black does not have to be afraid of 5.] S.Bled. [Correct is 5. Kg2 Rc2 8.... Rc4 Rf5 27.. g5! Nc7 15. b6... Nf3 g4 10. ¦e8 there follows 6... Rxc5 Ra2+ 26. 13. Nxb6 Rb8 11. Rc7 Rf7 9.. Nb4] Kh6 22.... Qc7! Qxc7 There is nothing else. Nc5 Be8 5.. Rac1 axb3 23... Ne2 a4 5.. b6 does not work. then 8.. Nf4 b4 21.. Rc6 12 . Nxe6 fxe6 25. Rxd7 bxa2 23. Nc2 Kf7] 7. Rc7!] 6. Kf7 . Kg3 dxe3 27.. d3! At last White reveals his plan: the unpleasant e3-e4 is Rxc7 f6! 3.. Rg7+ Nd3 Kf5 11. Rd8 . g5 h5 11. [16. White would have a hard job of breaking the black defense.?@?6?… h5 Rea7 22. Ne1 Ke6 10.. Bd7 6. Nf4 Be6 19. 5. Na4 Ra8 10. a4 Kf8 15. Rcc1! Making use of the fact that 8. Rg1 Kh7 7. White seizes space on the K-side.Amsterdam. for example: 12. 1. Rc8+ Rf8 5.. Nxd5] White's positional advantage is doubtless.. exd4 Rd8 17.Botvinnik) 8. Nf4] 8... d4 16.. axb3 d4 24. On 5.. Rd8 [8. g4! Having restricted Black's forces on the Q-side... Nd7 or threatened.. Re5 Black resigned. Re7 2. Nc3! (threatening ¤c3-e2-f4-h5) 15. Rge1)] 17. Nd3 f4 12. Botvinnik M. Kf2 Nd6 4. Nxf5 gxf5 15. /@?@/@7@ @#@+@#@? ?@#@?(#$ $?@#@?@? %@?&?@?@ @!. g4 9. Ne1! (intending to play ¤e1-c2-e3) 6. Rc5] 14. 8.. g3 Ke4 12. 5. Ra1 .. Rge1!] 16. Nf5!? [If 13. Nxh5 b5 20.Alekhin A. h4! Nd7 [If 7. Rc3 White has ceded the 7th rank.. Ne1! f5 (otherwise White plays ¤d3-f4) 11.. Rae8 17. gxf3 13. then 14. Rag1 Rxf6 21. 9. g5 [There is nothing better.?@?6?… So far White is unable to find a plan of improving his position. Ra1! (a strong preventative move) 17. .. 1.. 1. and White manages to overcome his opponent's resistance. Rg5 axb3 20. Bd7 [15. f3 [Also possible is 12... h4 Ne8 3.. Rb7 followed by ¤c1 (pointed out by Nimzowitch). b6 fails due to 9.. gxf6 Rf7 19.. b5 24. Re1 e2 28. Nc5 Be8 8... gxf3 a5 14. Kf1 Rf7 4. Nb6 Ra6 12..] 18.. h5 [Slightly better is 6.. Na4 ?(?@?07@ @?@?4#$# #$?@?@?@ @?@#@?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?@%@? !"1@?"!" @?. Nxh5 (or 18. Nf3 (pointed out by M. Na4 c5 10.1938 Despite his advantage. f6 there follows 18. Na4 Ra8 13.. Nf4 Rxe3 18. but keeps on controlling the c-file.. Botvinnik confidently converts it into a win by transposing into the endgame.23. c5 [On 17..?"!@? !@?"?@!" @?. h6 7. 2. Rxe6] 6.... Rxb4 Rh6 30.. [Bad is 3. In this particular case.] 19.. Kf4 [After 19. Kg3 Re2 18. Rf5!] 28. White must decoy the black rook to c7... Rxe6 Nxb2 8. Ke2 Nb8 19. f3 Ra1 21..Ke7 16. Rd6!) 5.. Rxc7 Kxc7 11. 3.. Qxd5 2. 9. . Bd4 followed by an attack on the g7-pawn.Moscow. Rxb6 Kc7 followed by 20. Re6 Nxb6 10. ¤c6 Black obtains some chances to survive. a2 22. Bxd8 Nd7 4. ?@?@'@?@ @?@-@#8# #@/@3@#@ "?$?"?@? ?@%@?@?@ "?@?@?@! ?@?2?@!@ @?@?@?6?… Smyslov V. Rxh7±] 5. Bb6 Na4 7. because with queens on the board his king is 1. £d2] insecure. Kf2 Rf5 Black is unable to protect all his weaknesses. [Also strong is 21. or 3.. Rxb7 a6 c4 10... Kd3 Black resigned. Rc8. Rb5 Rxh4 31.. Rg5 Nb4 26...Botvinnik exhaustively explains this move: "Black is cramped. Rxd6 As Smyslov demonstrates. Qd8+! Qxd8 3. Qe2 threatening 2. 21. Rd7! As it will become clear further. Kf3! Ra2 19. Kg6 Kf8 26... however. Ne7+ Kb8 24. g4 a3 17. Rc8 [5. e5 Kg8 23. Rd8 Ke7 5. Ra7 Kd8 9. Ke3 Kf8 20. White must exchange queens in order to realize his advantage.... Rd8+ Kg7 (or 4. h5 a4 15. Rxd5 Kf8 3.. Kc7 20... Rg5] 21. Rxh5 Rc6 Botvinnik M. [Also good is 1. Nxd5 Rd6 25.1937 [Or 27.. Rc7 1. Rg7+ The white king is heading for g6. Qd7 2.. Bc7 Nc5 5. Rd6! Ra7 [Black is forced to put his rook at a7. . Rxa6 Rd4 7. Ke7 5. Rd7 6.. Nxe4 6. Rb5 Kc7 29. Kc8 22.." 1. Kf5 Rf1 24. 17. because an attempt of active counterplay does not work: 5.] 4. Ra8+ Ke7 27. Rxb6 Rxc3 11. Rg6! Rc2 12. Rxd4 28. Nb6 Nc7 8. 13 . Ra7+ Black resigned. Ne5 Na6 21. Kg2 a5 14.Levenfish G.Moscow. Qd5! M. Rxc3 9. White's position is won. Nxb4 axb4 27. h4 Rxa2 13. Rxe5 Nc4 [Bad is 8. Rxa2 Rxf3+ 25.. and so the queen exchange seems to be in his favor. Ra7 Kg8 16. a7 Rd8 12.. Nc7 4. f6 4.1948 /(?@?@?8 @#@?4?$? #*?$#@?$ @?@?$?@? ?@?@!@1@ @?"?@?"? !"?@?"?" @?@-@?6?… 1.. Nc6! Rf6 23. Qh4! By this unexpected move White wins a pawn.Reshevsky S.. b3 Kd8 18. ] 7. Kc3 fxg4 26. he must play accurately.. Rxg6+ Ke5 18. Re2 followed by ¤f3-e1-c2 leads to equality. Nxd6 [13... 24. Rc6 fxe5 11.. . R8d3 Rd7 The rook exchange is unavoidable.. b4?! [The position is approximately equal. f3 Rc8! 23.. Nd5+ Ke6 threatening 18. Rxc5 Black is unable to avoid material losses. Nb6+ Ke6 .. Bxc8 Rxc8 3. Rc7+ Ke6 [12.?6?… [Bad is 24. [. Kd3 31. Kf1 13. f5 21.Semmering. 24. Kc3! (the 11. Kxd6 14. Re2 with the idea of ¤e1. Ke2 Ra2+ 22... Kd3 Ne8 The knight is transferred to d5 in order to attack the b4-pawn. Rd6 not save Black . Rd8 Rec7! 8.1937 20... Ke3 . 7. Ne8 4. Nc3 ?@+@?@7@ $?0'0#@# ?$#@?(#@ @?@?$?@? ?@!@!@?@ @!&?@%") !@?@?"?" @?@-.] [30.] 3.] 17. ¦d7!] 1.. Ra1 Ne6 14. Nf8 2.. f5 the d5-knight is hanging. a6 Ra1+ 21. His plan involves an exchange of one couple of rooks followed by a knight's transferring to e6. then 20.. Nxa8+ Kb7 14. Rd8! 20. Rb6 [But not 7. Kc6] cxb5 17. Ke2 [Or 11. Kd1 Rxa3 23.... and White is in trouble. Rxh7 Rb8 [If 14. After 1. h4] 15..... Nd2 Nf8! 13. 10.. Rxa6 Ra2 Although White has three extra pawns. Kc5 Black resigned.. ¦d2 or 18. Rc1 [After 17. fxe4 Rf8] 21. Rxc5? Rc7! 8... bxa5 Rb8 with a clear advantage. Ke6 18. 6.. Rd3+ 25.. Ke7 9.. Now it becomes clear why White had to play 3. Rc6 Kd7 7.. and Black is not worse. Kb4 Rd7 30. 6.. Kf1 e4 17. Ke7 8. Kc3 [If 20.. Nd6 12. ¦c2 followed by 19. Red1 Kf7 6.Keres P. Ra8 10. Kf2 f6 Passive tactics could ¤c2 followed by ¦ed2 a draw is unavoidable. Rg7 Rb2+ 16. Kd8 13. Rc6? Kd5] followed by f2-f3 with a probable draw. Rd3 f6 5. White overestimates his chances and worsens his position. g4 Rc7+ 27... gxf5 22. g4 Kf6 16.. cxb5 Nd4+! (an important intermediate check) 16.. Nd6 12.] 1... Rb1 (forced) 19.. f3 fxe4 22. Nxc4 bxc4 . then 15. Kf2 .] 19.] Reshevsky S. a4 It was not too late to play ¤f3-e1-c2 11. Ke2 9. Ke6 .. Rc7+ 29. [Another inaccuracy.a8=Q Rxa8 13. 3... Rxd7+ Nxd7 11.. exf5+ [21.. Kb3 Rd7 28. fxg4 Nf6 threatening 14 . g4 in view of 24. Rxh7] 13. Kc2 Rd7 26. a5 b5! Opening of the a-file would be to White's benefit. a5 bxa5 12. Ke6 Now Black has an advantage. a7 Ke3 24. Kd3 most precise) 28. and White wins. 15. Ra8! Kf4 20.. Ne2 Nc6! 19. f3.in this case White would penetrate to the Q-side with his king. h4 The rest is clear.. Nc4+ 21... Rd8+! 25. 9. Nxd4 exd4 19. Nc2 Ke7 [Or 13.Hague/Moscow. Kf2 Nc8 [8.. Rxc4 31.. Rd8 g3! 35. Bd2 [Also good is 12. Paul Keres demonstrated his superb technique while playing this ending. Black Nb6! . Rd3 g2 37. f6 . Ne7 14. Bc7] 14. g4!? White tries to obtain counterplay by sacrificing a 3. Kxh5 . e4+! This blow decides the game. f6 15 . Ne3 Ke7 10. Bxd3 Ne7 5. Ne3 with a clear advantage to White. g5 Bb7 8. Kh4 Nd7 17. Nc2] Smyslov V. 16.. gxf5+ Ke7 with inevitable mate. f6!?] 11.Smyslov intended to play 15.. Ng1 Re1! White resigned. fxg4 Nxg4 28. Nb6 followed by 2.] slightly better chances.. ¤bd7 and 3..] 27. 10.... Re2 Ke5 32. Nc8 [15. winning a pawn.. In this multi-piece ending White has 15.... Kc2 fxg4 29. b4 Bg1 17.. Bf4! . fxg4 27.. Kf8 13. Rxd2 Rxc3+ 32.. retaining the advantage.... 5.. 1. Ke2 Nd4+ 28... whereas if 6. is unable to bring his Q-side pieces into play. Kg3 Bc5 12. Nde4!] 27. Kxc3 Nxe4+] 30. White the black bishop.. h5 gxh5 16.. g5 and 6. Bd2] 7.. Kb3 Nc4! (the 6.....¤bd7. Kc5 Rd6 31.. fxe4 has two threats: 6. Ne2 Bb2 11. Nxc4 [30.. fxg4 Bc1 [Worse is 6.1948 +@'@?8?@ @?@?@#@? #@?$?@#. ¥b7. Rc2 Nxd2+ 31... b4 Ba7 16. Nf6! 25. Bb4 Ke7 [Better is 1. g5 fxg5 8. Bg4! A beginning of the end. Nb6 followed by 3.... Ba5 White prevents the ¤c6-b8-d7 maneuver and plans to transfer the light-squared bishop to the h3-c8 diagonal. Bc8 fails due to 16. Ne2 Rxe4 38. Re1 h5 33. [26. hxg3 hxg3 36. simplest) 30. is most probable. Kxd4 Rd3+ 30. retaining chances to equalize.. g4! pawn.. Kg2 Bd4 18.] 2. . and White wins a piece..] 27. f3 Kd7? [Necessary is 2. then 7. ¥c8) 15. ¤g4 and 27. but he fails to do this. ¤d5] 24. Rb2 a6 26. Ba5 Bc8 15.] 16. Be2 Na7 [In response to the more stubborn 14. Ne5+ 28........ Black intends to conduct f7-f5. Ng8 could be met by 9. intending to pursue Rd1 h4 34.. ¤g3..] 9. Nd3 Nxd3 4. gxh5 gxh5 7..Euwe M..] [27. Ke3 Rxc3+ 29. g5 Bg7 8. Ke3 . Ba3 [10. hxg4?! [Stronger is 5. 26. Bb6 . Ng3 f6 10. however. Ba5! (preventing 15.. A draw.. V. f5 because of 7.. @#(!$?@# ?@?@!@?" @!*?@?@? !@)@?"!@ @?@?&%6?… 12. Bxg6 The rest is clear..) 3. Black ends up in zugzwang. 23. Rxh7+ Kc8 18.. ... and Black is paralyzed. Nf5+ Nxf5 29. Ke8 19. Ne3 The white knight is stronger than the 27. Rxg6 Rxd5 29. Kh5 Re4 28. the black 16 . Kf3 Ke7 14. Ng6! b4 [On 28. Be2+! 17.. Rb1 does not save Black either in view of 24. Ke5 Black resigned.. Kg5 Bh3 25. Kh6 Rxg7 27.] 19. Re6 d5 The only opportunity. Stronger is 7. Rdd3 followed by 8. Ra1!] 2... Kf8 8. fxg5 18.. g6 Bxe4+ (or 22. /@?@/@7@ @?$'@#$# ?@+$?@?@ @#@?@?@? ?"?@!*?@ @?&-@!@? ?@!@?@!" @?@?. Rc3 Be6 6. g5! The g-pawn is extremely dangerous. Rxf6 Rxb4 20. Re8+ Kd7 28. Ke3 Bc4 24. Kg2 ... g3 17.. bxc5 Nxa5 21. in addition.. g7 threatening ¤d5] 21. Rxa3 Rh5! 12. Kf5 Nd6+ 29. Kf2 f6 9.. Rb1 loses in view of 21.. f6+ Kd6 31. exd5 Rb3 [23.. Ke8 17. d6+] Rxc2? [A draw could have been reached by 16. Kf4 Bg2+ 24. White is better because of Black's weak pawns at b5 and c7. Ne7+) 23.. Bc4 24. b4 Nc4 20. Kf4 Rb4+ 25. Rxd5 Rab8 (or 2. g6 b4 Boleslavsky I. gxf6+ Kxf6 18.1950 22. and [This move allows Black to sharpen the game. Rxc4! bxc4 27. g7 Ra8 26.. g6 Rf1+ 25. a4 White wins by 28. 1. Ke4 . Kf4 Rf2+ 18. a5 24. Ke3 Rh2! After the move in the game White 28. h4 White retains the advantage. Rd6 Rc8 7.. winning. and White wins.... obtains good winning chances.] 17. Bd7 5..] rooks are separated. Bxe5 Rxe5 4. 4. Ne5+ Kc8 28. e5! Nxe5 4. Kg4 Rb4+ Reb8 3.] 17. Kf4 Rd3 26. Kf3 . Rc5 Ra6 8. 22.. Rdd3 g4 If the white again.. still insufficient. Rh8 26.. Rh6 Rb2 19. Ne3! Ba2 23... Bc7 Ke7 18. Ne3! Nxe4 [On 27.] 22. Ra3 Rxa3 11. Kf3 Rb3 26. Red1 Ne5 3. Nf5+ Kd7 16.. cxd6+ Kxd6 22. f7 Ke7 32. Bf7 Nc4 23. Rxe6 Boleslavsky points out opponent's bishop. hxg5 Nb6 [Or 18. g7 Rg4+ 26. ¦a3. or 23. Ke3 Rd1 26. Rxe4 Rb3+ 25. Black has a hard job of defending his position.Moscow.. dxe6 a4 34.Bronstein D. Nd5 Ra7 [After 1. exf5 b3 30. Rd4 g5 7. Kd7 23.. fxg4 Rxh2+ 13.[Passive tactics does not help: 16. Nxg7 .. 10. Ra8 Bc4 15. 20. Bd3 [20. Re5 Kd6 27. Be6 is good also. Nc6 Bxg6 27. Kxe5 Nf7+ 30. Nf5+ Kf8 32. Ne7+ [Also good is 22. g6 Nxe6+ 33.. g6 Ra4 25. Kg4 b4 25.. Bxd5 2. this move would not have been so dangerous. Be6 Nd6 27. Be6 [17. keeping the advantage.. Rexe5 c6 6.?6?… dxe4+ 23. Kf4 Nd8 31. Bxe5 dxe5 5. Bf5 Ke7 pawn were at g2. Kf4!] 24.] 7. Bc7 Ke7 20. g6 Kf8 32. Bc5! Deep penetration into this ending's nuances. winning the b6-pawn. Nc3! (to the f5-pawn) 13. and White wins. g7+ Kg8 34.. a5 Nd8 Black does not have any counterplay. confidently converts his advantage into a win. Kh6 b4 33.] Nf7 14. Na4! (threatening 9. .. the starting position White also has another winning plan. 1. Kxg6 Bd3+ 36. since White transfers his knight to c4. b5! Bc8 Sooner or later White will force his opponent to 1...Averbakh.1954 ?@?@?@?@‹ @#@+8'@? #@?$?@?$ @?@!@#@? !")@?"?" @?&?@?@? ?@?@?6?@ @?@?@?@? brings his king to b4. Ke3 Ke8 6. Nh5 with king to b6 and to attack the f5-pawn with the knight. g6! Rxe6 31.?@# ?(#@?$?@ @?@?$?$! ?@!@%@?@ @!@?*?"? !@?@!"?@ @?6-@?@-… prospects. Kb6 Ke7 22. b7 and f5. h5! Nf7 3. After axb5 axb5 White Averbakh Y. g7! Be2+ 32. g6 b4 32. axb5 9. Of course.. Bxb5 Bd7 10. Nf4 Be4 31. Kh6 b3 33.. Nh8 2. Petrosian T. So a pawn exchange at b5 is practically forced. 16. 5. which are difficult to defend.. He can conduct b4-b5 with the pawn on a4. It is bad for Black to respond by a5. Kf6 Rg4 34. He has the weak pawns at a6. Nd4 Nd8 20. The f7-knight does not have any ?@?0?@?0 $#8?. and ¢f6 would be met by ¤c4. Nf8+! Kd8 30. Kb5 Nd8 13. 10. and therefore he has to stick to waiting tactics. Nb5+ Kd7 21. Nf4 Bc2 31. Kc7 Black resigned. Ke8 30..URS. 4. Nd4 Nf7 16. Qd8+ Kc6 36. pointed out by Tatiana Shumiakina. Then there follows ¤d1-e3. which forces Black to play b6. Kd4 Ke7 7. because Black is unable to parry two would be better if he exchanged both couples of rooks and his bishop for the opponent's knight. Bxd7! The transition to a knight ending wins quickly. Kxd7 11. Black's position is lost.Bannik A. . g8=Q b1=Q 35. Ng6 Rxg6+ 35. inevitable mate) 30.Riga. Y.. Ka7! Kc7 19. dxe6+ Kd6 (or 29.. Kh6 Black resigned.1958 From the viewpoint of strategy. Bd3 Nf7 8. attacking the a5-pawn. the great endgame theorist. ¤b6) 8. Kb6 Kc8 18.the following line: 29. Ne2 Nd8 15. Nxf5 It's all over now.Bannik A. Kc4 Kc7 12... Kg5 Re4 33. but Petrosian gives the following assessment: "I can say with confidence that one would hardly be able opponent's threats: to penetrate with the to win this position.. maybe the win would 17 . e7 . White capture on b5.. Kd7 17. g7 b2 34. In 29. Nc8+) 20.. Nd8 with the idea of 16. 5. If 24. g4 a5 6. Kf5 Nd4+ 21. Rd6 Rxd6 30. and the rest is clear. Nd6+ Kf8 (19. Kf7 26. Kf5 g3 38. Kd3 Rc7 18. Nf5+ Ke8 15. then 29. whereas on 24. Nb5 Ng7 [Or 31.. which will be revealed in the future.. His hopes are connected mainly with the weakness of the b2-pawn. Nh6! Ne6 [There is nothing better. f5 34... Re6 [No better is 4. Rd7 there follows 19.Portisch L.. h6 Ne8 33. Re6] a decisive advantage... Nd7 27. g4 Rf7 6.. Rd1 Ne6 17. f3! Zugzwang. Rd3 Rc6 12... Nh6 Kf8 31. Kf5 Kd8 28. . Re8 Bc5! (in order to cover the c7-square by ¥b6 after the eventual ¤a6) 2. Kd5!] 26. but weakens the d5-square. Kd5] Keres P. Kf7 27. then 25.. Kf5 does not work due to 26.7@‹ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?(#@ @#@?$?@# #&#@!@?@ "?"?@!@! ?"?@%@!@ @?@5@?@? 19.] 16. Nf5+ Ke8 21. Kf5 Rc6 26. Nc3 Ke7 36. e4 Nb4 43. Rf3 Kd8 9. Ng8 Nf8 [Or 25.. Ng8+ Ke8 26.. 5. Nf8 32. Ke4 Rc6 [On 18.. Ng8..Moscow. Kc3 Ke7 11. e6 Black resigned. Kf5 Ke7 33.] 27. Nf5 Ne6 [If 28. Nd7 .. Nd6+ By repetition of moves White accumulates time.. Rd5 Nf8 Black can only wait to see 13. therefore White transfers it to e3. Nc6 Nd7 3.. e3! Nc7 [More stubborn would have been 15. Kd7 Na6 42... Rd8 Ne6 29. fxe5 fxe5 5. Kxe5 fxg4 35... Nxd6+ Kd7 31. ¤f7.. 34. 21.] 32... Nc3 Nd7 prevents b3-b4.. e4 h6 36. Ng3 Ne6 14. 1. 8.. Ke7 White wins by 25. Ke7 22.] 26.. 10. 3.be impossible at all".. Rd6 Nd7 7. fxg3 g4 39. Kf7 18 .. Ke6 Nc7+ 41.. Kxf6! Rxd6+ 22. 25. e4 Ke8 29. Nh6+ Kg7 28.. 4. Nxc5 Re8 4. Rd7+ Kxg8 27. a3 c5? Black Ng8 . Nd6+ Ke7 20. Rxd7+! Kxd7 31. Kf5 Nd7 33.. Kf5] Black has an edge but a win is extremely difficult. Nxf6+ with passive and the f6-pawn is weak.1967 ?@?@?. Rd2! [26. Ke4 Ke8 32.. Ne4 Kf7 37. Nh6+ Ke8 28. Kxe5 Re6+ 23. 1. f4!? White tries to activate the e2-knight. Re6 ... a4 Nd8 24. Kc2 b6 Under some favorable circumstances White threatened to squeeze the opponent by c4-c5. Rxd1+ 2. Rf8 5. Ke7 20. f6! 4. Rxd1 Bxc5 3. Kf7 6. what White will do. Ne4 Black's defense is difficult: all his pieces are [Passive tactics does not save Black: 26. e5 Nd3 44. f3 Kd8 30. Ng5+ Kg8 40. Kd5 Nb8 30. Ng3 On e2 the knight stands badly.. Kd5 (zugzwang again) 33. Rd3 Nd7 7. and the white knight is trapped.] 29. Nf5+ Ke8 23.... Nd5+ Kf7 35. Ke2 Nc7! . Havana. Ne1+ Ke4 39.?*?@-6?… [After 13.. Bc1 It seems that it's time for White to resign. Nxb2 Bxb2 15. b4 3. 13. cxb4 loses also in view of 27.. [Worse is 1.. Kg2 [White can move only with his king.. White is better.. Kf3 Kg5 28. Bd2 with the idea of ¥c1) 27. Kd2 Bxa3 16. prevents 1. Kf3 g5! (threatening 15. Rd6 2... Rfa1 Ndb8 6.. Kg6 27. whereas 26.. Ra8 Rd1+ 7. Kc2 Bxb4 17. Bd2 followed by ¥c1. Ng5+ Kd5 46. Kh2 there follows 8. Rxd1 Rxd1+ 8. Ne4 Nf4 48. Nf6+ Kc6 49. then g3.] 14. opponent's pieces to the defense of the b2-pawn.... Ke4 Nd3 50. Nd3 [11.. Nb4 Nc5 10. [On 7. Ra6! White 17. h3 h6 5. on the other hand they control the center. Bd6 . the b2-pawn is hopelessly weak. Kc5 14. Nd1 Nd3 19. Nxe5 Nd1 54.. Nf7+ Kc5 53.. Kf1 Bh4 33. Kf3 Bh6 11. 8.. Ra7] since on 26... Nxd3 cxd3 13. Nd1 Bc1! followed by ¢c5-c4-b3°) 13. ¤e4) 15.. Kxe3 Kc4 16. and 9. Nh6 Nxb2 52. axb4 (27. Kd2 Nf6 38. Nb4 is met by 26. 36.. So Portisch has to search for other ways. Kd2 Kb3 Black wins easily. g4 Black breaks by 26. h7 Bg7 Black gets rid of his weak b5-pawn. ¤d4 was threatened) 2. h6 Nf4+ 32. Ba7? is impossible due to 9. and h5 Kxe4 31..Smyslov V. Nd1 [After 12. g4 followed by 16. Kh2 27. but a win is difficult. Nd7+ Kd6 55. Ke2 Bxe3 44. b4! 9... Nb3 12.Ke6 7... Ng4 Kd6! ¤c5-e6-g5. Ke1 Kf3 35. Nf1 Bf8! The b5-pawn will be protected by the king. Be3 Ng4] 1. Black is unable to break through: if g5. 11.. g3 (or 13. .. Ng2 Nxh7 41. The game is over. Nd7 [2. Kf3 Nh5 47.. Kf3 Kf6! (triangulation) 26. (winning a tempo) 51. Na2 Ke6 On one hand.. Kxe3 Nf6 45.. Rxa1 Nd7? [Stronger is 8. Nf2 Kf6 18. Ne4 Bh6! 43. gxh4+ Kf4! 30. Ke2! Nc5 Fischer R. Kh1! (2. Ne3+ Ke6 42.?$# ?@'@#(?@ @#@?$?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?"/@%&? ?"?@?"!" . h4! Under some favorable circumstances Black threatened Nf2+ Kf5 40.. cxb4 Nxb4 4. Kf3 Bd2 24.. Nxb2 14... but.. Kg2 h4! (a decisive breakthrough) 29. 1. Ke2] 12.. Be3 Rd8 4. Kf3 Kg5 22... Kg2 Bd2 21.] 12.. Ne3 8. Kd6 9. Ke2 Be1 23.. Black's doubled e-pawns are weak. ¥c5. while the bishop is transferred to c1 in order to tie the h7-pawn is doomed. Ra1] 7.] 19 . Kf2 Bxe3+! 15... Nc2 Nd5 37. hxg5 Bxg5 16. Ke2 Be1 25.. Rxa1 8. Kd4 Nxc3 White resigned.. h4.. g3 Kg6 20.. Nb4 The Bf6 34.1965 ?@?@?07@ @?$?. cxb4 White sets up a fortress.. cxb4 Bxb4 . Nxb4 3. ¥b2 and a3°] 26. ..the bishop is transferred to b2. h4+ Kh5 29.. Rxb8 Rxb8 30.. Ra5 c6 15..... c5 24. Nd4? there follows the unpleasant 5. f5 10... Nb8 22. and the white rook is trapped.. Ba7 Kd7 22. Kd7 14.. b5! 11. fxe4! 12.] 5. Nd3 Nc7 19. Ra8 20. f4!] 5... Bc1 Nd4 28. and Black resigned in view of the 9. 22.9. Kf2 with good chances to equalize. Nxe5 Rxb4 32...... Nxb8 Nb3 31. bxc5 bxc4. 21.. 9. Bg8 [White loses after both 11. h4 Ke7 7. Nf6 12.] 7.. Kf6 [Or 21. Na5 Nb8 20... Bxb5? Ncb3] 11.. b4? [Better is 10. Ra8 Nc7 23. Nb7 .. Kxf2 Ra8 15. On 4. Bb8 23. fxe4 [If 12. Nb3 Nc7 18. Nxc5 Ba7 27. c6 8. Kf7 10. Rxa7 Rxb2 31. Nd7+ Ke7 (or 28. Nxb6 25. Ra6! Black's position has become dangerous . N1d2 Ke7 13.. Kg2 (with the idea of ?@?@?..] [.. Kf1 Rc8 [Stronger was 16.. Bc5 3. 1. Nf2 [2... Nd4 26. Bb2 (threatening f4) 23. Rxe5 in view of 7.he does not have any good move...1967 eventual ¤d4) 11. Ncxe5!] 24.. Rxd4 (or 13. Rb7 Rc2 30. on which Fischer intended to play 17. Rxg7 with White's decisive 10. Ba3 c2 32. Nb6 [Necessary is 5. Ra5 cxb4 25. Nxd6 knight to move to g4. Rd1 h5! [Black does not allow the opponent's 20.. Rd7+! Ke8 32. retaining the slight advantage. c5] Black is slightly better thanks to his possession of the d4-square. Bxd3 Nd4 7. Nbd7 16... Ne1 Ne8 18. Ba2 b4) advantage. Nc6) 29... Nd3 Nxd3 6.. Kf7 29. ¤d7 or 8. Ne8 . [Not 7. Kf1 [9.?@‹ 0?$?@#8? ?$?('@#$ @?@?$?@? ?@?@!@?@ "?@?*!@% ?"?@?@!" .. then 12. f6. Nxb8 Nb3 30. Nd7+ Kg5 28. Kf6 6. Rd5?! Kxd6 24.] 20 . . c4! bxc4 [Impossible is 19. c6! followed by 8. Nf1 Bd6 11. Nxc4 Nb5 21. Rxb6 c4 [No better is 25. Bc1! The decisive maneuver . Bxc5 Nbxc5 4.. b4! After this move the black pieces are squeezed in their own camp... Nd3] following variation: 27. e3 13. Ne1] 14.. Nb7! 2.. Rd2 Nd4 9. Bc5+ Kd7 25.] 17. Nc5 c3 [..?@?@)6? ¢f1-e2 followed by ¤e1-d3) 15.Monaco. Nxe5+] 22.. Rxa8 Nxa8 21. Rb7+ Kd8 31. and 11. Ra7 Ra8 19. Ng4! f6 6.. Nd3!] Rxg7] 26. b4? Bxb4] 2. Rd3 exf2 14.. g3 (preventing the Larsen B.. bxc5 . Ra6! Nb8 [13.Fischer R.. Bc4 [Also good is 24.. And. gxh5 gxh5 17... b6 3.. Nd3 Rxa3 15. Be3 Nc8 15. Kd2 a2 22. Nd5 [Better is 3. Nc5+ Kd5 36. Nf5 6. bxa4 14. h5 . or 9. Nd3 Nf4+] 13. Ke3 Rg2 24. White could have retained drawing chances by 15.. He possesses more space.Leiden. c4!] 10. Kg2 Nf5 21. Rh3 Rg6+ 22. a3?! (preparing the next move which has led White to a worse position) 2. Nxc4 b5 17. Kg2 Nxc1 31. [Necessary is 5. 27. Ke2 a3 21. Kxh3 bxa4 32.] 12. though in this case too. Nb6 15. Be6 2. Kf2 Nb3 30..1970 ?@/@?@7@ @?@?. Ra1 Ne7 15.. Nc5+ Kc6 White lost 36. The decisive factor in such positions is the class of opponents.. Bxb6 cxb6 16.. exd5 Rf6 20.. Rc3 c5! 15. 1. typical for the Exchanged variation of the Ruy Lopez. Rxa4 Nxd5 16. Kf1 Rxe1+ 8.. Ke2 Rc3 . ... c4] 5. Rd1 Re8 g4? [A decisive mistake. his rook occupies the only open file and can attack the opponent's weak pawns at c6 and h6.. c4] 12..Larsen B.. Rg3 Nxd5 19. Stronger is 9.. Bd5 Nf6 18. Kc6 37. Nc3+ Ke6 [11. Rc1 (27. Black has to watch over the b4-b5 breakthrough. g4 Ne7 11.. ¦c2 was threatened) 27. d6] 19. exd4 14... a4!? An attempt of counterplay. Rc1 Rxa3 17... Black threatened to begin operations on the Q-side by ¤e7 and a5. Rh2 28. fixing the white pawns. and Black wins.. Na5 Re4 18.] White is better.. bxc5 b4 16. 1. Rh1 Kd6 25...Petropolis.. exd5 Ne7 5.. Kagan . Kf3 h5 3.. Nb3 a5! 23. Ne4+ Kxd5 26... Nxa4 Ne2 33.1973 on time. f3 [More stubborn is 19.?@?@?@? ?@?*?@!" @?@?@?6?… An approximately equal position has arisen. Nd2? [Drawing chances could have been retained by 14. Bd4!] 14. b4 c4 13. d6 axb4 24.#@? ?@#@#@?$ @?"#"#@? ?"?@?"?@ .?6? Botvinnik M. Nb3 [36. Bc1 Kd7 7. Black is already slightly better. Kf3 Nd4+ 23. Kg2 Kxb6 White resigned. b6 c2 35. c6] [A waste of time. Rxe1 b5 9. Rf4 20. Bxd5! 4. c4 16.?$?@ @?$?@?@? ?@?@!@?@ @?&?*%@! !"!@?"!@ @?@-.. Rd3 Ra6! 14. a4 Rh3+ 29.Keres P. last but not least..13. b5 c3 34. Nd7 13. c3 21 . Rd2 . Kf2 Kf8 2.. ?@7@/@?0‹ @#$+@?$# #@'.. Rd3 Be5 19. 16. b5! cxb5 25.. Be3 29.. The position is "dull". 14.... h4 Bh6 20. f3 Nc7 4.Karpov A. ¢e3 deserved attention. and White wins... Ra8 Bg5 18...] 8. [8. Kh5 19.. Nd2 Nxc5 21. Be1 f6 (the unpleasant 15. 9.. Kg7] 14.. Rd6 Bb2 [No better is 28. g4!] 7...?@#@ @)@#@+@# ?@?"?@?@ @?@?"%@! ?@?@?"!@ @?@?@?6? Black obtains the g4-square and the white pawn on h2 becomes weak. Nd1 Bc6 Black's and White wins. Be2 Bc2! (preventing 5. Rg6+ Kh7 28. Nc3 b4 19... Bh4 9. Nc5? This move loses a pawn. 13. Ne4 Be7 16. and if 24. fxe5 16.. not 8. h4! (blockading the white pawns) 8.. exd5 Bxd5 13. Bb4 9.... Nf6 2. Bc3 White intends to bring his king to a4 and conduct b4-b5. Bf4! with Black's advantage. e4) 5. Kd3 h3 8. Bd8 [More reliable is 13. h4 7. 1. Kg7 [21... ¤e4 followed by 3.] danger. but it is difficult to Rg6+ Kh7 27..[On 34.. Bb4 d4 27. Nb1 Bb3 10. 5. g3? .. e6 Bc3 31. Rd7+! Kg8 30. Rg8+ Suddenly the black king is in 2. Kf3! [Weaker is 15.. h5 was threatened) 15.. ¤c3. e7 Re8 32. but this in no way means a draw. Bxc5 17. ¦h3 was threatened) 4.] 22 . Rxe8 Kxe8 34.. gxh3 [Of course. advantage has become obvious. Rxc5 loses the bishop due to 26. Ra7 Bd8 6.. Rh8 Kg6 21. Nd2 Black threatened 2.. Rxe6 Bc1 [25. Kxh5 is impossible due to 22.. Bb1 Kf6 There is no defense against Black's king's penetration to c3 or g3.. Be1 Kg6 5... h5+! Black's situation becomes critical. Kg2 Rd8 12.] 29. exf6 Bxf6] 15. dxc5 Ne6! 18... Ke2! White tries to use his h-pawns. then 25. 6... c6 followed by ¥a5 and c7. Nbc3 Bd7 15.] 24.1973 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@'@#8? ?$%. 18. b5 .. White resigned. after which Estevez . Ne8! 3.. [. Ke2! Kg7 (4. Ba4 6. h4 followed by 16. Kf2 [5. Ne4 b3 20. Ke4! .. c7] [Better is 2.. Kf7 White can also play 24. Kf3 Bh4 11. e4 would be met by 5. c6 f4 30. Ra8 Bg5 23.. Bd3 Bc4 11. cxb5 . Bd8 10.. Nb2 Bd2] 22. Rxg5] 26. Ke2 There is no need to hurry. e4 followed by 9. Bxb4 there follows 35.Leningrad. fxe5 Rc7 17. Black's task is to advance his b-pawn... e4 g5 12.. suggest anything better. Ne5 b5 7. 21. c6! Black resigned.. Rd8 Kf7 33. Ke8] 3.] 8. Kf3 Rc8 13. Nd3 [Stronger is 7.. Ra6 Rc8 [In response to 23.. the black knight can reach neither d5. White forces Black White of possibility to fix the g6-pawn. Nd3 4.?@?@?@-… 1.. Bh6) 25.] 17. Rb8 Bg5 15. Be7 Ra6 26. depriving 6. Bxb7 Nc2!] 3. Rf3+ Kg8 (or 24. Ra5 Nf5 11. nor c4. Rb7+ Kf6 16. 11. Rc8 Kg7 12.. Bc5] 20. Ke8 25. g5?! 21.Ljubojevic L. Be3 Nf4 Although the position is drawn... c4! with an overwhelming advantage) 1. Kxf5 Rxc3 20.. Ke3] unpleasant to play it with Black. Bf4! [Only a draw results from 3. Bg5 Rd6 28. Rab8? [It was necessary to undermine the The best opportunity. Ra6+ Kd7 20. axb5 axb5 [No better is 5. it is seriously cramps Black.Montreal. f6!] 2. Rb7 Ne6 [19. 15.. Rba1 Rc8 18. 6. Be7 Ra6 26. Rxc5 Bc2! Black still faces problems. Ba7 Bd2 [Much better is 16. 15.. white center by 1.Ljubojevic L...# ?@?@?@#@ @?@?"?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?*)@! '@?@?"!@ @-@?@?6?… /@?@?@?0 @?@7@#$# #@'@#@?@ @#@?"?@? ?@?@?"?@ @?"!*?@? !@?@5@?" ... Ra7+ Kc6 8. a4 bxa4 3.. 1. g3 Ne6 13.. e6! ¢e8 4...] 24. h6 16. Rxb5 6. .. d4 Nf7 8. Rb8+ Kf7 Karpov A. Be4 Kg8 29. h4 .. Kxf5 is also hopeless. Ra7+ Kb6 25. Ke4 Rcc7 Black is helpless. Rb7 4. Ke4 g5 17. Kf4 By threatening 16.Spassky B. Be4 e5 9. fxe5 Nh6 Alas. Ra8 Black resigned. Be3 Bc3 [After 20. Ra1! Nb4 2.] 21. Rxa7 h5 [Stronger is 2.. a4 Nd8 5. Kd2 f6 7.. Nf5 20.. Rhb1! (threatening 2. Rb7+ [Better is 24. Rxh6 Kc7 21. h6] White is slightly better thanks to his compact group of pawns in the center.] 19. 3.. . Rb3 Bd4 22.. Rxb5 axb5 7. Bg5+ Kf7 [18. 10. Rxe6! (a decisive blow) 18.. Kd3 g6 12. ¦c7 ¤e7 5.... Ne5²] 8. Bg5 Rd7 5.1979 23 .. ¦b7 3. Rf8+ Kh7 27. Bf6! with a decisive advantage. Rxb7 Rxb7 4. hxg5+ Nxg5 22. Kg8 25. Kg2 Be7 14. Rxb7+ Kxb7 23. By destroying the opponent's pawn phalanx White obtains some winning chances.. Bd6 The bishop on d6 Rxe7 Rd6 [Also possible is 7. Kxe6 19. Bd5+ Kh7 27. Rb3 Ba5 18. to weaken his K-side. h4 Nd4 19.. Bb4 fxe5 9.1979 ?@?@?@7@ $#0?$#. Rxb7 Rxd4 6..Montreal... ¢g5. Bh6 Ng7 23. Rh7+ Kb6 22. e6 Kc7 24. fxe6 7.. Rc7 Bf8 10. Bc5 Rcb8 13. 24.. Ra6 Rc8 14. Bc5 Rhc8 3. Ne4 Nd8 5.. Rxa2 e4 with an unclear position.... Bg5+ Ke6 54. Nxd6 20.. Kxh6 g4] 19. Ra6 Rxf2+ 48. Ne2 Bc4 14. Kd7 51.. Kf7 8. Ng3+ Kf6 20. Ra8 Rd6 42. Kh3 Rxa2 49. Kf7 41. Ne4 Bc7 46.. 40. 7. Kf1 Rd1+ 44. Kg4 Bxe4 17. Kh7 Nf7 22. Bb1 Bd4 [Interesting is 45.[29. 51. Rc8 Bd4 38. Ba2+] gxf4 21. Kf3 The king is heading for h5. f3 h5 White threatened Huebner R. Bb1! Nc5 50. f4] 16. g4 Bd5 2. Be4 Bd6 13..?@?8?@ @#@?@+$# #@'@?$?@ @?@?$%@? ?"?@?@?@ "?@?"?"? ?*?@?"?" @?@)@?6?… Rd6 34. Ng3 Ke6 15. if Black defends correctly. Rb6 46. Kh5 b6? [After this mistake Black is hardly able to save the game. correct was 18. Bg5+ Kg7 36.. Rf8!] 30. Ra8 Rd8 33. Re8 Ra6 39. Rd6 45.. however. Kf5! 19. Ng3 Ke7 [The first inaccuracy.. Having committed some inaccuracies. Bf8+ Black resigned. Rf3 Ne6 49. Be4 Bc5 43. while the black g6and h6-pawns are weak. Ra8 [More precise is 35. position... Nxd6+ (or 19. Ba2 Rb2?! 47. Rb6 52.. but he is unable to win. Rd6 ... Bxe4 Rxf2+ 55. Better is 11. then 16..] Ne4 Be7 followed by ¢f7 the game is equal... Kf7 53.. Kg2 g5? [This move weakens the light squares. Kg6 Bf8 20. 15. Kg2 [If 44. Bb1 Bd4 [34. Bc4 Rc6 40. Bh6 Bc5! (threatening to exchange rooks) 32. Nc3 Be6 11. Bxc5 Bxc5 54. Kg8 Be7 23. then 44. threatening ¤d4] 44.. Rc8 Ne6 31. Bd5 by 50. Nc6 ²] 12. Bc3 Nh8+ 21.. Nc5 Bd6 9.Poljanica Zdroj. Ke2 . Black could have offered the most tenacious resistance 10. After 3. Ne4 White has achieved something: he has the strong e4-square. Rg8 Now White is winning. Bd6 4. Bxg6 Rb2 53.] [If 15. Rf8+ Ke7? [A decisive mistake..] 4. f4 [52. Ba2+ Ke8 48. Kh3 Bd6] 51.. for example 35. Ra3! Nc7 47.... 1.. Nxe4 Nf7 18. Bc5 36.Ftacnik L. Ba2 Kf6 37. Ftacnik step by step finds himself in a hopeless bishop is firing along two diagonals. Bd3! The White has a small edge.. e4 [Or 51. Be7 Rc6] 35. Rg8 e4 52. are insufficient for a win. Ra5 ?. Bf8 Rf6 53. Ra3! with the idea of ¦f3] 35. Bc2 g6 3.. Kg4 with the idea of 17.. g5! fxg5 6. Nxg5 h6 7. .. Kh7? 30..... Kf6 deserved attention. [. These advantages. Kf6 .... Rf8] 52. exf4 Bc7) 19.1995 24 . . fxg4 hxg4 26. White intends to transfer his b1-rook to a5. . Bc6 .. Second.. 24. Kc3 35.. Bxa2 is impossible due to 4. Deserving attention was 3. Karpov A.. a4 would be met by 7.] 2. Kf5 Kxb4 33.. preparing 8... . Re2 g6 11. f3 Rc7 There is nothing better. whereas on 11.. Bc6 3. Kf6! ("shoulder-charging") 34. b4! (preventing 3. Kg6 Nd8 34. Rb7 Nxb4 19. 6.Buenos Aires. Nb6 16.?@?. Rf7+ Ke8 18. Rb5! Nd7 [Now 3.the rook at c1 begins to play!. Fischer skillfully converts it into a win. Bb7 [Another bishop's move. Bc5! targets for attack... Nd2 axb4 29. Kg7 g4 25. Nc3+ Kd6 39. b5] 12.. 11. Kf3 f5 14. Ree7 Nd5 17. Bxb4 Bxb4 30.Petrosian T. Kf7 Black resigned.. Bxe7 Rxe7 3. has its own drawbacks.. In this case Black has to consider the eventual invasion 4. Be2 threatening 6. ¤d3. Kf1 Bd5 [Black threatened 7.Moscow. Kf2 h5 [Black is nearly in zugzwang... and the black pawns at a7 and c5 may become Black's weak pawns at a7 and d5 secure White a clear advantage. Kb5 32. h5 Ne6 38... Rfe8 2. h4 Kd5 37. Ne4+ Kd7 40. Nb6 in view of 12. but this is not the case: White's pieces are more active. Kd2 axb4 Kc6 31.?6?… The position may seem to be completely equal. a5) 3. ¤d7] 7. ¤g3 and e4 followed by ¤f5.1984 /@+@?07@ $?@?@#$? ?(?@#@?$ @?$?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?"?"%@? !@?@)"!" @-@?@-6?… Fischer R. Nc5 Bc8 5. Bc4 Black resigned. b5!] prepares to bring his king to the center... Rc1 Rd6 9.. Rxd7 8. h6 Nf8 41... Bad is [Or 2. Re5 Bd7 7. 1. Rac8 4. 1. The following ending is another masterpiece. ¥b5.. First..1971 /@?@?07@ $?@?...] 3. Ba6 Rfd8 5. Kh5 Kd5 28. whereas 7.. Ke3 d4+ 15.Kasparov G.¢g7.. Bd7 . a5 strong is 12...#$# ?@?@+(?@ @?@#@?@? %@?@?@?@ @?@)*?@? !"?@?"!" .. a5 fails due to 4. c4 . Kf8 [3. he The exchange of the dark-squared bishops is in White's favor.. f4 h4 13. Rfc1! A strong preventative move. Ne5 Ba4 4.. Ree7. 1. 25 . and protects the c3-pawn beforehand. Kg6 a5 27. 1. 31. 1. Nb1+ Kc4 36.. Rc7 Nd7 10. Kxg4 The game transposed into a knight ending in which the h-pawn becomes a decisive factor. Nxd7+! ¥a6 followed by ¤e5. Nxc5 Nxc5 12. h4 22. Rxh2 Rxa3+ 40. Rb2 does not save either in view of 30.. Rxa7 Rf2 29. Rg7 Rf8 28. Rd7+ Ke4 [No better is 32. ¦a4) 7. Ba4+ Kd5 32.. Kd3 followed by] 18.. g5 .. Bb3+ Rxb3+ 35. Bd1! (preventing 7. 1. Ra7+ Kb8 36. then 10. Kc4 Bc2 32. Kb4 Rxh2 is 1. fxe4 Bxe4 20... e4 26.Ra5 Rc7 5.] 26 .. c6 Rb2+ 34. White's knight is tied up to the c3-square... c6 Rb2+ 34.. Re2 Rxc5 42. c7 h1=Q 36. h4 . was probably even stronger. Rh7 Rh1 37. Rg4!? deserved attention. h2 35. but defensible position. ¦b2. Kg4 Another promising move is 1. Bxc2 Rxc2+ 34. Re7 25. Bc6 h2 38.. Kf5 . Kxb3 Be4 36. Rh8 Bg2 38. Ke6 33. Rxg5 Bf5 21. Kd5 Rxh2 35. Rg4 h3! [This is stronger than 25.Dreev A. 5.Tallin. the pawns at a2 and c5 may become weak in the future. however. Rd1! Rxd1 15. Bxe5 Kxe5 4. . Ke2 weakening his K-side pawns.. e5 2. and.] 4. c7 Rc8 36. c4 Ba8 with a worse.. h5 18.1986 ?@?@?@?@ $?@+$7@# #@'@?$#@ @?"?@?@? ?@?@?*!@ @!&?@!@? !@?@?6?" @?@?@?@?… therefore Black attempts to obtain counterplay. Bd2 f5 3. Nxc5 11. Rb2 7.. Nd3 g5 10.. Kd4±] 26.. Rxc5 Rd6 13. Nxc5 .] Black's advantage may be approximately evaluated as 6:4. Bc6+] 35. Kf8 11.. ¤b4 with roughly equal chances.. Re4+ Kg3 42... Ne4 or 3. Rd1 Ba2 40. but White parries this threat by a series of preventative moves. Ra6+ Kc7 33. Nd3] Bxc6 37. a3 [The immediate 24. c5+ Kc6 31. intending to get rid of the g4-weakness. Better Rf7 27. Ka5! Rb8 [34.. Kxd1 Kd6 16. b4) 2. A win. Kc3 Bb1 24. is difficult.] 10. Rb7 8. [29. Ke3 [The preliminary 21.. a4 Kf5 39. 21. fixing the h5-pawn. The white pawns at f3 and g4 are weak. Rxc5 Rb2! 12.. 1.. Re2 Black resigned. ¥c6) 2. g3 Re8 27... Bd1 which is the most important. Bb3! [If the immediate 10.] 24. Nd5 followed by 4.. f3 Rd8 9. For example. 5. Ke2 Ke7 14.. Kb6 Ke3 37. 7. even at the cost of 17. Ra5 f5!? Passive tactics is unpromising. Rh4] 33. c5+ Kc6 31. Ra5 Rfb8 Black threatens to invade 30.. Ke3 Ne5 3..] 1. Rxe5 Kxg4 43. Ke3 Ke6 3.. Kd4 e5+ 23. Bd2 [Passive tactics lead to a defeat. fxe4 19. Rd8 with good drawing chances for Black. Bc7! e5 (1. Kg3 Bc6 Rc3 41. Ke6 2. Re1+ Kf4 41. e4 [Also possible is 18. Ne1! Rb4 [6. Ke4! h2 38.. Rxc6 Rdd2! g4 Rh8 39. ¥d6³. and White wins. Kf3 Ra1 39. c4! Bc6 6.. Ne5! (threatening 2.. Neverov V.. . Bg1 a6! 11. Qd3 14. Nd3+ Kd6 25. Kh4 White's king is cut off from the Q-side. Qd3+ [6. Nd3 Nd5+ 31. Qxb5+ Nxb5 6. Kf6 7.] Black improves his position. Kd7 15. Bxe1 [11.Karpov A. Kg3 Bh1 followed by 16. h4 e2 25. Kd4 Nb6 26. Nb6+ Kc5 22. Nf7+ Ke7 28.. Ne5 h6 27. h4 due to 2. Qc2 Qh5 2. Kg5 Bf3! 14. a5 Kc5!] 16...Luzern. Ne3 Qc5 8.. Nc4 Nc1! 16.. Qd2 a5 9. Ke6 Nb4! 28. 18. Kh4 ..1982 ?@?@'@?@ $?@?8#$# ?$?@#@?@ @?4?@?@? ?@?@!@?@ @!@?&!"? !@?25@?" @?@?@?@?… [Or 20.. Ke3 [22. Nb2 Kd4 21. Kh4 Kf6 9. e5!? (the best chance) 17. Kg5 Bd1 26. Bg3 Kxc5 20. Kg5 e3 19. Kd7 14..Karpov).. Nxa4 The rest is clear. Nc4 Kd7 19. Nxb3 17.. fxe5 fxe5 6.. shielded by the pawns. Ne2 Bf3 21. 1. Kf2 Nb5 6..3. Qa6 Qb5+ 5. Qc4 Qe5] 6.. Qd3+ Nd6 4. Qxd3 Nxd3 15. or 10.. 23. fxe5 18. Kd5 21. Nxb6 [An attempt of 16. 14.Kuporosov V.... Nd7+ Kb4] 20. Kh4 Nc2 17. "Black has two small advantages: his king is better resigned.. b4 does not work because of 16.. axb4 17. Nc3 Kc6 16. f4 Nd3! 4. Kc3 Kd6 30.1994 2. Qd4 12. Qc2!] 12.. Qc3? This leads to serious difficulties. 10.. Kd3 with a probable draw. Kh4 Bh1 13. g5 (or 2. Ke7 7. Be1 Nxa2 29.. . 6.. Qd2 Qd6 13. Nd1 White does not have any good move.. Qc4 Qd6µ] 10.Pardubice. Kg2 [10. Kg3 a5! [Correct is 3. Kg3 [If 13. b4 Bg4+ 31.. a4 Qb4 11. Nxb6+ Kc6 19. Kb2 Ne3 White The position is nearly equal. Bf2 e4 The rest is position. Be3 Ke6 12.... Nf1 [Dangerous is 2. Kd6 e2 White resigned. then 14... h6 Nf3!] 24. a4 Ne5 clear. Kf2 Kd7 18.. 13.. Nb2 Kd4] 22. Nc2 Qxb3µ. h3 h5! (the simplest) 23. Nf4+ Ke5 24. Be3 e5! 5. Qc2! Qd3 14. Qd3 Nd4 Black has noticeably improved his ¢c6. Ng1 Bd1 22. Bxa5 Nc1 30. and his queen is more active" (A.. 10. 3.. Qe5)] Panchenko A.] 13. f6 4. Kxg6 hxg4 24. Nc6! 11. h5 e1=Q 26... Nd3 Nc5 22.. Ke3 Kd5 21.. hxg4 [Or 24. Nc4 Kc5 20. Bxg4 25. Kd7 3. Nb4 15. Kf5 Kd4 27. Ne5 a4 29. [Better is 13.. Qc3 27 . Kf2] Nxe1 27. h4 Nd6 5. Kf2 Kc6 20.. Kg3 Ke6 8. Nxe5+ Gheorghiu F. . Black's position. gxf3 Nxd5 9. If 12.] 32.. Rxe6 Bf6 38. b4 Kd7 14... have transposed into an ending.whereas 21.. Bg5] 27.. Therefore... Bg3 Kd8 [Or 36.. 41.. however. d4 Nc6 11.] 21. Rxf6 Black resigned. and White's only possible plan is to utilize the problems. Bb5? . Rg1 Nd6 28.. passing the middlegame. is very solid. h6!±] 22.. Bd6 13. Ke2 b6 Black intends to bring his a8-rook to b7 after the preliminary ¤c8.Lautier J. Ra4! [Preventing 12.. Rd6+ Ke7 40.. 32.. Rxd7+ Kxd7 39. 17.. Rc6 Rd8? A blunder. Be5?! [White has missed a deadly blow. Bf4! fxe4 After the opening 1. Nxe4 30. Rxg6! ...] 30. gxh5 22.. h5 Rb8 [After 21. White is unable to win.1995 [On 18. ¥b4. cxd5 Qxb3 7. Bxd6 exd3+ 31. and White's win is questionable. Kxd3 Rd7 [Better is 31. but seriously weakens his K-side.. Nd6 27. Ra1 Kd8 [26. fxe4 dxe4 27. but he is winning in any case. Qb3! Qb6 6.Horgen... axb3 Bxf3 8... Rd7] 29... but the e3-e4 advance. Rh7+ /(+47. 16. b5 Ne7 15. Ke4 Ke8 34.. g4 35. Ke8 followed by 32. Rc1 (from the then 12. Black's position was hopeless anyway. This event [More stubborn would have been 28. . Rh1 Rg8 23. 25.... Bxe4 dxe4 31. Bd2 e6 the game. 32.. Rg1! As long as the a7-pawn is Black's only weakness. Kd7³!] 12. 28 . Bh4 followed by ¦c8] 37. The position is approximately equal. e4!] 19. fxe4 dxe4 [After 29. Bb8 looks ugly. hxg6 hxg6 24. e3 Nf6 4. Be7 25. 24. fxe4 26. 12. Black prevents other side) 34. Nc3 Bg4 5. Bxe4 is clearly in White's favor. 18. Rg8 unpleasant is 19. Nxd5 cxd5 10. Ke3 Black also faces unpleasant often occurs in modern chess.%*16)&-… White's advantage is obviously magnified.. g6 Kramnik V..] 26.'0 $#$#$#$# ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? !"!"!"!" . this time on the K-side. ¦d7] a-file. Bd3 f5?! A dubious decision..... Nf3 d5 2. h4 Ne7 20. Rc6 Rf8 36. Rha1 Nc8 18. Rga1! Nc8 [20. Rf6 37. e4! It is to White's benefit to open up the game. g5 33. c4 c6 3... Rh1 the h7-pawn becomes hopelessly weak. Rb7 [25. White tries to create another weakness in the opponent's camp. g5 would be met by 22. it makes sense to go for 23. Ba3 This is the position White aimed at: Black is defenseless from ¥e8 and d7 followed by ¥f8. g6 White can advance his Bc2 45. Bb5 8... Bf7 Kc6 35. Ba6 Bf3 18. g5 Kf5 41... Gelfand B. Kd2 fxe5 14.] 9. h4! and 26. Bb5+ Bxb5+ 24. Bd7 Bd5 22. h4] 24. Bd2 White's plan is to transfer his bishop to f8 via a3.. whether or not this ending is won for White. I have to play very accurately. f4 Rc8 6. Bh3! [The immediate 1. White could have prevented this move by means of 23. Kf4 Black resigned. Be3 Kd7 10. Kc3 Bf3 16.. Kc4! Black ends up in zugzwang and loses: Black is better. . Kd5 36.. Bg5 ... Bc6 . Rc7 .. 28. Bb3 [After 19..Kramnik). 1. d7 Bc6 31. Ke8 2. a6 22.. Bg2 b6 5. 25.Kramnik has his word: "It is hard to give a definite conclusion.. g5?! . Bxd5 Be6 3.. d5 is also possible... Ke1 Bc6 11.. for example 1. Rc8+ Kf7 7. 19. Bxa7 Ra8 4. Bxc6+] 11. Bg5 Bc7 36.1996 ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?8# ?@?$?(#@ @?4!$?@? ?@?@!@!@ @?&?@1@! ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@5 fxe5 Kc6 [If 14. Bxh6 Kxe5 40.. d6 Bd8 4. Rxb7 Ra5±) 3.. The 29 . h6 [After 8. Kd4 Ba4 44. not 11.and g7-pawns. fxe6 4. Kf2 Rxc1 7.. Bc4 Bd5 17. Bf4! followed by h4. 13.. Bxe6 (or 3. Rc7 Kf8! 8. Bxe6 Bxa4 30. "An unpleasant position. g4 Ke4 38. then 15. and Bd5 26. Bd5 12. By the way.. Bxc1 Now Bf7] 29. the position is playable. h5 V. Bxe6 fxe6 5. Bxh6 Bxd7 34. a4 "Now my task is to drive the king away from the c6-square" (V.. exd5 2.#$# ?@?@#@?@ @?@?"?@? ?@?"?@?@ @?@?*?"? !@?@?")" @?. Ke5 Black is faced with a difficult choice: which pawn to move? 8. Be3 Rxa2 6.21. Bb5+ Kb7 21. Be4 [Simpler is 35. h4 Ba2 25. ¥xb6 ] ?0+@?8?@ $#@?. White has an edge. Bd3 [Of course. Kxb5 followed by 25. g6 Kf6 42. K-side pawns by g4 and f5. Bxg7 Kc7 33. Kd4 Bd5 19. Kb4 Bd5 [Perhaps.Amsterdam.] 15. Bg7 Bg5 37..?@?6?… 20..." 7.. Kc3 Bd5 28.. then 29. Bf8 Bxa4 32.. Kd7 20.] 1. Kd4] 35. h6 Bxh6 39.Topalov V. Bc1 Ba2 27. Bxa6 Bxa4 23.. Bb5+ Bc6 21.Black voluntarily weakens his e6... Bg5+ Kg7 43. a3 f6 An arguable decision . Be8 Bd5 30. Kc3 Ba2 23.. Ba2 [If 28. d5 Bd7 3. I think. Bf6+ Kf8 46. Kg1 h5 21.. Rxf3 29. Rc1 Rb7 12. h5.. my 1.. By 1.] 5.. Bxb5 Nxb5 23. Nxb5 axb5 24.. Ne4? 7. Rb1 . Qb1+ 12. [If the immediate 6.. Ke3 Qc8 14. Kg2 Qf4 17. Nbc6 Rc7 14. Ke7 7.] 12. Nc6 3. Kf2 Qc2 8. Kb7 30 . exd4 Ra7 12.. [. Nf5 Qd2+ 20. Na2 Rb7 8. Nxg4 15. Rab1 Nfd7 13. Ng7? Qc1+! 22. Kc2! (the simplest) 27. h5 [14.. then 6.. Rb8 Ne6 18.. Qe3 with some drawing chances. winning the e4-pawn. a5 Bc6! [Worse is 2.. Rxb1 10. a4! he intends to create the second weakness in the opponent's camp. Ke1 Black's position is hopeless anyway. exd4 threatening 12. Ke3 Qb1 9.. Ra1! A strong g4-pawn.Karpov A. Rxd5 Rc3 26. Qc2+ 13. Kg2 Qb2+ 23... Rc3 f6 16. g5 hxg5 15. Kf1 [Or 13. Rxb1 Nxd4 the enemy queen onto the c-file...] [25. [Necessary was 12. bxa5 Rb7 6.. Kd2 . Ne5 Ke7 15. Kg1 Qa1+ 24. 1.. Kc5 Rb8 34. hxg6 Kxg6 18. Rxb7+ Nxb7 ....-@?6?… 32.. f5! g5 21. Nd4 Bb7 5. Rxc7+ Nxc7 19. Kg2 Qa2+ White resigned. Kb3 Rxh2 30. Ke2? This retreat loses preventative move. Kg1 Qc1+ 4.1996 Rc6 There is nothing better. Rxb5 Gelfand B... 25. Kd2 Ra3 27. Nxd4 11... Bf1 bxa5 maneuver. hxg5 Qc1+] 11. Kc6 h5 36.. b5!? In this case it would be more difficult for White to get to the a6-pawn. Kf2 Ke7 20. Ne2 Qd1+ 7. Qa3 knight defends. and the a5-pawn is attacked. Nb4 Nc5 [Or 10. a6] 29. Nxd7 Kxd7 17. [Better is 11. Ke7." (B. 2.. ¤b4 and 12. g5 hxg5 15. and Karpov makes an attempt to transpose into a rook ending without a pawn. ¦b6] 10. Rc2±] 3.. a6 Rh1 31.. Rxe3 28. hxg5 Qc1+] 13. Rdb1! Re7 [No better is 9. Kg2 Qd2+ 5. . Ra5 Rb1+ 33. Qe2 Qc1+ 16. Kd3 Qg1 11..] a pawn. Rc7 [Better is 6. not allowing 6. Nd3] 14... Kg2 Qb2+ 3. Ng3 Qe1+ 10.Gelfand). Kg1 Qa7+] 11. h4? White threatens 11... Ndb5!] 7. Bb5 22. Kb4 Ra1 ?@?@?8?@ @+@?0#@# #$?0'(#@ @?@#@?@? ?"?&?"?@ "?@?"?@? ?@?@%")" @?. Nc3 Be8 4. Qc8! 14.] 11.Vienna. Nd8 2. Qf3 Kg5 19.. f3 Ne6 9..difference in knights is particularly noticeable: while his knight attacks. Kf1 h6! Black has improved his queen's position and now threatens the ¤h7-g5 White has an advantage. but not 6. Kb2 Re2+ [28. 6. 21. a7 Ra8 35. but weakens his [Deserving attention was 4. Nxc6 Bxc6 4. Elista. In the endgame. Bd5 Black resigned. Kc2! Rf1 Nd3! Ra1 28. Kd3 Black resigned. Re2 (with the idea of 4. a4 Bd7 31 . Nc5 Ke7 26. a4 Ra1 Nd7+ Ke8 25... .Zurich.Nimzowitsch A.#$? ?$?@?@?$ @?@#@?@? ?@?"!@?@ @-@5@!@? !@?&?@!" @?@?@?@-… His strong blockading knight secures White an advantage.. Rxc7+! 6. Kb6 h4 39. the decisive role in them is played by tactics and exact calculation of variations.Kamsky G. Rxc7 Ra5 7... Nf4 Rb5 18... a4 Black should have kept this pawn on a5. Rc5 h3 40. 1. Kd3 Rc7 21. Rd1! confirm this statement.. Rh8 Kf3 47. Bf3 Rb3 6. Kd2 h5 16.[36.. h4 Bf6 11. Kc2 Rc8 3. Ra6 gxh4 32. Nb4] 17. Kd4 g4 45.. Be7 17. 13. Nc5 Ra7 20. The presence of the opposite colored bishops does not help Black much. Rc3 Bb4 4.?@)@-6?… 24. More stubborn would have been 16. Nb6 Bg7 23. gxh4 Rd1 Karpov A. 1. 27. 33.. Ke2 seize an initiative. 1.. Bg4 Nd6 3. Ke2 White does not hurry. Nxa4 The rest is clear. exd5!? Otherwise Black plays 1.] 36. 30. Kxa7 Kd6 38. Rxc8+ Nxc8 10. Rb4 Ra6 19. ¥e6. Nd3 Ra5 . Rc1 22. . because there are many other pieces on the board.. Rc8 9. however. Rxh3 Kf4 43. Rxa7+ 37. ¦c2) 3. White tries to (threatening 9. We have considered examples in which A. Nc4 f6 7. this is by no means always the case. By sacrificing an exchange. Bf3 Bg5 8. Rh2 Kxf5 42.. fxg4 fxg4 46. Kb3 f5 29. 16. the decisive role was played by strategic ideas. Nf5? [Under time pressure Black loses a pawn. Rxd5 6. Kxc3 Bb5 [Stronger is 5. Rc4! Nd6 18..] although in this case White would also 6. schemes and plans. Rb6 Bh6 Bd5 g5 31. have a clear advantage after 19. Kd4 Rc2 with an approximately equal position. Rc2 Ke5 41. Rc1 Nd6 12. ¤b4) 8.Karpov skillfully converts his advantage into a win. Chances are roughly equal. d5 Rxc7+ 8. dxc7 Rc8 7. Kf8 14... Re1 a5 2. Kf1 Be7 Black sticks to waiting tactics.1996 Bc4 Rh1 34. @?@!@'@? ?@?$?@?@ @?@%@?"? !"?@?"?" . d6 Bxc3 5.1934 ?@+@/0?8 $?*?.. Kc5 f5 44.. Alekhin A. Rc2!? [Another promising continuation is 5.. Rc7 Bf6 15. Ba6+ 2. Rd1 followed by ¦c2] 5.. a5 Rxh4 35. The following examples 4. Ra6! wins immediately.. 21. a3! Ra5 5. /0?@?@7@ @?$?@#@# #@?@?@#. Nxa5 Rf7 10. f6! Black Nezhmetdinov R. Nf4! [If 3. Be8 22.Karpov A. Ra1 Ra8 15.] 8. 15. White's next 32 .. Rcxc7 .. Rxe5 with an unclear position. In the following ending a sharp tactical clash ended in Black's favor. Rc8+ Kh7 11. Nd3 5.. Nd4 Be8 14. and his Black. Nd6! Kb4 a6 12.1976 Nxf2 16. Nd4 10. winning. Nd6 This is the point of White's idea. a4 h5 26.. Rc1 16... a5 h4 27. Kc7 Bb5 26. Bd8! Kg6 [More drawing chances could have been retained by the passive 9.. Kb7 Rd8 18. Ra8 Ne2+ 25. [Also good is 12... Kb6 Rf7 17. Nxg2 with a clear advantage to Black has two extra pawns.. dxc7 Rxc7 14.. Nc2] ?@/@?@?8 $+@?@#$? ?@?@?@?$ @#@'*#@? ?@/@?@?@ "?@?@%@? ?"?@?"!" . Nb7 Rd2 9. Nb2 with a clear advantage to White.Filip M. 18.. Ka5 Rd7 6.. Nxc4 Rxc4 5. Rxe5 because of 5. Nc5] 13. Nxd7 Bxd7 24.?$?$? !$!@!@/@ @-@?@%@? ?"5@?@?.] position seems to be firm.. Kh1 Kg6 19. Nf5! Rf6 9. then 4.. Ra7 Nf5 25. 3. Rb7 There is no other way. Bxa4 8. . Nxc4 [6.. g3 [17.] 13. otherwise Black gradually realizes his extra pawn. Kh1 Rf2 20. Rd2! 20.. Kh2 Nf4 14.Bucharest.. Ra2 13. Nc2 7..[Bad is 7. ¤f3° was threatened) 22. @?*?@?@?… accepts the challenge. Kb6 Rf8 20. Rxg7 Nc4] 19.. Ne6 Bf7 21. a5 bxa5 9... .... Kg1 (22.. Nb3 Bb5 11. Rxa6 The rest is clear.. Nd4!? The only opportunity of counterplay. 5. Nxe1 6. 1. Be7 Black resigned. 1. Rc6 8. Rdd7 19. Nd6 Rd8! [After 7. 4... Nxh6 Rf6!] 17. Nxc8 Rxc8 5.] 8. d5 Kg8 [If 12.. Ra5 Be8 27. Ra8 Kf7 23... Rf7 does not save either in view of 17. g4 Nxh4 22.] 4.. Rc1 White saves the game.?@?. Ra8 h3 White resigned. Ne8 Kf5 20. Nxf5 fxe5 3. Rxa7 Ng4 17..1954 ?@?0?(?@ @?@?@?@? ?@#@#8?@ $?. Nxb5 Nf5 21... Ra1 b5 9. Ne3 18. Kg1 Nd3 Black's knight and rook perfectly coordinate.. Kf1 Rxg4 24. R8c7 . then 13. Nd6 Uhlmann W.. Rg2+ 23..?6?… [Or 19. Nxb7 [Bad 4.. Rxa7 b4 . h4 Rxb2 12. Nc5 (the simplest) 21. Nf5 Rxg2+ 19.Skoplje. 2.. Ne3 18. Nxc8 loses due to 6.. Rb1] 9. Then he converts it into a win by precise play. however.. Rxe4 5. ¦h8# was threatened) 11. c3 Kc6 22. Rxh4 Rxh4 18. Kd2! Rb1 14. Bxa7 Ke7 16. changes sharply the situation on the board. Kxb3 Rd1 4.1995 Panchenko A.Lputian S. Rxg6 Bd4 6. Rf3+ Kg6 3. Rd6+ Ke7 12. Bb4 Ne6 kept the rook from being exchanged. Rh4! Ne6 5.. f4 White also has an edge. Bf4 Black resigned. 17. Nf3! Bd4 [If 4. Bf6 Kc6 23. Rf6! . 13. Nxe5+] 7.. c5+! Kxc5 8.. Rg2+ Kh4 5... 6. Bxe3 fails due to 7. fxe6 7. Rg8 Kh2 7. and his bishop is stronger than the opponent's knight. Nxg4 Kxg4 8. Kb1 Rd1 4. c6 Rh6 20. but by tactical means White manages to obtain 1. hxg6+ Nxg6 Rf1 Kh3 6. though after 2. Rc8+! Kf7 21. Kxc4 Kd6 22. . Rxc1 . Rxh6] 7. Bxg5 Kxg5 4. a material advantage.... Rxc6 Rac4 14. then 5..?@# ?@?@?$?@ "?$?$?@' ?@!$!@?" @?@!@?"? ?. Rf7+ Kd6 7. Bg3 Nc5 28. Nxe6 Rxe6 8. Rxg2) 5.. 16. e6+] Kc4 9. g4] 4. Be5 Nc5 26. 1. or 4. Rh5 Re4 12. 1. Rf7+] 2. Bxa5 Ke8 19...] 3. Bc3 Rff4 10. Nh4 Bd7 4. Bxd4+ e5 9. Ke7 5. Nxg5! Kg6 [Black loses after both 1. Ng6 2. 25. Rf4! Nf8 2. Ne6 3. Nxe6+ [On 3. Nxe5+ Kg5 6. a6! 33 By threatening ¦b7. Kd3 Kf8 (11. Short N. mating. c6! bxc6 15. Rh3! Bd7 5. 3.. Bd4 White has an extra pawn. Rh6+ Kf5 6.. Rgh3 h5 6. Rc7+ Kd8 17. Rbh3 b3+ There is nothing better. R2h5+ Kg4 7... now White wins easily. Kd2 R8e2+ 10.. and 1. Be3! This decides. Kd4 Nd3 27. Kc3 Nf4 20. Rh8 Rh4 16. Kf6 [6. Rf3+ Kg7 (or 4. Rb5? Black should have Rd3 Rxe4 11. Rxe4 dxe4+ Rh5+ Kf4 7. Kg7 6..... g4 Kd6 24. Rh6! Rg2+ 3. Rxb5 cxb5 18. Rxh6 Re1+ 9.. c5! Rxa4 13.Ivanchuk V.. Rxc5.? ?@!@?"!@ @?@5@?@?… ?0?@?@/@ $?8?.move. 6. Kc2 Rf1 6. White forces . b3 Rce4 15.?@?@?6 @-&?*?@?… The position seems to be equal. Rxc7+ Black resigned. Kb1 Nxc7 24.Horgen. Nxe5+] 5.Irkutsk. .1983 ?@?@/@?@ $#@'0#$7 ?@+@?@?$ @?"#"-@! ?@?*?@?@ @?"?@%.. Rxg5 2. e6! Bxe6 [Or 6. fxg6 there follows 4.. c7 Rh2+ 23. g3 Ne6 21. Rfg4 g5?! [A dubious decision. Nxd4 exd4 8. c4 bxc4 19. Ng5+ Kg8 [5. Bxa7 Bf6+ 19.. Kd4 followed by 13. Kf6 16. Nb5 Kd7 19. 10. Kf2! Ke8 18. f4! Kd8 Kh5 Bf8 9.his opponent to exchange both couples of rooks. Ne5 g3+ 23. Kxh7 Kf7 [After 12... Kf4 Kc6 Black resigned.. Ng7+ 10. Who will be quicker? Here the exact calculation of variations is crucial..Bugojno. f6! Bh3? This leads to sad consequences. Bc5 Bg7 19. .Moscow. Kh6 Nf5+ 11. Bxc5 11.] [16..1980 The position is double-edged. Nxa4 15.. f7] Black cannot wait passively.. Bc5+! Be7 18. Nc5 4. f5 Kf8 9. 1. 3. Bc5+ Ke8 21... Kh3 Ng7 6.. e4! (zugzwang) 19. Ba5 Ke8 24. h6! Nxa5 8. Nc3 g4 17. Kf2 Nb3 5... hxg5 Be7 15.. Already here I planned a piece sacrifice which occurred in the game. Nxf7+ Kc7 22. Rxb2+ 2. g7 Black resigned.. Nxd6 c3 21.and Vaganian R.. . Nd7 with the idea of ¤e5-g4 Black could have achieved a draw. g4 Kd8 This retreat is forced in view of White's threat to sacrifice the bishop at g6. Black intends to break through with his king to b4.. Ba4! exf6 14.. Ba5+! (winning a tempo) 3.. Bb6! Bf8 17. g5!] 7.. g6+ Kf8 [Or 15.] [6. Kf7 Kd7 14. Be7 13.Rashkovsky N. Bxa7 Nc7 18. Kc8 4. Kg4 Kc8 7. Nxc5+! This decides. 16. h5 Ke8 10. a7 Kd7 22. Nc1 Kd7 26.and h7-pawns. Kh7 Nc7 20.. Bb6!] pawn advance on the K-side.. Bc2 Bc8 [If 11. while White tries to exploit the 34 .. weakness of the f7. g4! Kd7 [Black also loses after 9... Kh8 Ne8 18. Bf6 17.. e5 Bc4 27. Bb6! Nf6+ ¥a4 and f6] 12. g5 fxg5 14. Kxg3 c2 [23. Kg6! the h-pawn becomes dangerous. Karpov A. gxh5 7. Nxa4 g5 Passive tactics could not save Black also due to the weakness of the d6. This allows White to bring his king into play with decisive effect.. gxf6 (threatening ¥c6 followed by ¤b5) 14. Nd7 ... g5 Nb3 10. Nb3 (zugzwang) 7. 6. 1.1981 h7-pawns. Bxa7] 17. Ke3 Nc5 11. and White wins. a5! By sacrificing a pawn White wins time for a ?@?@7@?@ @?@'$#@# +@?$?@#@ @?@!@?@? !@#@)@?@ @?&?@?"! ?@?@!"?@ @?@?@?6?… 24. then 12.Tal M. 2. Nd3 Bf1 25.] 16. Bb6 Na8 23. Ne8 8. Rxb2 Rb8 3. Kh6 Ke6 12. a7 . Bc8 24. d6 Be6 28. Kg8 Be7 13. Rxb8+ Kxb8 5. Kd8 20. Kxh7 Nxh4 12. [By 12.. 13. because in this case the a-pawn may become too dangerous. h4! Kc7 3... ‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ &?@#@?@? !@?@?8+@ @!@?@?@? ?@/@?@?@ @?@?@5@? White manages to organize an attack on the black king. d2 and 5. Nc4 (2... Rb4#.. White holds his ground. Bxf6+] 9. and king) 5. ¥h3 followed by 6.. ¦c1°] 3. a4! (exposing the enemy the opponent's position. Bc3+] 12. Rxd4 does not save Black either in view of 10. Rd8 Re5!.. Rd2 Rc4 13. Black exploits this factor and. Ke1 11. Re8! Rc1+ 3...?@-@?6?… ?@?@?@?. Rd7] 10.. Bxd8+ Kc5 11. 1.. Be5 Re7 [9. Rxa5 6. Rd4+ Kc5 [12.... resigned.Clishi. Kg3 2. Flear G. Rcd8 6... ¦e1#) 5.. Nd3+ Black resigned./@?@/@?@ @+8?@#$# #@?@?@?@ @#@?@?@? ?@?@'&?@ *?"?@?@? !@?@?"!" . Kg3 3.Anand V. launches a crushing offensive on a8-rook has not yet been developed.... Rd4! Red8 8. Bf3 5. Kd1 Re8+) 4. despite limited material on the board. Ke1 Kc3 White attack. Nc4 Kg3 4. Bd6+ Kb6 3.. Bxf6 gxf6 Re5! (threatening 5. Ra2+ Ra4 14. Rb2+ Kc1 15. Ke1 Re2+! 4. Rad8] 4.... g5? 9.. d4! [Nothing is achieved by the immediate 1.] 2.. A lightning Ke4 7.... Kd1 Kd4 8.. Re1 . ¢g3 was threatened) [White loses after both 2.... Kf1 (4.. ..Gurevich M.. Re8 [No better is 3. cxb5 axb5 5. . d3 4. Rxd4 Kxd4 12..1995 35 . exploiting the fact that the White's knight and especially king are placed badly. Kc3 13.. f3 Nf6 2. Rd8 Kg3! 3. 1.. Re8 d3! 3.. 4. Re3+ Bf3 5. Rxf3+ Kxf3 6. Be7 Rxd4 10. Rxf3+ Kxf3 6. Ke1 due to 3. Ne2#] 13. Re3+ (or 12. Bxd4+ Kxb5 11. axb5 Rd7 7.. Rg8 (the only move) 5.New York. Rad1 Rc8 [Losing is 8. Ke1 d2+ 5. Ka5 12. c4! Rac8 [3. Ke1 Ke4] 2. Kc5 12. Rd3+ Kc2 14.1993 Kasparov G. Rd6+ Kxb5 11.. Nd3+ Kc4 13. Rb1+ Kc4 [Or 11... and 2. d3! followed by 4. Nxd2 Rc1#) 4. Rc4 Rh1+ 5. Rh3 Rhg1] [Both opponents play excellently.Glek I. Bad is 4. Na3! with a draw. Ke4 Rg4+) 4... Be5 2. 1.. Nd2 due to 7.. Van Der Sterren P. Kh4 [White also loses after both 3. 1. 4.. Kc4 Re4+ [9. cxd5 5.?0‹ $?$?@#@# +@#"?@?@ @?@'@?$? ?@!@?@?@ *!@?@?@? !@?@)"!" .. and Black is better. Re2 10. and 3. Nc4 cxd6 6. Rxc7 with an advantage to White in both cases. O-O-O! ¦g1) 5.?@?@5@ @!@?@?@?@?@?0?@ @?@?@?@? 36 . Nd2 Kd7 7. Kc4 Re4+ Draw..? ?@?$?@?@ @%0?@?"? ?. Rc7! 5.] 2. Rc1! [Worse is 4.. Na3 (4. cxd6 5. Kd1 Rgg2 6.. Rg4 Rgf2. Kf3 Rf2+ 8. Kg4 Be1+ 7.] 7. Bc5 Rxa2 10. Nc4 Rhc8 8. Kh3 Rxg5 4. Kd3 Rd7! 7. Kh7 6. Rh3 Bg3+! 6.%@?6?@- next move. Kd3 Re5 11..... Rh1+ 5. Bxd6!. Rxc6 Be5 6. Kg4 Rg1+ White resigned.. cxd5 Bxe2 3. he wins by exploiting the opponent's mistake on the /@?@7. Rd3? [Correct is 2.. Kxe2 Bxa1 4. Nd4 Rc1) 4. Kxc3 Re5 [If 8... Nevertheless. Kc4 Re2 ...1996 ?@?@?@7@‹ @?@?@?.] 5. Bxc3 8.. Rxc6 Rhe8+ 6. Nd4 [No better is 4.. b4 with roughly equal chances.It is hard to believe that Black is able to win here. Re5! 8. A sharp tactical battle soon ends in a draw.... Nc3 [Dangerous is 7.. Rg2+! 3.. Bg7 2. Nd2 Be5 5.. Nc4 Rcg7] 3. Bc5] 10. then 9. Re2 . Rb8+ (5. dxc6 O-O-O with good play for Black. Rc1 4.... Ke2 (4. Kf3 Rg3+ 4.] 4. .] 9. Rh4 Rcg7 … ¦g3. or 4. Rc2+ 5.. 1914 [20] Salov V.1988 [10] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@# #@?@?@?@ @?@?8#"! ?@?$?@?@ @?@5@?@? !@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@7$?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?"?@!@?@ @?@?@5@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? Kozun P.[Shirov.Saint John (m/1).London..Corr.1966 [10] ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?$?$ @?@?$!@! ?6?@7@!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… ?@?@?@?@ @?$?@?@? ?$?$?8?@ @?@!@?@? ?@?@?@!$ "?@?@?@? ?"?@?@!@ @?@?@?@5… Capablanca J.1995 [20] Shirov A.1992 [10] ?@?@?@7@‹ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@#@? ?@?@?@#$ @!@?6!@? ?@?@?@!@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@? ?@?@?$?@ @?@?8?$# ?@!@?@?" @?@?6?"? ?@?@?@?@ @?@?@?@?… Lautier J.Timman J.Linares 60/314 1 . .1994 [10] Letelier R. . .Ivanchuk V.A]...Dortmund.Habana (Cuba).Piket J. ... .Sokolowski M.. ..Cobo A.1991 [20] Kharlov A.Haninge (Sweden).Lasker Ed.Ernst T.. . 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