Air Quality(Slide Set 1) Virendra Sethi [email protected] x7809 1 Class Exercise • How many grams of Sulphur, if burnt in P C Saxena Auditorium, would pose a health risk to you ? • Given : Regulatory Limit for SO2 in Ambient Air is – 80 µg/m3 (0.03 ppm) for annual average – 1300 µg/m3 (0.5 ppm) for 3 hour average 2 Results (last year) 100000000 10000000 1000000 Estimated Volume of FCKohli Auditorium (m3) 100000 10000 Series1 1000 100 10 1 0 20 40 60 80 Students 100 120 140 160 180 3 Results (this year) ES 200 Autumn 2011 PC Saxena Volume 1000000 100000 10000 Volume (m3) 1000 Series1 100 10 1 0 50 100 Student 150 200 250 4 5 X 23.9)X 18.8 .5 = 1458 m3 • (17.Conclusions • All JEE’s are equal • There is always a JEE topper • Nothing can substitute measured measurables • 17.8 X 3.6 X 3.5 = 1160 m3 5 .26. Winners TBD • 10D070064 SACHIN KUMAR 1460 m3 • 08007021 ADITYA AGRAWAL 1150 m3 6 . Implications • Shut down of industries and businesses • Investment in infrastructure • DOUBT is introduced 7 . How do we manage Air Quality ? • At the source itself – Industry – Vehicles – Dust – Home cooking • After the source – Dispersion and Mixing 8 . Mixing/Dispersion • Meteorology – Vertical • Temperature – Lapse Rate – Horizontal • Wind – Speed – Direction 9 . Dispersion – Gaussian Plume WIND 10 . gov/ttn/naaqs/ozone/areas/wind.htm#dlfi 11 .Wind Rose 1 knot = 1.epa.82 km/hr http://www. • Wind roses are divided into 16 wind directions • Each wind direction is divided into wind speeds • As the percent of time the wind blows from a particular directions gets larger. the portion of the bar representing the wind speed gets larger both in length and width 12 . ldeo.http://www.edu/edu/dees/ees/climate/slides/atmprofile.gif 13 .columbia. Lapse Rates • Atmosphere cools with height – What rate ? • Dry (Adiabatic) • Wet (Adiabatic) 10°C/km 6°C/km – (Release of heat with condensation) 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . Definitions • Environmental Lapse Rate (Actual) – Actual temperature profile – Balloon with height and temperature sensors • Adiabatic Lapse Rate – A parcel of air moved in short enough time that there is no heat exchange between the parcel and the surrounding atmosphere 20 . ADIABATIC (1°C/100 m) 1100 m ACTUAL 19 °C Air Parcel at 1100 m 20 °C Air Parcel 1000 m (say) 18 °C 19 °C 20 °C 21 . ADIABATIC (1°C/100 m) 1100 m 1000 m (say) 20 °C Air Parcel 900 m 21 °C Air Parcel at 1100 m ACTUAL 20 °C 21°C 22 °C 22 . 1100 m 19 °C Air Parcel at 1100 m 20 °C Air Parcel ADIABATIC (1°C/100 m) 1000 m (say) ACTUAL 19°C 19.5 °C 20 °C 23 . Adiabatic Actual WIND 24 . Scenarios Adiabatic Actual Height Temperature 25 . Scenarios Adiabatic Actual Height Temperature 26 . Scenarios Adiabatic Actual Height Temperature 27 . tpub.com/content/aerographer/14312/css/14312_47.Stability Average Wet Lapse Rate Dry Lapse Rate Stable Height ↑ Unstable Temperature 28 http://www.htm . 29 . 1997) 30 .Match the Profile Unstable Stable Plumes (a) (b) (c) (d) (Adapted from Masters. 1997) 31 .Match the Profile Unstable Stable Plumes (a) (b) (c) (d) (Adapted from Masters. Review Dispersion and Mixing Influenced by : • Wind – Speed – Direction – Wind Rose • Temperature Lapse Rates – Dry adiabatic – Wet Adiabatic – Stability 32 . 33 . Review the film smog.iitb. You have been appointed as the new In-charge for air quality management in your home city. – Your first assignment is to write a proposal to MoEF for management of air quality of your city using traffic management. – (If you think that there is no vehicular pollution problem in your home city/village. – The solutions are to include short term and long term plans.ac.iitb.inc at : http://www.First Home Assignment • 1.pdf • 3. Review the paper by Molina and Molina (2004) at : http://www.cese.in/ES200/MolinaAndMolinaCriticalReviewJAWMA2004.ac.cese.in/ES200/SMOG_INC/ • 2. justify it. and then choose Mumbai as the study city). Please include references (as URL’s and/or journals/reports. – You may submit a map and key data (or the need for specific data) to support your proposal. – The proposal may be limited to 1000-1500 words. Air Pollution • Concentration – – – – mass of pollutant / volume of air number of particles / volume of air opacity absorption • • Duration – hours to days to years Criteria Pollutants – Primary (FIVE) • • • • • SOx NOx CO PM-10 Particulate Lead – Secondary (ONE) • Ozone 34 . Respirable Stopped in Nose 35 . Physical Nature of Particulate Emissions from Engines Typical Engine Exhaust Size Distribution both Mass and Number Weightings (Source: Kittelson et al. 1999) 36 . 000 8.000 2.000 0 1 10 100 Particle Size [nm ] 1000 0.5 1.Diluted Diesel Exhaust: Particle Number vs.000 12.000 10. 37 .000 14.0 Particle Num ber [P/cm 3] Particle Mass [m g/m 3] 2.0 10000 0.000 16.5 2.0 Courtesy : TSI Inc.000 6.5 1.000 4. Mass 18. COLLECTION / REMOVAL EFFICIENCY PARTICLE DIAMETER 1 µm 38 . 1988 39 .Particle formation in coal combustion Source: Flagan and Seinfeld. Physical Nature of Particulate Emissions from Engines PM2. 1999) 40 .5 PM10 Typical Engine Exhaust Size Distribution both Mass and Number Weightings (Source: Kittelson et al.