AIRPORT PLANNINGAND DESIGN TAXIWAY DESIGN TAXIWAY DESIGN TAXIWAY: Taxiway provides access to the aircrafts from the runways to the loading apron or service hangar. Taxiway Runway Taxiway Runway and Taxiway Factors controlling Taxiway Layout Arrangements : • Taxiways should be arranged that the aircrafts which have just landed & taxiing towards apron should not interfere with the aircrafts taxiing for take-off. Busy airports : • The taxiway should be located at various points along the runway so that the landing aircraft leaves the runway as early as possible. Such taxiways are called “exit taxiways”. High turn of speed: • Exit taxiways should be designed for high turn off speeds of aircrafts so that runway occupancy time gets reduced. Route : • The route should be a shortest distance from the apron to the runway end. Crossing: • Intersection of taxiway & runway should be avoided. . GEOMETRIC DESIGN STANDARDS • Length of taxiway • Width of taxiway • Width of safety area • Longitudinal gradient • Transverse gradient • Rate of change of longitudinal gradient • Sight distance • Turning radius . Width – lower than the runway width. This is because the aircraft run on the taxiway are not airborne and the speed of the aircraft on taxiway is lower. Width of safety area – it includes width of taxiway pavement plus shoulder on either side.5m on each side and are paved with light strength material. .Geometric Design Standards For Taxiway Length – should be as short as practicable. The width of the shoulder is 7. Hence pilot can easily ma oeuvre the aircraft over a smaller width of taxiway. Supersonic jet transport – min. Circular curve with larger radius is suitable for this purpose.Turning radius Whenever there is change in direction of a taxiway. a horizontal curve is provided. .13. 120m. The curve is so designed that the aircraft can negotiate it without significantly reducing the speed. 180m. R is radius in m. V is speed in kmph and f is 0. Subsonic jet transport – min. The radius is given by R = V2/127f where. According to Horonjeff the radius of the taxiway should be so provided that the distance of the oleo strut of the near by main gear is not less than 6m from the pavement edge.→R is the radius of the taxiway in meter→W is the wheel base of aircraft in meter→ T is the Width of taxiway pavement in meter→S is the distance between midway point of the main gears and the edge of the taxiway pavement in meter. .388W2) / (T/2 – S) Where. Horonjeff formula:R = (0. If the existing airport has to be upgraded to accommodate supersonic transport.4R if Dr<W then use W instead of Dr . the radius R1 is R1=(Dr2+(T/2)+0. no widening is needed. Widening is done by providing a compound curve of radii R1and R2.R22-RT/2(R. the value of R1and R2 is obtained using.R2) where Dr = 3W-0. If it is > T/2. ((0. R2= R – ((0.3R.388W2/ R) + S) If exp.388W2/ R) + S) < T/2. it may be feasible to widen the pavement rather than increasing the radius. 2 . Max.5 1.5 1.5 25 3.5 75 1.0 1.0 1.0 2. TAXIWAY GEOMETRICS AS PER ICAO Classifica Taxiway width Max.2 exists.0 Turfed or paved shoulders B 22.0 1.5 1.9 33 3.0 50 3.0 but are suggested if need D 9.5 1. rate of Safety area tion by Longitudinal Transverse change of width ICAO gradient (%) gradient (%) longitudinal Meter Feet gradient per 30m (100ft) in % A 22.0 2.0 are not mandatory C 15.5 75 1. E 7. Mini.5 1. . EXIT TAXIWAYS Factors controlling location of exit taxiways: • Air traffic control • Location of runway • Number of exit taxiways • Exit speed • Type of aircrafts • Weather conditions • Topographical features • Pilot variability . ACCEPTANCE RATE ARRIVAL RATE The acceptance rate of runway with a system of exit taxiways = Arrival rate of aircrafts .Optimum location of Exit Taxiways: AVERAGE ACCEPTANCE RATE ARRIVAL RATE WAVE-OFFS BALANCE PT. • The point beyond which the acceptance rate deviates from the ideal relationship of equal arrival and acceptance rate is “balance point”. For a given set of conditions. the runway cannot accept all aircrafts and hence few are waved off. Such location of exit taxiway is “Optimum location”. the exit taxiways should yield the highest possible rate of acceptance. • At higher arrival rates. . • Balance point occurs when the runway is loaded to its full capacity and such situation is “runway saturation”. Design of exit taxiways: • Angle of turn • Compound curve • Exit speed • Length L1 and L2 • Occupancy time • Shape of taxiway • Stopping sight distance • Turning radius . TERMINAL AREA PLANNING TERMINAL AREA PLANNING . • Serves as focal point for activities on the airport. • The airport entrance or access road from a highway must be located in such a way to accommodate future development. vehicle parking and aircraft service hangars. • Provision of hangars will also comes under terminal area planning. • Loading and unloading of passengers and cargo is done in Terminal apron. .TERMINAL AREA-GENERAL CONCEPTS • Terminal area includes terminal and operational buildings. • Aircrafts can be fueled and parked in Terminal apron. building can be categorized into – Terminal and Operational. . Deplaning passengers are provided a direct route from aircrafts to baggage claim counter and then to vehicle platform. Terminal building: Mainly used for passengers. Offers the enplaning passengers a convenient and direct access from vehicle parking area to booking room. waiting room & finally to apron. airline and administration facilities. BUILDING FUNCTIONS • In a commercial airport. terminal building will itself fulfils the function of operational building also. . weather bureau and other government services related to aviation comes under operational category. Mostly.Operational area: Control tower. express and light cargo Public telephone booth Waiting hall for passengers and visitors Toilet facilities Restaurants and bars First aid room .Facilities provided in airport buildings: Passengers & baggage handling counters for booking Baggage claim section Enquiry counter Space for handling & processing mail. Office space for airport staff Weather bureau Post office and banking facilities Custom control Passport and health control Control tower . news papers.Cont……. advertisement display. General store and gift shops Space for magazines. . . CHECK IN COUNTER . ESCALATOR . PUBLIC CONCOURSE AREA . SERVICE COMPLEX AREA . DEPARTURE .GLASS PARTITION FOR DOMESTIC / INTERNTIONAL . PRE SECURITY HOLD SEATING AREA . RUNWAY . . . SITE SELECTION The selected site should be in accordance with following requirements: • Sufficient area for the first stage of building development with possibility of future expansion. water. . • Sufficient area for roadways • Adequate car parking area • Layout of above items providing functional relationship with each other • Convenient access to the main highway • Central location with respect to runway • Proximity & easy installation of utilities such as telephone. etc. sewage. electricity. .Cont…… • Favourable orientation with respect to the topography and prevailing wind • Good subsoil water characteristics including the natural drainage. 37 . TERMINAL BUILDING PLANNING PRINCIPLES • Passengers walking distance should not be more than 180m from surface transportation to their boarding into the aircraft. • Passengers should be able to check-in without waiting. .5m from the road transportation to the check-in-point. • The airline passengers should not have to carry the baggage by more than 22. a separate building for handling and storage of cargo may be required. the baggage delivery speed should correspond to the walking time of passengers from the aircraft to claim area.Cont……… • The maximum check-in time should not exceed 3 minutes. • On arrival of aircraft. . • If volume of cargo is large. PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING CIRCULATION DEPARTURE CIRCULATION D1 DROP OFF AREA ARRIVAL CIRCULATION D2 ENTRANCE BAGGAGE CIRCULATION A1 TICKETING D3 ARRIVAL GATE B1 BAGGAGE LOADING A2 (DEPARTURE GATE) BAGGAGE CLAIM C1 SECURITY D4 VISITORS’ LOUNGE CHECK A3 BAGGAGE B1 ARRIVAL CONCOURSE UNLOADING D5 C2 CHECK-IN VIP LOUNGEHALL (ARRIVAL A4 EXIT GATE) D6 C3 CHECK-IN CIP LOUNGECOUNTER B3 BAGGAGE HANDLING D7 SYSTEM SECURITY CHECK D8 DEPARTURE LOUNGE D9 DEPARTURE GATE LEGEND DEPARTURE ARRIVAL BAGGAGE LOUNGE GROUND FLOOR PLAN North 40 . 41 .Departures .Bus Gate departures. DEPARTURE FLOW-GROUND FLOOR LEVEL-BENGALURU AIRPORT Check-in Counters To Departure level for security check Meeters and Greeters Area Passengers proceed to check-in -Ticketed Entry Passenger entry . International Gates. DEPARTURE FLOW-FIRST FLOOR LEVEL-BENGALURU AIRPORT Domestic Swing Gate International Boarding Lounge Area Boarding Lounge Domestic Commercial Area Duty Free shopping Domestic Security Security Domestic International Immigration Departing pax from Check-in at ground floor to Security at departure level (1st floor) .Aerobridge departures. .Domestic Gates. . . • Sufficiently and clearly defined parking and circulation routes. • One way traffic wherever possible • A minimum of driveway intersection. . VEHICULAR CIRCULATION AND PARKING AREA • Ease of passenger unloading and loading at the terminal building. • Well lighted routes for pedestrians and vehicles. • Adequate driveway width to permit overtaking. CAR PARKING LAYOUT-HYDERABAD . DEPARTURE LEVEL IN HYDERABAD AIRPORT 45 . ARRIVAL LEVEL 46 . TAXI WAITING AREA 47 . PARKING CONFIGURATION IN NEW BENGALURU AIRPORT PARKING NUMBERS Drop off area 213 Pick up area 202 Short term parking 283 Long term parking 1093 2 wheeler parking 182 Bus bay 10 48 . 49 . 43 kms. the longest in Asia & 2nd longest in world which caters to Code F aircrafts with 25kms of taxiway-DELHI AIRPORT 50 .Runway of 4. 6.4 km of Baggage Handling System(BHS) at basement level which handles 12400 bags/hour with sophisticated mechanism for power saving purpose-DELHI AIRPORT 51 . sewage. • Proximity to and easy installation of utilities such as telephone. electricity. . water. • The site should not be along the direction of frequent storms as this is likely to damage the hangar doors. etc. • Reasonable proximity to the loading apron. HANGAR SITE SELECTION • The site should be such that there is a convenient road access to it from the site to the aprons and terminal buildings. • Adequate site area for future expansion of hangar facilities. .Cont…… • Sufficient area to provide car parking facilities for working personnel. • Favourable topography providing good natural drainage. • Safe runway length • Safe approaches • Excellent control tower visibility • Adequate loading apron space • Sufficient terminal building facilities • Sufficient land area to permit subsequent expansion.CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD AIRFIELD LAYOUT • Landing. . taxiing and taking off as independent operations without interference. • Shortest taxiway distances from loading apron to runway end. • Lowest possible cost of construction.