AIR QUALITY INDEXThe air quality index, or AQI, measures the concentration level of six pollutants (carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter) within various air quality control regions. Although a separate rating is available for each pollutant, ratings for every pollutant are combined into single rating for overall air quality. These rating include the following: • Good, 0-50: little or no health risk. • Moderate, 51- 100: moderate health risks for those with respiratory problems. • Unhealthy for certain groups, 101- 150: Harmful for people with respiratory problems but little risk for the most of the population. • Unhealthy, 151- 200: moderate health risks for everyone. • Very unhealthy, 201- 300: Serious health risks for everyone. • Hazardous, 300 plus: emergency health risks for everyone. Sources of air pollution: Air pollution comes primarily from mobile sources (such as cars, engines, lawn mowers and other mobile equipment) and stationary sources (such as plants, factories, and other immobile equipment). Stationary sources also include biogenic sources. Like trees and gas seeps. The level of air pollution within a metropolitan area is influenced greatly by traffic congestion and stationary sources. Urban planners can reduce air pollution by incorporating the following urban development characteristics, which seek to shorten driving distances and facilitate public use of alternate transportation modes: • Neighborhoods and developments that incorporate different land uses. • Dense neighborhoods, developments, and regions. • Designs that facilitate walking rather than driving. • Public transit systems located near densely populated areas. • Activities that are centered or clustered within metropolitan areas and located near public transit systems. Planners can also reduce air pollution by reserving certain areas for plant and forest planting. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide ENERGY CONSUMPTION Americans have increased their energy consumption over the years and, as a consequence, have increased the amount of pollution they emit. A primary source of air pollution is automobiles. Over the decade of the 1990s, gasoline consumption increased from 405 gallons per capita to 430 gallons per capita. Additionally, larger homes use more energy (heating and cooling) and resources (more construction material and larger amounts of impenetrable surfaces) than smaller homes. Over the past factors because they require less energy to provide sufficient cooling and heating. planners can determine the correct setback distances for residential properties. Planners account for biodiversity using tools such as the wildlife inventory. • In residential areas where dBA is 60.factor. topography. residential development should be completely avoided.native species into habitats. Maintaining a certain level of biodiversity is necessary for the continued health of an ecosystem. such as the Endangered Species Act. and local governments have passed a number of laws. Homes with better ceiling and wall insulation have higher R. • In areas where dBA is less than 60. It is measured in decibels that have been calibrated to the sensitivities of the human ear (dBA) and can be determined using a sound meter or computer modeling. The U.50 years. Fiberglass thickness and number of windowpanes are determinants of a home’s R. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity describes the variety of all plants and animals and their interactions within a certain area. or WI.100 square feet to 2. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide NOISE In planning.70.75.S. By placing contour lines around a highway or transit system on maps. windows should be made permanently shut. noise is defined as unwanted sound. Maps help identify gaps. Berkley sets the following noise guidelines: • In areas where dBA is 70. the average home size has increased from 1. there are no building restrictions. and land management information.340 square feet. the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Creating a wildlife inventory also involves mapping habitats. . which lists every plant and animal species within an area and includes as much as information as possible on their seasonal number changes. which are species and habitats that need protection. Planners can help reduce energy consumption and pollution by considering the following: • Energy sources other than fossil fuels. is losing its biodiversity due to two primary factors: • Fragmentation and loss of habitat caused by human development. state. and various conservation strategies enacted by fish and wildlife agencies in every state and funded by the state wildlife grants program. which estimate the decibels generated within a certain area. species. federal.Factor. • R. a rating of the energy efficiency of a home. In an effort to preserve biodiversity. Noise mapping requires complex modeling information and the help of an acoustical engineer. Noise levels can be illustrated on a map using contour lines. • Introduction of non. Many communities set a maximum noise level of 65 dBA. which prevents contamination by restricting the activities of business and industry. especially for coast and desert areas with loose material and sparse vegetation. • Wind gradation can cause erosion. Planners must consider public perceptions of surface water sources when selecting a new source. and can have serious consequences for developments within coastal areas. • Ocean. Groundwater is often augmented by an aquifer storage and .S. oceans have concerns associated with desalination. • Reservoirs and lakes. reclaimed waters have potability concerns. where water is held within some type of structure. Development of groundwater sources is often far simpler than development of surface water sources. Wells in urban areas should be placed within a wellhead protective zone. The public may have a set of negative preconceptions about each type of source: Rivers often have pollution problems. from which water is pumped into a water treatment plant. population). sheet wash. It comes from four major sources: • Rivers. treatment requirements for groundwater are much less stringent. Riverine erosion includes gullying. however. Groundwater: Groundwater is the primary water source for rural populations (roughly 48 percent of the total U. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide WATER Surface water: Surface water is the primary water source for most urban residents and large cities. • Mass wasting occurs when soil and sediments move downward along slopes. coastal developments are also threatened by coastal slope and wave height. • Other forms of erosion include glaciers and groundwater in areas with high limestone and rock salt concentrations. reservoirs are often used for multiple activities. from which water is pumped and desalinated. • Coastal erosion and accretion can be caused by hurricanes. bank erosion. rill erosion. and. It can happen slowly in creeps or quickly in landslides that cause rapid erosion and destruction. In addition to shoreline erosion. • Wastewater reclamation. This technique is still very rare. and the rise of sea levels. flooding. Landslides and mudslides are often the result of construction.Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION • Riverine erosion and sedimentation causes more economic loss than any other type of erosion or sedimentation. especially when sediments are placed in undesirable locations. Planners should seek to educate the public and to involve them in various steps of the planning process. avulsion. from which water is used mostly for irrigation purposes. and river channel migration. and a small community can be serviced by a single well and pump house on a small tract of land. winter storms. which measures the number of gallons per minute that a building is capable of releasing in the event of fire. which measures the maximum daily demand for water in a certain community. thereby threatening biodiversity. planners can make sound decisions early in the project’s lifetime. Another important aspect of demand is fire flow.500 gpm for commercial and industrial building and 1.demand seasons. One important aspect of measuring water demand is the peaking factor. Fire flow requirements are set according to the building type (3.500 gpm for residences). a community can satisfy demand during periods of higher water consumption without needing to build additional pipelines or reservoirs. reside below the High Plains Aquifer. the waste from domestic animals. It can be as low as 1. Nitrogen: Nitrogen is a type of nutrient present in wastewater. In areas such as the Sun Belt. techniques. and the climate. Phosphorous: Phosphorous is another life-sustaining nutrient that poses dangers in excessive quantities. An EIS has four major considerations: • Environmental laws and regulations – provide a set of processes. populations are rising while water supplies remain scarce. resources. and fertilizers. and alter the project either to enhance positive implications or to lessen negative implications. Planners can estimate water usage by either modeling these variables or by examining historical trends.5 for spacious suburban communities with hot climates. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT An environmental impact assessment determines and analyzes the positive and negative environmental implications of a development project. Twenty percent of irrigated lands in the U. it poses a danger to humans if it is present in excessive quantities.S.1 for dense industrialized communities and as high as 2. which transfers domestic water into drilled wells for use during high. Phosphorous is present in both point sources (wastewater treatment and industry) and nonpoint sources (storm water). It gauges the project’s short. such as summer. guidelines. These laws and regulations are . Drinking water becomes hazardous when its nitrogen content exceeds 10 parts per million.S. and will vary according to the type of consumer.term and long. When an overabundance of phosphorous accumulates in surface water. Although nitrogen is necessary for life to exist. averages between 120 and 180 gallons daily for each person. Eutrophication: Eutrophication refers to the impact of increased levels of nitrates and phosphorous upon aquatic ecosystems. This process can remove oxygen from the water. analyses. Water consumption: Water consumption in the U.term impact on both the natural and manmade environment. Using the information gathered from the EIS. it can create algae blossoms that threaten the ecosystem’s biodiversity.recovery (ASR) system. the size and density of his or her community. and documentation formats that the project must follow. By reserving water. • Manmade environment – includes land use and development. share this information with all relevant parties. but a popular method is to consider the questions people must answer when they seek out housing for themselves: • Should I rent or own? • How much can I afford to pay in monthly rent or in purchasing and maintaining a new home? • What is my preferred type of housing? By integrating these questions into a housing needs assessment. communities and neighborhoods. state. and federal levels. facilitate cooperation. Revise and finalize the project by meeting with project designers and sponsors. Coordinate with all relevant parties. There are several different methods for determining a community’s housing needs. Then. Determine the extent of the project’s impact on environmental and community resources.found at the local. such as the specific study area that will be affected.permanent). water. 2. etc. Document and examine the potential impact of the project. and other natural resources. In order to establish goals and needs for future planning projects. ordinances. Determine the legal requirements (laws. It also examines housing costs for each income level. and required housing types. 5. and governments. and citizen involvement techniques. including community members. Project boundaries and scope. Steps: Conducting an environmental impact assessment normally involves the following steps: 1. 3. regulatory agencies. and regulatory agencies with authority in the project area. build support for the project. transportation. planners can forecast the tenure of housing (permanent or semi. 4. community members. historic resources. special interest groups. 7. and all advisory. An EIS should incorporate feedback from stakeholders. and the economy.) the project must fulfill. reviews. . 6. and avoid large problems at the end of the project. Revisions should seek to lessen potentially harmful environmental impacts and to increase potentially helpful environmental impacts. • Natural environment – includes air. Determine the assumptions. resource. protocols. the incomes of buyers and the prices they will seeking. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide HOUSING NEEDS ASSESSMENT Housing needs assessment predicts the current housing needs within a community based on its planned growth over a certain period of time. and then determines whether or not the market is capable of providing housing at each level. housing needs assessments use a variety of quantitative research methods (forecasting). • Coordination with agencies and the general public – is necessary to resolve problems and issues. qualitative research methods (surveys). and various other methodologies that will be used to carry out the impact assessment. general public. 4. architecture. building façade. etc. municipalities usually follow these steps: 1. Creation of public policy goals and objectives.Steps: When conducting a housing needs assessment. 3. and is used to identify shortcomings in the design. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide ASSESSING A NEW DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Site plan review: Site plan review is an analysis of maps. rest areas. 7. inventory data. and local housing delivery system data on the community population. Gather data on housing needs through various research methodologies. Process initiation. Local housing needs assessment. Creation of community housing profile. In most cases. Establish broad goals and achievable. 5. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide TIGER Database . Progress implementation. The design review is documented. tracking. Create strategies to garner public support for the project. 6. Explain the expected accomplishments and their justifications. Design review: Design review is a systematic and detailed analysis of a proposed development to ensure that it conforms to existing design guidelines and safety regulations. 2. and public hearings to garner attention for the project. Preparation of community housing plans and strategies. and to rate them based on their appeal and appropriateness within the community.). and list the problems within a preliminary mission statement.). Gather housing demand data. and hold media events. which display the location and orientations of purposed buildings. the participant’s evaluation is based on land use compatibility. Visual preference survey: Visual preference survey assesses the quality of a development based upon citizen evaluations. Survey participants are asked to look at different characteristics of urban development (streetscape. which show the appearance of the proposed development. aesthetic and functional interaction between buildings. and compare the data against established housing standards. tours. etc. public space accessibility (parks. Problem identification. restaurants. and design elements. and the development’s integration with the natural environment. Create new policies and revise old policies to include new housing strategies and plans. Create a list of possible housing task force members. quantifiable objectives for the project based on the community’s political and economic characteristics. and evaluation. Identify housing problems using various research techniques. female-owned.S Census Bureau to define more specifically the geographic area designated by ZIP codes. • Matching the appropriate addresses with the appropriate geographic locations. and replaced the existing classification systems within each country. Within the NAICS. are represented with two digits. Postal Service. ZCTA: ZCTA (zip code tabulation area) was created by U. ZIP Code Zip (zone improvement plan) codes designated a street section. SWOT analyses are an effective means of identifying assumptions and areas that may require change. ZCTA was used during the 2000 Census to generate summary statistics. minority-owned. Its duties included the following: • General cartographic products • Creating a geographic structure that gathers and sends out statistical information. For instance. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide RESEARCH TOOLS SWOT analysis: SWOT analysis determines the strengths. the U. service.S. It considers the internal and external forces affecting the program as well as its resources. transportation. until the NAICS was implemented. or SIC. weaknesses. They were created by the U. group of streets. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide ECONOMIC CENSUS Economic census tallies the number of the following types of businesses: manufacturing. depending on the desired level of detail. and Mexico. NORTH AMERICAN INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) was created by the experts in the U.S had been using the standard industrial classification system. are represented using six digits.O Boxes for purposes of mail delivery. and wholesome trade. . Census Bureau to fulfill geographic functions for the 1990 census. construction. buildings.S. industries are represented using between 2 and 6 digits. mining and quarrying. Individual sectors.S. which are most specific industry classifications.. Sectors. or a set of P. Canada. retail trade. which are the broadest industry classifications. and threats that are pertinent to a program. opportunities. The Census Bureau takes an economic census for every year ending in a 2 or 7. • Creating a municipal GIS.TIGER (topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing system) database was created by the U. Community indicators: Community indicators serve a variety of purposes: • Identifying social.. government. TYPES OF AREAS Census tracts: Census tract is a small subdivision of a county. Unlike statistical methods of analysis. Boundaries can be defined by natural features and/ or invisible. and are the smallest unit of area used to gather sample data. with the help of state and local governments.mandated lines. economic. they are projects undertaken by community leaders and residents for purposes of increasing community involvement. Census designated place: Census designated place. Rather. and can be classified as either an incorporated place or a CPD. Within most census tracts. population is around 4. or similar area with defined geographic boundaries. has been incorporated into city. Incorporated place: Incorporated place is a populated area that. Urban area: Urban area is classification that includes urbanized areas and urban clusters. and the smallest unit of area for which the Census Bureau gathers 100 percent data.000 people and is consistent in regard to living. In urban areas. • Assessing the community’s performance against other communities. they may be much larger and define by characteristics other than streets. under state law. Census block: Census block is a section of a census tract. In rural areas. • Measuring various factors related to quality of life. • Measuring changes and /or progress within a community. and environmental trends within a community. census blocks normally coincide with city blocks and are define by streets. or CPD. according to the Census Bureau. Census block groups: Census Block groups consists of a group of census blocks. the Census Bureau identifies CPD’s for incorporation into censuses. Place: Place is a densely populated area. is a densely populated area that has a name designation but is not part of an incorporated place.S. economic. . It is permanent. and used for gathering and presenting statistical data. and population conditions. There are 8 million census blocks covering the U. town. community indicators are not created by researchers. village. 000 people. may cover multiple countries if those countries are connected by large amounts of amounts of commuting. • Symptomatic method – estimates current population based on easily accessible data such as school enrollment. MSA’s often cover multiple countries. and quality to be a MSA. city).estimates the growth rate of a small area (i. An MSA with 1.000 or more people may include multiple PMA’s. and voter registration. upon which surrounding communities are socially and economically dependent.000 people living in an urbanized area. The core area contains either 50.e.down method. is created when two or more PMSAs are located within the same geographic area. neighborhood) using the growth rate estimation for a large area (i. It must include a minimum of one central place with a surrounding territory.Urban Cluster: Urban cluster is a densely populated area containing between 2. One type of population projection is the cohort survival method. • Ratio method. To be classified as a CSMA. consist of multiple PMAs.000 people living in the city or 100. Metropolitan Statistical Area: Metropolitan statistical area. which divides the population into different age groups and then forecasts the distribution between these age groups over the next five or ten years. or MSA. a region must have a population totaling 1.000. In New England.000.000 and MSA’s are defined by civil divisions. It is only accurate if population growth is not affected by some unforeseen external influence. and a total population of at least 50.000 people.000 people every square mile. Estimation methods: Estimation methods include the following: • Migration – natural increase method – estimates population based on birth and death statistics. population density and commuting patterns. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide . has a densely populated urban core.500 and 50. or CSMA.000 people. building permits.e. Consolidate metropolitan statistical area: Consolidated metropolitan statistical area. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TOOLS Population projection: Population projection examines the current population conditions in order to forecast future population conditions. Primary Metropolitan statistical area: Primary metropolitan statistical area. Urbanized Area: Urbanized area has a minimum population density of 1. the amount is reduced to 75. or PMSA. also known as step. • Bimodal pattern – Measurements are split between two primary values. • Standard deviation indicates the level of spread within a distribution. sixty. A bimodal distribution is one in which two values are tied for most occurrences. and is less influenced by statistical outliers than the mean. • Skewed pattern – Measurements are not distributed equally. also described as a normal distribution. • Outlier is a variable that falls well outside the grouping of most other variables within the distribution. Ninety. • Variance is the distribution (spread out or tightly clustered) of measurements.five percent are located inside 2 standard deviations from the mean. if 9 people measured between 5’9” and 6’ in height and only 1 person measured 6’6” in height.SCATTER PLOT DIAGRAM A scatter plot diagram can be used to illustrate the relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable within a sample. • J-shaped pattern – Measurements are concentrated on one end.eight percent of measurements are located inside 1 standard deviation from the mean. if a study measured the height of 10 people. . the measure of 6’6” would represent an outlier. And. For instance. and then dividing by the total number of values. indicates that the observed measurements occur symmetrical around the mean. Each measurement taken from a test subject is represented by a point within the diagram. Statistical outliers (extremely high and / or low measurements) often skew the mean. • Mode is the measurement that occurs most often in a distribution. which reveal tendencies within data: • U-shaped pattern – Measurements are highly polarized. ninety. • Distribution is the entire set of a particular variable that has been tested for every subject in a population. • Range is calculated by subtracting the lowest observed measurement from the highest observed measurements. raising concerns about its reliability as a measure of central tendency. It is calculated by taking the square root of the variance. For instance. It is calculated by adding together all the values derived from a particular variable. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide STATISTICS • Mean is an average of all measurements related to a particular variable. The points are then connected to reveal various distribution patterns. Also. and exactly half will fall below it.nine percent are located inside 3 standard deviations from the mean. the distribution would consist of the 10 separate height measurements. BELL CURVE A bell curve. Exactly half of the measurements will fall above the median. • Median is the middle value within a distribution of measurements. may put out 2. In graphs. age. left-handed.• Frequency distribution is the frequency with which measurements reoccur in a distribution.axis. construction type. and monthly and annual cost. • Chi square determines whether or not two variables are related. • Discrete variable has a finite number of values. sports teams are often ranked according to their wins and loss records. An example includes the speed of a moving object when expressed using fractions. For instance.000 watts. is limited to two possible values. at the end of the season. It assesses the extent to which an independent variable affects a dependent variable. building decay. • Independent variable is used to define or affect the behavior of a dependent variable. • Linear regression is used when a specific set of assumptions is met. • Dichotomous. family size. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide VARIABLES A variable is the characteristic that is being measured within test subjects. the dependent variable is normally placed along the y-axis. • Control variable describes an independent variable that is not being manipulated within the study. Common variables include income. and each value is an integer. gender. the measurement of 5’10 would have a frequency distribution of 4. For instance. etc. • Treatment variable describes an independent variable that is being manipulating within the study. Classifications of variables: • Dependent variable is manipulated by the researcher in order to affect an outcome that can be measured. width. power generators can be measured according to their electrical output in wattage increments. also known as categorical variables are arranged into various population groupings. There are three primary types of variables: • Nominal. length. Republican. height. it is normally placed along x. A team with a 13-3 record is ranked higher than a team with a 5-11 record. such as on or off. Libertarian. For instance. if 4 people measured in at 5’10” in height. such as right-handed. • Ordinal. In graphs. but may be affecting the dependent variable. An example includes the number of crayons in a box. • Continuous variable has an infinite number of values. Confounding variables offer an alternate explanation for the behavior of the dependent variable. also known as ranking variables are arranged within a certain hierarchical order. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide RESEARCH . or binary variable. • Interval Variables are arranged along a numbered scale. One generator may put out 1. • Confounding variable is not one of the independent variables.000 watts while a second generator. The value difference between intervals along scale is numerical and progressive. Baby Boomers. and similar types of meetings. Some test subjects are automatically excluded from consideration. density. such as opinions. and is represented numerically. and is the focus of the research. Convenience sampling: This is a technique in which a researcher gathers data on only those test subjects that can be reached easily and readily. Researchers gather statistical data on the characteristics of subjects. Subjects: Subjects are the objects or persons that make up the sample. themes. are common ways of gathering quantitative data. Population: Population is the entire group to which the data pertains. Qualitative data is normally garnered through interviews. Researchers gather statistical data on the sample. Sample: Sample is a subset of the total population and. competing agendas. Larger samples are more indicative of the entire population and. place or residence. is selected at random.Quantitative and qualitative data: Quantitative data is derived through objective and scientific research techniques. etc. socioeconomic status. A population normally shares some common characteristics. and interests. External validity indicates the study’s relevance to other situations and studies. needs. speed. such as linear regression and telephone interviews. It indicates the extent to which a study considers all relevant variables. which identifies and separates it from other populations. known as a population parameter. and then use the data to project characteristics of the entire population. and is helpful for spotting trends and patterns. It may represent a cross section of the community. Examples include distance. and includes information that does not lend itself readily to quantitative or representation. are more accurate. therefore. Volunteer sampling: Volunteer sampling is a technique in which the researcher interviews only those subjects who volunteer to take part in the study. volume. Sample size: Sample size is the number of subjects that are actually being tested within a population. etc. Snowball sampling: Snowball sampling is a technique in which the researcher interviews an ever- increasingnumber of test subjects as the study progresses. . Qualitative data is not as scientific or objective. Convenience sampling may produce biased results because test subjects are not chosen randomly and without bias. Samples are taken when testing the entire population is cost or resource prohibitive. These parameters can include race. Volunteer sampling may produce biased results because it automatically excludes subjects who are not willing participants. emotions. Statistical methods of analysis. The researcher selects new interview topics and subjects based on the data gathered from interviews with previous subjects. workshops. Validity: Internal Validity measures the reliability of a study. ideally. Inferential statistical method: Inferential statistical method derives information about an entire population based on statistical data gathered from a sample of the population. encourage and facilitate local action. strategic planning. Confidence interval: Confidence interval is a certain range of values around a sample statistic. and surveys). the actual value within the population may fall between 45 and 55 percent. When the estimated value (derived from sample statistic) is applied to the entire population. address needs from all areas of the community. if the sample statistic is 50 percent. visioning seeks to answer four basic questions: 1) What is the current status of the community? 2) What is the current direction of the community? 3) What is the desired direction and future of the community? 4) How can this future be achieved? Visioning should attempt to incorporate community values. is the maximum possible difference between the estimated value gathered from the sample statistic and the actual value within the population. This range is the confidence interval. By using research. Source: AICP Exam SECRETS Study Guide VISIONING Visioning is a planning process that establishes goals. many of which received no sunlight 3) usage conflicts within certain areas . and various public participation techniques (such as workshops. New York City passed the first zoning ordinance within the US in order to combat the following: 1) street congestion 2) close proximity of buildings. It is written as a percentage. Error level: Error level. Origin of Zoning In 1916. For instance. Confidence level: Confidence level measures the expected number of times the same set of results would be repeated if the same study was conducted one hundred times. primarily by gathering information from community members. and policies for a community. open houses. plans. a study may have a margin of error of plus or minus 3 percent from the actual real value within a population. The most important aspect of visioning is public participation . and set forth a desired future shaped by the entire community. the actual value ( within the population ) should fall somewhere within this range. For instance. or margin of error. identify trends and pertinent issues. This deviation is referred to as the “margin of error” and is a relevant factor in the gathering of all statistical data.a community is more likely to support a vision and plan that it helped create. odor. It ruled that zoning was a valid police power as long as it advanced public safety. Batas Pambansa 220 . and dust 5) accessibility problems 6) encroachment of non-residential activities (factories. unrestricted. Zones were established by identifying the most common types of activity already being carried in a particular area and applying zone categories accordingly. welfare. and divided the city into four zones: residential. building height.. The litigant must be able to demonstrate the unreasonable and completely arbitrary nature of the zoning before such ordinances can be overturned. It regulated land use.Joint Memo Circular of NEDA-DBM-DILG-DOF. partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared environmentally critical project or area without first securing an Environmental Compliance Certificate issued by the President. Amber Realty Co: This was a Supreme Court case upholding the constitutionality of zoning. and morals. The case also established the 'fairly debatable' standard. etc) into residential areas The zoning ordinance was drafted by Atty Edward Bassets and rooted in the notion that certain land uses were incompatible with other land uses and should therefore be separated. No person. The President of the Philippines has. proclamed a list of projects and areas in the country as environmentally critical.pdf 2011-2016 MTPDP. on his own initiative or upon recommendation of the National Environmental Protection Council.pdf DILG Guide for CDP Plan Preparation.pdf .pdf Planning . and setback distances over the entire city. stores.. the proposal might be one of the killer questions. and created the basis for Euclidean zoning.4) excessive noise. and undetermined.who knows. Village of Euclid vs. which places the burden of proof on the person seeking relief from the ordinance (the litigant) rather than the government enacting the ordinance. commercial.Revised IRR of 2001. current events: PRRD proposed 3Cs for ASEAN: -Community -Centrality -Connectivity research for the details. Also. Utopians b. Dystopians d.pdf PD 1308 charter of Environmental Planning Profession. and perhaps more importantly.Google Drive The unique role of the Sanggunian in local planning and development is explicitly provided in its power to “prescribe reasonable limits and restraints on the use of property” which is the basis of local land use planning. if planning is policy making then the sanggunian being the highest policy-making body is the ultimate planning body in the LGU. Soroptomists EnP Essentials Open Kit (PIEP-Planwards) . projects and activities could be implemented through the local budget without authorization from the sanggunian.pdf 2009-2016 NUDHF. Sanggunian .pdf Basic Terms and Definitions in Urban Planning.pdf They are inveterate optimists who believe that "necessity is the mother of invention" and hence they assert that all environmental problems can be solved by ever-advancing science and technology. only the sanggunian has the power to appropriate public funds. No development programs.HLURB CLUP_Guidebook_Vol_2 Sectoral Studies. a.pdf 2001-2030 National Framework for Physical Planning sum. Furthermore.pd Land Administration and Management_LAMP. Cornucopians c. and limitless human knowledge.pdf HLURB twelve step planning process. national government agencies (NGA) are required to coordinate or consult with LGUs before undertaking their projects (RA 7160. the RPFP and the NFPP. They are equally responsible for. regional and national levels respectively. the PPFP. respectively) of the Local Government Code. This devolved function is being exercised by the Sanggunian on behalf of the national State which is directed by the Constitution to “…regulate the ownership. 458 and 468 (Powers. the LGU territory is the stage upon which national policies and programs converge and find application on the ground. the legislative council or Sanggunian. Sec. Sections 26 and 27) within the local territorial jurisdiction. Planning as management of local territories is a function of the LGU pursuant to its status as a political unit. at the provincial. Panlungsod and Panlalawigan. whereas the CDP is the responsibility of the LDC as provided for under . Hence. 468). Functions and Compensation of the Sangguniang Bayan. CLUP 12 STEPS PROCESS: Step 1 Getting Organized Work program and budget Approval of the proposals Organizing the PMT ang TWG Defining roles and responsibilities IEC Step 2 Identifying Stakeholders Objectives Informed List of interest groups/individuals Action plan/strats approaches Step 3 Visioning Refine Vision Adoption of the Vision IEC Step 4 Analyzing the Situation Assessment of the current condition and projected needs/requirements Step 5 Setting The Goals and Objectives Formulation of achievable goals and objectives Step 6 Establish Dev't Thrust and Spatial Strats Generate development options and selection of appropriate spatial strategies Step 7 Preparing Land Use Plan Translation of development thrust into spatial dimension Step 8 Drafting ZO Identify allowed and permitted uses Identify development controls Step 9 Conduct PH Encourage ownership and gain support from the public Step 10 Review and Approval Review consistency of the plan to provincial. This is the reason why the adoption of the CLUP and its enactment into a zoning ordinance are planning functions exercised exclusively by the Sanggunian (RA 7160. Duties. The CLUP therefore must be consistent with its higher counterparts. 447. State regulation of land use also implies that there must be vertically integrated physical framework plans from the national down to the municipal level. Section 20c. 1). Review & Evaluate Assess effectiveness of the plan Assess impact of land development Ensure completion of programs and projects The Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) is the plan for the management of local territories. Therefore. XIII. and ought to be as actively involved in planning as the executive. the body principally responsible for the CLUP is no less than the highest policy-making body. Conversely. acquisition. 458. use and disposition of property…” (Art. The CLUP is assigned to the Sanggunian as provided for in Sections 447. regional and national level Step 11 Implementing CLUP/ZO Detailing operational plans Establish Mechanisms Establish cooperation and partnership Step 12 Monitor.members should therefore banish their erroneous notion that planning is an executive function alone. The CLUP. The responsibility for the CDP is given to the LDC (RA 7160. the CLUP belongs to the people. Only by enabling them to become selfreliant will LGUs become effective partners in national development.) Its time frame may be multi-year but a short-term slice must be taken off which is coterminous with the term of the elective local officials so that it can serve as an input to their executive-legislative agenda (ELA). not the CDP. 4) Prepare the Local Development Investment Program (LDIP). The CDP. Therefore there should be no more need for higher authorities to review or approve the CDP. can no longer be claimed by. (See Chapter 2 below. is the plan that the LGU prepares in its capacity as a corporate body. the review process by the Provincial Land Use Committee (PLUC) is also immensely simplified. It is the “people’s plan”. the CLUP-turned Zoning Ordinance cannot be simply “thrown away” without going through the proper legislative procedures for repealing or amending an ordinance. 3) Prepare ecological profile and structured list of PPAs. c). once in place. Rather. mission and sectoral objectives. Sec. becomes a law. There should be an end to the prevailing attitude of NGAs which has been developed from decades of dependency relationships wherein LGUs were on the receiving end of national government’s generosity or lack of it. The truth of the matter is. Being a law. moreover. . The CDP is the plan with which the LGU promotes the general welfare of its inhabitants in its capacity as a corporate body. the long-term CLUP. Other programs may be picked up by the national government and still others by the private sector for implementation. The CDP consolidates the programs and projects necessary to carry out the objectives of the different development sectors. once enacted into a zoning ordinance (Section 20. A common concern often raised by local planners is how to keep the long-term plan from being thrown away with every change in administration. It must cover all the development sectors to be comprehensive. 2) Revise existing plans and review vision. With the CLUP separated from the CDP. Some of these programs and projects are incorporated in the local development investment program (LDIP) and are implemented through the annual investment program (AIP) and the annual budget. nor attributed to a particular administration. of component cities and municipalities [See Section 468 (a)]. The answer to this concern lies precisely in having a separate CLUP from a CDP. 106 and 109). 5) Prepare needed implementation instruments and authority levers.Sections 106 (Local Development Councils) and 109 (Functions of Local Development Councils) of the Code. By their involvement in the CDP process the inhabitants seek to exercise autonomy as self-reliant communities. The Code requires a review by the provincial government of the CLUP. Five steps to CDP formulation: 1) Organize and mobilize the Planning Team. It remains in effect even after the incumbent officials have been replaced. National agencies with sectoral responsibilities should not impose their requirements on LGUs as though the latter were their subordinates or clients. and To continue its advocacy towards a rationalized planning system for adoption by all cities and municipalities. budgeting. It serves as the counterpart of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Board at the sub-national level. The creation of the RDC answers the need for a single planning body whose main concern is the overall socio-economic development of the region. This was an offshoot of the implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan of 1972 which divided the country into administrative regions. WHAT IS THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL The Regional Development Council (RDC) is the highest planning and policy-making body in the region. and a term-based CDP (3 years) which becomes the LGU’s ELA. strengthening links of planning. Regional development planning is necessary to address the uneven economic and social development in the country. Reconfigures the planning process from its traditional technocratic form into one that accommodates the imperatives of multi-stakeholders participation and consultation. thus both have important roles to play in planning for their jurisdictions. Emphasizes the importance of strengthening the LDC as the mandated structure to formulate development plans in the LGU. strengthening complementation of the province and its component LGUs on planning and budgeting The major features of the RPS are: It reduces the number of plans that LGUs must prepare to the two (2) comprehensive plans (CLUP and CDP) that are mandated in the Local Government Code. This stems from the recognition that growth and advancement over the years remain . Role of DILG: To establish and formulate plans. organization of functional committees to assist the LDC in the development of the plan. Underscores the importance of the legislative body as partners of the executive branch in advancing the general welfare of its constituents. investment programming and expenditure management. policies and programs to strengthen the technical.RPS consists of systems and procedures that will harmonize existing guides to rationalize local planning with emphasis on: integrating NGA sectoral concerns into the CDP and CLUP. fiscal and administrative capabilities of local governments. and Promotes the development of a medium term CDP (6 years) to align with the MTPDP and MTPIP. It also serves as a forum where local efforts can be related and integrated with regional and national development activities. It is the primary institution that coordinates and sets the direction of all economic and social development efforts in the region. . local autonomy has brought to the fore the need to empower local chief executives and officials in spearheading development in their respective jurisdictions.unevenly distributed and that progress has been concentrated in a few regions. In recent years. This strengthens and complements the vital role of the RDC in coordinating local initiatives that could further accelerate the socio-economic development of the region.