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GUIDE TO THE APPENDIXThis Dictionary carries the etymology of the English language to its logical and natural conclusion, for if the documentary history of words is of interest and value, so is their reconstructed prehistory. The historical component is given in the etymologies, after the definitions in the main body of the Dictionary. This Appendix supplies the prehistoric component, tracing the ultimate Indo-European derivations of those English words that are descended from a selected group of Indo-European roots. The form given in boldface type at the head of each entry is, unless otherwise identified, an Indo-European root in its basic form; this is followed by a list of some of its more important Modern English descendants. The entry proper begins with a repetition of the basic root form, followed in some cases by one or more variants, also in boldface type. The basic meaning or meanings of the root are given immediately after the entry form and its variants (but see the cautionary note under “Semantics” in the preceding essay). Meanings that are different parts of speech are separated by a semicolon: kei-1. To lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear. pelN-2. Flat; to spread. leg-. To collect; with derivatives meaning “to speak.” After the basic meaning there may appear further information about the phonological shape or nature of the root: skei-. To cut, split. Extension of sek-. kwmi-. Worm. Rhyme word to *wrmi-, worm (see wer-2). p7-. To protect, feed. Contracted from *paN-. lXk-. Body, form; like, same. Germanic root. Most, but not all, of the additional information is self-explanatory. In the first two examples, the boldface forms sek- and wer-2 are cross-references to those roots, which are main entries in this Appendix. Every boldface form appearing in the text of an entry is such a cross-reference. In the example p7- the form *paN- represents an older root form; the nature of these contractions is explained in the preceding essay under “Speech Sounds and their Alternations” (page 0000). The entries lXk-, nKhw-iz, and re- are not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since they are represented in only one branch of the family, but they are included within boldface brackets because of the number of English words among their descendants. The text of each entry describes in detail the development of Modern English words from the root. Each section of an entry begins with a list, in SMALL CAPITALS, of the Modern English words derived from a particular form of the root. The simple (uncompounded) derivatives are given first; the compounds follow, separated from them by a semicolon. Parentheses indicate that the etymology of a word in the main body of the Dictionary contains a cross-reference to the etymology at another entry. In some cases no further semantic or morphological development needs to be explained, and the lemma, the historically attested representative of the root, is immediately given: awi-. Bird. I. 1. AVIAN . . . from Latin avis, bird. Much more commonly, however, intermediate developments require explanation. These intermediate stages are reconstructions representing a word stem in Indo-European that is necessary to explain the lemma following it (see the section “Grammatical Forms and Syntax” in the preceding essay). The reconstructed forms are not historically attested; they are preceded by an asterisk (*) to note this fact. Sometimes earlier or later developments of the intermediate forms are given in parentheses, as in the example of st7- below. In these cases the symbol < is used to mean “derived from” and the symbol > is used to mean “developed into.” The following terms are used to describe typical morphological processes of Indo-European: Full-grade form: A form with e-vocalism (the basic form); so identified for descriptive contrast O-grade form: A form with o-vocalism: nekw-t-. O-grade form *nokw-t-. Zero-grade form: A form with zero-vocalism: men-1. I. Zero-grade form *m-. Lengthened-grade form: A form with lengthened vocalism: ked-. 1. Lengthened-grade form *kKd-. Secondary full-grade form: A new full-grade form created by inserting the fun- damental vowel e in the zero-grade form of an extended root: st7-. V. Zero-grade extended root *st7- (< *stuN-). . . . VI. Secondary full-grade form *steuN-. Basic form: The unchanged root; so identified for descriptive contrast. Suffixed form: A form with one or more suffixes, written with an internal hyphen: laks-. Suffixed form *laks-o-. maghu-. Suffixed form *magho-ti-. mel-2. 1. Suffixed (comparative) form *mel-yos-. Prefixed form: A form with a prefix, written with an internal hyphen: op-. 6. . . . from prefixed form *co-op-. Extended form: A form with an extension or enlargement, written without inter- nal hyphens: pel-5. II. Extended form *pelN-. Nasalized form: A form with a nasal infix, written with internal hyphens: tag-. 1. Nasalized form *ta-n-g-. Reduplicated form: A form prefixed by its own initial consonant followed by a vowel: segh-. 5. Reduplicated form *si-sgh-. Expressive form: A form with “expressive gemination” (doubling of the final consonant), written without internal hyphens: gal-. 3. Expressive form *gall-. Compound form. A form compounded with a form of another root, written with internal hyphens: dem-. 3. Compound form *dems-pot-. Shortened form. A form with shortened vocalism: sy -. III. Suffixed shortened form *syu-men-. Reduced form. A form with loss of one or more sounds: ghesor-. Reduced form *ghesr-. Oldest root form. A root form showing a laryngeal (N) in a position, typically at the beginning or end of a root, where it is preserved in only a few Indo-European languages, such as Greek or Hittite: ster-3. 3. Oldest root form *Nster-. Variant form. A form altered in any way other than those described in the above categories: deru-. 2. Variant form *dreu-. These terms can be combined freely to describe in as much detail as necessary the development from the root to the lemma. dhK(i)-. 1. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-mn7–. Latin fKmina, woman (< “she who suckles”). FEMALE, FEMININE; EFFEMINATE, from gerN-1. 1. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *gKrN-s-. Greek gKras, old age. AGERATUM, GERIATRICS, from petN-. 2. Suffixed (stative) variant zero-grade form *pat-K-. PATENT, PATULOUS, from Latin patKre, to be open. In order to emphasize the fact that English belongs to the Germanic branch of Indo-European and give precedence to directly inherited words in contrast to words borrowed from other branches, the intermediate stages in Germanic etymologies are covered in fuller detail. The Common or Proto-Germanic (here called simply Germanic) forms underlying English words are always given. Where no other considerations intervene, Germanic is given first of the Indo-European groups, and Old English is given first within Germanic, although this order of precedence is not rigidly applied. The final item in most entries is an abbreviated reference, in brackets, to Julius Pokorny’s Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bern, 1959). This, the standard work of reference and synthesis in the Indo-European field, carries a full range of the actual comparative material on which the roots are reconstructed. Our Appendix presents only those aspects of the material that are directly relevant to English. For example, the English word MANY is found at the root menegh-, “copious.” This entry describes the transition of the Indo-European form through Germanic *managa- to Old English manig, mænig, “many.” It does not cite the evidence on which this assertion is based, but it refers to “Pokorny men(e)gh- 730.” The entry men(e)gh- on page 730 in Pokorny’s dictionary cites, in addition to the Old English word, the forms attested in Sanskrit, Celtic, Gothic, Old High German, Old Norse, Slavic, and Lithuanian, from which the reconstruction of the root was made. These references should serve as a reminder that the information given in this Appendix is assertive rather than expository and that the evidence and evaluation upon which its assertions are based are not presented here. Symbols: * unattested < derived from > developed into I N D O - E U R O P E A N RO O T S adImportant derivatives are: at1, aid. To, near, at. 1. 2. ADO, AT , from Old English æt, near, by, at, and from Middle English at, “to,” from Old Norse at, both from Germanic *at. 1 AD-, -AD; (ADJUVANT), AID, AMOUNT, (PARAMOUNT), from Latin ad, ad-, to, toward. [Pokorny 1. ad- 3.] agImportant derivatives are: act, agent, agile, ambiguous, essay, exact, navigate, agony. To drive, draw, move. 1. ACT, AGENDUM, AGENT, AGILE, AGITATE; (ALLEGE), AMBAGE, AMBIGUOUS, (ASSAY), (CACHE), COAGULUM, COGENT, ESSAY, EXACT, (EXAMINE), (EXIGENT), FUMIGATE, FUSTIGATE, INTRANSIGENT, LEVIGATE, LITIGATE, NAVIGATE, OBJURGATE, PRODIGALITY, RETROACTIVE, SQUAT, TRANSACT, VARIEGATE, from Latin agere, to do, act, drive, conduct, lead, weigh. 2. -AGOGUE, AGONY; ANAGOGE, (ANTAGONIZE), CHORAGUS, DEMAGOGUE, EPACT, GLUCAGON, HYPNAGOGIC, MYSTAGOGUE, PEDAGOGUE, PROTAGONIST, STRATAGEM, SYNAGOGUE, from Greek agein, to drive, lead, weigh. 3. Suffixed form *ag-to-. AMBASSADOR, EMBASSAGE, (EMBASSY), from Latin ambactus, servant, from Celtic *amb(i)-ag-to-, “one who goes around” (*ambi, around; see ambhi). 4. Suffixed form *ag-ti-, whence adjective *ag-ty-o-, “weighty.” AXIOM; AXIOLOGY, CHRONAXIE, from Greek axios, worth, worthy, of like value, weighing as much. 5. Possibly suffixed form *ag-ro-, driving, pursuing, grabbing. PELLAGRA, PODAGRA, from Greek agra, a seizing. [Pokorny a´- 4.] Derivative agro-. aghImportant derivatives are: day, today, dawn. A day (considered as a span of time). a. DAY; DAISY, TODAY, from Old English dæg, day; b. LANDTAG, from Old High German tag, day; c. DAWN, from Old English denominative dagian, to dawn. a, b, and c all from Germanic *dagaz (with initial d- of obscure origin), day. [Pokorny agher- 7.] agroImportant derivatives are: acre, pilgrim, agro-. Field. Probably a derivative of ag-, “to drive.” 1. 2. 3. ACRE, from Old English æcer, field, acre, from Germanic *akraz. AGRARIAN; AGRICULTURE, PEREGRINE, (PILGRIM), from Latin ager (genitive agrX), earlier *agros, district, property, field. AGRIA, AGRO-; (AGROSTOLOGY), ONAGER, STAVESACRE, from Greek agros, field, and agrios, wild. [In Pokorny a´- 4.] aisAn important derivative is: ask. To wish, desire. Suffixed form *ais-sk-. ASK, from Old English 7scian, 7csian, to ask, seek, from Germanic *aiskon. NO 1 . a. Suffixed form *aiw-o-. b from Germanic *aiwi + *wihti. every. 1 AUGHT .” 1. c. vital force. acute. eternal. hammer. eternity. c. acne. ais. vinegar. 1.[Pokorny 1. AGE. 2 2. eager1. EVERY.] See also *yuwen. medieval. a. akImportant derivatives are: edge. 7uht. from Old English <fre (second element obscure). anything. b. eon. from Old English 7wiht. COEVAL. from Latin aeternus. age. EON. Vital force. NAY.under yeu-. thing. ETERNAL. ever. PRIMEVAL. a. age. suffixed form *aiwo-t-erno-. anything” (*wihti-. also “endowed with the acme of vital force. acrid. . life. suffixed form *aiwo-t7(ti)-. from Old English 7. Suffixed form *ak-y7-. ever.] aiwImportant derivatives are: no1. eternity. ever. SEMPITERNAL. from Latin aet7s (stem aet7ti-). from Greek aion. long life. d. heaven. age. b. Sharp. and d all from extended form in Germanic *aiwi. from Latin aevum. LONGEVITY. NEVER. “ever a creature”. “ever a thing. oxygen. MEDIEVAL. from Old Norse ei. ever. eternal. acro-. 3. AYE EVER.16. [Pokorny ai¯. age. see wekti-). acid.17. Suffixed form *aiw-en-. . young. never. COETANEOUS. acme. c. needle. AGLET. HEAVEN. ACERBIC. 7. heaven. from Old English hamor. sharp stone used as a tool. from Old English ecg.(probable variant). *ke-men. from Old Norse ˆgn. chaff. with metathetic variant *ka-men-. tart. (ACUITY). ear of grain. *ka-mer-. sharp. from Latin acKtum. and from Greek akonK. Suffixed form *ak-ri-bhwo-. spike. needle. ACETUM. Suffixed form *ak-men-. EGLANTINE.” dissimilated form of *himin-. ACRID. from Latin acerbus. from Old Norse eggja. whetstone. “the stony vault of heaven. EGG . independently created in: a. Suffixed form *ak-Kto-. b. 3. c. from Latin 7cer. VINEGAR. goad. Suffixed (stative) form *ak-K-. (ACETABULUM). with variants: a. from Germanic *hibin-. AWN. bitter. hammer. b. ACID. from Germanic *agjo. 1 EAGER . . from Old English æhher. EAR . 5. 2 ACICULA. ear of grain. PARAGON. 4. ACUMEN. Kar. (ACETIC). ACRIMONY. Suffixed form *ak-u-. ACUTE. ACIDANTHERA. from Old English heofon. from Germanic *agjan. from Germanic *ahuz-. sharp side. bitter. EXACERBATE. sharp. ESTER. from Latin acus. from Latin acKre. b. a. to incite. 2 2. Suffixed form *ak-i-. 6. ear of grain. and Old English agen. ACEROSE. from Greek akis. from Germanic *hamaraz. stone. HAMMER. ACERATE. from Germanic *agano. b.a. 8. vinegar. EDGE. to be sharp. from Latin acus. 9. CARVACROL. hefn. Suffixed form *ak-on7-. Suffixed lengthened form *7k-ri-. other. *ulter. OXYURIASIS. ALTERCATE. PAROXYSM. *ol-so-. AQUARELLE. beyond. [Pokorny 2. EWER. EL NIÑO. neuter illud). 2.10.23. Suffixed form *ak-m7-. 2. Suffixed form *ak-ro-. ultra-. Suffixed forms *ol-se-. alert. AQUI-. from Latin ocris. ACRO-. ALLIGATOR. island.” from *agwjo. Water. Xeg. b. 12. adulterate. alibi. from Germanic *aujo. sharp. “thing on the water. GOUACHE. Variant *ol-. from Old English Xg. “other of two. sewer1. alternate. *ol-tero-. ALARM. ewer. else. Suffixed o-grade form *ok-ri-. from Greek akmK. ACME. ULTIMATE. ˆem. AQUATIC. “beyond. from Latin uls. ISLAND. rugged mountain. OUTRÈ. ULTERIOR. sour. AMPHIOXUS. from Greek akros. topmost. from Latin aqua. AQUARIUM. 2 ULTRA-.” a. “yonder. UTTERANCE . from Greek oxus.] akw-7Important derivatives are: island. 3. 13. [Pokorny ak¯7. ALTER. MEDIOCRE. 1. from Old Latin ollus. (ACROBAT).18. 11. VOIL‡. point.556. suffixed forms *ol-s. SUBALTERN. alien. OXYGEN. (ACNE). from Latin ille (feminine illa. parallel. aˆ. ultr7. ALERT. ALTERNATE.” a. Suffixed form *al-tero-. 1 AQUA.” that. from . Beyond. 1. water. ultimate. aquatic. ALTRUISM. OXALIS. Suffixed o-grade form *ok-su-. SEWER . ACROMION.] al-1 Important derivatives are: alarm. coalesce. ALTO. from Greek allos. MORPHALLAXIS. from Germanic *aljaz (with adverbial suffix). “(approaching) another (unlawfully)” (ad-. c. otherwise. alumnus. older. else.37. adolescent. pollute. ALTITUDE. ALLEGORY. PARALLAX. ELDRITCH. ELSE. OLD. probably from the phrase ad alterum. elder1. ALTIMETER. an. eldra. c. nourish. haughty. from Latin . PARALLEL. “other (of two). ALIEN. Suffixed (participial) form *al-to-.” a. and d all from Germanic *alda-. HAWSER.Latin alter. ALT. other of more than two. other. ALIQUOT. 2. from Old English (comparative) ieldra. EXALT. b. ENHANCE. elles. (see wX-ro-) Germanic compound *wer-ald-. “grown. ALLO-. eldest. 3. (ADULTERINE). ALLELOPATHY. ALTIPLANO. from Latin adulter7re. HIDALGO. To grow. eldesta. ALDERMAN. exalt. (ADULTERY). TROPHALLAXIS. from Germanic *antharaz. to. from Old English other. 2.” a. HAUGHTY. Extended form *alyo-. I. elder. enhance. . from Old English el-.24. “other of more than two. d. ELDER 1 from Old English eald. prolific. from Latin alius. (HAUTBOY). ADULTERATE. see ad-). from Old English (superlative) ieldesta. other. to commit adultery with. ALIBI. old. [Pokorny 1. b.” OTHER. “life or age of man. altitude. ALLELOMORPH. other of two. variant suffixed form *an-tero-. b. ald. b. ELDEST. c. other.] al-2 Important derivatives are: old. ALIAS. c. al.” a. ALTOSTRATUS. ALTOCUMULUS. in *Ala-manniz. albino. Compound form *pro-al. from Germanic *allaz. al-26. oaf. and c all possibly from Germanic *albiz.altus. ALTRICIAL. *albaz. al-. V. ALIMENT.” albhoImportant derivatives are: elf. eal-. ELFIN. ALL. from Greek althein. ALIBLE. elf. see apo-). if meaning “white ghostly apparitions.] al-3 Important derivatives are: all. from a source akin to Old High German Alberich. abolish (ab-. auburn. offspring. PROLIFIC. from Latin prolKs. from Latin alere. from Old English -elfen. OBERON. b. from Old Norse alfr. ALUMNUS. also. c. high. ABOLISH. . III. ELF. a. elf. Extended form *aldh-. from. forth. ALTHEA. from Latin abolKre. PROLIFEROUS. from Old English ælf. b.” 1. eall. ALSO. all. Suffixed form *al-na-. to get well. all. 1. deep. from Old English all. (ADULT). II. from Old French Auberon. (see man-1) Germanic prefix *ala-. to retard the growth of. “all men. elf. album. ALIMONY. COALESCE. 2. althainein. a. possibly from Germanic *albinjo. All. see per1). Suffixed (causative) form *ol-eye-. PROLAN. Germanic and Celtic root.(pro-. OAF. PROLETARIAN. ADOLESCENT. [Pokorny 2. White. daub. to nourish. IV. b. ALBINO. BY 1 . from Latin amb-. bX. c. ALBUM. FUNAMBULIST. See ant-. from Latin ambi-.33. (PREAMBLE). at. a. about.30. and d all from Germanic *bi. c. a.] ambhi Important derivatives are: by1. from Old High German bi. OMBUDSMAN. around. around. d. about. Reduced form *bhi. AMBULATE. white. a. DAUB. from Old English ymbe. ABELE. Probably derived from ant-bhi. ALBESCENT. about. ABAFT. 1. [Pokorny alu. BE-. from Old English (e)alu. from Latin albus. *bi. (ALLEY1). from Old Norse um(b). b. magic. ale. ALBUMEN. c. to go about.(intensive prefix). BELEAGUER.] aluAn important derivative is: ale. around. Also cbhiAround. ALE. ALBITE. from Old English bi. from Old High German umbi. in ambul7re.2. ambi-. AUBURN. amphi-. b. a. AMBI-. Suffixed form *alu-t-. a. on all sides. from Germanic *aluth-. around. also intensive prefix. be-. be-. ALB. walk . In words related to sorcery. around. by. from Old English be-. by. ALBEDO. and c all from Germanic *umbi. by. BIVOUAC. AUBADE. possession. [Pokorny albho. b. UMLAUT. BUT. b. EMBER DAY. be. and intoxication. from Middle Dutch bie. from Greek ana. c. ANIMAL. from Old Norse 7.(*al7re. (ACKNOWLEDGE). 1. UNANIMOUS. from Greek amphi. ANIMA. from Old English an. mind. (ANIMATO). ANIMATE. from Latin animus. [Pokorny 4. ANIMADVERT. life. up. 2. To breathe. *ano. a. Extended form *ana. in.] anNImportant derivatives are: anima. ALIKE. ANA-. . and anima. at the rate of. ANIMUS. aloft. breath. animus. from Middle Dutch aen. on. ana-. ANIMISM. to go). around. AMPHI-. a. and d all from Germanic *ana. on. d.] ANEMO-. On. wind. soul. PUSILLANIMOUS. ANIMOSITY. onslaught. ONSLAUGHT. unanimous. c. from Old High German ana-. spirit. ANSCHLUSS.38. a. an(N). Suffixed form *anN-mo-. MAGNANIMOUS. alike. AMISS. 3. acknowledge. b. ANLAGE. on. spirit. [Pokorny ambhi 34. from Greek anemos. EQUANIMITY.] anImportant derivatives are: on. equanimity. an 39. ALOFT. animal. about. LONGANIMITY. ANA . on. (see ag-) Celtic *ambi. a. b. on. b. [Pokorny 3. and prefixed on-. on. 2 ON. reason. lord.anghImportant derivatives are: anger. to squeeze. to strangle. from Old High German angust. AESIR. 2.” corn. Suffixed form *angh-os-to-. anxious. from Latin angere. [Pokorny ansu. from Greek ankhonK. Tight. anxiety.” with derivatives . ANGINA. 2. until. from Greek ankhein. ANGER. Spirit. demon. AHURA MAZDA. end. Suffixed reduced form *isu-ro-. 6. Front. from Old Norse angr. ANXIOUS. (ORMAZD). from Old English ang-nægl. sorrow. Suffixed form *angh-os-ti-. I. from Germanic *ansu-. 1. painful. 4. from Latin angustus. Inflected form (locative singular) *anti. 7. compressed. spike. excrescence (nægl. painful. ANGST1. anguish. painfully constricted. see nogh-). a strangling. forehead. from Germanic *angaz. hard. “against. Ormazd. narrow. AGNAIL. from Avestan ahura-. embrace. spirit. [Pokorny an´h. torment. ante-. angina. ANGUISH.48. anti-.] ansuImportant derivatives are: Aesir. “painful spike (in the flesh). (HANGNAIL). 5. antique. Suffixed form *angh-os-.42. 1.] antImportant derivatives are: along. grief. advance. from Germanic *angusti-. from Germanic *ang-. QUINSY. 3. from Old Norse 7ss. god. antic. æf. appearance. d. dispose. against. after. Reduced form *iti-. away from.” whence *ambhi. [Pokorny ant-s 48. from Old English æftan. a. until. 7. ENANTIOMER.meaning in front of. OF. ebb. “appearing before.and *anda-. ADVANCE. from Latin ante. in front of. ABAFT. oppose. also end. opposite. from Old English of. off. indicating opposition. ENANTIOMORPH. unto. positive. from Old Norse und. away from. before. 4. ANTIQUE. deposit. 1 . c. end. having prior aspect” (*Nkw-. . from Germanic *aftan-. from Sanskrit antaU. from Greek anti. EBB. see okw-). AFT. 3. apo-. 6. position. b. behind. before. 2. post3. a. 1. OFFAL. from Old English ebba. ABLAUT. and d all from Germanic *af. and enantios. impose. ELOPE. off. away. post2. UN2 END. Probable inflected form (ablative plural) *antbhi. ANTE. 5. Compound form *anti-Nkwo-. ANTERIOR. . antique. from Old High German aba. b. end. OFF. post-. ALONG. UNTIL. suppose. b. from Germanic *andi. from Germanic *andja-. Both a and b from Germanic *und-. from Middle Dutch ont-. from Old English ende. “from both sides. ANCIENT ANTI-. off. Variant form *anto-. low tide. against. ANTE-. from Latin antXquus. II. c. Also ap-Off. a. former. from Old English and-. See ambhi-. VEDANTA.] apoImportant derivatives are: of. ANTIC. from Germanic *armaz. article. of obscure origin). IMPOSE. at. Suffixed form *apu-ko-. ARMATURE. b. a. ARMOIRE. (COMPOSE). b.53.] arImportant derivatives are: arm1. Basic form *arN-. from Germanic *aftar-. PREPOSTEROUS. 2. POST-. ab-. POGROM. away from. (POSTMORTEM). from Latin ponere. EFTSOONS. 4. INTERPOSE. PROPOSE. I. AFTER. Suffixed form *ar(N)-mo-. from Latin ab. PREPOSITION. disarm. from *po-sinere (sinere. next to. arithmetic. afterward. to leave. ARMY. CONTRAPPOSTO. order. SUPPOSE. COMPONENT. riddle2. hatred. by. rate1. place. turned backward. after. from Greek apo. DEPOSIT. (COMPOSITION). from Old Norse ˆfugr. POSITION. (COMPOSITE). POST . 1. APO-. AWKWARD. ratio.1. [Pokorny apo. PROVOST. artist. Possible variant root form *po(s). APPOSITE. Suffixed (comparative) form *ap(o)-tero-. EXPOUND. army. OPPOSE. rite. ornate. POSTURE. c. Also arN-To fit together. ARM 1 ARM 2 . TRANSPOSE. back. (ARMADA). behind. alarm. adorn. 6. 5. . AB- 1 . from Old English æfter. from Germanic *aftiz. ARMADILLO. REPOSIT. inert. (COMPOUND). PUISNE. aristocracy. read. POST . from Old English earm. from Germanic *afug-. from. away from. let. POSTICHE. rhyme. reason. in. ordinary. POSTERIOR. to put. arm. (APPOSITION). from Old English eft. from Latin post. 2 3 POSITIVE. harmony. . art1. 3. behind. from Russian po. DISPOSE. DEPONE. (PUNY). again. a. Suffixed form *ap-t-is-. on. arm2. DIARTHROSIS. 2. EXORDIUM. SYNARTHROSIS. ARTIODACTYL. confirm.ALARM. ratify. KINDRED. . tight. RATE 1 2. joint. (ARRAIGN). ARMILLARY SPHERE. Suffixed form *ar(N)-smo-. from Greek artios. PRIMORDIAL. from Latin ars (stem art-). ORDINATE. (INERTIA). joint. ANARTHROUS. arms. 6. 2. ARTHRO-. ORDAIN. Suffixed form *ar(N)-tu-. Suffixed form *ar(N)-dhro-. 1. from Latin orn7re. to adorn. to begin to weave. ORDINAL. a. SUBORDINATE. from Greek arthron. ADORN. ENARTHROSIS.(< *reN-). shoulder. ARISTOCRACY. from Greek harmos. COORDINATION. from Latin arma. tools. ORNAMENT. further suffixed form *ar(N)-ti-o-. ORDO. ORNATE. Suffixed form *ar(N)-to-. . SUBORN. 3. ARTISAN. from Latin rKrX. 7. ORDINANCE. to consider. 4. order (originally a row of threads in a loom). from Latin artus. 3. COARCTATE. joint. upper arm. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rKdan. REASON. III. ORDINARY. RATIO. ART 1 b. i. from Latin armus. to advise. INERT. Variant or separate root *rK. . II. READ. 1. ii. condition. Suffixed form *rK-dh-. Suffixed (superlative) form *ar(N)-isto-. from Old English r<dan. craft. from Latin ordXrX. fitting. from Greek aristos. ORDER. skill. from Latin ordo. even. from Old English r<den. HATRED. Suffixed form *ar(N)-ti-. ARTICLE. Possibly suffixed variant form (or separate root) *or-dh-. REDE. c. from Latin artus. best. ARTIST. DISARM. HARMONY. INORDINATE. art. 5. 2.55. custom. brilliance. from Latin rXtus. b. to make clear. brilliant.] argAn important derivative is: argue. clarity. bright-shining. Greek argos (< *argros). from Old English r<dels(e). ar. a. 6. from a Germanic source akin to Old High German rXm. from Latin denominative arguere.64. counsel. RIDDLE 2 3. rite. ARGININE. number. amount. To shine. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rKdaz. IV. number. Zero-grade form *rN-. (see pel-1). possibly from Greek argos. Suffixed form *arg-ro-. number.] AGRIMONY. white clay. 2. Variant (or separate root) *rX-. Suffixed form *arg-ent-. Suffixed form *arg-u-ro-. white. LOGARITHM. ARGIL. 4. 5. ARGENT. (PYRARGYRITE). opinion. RHYME. 3. from Greek arguros. from Greek arginoeis. ii. white. LITHARGE. 3. from Greek arithmos. silver. 1. [Pokorny ar(e)´. RATHSKELLER. Extended form *argu-. ARITHMETIC. Suffixed form *(a)rX-dhmo-. . . 1. Suffixed form *arg-i-n-. series. from Old High German r7t. RITE. (see dekc) Germanic *radam. ARGUE. the shining or white metal. demonstrate. ARGENTINE. from Latin argentum. silver. from Greek argillos. riddle. usage.i. Suffixed form *arg-i-l(l)-. [Pokorny 1. Suffixed form *rX-tu-. white. silver. AZALEA.] ZAMIA. Fire.asImportant derivatives are: ash1. from Latin 7ra. Extended form *asd-. TRIENNIUM. ASH1. ANNUITY. from Latin annus. QUINDECENNIAL. 3. from Greek azaleos. a. To go. [Pokorny as. PERENNIAL. anniversary. parched. SUPERANNUATED. to dry. from Latin 7rdKre. Extended form *asg-. ARDOR. with Germanic and Latin derivatives meaning a year (conceived as “the period gone through. VICENNIAL. to burn. parched. from 7rKre. ANNUAL. QUINQUENNIUM. [Pokorny at. the revolving year”). 1. from Old English æsce. ARSON. DECENNIUM. b. Suffixed form *7s-7-. To burn.69. Suffixed form *at-no-. ARID. ANNIVERSARY. be on fire. glow. 4. azalea. from Germanic *askon-.68. perennial. arid. SEXENNIAL. atImportant derivatives are: annual. from Latin 7ridus. to be dry. ARDENT. arson. hearth. . ash. dry. dry. altar. SEPTENNIAL. from 7ridus. b. 2. atrocious. millennium. MILLENNIUM. QUADRENNIUM. ANNALS.] 7terImportant derivatives are: atrium. from Greek azein. Suffixed (stative) form *7s-K-. ardent. ARA. asce. BIENNIUM. year. a. OBEY. audit. AUDITORIUM. *wegs-. Compound shortened zero-grade form *atro-Nkw. 1. forecourt. hall. auditorium.69. Compound forms *aw-dh-. atrium (perhaps originally the place where the smoke from the hearth escaped through a hole in the roof). WAX 2 . a. Variant *(a)weg. ANESTHESIA. auction. inaugurate. anesthesia. a¯. “to place perception” (see dhK-). 2. AESTHETIC. 3. AUDITOR. to grow.or *awdh-yo-. from Latin 7trium. from Latin 7ter (feminine 7tra). ATRABILIOUS. author. EKE 1 .] augImportant derivatives are: nickname. Suffixed form *awisdh-yo. black ( 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *7tr-o-. AUDILE. To perceive. aesthetic. audience. AUDIBLE.. from Latin 8trox. from Old English weaxan. Variant extended forms *wogs-. *awis-dh-.” frightful. from Old English Kaca. Kcan. AUDIO-.1. [Pokorny 7t(e)r. a. “blacklooking. to increase. 2. NICKNAME. 1.(< *Nweg-). AUDIT. from . Both a and b from Germanic *aukan. AUDIENCE. an addition. auxiliary. AUDITION. to feel. [Pokorny 8. from Latin audXre. see okw-). To increase. from Old English Kacan. ATRIUM.78. obey. “looking”. ATROCIOUS. Suffixed zero-grade form *7tr-yo-. from Greek aisthanesthai. audio-. AUDITORY. SUBAUDITION. to hear. augment. OYEZ.(*Nkw-. wax2.] auImportant derivatives are: audible. support. dawn. AUGUST. To shine. also Indo-European goddess of the dawn. 3. INAUGURATE. diviner ( from Latin augustus. from Latin augKre. (OCTROI). from Greek auxein. from Germanic *wahs-tu-. OSTMARK. from Germanic *austron-. 1. Suffixed form *aug-s-. assistance. from Latin auxilium. b. to increase. east. aid. majestic. a. from Old English Kast. from Old English *wæst. AUTHOR. eastern. from Latin auster. AUGUR. AUXESIS ausImportant derivatives are: east. from Late Latin ostro-. 6.84. 2. b. aurora. formally identical to the Germanic forms in 2 and 3. OSTROGOTH. east ( from Old High German ostan. auxanein. (AUTHORIZE). Easter. august. Form *aug-K-. AUCTION. hence perhaps waist. a. a. [Pokorny a¯eg. EASTER.Germanic *wahsan. size. from Old English Kasterne. to increase. EASTERN. Probably suffixed form *ausos-. EAST. Both a and b from Germanic *aust-. 3. AUXIN. but the semantics are unclear.] AUXILIARY. AUGEND. 5. AUGMENT. b. 4. Possibly in AUSTRO-1. from Old English Kastre. b. Easter. WAIST. growth. eastern. . Both a and b from Germanic *austra-. the south wind. a dawn-goddess whose holiday was celebrated at the vernal equinox. from Latin augur. OCARINA. from Old Iranian *7vyaka-. EOSIN. cockney. from Old Norse egg. ovary. uncle. AVIATION. CAVIAR. AVICULTURE. [Pokorny a¯es. bird. Both a and b from Germanic *ajja(m). caviar. BUSTARD.] awoImportant derivatives are: avuncular. oval. UNCLE. grandfather. AVIFAUNA. 1. dawn. from Latin aurora.] AURORA. from a source akin to Middle Persian kh7yak. from Greek oion. COCKNEY. OSPREY. ovum. 3. awiImportant derivatives are: aviation. OVATE. . OVOLO. 2. maternal uncle. OVI-. egg. OVAL. diminutive of *avya-. to see. from Latin ovum. dawn. from Latin auspex. AVIAN. OSTRICH. ostrich. AVUNCULAR. EO-. osprey. 4. egg. Compound *awi-spek-. auspice. ATAVISM. OVUM.86. from Latin avis. b. from Latin avus. EOS. . OVARY. II. OVULE. 2.86. Possible derivatives are the Indo-European words for egg. “observer of birds” (*spek-. OO-. augur. from Latin avunculus. bustard. 1. from Greek Kos. [Pokorny a¯ei. 2. EGG 1 from Old English <g. *owyo-. b. egg. AVIARY. see spek-). Bird. egg. An adult male relative other than one's father. AUSPICE.a. a. egg. *Nyo-. BAGUETTE. 3. debilitate. [Pokorny bak. . [Pokorny a¯o-s 89. ere.] ayerImportant derivatives are: early. AENEOUS. (BAILEY). morning. bronze. from Latin aes. b. from Old English <rest.15. a.93. [Pokorny a˜os. ERA. possibly from Latin baculum. Day.12.3. money. from Latin avia. A metal. from Old English <r. walking stick. before. DEBACLE. Staff used for support. AYAH. before. BACULIFORM. [Pokorny a˜er.] bakImportant derivatives are: imbecile. from Greek baktron. (BAIL ). BACILLUS. copper or bronze. Both a and b from Germanic *airiz.] ayesAn important derivative is: era. staff. (CORYNEBACTERIUM). 1. . ERE. EARLY. bacterium. 4. rod. 4 BACTERIUM. ERST.] belDerivatives are: Bolshevik. OR OR 2 2 . IMBECILE. from Old Norse 7r. grandmother. earliest. from Germanic (superlative) *airistaz. bel. berry. Prefixed form *dK-bel-i-. FRAMBESIA.” Both a and b from Germanic *bazja-. signal. c. from Old English bKac(e)n. BUOY. 6. to make a sign.” banner. BOLSHEVIK. standard. MULBERRY. also “company united under a (particular) banner. g. from Late Latin bandum. PHOTO-. Contracted from *bhaN-. and c all from Germanic *baukna-. berry. (BANNERET2). alteration of Frankish *br7m-besi. from Old French framboise. beacon. light. BEACON. e. (BANNERET ). berry (bh7-1. buoy. banner. large. beckon. “identifying sign. PHOSPHORUS. a. BECKON. d.96. a. To shine.] bh7-1 Important derivatives are: beacon. beacon. fantasy. berry. beckon. b. weak. banner. berige. from Old English denominative bKcnan. phase. bKcnian. PHOS-. 1 BANNER. from Old French boue. from Russian bol'shoV. BANDOLEER. from Greek phos (stem phot-). standard. raspberry. sash. from Old English berie. BERRY.Strong. f. PHOT. DEBILITATE. DEBILITY. b. [Pokorny 2. from Spanish banda. “bramble berry. sash. from Latin dKbilis. privative prefix. see de-). 1. Both a and b from Germanic *bandwa-. and Old High German beri.” 2. Suffixed form *bhN-w-es-. “without strength” (dK-. photo-. 7. Suffixed o-grade form *bol-iyo-. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhN-w-. . PHANEROGAM. to speak publicly (used of particular kinds of proclamation in feudal or prefeudal custom. an appearance. -PHASIA.] bh7-2 Important derivatives are: fable. 1 BANAL. band together (a. “to proclaim under penalty. PROPHET. from Old English bannan. INFANT. 6.” cause to appear. [Pokorny 1. APOPHASIS. bandit. prophet. and Old English gebann. ABANDON. from Italian bandire. from Latin f7rX. DIAPHANOUS. INEFFABLE. to muster. PHENO-. from Greek phanai. preface. Extended and suffixed form *bhN-n-yo-. symphony. banish. and e all from Germanic suffixed form *ban-wan. confess. curse. to summon. (TIFFANY). EPIPHANY. summon to the levy. fate. (PHANTASMAGORIA). from Greek phainein. (PHANTOM). bh7. e. and Old Norse banna. BANDIT. c. “to be brought to light. feudal jurisdiction. d. from Old French ban. and phainesthai (passive). Contracted from *bhaN-. . Suffixed form *bh7-ni-. with zero-grade noun phasis (*bhN-ti-). BANISH. abandon. b. Old French bandon. *bannan. FANTASY. THEOPHANY. proclaim. -PHANE. HIEROPHANT. c. proclamation. SYCOPHANT. FATE. proclamation. 4. (FANTOCCINI). from Old French banir. bannum. to prohibit. infant.104. from Late Latin bannus. To speak. to banish. PHOSPHENE. AFFABLE. PHENOMENON. phono-.” appear. BANNS. fame. PHANTASM. EMPHASIS. (INFANTRY). to speak. 5. power. blame. FABLE. “to bring to light. proclamation. to speak. (PANT). PHASE.3. b. d. summons to military service. a. show. PREFACE. declare outlaw”). BAN . CONTRABAND. [Pokorny bhabh7 106. BOON BEE 1 1 . (ANTIPHON). b. 5. PHONETIC. from Greek phKmK. from Latin faba. EUPHONY. voice. Variant form *bha-un-. 8. from Old Norse bon. request.a. and (denominative) phonein. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhN-to-. CACOPHONOUS. FAME. bean of any kind. ANTHEM. Suffixed o-grade form *bho-n7. Suffixed form *bh7-ma. BLASPHEME. prayer. from Germanic *bauno. broad bean. fame. INFAMOUS. sound. PHONE2.] bha-bh7An important derivative is: bean. b. Broad bean. 4. 9. DEFAME. broad bean. blasphemous (first element obscure). to acknowledge. PROFESS. PHONEME. from Greek phonK. BEAN. lentil. bh7. saying. admit. EUPHEMISM. . Possible suffixed form *bha-ko-. reputation. PHACOEMULSIFICATION. from Latin fatKrX. (BLAME). from Greek blasphKmos. speech. from Greek phakos. 6. prayer. 10. prayer. -PHONY. from Latin f7ma. PHONO-. 7.105. from Old English bKan. SYMPHONY. Both a and b from Germanic *boni-. to speak. . from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse bon. -PHONE. perhaps from Old English bKn. talk. best. evil-speaking. [Pokorny 2. FAMOUS.] bhadImportant derivatives are: better. CONFESS. APHONIA. a. FAVA BEAN. -PHAGIA. from Avestan bakhsh-. PAGODA. apportion. [Pokorny bh7gh˙-s 108. from Old English bog. NEBBISH. BOUGH. BETTER. ultimately from Old Norse batna. BAKSHEESH. 16. bhag. 17. poor. Arm. 3. 15. BHAGAVAD-GITA. To share out. good fortune. from Old English betera. to give. from Old English bot. best. -PHAGOUS. PHAGO-. from Germanic *boguz. from Sanskrit bhagaU. from Germanic (comparative) *batizo. from Germanic (superlative) *batistaz. boh.] bhagDerivatives are: phago-. 6. to eat ( 4.] bh7ghuAn important derivative is: bough. to improve. . from a Slavic source akin to Czech neboh.107. Extended form *bhags-. from Persian bakhshXdan. unfortunate. also to get a share.Good. BATTEN 1 [Pokorny bh7d. [Pokorny 1. from Old English bet(e)st. BOOT 2 . (BUCKSHEE). -PHAGE.106.] . from Germanic noun *boto. better. from Germanic verb *batnan. BEST. from Greek phagein. from Common Slavic *ne-bogƒ. bough. poor (“unendowed”). to become better. -phagous. 5. remedy. aid. 14. f. broadax. HALBERD. from Germanic *bariz-. book. b. barn. from Latin barba. beard. (FARRAGINOUS). BARBULE. from Germanic *barz-. BARBER. Also bhars-Barley. spelt. Beard. beech. written document. 3. and c all from Germanic *boko. from Middle Dutch boek. BARBEL1. barley. barley. from Old English bærlic. BUCKWHEAT. also “beech staff for carving runes on” (an early Germanic writing device). BARBICEL.] bhardh-7Important derivatives are: beard. beech. a. [Pokorny bh7go-s 107. beech. also hatchet. beard. from Germanic *bardo. from Germanic *bokjon-. from Norwegian bok. from Old English beard. e. BARN. BARB 1 [Pokorny bhardh7 110. farina. a. FARINA. FARRAGO. from Old English bere. buckwheat. 1. Beech tree. BOKMÂL. from Latin far (stem farr-). (BARBETTE). beard. BOOK. REBARBATIVE. barb1. 2. BEARD. beard. from Germanic *bardaz. ax. grain. from Old English boc. barley-like. BARBELLATE.bh7goImportant derivatives are: book. b. from Old English bKce. from Old High German barta. barber. composition. BEECH. beech. 3. . . BARLEY. 4. d. (FARINACEOUS).] bharesImportant derivatives are: barley. 8.111. see re-). BUTTON. from Old French bo(u)ter. HALIBUT. end. from Germanic *bautilaz. restrain (com-. Zero-grade form *bh7. to drive back. to beat. REBUT. BASTE 3 BUTTOCK. from Germanic *bautan. a.] bhauImportant derivatives are: beat. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Swedish but. butt1. REFUTE. from Germanic *buttan.] bhegw- . b. TURBOT. a. to strike. 9. from Old English diminutive buttuc. from Latin futuere. suppress. rebut (re-. ABUT. from Germanic *b7taz. b. SACKBUT.[Pokorny bhares. FOOTLE.(*bhNu-).112. buttock. hammer. 7. BUTTRESS. BEETLE 3 . from Old English bKatan. push. see kom). hammer. denominative from Germanic *baut-sti-. 5. Contracted from *bhaNu3. BUTT1. . CONFUTE. name for a flatfish. 4.(*bhuN-) with verbal suffix -t7-. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse beysta. intensive prefix. strip of land. BEAT. Possibly reduced suffixed form *bhu-tu. To strike. refute. to have intercourse with (a woman). flatfish. mallet. from Latin conf7t7re. button. [Pokorny 1. from Latin ref7t7re. bhau. Both a and b from Germanic *butt-. back. (BOUTON). to check. 6. to beat. halibut. from Middle Dutch butte. from Old English b«tl. flatfish. a. 4. from Old English bit(t)er. 2 b. BEE 1 . from Old Norse bekkr. bit. a stream.Derivatives are: -phobe. BEETLE 1 .] bheiAn important derivative is: bee1. fission. c. boat. with Germanic derivatives referring to biting (hence also to eating and to hunting) and woodworking. Both a and b from Germanic *bXtan. a. a piece bitten off. from phebesthai. bitter. 3. suffixed form *bhid-ro-. O-grade form *bhoid-.” sharp. TSIMMES. [Pokorny bhei. from Old English bite. bitter. bizzan. sting. from Germanic *bitiz. (i) BIT1. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *biton-. a bee. BITTER. 2 5. -phobia. bait1. crossbeam. from Greek phobos. bite. a bite. from Germanic suffixed form *bXon-. [Pokorny bheg¯. bit1. to bite. Zero-grade form *bhid-. to bite. a stream. to flee in terror. panic. -PHOBIA. BECK . BIT . 2. fear. from Old High German bXzan. from Germanic *bakjaz. BITE. “biting. -PHOBE.116. A bee. from Old English bKo. To run. To split. morsel. flight. . from a Germanic source akin to Old Norse biti. from Old English bita. (ii) BITT. from Old English bXtan.] bheidImportant derivatives are: beetle1. b.116. from Latin findere. PERFIDY.117. blaze1. white. confide. . 2. confide. Zero-grade form *bhidh-. BATEAU. (DEFIANCE). to trust. blush. FAITH. flagrant. federal. (FIDUCIARY). (ABODE). abide. flash. from Old English b7t. To trust. CONFEDERATE. food. affidavit. infidel. BELUGA. from Old English bXdan. (FISSURE). from Latin foedus (stem foeder-). FISSI-. DEFY. faith. shining white and various bright colors. -FID. blemish. CONFIDE. to harass with dogs. FIANCÈ. from Latin fidKs. FEALTY. from Germanic *bXdan. [Pokorny bheidh.116. treaty. blond. . from Russian belyV. (BOATSWAIN). stay. PHALAROPE. a boat ( 5. to hunt with dogs. from Old Norse beita (verb). To shine. blanket. 4. BAIT 1 from Old French beter. (CONFIDENT). pasture. fidelity. persuade. and beita (noun). 2. DIFFIDENT.] bhel-1 Important derivatives are: blue. Both a and b from Germanic *baitjan. INFIDEL. 1. and fXdus. FIDELITY. (AFFIDAVIT). defy. ABIDE. bleak1. FIDUCIAL. Nasalized zero-grade form *bhi-n-d-. FEDERAL. BOAT. [Pokorny bheid. blank. (FISSION). having a white spot. to split. (FISSILE). ABET. Suffixed o-grade form *bhoidh-es-. 3. confident. 1. burn. league. black. AFFIANCE. from Greek phalaros. BIDE. 4. (AFFIANT). trust. (CONFIDANT). b. blind. faith.] bheidhImportant derivatives are: bide. from Latin fXdere. FEDERATE. to wait. to await (bheidh-. faithful. bleach.a. fiancÈ. flame. boat. confide. from Germanic *bait-. blend. shining. from Old English blencan. from Old Norse bleikr. white. BLANCH. *blandja-. (BLINDFOLD). to shine. b. from Germanic *blaikjan. blind. from Old English blind. BLANCMANGE. c. BLEACH. Various extended Germanic forms. from Old Norse blanda. a. blind. c. burn. from Old English bl<can. BLEAK 1 BLITZKRIEG. from Old French blanc. golden or reddish yellow. from Old English blyscan. to make white. BLANKET. shining. and d all from Germanic *blendaz. white. BLEMISH. i. from Middle Dutch bles. 1. BLESBOK. shining. FLAVO-. to glow red. white. e. and c all from Germanic *blas-. from Germanic *blaikaz. white. 4. *blank-. 2. from Germanic *blKwaz. BLOND. to flash. a. bright fire. BLUSH. to blind. blue. BLENDE. d. deceive. . Suffixed zero-grade form *bhlN-wo-. Both a and b from Germanic *blenk-. from Old French bleu. from Old French ble(s)mir. from Old High German bl”cchazzen. a. to shine. BLIND. f. (FLAVONE). lighten. b. . BLANK. to mix. from Germanic *blisk-. torch.3. from Germanic *blikkatjan. from Old English blæse. to mix. . BLAZE 1 . (PURBLIND). 3. dazzle. to make pale. from Old French blond. white spot. BLEND. Suffixed variant form *bhlK-wo-. from Latin fl7vus. II. blond. BLUE. blue. clouded. to deceive. b. (FLAVIN). mingle ( BLENCH 1 h. from Old High German blentan. and *bland-. to bleach. 4. (FLAVOPROTEIN). FLAVESCENT. g. from Old Norse bulki. Zero-grade form bh_-. with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity. c. BULK. bull1. FULGURATE. ballot. shine. (FLAMBÈ). bhleu-(k). (BOULEVARD). FULGENT. from Latin flamma (< *flag-ma). PHLOX. d. from Middle High German bole. FLAME. to flash. from Greek phlox. from Old English bolla. FULMINATE. burned.124. . ROCAMBOLE. BLACK. bold. bulk1. ball. lightning. b. PHLOGISTON. (FLAMBOYANT). PHLEGMATIC. d. c. to burn. cargo ( from Old High German bolla. from Old Norse bolr. 1. burn. flash. thunderbolt. BOWL BOLE. Extended form *bhleg-. FLAMINGO. plank. black. INFLAME. from Germanic *blakaz. 3. PHLEGETHON. fool. 1 . phallus. 4. [Pokorny 1. Zero-grade form *bh_g-. to blaze. lightning.159. a flame. bhel. (CONFLAGRATION). PHLOGOPITE. b. boulevard. REFULGENT. bheleg. boulder. FOUDROYANT. FLAMMABLE. tree trunk. e.III. (FLAMBEAU). BULWARK. from Greek phlegein. beam. FLAGRANT. EFFULGENT. O-grade form bhlog-. To blow. from Latin flagr7re. to shine. from Latin fulgKre. PHLEGM. ball1. CONFLAGRANT. also a wallflower. swell.118.] bhel-2 Important derivatives are: bowl1. and fulgur. a flame. O-grade form *bhlog-. 2. pot. balloon. a. 3. a. DEFLAGRATE. from Latin fulmen (< *fulg-men). from Old English blæc. bowl. O-grade form *bhol-. a. “round object. ball. a. FILS2. from Old English *beall. 6. . PHALLUS. b. g. f. bull. BULL 1 BULLOCK. (BALLOTTEMENT). h. BOLLIX. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh_-n-. from Latin fullo. c. rolled-up bundle. 4. e. from Old English bald. testicles. phallus. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Danish bolle. “rounded stone.f. beald. BOLD. a fuller. round object. b. ITHYPHALLIC. from Old Low German bald. from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedish bullersten. d. bold. and f all from Germanic *ball-. BILTONG.” boulder. BAWD. BOULDER. buttock. b. BALLOT. from Greek phallos. (FOLLICULITIS). FOLLICLE. c. c. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-n-. g. from Middle Dutch bolle. bellows. . from Latin follis. FULL 2 . from Germanic *bulluka-. from Middle Dutch bille. e. inflated ball. balla. PALL-MALL. a. from Old French bale. ball. c. bull. BALL 1 from Old English beallucas.” a. from Italian dialectal BALLOON. b. . round roll. b. f. from Old Norse boli. 7. d. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *bhol-to-. BALE 1 from Italian palla. bold. from Old English bulluc. and h all from Germanic *bul-. e. bull. . BILBERRY. d. possibly from bhel-2. from Germanic *bullon-. d. Both a and b from Germanic *balthaz. BOLL. from *buller-. FOOL. 5. ball. a. bold. FLORIATED. to flower. i. from Greek phal(l)aina. 1. from Old English blostm. bhleu-. PERFOLIATE. (FOLIAGE). (The following derivatives of this root are entered separately: bhel-3. a hammered ingot of iron (semantic development obscure).)] bhel-3 Important derivatives are: foliage. . BLOW3. from Latin folium. EFFLORESCE. suffixed form *bhlo-w-. from Latin flos (stem flor-). leaf. IV. flower. from Greek phellos. blade. III. a.(< *bhleN-). Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-yo-. from Old English blowan. FOLIO. folio. DEFOLIATE.(but more likely unrelated). (CAULIFLOWER). (CINQUEFOIL). flourish. cork oak. BLOOM 1 . from Greek phullon. blomi. (FLORA). FLOURISH. -FLOROUS. 2 PHELLEM. blossom. whale. 2 . TREFOIL. ENFLEURAGE. bhel. FLORIST. blossom. FOLIICOLOUS. flower. conceivably from bhel. bhelgh-. GILLYFLOWER. PHYLLO-. 2. Extended form *bhlK. from Germanic *blo-w-.120. FOLIUM. flower. PHELLOGEN. (FLORAL). flora.8. CHERVIL. BLOSSOM. PODOPHYLLIN. FLORA. flour. flower. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic suffixed form *blo-mon-. BALEEN. bless. bloom. -PHYLLOUS. O-grade form *bhlo-. FLORIN. PHELLODERM. cork. FLORIGEN. c. MILFOIL. from Old English bloma. FLOWER. leaf. [Pokorny 3. leaf. bloom1. (-PHYLL). PORTFOLIO. EXFOLIATE. FERRET . possibly from bhel-2. (FLOUR). FLORID. 1. blostma. bleed. Possibly from bhel-2. blood. DEFLOWER. ii. 9. from Italic suffixed form *flo-s-. from Old Norse blom. blossom. To thrive. from Germanic suffixed form *blo-s-. FEUILLETON. FOIL 2 . BLOOM 2 b. from Germanic *balgiz. BLADE. band1. spurt. bhel. BOLSTER. possibly from bhel-3 in the meaning “swell. to treat or hallow with blood. belly. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *blo-dam. WOODBINE. 9. billow. leaf. 8. BLESS. 10. 7. BIND. to bind. from Old English blæd. bellows. from Germanic *bladaz. BELLOWS. from Germanic suffixed form *blK-da-. ii. O-grade form *bholgh-. BUDGET. suffixed form bhlo-to-. BLEED. Extension of bhel-2.” 2. BELLY. blood. bundle.] bhendhImportant derivatives are: bind. from Medieval Latin bl7dum. BILLOW. from Germanic *bulgstraz. . [Pokorny 4. budget. a. 3. bulge. to consecrate. grain. gush. produce of the land. from Old English blod. blade. from Germanic *bulgjan. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhlN-to-. from Germanic *blodison. leather sack. bælig.d. O-grade form *bholgh-. from Old English bolster. from Old Norse bylgja. i. bond.122. To swell. To bind. Zero-grade form *bh_gh-.125. BLOOD. EMBLEMENTS. from Latin bulga.] bhelghImportant derivatives are: bellows. from Old English bel(i)g. from Old English bindan. BULGE. from Old English bloedsian. blKtsian. bend1. Zero-grade form *bh_gh-. a wave. from Celtic *bolg-. bag. cushion. [Pokorny bhelgh. bladium. both from Germanic *bKro. band.b. band. link. BORE 3 . 1 3. d. endure (for-. b. ii. To carry. BUNDLE. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *beran. metaphor. from Old High German binten. from Old English bend. . bher-1 Important derivatives are: bear1. and Old French bende. from Sanskrit bandhati. to bind. O-grade form *bhondh-. Zero-grade form *bhidh-. 2. bond. from Old French bande. i. 4. he ties. bundle. BIER. band. from Old English bendan. BUND1. fetter. league. from Middle Dutch bondel. for-. [Pokorny bhendh. prefer. BOND. and d all from Germanic *band-. to carry. sheaf of papers. bier. from Old Norse b7ra. from Old English bKr. from Old Norse band. to bear. fetter.127. b<r. c. bond. b. RIBBON. billow. bring. BANDANNA. . burden1. from Old Iranian banda-. from Old English forberan. and Old French biere bier. wave. from Germanic *bKr-. FORBEAR c. see per1). transfer. BAND BAND 1 . b. Both a and b from Germanic *bund-. 1 . suffer. (CUMMERBUND). tie. a. birth. BINDLESTIFF. a. differ. . BEAR 1 . offer. Both a and b from Germanic *bindan. from Old English beran. 1. furtive. c. to bend.] BUND 2 . fertile. BEND 2 BEND 1 . also to bear children. d. from Middle High German bunt. Suffixed form *bhond-o-. a. exalted (*bur1 . j. SAMBAL. PERIPHERY. . METAPHOR. from Old Norse byrr. from a source akin to Old Norse burdhr. child. INFER. -PHOROUS. OPPROBRIUM. (FURUNCULOSIS). -PHORESIS. from Germanic *barwon-. a carrying. FURUNCLE. he carries. 13. FERETORY. to reach.e. g. brings. “something brought before one”. AMPHORA. DEFER2. h. 8. i. from Germanic *brengan. DIAPHORESIS. bher. OFFER. to bring. from Germanic *barnam. PREFER. FERRET1. dowry (“something brought by a bride”). from Latin probrum. burden. BARROW 1 BURLY. EFFERENT. from Old English byrthen. from Old English *borlic. from Greek pherein. TELPHER. ANAPHORA. from Germanic *burthiz. thief. from Latin f7r. BRING. to carry. PARAPHERNALIA. DIFFER. FURTIVE. FERTILE. perhaps from Germanic *burja-. 10. [Pokorny 1. -PHORE. with o-grade noun phoros. from Old English bearwe. . wheelbarrow. BURDEN BIRTH. birth. from Old English bearn. BIRR 1 7. see nek-2). from Sanskrit bharati. to carry. 11. Probably lengthened o-grade form *bhor-. AFFERENT.128. (DEFER1). from Latin ferre.+ *enk-. a reproach (< *pro-bhr-o-. BAIRN. -FER. TRANSFER. see per1). VOCIFERATE. f. favorable wind. from Germanic *burthinja. before. PHEROMONE. SUFFER.] . CONFER. (PROFFER). basket. . excellent. TOCOPHEROL. REFER. to bring (< *bher. Compound root *bhrenk-. EUPHORIA. CIRCUMFERENCE. 9. pro-. from Old English bringan. from Greek phernK. 12. [Pokorny bherNg. from Old English br7n. beaver1. b. a. “the brown animal. from Middle Dutch bruun. BURNISH. bear2. from Germanic *bebruz. Bright. shining. ash tree. bher. beaver. . BURNET. birch. BRUNET. birch. b. from Germanic *bernuz. bear.” the birch (also the ash). 6. To shine. BRUIN. bear. 4. bright. (BIRK). FRAXINELLA. BIRCH.139. . from Germanic *birkjon-.” bear. and c all from Germanic *br7naz. borrow. white. burnish. 5. brown. BRIGHT. brown. 7. BEAVER1. from Latin fraxinus. probably suffixed zero-grade form *bhrag-s-. from Old English birc(e). “the brown animal. from Old English be(o)for. bright. b. from Old Norse bjˆrn. c. *bhebhru-. 8.” beaver.bher-2 Important derivatives are: brown. brown. bright. bargain. Suffixed variant form *bhr7-no-. a.136.] bhergh-1 Important derivatives are: bury. from Old French brun. from Germanic *berhtaz. 5. BEAR 2 BERSERKER. BROWN. Reduplicated form *bhibhru-. “The white tree. burial. from Old English beorht. from Germanic *bero.] bherNgImportant derivatives are: bright. [Pokorny 5. from Old English bera. a. from Germanic derivative *borganjan. Both a and b from Germanic *bergan. “swordprotector.To hide. hill. tower.” hill-fort (*harjaz. (see kwel-1) Germanic compound *h(w)als-berg-. from Germanic *borgKn.” tower (*frij-. b. burglar. to borrow. 3. comfort. peace. bourgeois. lend. BURY. from Old French bargaignier.] from Old English byrgan. to bury. from Old English byrgels. fortify. BORROW. with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. mountain. safety. BARROW 2 . bhergh-2 Important derivatives are: iceberg. High. army). a.” scabbard (*skKr-. (see koro-) Germanic compound *harja-bergaz. . BURIAL. to haggle. BELFRY. 8. borrow. [Pokorny bhergh. “neck-protector. mountain. d. from Old English beorg. b. enforce. 7. force. from Old English borgian. “high place of safety. “army-hill. sword). from Germanic compound *berg-frij-. Zero-grade form *bhygh-. c. effort.145. a. (see sker-1) Germanic compound *skKr-berg-. from Germanic derivative *burgisli-. Zero-grade form *bhygh-. hill. to pledge. fort. 9. neck). burial. from Old French berfroi. ICEBERG. from Middle Dutch bergh. BARGAIN. from Germanic *burgjan. Both a and b from Germanic *bergaz.” gorget (*h(w)alsaz. d. c. see prX-). protect. (BOURGEOIS). from Old English bKodan. forbid. BURG. BURGHER. (ENFORCE). Probably imitative. town. spirit. b. and Old French burg. c. b. BID. b.] bhesImportant derivatives are: psyche. borough. strong (but this is also possibly from dher-). FORTE1. fortified place. from Old High German burg. [Pokorny bheregh. PSYCHO-. 4. bhes. to announce. FAUBOURG. DEFORCE.146. a. FORTIS. FORTRESS. BOROUGH. (fortified) town. bode1. c. from Greek psukhK. PSYCHE. d. from Latin fortis. from Old English bodian. byrig. (FORTALICE). (REINFORCE). COMFORT. Buddha2. BODE 1 . BOURG. EFFORT. FORTIFY. [Pokorny 2. 10. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *bhygh-to-. soul. to proclaim. before. To breathe. fortress. METEMPSYCHOSIS. to forbid. to breathe. FORT. Zero-grade form *bhs-. BURGOMASTER. FORCE.] bheudhImportant derivatives are: bid. c.a. . burh. from psukhein (< *bhs-7-kh-). e. a. VERBOTEN. FORTE2. (FORTISSIMO). from Old English forbKodan. from Old High German farbiotan. from Late Latin burgus. from Old English burg. FORTITUDE. psycho-. hillfort. PSYCHIC. FORBID. from Middle Dutch burch. to make aware. see per1). To be aware. psychic. and d all from Germanic *burgs.140. d. from boda. BURGLAR. to forbid. and c all from Germanic *(for)beudan (*for. (PIANOFORTE). BURGESS. both from Germanic *budilaz. dwelling. Lengthened o-grade form *bhow-. see s(w)e-). Zero-grade form *bhu-. from Germanic *budam. from Latin fierX. Possibly suffixed form *bhwX-lyo-. and Old High German butil. to make oneself ready (-sk.150. beam. herald. he awakes. prepare. from Germanic *buthla. [Pokorny bheudh. to be. market stall. stall. Also bheu-To be. to dwell. will be. a.messenger. BONDAGE. from Germanic *biju. *bhwX-. BEADLE. from bold. herald. Extended forms *bhwiy(o)-. 2. 1. is enlightened. build. BOOTH. BOUND . FIAT. perfect knowledge. from Old English byldan. becomes aware. dwelling. messenger. to build. reflexive suffix. 4 b. BAUHAUS. 3. from Middle English bothe. from Old High German b7an. I am. and c all from Germanic *bowan. from Old English bydel. grow. from Old English bKon. son. BODHISATTVA. BO TREE. husband. and b7ask. a. III. exist. a.] bheuNImportant derivatives are: be. BUSTLE1. c. BUILD. HUSBAND. and bodhiU. command. . from Germanic *budon-. booth. future. from Old Norse bodh. to live. house. 7. herald. OMBUDSMAN. from Old Norse b7a. BUDDHA2. 6. to become. BE. (see dhK(i)-) Latin fXlius. b. from Sanskrit bodhati. V. 5. neighbor. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Danish both. IV. ” . 3. from Old English b«re. PHYLETIC. race. NEOPHYTE. DIAPHYSIS. property. BOER. Suffixal forms in Latin. to be. especially farmer. APOPHYSIS. 2. 2. from *super-bhw-o.” future.(< *bhuN-). DIPHYODONT. “growing well or straightforward. PHYTO-. and c all from Germanic *b7ram. settlement. b. TRACHEOPHYTE. from Middle Dutch bodel. BYLAW. EPIPHYSIS. from Welsh bod. phutos. nature. upright. a plant. Suffixed form *bhu-tu-. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse b«r. a. PHYLOGENY. from Old English b7r. and dubit7re. PERIPHYTON. proud. Suffixed form *bhu-t7-. ghebuer. from *du-bhw-io-. class. 4.b. VI. tribe. HYPOPHYSIS. from Germanic *b7rjam. tribe. IMP. NEIGHBOR. “being above. BOWER 1 . from Germanic *b7wi-. from Greek phuein. 1. BOODLE. clan. EUPHUISM. room. superior. MONOPHYSITE. and phulK. make grow. b. PHYSICS. BOOR. a. (see dwo-) Latin dubius. phuton. -PHYTE. see kom). PHYLE. (PHYTON). 2. (see uper) Latin superbus. peasant. to bring forth. from Old English geb7r. from Middle Dutch gheboer. 3. VII. dwelling.” 3. BYRE. Zero-grade form *bh7. from *pro-bhw-o-. Suffixed form *bh7-lo-. 4.” bower. to doubt. from alternate Germanic form *bothla. and phusis. riches. hut. collective prefix. c. growth. doubtful. dweller (ge-. FUTURE. from Latin fut7rus. PHYLUM. (see per1) Latin probus. EISTEDDFOD. stall. PHYSIQUE. SYMPHYSIS. PHYSIC. PHYSIO-. “that is to be. “dwelling space. dweller. from Greek phulon. BUMPKIN bheugImportant derivatives are: bow3. both from Germanic *baugil-. a. pliable. from Germanic *buhtiz. [Pokorny bheu. b.146.” elbow (*alino-. bheug. “bend of the forearm. from a source akin to Middle Low German boog. beam. II. BOG. d. 3. “flexible. 3 . a bend. BUXOM. To bend. 2 BOW . bow2. BEE 2 . tree (? bheuN-.a. bow of a boat. (see el-) Germanic compound *alino-bugon-. from Old English bKag. . a ring.] BEAM.] . a. a. 1 BOW . from Celtic *buggo-. e. BOOM 2 from Old English bKam. a handle. to bend. I. 1 . BOW 3 . a bow. c. angle. from Flemish boom. b.in Germanic *beug-. from Scottish and Irish Gaelic bog. from Middle English beil. a ring. forearm). from Germanic b7gan. BAIL BIGHT. tree. with derivatives referring to bent. bog. 2. from Old English byht. c.152. from Old High German boug. b. tree. tree. Both a and b from Germanic *baugaz. 4. from Old English boga. or curved objects.” [Pokorny 3. from Old English b7gan. perhaps from Old English *bKgel or from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Swedish *b¯ghil. soft. and c all from Germanic *bugon-. Variant form *bheugh. from Middle Dutch boom. BAGEL. b and c all from Germanic *baumaz (and *bagmaz). arch. BLADDER. FLUVIOMARINE. from Middle Dutch blas(e). 2. (EFFLUX). fluid. CONFLUENT. FLUENT. EFFLUENT. . a blowing. BLOAT. . to blow. blast. FLUME. overflow. 3. REFLUX. FLUVIAL. e. from Greek phluein. phluzein. bladder. (DEFLATE). Also bhl7-To blow. [In Pokorny 3. from Latin fl7re. To swell.” BLAST. “something blown up. FLUX. to prattle. blister. FLATUS. FLUERIC. from Middle Dutch bl7sen. to blow up. and bladhra (verb). wet.above.] bhleuImportant derivatives are: bloat. influence.120. Variant form *bhl7-. FLAVOR. a. SUPERFLUOUS. SOUFFLÈ. (FLUORIDE). well up. CONFLATE. flowing. BLAZE . FLUID. 3. from Germanic suffixed form *blK-w-. FLABELLUM. (FLUSH ). d. a bladder. b. 2. FLUCTUATE. from Latin fluere. 2 FLUOR. bladder. INFLATE. c. 3 ISINGLASS. to blow. from Old English bl<dre. inflate. and fluus. Extension of bhel-2. from Old English bl<st. bladder. from Germanic *blaut-. affluent. from Old Norse bladhra (noun). (EFFLUVIUM). AFFLUENT. blast. (INFLUENZA). from Old Norse blautr. BLOW 1 a. to flow. to boil over.bhlKImportant derivatives are: blow1. fluent. from Old English bl7wan. BLASÈ. fluctuate. soft. INFLUENCE. (FLUORO. MELLIFLUOUS. Possibly identical to bhel-3 II *bhlK. Both a and b from Germanic suffixed form *blKdram.). 1. b and c all from Germanic extended form *blKs-. bhel. Zero-grade form *bhlu-. flavor. Extended form *bhleugw-. PHLYCTENA. AFFLATUS. possibly from bhleu-. BLATHER. swell. 3. BROTHER. from Greek phloos. a. PAL. fraction. b. from Italian breccia. male agnate. frail1.] bhosoAn important derivative is: bare1. bhr7terImportant derivatives are: brother. b. BULLY 1 from Old English brothor. Brother. from Sanskrit bhr7t7. a breaking. bare. (BRASH2). brother. brother. breccia. brother. from Middle Dutch broeder. from Old English brecan. bare. PHRATRY. FRATRICIDE. a. fragment. rubble. suffrage. to break. BREAK.] BARE 1 . Both a and b from Germanic *brothar-. from Old Swedish and Old Danish bar. Naked. FRATERNAL. 1. PHLOEM. BALLAST. fraternal. tree bark (bhleu-. To break. [Pokorny bhr7ter.4. from Old English bær. brother. a. fellow member of a clan. c.158. FRIAR. phloios. b. 2. CONFRERE. pal. bhr7tar-. from Latin fr7ter. from Greek phratKr. breach. [Pokorny bhoso-s 163. fragile. . BREACH. . FRA. fracture. from Old English brKc. infringe.] bhregImportant derivatives are: break. Both a and b from Germanic *bazaz. [Pokorny bhleu. BRECCIA.163. a. to brew.breach in a wall. 2 INFRINGE. d. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse *brakni. 2 3. FRAGILE. INFRANGIBLE. brood. from Old French brier. broth. BRAKE . CHAMFER. (FRACTIOUS). from Germanic *braudam.] SUFFRAGAN. (REFRINGENT). from brehhan. BROTH. flax brake. . bubble. a. REFRACT. b. (leavened) bread. FRACTION. DEFRAY. To boil. from suffr7g7rX. SEPTIFRAGAL. (cooked) food.165. from Middle Low German brake. c. 4 1. to break. BREAD. from Old English broth. bracken. BRIOCHE. burn. from Latin frangere. DIFFRACTION. a. effervesce. thicket. breed. bushes ( 5 2. 2. ferment. 1. SAXIFRAGE. from Latin suffr7gium. undergrowth. bread. to break. (FRACTED). from Germanic *br7k-. FRACTURE. SUFFRAGE. e. fervent. BREW. FRANGIBLE. and e all from Germanic *brekan. from Germanic *breuwan. [Pokorny 1. a. Both a and b from Germanic *brak-. IRREFRAGABLE. dialectal variant of broyer. (BRAKE ). OSSIFRAGE. (REFRAIN ). piece of food. bhreuImportant derivatives are: brew. BRACKEN. crushing instruments. bhreQ. broth. bread. to vote against. from Old French breier. from Old English brKowan. from Middle Low German brake. to knead. to brew. from Old English brKad. Nasalized zero-grade form *bhy-n-g-. to break. with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing. FRAGMENT. from Old High German *brehha. FRAIL1. BRAKE . ANFRACTUOUS. from Middle English brake(n). the right to vote. to vote for (? from Latin refr7g7rX. d. b. BRAY 2 . (INFRACT). PHREATIC. c. 1. b. burning coal. Reduced form *bher-. EFFERVESCE. BRAZE2. offspring. br7to. As a very archaic word for a spring. burning coal. BREED. 2.b. SAUERBRATEN. Variant form *bhres-. Variant form *bhrK-. 2. BRAISE. BROOD. ember. from Germanic *brunnon-. BROIL 2 II. spring. BRATWURST. rearing of young. Both 1 and 2 from Germanic *brKdan. b. to warm. Both a and b from Germanic derivative *brod-o. FERMENT. Extended form *bherw-. from Old English brKdan. from Old French braon. from Greek phrear. yeast. [Pokorny bh(e)reu. further suffixed form *bhermen-to-. Suffixed form *bhrKw-y.132. Both a and b from Germanic *bres-. from Old English brod. yeast. BOURN1. breed. roast meat. from Latin fermentum. bher. from Old English burn. d. BURN2. a.” hatching. BARM. Both a and b from Germanic *brudam. BREWIS. from Latin fervKre. DEFERVESCENCE. stream. e. (BRAZIER2). BREEZE2. broth. especially in derivatives referring to fermentation.143. burna. from Vulgar Latin *brodum. BRACIOLA. a. Both a and b from Germanic derivative *brKd-on-. f. broth. (FERVOR). yeast. Suffixed form *bher-men-. (BARMY). from Old French brese. from Italian dialectal bras'a. meat. from Old English beorma. “a warming. brood. to beget or cherish offspring.] . Suffixed zero-grade form *bhru-n(e)n-. III. roast flesh. from Germanic denominative *brodjan. to be boiling or fermenting. from Old High German br7t. FERVENT. spring. to rear young. . from Germanic *bermon-. IV. BRAWN. 2. FERVID. to divide. EVENTIDE. 1 BRIDGE . from Germanic *br7s. bridge. Suffixed variant form *dX-mon-. Suffixed form *dai-mon-. 2. Variants *dai-. tide1. Suffixed variant form *dX-ti-. Contracted from *bhruN-. ZEITGEIST. from Old English denominative tXdan. eyelid. land. DEMON. TIME. 2. 1. from Old English brycg(e). period.. and d all from Germanic *tXdiz. b. from Greek daimon. . DEMOGRAPHY. from Greek daiesthai. season. from Germanic *tXmon-. Contracted from *daN-. 1. *dX-. To divide. from Old English br7-. I. divinity. c. d. c. from Old English tXma. bhr7. division of time. 4. occurring. perhaps “division of society. DEMAGOGUE. a. ENDEMIC. eyebrow. bridge1. from Old English tXd. DEMOCRACY. DEMIURGE.173. EPIDEMIC. II. divider. 3. epidemic. Eyebrow. from Germanic *brugjo (with cognates in Celtic and Slavic). . from Greek dKmos. 2. from Old High German zXt. time. Root form *dai-.172. a. Possibly in the sense of a beam of wood. time.” DEME. 2 TIDING. DEMOTIC. time. PANDEMIC. TIDE TIDE 1 . b. provider. eyelash. GEODESY. [Pokorny 1. Suffixed form *d7-mo-. bhr7. demon. BROW.] d7Important derivatives are: democracy. time. and perhaps a log bridge. DEMOS.bhr7Important derivatives are: brow. from extended root *daNi-. people. to happen ( from Old Norse tXdhr. from Old English tKar. from Old English d<lan. Both a and b from Germanic *tahr-. part. Suffixed form *dakru-m7. . from Germanic *dailjan. FIRKIN. tear. portion. ordeal. from Germanic *dailiz. out. TRAIN OIL. DOLE 1 ORDEAL. DEAL 1 .175. from Middle Dutch deel. see ud-). a. trial by ordeal. 11. drop. from Old English d7l. from Latin lacrima (Old Latin dacruma). 9.(see d7-). [Pokorny d7i¯Kr 179. Northern Indo-European root extended from *da(N)i. Husband's brother. tehher.” judgment (*uz-.] daiwerA derivative is: levirate. tear. b. Tear.] dakruAn important derivative is: tear2. To divide. from Latin lKvir.] dailImportant derivatives are: deal1. husband's brother. . from Middle Dutch trane. from Germanic prefixed form *uz-dailjam. “a portioning out. 8. tear. TEAR 2 . LACHRYMAL. from Old English ord7l.[Pokorny d7. from Germanic *dailaz. [In Pokorny d7. LEVIRATE. 10. *tagr-. lot.175. to share. 4. from *dK-). . from Old English t<can. revenge. a. (see bel-) Latin dKbilis. from Old English t7cnian. from Old High German zuo. b. DE-. judge. TSIMMES. O-grade form *doig-. I. 15. instruct. pronounce solemnly. dictate. worse. . TATTOO 1 from Old English to. sitting.] deikImportant derivatives are: teach. c. Variant *deig-. deteriorate. and c all from Germanic *to. disk. from Germanic *taikjan. dK-. to. also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects. TO.(*dX. from Latin dK. 12. toe. from Celtic *eks-dXsedo.181. To show. index. TEACH. [Pokorny de-. preach.] deImportant derivatives are: to. ze. too. Demonstrative stem. BETOKEN. indicate. perhaps from de-.[Pokorny dakru. de-. predict. sign. addict. base of prepositions and adverbs. 14. from Welsh eistedd. when. token. EISTEDDFOD. from Middle Dutch toe. a. prejudice. to. from Latin dKterior. t7cn. DETERIORATE. shut. from. a. to signify. to show. TOO. i. to.179. TOKEN. 1. 13. ii. (see kwo-) Latin quando. weak. 11. to show. b. digit. mark. do. from Old English t7cen. condition. JURIDICAL. VERDICT. 4. sample. from Latin dXcere. Zero-grade form *dik-. from Latin vindex (first element obscure). from Old French tache. DITTY.188. (VENDETTA). PREJUDICE. PREDICATE. “one who shows or pronounces the law” (i7s. DEDICATE. from Latin i7dex (< *yewes-dik). see yewes-). VOIR DIRE. JURISDICTION. PREACH. TACHISME. DICTION. (INDICT). finger (< “pointer. CONDITION. right. b. indicator. toe. INDEX. (ii). Basic form *deik-. 1. REVENGE. 2 6. Possibly o-grade form *doik-. II. 3. c. SYNDIC. claimant. INDITE. law. (i). INTERDICT. Basic form *deik-. DISK. DICAST. FATIDIC. INDICATE. CONTRADICT. justice. DICTATE. DEICTIC. tahe. 5. from Latin index. tell. TOE. JUDICIAL. ABDICATE. and (iv) all from Germanic *taiknam. teche. (iii). PARADIGM. DITTO. VERIDICAL. THEODICY. from suffixed form *dik-skos.] . MALEDICT.” “indicator”). [Pokorny deiˆ. a. stain. pattern. DICTYOSOME. judge. toward. VALEDICTION. to throw ( 7. PREDICT. (AVENGE). see en). DIGIT. to proclaim. iv. avenger.iii. Form *dik7. from Gothic taikns. BENEDICTION. EDICT. surety. Agential suffix *-dik-. 2. TETCHY. from Greek dikK. to show. sign. from Greek dikein. with deigma (*deik-mi). from Latin dic7re. mark. court case. 2. JUDGE. POLICY . from Latin digitus. VINDICATE. forefinger (in-. DICTUM. Zero-grade form *dik-7-. to say. APODICTIC. ADDICT. from Greek deiknunai. from Germanic *taihwo. from Old English t7. and deva-. DISMAL. stem of Iuppiter. god. “sky. DEISM. from Latin Di7na. DEVI. divine. 1. (TUESDAY). ZEUS. blessed. head of the Roman pantheon. 6. father. DEODAR. DEUS. Jupiter. b. DEVANAGARI. JOVE. Variant *deiN-. see pNter-). CIRCADIAN. Variant *dyeu-. from Sanskrit de. DIOSCURI. DEIFIC. journey. 3. dial.deiwImportant derivatives are: Tuesday. clear. (JOURNAL). IV. “O father Jove” (*pNter-. from Latin I7lius. Suffixed zero-grade form *diw-yo-. 2.(< *dyeN-). Jupiter. DEITY. god”). the name of the god of the bright sky. (POSTMERIDIAN). from derivative *iou-il-. Zeus. from Latin dXves. or Iov-. DIARY.vaU. god. JOVIAL. TYR. DIVINE. from Latin dXvus. jovial. III. DIET2. heavenly. JOSS. QUOTIDIAN. July. SOJOURN. rich (< “fortunate. a. I. head of the Indo-European pantheon. god. from Old Norse T«r. (< *deyalos). 3. divine. MERIDIAN. 4. from Greek Zeus (genitive Dios). . Jove. Zeus. from Latin Iovis. diary. from Latin diKs. ADIEU. II. PSYCHEDELIC. Variant *dyK. DIVA. from Latin Iuppiter. DIAL. (JOURNEY). sky god. I7piter. ADJOURN. DIURNAL. 5. divine”). JULY. 2. “descended from Jupiter” (name of a Roman gens). dismal. Vocative compound *dyeu-pNter-. Jupiter. Both a and b from Germanic *TXwaz. To shine (and in many derivatives. JUPITER. DIONE. Noun *deiwos. day. from Old English TXw (genitive TXwes). psychedelic. heaven. from Greek dKlos. divine. DIANA. 4. from Latin deus. moon goddess. god. god of war and sky. deity. TIU. DIVES. seemliness. tenth. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *dok-eye-. decade. 11. PARADOX. elegance. (DISCIPLINE). DISCIPLE. DOCUMENT. worthy. DOCTRINE. 12. think ( 9. from Latin decus. century. [Pokorny 1. DECOROUS. To take. to learn. from Latin docKre. dime. DIGNIFY. Suffixed form *dek-no-. disciple. beam. ORTHODOX. DECORATE. DOXOLOGY. (DOWEL). doctor. Suffixed (stative) form *dek-K-. seem. dei. 13. to appear. SYNECDOCHE. DAINTY. from Latin decKre. support. grace. (DOGMATIC). to be fitting ( 8. dignity. decimal. deˆ. to accept. accept. from Greek dekhesthai. from Latin discere. DOCTOR. from Latin dignus. DOCILE. a. paradox. DOCETISM. (INDIGNANT). disdain. PANDECT. dainty. hundred. CONDIGN. (INDIGNATION).] dekImportant derivatives are: decent. indignant. cent.] dekc Important derivatives are: ten. Suffixed form *dek-es-. DISDAIN. dean. (DÈCOR). 10. document. doctrine. INDIGN. . a. to teach ( DOGMA. 7. discipline. dogma. b. beauty. December. fitting. from Greek dokein. b.183. DECENT. ornament. HETERODOX. DIPLODOCUS. DOCENT. percent. from Latin decor. deserving. dozen. DIGNITY.[Pokorny 1. Reduplicated form *di-dk-ske-. from Greek dokos. decorate.189. DEIGN. FIFTEEN. Suffixed zero-grade form *-dkc-t8. from Germanic *hundam. DIME. from Germanic *-tig. from Greek *-konta. Extended form *dekct-. a. (see okto(u)) Old Norse tjan. 2. DECI-. ten. DECEMBER. from Old English teogotha. from Old English hundred. (DENIER2). DECEMVIR. III. DECUSSATE. I. “swollen hundred. SEPTUAGINT. (DOYEN). b. Ordinal number *dekcto-. hundred (-red. tKotha. (see teuN-) Germanic *th7s-hundi. 2. SEXTODECIMO. . EIGHTEEN. DEAN. DECA-. (DENARIUS). 2. NINETEEN. (DECENNARY). OCTODECIMO. ten each (formed by analogy with nonX. -tXne. DECENNIUM. by tens. from Latin - gint7. hundred. 3.” thousand. OCTOGENARIAN. IV. from Latin decem. V. DOZEN. SEXAGENARY. ten. SIXTEEN. HUNDRED. THIRTEEN. DECALOGUE. Suffixed zero-grade form *dkc-tom. from Old English tXen. ten. -t«ne. reduced to *-kct8. ten times. and lengthened o-grade form *-dkom-t8. DECIMATE. Both a and b from Germanic *tehun. TENTH. NONAGENARIAN. from Greek deka. DODECAGON. DECADE. from irregular Latin distributive dKnX. Basic form *dekc. DUODECIMAL. from Old English suffix -tKne. (TITHE).Ten. PENTECOST. TEN. from Germanic *radam. see ar-). nine each). ten times. from Germanic *teguntha-. DECAGON. (see dwo-) Old English -tig. from Germanic *tehan. SEVENTEEN. 4. DICKER. -teen. reduced to *-kont8. 5. FOURTEEN. DENARY. 1. 1. reduced to *kctom. ten. DECIMAL. tenth. DECUPLE. hundred. number. ten. ten. II. long2. LENGTH. long. h. Probably extended and suffixed zero-grade form *dlon-gho-. from Old English denominative langian. d. ling. g. Langobardus (with Germanic ethnic name *Bardi). f. CENTIME. LANGLAUF. CENTAVO. 2 PERCENT. BELONG. CENT. from Germanic *langjan. longitude. LENT. from Germanic *langon. from Avestan satNm. LINGER. hundred. b. from West Germanic *langitinaz. length. 6. Lent. from Latin centum. LONG 2 from Old English gelang. LING . . TRECENTO. QUATTROCENTO. (CENTENARIAN). CENTENNIAL. CENTENARY. from Old English lengan. (SEN ).” 1 . (SENITI). a hundred (? dissimilated from *hem-katon. along. from a Low German source akin to Dutch lenghe. CENTURY. prolong. CINQUECENTO. d. from Old English lengten. CENTI- . c. from Old Church Slavonic sƒto. e. to prolong (possibly influenced by Old Norse lengja. hundred.] del-1 Important derivatives are: linger. STOTINKA. to lengthen). [Pokorny deˆc 191. LONG 1 . c. SEXCENTENARY. e. long. 4. long1. linghe. long. from Old High German lang. to grow longer. lengthening of day. lencten. from Greek hekaton. “long one. yearn for. Lent. from Middle English lenge. one hundred. (CENTNER). from Old English lengthu. from Old English lang. Long. HECTO-. See also compound root wXkctX. hundred. CENTAL. CENTESIMAL. spring. HECATOMB. LOMBARD. CENTUM. long. i. ling. to make long. lunge. 5. SATEM. b. and f all from Germanic *langaz. a. see sem-1).3. length. from Latin compound Longobardus. SEICENTO. a. and c all from Germanic abstract noun *langitho. del. to talk. from Germanic *taljan. 1. PURLOIN. snare. [Pokorny 1. talk. from Greek dolikhos. TALE. relate. To recount. ELOIGN. TELL. a. LONGITUDE. from West Germanic *(ge-)tala-. 4. story. from Old English talu. household. Suffixed o-grade form *dom-o-. PROLONG. LONGERON. count. tale. DOMESTIC. OBLONG. timber. TALK. DOLICHOCEPHALIC. dom-u-.] del-2 Important derivatives are: tell. long. SEDULOUS. 5.a. from Latin domus. [Pokorny 5. DOLERITE. 4. DOME. to count. from Greek dolos. ruse. from Latin longus. ready. speech. domestic. del. from Old English getæl. from Middle English talken. TAAL2.196. house. Both a and b from Germanic *talo. dominate. house. from Old English tellan. Possibly suffixed variant *d_N-gho-. DOMICILE. MAJOR-DOMO. 6. b. b. from a source probably akin to Old English denominative talian. a. House. perhaps from del-2. from Middle Dutch t7le. LUNGE. to tell. 5. quick. recount. danger.193. 6. long. . LONGEVITY. TALL. DOLICHOCRANIAL.] demImportant derivatives are: dome. (ELONGATE). language. domain. b. (Originally participle of ed. from Germanic *tumfto. domesticated. subdue. daunt. 8. to build (possibly a separate root). Tooth. DOMINION. from Old English tam. DAUNT. Root form *dem(N)-. DANGER. MADEMOISELLE. O-grade form *domN-. lord. TAME. 7. Compound *dems-pot-. from Latin dominus. DOMINIE. diamond. to tame. INDOMITABLE. To constrain. from Germanic *timram. to tame ( adamas. DOME. [Pokorny (demN-). suffixed form *dom-o-no-.199.in the earlier meaning “to bite”. DOM. from Old English timber. MADAME. house. DOMINATE. domN. DOMINO2. building material. DUNGEON.) . DAME. 6. Zero-grade form *dcN-. TOFT. from Latin dom7re. master of a household (feminine domina).] TIMBER. homestead. from Old Norse topt. (DIAMOND). from Germanic *tamaz. DON1. PREDOMINATE. tusk. Possibly lengthened-grade form *dom-c. demNImportant derivatives are: tame. DOMAIN. indent1.b. dandelion. master. a. from Greek doma. MADONNA. DOMINICAL. 7. unconquerable. DAN2. powerful. dental. from *i-dcN-nt-). adamant. from Greek despotKs. (MADAM). (DOMINO1). ADAMANT. [Pokorny dem. from Greek daman.198. 9. DESPOT. lumber. Suffixed o-grade form *dom(N)-o-.] dentImportant derivatives are: tooth. 8. force. see poti-). especially to break in (horses). “house-master” (*-pot-. [Pokorny 4. 6.206. DENTI-. from Germanic *tanthuz. canine tooth. Suffixed form *der-mi. Full-grade form *dent-. flay.” . from Old English t7sc. 6. from Greek odon. turd. trim. TEAR 1 . tart2. MASTODON. from Germanic *tunth-sk-. TUSK.” TURD. DENTAL.5. DENTIST. 1 DANDELION. from Old English teart. TOOTH. eruption. To split. drape. tooth. tooth. EPIDERMIS. leather covering. hence specialized senses “wood.” “tree.287. 8. Also dreu-To be firm. endure. solid. turd. from Greek derma. DENTICLE. peel. to tear. DERMATO-. from Old English toth. -ODON. DERRIS. from Old English tet(e)r. Suffixed zero-grade form *dy-tom. epidermis. truth. from Germanic *turdam. severe. EDENTATE. O-grade form *dont-. sharp. INDENT . O-grade variant form *(o)dont-. 8. 7. t7x. Zero-grade form *dit-. trust. truce. steadfast. 9. trough. skin. -DERM. (INDENTURE). druid. DERMA1. ODONTO-. -ODONT. from Old English teran. 5. TETTER. tar1. from Old English tord. from Latin dKns (stem dent-). with derivatives referring to skin and leather. from Germanic *ter-t. . 10. CERATODUS. der. odous. drab1. Reduplicated form *de-dr-u-. tooth. [In Pokorny ed. tray. from Greek derris. TRIDENT. EDENTULOUS. true. from Germanic *teran. skin disease. -DERMA. DENTATE. “something separated or discarded. TART 1 7.] deruImportant derivatives are: tree.] derImportant derivatives are: tear1. turd. TRUE. from Germanic *traujam. TRAY. TREE. trXg. DOUR. TRUTH. TAR1. tray. truth. TROUGH. pitch (obtained from the pine tree). from Old English te(o)ru. b. 11. b. waiting place (treysta. strong. DURAMEN. from Old English trKowian. 12. OBDURATE. from Old English trKow. resin. a. TRUCE. c. SHELTER. from Old English trKowth faith. TRIG 1 . a. make firm. a. a. from Old French triste. TRUST. hard . firm. from Old English trKow. from Old Norse traust. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-ko-. Variant form *drou-. 15. from Old English trog. (DURA MATER). to trust. to trust. Suffixed variant form *dr7-ro-. wooden board. firm. from Germanic *trewam. true. from Old English trKg. DURUM. from Germanic *treuwo. from Old English trum. from Old Norse tryggr. firmness.and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. b. e. firm. Variant form *derw-. TRIM. 16. tree. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-mo-. d. TRYST. from Old English truma. c. from Germanic abstract noun *traustam. from Germanic abstract noun *treuwitho. f. and f all from Germanic *treuwaz. from Latin d7rus. loyalty. DURESS. Variant form dreu-. b. d. Suffixed variant form *drew-o-. from Old English trKowe. 10. Both a and b from Germanic *trum-. from Germanic *terw-. ENDURE. from Germanic *trugaz. TROW. BETROTH. 13. confidence. pledge. TROTH. tr7wian. troop. true. e. wooden vessel. 14. INDURATE. GERMANDER. 20. see weid-). BOUNTY. TIRE . DEUTERO. Lengthened zero-grade form *dr7-. from Latin druides. to lack. HAMADRYAD. Suffixed form *deu-tero-. To lack. 1. a. deu. DENDRO-. the Celtic priestly caste. DRYOPITHECINE. benefit. from Greek dendron. from Greek deuteros. RHODODENDRON. seeing. be wanting. 1 DEONTOLOGY. b. “strong seer” (*wid-. tire (*teuzon. (For suffixed zero-grade form *du-s-. [Pokorny 3. . druids.(many of whose English derivatives represent a semantic cross with Latin d7r7re. [Pokorny deru. see deuN-). BOON2. DEODAR. DRUID. BONUS. probably from Celtic compound *dru-wid-. bounty. show favor. oak. PHILODENDRON. perform. wood. dissimilated with suffix in *derdrew-on. to fail. To do. to last long. dynamite. from Sanskrit d7ru. 2. benefactor. BONBON. DENDRON.219. embellish. (DEUTERIUM). revere. DRUPE. from Old English tKorian. benign. DEUTERONOMY.” next. a lack. Possibly suffixed form *deu-s-. 19. 11. want. beauty. “missing. BONITO. combining form of *dew-es-. dynasty. see dus-. tyrian. from Greek dein. second. timber.)] deu-2 Important derivatives are: bonus. 18.214. DEUTERAGONIST. 17. Suffixed form *dw-enos.. tree. dynamic. DRYAD. from Greek drus.] deu-1 An important derivative is: tire1. Reduplicated form *der-drew-. O-grade form *doru-. (DYNAMITE). DYNAST. lead. duration. 5. from Old English togian. DURING. good (< “useful. AERODYNE. Suffixed o-grade form *douk-eyo-. introduce. team. deu. from Latin bonus. d.BONANZA. from Latin d7r7re. (BENEFICENCE). to pull. [Pokorny 2. Adverbial form *dw-enK. BEATIFIC.(< *duN-ro-). pretty. (BENIGN). duke.218. from Latin bene. Possible (but unlikely for formal and semantic reasons) suffixed zero-grade form *du-nN-. abduct. tow1. handsome. (BEATITUDE). WANTON.] deuNImportant derivatives are: durable. 13. To lead. drag. DURABLE. duct. dock1. ZUGZWANG. BELLADONNA. TOW1. to make blessed. fine. BELDAM. (BENEFACTOR). to be able. (BEATIFY). BENEDICTION. 15. Both a and b from Germanic *teuhan. during. from Old English tKon. BENEVOLENT. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-7-. (BENEFIC). from Old English . conduct. (DYNASTY). well. educate. to pull. reduce. to last.] deukImportant derivatives are: tug. produce. to draw. DYNAMIC. from Old High German ziohan. [In Pokorny 3. wanton. DURANCE. subdue. TIE. draw. BELVEDERE. Suffixed zero-grade form *d7-ro. BEAU. (HERB BENNET). PERDURABLE. (BENEFIT). tie. deu. BELLE. from Germanic *tugon. Also dwaN-Long (in duration). c. THERMODURIC. deduce. DEBONAIR.219. EMBELLISH. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *dw-eye-. BENEFACTION. Diminutive *dw-en-elo-. DURATION. TUG. from Latin be7re. 12. from Latin bellus. from Greek dunasthai. BONHOMIE. 14. 6. efficient. working”). BEAUTY. INTRODUCE. EDUCE. a. tXgan. sacrifice. SUBDUCTION. (DUCHY). O-grade form *dho-. to lead out. 1 9. (ENDUE). out. feature. race. deem. ABDUCT. affair. (CONDOTTIERE). EDUCATE. from Old English tKman. (DUCE). DO1. DUCTILE. affect1. 10. abstract suffix indicating state. DOUCHE. (DUCAT).*tXegan. [Pokorny deuk. factor. doing. INDUCE. from Old English dom. justify. fact. (DUCHESS). amplify. 3 ADDUCE. TEAM. doom. judgment ( b. infect. DOGE. from Latin d7cere. face. put. descendant. theme. 14. affection. tXeman. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-7-. from Germanic *don. from Old English tKam. difficulty. FORDO. benefit. REDUCE. or power. perfect. to bind. team. from Germanic *tau(h)maz. brood. . qualify. law. from Old English d<d. (DEDUCT). notify. profit. Basic form *deuk-. efficient. Suffixed o-grade form *douk-mo-. DUKE. defeat. to do.220. to lead.” DEED. Suffixed form *dhK-ti-. see eghs). 15. PRODUCE.< ex-. 8. 16. -DOM. TEEM . Suffixed o-grade form *dho-mo-. 7. from Germanic denominative *tau(h)mjan. To set. CIRCUMDUCTION. deed. bring up (K. DUCT. (REDOUBT).] dhKImportant derivatives are: do1. CONDUCE. feat1. DEDUCE. -dom. modify. (ABDUCENS). condition. (CON ). from Latin Kduc7re. thesis. TRANSDUCER. to beget. “thing laid down or done. TRADUCE. fashion. effect. from Old English don. SUBDUE. Contracted from *dheN-. deed. DOOM. from Old English -dom. deed. (DUCAL). from Germanic *dKdiz. surface. (CONDUCT). defect. family. SEDUCE. (BENEFICE). FAÁADE. to season. (SUFFICIENT). Duma. PONTIFEX. from Germanic denominative domjan. together. MALEFACTOR. DEFEAT. AFFAIR. REFECT. DEFECT. (AFFECT ). COUNTERFEIT. a. (AMPLIFY). CONDIMENT. OFFICINAL. b. (NOTIFY). FEAT . (NULLIFY). d. compound *kred-dhN-. (EDIFICE). SACRIFICE. and Latin combining form -fex (< *fak-s). FACTITIVE. (DISCOMFIT). . BENEFACTION. 1 2 HACIENDA. from Old English dKman. FACE. COMFIT. 2 SCONCE . CONFECT. (FACIAL). TUBIFEX. (-FY). FACSIMILE. (see kerd-) 19. PERFECT. FORFEIT. d. (BENEFICENCE). FEASIBLE. 1 FACTOR. 17. Zero-grade form *dhN-. FASHION. MANUFACTURE. (MODIFY). INFECT. ABSCOND. AFFECT . a. flavor. (VIVIFY). to judge. (EFFICIENT). a. from a Germanic source akin to Gothic doms. to do. (see k7-) Old Norse -domr. make. RECONDITE. (EFFICACIOUS). INCONDITE. condition. SATISFY. (see sak-) Latin sacerdos. (MOLLIFY). priest. judgment. (AFFECTION). (PETRIFY). (BENEFIC). (CONFETTI). MISFEASANCE. FACIES. PUTREFY. (BENEFIT). TUMEFACIENT.c. (BEATIFIC). b. FACTITIOUS. -FACTION. RUBEFACIENT. see kom). (FACET). SPINIFEX. prefixed form *kom-dhN-. (QUALIFY). from Latin condXre. preserve (*kom.” 18. -FIC. (NIDIFY). FACTOTUM. (MALFEASANCE). (DEFACE). b. FACT. and e all from Germanic domaz. FACTION1. establish. PREFECT. c. CHAFE. (DEFEASANCE). ARTIFACT. SUFFICE. RAREFY. (PROFICIENT). (JUSTIFY). from Latin condere. (EDIFY). (REFECTORY). “maker”. from Latin facere (< *fakyo-). prefixed and suffixed form *kom-dh(N)-yo-. Suffixed zero-grade form dhN-k-. c. e. Suffixed o-grade form *dho-t-. (RECTIFY). PROFIT. ARTIFICE. SURFEIT. (PLUPERFECT). DEEM. EFFACE. from Russian Duma. ORIFICE. DUMA. FEATURE. -FACIENT. (DEFICIENT). “performer of sacred rites. to put together. (FETISH). EFFECT. ” proposition. DIFFICULTY. (THEMATIC). EPITHET. in two places. duty. SANDHI. from Latin compound officium (< *opi-fici-om). double. OFFICE. to place. face ( c. from Sanskrit dadh7ti. and verbal adjective thetos (*dhN-to-). THESIS.235. as in bif7riam. THETIC. PROTHESIS. CLEISTOTHECIUM. d.(SURFACE). Basic form *dhK-. Reduplicated form *dhi-dhN-. 27. Reduced form *dh-. see op-). further suffixed form *dhN-k-li-. (APOTHECIUM). (BODEGA). HYPOTHESIS. PERITHECIUM. with zero-grade noun thesis (*dhN-ti-). shape. adverbial suffix. from Latin derivative faciKs. (BOUTIQUE). from *dwi-dh(N)-. PURDAH. a placing. NEFARIOUS. see dwo-). Reduplicated form *dhe-dhK-. performance of work (*opi-. placed. THEME. “making two” (*dwi-. FACILE. 20. (FACILITATE). created from oneself. 28. from Old Persian d7-. business. FACULTY. DIATHESIS. work. from Latin -f7riam. Suffixed form *dhK-k-. 23. (see s(w)e-) Old Iranian compound *khvato-d7ta-. right. feasible. 26. BIBLIOTHECA. TICK3. OMNIFARIOUS. divine law. created. AMPHITHECIUM. 24. easy. parts. service. from Greek tithenai. PROSTHESIS. (see au-) [Pokorny 2. from Greek thKkK. two. “thing placed. PARENTHESIS.] dhK(i)- . receptacle. EPENTHESIS. APOTHECARY. from Latin f7s. set down. SYNTHESIS. ENDOTHECIUM. dhK. 25.(probably identical with zero-grade of dhKs-). he places. Suffixed form *dhK-to-. ANTITHESIS. THECA. 22. MULTIFARIOUS. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhN-mi. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhN-s. from Greek thema. ANATHEMA. to put. 21. from Latin facilis (facul). METATHESIS. fiction. FILS . paradise. Contracted from *dheN(i)-. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-no-. fruitful. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-l7-. ENDOTHELIUM. faenum. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-l-u-. 12. from Latin fXlius. bread kneader. 14. and fXlia. offspring.(< *dhiN-lyo-). FEMALE. effigy. from Greek thKlK. from Latin fKlXx. fruitful. build. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form *dhX-lyo. to suck. 9. THEELIN.241. figure. fertile. from Greek thKlus. . To suck. affiliate. FELLATIO. EPITHELIUM. feminine. from Latin fKcundus. faint. DAIRY. 17. FEMININE. 15. [Pokorny dhK(i). daughter (but these are equally possibly from the root bheuN-). pregnant. lady. woman ( 10. FELICITATE. fetus. AFFILIATE. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-mn7-. nipple. FELICITY. fell7re. from Old English d<ge. from Latin fKl7re. fennel. To form. from Germanic *daigjon-. FAWN2. (MESOTHELIUM). EFFETE. hay (< “produce”). Suffixed reduced form *dhK-lo-. lucky. fawn2.Important derivatives are: female. happy. SUPERFETATE. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-l-Xk-. 6. FETUS. HIDALGO. childbearing. 11. FENNEL. fKta. female. from Latin fKmina. 13. (FETICIDE). 1 FILIAL. SAINFOIN. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-kwondo-. EFFEMINATE. INFELICITY. FINOCHIO. pregnancy. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-to-. FECUND. from Latin fKnum.] dheighImportant derivatives are: dairy. (FENUGREEK). FELICIFIC. (FETAL). with adjective fKtus. from Latin fKtus. FILIATE. 16. dough. son. . from Old English d7g. firm1. bread. INFIRM. Suffixed form *dher-mo-. FEIGN. CONFIRM. from Prakrit dharaha. DOUGH. throne (< “support”). 11. dough. (FEINT). FIRM1. from Germanic *dXg-. 7. (INFIRMARY).] dherImportant derivatives are: farm. (see bhergh-2) Latin fortis. (FIRMAMENT). LADY. throne. Perhaps extended form *dhergh-. EFFIGY. FIGURE. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhigh-7r7. from Old English compound hl<fdige. firm. from Greek thronos. FIRM2. loaf). from Greek thinganein. FIGMENT. (FAINT).244. 5. law ( 8. 6. strong. FERMATA. DHARNA. TEIGLACH. from Sanskrit dharma. 8. a holding firm. Suffixed form *dher-eno-. CONFIGURE. FARM. 9. PARADISE. b. Nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-gh-. seat. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o-. [Pokorny dheigh. shape ( 10. from Avestan daKza-. PREFIGURE. AFFIRM. dough. TRANSFIGURE. support. form. To hold firmly. mistress of a household (hl7f. a. THIGMOTAXIS. FICTILE. 4. from Latin fingere. DISFIGURE. to shape.7. from Latin fig7ra. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhr-ono-. 12. THRONE. THIXOTROPY. Both a and b from Germanic *daigaz. Suffixed form *dher-mi. from Latin firmus. to touch. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o-. strong (but this is also possibly from bhergh-2). from Old High German teic. confirm. FICTION. wall (originally made of clay or mud bricks). statute. DHARMA. Probable nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-g(h)-. Suffixed o-grade form *dhor-o-. festive. POLYTHEISM. (GABFEST). to venture. [Pokorny dhers. FESTIVE. ENTHUSIASM. from Greek theos (< *thes-os). from Iranian d7ra-. from Latin f7num. FERIA. FESTIVAL. (FETE).and zero-grade form *dhys-. from Latin fKriae (fKsiae).9. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhNs-no-. first and third person singular present and past indicative of durran. 12. god. [Pokorny 2. To venture. holding. feast. from Latin fKstus.259. dher. DARE. (-FEST).] dhKsImportant derivatives are: fair2. Possibly an extension of dhK-. profane. holidays. (DURST). Suffixed form *dhKs-y7. ATHEISM. atheism. Root of words in religious concepts. Contracted from dheNs-. (FIESTA). PANTHEON.and *durs. fanatic. THEO-. ZAMINDAR. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhNs-o-. festival. (FESTAL). PROFANE. whence Persian -d7r.] dheu-1 . respectively from Germanic *dors. 13. FANATIC. (FESTOON). APOTHEOSIS. TAHSILDAR.] dhersAn important derivative is: dare.252. FAIR2. be bold. FEAST. Suffixed form *dhKs-to-. 14. temple. SIRDAR. OKTOBERFEST. O-grade form *dhors.259. from Old English dearr and durst. 11. enthusiasm. [Pokorny dhKs. An important derivative is: dew. To flow. a. b. DEW, from Old English dKaw, dew; from Middle Dutch dau, dew; SUNDEW, c. (see melit-) Germanic compound *melith-dauwaz, “honeydew.” a, b, and c all from Germanic *dauwaz, dew. [Pokorny 1. dheu- 259.] dheu-2 Important derivatives are: dead, death, die1, dwindle. To die. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-to-. DEAD, from Old English dKad, dead, from Germanic *daudaz. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-tu-. DEATH, from Old English dKath, death, from Germanic *dauthuz. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhow-yo-. DIE1, from Old Norse deyja, to die. 4. Suffixed extended zero-grade form *dhwX-no-. DWINDLE, from Old English dwXnan, to diminish, languish, from Germanic *dwXnan. [Pokorny 2. dheu- 260. See dh7-no-.] dheubImportant derivatives are: deep, depth, dip, dive. Deep, hollow. 1. 2. DEEP, (DEPTH), from Old English dKop, deep, from Germanic *deupaz. DIP, from Old English dyppan, to immerse, dip, from Germanic expressive denominative *duppjan. 3. Parallel root form *dheubh-. DIVE, from Old English d«fan, to dip, and d7fan, to sink, dive, from Germanic verb *d7bjan, from *deub-, *dub-. [Pokorny dheu-b- 267.] dheughDerivatives are: doughty, Pentateuch.. To produce something of utility. 4. DOUGHTY, from Old English dyhtig, dohtig, strong (< “productive”), from Germanic extended form *duht-. 5. Suffixed form *dheugh-os-. HEPTATEUCH, (HEXATEUCH), PENTATEUCH, from Greek teukhos (< *theukhos), gear, anything produced, tool, container, scroll. [Pokorny dheugh- 271.] dhghemImportant derivatives are: bridegroom, chamomile, humble, homage, homicide, human.. Earth. 5. Suffixed zero-grade form *(dh)ghc-on-, “earthling.” BRIDEGROOM, from Old English guma, man, from Germanic *gumon-. 6. O-grade form *dh(e)ghom-. CHTHONIC; AUTOCHTHON, from Greek khthon, earth. 7. Zero-grade form *dhghc-. CHAMAEPHYTE, CHAMELEON, CHAMOMILE, GERMANDER, from Greek khamai, on the ground. 8. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-o-. HUMBLE, (HUMILIATE), (HUMILITY), HUMUS1; EXHUME, INHUME, TRANSHUMANCE, from Latin humus, earth. 9. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-on-, “earthling.” a. HOMAGE, HOMBRE , HOMINID, HOMO1, HOMUNCULUS, OMBRE; BONHOMIE, HOMICIDE, from Latin homo, human being, man; 1 b. from Latin h7m7nus, human, kind, humane (in part from dhghem-). HUMAN, (HUMANE), 10. Suffixed form *(dh)ghem-y7. CHERNOZEM, SIEROZEM, ZEMSTVO, from Old Russian zemV, land, earth. 11. Full-grade form *(dh)ghem-. ZAMINDAR, from Persian zamXn, earth, land. [Pokorny ´h?em- 414.] dhgh(y)esAn important derivative is: yesterday. Yesterday. Suffixed (comparative) form *(dh)ghes-ter-. YESTER-, (YESTERDAY), from Old English geostran, giestran, “yester-,” from Germanic *ges-ter-. [Pokorny ´h?˜Ès 416.] dhXgwImportant derivatives are: dike1, ditch, dig, fix, prefix. To stick, fix. c. d. DIKE DIG, 1 , DITCH, from Old English dXc, trench, moat; from Middle English diggen, to dig, from a source perhaps akin to Old French digue, trench. Both a and b from Germanic *dXk-. from Latin 1. FIBULA, FICHU, FINCA, FIX, (FIXATE), (FIXITY), (FIXTURE); AFFIX, ANTEFIX, CRUCIFY, INFIX, MICROFICHE, PREFIX, SUFFIX, TRANSFIX, fXgere, to fasten, fix. [Pokorny dhKig¯- 243.] dhregImportant derivatives are: drink, drench, drown. To draw, glide. 4. DRINK, from Old English drincan, to drink, from nasalized Germanic form *drenkan, to draw into the mouth, drink. 5. 6. DRENCH, from Old English drencan, to soak, from nasalized ograde Germanic causative form *drankjan, “to cause to drink.” DROWN, from a Scandinavian or late Old English source similar to Old Norse drukkna, to drown, from Germanic zero- grade suffixed form *drunk-non. [Pokorny dhre´- 273.] dhreibhImportant derivatives are: drive, drift. To drive, push; snow. 4. 5. DRIVE, DROVE , from Old English drXfan, to drive, rush, from Germanic *drXban. 2 DRIFT, from Middle English drift, drove, herd, akin to Old Norse drift, snowdrift, and Middle Dutch drift, herd, from Germanic zero-grade suffixed form *driftiz. [Pokorny dhreibh- 274.] dhreuImportant derivatives are: drizzle, dreary, drowse, drop, droop, drip. To fall, flow, drip, droop. 1. Extended form *dhreus-. DRIZZLE, from Old English -drysnian (in gedrysnian, to pass away, vanish), from zero-grade Germanic derived verb *drus-inon. 2. Extended o-grade form *dhrous-. a. b. DREARY, from Old English drKor, flowing blood, from Germanic *drauzaz; DROWSE, from Old English dr7sian, to be sluggish, from Germanic *dr7sjan. 3. Extended zero-grade form *dhrub-. a. b. c. DROP, from Old English dropa, drop, from Germanic *drupan; from Old Norse dr7pa, to hang down, from Germanic *dr7pon, to let fall; DROOP, DRIP, from Middle English drippen, to drip, drop, from an unattested Old English *dryppan or another source akin to Old English droppa, drop, from Germanic geminated *drupp-. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhrubh-yo-. LITHOTRIPTER, (LITHOTRITY), from Greek thruptein, to crumble. [Pokorny dhreu- 274.] dhughNterAn important derivative is: daughter. Daughter. DAUGHTER, from Old English dohtor, daughter, from Germanic *dohtKr. [Pokorny dhug(h)Nter- 277.] dh7-noImportant derivatives are: down1, dune, town. Enclosed, fortified place. Derivative of a verb *dhuN-, “to close, finish,” probably related to dheu-2, “to die.” a. b. 3. TOWN, DOWN DUNE, 1 , DOWN3, from Old English d7n, hill; from Middle Dutch d7ne, sandy hill. Both a and b from Germanic *d7naz, possibly from dh7-no-. from Old English t7n, enclosed place, homestead, village, from Germanic *t7naz, fortified place, borrowed from Celtic *d7n-o-, hill, stronghold. [In Pokorny 4. dheu- 261.] dhwerImportant derivatives are: door, foreign, forest, forfeit, forum. Door, doorway (usually in plural). Originally an apophonic noun *dhwor, *dhur-, in the plural, designating the entrance to the enclosure (*dhwor-o-) surrounding the house proper. 1. Zero-grade form *dhur- in suffixed forms *dhur-is (accusative plural) and *dhur-o- (neuter). DOOR, from Old English duru, door (feminine, originally plural), and dor, door (neuter), respectively from Germanic *durunz and *duram. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-7ns (accusative plural). FOREIGN, from Latin for7s, (toward) out of doors, outside. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-ois (locative plural). FOREST; (AFFOREST), FAUBOURG, FORECLOSE, FORFEIT, from Latin forXs, (being) out of doors. 4. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-o-. FORENSIC, FORUM, from Latin forum, marketplace (originally the enclosed space around a home). 5. DURBAR, from Old Persian duvara-, door, gate. 6. Zero-grade form *dhur-. THYROID, from Greek thura, door. [Pokorny dh¯Lr- 278.] digh7Important derivatives are: tongue, language, linguist. Tongue. a. b. 1. TONGUE, BILTONG, from Old English tunge, tongue; from Middle Dutch tonghe, tongue. Both a and b from Germanic *tungon-. LANGUAGE, LANGUET, LIGULA, LIGULE, LINGO, LINGUA, LINGUIST; (BILINGUAL), from Latin lingua (dingua), tongue, language. [Pokorny di´h7 223.] doImportant derivatives are: date, add, betray, edition, rent1, surrender, tradition, traitor, vend, donation, pardon, endow, dose, antidote. To give. Contracted from *doN-. a. Zero-grade form *dN-. DADO, DATE1, DATIVE, DATUM, DIE2; 1 ADD, (BETRAY), EDITION, PERDITION, RENDER, (RENT ), (SURRENDER), TRADITION, (TRAITOR), (TREASON), VEND, from Latin dare, to give; b. (see 4) Greek dosis, something given. 1. Suffixed form *do-no-. DONATION, (DONATIVE), (DONOR); CONDONE, PARDON, from Latin donum, gift. 2. Suffixed form *do-t(i)-. a. b. c. , DOWAGER, DOWER, (DOWRY); ENDOW, from Latin dos (genitive dotis), dowry; DOT 2 DACHA, from Russian dacha, gift, dacha, from Slavic from Russian samizdat, samizdat, from dat', *datja; SAMIZDAT, to give. 3. Suffixed form *do-ro-. LOBSTER THERMIDOR, from Greek doron, gift. 4. Reduplicated form *di-do-. DOSE; ANECDOTE, ANTIDOTE, APODOSIS, EPIDOTE, from Greek didonai, to give, with zero-grade noun dosis (< *dN-ti-), something given. [Pokorny do- 223.] dusA derivative is: dys-. Bad, evil; mis- (used as a prefix). Derivative of deu-1. DYS-, from Greek dus-, bad. and twelfta. two (nominative feminine and neuter). see leikw-). TWILIGHT. Two. TWO. from Old English -twist. “twice ten” (*-tig. duet. from Old English twKgen. from Old English twi-. doubt. twice. twice. twice. Both a and b from Germanic *twa. TWENTY. BI1 TWIBILL. 4. TWAIN. . b. from Germanic *twis. 2. . from Old English twXn. two. binary. BEZEL. duplicate. twig1. see dekc). from Old High German zwi-. DI1 . 5. twice. twin. Variant form *duwo. Adverbial form *dwis and combining form *dwi-. 6. b.] dwoImportant derivatives are: two. dual. twenty. TWELVE. two (nominative and accusative masculine). 7. double. from Germanic *twiyes. a. from Germanic *twXhna. a. twelve. deuce1. twiga. from Germanic compound *twa-lif-. II. from Old English twelf. Both a and b from Germanic *twi-. from Old English tw8.[Pokorny dus. fork. TWINE. TWICE. TWELFTH. twilight. 3. I. from Greek dis (combining form di-). left. divided object. BALANCE. diploma. double thread. combine. biscuit. from Old English twige. from Old English twKntig. twisted thread. twine. rope. ten. BIS.” twelve (*-lif-. ZWITTERION. from Germanic compound *twKgentig. twenty. dubious. twelve. BISCUIT. from Latin bis (combining form bi-). twice. twist. 2. BAROUCHE. TWIST. twelfth. dozen. double thread. ZWIEBACK. “two left (over from ten).227. two. between. EPIDIDYMIS. Compound *du-plek-. see plek-). DICHASIUM. getwinn. between. (TWIXT). DEUCE 1 . a fork. DUPLEX. BETWIXT. 10. 2. BI-. DUET. from Latin duo. DOZEN. Compound *dwi-plo-. DUPLICATE. two by two. Suffixed form *dwis-no-. -fold. see pel-2). double. from Greek didumos. DUO-. from Old English twilic. from Germanic *twig(g)a. a branch. DUO. “two-threaded fabric. twofold. -fold. double. DIDYMOUS. DIPLO-. 14. from Latin duplus. double. 1. ANADIPLOSIS. from Germanic compounds *bitwXhna and *bi-twisk. twofold (*-plek-. 11. 13. from Latin bXnX. Suffixed reduplicated form *dwi-du-mo-. two by two. TWILL. DOUBLOON. DIPLOID. IV. two each. the testicles. BINAL. from Germanic compound *twilic-. duo. 12. DICHO-. from Old English betwKonum and betweox. betwix. DUAL. twin. twofold (*-plo-. double. COMBINE. by. at. Suffixed form *dwi-ko-. b. (DOUBLET). DUPLE. TWIN. Compound *du-plo-. DYAD. HENDIADYS. two. DODECAGON. see ambhi). Inflected form *duwo. from Greek duo. “at the middle point of two” (bi. DUODECIMAL. see pel-2).8. CONDUPLICATE. Variant form *du-. DIPLOE. from Latin duplex. DIDYMIUM. from Greek dikha. 2. from Old English twigge. a. from Old English twinn. DIPLOMA. TETRADYMITE. diplous. . DOUBLE. DUAD. -fold. two. in two. 1. woven of double thread. from Germanic *twisnaz. TWIG1. twofold (*-plo-. BINARY. BETWEEN. DUPLICITY. from Greek diploos.” 9. III. Suffixed form *dwi-gha. ego. (REDOUBTABLE). eat. from Old English ic. COMEDO. EDIBLE. a. (EGOIST). to feed on. pain ( 8. 7. EGO. from Latin ego. 13. see per1). completely. “first meal. from Greek odunK. original meaning “to bite. etch. to eat. c. Nominative form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. For oblique forms see me-1. doubtful (dubit7re. edible. to eat. ESURIENT. PLEURODYNIA. Suffixed form *du-bhw-io-.] edImportant derivatives are: eat. ESCULENT. OBESE. from Old English etan. 6. I. see per1). to be in doubt. I. ETCH. to devour. [Pokorny d¯o(u). EAT. b. SAMOYED.” See dent-. COMESTIBLE.287. eater. To eat.” lunch (*pram-. DOUBT. d. from Germanic *ek. Suffixed form *ed-un-7. from Latin dubius. I.] eg Important derivatives are: I. (EGOTISM). . PRANDIAL. to eat up (*fra-. ESCAROLE. and d all from Germanic *etan. from Old High German ezzen.3. EDACIOUS. from Russian -ed. a. DUBIOUS. from Germanic compound *fra-etan. FRET 1 from Middle Dutch eten. 12. to eat.228. ORT. 5. first. Extended form *ego. from Latin compound prandium (syncopated from *pram-ed-ium). I. from Latin edere. [Pokorny ed. . c. ANODYNE. from Old English fretan. b. SYNECDOCHE. b.] eghs Important derivatives are: ex-. out of. ELECTUARY. ESCHATOLOGY. EISTEDDFOD. outward (feminine ablative exter7. a. Out. b. from Russian iz. from Latin Kbrius. from. EXTRA-. extra-. Greek ex. 5. EXO-. EXTREME. sitting. EXOTERIC. from Latin ex. Variant *eks. out of. from Greek eskhatos. To drink. from ECTO-. ex-. away from. Suffixed (comparative) variant form *eks-tero-. extreme. superlative suffix). from Welsh eistedd. SAMIZDAT. outermost (*-mo-. EXTERNAL. from Balto-Slavic *iz. from Latin exter. from. STRANGE. external. on the outside). 7. exotic. out of. EX-. INEBRIATE. drunk. 6.[Pokorny e´. extr7. ei- . 10. ek. [Pokorny e´hs 292. outermost. EXOTIC. without). last. a. EX 1 .] KgwhA derivative is: inebriate. (see s(w)e-) Latin compound sobrius (sK. from Latin extrKmus. Suffixed (superlative) form. EXTERIOR. 8. Suffixed form *Kgwh-r-yo-.291. from Celtic *eks-dX- sedo-. strange. 9. Suffixed form *eghs-ko-. . from Latin initium. 11. January. b. OUGHT 1 . transit.Important derivatives are: ambition. a. journey. entrance. ANION. MAHAYANA. ADIT. EXIT. CATION. a. PRETERIT. Full-grade form *ei-. from Latin iter. owe. to go. perish. COUNTY. way (in Buddhism. INTROIT.” “vehicle”).293. INITIATE. Extended form *y7. further suffixed form *i-t-yo-. To be master of. [Pokorny 1. PRAETOR. possess. initial. b. own. ion. ei. sudden.(< *yaN-) in suffixed forms *y7-no-. issue. OBITUARY. SEDITION. COMMENCE. 8. janitor. commence. and I7nus. “mode of knowledge. exit2. CONSTABLE. ITINERARY. Suffixed form *i-ter. beginning (in-. SUDDEN. 9. see kom). god of doors and of the beginning of a year. from Latin i7nus. from Old English 7gan. COUNT 2 10. (AMBITION). to go. (TRANSIT). ERRANT. *y7nu-. freight. Suffixed zero-grade form *i-t-. TRANSIENT. in. COMITIA. CONCOMITANT. circuit. to possess. ITINERANT. b. HINAYANA. AMBIENT. from Germanic *aigan. (SUBITO). COITUS. ISSUE. (VISCOUNT). from Latin Xre. companion (com-. from Greek ienai. OWE. see en). archway. DYSPROSIUM. a. 1. (TRANCE). JANITOR. from Latin comes (stem comit-). PERISH. from Sanskrit y7nam. EYRE. JANUARY. to possess. CIRCUIT. INITIAL.] KikImportant derivatives are: ought1. JANUS. (TRANSITIVE). . To go. with. ION. ” holy. from Greek hieros. HIERATIC. goad. powerful. Probably originally derived from oku-. from Old High German Xsarn. b. (EQUITATION). GISARME.299. IRATE. from Greek hippos. HIERARCH. [Pokorny Kik. iron. from Latin equus. “earnings. madness. from Middle Low German and Middle Dutch vrecht. HIPPOCRENE. EOHIPPUS. eis. HIERO-. EQUINE. from Greek oistros. iron. OWN. HIEROPHANT. anything causing madness. Horse. 14. vracht. absolute possession. [Pokorny 1. (ESTRONE). HIPPOPOTAMUS.2. hippopotamus. Suffixed zero-grade form *is-(N)ro-. gadfly. IRE. intensive prefix. FRAUGHT. Xsan. anger. 16. horse. “filled with the divine. Xren. EQUISETUM. a. 15. EQUITANT. HIPPOGRIFF. . hierarchy. SPIEGELEISEN. horse. freight. holy. from Old English 7gen. from Germanic prefixed form *fra-aihtiz. from Germanic participial form *aiganaz. owned. HIPPODROME. possessed.] eisImportant derivatives are: irate. IRON. Suffixed form *eis-7-. from Latin Xra. from Old English Xse(r)n. Suffixed o-grade form *ois-tro-. 7. one's own. (HIERARCHY). HIEROGLYPHIC. IRASCIBLE. ESTRUS. EQUESTRIAN.298. Both a and b from Germanic *Xsarno-. “holy metal” (possibly from Celtic). 8. HIPPOCAMPUS.] ekwoDerivatives are: equestrian. In words denoting passion. iron. 3. see per1). property (*fra-.” hire for a ship. FREIGHT. ” elbow (*bugon-. [Pokorny 8. episode. [Pokorny em. (REDEMPTION). sample. (IMPROMPTU). ULNA. ADEMPTION. from Germanic compound *alino-bugon-. “bend of the forearm. PEREMPTORY. PRESUME. lengthened variant form *olen7-. PROMPT. resume. RESUME. SUMPTUARY. VINTAGE. SUBSUME.] emImportant derivatives are: example. inner. PREMIUM. buy.[Pokorny eˆ¯o-s 301. enter. (SAMPLE). consume. forearm. elbow. up from under. from Latin ulna. .310. (EXEMPLARY). c. cubit. distribute. bend. to obtain. variant of sub-.] elAn important derivative is: elbow. (SUMPTUOUS). 7. b. from Greek olenK. 8. from Old English elnboga. Elbow. intro-. bow.] en Important derivatives are: in1. exempt. prompt. ELL 2 ELBOW. buy (sus-. el. vintage. (EXEMPLIFY). PREEMPTION. OLECRANON. forearm. premium. from Latin s7mere (< *sus(e)m-). d. (EXEMPT). assume. ASSUME. EXAMPLE. forearm. . en-1. redeem. elbow.307. elbow. (RANSOM). see bheug-). intimate2. industry. from Germanic *alino. from Old English eln. ransom. obtain. CONSUME. REDEEM. Extended o-grade form *olin7. to take. To take. see upo). a. from Latin emere. (EXEMPLUM). in. inside. INTROMIT. . into. from Latin inter. within (be. from Old High German in. BILANDER. PARENTHESIS. INTROIT. e. d. INTRINSIC. BEN. ii. 5. INTRA-. diligent (*stru-. in. innermost (*-mo-. from Middle Dutch binnen. 2 INTIMA. in. PARENCHYMA. to construct. from Latin intr7. c. see ster-2). 2 4. INDUSTRY. a. within. Suffixed form *en-t(e)ro-. INTER-. en-. inter-. INTERNAL. among. b. . a. INTROSPECT. inn. 6. in-. INTERIM. (adverb). from Germanic (comparative) *inn(e)ra. from Latin in. (INTRADOS). Suffixed form *en-ter. ENTRAILS. from Latin (superlative) intimus. from int(e)rim + secus. inne. Extended form *en-do. habitation. ENTER. within. 1 INN. IN-2. within). farther in. c. b. from Latin intro. TSIMMES. from Old English inn. 3. from Greek en. intrXnsecus. on the inside. superlative suffix). ENEN- 1 . alongside (see sekw-1). in. i. 2. a. INNER. between. b. from Latin interim. within. INTERIOR. by. with ablative suffix -im.and. from Latin industrius. see ambhi + innan. INTRO-. c. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *innan. from Old English in. ENKEPHALIN. INTRORSE. e. INTRODUCE. IN IN 1 (preposition). . a. and f all from Germanic *in. inner. from Old English innera. In. from Old English inn. INTIMATE 7. meanwhile. d. inward. from Old English binnan. inside. into. 11. from Greek epi. MESENTERY. from Latin indigKre. Suffixed form *en-tos. intestine. before. from Old Church Slavonic ob. AND. within. INTESTINE. into. a. c. to. 10. . oblast. ENDO-. to press tight. from Greek eis. OBLAST. 11. from Greek enteron. from Old Latin endo. within. ENTERO-. from Greek eso. within. INTUSSUSCEPTION. DEDANS. from Greek endo. b. Extended form *ens. from Greek opisthen. ob-. on. *unda. from Latin intus. EXENTERATE. from Latin ob. from Old English and. to be in need (egKre. 8. 14.] epi An important derivative is: epi-. [Pokorny 1. INTINE. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *i-dha. from Russian oblast'. against. INDIGENT. over. ESOTERIC. OPISTHOBRANCH. to cover over (see wer-4). from Greek entos. Suffixed form *en-tero-. and. 9. from Germanic *anda. within. at. DYSENTERY. suffixed form *ens-o. 12. inside. OB-. Both a and b from indu-. 13. on. at the back. behind. EPISODE. Prefix *op.in *op-wer-yo-. a. endo-. Zero-grade *pi. within. ENTO-. at. on. ENTERON. en 311. Also opiNear. 10. to be in need). EPI-. (see sed-) Greek piezein. b. 15.b. (ENTERIC). OPISTHOGNATHOUS. against. from Old English eart and aron. appear. ground. eerde. from Germanic *ar-. to be. set in motion. Extended form *ert-. second person singular and plural present of bKon. impulse. from Old English eornoste. probably from er-1. . 9. earth. abort. zealous. ergh. b.332. Suffixed form *or-sm7-. ABORT. To row. HORMONE. EARNEST 1 11. from Middle Dutch aerde. from Old English rowan. ORIENT. ROW 2 . ORIGIN. exist. er. original. ART2. serious. Both a and b from Germanic *ertho. earnest1. . from Germanic suffixed form *er-n-os-ti-. to be.326.] er-2 An important derivative is: earth. (ORIGINAL). To move. er.] er-1 Important derivatives are: are1. perhaps from er-1. *art(a). 11. erNImportant derivatives are: row2. a. AARDWOLF. to arise. origin. [Pokorny 3.] EARTH. a. be born.(< *reN-). from Germanic . [Pokorny 4. from Greek hormK. from Old English eorthe. Suffixed form *or-yo-.[Pokorny epi 323. ARE 1 10. 12. to row. AARDVARK. rudder. Earth. onrush. from Latin orXrX. *or-. Variant form *rK. earth.339. orient. 21. Athematic first person singular form *es-mi. from Germanic *izm(i). TRIERARCH. IS. [Pokorny 2. 3. sin1. ERRATUM.336. suffixed form *ro-tro-. erN.338. yea. from Old English rother and Old Norse rodhr. erratic. Athematic third person singular form *es-ti. RACE2. yes. 12. c.*ro-. yes. Form *ers-7-. steering oar. from Old English eam. 5. is. is. soothe. proud. Participial form *sont-. Oldest variant form *NreN. am. RUDDER. ere-s. eom. 4. RUSSIAN. BIREME. rushing. both from Germanic *rothra. interest. true. essence. from Germanic *sijai-. being. ABERRATION. from Old Norse r7s. ERROR. Optative stem *sX-. from Greek triKrKs. present1. AM1. ERRATIC. Variant form *rKs-. 6. hence real. error. rudder. see i. from Old English gKse. true. 22.becoming *erK-. ERRONEOUS. To be. from Latin rKmus. TRIREME. SOOTH.] ersImportant derivatives are: race2. To be in motion. from . existing. trireme. to wander. from Germanic *rKs-. oar. b. from sXe.] esImportant derivatives are: am1. from Latin err7re. may it be (so). suffixed form *rK-smo-. [Pokorny 1. from Old English is. REMEX. absent. from Germanic *ist(i). (gKa.+ sXe). YES. ERR. from Old English soth. SOOTHE. a. Suffixed form *es-ti-. (QUINTESSENCE). well. from Greek eu-. in reverse. “wellbeing” (see su-). See extension (e)su-. Basic form *es-. [Pokorny es. 9. ESSENCE.346. from Latin esse. existing. BODHISATTVA. [Pokorny esu-s 342. HOMOIOUSIAN. (PRESENT ). 16. -ONT. INTEREST. “that which is. on. back. sin ( c. see re-). REDUVIID. to don (ind-. off. from Sanskrit sat-. SWASTIKA. virtuous. (SCHIZONT). 17. b. from Old English synn. to be (in pareinai. ENTITY. combining form of eus. [Pokorny 2.] eu-1 A derivative is: endue. variant of in-. to be. EXUVIAE.Germanic *santhaz. (REPRESENT). OSSIA. SUTTEE. sin.” SIN1. see en). to be present). from Latin induere. from Greek einai (present participle ont-. EU-. To dress. See su-. in. 8. ABSENT. from Sanskrit sv-as-ti-. being). good. from Latin reduvia. (-BIONT). see eghs). sant- . PAROUSIA. See extension wes-2. SATYAGRAHA. (IMPROVE). 1 2 PRESENT . from Germanic *sun(d)jo. Basic form *es-. fragment (red-. true. from Latin exuere.] . ENDUE. Suffixed form of es-. ONTO-. eu. Good. 7. 18. suffixed (collective) zero-grade form *sit-y7.] (e)suA derivative is: eu-. to doff (ex-. PROUD.340. empty. avoid. vanish. from Latin v7stus. Udder. Extended forms *euN-.VACUUM. DEVASTATE. fertile. from Old English 7der. empty.345. Extended and suffixed form *w7s-to-. (AVOID). to lack. (DEVOID). Suffixed o-grade form *oudh-y. Suffixed form *wN-no-. waste. WANE. from Latin v7nus. Suffixed form *w7-no-. VACATION. EVACUATE. 11. from Old English wanian. Related to wK-r-.” [Pokorny Kudh. “breast. 13. eu. VOID. VANISH. to lessen. VAUNT. Lacking. from Germanic *7dr-. 12. exuberant. [Pokorny 1. derived from 7ber. 30. void.eu-2 Important derivatives are: wane. b. VACANT. waste. udder. VAIN. VANITY. Suffixed zero-grade form *7dh-y. lack. Extended form *wak-. from Germanic *wanKn. evacuate.] euN-dh-y Derivatives are: udder. WANT. and wana. *wN-. 14. want. from Old Norse vanta. (VACUITY).347. from North Germanic *wanaton. *w7-. EXUBERATE. (EXUBERANT). vacant. from Latin vac7re (variant voc7re). a. WASTE.] . EVANESCE. UDDER. VACATE. empty. from Latin adjective 7ber. vacation. 29. vacuum. to be empty. 15. from a Slavic source akin to Old Church Slavonic glagolƒ. GAUD. Contracted from *gaNu-. Reduplicated form gal-gal-. cool. jelly. (GAUDY1). from Germanic expressive form *kall-. 12. from Old English c(i)ele. glacier. shout. joy. Suffixed form *gal-so-. from Old Norse kalla. CALL. from Germanic *kaliz. To rejoice. from Greek ganusthai. JOY. 10. REJOICE. as if to mean “the bird of Gaul. ENJOY.] gelImportant derivatives are: chill. . To call. GLAGOLITIC. to freeze. 13. to rejoice. 9. (GALLINULE). GALLINACEOUS. word. also to have religious fear or awe. 14. to call. from Germanic *klat-.galImportant derivatives are: call. cold. CLATTER. GANOID. clatter. voice.] g7uImportant derivatives are: gaudy1. to rejoice. to clatter. [Pokorny 2.350. [Pokorny g7u. gal. chill. CHILL. GLASNOST. cock (Gallus.353. Expressive form *gall-. Gallic. 11. from Latin gaudKre. Form (with nasal infix) *gN-n-u-. rejoice. Suffixed form *gau-d-K-. from Latin gallus. from a Slavic source akin to Old Church Slavonic glasƒ. enjoy. 11.” the cock being archaeologically attested as an important symbol in the iconography of Roman and pre-Roman Gaul). from Old English *clatrian. Cold. GAUDY2. c. GEMMULE. from Old English ceald. b. peg. GEM. Suffixed form *gel-7-. from Germanic *kimb-.] gembhImportant derivatives are: comb. bud. . ice. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *g_-k-. from Old English cemban. from Latin gemma. 12. KAME. comb. unkempt.365. GEMMA. IV. 15.coldness. cool. to cool. GLACIAL. GLACIATE. from Latin gel7re. to comb. (GLACÈ). cold. from Old English cim-. Possibly suffixed form *gembh-m7. II. rim (only in compounds). b. Suffixed zero-grade form *gcbh-on-. hence gem. cool. from Latin glaciKs. camb. gel(N). from Old English col. cold. a. 14. to cool. GELID. to comb. CONGEAL. from Latin gel7. COOL. bolt. [Pokorny 3. cimb-. from Germanic *koljan. GEMMATE. b. CHIME2. 13. from Dutch kam. from Germanic *kaldaz. from Old English cKlan. frost. 2. from Old English comb. KEEL 3 cold. comb. GLACIER. from Old English 7cumba. JELLY. perhaps from gembh-. tooth. III. GOMPHOSIS. Suffixed form *gel-u-. Suffixed o-grade form *gombh-o-. UNKEMPT. I. a. cog. . COMB. Both a and b from Germanic *kol-. and c all from Germanic *kambaz. a. GELATION. COLD. cold. CAM. nail. comb. gem. OAKUM. GLACIS. GELATIN. Tooth. oakum. from Germanic denominative *kambjan. from Greek gomphos. to freeze. natural. birth. GENS. king. kin. Suffixed zero-grade form *gi-t-.[Pokorny ´embh. gecynd(e). Both a and b from Germanic *kunjam. nation. -gamy. KINDERGARTEN. genius. a. -gamous. origin. nature. marriage. from Germanic secondary full-grade variant *kentham. kind1. KING. 13. from Old English cyning.369. engine. from Old English gecynde. from Germanic *kuningaz. . KRISS KRINGLE. from Latin gKns (stem gent-). fitting (ge-. race. Suffixed zero-grade form *gcN. a. clan. . race. kind. generate. Suffixed zero-grade form *gi-yo-. native. from Old English cyn(n). Suffixed form *gi-ti-. natural. from Old High German kind. b. KIND 2 b. genuine. pregnant. (GENTEEL). GAMO-. [Pokorny ´em(e). GENDARME. genital. native. from Germanic *kundiz.o-. d. . general. see kom). germ. KIND 1 c. race. Also gen-To give birth. -GAMOUS. family. child. from Greek gamos. KINDRED. GENTLE. from Old English cynd. king. family. family. gentle. race. family. kind2. -GAMY. king. To marry. KIN.] genNImportant derivatives are: kin. GAMETE.369. beget. with derivatives referring to aspects and results of procreation and to familial and tribal groups. native. 12. (GENTILE).] gemNDerivatives are: gamete. from Germanic *kundjaz. collective prefix. (CONGENIAL). MALIGN. PRIMOGENITOR. (ENGENDER). GENOCIDE. inborn character (in-. malevolent (male. from Greek genesis. Suffixed full-grade form *genN-wo-. (INDIGENOUS). see deu-2). DEGENERATE. CONGENER. Reduplicated form *gi-gn-. (GERMANE). race. MISCEGENATION. Suffixed secondary zero-grade form *giN-ti-. -GENY. bud. 1 b. b. born in (a place). kind. INGENUOUS. Suffixed zero-grade form *-gn-o-. inborn tutelary spirit. from Greek genos and genea. “-born. GENIUS. GERMINAL. GENEALOGY.14. (GENERATION). well. (GINGERLY). c. . natural. from Greek suffix -genKs. 16. beginning. GENDER. good-natured. HETEROGENEOUS. born in (a place). -GEN. birth. from Latin benignus. 18. EPIGENE. see mel-3). germ.” 15. (PROGENY). GENRE. innate quality. SYNGENEIC. from dissimilated Latin germen. GENUS. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-men-. 20. GENITIVE. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-es-. GENIAL . ill. see en). freeborn (in-. from Latin ingenuus. -GENESIS. native. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-yo-. ALLOGENEIC. from Latin genius. PROGENITOR. 21. GERMINATE. GENESIS. shoot. from Latin gignere (past participle genitus). 19. indigenous (indu-. in. GERMAN2. (GENUINE). GENERAL. a. family. from Latin ingenium. from Latin genus (stem gener-). ENGINE. GENERIC. 17. kindly (bene. GENITAL. GENOTYPE. a. within. GENITOR. GENEROUS. INGENIOUS. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-7-. GENT1. to beget. evil-natured. see en). and malignus. see en). CONGENITAL. BENIGN. from Latin indigena. race. INDIGEN. GENERATE. embryo. PRIMOGENITURE. in. procreative divinity. GERM. GENE. POLYGONUM. from Greek gonu. NATION. child. also angle.373. n7scX (present participle n7scKns. AGNATE. NATURE. b. NEONATE. “produced by worms. KNEE. (see kwymi-) Sanskrit kxmi-ja-. to be born. seed. (PUNY). ´enu. angle. INNATE. procreation. GONAD. 23. Knee. knee. DIAGONAL. O-grade form *gonu. from Latin praegn7s. to kneel. GONION. 7. NO”L. [Pokorny 1. GONO-. from Latin gen7. knee. ORTHOGONAL. Zero-grade form *giN. 5.] genu-1 Important derivatives are: knee. corner. PREGNANT1. EPIGONE. a. [Pokorny 1. COGNATE. GENICULATE. Suffixed o-grade form *gon-o-.] genu-2 .becoming *gn7-. ENATE. knee. Zero-grade form *gi-. AMBLYGONITE. Suffixed variant form *gonw-yN-. ´en. n7tus). Variant form *gneu-. from Germanic *knewam.22.380. from Old English cnKowlian.” from ja-. CONNATE. (ADNATE). RENAISSANCE. PUISNE. ARCHEGONIUM. 4. from Greek gonos (combining form gonos). diagonal. NÈE. KNEEL. 25.becoming *gn7-sko-. past participle gn7tus. from Old English cnKo. Basic form *genu-. -GON. from Latin gn7scX. PYCNOGONID. NATIVE. NAIVE. before. GONIOMETER. pregnant (prae-. -GONY. NASCENT. 24. see per1). from Germanic *knewljan. 6. Suffixed zero-grade form *giN-sko. from Greek gonia. GENUFLECT. NATAL. kneel. ´enu. chin. from Sanskrit hanu. Extended form *grem-. GENIAL2. Reduplicated form *gre-g-. HANUMAN. 19. cram. 18. grammar. from Old English ceorfan. to cut. AGORA1. 11. from Old English crammian. GNATHAL. paragraph. from Greek gnathos. from zero-grade Germanic form *kurbiz. Suffixed variant form *gnN-dho-. herd. CARVE. diagram. . CATEGORY. Earliest forms *Nger-. [Pokorny 2.382. from Greek ageirein. CRAM. from Old English cyrf. flock. from Germanic *kinnuz. GNATHIC. AGORAPHOBIA. to stuff. ger. from Greek genus. a cutting (off). 10. -GNATHOUS.] gerbhImportant derivatives are: carve. 17. Variant form *grebh-. CHAETOGNATH. *Ngor-7-. chin. KERF. chin. agora. and aguris.] gerImportant derivatives are: cram. to assemble. PANEGYRIC. from Old English cin(n). CONGREGATE. Jawbone. congregate. 8. 9. GREGARIOUS. To scratch. 20. To gather. SEGREGATE. category. [Pokorny 1. jaw. from Latin grex (stem greg-).An important derivative is: chin. jaw. 6. from Germanic *kerban. segregate. from Germanic *kramm-. ALLEGORY. Basic form *genu-. marketplace. gram1. EGREGIOUS. 7. CHIN. jaw. program. Variant form *g(h)enu-.381. Form *genw-. AGGREGATE. crawl1. crab1. GERONTO-. to crow. To cry hoarsely. edible crustacean. to resound. DIAGRAM. (TOPOGRAPHY). PSEUDEPIGRAPHA. b. 9.390. crane. gramma (< *gybh-mi). draw. PROGRAM. .] gerN-1 An important derivative is: geriatrics. a picture. cranberry. geranium. Words meaning “to cry hoarsely”. old age. crack. 1 . GRAM1. To grow old. from Old English crabba. AGRAPHIA. c. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *gKrN-s-. GRAPHIC. CRAB . from Old English cr7wan. and grammK. GRAMMAR. old man. TETRAGRAMMATON. 1 CRAYFISH. from Greek geron (stem geront-). GRAPHITE. PARALLELOGRAM. written letter. 2 CRACK. from Greek gKras. from Germanic *krab-. c. pedigree. -GRAPHER. -GRAPH. [Pokorny gerebh. a line. from Germanic *krab(b)-. I. GRAFFITO. . AGERATUM. -GRAPHY. Suffixed form *gerN-ont-. CROW CROW 1 . [Pokorny ger. GERIATRICS. perhaps from gerbh-. CRAWL 9. write. ANAGRAM. b. from Old High German kerbiz. a crab.] gerN-2 Important derivatives are: crow1. from Old Norse krafla.a. (ICONOGRAPHY). from Old English cr7we. also the name of the crane. Zero-grade form *gybh-. from Old English cracian. to scratch.392. a. -GRAM. to crawl. (EPIGRAPH). EPIGRAM. PARAGRAPH. from Germanic *krabiz-. also words denoting the crow. 10. from Greek graphein. AGRAPHA. piece of writing. a crow. RAGOUT. Suffixed variant form *gr7-k-. choice. to choose. CROON. PEDIGREE. GUSTO. GRUS. from Latin gr7culus. Zero-grade *gus-. from Germanic *keusan. II. from Germanic causative *kausjan. Words denoting a crane. to groan. Suffixed extended form *gerN-no-. from Germanic *kur. jackdaw. 4. crane. crane. a. and f all from Germanic *krK-. possibly from gerN-2 (but more likely imitative). disgust. e. (see welN-) Old Norse Valkyrja. c. from Germanic *kur(r)-. a. CHOICE. a. crane. akin to Old Norse kurra. CRACKNEL. lament. CHOOSE. 3. 17. f. from Old English cKosan. the slain). taste. Both a and b from Germanic *kran-. to test. from Greek geranos. from Middle English curre. Extended form *gr7-. a. (GUST2). b. 2. To taste. d. CUR. “chooser of the slain. choose. from Latin gr7s. from Old English cran. cur. from Latin gustus. 2.] geusImportant derivatives are: choose. CRAKE. 16. from Middle Dutch kronen. GRACKLE. b. crane. e. ger. from a Germanic source akin to Gothic kausjan. CRANBERRY.” Valkyrie (valr. a crow.383.from *kuz-. Suffixed zero-grade form *gus-tu-. crane. to crack. from Middle Low German kran. CRANE. b. GERANIUM. from Old Norse kr7ka. to growl. ceosan.d. from Middle Dutch kr7ken. [Pokorny 2. . taste. (PROVENDER). ABLE. EXHIBIT. 16. from Old Norse gipt. [Pokorny ´eus. (DEBIT). a. able. Goose. gift. GAVEL2. from Latin dKbKre. BINNACLE. something paid (or received). from Latin gust7re. tax. from Old English giefan. (COHABIT). handle ( habit7re. Both a and b from Germanic *geban. to give. INHABIT. Form *ghebh-. Form *ghabh-K-. HABITABLE. debt. (DUTY). away. Also ghebh-To give or receive. endeavor. forgive. a. from Old English forgi(e)fan. forgive. due. 15. DEVOIR. PREBEND. FORGIVE. see per1). (ENDEAVOR). gosling. from Latin habKre. a gift. GIVE. (HABITAT). from Old English gafol.399. MALADY. habit. from Germanic *giftiz.] ghansImportant derivatives are: goose1. to hold. Suffixed form *ghebh-ti-. INHIBIT. have. DEBENTURE. GIFT. possess. leave off (anger). from Germanic *gab-ulam. and Old Norse gefa. to dwell). tribute. 13. away from. HABIT. see de-). give up. PROHIBIT.] DEGUST. prohibit. exhibit. b. something given (or received). to taste. malady.407. to give. Compare kap-. duty. debt. HABILE. . DUE. [Pokorny ghabh. 14. inhabit. ghabhImportant derivatives are: give. from Germanic compound *far-geban. remit.b. gander. DISGUST. gift. to give away (*far-. to owe (dK-. to give. b. O-grade form *ghobh-. DEBT. (HABITANT). . goose. GANDER. from Germanic *gan(d)ron-. (HERITAGE). heritage. gander. make room for. 15. 11. from Latin hKrKs. go. “empty space. goose. gannet. CHOROGRAPHY. 12. heir (? < “bereft”). Suffixed form *ghans-er-. (GOSHAWK). go. goose. GONZO. and d all from Germanic *gans. particular spot. inherit. Contracted from *gheN-. from a Germanic source akin to Old High German gans. 1 14. c. Basic form *ghans-. MERGANSER. CHENOPOD. GUNSEL. from Greek khKn. .] ghKImportant derivatives are: go. country. AGO. from Old English g7n. INHERIT. To release. ANCHORITE. Suffixed form *ghK-ro-. from Greek khoros. d. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *gho-ro-. from Old English ganot. gait.(nominative plural *gansiz). goose. from Old High German gans. a. FORGO. GO. gandra. GOOSE 1 GOSLING. goose. HEREDITY. HEIR. to move.c. e. from Germanic variant form *gaian. HEREDITAMENT. ANSERINE. f. ago.” a. spread about. 13. (in the middle voice) to be released. b. to go. from Old English gos (nominative plural gKs). FOREGO . from Germanic *ganoton-. heir. from Greek denominative khorein. 9. let go. -CHORE. from Latin 7nser (< *hanser). GANNET. from Old Norse g7s. from Old English ganra. [Pokorny ´hans. from Spanish ganso.412. 10. place. b. goose. goose. ENCEPHALO-.” from Old English gad(e)rian. “in a body. *ghe-gheN-ti). from Germanic *gadurX. 12. CEPHALIC. see de-). path. [Pokorny ghebh-el. ENKEPHALIN. from Greek khoris. dissimilated from *khephal-. from Old English togædere. GAUNTLET2. GAIT. from Germanic *gaduron. lane. head. from Old Norse gafl.c. TOGETHER. HYDROCEPHALUS. 10. gable. lets go (*ghe-ghK-ti. apart. street.] ghebh-elDerivatives are: gable. gather. [Pokorny ghedh. -CEPHALOUS. inferior. together (to. cephalic. khori. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *ghN-t(w)7-.] ghedhImportant derivatives are: good. a. separate. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghN-no-. [Pokorny 1.] . to. Head.” 11. CEPHALO-. To unite. verbal adjective of jah7ti. to gather. 23.418. good. 17. GATE 2 . from Germanic *gablaz.423. Form *kephal-. suitable. he leaves. from Greek kephalK. from Old English god. top of a pitched roof. together. from Germanic *godaz.423. ´hK. 24. “fitting. Both a and b from Germanic *gatwon-. from Old Swedish gata. GOOD. RUNAGATE. “to come or bring together. GABLE. b. from Old Norse gata.” GATHER. a going. CHORIPETALOUS. Lengthened o-grade form *ghodh-. HINAYANA. (GANTLET1). fit. from Sanskrit hXna-. join. 16. HIBERNACULUM. gall1. . from Greek khimaira.428. YELL. from Greek khelidwon. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghim-y-yN. shout. the swallow. HIEMAL. glare1. ´hei. she-goat. yelp. glimmer. 15. later also the name for a kind of wrasse (a sea fish that has bright colors and jagged waving fins. b. To call. a. with derivatives referring to colors. glad. *gal-. Suffixed variant form *gheim-ri-no-. b. glee.gheiAn important derivative is: hibernate. 19. 21. I. from Old English gielpan. HIBERNATE. [Pokorny ghel. and bile or gall. To shine.] ghel-1 Important derivatives are: yell. glide. NIGHTINGALE. winter. giellan. from Greek kikhlK. nightingale. glass. winter. glimpse. CICHLID. 20. from Old English galan. to sing. CELANDINE. bright materials (probably “yellow metal”). and c all from Germanic *gel-.” CHIMERA. [Pokorny 2. a. from Latin hiems. from Old English gellan. reminiscent of the plumage of a bird).425. gold.] ghel-2 Important derivatives are: yellow. glow. 16. to boast. gleam. exult. pertaining to winter. Words denoting colors. *ghiem-. YELP. Theoretical base of *ghyem-. glitter. arsenic. melancholy. c. thrush. from Latin hXbernus. to sound. khelidon. “female animal one year (winter) old. Reduplicated form *ghi-ghl-. Form *ghiem-. Suffixed zero-grade form *gh_-to-. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *gh_-wo-. orpiment. to gild. 3. GOWAN. perhaps from ghel-2 (with dialectal f. HARE KRISHNA. gold. Suffixed form *ghel-wo-. ashes (from their color). from Latin fulvus. YELLOW. tawny yellow.1. green. greenish color. from Old English gyldan. 1. golden. from Germanic denominative verb *gulthjan. d. GULDEN. Suffixed o-grade form *ghol-to-. GOLD. greenish yellow. Suffixed full-grade form *ghel-no-. GUILDER. from Old Iranian *zarna-. CHLORITE1. III. from Middle Dutch gulden. Words denoting gold. 5. b.as in fel. from Old English gealla. GRISEOFULVIN. b. Suffixed variant form *ghlo-ro-. from Old English geolu. . CHLOASMA. from Germanic *gallon-. ARSENIC. GILD 1 from Old English gold. gall). Suffixed form *ghel-i-. CHLORO-. 3. ZLOTY. . 2. from Middle English gollan. gold. GALL1. Words denoting bile. Suffixed o-grade form *ghol-no-. golden. from Sanskrit hari-. tawny. golden. 1. yellow flower. O-grade form *ghol-. and d all from Germanic *gultham. II. c. from Polish zÁoto. 2. from Syriac zarnXk7. from Russian zola. 6. PODZOL. Suffixed variant form *ghlo-wo-. gold. from Greek khloos (< *khlo-wo-s). a. possibly from a source akin to Old Norse gullinn. yellow. gall. from Germanic *gelwaz. from Greek khloros. c. a. 4. from Middle Iranian *zarnik-. bile. joyful. to sparkle. CHOLER. GLASS. 9. from Old English glæd. to shine. 13. from Old Norse glˆggr. from Old High German glXzan. 1. from Germanic *glasam. bright light. from Germanic *glaz-. to glisten. 2 . GLIMPSE. CHOLE-. . from Middle English glaren.2. to glimmer. GLITTER. GLANCE GLEG. from Middle English glimeren. bright. FELON2. 5. glass. to glitter. 10. from a source akin to Swedish glimra. glimmer. (CHOLERA). GLEE. from Old Norse glitra. from Old English glKo. from a source akin to Middle High German glimsen. 4. MELANCHOLY. A range of Germanic words (where no preforms are given. from Old English gl<m. GLAD. 2. a spark. to shine. GLAZE. IV. from Germanic *glaimiz. to glimpse. ACHOLIA. from Germanic *gleujam. from Old English glæs. 8. GLEAM. GLARE . gleam. 15. GLANCE 1 GLIMMER. to shine. from a source akin to Middle Low German glaren. from Old English glisnian. the words are late creations). 7. shining. . Suffixed full-grade form *ghel-n-. from a source akin to Swedish dialectal glinta. GLINT. from Middle English glent. to gleam. 14. from Germanic *gladaz. 3. GLITZ. GLISTEN. to shine. from Middle Dutch glinsteren or Middle Low German glisteren. to shine. GLISTER. Suffixed o-grade form *ghol-7. from Latin fel. (GLAZIER). bile. from Old High German glanz. 12. bile. GLOSS1. 6. glass. clear-sighted. from a source perhaps akin to Icelandic glossi. 1 11. stare. 3. a glint. sport. merriment. from Middle English glimsen. from Greek kholK. and glenten. ] ghendImportant derivatives are: get. to gleam. to glow. from Germanic from Old English glXdan. . d. and c all from Germanic *glo-. from Swedish glˆd. *glo-m-. GLITCH. from derivative Germanic *glidon-. BEGET. from Old High German glXtan. ember. prison. twilight. intensive prefix.429. from Old English glom. a. Also ghed-To seize. GLIDE. ´hel. and d all from Germanic *glXdan. a. comprehend. forget. GLISSADE. GLEDE. slippery. Both a and b from Germanic *glo-di-. stare. GLOAT. to glide. to glide. from Old English glida. ember. GLIB. GLOW. GLOGG. b. GLOWER. probably from a source akin to Norwegian dialectal glora. c. prey. c. from Old Norse geta. stare. from a source possibly akin to Middle Low German glibberich. b. a. from Old English glowan. from a source perhaps akin to Old Norse glotta. kite (< “gliding. to smile (scornfully). b. 16. from Old French glier. from Old English beg(i)etan. a. see ambhi). guess. from Old English glKd. from Germanic compound *bigetan. e. to get. apprehend. [Pokorny 1. b. GLEED. surprise. glide. d. from Middle English gloren. take. 17. to slip. to acquire (*bi-. c. possibly distantly related to ghel-2. hovering bird”). to get. GLOAMING.a. GET. beget. to gleam. b. to glide. from Old English forg(i)etan. kindergarten. orchard. from Old English geard. from Latin praeda. (APPRISE). prefix denoting rejection. YARD 2 GARTH. ii. “to lose one's hold. prae-. (COMPRISE). MISPRISION . GUESS. from Germanic *getison.] gher-1 Important derivative are: girdle. b. (REPRISE). before. girdle. garden. i. yard2. seize. choir. yard. PRIZE2. prai-. 18. SPREE. (REPRISAL). PRISON. c. an enclosure. girdle. to guess. enclosure. (APPRENTICE). [Pokorny ghend. a. before. (PRIZE3). court.” forget (*fer-. Suffixed o-grade form *ghor-to.c. with derivatives meaning “enclosure. from Old English gyrdel. from Germanic *gurdjan. . garden. Form *ghed-. to gird. GIRD . yard. “to try to get.” 13. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Swedish gissa. enclose. 1 GIRDLE. FORGET. “something seized before”. ENTERPRISE. from Latin prendere.” aim at. prehendere.or (in Germanic) *ghor-dho-. Basic form *ghend-. prae-. to guess. from Old Norse gjˆrdh. (PRY2). 19. APPREHEND.437. (ENTREPRENEUR). To grasp. grasp (pre-. girth. ORCHARD. DEPREDATE. and c all from Germanic *getan. from Old Norse gardhr. . courteous. a. choral. REPREHEND. booty (< *prai-heda. SURPRISE. PREGNABLE. to forget. see per1). PREDATORY. OSPREY. 1 EMPRISE. 14. 20. garden. see per1). PREY. see per1). from Germanic compound *fer-getan. from Old English gyrdan. from Middle English gessen. COMPREHEND. to get hold of. GIRTH. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghy-dh-. PREHENSILE. b. PREHENSION. Perhaps suffixed o-grade form *ghor-o-. gyrnan. yearn. CATACHRESIS. from Greek khoros. dancing ground (? perhaps originally a special enclosure for dancing). from Greek . “together”. from Latin hortus. want.444. formed from *grKduz. ´herdh. enclosed yard. 16. from Latin cohors (stem cohort-). COHORT. ´her. shelter. (COURTIER).” earth. b. dramatic chorus. (v). multitude. desire. TERPSICHORE. from Germanic *grKdigaz. (see medhyo-) Germanic compound *midjagardaz. (CHORALE). CHORUS. garden. possibly from Germanic *haimgardaz (*haimaz. hungry. home. Possibly extended form *ghrK-. greedy. ORTOLAN. (CURTSY). b. collective prefix. charisma.442. see tkei-). garden. to strive. To like. CHRESTOMATHY. from Old High German garto. CHORIC. company of soldiers. (CHORAL). (iii). exhort. v. GREEDY. dance. from Old English giernan. 10. and (vi) all from Germanic *gardaz. Prefixed and suffiixed zero-grade form *ko(m)-ghy-ti(*ko(m)-. hunger.iii. “middle zone. 15.] gher-2 Important derivatives are: yearn. GARDEN. vi. CORTEGE. (i). (CURTILAGE). COURT. (CHORISTER). [Pokorny 4. Suffixed form *gher-n-. greedy. COURTESAN. see kom). CHRESARD. from Old North French gart. garden. (COURTESY). HORTICULTURE. from Old French hangard. iv. a. (COURTEOUS). HORA. covetous. from Old English gr<dig. 11. hungry. HANGAR. YEARN. (iv). (ii). KINDERGARTEN. from Germanic *gernjan. (CHOIR). CHORAGUS. ” diviner (-spex. to urge on. string. from Greek khordK. from khrK. [Pokorny 1. mile. TETRACHORD. YARN. to rejoice. Seen by some as a base for words meaning “thousand. 12. Suffixed form *gherN-n-.440. afterbirth.khrKsthai. grace. encourage ( 13. entrail. from Latin haruspex. “to see”.] ghesloImportant derivatives are: kilo-. CHILIAD. HORTATIVE. yarn. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghy-i-. it is necessary. from Latin hort7rX. “he who inspects entrails. from Greek kharis. from Old English gearn. thousand. 19. HARPSICHORD. from Latin hernia. HARUSPEX. see spek-). (CHORD2). HERNIA. “protruded viscus. O-grade form *ghorN-. to lack. EXHORT. intestinal membrane.443. Suffixed form *gherN-no-. but perhaps borrowed from Etruscan. million. Gut. [Pokorny 5. gut. string. (CORDON). EUCHARIST. from Greek khilioi. 16.” 8. want. Suffixed form *ghesl-yo-.] gherNImportant derivatives are: yarn. hernia. Suffixed o-grade form *ghorN-d-. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghy-yo-.” rupture. 18. 15. “he who sees” < *spek-. from Greek khorion. favor. from Greek khairein. delight in. . cord. KILO-. ´her. CHORION. ´her. CHERVIL. 17. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *ghyN-u-. hernia. from Germanic *garno. use. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghy-to-. 14. CHARISMA. CORD. 1. REFUND. FUSILE.447. pour a libation. MILLIPEDE. to gush. MILLIARY. (CHIRURGEON). hand. (REFUSE ). 1 2 PROFUSE. fusion. refund1. Zero-grade form *ghud-. from Greek kheir.] ghesorImportant derivatives are: surgeon. 2. pour out. from Germanic suffixed form *gustiz.9. intestines. Nasalized zero-grade form *ghu-n-d-. from Germanic *gut-. refuse1. (REFUSE ). INFUSE. from Old Norse gustr. from Old English guttas. to melt. ´hesor. TRANSFUSE. . Both a and b from Germanic zero-grade form *gus-. a. [Pokorny 1. (CONFUSE). funnel. but is of obscure origin. MILLESIMAL. SUFFUSE. perhaps akin to Icelandic gusa. Extended form *gheus-. from Latin mXlle. a cold blast of wind. FUSION. surgery. MILLENARY. from Germanic suffixed o-grade form *gausjan. (FONDUE). GUST 1 GUSH. confuse. To pour. Reduced form *ghesr-. MILFOIL. FOUND2. (FUNNEL). FOISON. CIRCUMFUSE. (SURGEON). SURGERY. . VIII. thousand. MILE. ENCHIRIDION. b. [Pokorny ´hÈslo. from Latin fundere. which has been analyzed as *smX-. Hand.446. CONFOUND.] gheuImportant derivatives are: gut. GEYSER. MIL. CHIRO-. (FONT2). to gush. IX. EFFUSE. MILLIME. Extended form *gheud-. 2. FUSE2. PERFUSE. “one” + a form *ghslX-. MILLENNIUM. AFFUSION. from Old Norse geysa. FONDANT. DIFFUSE. from Middle English gushen. MILLION. MILLI-. GUT. MILLEPORE. to gush. a. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghus-mo-. (CHYME); ECCHYMOSIS, from Greek khumos, juice; b. suffixed zero-grade form *ghus-lo-. CHYLE, from Greek khulos, juice. X. Suffixed form *gheu-ti-. FUTILE, from Latin f7tilis, “(of a vessel) easily emptied, leaky,” hence untrustworthy, useless. XI. Basic form *gheu-. CHOANOCYTE, PARENCHYMA, from Greek khein, to pour, with o-grade noun khoanK, funnel. [Pokorny ´heu- 447.] gheu(N)Important derivatives are: god, giddy. To call, invoke. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghu-to-, “the invoked,” god. a. b. c. [Pokorny ´hau- 413.] GOD, from Old English god, god; from Old English gydig, gidig, possessed, insane, from Germanic *gud-igaz, possessed by a god; from Old High German got, god. a, b, and c all from Germanic *gudam, god. GˆTTERD‰MMERUNG, GIDDY, ghos-tiImportant derivatives are: guest, hostile, hospital, host1, hostage. Stranger, guest, host; properly “someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality.” 6. Basic form *ghos-ti-. a. b. GUEST, from Old Norse gestr, guest, from Germanic *gastiz; HOST 2 , HOSTILE, from Latin hostis, enemy (< stranger). 7. Compound *ghos-pot-, *ghos-po(d)-, “guest-master,” one who symbolizes the relationship of reciprocal obligation (*pot-, master; see poti-). HOSPICE, HOSPITABLE, HOSPITAL, (HOSPITALITY), 1 HOST , (HOSTAGE), (HOSTEL), (HOSTLER), from Latin hospes (stem hospit-), host, guest, stranger. 8. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghs-en-wo-. XENO-; EUXENITE, PYROXENE, from Greek xenos, guest, host, stranger. [Pokorny ghosti-s 453.] ghrKImportant derivatives are: grow, green, grass. To grow, become green. Contracted from *ghreN-. 12. O-grade form *ghro-. GROW, from Old English growan, to grow, from Germanic *gro(w)an. 13. Suffixed o-grade form *ghro-n-yo-. GREEN, from Old English grKne, green, from Germanic *gronjaz, green. 14. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghrN-so-. GRASS, GRAZE1, from Old English græs, grass, from Germanic *grasam, grass. [Pokorny ghrK- 454.] ghrebh-1 Important derivatives are: grasp, grab1. To seize, reach. 2. Zero-grade form *ghybh-. SATYAGRAHA, from Sanskrit gxbhh7ti, gxhh7ti, he seizes. a. b. GRASP, GRAB 1 from Middle English graspen, to grasp; , from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German grabben, to seize. Both a and b from parallel (imitative) Germanic creations with base *grab-, *grap-. [Pokorny 1 ghrebh- 455.] ghrebh-2 Important derivatives are: engrave, grave1, grub, groove. To dig, bury, scratch. 7. O-grade form *ghrobh-. i. ii. iii. iv. b. 8. 9. GRUB, 1 , (ENGRAVE), from Old English grafan, to dig, engrave, scratch, carve; GRAVE 3 GRABEN, from Old High German graban, to dig; from Swedish grava, to bury; GRAVLAX, GRAVURE, from Old French graver, to engrave. (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) all from Germanic *graban; , from Old English græf, trench, grave, from Germanic *grabam. GRAVE from Old English *grybban, to dig, from Germanic *grub(b)jan (with secondary ablaut). from Middle Dutch groeve, ditch, from Germanic GROOVE, *grobo. [Pokorny 2. ghrebh- 455.] ghredhImportant derivatives are: congress, progress, grade, degrade, degree. To walk, go. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghydh-yo-. a. GRESSORIAL; AGGRESS, CONGRESS, DEGRESSION, DIGRESS, EGRESS, INGRESS, PINNIGRADE, PLANTIGRADE, PROGRESS, REGRESS, RETROGRADE, RETROGRESS, TRANSGRESS, from Latin gradX (past participle gressus), to walk, go; b. [Pokorny ghredh- 456.] from Latin gradus (*grad-u-), step, stage, degree, rank. GRADE; CENTIGRADE, DEGRADE, DEGREE, ghrKiImportant derivatives are: grisly, grime, Christ, christen, Christian, Christmas. To rub. 5. 6. GRISLY, from Old English grislXc, terrifying, from Germanic *gris-, to frighten ( GRIME, from Middle English grime, grime, from a source akin to Middle Dutch grXme, grime, from Germanic *grXm-, smear. 7. Extended form *ghrXs-. CHRISM, CHRIST, (CHRISTEN), (CHRISTIAN); (CHRISTMAS), CREAM, from Greek khriein, to anoint. [Pokorny ghrKi- 457.] ghrendhImportant derivatives are: grind, grist, refrain1. To grind. 4. 5. GRIND, from Old English grindan, to grind, from Germanic *grindan. GRIST, from Old English grXst, the action of grinding, from Germanic *grinst-, a grinding. 6. (FRAISE), FRENULUM, FRENUM; REFRAIN1, from Latin frendere, to grind. 7. Variant form *ghrend-. CHONDRO-; HYPOCHONDRIA, MITOCHONDRION, from Greek khondros, granule, groats, hence cartilage, sometimes but improbably regarded as from ghrendh-. [Pokorny ghren- 459.] ghwerImportant derivatives are: feral, fierce, ferocious, treacle. Wild beast. 7. Suffixed form *ghwer-o-. FERAL, FIERCE, from Latin ferus, wild. 8. Compound *ghwero-Nkw-, “of wild aspect” (*-Nkw-, “-looking”; see okw-). FEROCIOUS, from Latin ferox (stem feroc-), fierce. 9. Lengthened-grade form *ghwKr-. TREACLE; CHALICOTHERE, DINOTHERE, THEROPOD, from Greek thKr, wild beast. [Pokorny ´h¯Lr- 493.] gleubhImportant derivatives are: cleave1, clove2, clever, hieroglyphic. To tear apart, cleave. I. Basic form *gleubh-. 1. , from Old English clKofan, to split, cleave, from Germanic *kleuban. CLEAVE 1 2. Probably o-grade *gloubh-. CLEVER, from Middle English cliver, nimble, skillful, perhaps akin to East Frisian kl¸fer, klifer, skillful, and Old Norse kleyfr, easy to split, from Germanic *klaubri-. II. Zero-grade form *glubh-. a. b. c. CLOVE 2 , from Old English clufu, clove (of garlic); from Middle Dutch clove, a cleft; KLOOF, CLEVIS, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse klofi, a cleft. a, b, and c all from Germanic *klub-, a splitting. 2. 3. CLEFT, from Old English geclyft, fissure, from Germanic *klufti(*klub-ti-). GLYPH, GLYPTIC; ANAGLYPH, HIEROGLYPHIC, from Greek gluphein, to carve. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *glubh-m7-. GLUME, from Latin gl7ma, husk of grain. [Pokorny gleubh- 401.] gno- Important derivatives are: know, can1, cunning, uncouth, notice, recognize, ignore, noble, diagnosis, narrate. To know. Contracted from *gnoN-. 5. Variant form *gnK-, contracted from *gnKN-. KNOW, from Old English cn7wan, to know, from Germanic *knK(w)-. 6. Zero-grade form *giN-. a. CAN , CON2, CUNNING, from Old English cunnan, to know, know how to, be able to, from Germanic *kunnan (Old English first and third singular can from Germanic *kann from o-grade *gonN-); 1 b. KEN, KENNING, from Old English cennan, to declare, and Old Norse kenna, to know, name (in a formal poetic metaphor), from Germanic causative verb *kannjan, to make known; c. (COUTH); UNCOUTH, from Old English c7th, known, wellknown, usual, excellent, familiar, from Germanic *kunthaz; d. KITH AND KIN, from Old English c«th(the), c«ththu, knowledge, acquaintance, friendship, kinfolk, from Germanic *kunthitho. 7. Suffixed form *gno-sko-. NOTICE, NOTIFY, NOTION, NOTORIOUS; (ACQUAINT), COGNITION, (COGNIZANCE), (CONNOISSEUR), (QUAINT), RECOGNIZE, from Latin (g)noscere, cognoscere, to get to know, get acquainted with. 8. Suffixed form *gno-ro-. IGNORANT, IGNORE, from Latin ignor7re, not to know, to disregard (i- for in-, not; see ne). 9. Suffixed form *gno-dhli-. NOBLE, from Latin nobilis, knowable, known, famous, noble. 10. Reduplicated and suffixed form *gi-gno-sko-. GNOME2, GNOMON, GNOSIS; AGNOSIA, DIAGNOSIS, PATHOGNOMONIC, PHYSIOGNOMY, PROGNOSIS, from Greek gignoskein, to know, think, judge, with gnosis (< *gno-ti-), knowledge, inquiry, and gnomon, judge, interpreter. 11. Suffixed zero-grade form *giN-ro-. NARRATE, from Latin narr7re (< *gnarr7re), to tell, relate, from gn7rus, knowing, expert. 12. Traditionally but improbably referred here are: a. b. NOTE; ANNOTATE, CONNOTE, PROTHONOTARY, from Latin nota, a mark, note, sign, cipher, shorthand character; NORMA, NORMAL; ABNORMAL, ENORMOUS, from Latin norma, carpenter's square, rule, pattern, precept, possibly from an Etruscan borrowing of Greek gnomon, carpenter's square, rule. NORM, [Pokorny 2. ´en- 376.] gyN-noImportant derivatives are: corn1, kernel, grain, granite, grenade. Grain. a. b. c. CORN 1 , from Old English corn, grain; from Old English derivative noun cyrnel, seed, KERNEL, pip; EINKORN, from Old High German korn, grain. a, b, and c all from Germanic *kornam. 1. (GARNER), GRAIN, GRAM2, GRANADILLA, GRANARY, GRANGE, GRANITE, GRANULE, (GRENADE); FILIGREE, POMEGRANATE, from Latin gr7num, grain. [In Pokorny ´er- 390.] gw7Important derivatives are: come, welcome, become, adventure, convene, convenient, event, invent, prevent, revenue, souvenir, base1, basis, acrobat, diabetes. Contracted from *gwaN- Also gwemTo go, come. a. COME, from Old English cuman, to come; step. raised platform. hygiene. going. a. from Greek bainein. from Sanskrit jig7ti. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwc-yo-. see wel-1). vivid. 1. STEREOBATE. VENUE. Also gweiN-To live. JUGGERNAUT. SUPERVENE. whiskey. revive. desirable.” 3. with basis (< *gwc-ti-). INTERVENE. he goes. PREVENIENT. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwi-wo-. BECOME.463. amphibious. BATOPHOBIA. 4. microbe. (COVENANT). to come. PARVENU. ABASIA. CONVENE. CONTRAVENE. Suffixed form *gw(e)m-yo-. Suffixed zero-grade form *gw(N)-u. vitamin. (CONVENIENT). from Latin venXre. *gwX-wo. I. from Old English wilcuma. (COVEN). ADIABATIC. and c all from Germanic *kuman. zero-grade of *gw7-). from Germanic compound *wil-kumon-. (AVENUE). BEMA. BASIS. survive. -batos (< *gwc-to-). c. KATABATIC. intensive prefix.] gweiImportant derivatives are: quick. to become. SUBVENTION. (CONVENT). ADVENT. vital. VENIRE. from Germanic compound *bi-kuman. 5. from Old English becuman.in compound form *presgwu-. and -batKs (< *gwN-to-. EVENT. AMPHISBAENA. a welcome guest. REVENANT. [Pokorny g¯7. “one that goes or treads. seat. walk. to arrive. BASE1. INVENT. b. PREVENT. a stepping. ANABAENA. (CONVENTICLE). to go. from Greek bKma.b. WELCOME. STYLOBATE. living. “going before” (see per1). CIRCUMVENT. bio-. Basic form *gw7-. a guest. come to be (*bi-. he who comes. PROVENANCE. (ADVENTITIOUS). see ambhi). DIABETES. one that is based. (PROVENIENCE). the greeting of welcome. base. . ACROBAT. tread. a desirable guest (*wil-. SOUVENIR. HYPERBATON. and wilcume. step. REVENUE. (DIABASE). (MISADVENTURE). 2. (ADVENTURE). (CONVENTION). from *kumon-.(< *gwiN-wo-). agential suffix. metabolism. ballad. ANABIOSIS. Suffixed form *gwyo-yo-. BIOTA. from Old English cwifer-. ZOO-. QUICK. QUIVER 1 . c. possibly from gwei-. AZO-. VIVIPAROUS. healthy. from Greek zoK. living. VIVACIOUS. reach. (COUCH GRASS). CENOBITE. V. life. from Latin vXvus. IV. b. HYGIENE. USQUEBAUGH.(< *gwyoN-). from Greek bios. see su-). life. to live. parable. reach. VIVA. nimble. Further suffixed form *gwX-wo-t7. alive.a. from Old English cwic. 4. living being. 3. Also gwel-To throw. QUICKSILVER. cwicu. parlor. I. -ZOIC. couch grass (so named from its rapid growth). VITAL. VIAND. [Pokorny 3. Variant *gwlK-. DENDROBIUM. VIABLE. emblem. zoion. well.] gwelNImportant derivatives are: devil. problem. from Sanskrit jXva-. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwiN-o-. ballet. (DIAZO). VIVIFY. with further meaning to pierce. from Old English cwice. MICROBE. ball2. life ( biotK. AEROBE.467. 2. d. VICTUAL. 2. (WHISKEY). from Greek zoon. from Latin vXta. AZOTH. -ZOON. QUITCH GRASS. alive. Words denoting to throw. animal. way of life). Both a and b from Germanic *kwi(k)waz. from Greek hugiKs. living. kill1. CONVIVIAL. BIO-. AMPHIBIAN. RHIZOBIUM. Prefixed and suffixed form *su-gwiN-es-. contracted from . BIOTIC. SURVIVE. SAPROBE. III. from Latin denominative vXvere. “having good life” (*su-. II. VIVID. REVIVE. parliament. alive. symbol. Further suffixed form *gwi-wo-t7t-. g¯e˜. Variant form *gwyo. VITAMIN. 1. life. SYMBIOSIS. from Old Irish bethu. ZOON1. determination. 1. EPIBOLY. QUELL. BELEMNITE. (DIABOLIC). to kill. BALL 2 2. from Greek ballein. beam. Suffixed o-grade form *gwolN-7. .] gwenAn important derivative is: queen. ASTROBLEME. (BALLET).471. dart. from Greek ballizein. ABULIA.*gwleN-. KILL1. ray. from Greek belemnon. (PARABOLA). BOLIDE. QUAIL 2 from Old English cwellan. g¯el. to dance. g¯el. perhaps from Old English *cyllan. 2. destroy. BELONEPHOBIA. (PARLOR). . AMPHIBOLE. b. from Germanic *kuljan.470. needle. Words denoting to pierce. II. javelin. (PALAVER). Suffixed zero-grade form *gw_-n-N-. from Greek bolK. HYPERBOLE. suffer. Suffixed o-grade form *gwol-eyo-. EMBLEM. PARABLE. BOULE1. BAYADERE. Full-grade form *gwel-. Possible suffixed o-grade form gwol(N)-s7. PROBLEM. to throw (with o-grade *bol. from Middle Dutch quelen. [Pokorny 2. METABOLISM. from Middle English killen. (BALLAD). . to kill. (PAROLE). 3. a. DEVIL. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *gw_-yo-. Both a and b from Germanic *kwaljan. (PAROL). a. 1. BOLOMETER. Woman.and variant *blK-). b. BALLISTA. will ( 4. Suffixed form *gwen-7-. (PARLIAMENT). Suffixed variant zero-grade form *gwelN-mno-. SYMBOL. (HYPERBOLA). from Greek boulK. to be ill. (PARLEY). 1. to kill. 3. from Greek belonK. 4. from Greek barus. GRAVID. ISOBAR. venerable. aggravate. from Old English cwKn. from Old Irish ben. Suffixed form *gwyN-es-. BARYSPHERE. (BARIUM). -GYNE. (GYNECOLOGY). I. QUEEN. BARITE. woman. II. from Old English cwene. BRUT. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwi-7-. (AGGRIEVE).GYNOUS. woman. (GRIEF). GYNOECIUM. queen. woman. ZENANA. Heavy. GRAVE2. a. b. from Greek baros. from Spanish brio or ProvenÁal briu. stupid. brutish. a. dull. Possibly *gwrY-. from Germanic *kwenon-. woman. Zero-grade form *gwyN-. 2. BARO-. . 3. -GYNY. from Greek gunK.from bri. 3. [Pokorny g¯en7 473. from Sanskrit guru-. GURU. BARYON. brute. weight. heavy. GRAVITY. b. from . unwieldy. from Latin br7tus. c. grief. 2. GYNECOCRACY. ISALLOBAR. vigor. (see ud-) Greek compound *u(d)-bri. 1.] gwerN-1 Important derivatives are: grave2. blitzkrieg. wife. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *gwKn-i-. BANSHEE. weighty. wife. BRUTE. BRIO. Suffixed form *gwyN-u-i-. III. GRIEVE. prostitute. BAR2. BARYTA. Suffixed form *gwyN-u-. heavy. QUEAN. woman. from Persian zan. heavy. AGGRAVATE. Suffixed extended form *gwr7-to-. heavy. CENTROBARIC. queen. baritone. BARITONE. from Latin gravis. GYNO-.a. CHARIVARI. Suffixed extended form gwrX-g-. woman. wife. guru. from Germanic *kwKniz. BARYCENTER. from Germanic *krXg-. chrKg.] gwetDerivatives are: bequeath.480. BRIGADE. To favor. g¯et. BEQUEATH. g¯er(N). QUERN. “he who praises. from Old English -cwis. from Germanic *kwithan. To say. (BRIGAND). AGREE. from Old Italian briga. from Celtic bardo-. 2. MAUGRE. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *gwyN-d(h)o-. congratulate. from Welsh bardd and Scottish and Irish Gaelic bard. SITZKRIEG. b. (GRATUITY). *gwyN-t-7-. to say. (BRIGANTINE). thankful. DISGRACE. from Latin gr7tus. INGRATE. 2. CONGRATULATE. [Pokorny 4. GRATIS.] . agree. IV. bard. Suffixed form *gwet-ti-. (BRIG). c. [Pokorny 2.] gwerN-2 Important derivatives are: grace. GRATITUDE. pleasing. strength. GRATEFUL.478. millstone. with related suffixed forms *gwyN-ti-. speak.” BARD1. *gwyN-t-olo-. will. Suffixed full-grade form *gwerN-n7-. grateful. gratitude. BLITZKRIEG. GRATUITOUS. INGRATIATE. GRATIFY. bard (but this is possibly from gwerN-1). g¯er. from Old English cweorn. bard1. from Old High German krKg. strife. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwyN-to-. QUOTH. Basic form *gwet-. speak. agreeable. [Pokorny 2. 1. from Celtic *brXg-7-. quern. from Germanic *kwessiz. beloved. 1. favorable. strife. GRACE. from Old English cwethan. BEQUEST. stubbornness.Celtic *brXg-o-. quoth.476. and perhaps in manifestus. Suffixed form *gwhen-do-. pray. standard. bane. to pray. from Middle High German ban. “battle flag” (*fanon-. see kom). entreaty. (FENCE). from Germanic compound *gund-fanon-. 3. 2. slayer. battle. from Old English bed(u). kill. hostile. DEFEND. “inexorable”. gun. AUTOBAHN. (DEFENSE). To strike. GUN. from Latin dKfendere. [Pokorny g¯hedh. fence. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwhi-ty7-. probably in Xnfestus. a. BEAD.] gwhenImportant derivatives are: bane. b. MANIFEST. from Italian gonfalone. Suffixed form *gwhedh-to-. from Old Norse gunnr.gwhedhImportant derivatives are: bid. war. pray. 2. defend. bhedh. see ne). flag. war. to ward . Both a and b from Germanic *gundjo. 1. 3.488. a. (< *i-gwhedh-to-. b. from Latin -festus. road (? a and b from Germanic suffixed form *ban-on. from Old English bana. intensive and collective prefix. prayer (ge-. from Germanic *bidam. from Germanic *bidjan. from Old English biddan. cause of ruin or destruction. bead. offend. 2. *i. entreat.114. see man-2). 1. hand. caught in the act. INFEST. not. O-grade *gwhon-. BID. a. way. see pan-). To ask. to ask. BANE. GONFALON. gebed. redhanded (manus. Suffixed form *gwhedh-yo-. b. To heat. to burn. forceps. THERMO-. Suffixed form *gwher-mo-. from Old English brand. BRAND. from late Old English brynst7n. BRINDLED. 2. THERM. warm. fire tongs (-ceps. and d all from Germanic *brandaz. see epi). to burn. “burning mineral.126.491. and thermK. e. f. agential suffix. OFFEND. heat. . . g¯hen-(N). see kap-). to strike against. against. byrnan (intransitive) and bærnan (transitive). FORCEPS. b.” sulfur (st7n. a. formed from *brenw. Zero-grade *gwhr-. sword. sword. BRANDADE. from Latin forceps.off (dK-. BRANDISH. O-grade form *gwhor-. from Old French brand.with nasal suffix and analogical vocalism. stone. brand. BURN 1 BRIMSTONE. away. brandish. a burning. “-taker”. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwhi-tro-. piece of burning wood. bhen. g. sword. furnace. from Latin offendere. BRANDY. distill. hot. from Greek thermos. see stei-). d. -THERM. a. 1. from Dutch branden. 4. be offensive. hence also a sword. from Old Iranian *jathra-. from Old ProvenÁal brand.] gwherImportant derivatives are: burn1. from Old Norse brenna. a. b. c. and c all from Germanic *brennan (intransitive) and brannjan (transitive). -THERMY. b. (OFFENSE). HYPOTHERMIA. 3. a flaming torch. from Persian zahr. poison. FORCIPATE. brandy. [Pokorny 2. c. BEZOAR. to burn. from Old English beornan. warm. pincers. see de-). offend (ob-. FILAR. [Pokorny g¯her. Extended zero-grade root form *gwhri-d-. Thread. FILOSE. from Old English br<th. from Greek phrKn.143. profile. thread. PHRASE. fornus. (FRENZY). [Pokorny g¯heiN. FILIFORM. odor. b. phrase. Suffixed form *gwhX-slo-. PARAPHRASE. BREATH. tendon. FURNACE. arch. FILARIA.] . diaphragm. (BREATHE). from Latin fXlum. [Pokorny g¯hren. FORNIX. forn7x. also heart.493. midriff. HOLOPHRASTIC. from Latin furnus. PROFILE. METAPHRASE. 1. file1. PHRENO-. FILOPLUME. (FRANTIC). -PHRENIA. from Greek phrazein.496. FILE1. 2 FILLET. paraphrase. FILAMENT. Contracted from *gwhiN-. bhereu.] gwhrKImportant derivatives are: breath. vault (gwher- . HORNITO. exhalation.4. PERIPHRASIS. from Germanic suffixed form *brK-thaz. from Latin fornix. frenetic. (PHRENITIS). show. breathe. To smell.489. ENFILADE. PURFLE. (DEFILE ). a.] gwhXImportant derivatives are: filament. FILUM. Suffixed o-grade form *gwhor-no-. oven. 2. breathe. FORNICATE. To think. to point out. frenzy. the mind. gwhrenImportant derivatives are: frantic. FORNAX. FILIGREE. FRENETIC. Contracted from *gwhreN-. 4. c«e. (YONDER). from Latin bos (stem bov-). from Greek hekatombK. bull. from Germanic *jend-. 3. cow. YES. from Sanskrit gauraU. ox. from Old English gKa. Zero-grade suffixed form *gww-7-. that. (KINE). yonder. same (*lXk-. cow. wild ox. butter. . cow. 5. same. 15. if. bull. Pronominal stem. beyond. c«. BEYOND. *jeno-. see lXk-). from Old English ilca. BUTTER. item. 1 YON.gwouImportant derivatives are: cow1. from Old English c7. yea. BOVINE. yet. BOUSTROPHEDON. BOˆTES. 6. . YEA. COWSLIP. a. cow. identity. [Pokorny g¯ou. from Germanic *jendana-. bull. as far as. BUPRESTID. from Germanic *is-lXk-. BUCOLIC. Extended forms *y7m. BUGLE 1 . 1. affirmative particle. and gKse. Ox. “sacrifice of a hundred oxen” (hekaton. GAUR. HECATOMB. *jai. Nominative singular form *gwou-s. 2. ox. BUGLOSS. from Sanskrit go-. 16. hundred. from Germanic *j7. 14. yes. ILK . beef. yes (see es-). from Old English geondan. Suffixed form *gwou-ro-. from Old English geon. (BUTYRIC). YOND.482. bucolic. see dekc).] iImportant derivatives are: yonder. *y7i. b. GAYAL. like. bugle1. from Germanic *jaino-. from Greek bous. from Old English geond. COW 1 BEEF. from Germanic *kouz ( *k7z). gauU. cow. BULIMIA. Suffixed form *k7-mo-.17. (IDENTICAL). IDENTITY. 22. i. Suffixed form *k7-ro-.515. [Pokorny 3.” adulterer. YET. 21. desire. IDEM. CHERISH. from Old English gif.281. from Sanksrit k7maU.plus locatival particle *-dha-i. To like. (REITERATE). ITEM. whoredom (-domr. if. 20. from Latin ibXdem. [Pokorny k7. same. ii. it).] k7Important derivatives are: whore. with neuter *id-em. CHARITY. from Latin iterum. “condition”. from Old English hore. caress. b. KAMA. WHOREDOM. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *horaz (feminine *horon-). from Latin c7rus. ITERATE. 25. 24. ID. from Latin item. from Old Norse compound hordomr. from Germanic *ja-ba. CARESS. 18. love. WHORE. Suffixed form *i-tero-. (see ko-). gXeta (preform uncertain). Relative stem *yo. he (neuter id. see dhK-). also. “one who desires. dear. from Old English gXet. whore. Suffixed and extended form *it(N)-em. Basic form *i-.plus particle. Stem *i. 19. 23. thus.] . KAMASUTRA. e. Suffixed variant form *e-tero-. in the same place. cherish. still. IF. Contracted from *kaN-. desire. IBIDEM. (IDENTIFY). charity. from Latin is. again. and Xdem. from Old English h7l. case1. incident. hot. health.516. from Germanic *haitaz. CAESURA. cadence. Whole. DECIDUOUS. to fall.917. from Latin caelum (? < *caedum). CAELUM. [Pokorny (s)k(h)ai. . b. circumcise. chisel. decay. ACCIDENT. . RECISION. Extended form *kaid-. DECIDE. occasion. from Old English h<tu.] kaN-idImportant derivatives are: cement. whole. CIRCUMCISE. decide. CHUTE. heat. CEMENT. ABSCISE. uninjured. INCISE. 2 17. die. . -CIDE. EXCISE 2 . [Pokorny k8i. a. scissors.] kaiImportant derivatives are: hot. SCISSOR. 16. of good omen. wholesome. CASCADE. 1 CADAVER. Heat. a. CHANCE. CASE [Pokorny 1. HEAT. To fall. kad. PRECISE. accident. precise. to cut. CADUCOUS. kailoImportant derivatives are: whole.kadImportant derivatives are: cadaver.519. OCCASION. hale. CESTUS CONCISE. chute. WHOLE. RECIDIVISM. HALE 1 . To strike. concise. chance. strike. sculptor's chisel. heal. ESCHEAT. from Germanic *haitX-. cascade. INCIDENT. hallow. DECAY.] HOT. from Latin cadere. CADENCE. from Old English h7t. holy. CHISEL. CADENT. from Latin caedere. to defecate.520. WHOLESOME. health. from Old English h<then. HOYDEN. HEATH. untilled land. HALLOW. from Germanic *hailjan. b.b. heathen. 10. a. b. from Germanic derivative verb *hailagon. from Latin cac7re. bless. “savage” ( from Middle Dutch heiden. POPPYCOCK. HEAL. heath.] kakkaDerivatives are: poppycock. 9. Root imitative of glottal closure. 8. HEALTH. Both a and b from Germanic *haithinaz. HEATHEN. .521. from a source akin to Old Norse *k7ka. CACO”THES. cacophony. a. uncultivated land. to defecate. c. from Old English h<lth. from Old English h<th. to defecate. [Pokorny kai-lo. Forest. (HAIL2). and c all from Germanic *hailaz. from Old English h7lig. holy. CUCKING STOOL. 2. 3. from Old English h7lgian. from CACO-. sacred. heathen.] kaitoImportant derivatives are: heath. b. HOLY. from Old English h<lan. 26. heathen. from Old English *h7lsum ( Middle English holsom). CACOPHONOUS. [Pokorny kaito. a. to heal. to consecrate. CACODYL. from Middle English cukken. from Germanic *hailitho. Also kaka-To defecate. (CACOPHONY). wholesome. from Germanic *haithiz. healthy. WASSAIL. Both a and b from Germanic *hailagaz. from Old Norse heill. “one that sings before the augurs”. hawk1. chant.] kandImportant derivatives are: candid. ACCENT. capable. (INCANTATION). PRECENTOR. ENCHANT. incense. see en). 12. 23. to sing. To shine. (CANDIDA). poem. CANZONE. CANDOR. candle. CANDENT. heave. before. from transitive *candere. from Latin oscen. DESCANT. Suffixed form *kan-men-. INCANDESCE. INCENSE2 from Latin compound incendere. INCENTIVE.] kapImportant derivatives are: have. frequentative of canere). candor. Suffixed (stative) form *kand-K-. a singing bird used in divination (< *obs-cen. bad. 13. OSCINE. see epi-). 24.526. (INCENDIARY). CANTILLATE. CANTATA. song. 21. CANDID. [Pokorny kakka. cable. accent.521. from Latin carmen.525. candidate. from Latin candKre to shine. HEN. (CANDIDATE). in. INCENSE1. to kindle. [Pokorny kan. kindle (in-. 2 CANOROUS. CANTABILE. CANTOR. haven. To sing. CHARM.] kanImportant derivatives are: hen. caption. ob-. incentive. 22. CANTICLE. to set fire to. CANDLE. [Pokorny kand. from Old English hen(n). to sing ( cant7re.Greek kakos. enchant. RECANT. CHANT. heavy. charm. . hen. CANT . (CANTO). incandesce. from Latin canere. from Germanic *han(e)nX. (see per1) Latin combining form -ceps (< *kap-s). from Germanic *hafigaz. seize. PRECEPT. 1. intercept. PARTICIPATE. participate. from Germanic *habukaz. from Old English habban. CAPTOR.” HEAVY. from ProvenÁal gafar. heddle (a device which grasps the thread). to seize. to have. SUSCEPTIBLE. from Old English hæfen. receive. to have need of. EXCEPT. use. CABLE. occupy. (RX). from Germanic *haf-. GAFF . . “taker. capsule. except. INCEPTION. VIII. b. perceive. 2. CAPTION. *habKn. (CAPTIVATE). To grasp. Lengthened-grade variant form *kop-. chassis. 1. 1 Suffixed form *kap-yo-. from Old English h(e)afoc. from Germanic *habai-. (RECOVER). BEHOOF. PERCEIVE. RECUPERATE. catch. a. CAPACIOUS. from Old English behof.” having weight. HAWK 1 7. from Old English behofian. OCCUPY. probably akin to kap-. CAPTURE. conceive. from Old English hæft. CAPABLE. HAVEN. CONCEIVE. from Old English hebban. accept. from Latin capere. HEAVE. MUNICIPAL. CATCH. CAPIAS. CAPSTAN. CAPTIOUS. heavy. deceive. from Germanic *haftjam. Basic form *kap-. thread used for weaving.” 8. ACCEPT. INTUSSUSCEPTION. from Old English hefig. DECEIVE. (INCIPIENT). from Germanic *hafjan. recover. need. “containing something. HEDDLE. HAVE. 2. RECEIVE. from Old English hefeld. 5. BEHOOVE. HAFT. CAPTIVE. municipal. hold. . to take. profit. 4. chase1. from Germanic *gaf-. catch. hawk. VII. handle. a haven. Form *kap-o-.captive. INTERCEPT. to lift. 6. from Germanic *hafno-. 3. NUNCUPATIVE. (CHASE1). VI. perhaps “place that holds ships. ANTICIPATE. caprice. COPEPOD. head. CAPITULUM. capital1. [Pokorny kap. III. TRICEPS.527. Compare ghabh-. CAPRICE. from Old French estandard. from Old English hKafod. “that which binds. DECAPITATE. rallying place. from Greek kopK. perhaps from Frankish *hard. captain. PRECIPITATE. 2 CAUDILLO. BICEPS. c. hard. HARDY 1 . from Old High German houbit. kerchief. cadet. cancer. CAPE . obligation (*bi-. -ARD. 2 CADET.529. head [Pokorny kap-ut. see ambhi). b. RECAPITULATE. Variant form *ker-. decapitate. HEAD. hardy1. CORPORAL . chief. intensive prefix. (CAPITULATE).” requirement. b. c. CAPITATE. Hard. MISCHIEF. CAPITATION. a. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-tu-. HETMAN. CHIEF. head. CAPITELLUM. STANDARD. standard. biceps. SINCIPUT.] karImportant derivatives are: hard.] kaputImportant derivatives are: head. CAPITAL2. chapter. Head. handle. a. CHIEFTAIN. CAPITAL1. KERCHIEF. *haubidam. 2. CAPTAIN. heard. bold. to make hard. CATTLE. hardy. 1. CAPO1. from *hof-. *-hard. (CHAPITER). (CAPO2). HARD. Both a and b from Germanic *haubudam. a. OCCIPUT. b. from Germanic *-hart. . from Old English hard. 11. from Latin caput. hard.Both a and b from Germanic compound *bi-hof. d. mischief. oar. cattle. CHAPTER. and d all from Germanic *harduz. from Old French hardir. canker. EUCARYOTE. 1. d. white. IV. from earlier full-grade form *kret-es-. strength. from Greek kata.531. possibly from kar-. down. grayed hair. might. SYNKARYON. *hason-. KARYO-. 2. keel of a ship. possibly from kat-. from Old High German haso. [Pokorny ˆas. from Old English hara. GILLYFLOWER. rabbit. cancer. young puppy. c.] katA derivative is: cata-. nut. 3. crab. hare. from dissimilated Latin cancer. CHANCRE. gray. cancer. Both a and b from Germanic *hazon-. Gray. CANKER. Suffixed zero-grade form *kyt-es-.in derivatives referring to things with hard shells. nutshell. CAREEN. HARE. Reduplicated form *kar-kr-o-. CATA-. CARCINO-. Suffixed form *kar-k-ino-. from Greek karkinos. young of animals (“dropped”). Suffixed form *kas-no-. power. (CANCER). . 17. CADELLE. from Latin catulus.2. 18. Suffixed form *kat-olo-. from Latin carXna. Down. 18. CARCINOMA. HASENPFEFFER.] kasAn important derivative is: hare. CANESCENT. -CRACY. from Latin c7nus. [Pokorny 3. possibly from kar-. constellation Cancer. from Greek kratos. Possible basic form *kar.533. from Greek karuon. CARINA. 4. crab. kar. [Pokorny k7u. SUCCEED. from Germanic *haujam. To hew. to strike. yield. ABSCESS. from Latin cKdere. haggle. to go. HOE. ACCESS. strike. a hoe. DECEASE. cede. HEW. abscess. from Latin necesse. a cutting blow. HAGGLE. access. from Latin c7dere (< *caudere). to cut. cut grass. from a source akin to Old Norse hˆgg.535. PREDECESSOR. CONCEDE. beat. inevitable.] kedImportant derivatives are: cease. kat. necessary. ANTECEDE. [In Pokorny sed. RECEDE. EXCEED. exceed. from Germanic *hawwo. not. 15. b. hoe. concede.884.] kauImportant derivatives are: hew. HAG2. and c all from Germanic *hawwan. CEDE. from Old Norse hˆgg-va. 13. PROCEED.] keg- . precede. see ne). from Old French houe. a. to hew.534. a. from Old English hKawan. CESSION. RETROCEDE. HAY. a gap. from Old English hXeg. ACCEDE. ANCESTOR. succeed. decease. NECESSARY. ancestor. PRECEDE. (CONCESSION). withdraw. CEASE. hay. INTERCEDE.[Pokorny 2. hay. INCUS. SECEDE. “(there is) no drawing back” (*ne-. 18. Prefixed and suffixed form *ne-ked-ti-. Suffixed form *kau-do-. b. proceed. To go. Lengthened-grade form *kKd-. c. yield. unavoidable. 14. 19. from Old English -haccian. hXd. from suffixed Germanic form *hXwido. HOOK. CIVIL. civil. a. from Old English hXgid.] kei-1 Important derivatives are: city. cemetery. HIND 3 . citizen ( 3. heckle. a measure of land (< “household”). from Middle Dutch hake.537. bed. 1 HOOKER HA?EK. HARQUEBUS. and c all from Germanic lengthened form *hoka-. HIDE 3 2. VI. CITY. 25. Suffixed form *kei-wo-. Basic form *kei-. tooth. members of a household. akin to Old Norse haki. from Germanic *hXwa-. hoec. hook. from Old Irish cKle. a flax comb with long metal hooklike teeth. HACK 1 [Pokorny keg. HAKE. hook. b. dear. V. from Germanic *hakkijan. To lie. . . from Old High German h7ko. e. b. Hook. from Old English hoc. hook. from Germanic *hakila-. CEILIDH. Suffixed form *kei-wi-. from Latin cXvis. companion. d. couch. from Middle Dutch hok. from Old English haca. a. c. Both a and b from Germanic *hakan-. Suffixed form *kei-liyo-.Important derivatives are: hook. 26. 1. civic. hook. beloved. hook. to hack to pieces as with a hooked instrument. . HECKLE. O-grade form *koi-. hatchel. CIVIC. . a. from Old English hXwan. from Middle Dutch hekel. b. hack1. hook. 1. Suffixed form *koi-n7. INCUNABULUM, from Latin c7nae, a cradle. 2. Suffixed form *koi-m-7. CEMETERY, from Greek koiman, to put to sleep. VII. Suffixed zero-grade form *ki-wo-. SHIVA, from Sanskrit {iva-, auspicious, dear. [Pokorny 1. ˆei- 539.] kei-2 Important derivatives are: cite, excite, incite, resuscitate, solicitous, kinetic. To set in motion. I. Possibly extended o-grade from *koid-. 1. HIGHT, from Old English h7tan, to call, summon, order, from Germanic *haitan. 2. Suffixed form *koid-ti-. a. b. HEST, from Old English h<s, a command, a bidding; BEHEST, from Old English compound beh<s, a vow, promise, command (be-, intensive prefix; see ambhi). Both a and b from Germanic *haissiz from *hait-ti(but Germanic *hait- of 1 and 2 is perhaps to be referred to a separate root *kaid-). II. Zero-grade form *ki-. Suffixed iterative form *ki-eyo-. CITE; EXCITE, INCITE, OSCITANCY, RESUSCITATE, SOLICITOUS, from Latin ciKre (past participle citus), with its frequentative cit7re, to set in motion, summon. III. Extended root *kyeu-. Nasal infixed form *ki-n-eu-. KINEMATICS, KINESICS, -KINESIS, KINETIC; CINEMATOGRAPH, HYPERKINESIA, KINESIOLOGY, KINESTHESIA, KININ, (TELEKINESIS), from Greek kinein, to move. [Pokorny kKi- 538.] kekwA derivative is: copro-. To excrete. Suffixed o-grade form *kokw-ro-. COPRO-, from Greek kopros, dung. [Pokorny ˆek¯- 544.] kel-1 Important derivatives are: hell, hall, hull, hole, hollow, holster, apocalypse, eucalyptus, helmet, occult, color, cell, cellar, conceal. To cover, conceal, save. V. O-grade form *kol-. a. HELL, from Old English hell, hell; b. HEL, from Old Norse Hel, the underworld, goddess of death. Both a and b from Germanic *haljo, the underworld ( c. HALL, from Old English heall, hall; d. VALHALLA, from Old Norse hˆll, hall. Both a and b from Germanic *hallo, covered place, hall. 2. Suffixed form *kol-eyo-. COLEUS; COLEOPTERAN, COLEOPTILE, COLEORHIZA, from Greek koleon, koleos, sheath. VI. Zero-grade form *k_-. a. b. c. d. e. f. HOLD 2 , HULL, from Old English hulu, husk, pod ( from Old English hol, a hollow; from Old English holh, hole, hollow; HOLE, HOLLOW, HAUGH, from Old English healh, secret place, small hollow. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *hul-. HOLSTER, HOUSING 2 from Old High German hulft, covering; , from Medieval Latin hultia, protective covering. Both a and b from suffixed Germanic form *hulftX-. 2. Suffixed form *k_-to-. (see III. 2. below) Latin occultus. 3. Extended form *kl7 (< *k_N-). CLANDESTINE, from Latin clam, in secret. 4. Suffixed variant form *kal-up-yo-. CALYPSO1, CALYPTRA; APOCALYPSE, EUCALYPTUS, from Greek kaluptein, to cover, conceal. VII. Full-grade form *kel-. a. b. HELM 2 , from Old English helm, protection, covering; from Middle English helmet, helmet, from a source akin to Frankish *helm, helmet. Both a and b from Germanic *helmaz, “protective covering.” HELMET, 2. OCCULT, from Latin occulere < *ob-kel- (past participle occultus < ob-k_-to-; see II. 3. above), to cover over (ob-, over; see epi). 3. Suffixed form *kel-os-. COLOR, from Latin color, color, hue ( 4. Suffixed form *kel-n7-. CELL, CELLA, CELLAR, CELLARER; (RATHSKELLER), from Latin cella, storeroom, chamber. 5. Suffixed form *kel-yo-. CILIUM, SEEL; SUPERCILIOUS, (SUPERCILIUM), from Latin cilium, lower eyelid. VIII. Lengthened-grade form *kKl-7-. CONCEAL, from Latin cKl7re, to hide. [Pokorny 4. ˆel- 553.] kel-2 Important derivatives are: hill, excel, culminate, colonel, column. To be prominent; hill. 18. Zero-grade form *k_-. a. b. HILL, from Old English hyll, hill, from suffixed Germanic form *hul-ni-; from Old Norse holmr, islet in a bay, meadow, from suffixed Germanic form *hul-ma-. HOLM, 19. Suffixed form *kel-d-. EXCEL, from Latin excellere, to raise up, elevate, also to be eminent (ex-, up out of; see eghs). 20. O-grade form *kol-. a. COLOPHON, from Greek kolophon, summit; b. suffixed form *kol(u)men-. CULMINATE, from Latin culmen, top, summit; c. extended and suffixed form *kolumn7. COLONEL, COLONNADE, COLUMN, from Latin columna, a projecting object, column. [Pokorny 1. kel- 544.] kelN-1 Important derivatives are: lee, chafe, caldron, chowder, scald1, calorie. Warm. Variant *klK-, contracted from *kleN-. 21. Suffixed variant form *klK-wo-. a. b. LEE, from Old English hlKo, hlKow, covering, protection (as from cold); LUKEWARM, from Old English -hlKow, warm. Both a and b from Germanic *hlKwaz. 22. Suffixed zero-grade form *k_N-K-. a. b. CALENTURE, CHAFE; DECALESCENCE, INCALESCENT, NONCHALANT, RECALESCENCE, from Latin calKre, to be warm; 1 CALDRON, CAUDLE, (CHOWDER); SCALD , from Latin derivative adjective calidus, warm. 23. Suffixed zero-grade form *k_N-os-. CALORIC, CALORIE; CALORECEPTOR, CALORIFIC, CALORIMETER, CALORIMETRY, from Latin calor, heat. [Pokorny 1. ˆel- 551.] kelN-2 Important derivatives are: claim, clamor, acclaim, exclaim, reclaim, haul, council, calendar, clear, declare, class. To shout. I. Variant form *kl7- (< *klaN-). 1. , from Old English hlowan, to roar, low, from Germanic *hlo-. LOW 2 2. Suffixed form *kl7-m7-. CLAIM, CLAMANT, CLAMOR; ACCLAIM, DECLAIM, EXCLAIM, PROCLAIM, RECLAIM, from Latin cl7m7re, to call, cry out. II. O-grade form *kolN-. a. b. KEELHAUL, HALE 2 from Middle Dutch halen, to haul, pull (? , HAUL, from Old French haler, to haul. Both a and b from Germanic *halon, to call. III. Zero-grade form *k_N- ( *kal-). 1. Suffixed form *kal-yo-. CONCILIATE, COUNCIL, from Latin concilium, a meeting, gathering (con-, together; see kom). 2. Suffixed form *kal-end-. CALENDAR, CALENDS, from Latin kalendae, the calends, the first day of the month, when it was publicly announced on which days the nones and ides of that month would fall. 3. Suffixed form *kal-e-. ECCLESIA, PARACLETE, from Greek kalein (variant klK-), to call. 4. Suffixed form *kal-7-. INTERCALATE, NOMENCLATOR, from Latin cal7re, to call, call out. 5. Suffixed form *k_N-ro- or suffixed variant form *klaN-rocontracted to *kl7-ro-. CLEAR, GLAIR; CHIAROSCURO, CLAIRVOYANT, DECLARE, ÈCLAIR, (ECLAIRCISSEMENT), from Latin cl7rus, bright, clear. IV. Possibly extended zero-grade form *k_d-, becoming *klad- in suffixed form *klad-ti-. CLASS, from Latin classis, summons, division of citizens for military draft, hence army, fleet, also class in general. [Pokorny 6. kel- 548.] kenAn important derivative is: recent. Fresh, new, young. 15. Suffixed form *ken-t-. RECENT, from Latin recKns, young, fresh, new (re-, again; see re-). 16. Suffixed zero-grade form *ki-yo-. -CENE; CAINOTOPHOBIA, CENOZOIC, KAINITE, from Greek kainos, new, fresh. [Pokorny 3. ken- 563.] kenkImportant derivatives are: cinch, precinct, succinct. To gird, bind. Variant form *keng-. CINCH, CINCTURE, CINGULUM; ENCEINTE1, ENCEINTE2, PRECINCT, SHINGLES, SUCCINCT, from Latin cingere, to gird. [Pokorny 1. kenk- 565.] kensImportant derivatives are: censor, census.. To proclaim, speak solemnly. Form *kens-K-. CENSOR, CENSUS; RECENSION, from Latin cKnsKre, to judge, assess, estimate, tax. [Pokorny ˆens- 566.] kentImportant derivatives are: center, eccentric. To prick, jab. 20. CENTER; AMNIOCENTESIS, DICENTRA, ECCENTRIC, from Greek kentein, to prick. 21. Suffixed form *kent-to-. CESTUS1, from Greek kestos, belt, girdle. [Pokorny ˆent- 567.] ker-1 Important derivatives are: horn, cornea, corner, cornet, Capricorn, unicorn, hornet, reindeer, cranium, migraine, cheer, carrot, cervix, carat, rhinoceros, cerebrum. Horn, head; with derivatives referring to horned animals, horn-shaped objects, and projecting parts. I. Zero-grade form *ky-. 1. Suffixed form *ky-n-. i. ii. HORN, (HORNBEAM), from Old English horn, horn; ALPENHORN, ALTHORN, FL¸GELHORN, HORNBLENDE, from Old High German horn, horn. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *hurnaz; b. , CORNEA, CORNEOUS, CORNER, CORNET, CORNICULATE, CORNU; BICORNUATE, CAPRICORN, CORNIFICATION, LAMELLICORN, LONGICORN, TRICORN, UNICORN, from Latin corn7, horn. CORN 2 2. Suffixed and extended form *kys-n-. HORNET, from Old English hyrnet, hornet, from Germanic *hurznuta-. 3. Suffixed form *kr-ei-. a. b. from Old Norse hreinn, reindeer, from Germanic *hraina-; RINDERPEST, REINDEER, from Old High German hrind, ox, from Germanic *hrinda-. 4. Suffixed extended form *kyNs-no-. CRANIUM; MIGRAINE, OLECRANON, from Greek kranion, skull, upper part of the head. 5. Suffixed form *ky-N-. a. b. c. CHARIVARI; CHEER, CAROTID, CARROT, from Greek karK, kara, head; from Greek karoun, to stupefy, be stupefied ( from Greek karoton, carrot (from its hornlike shape). 6. Possibly extended form *krX-. CRIOSPHINX, from Greek krios, ] ker-2 Important derivatives are: cereal. recruit. crescent. deer. II. Suffixed form *koru-n7. CHELICERA. neck. head. brain. hart. from Greek keras. from Greek koruphK. Creole. from Latin cervus. CERATODUS. [Pokorny 1. 2. CORYMB. CLADOCERAN. from Greek korunK. HART. sincere. from Latin cerebrum. head. Extended o-grade form *koru-. stag. concrete. KERATO-. MONOCEROS. b. uppermost point (< “head”). 4. CEREBELLUM. 3. SIRDAR. crew1. TRICERATOPS. deer. horn. CORYDALIS. IV. 2. III. KERATIN. CEREBRUM. Extended form *kerNs-. 1. CERVINE. from Greek korumbos. from Greek korudos.574. a. 1. HARTEBEEST. Suffixed form *kerNs-ro. SAVELOY.ram. 1. 3. Extended and suffixed form *keru-do-. CARAT. from Middle Dutch hert. SERVAL. from Old English heorot. from Persian sar. from Latin cervXx. CORYNEBACTERIUM. CERASTES. increase. V. Both a and b from Germanic *herutaz. RHINOCEROS. 2. club. Suffixed form *koru-do-. mace. . create. CERVIX. Suffixed form *ker-wo-. decrease. CORYPHAEUS. crested lark. To grow. hart. ˆer. 6. produce ( b. from Latin sincKrus. CERES. see sem-1). pure. suffixed form *krK-y7-. RECRUIT. ˆer. SINCERE. Possibly variant extended form *kr7s-. girl.571. “of one growth” (*sc-. clean. 5. from Old English heorth. Possibly suffixed and extended form *kerN-mo-. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-wo-. from Germanic *hertho. hearth. CONCRETE. CREATE. potter's clay. and korK.1. son. b. “growing. (CONCRESCENCE). from Greek keramos. earthenware. ceramic. fire. CRESCENDO. from Russian krasit'. to bring forth. suffixed form *krK-sko-. Zero-grade form *ky-. one. boy. create. from Latin carbo. PROCREATE. EXCRESCENCE. Heat.] ker-3 Important derivatives are: hearth. HYPOCORISM. from Latin crKscere. DIOSCURI. extended form *krem-. cremate. CREOLE. to burn. 4. ember. INCREASE. [Pokorny 3. same. ACCRUE. [Pokorny 2. CEREAL. CERAMIC. Extended form *krK. Compound *sc-kKro-. koros. charcoal. from Greek kouros. DECREASE. 7. to color. CARBUNCLE. 2. CARBON. especially the growth of grain. 3. CREMATE. 4. CRASH2. to grow. HEARTH. goddess of agriculture. carbon.” adolescent.577. increase. Suffixed form *ker-es-. CREW1. Suffixed form *ker-t7. from Latin crem7re. CRESCENT. ker(N).] . from Latin CerKs. a. from Latin cre7re. a.(< *kreN-). half-cooked. CONCORD. 15. HEART. CREDIT. CARDIAC. QUARRY 1 CORDIFORM. Heart. To mix. *dhN-. ENDOCARDIUM. a. IDIOSYNCRACY. EPICARDIUM. record. heart. Suffixed form *kerd-en-. b. to do. uproar. place. possibly from kerN-. “to place trust” (an old religious term. b. suffixed form *kyN-ter-. 11. credible. heart. . from Latin cor (stem cord-). 10. a. Zero-grade form *kyd-. Zero-grade form *kyN-. from Old English heorte. . orifice. cardiac. Both a and b from Germanic *hror-. grant. RECREANT. RECORD. crater. mixing vessel. cook. courage. CREDULOUS. from Greek krasis. [Pokorny ˆered.] kerNImportant derivatives are: rare2. COURAGE. from Greek kardia. . PERICARDIUM. from Greek kratKr. ACCORD. CORDIAL. cordial. stomach. UPROAR. RARE 2 from Middle Low German ror. CRATER. DISCORD. lightly boiled. CREDIBLE. MISCREANT. Variant form *kr7. from Latin crKdere. CREDENCE. MISERICORD. accord. from Old English hrKr. see dhK-). suffixed form *kyd-y7-. a. confuse. from Germanic *herton-. Possibly *kred-dhN-. MYOCARDIUM. discord. CORDATE. quarry1. to believe. heart. 16. DYSCRASIA.579.kerdImportant derivatives are: heart. credence. 9. GRANT. CARDIO-. CARDIA. suffixed form *kyN-ti-. b.(< *kraN-). motion. a mixing. credit. MEGALOCARDIA. CREDO. CARGO. (SCARCE). cargo. b. a two-wheeled wagon. carpet. CHARIOT. career. CARPEL. CURSOR. course. from Old English hærfest. PRECURSOR. OCCUR. CARICATURE. 5. (HUSSAR). (CARK). (DISCHARGE). (CARRY). 3. CHARGE. from Greek karpos. DISCOURSE. SUCCOR.583. CONCUR. INTERCOURSE. current. PERCURRENT. COURANTE. COURSE. Zero-grade form *kys-. carpenter. CURSIVE. from Latin carpentum. CURRENT. CONCOURSE.] kersImportant derivatives are: corridor.938. CORRAL. from Latin carpere. concur. carry. Variant *karp-. 11. from Latin carrus.[Pokorny ˆerN. -CARP. incur. CAR. EXCURSION. sker. discourse. EXCERPT. ˆers. harvest. CARIOLE. courier. from Germanic *harbistaz. [Pokorny 2. To run. intercourse. a. -CARPOUS. cursive. CARPO-. fruit. RECUR. to pluck.582. excerpt. DECURRENT. car. INCUR.] . CARPET. cursor. COURIER. CORRIDA. CORRIDOR. Both a and b from Gaulish carros. (CORSAIR). from Latin currere. CURULE. 10. To gather. CAROCHE. to run. pluck. a wagon. Suffixed form *kys-o-. HARVEST. CAREER. charge. occur. [In Pokorny 4.] kerpImportant derivatives are: harvest. cart. recur. harvest. 4. a two-wheeled carriage. excursion. RECOURSE. scarce. CARPENTER. a. empty. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *hausjan. 9. sheen. ACOUSTIC. HEARKEN. SHOW. hear.586. chaste. HEAR. from Latin cassus. 6. . cashier. i. scavenger. To cut. 9. 7. 8. fortified place. to hear. from Latin castrum. Also Nkeu-To perceive. CASTRATE. incest. from Latin castr7re. to hear. Extended form *kous-. i. to look at. Suffixed (stative) form *kas-K-. “to be cut off from.” lack. CARET. Variant *kas-. suffixed form *Nkous-yo-. show. (CASHIER). ii. from Latin castus. from Old English scKawian. CHASTE. ALCAZAR. CASTE. from Latin carKre. from Old English he(o)rcnian. Extended geminated form *kasso-. Suffixed form *kas-to-. castle. [Pokorny ˆes. from Old English hXeran. from Greek akouein. O-grade form *Nkou-. caste. b. Variant *skou-. CASTLE.kesImportant derivatives are: castrate. CASTIGATE. pure ( 8. see. QUASH1. void. Suffixed form *kas-tro-. acoustic. to castrate. camp (perhaps “separated place”). chaste.] keuImportant derivatives are: hear. to harken. INCEST. b. from Old English scXene. I. -COEL. hollow.ii. Basic form *k7-. SCAVENGER. CUMULUS.” strong. SCONE. COELOM. 1. beautiful. [Pokorny 1. suffixed form *kuw-eyo-. powerful. 3. vault. c. from Greek kurios (vocative kurie). hollow place. CAVE. to swell. 2. suffixed form *k7-ro-. (ii). from Latin cavus. “ a swelling. attractive”). a. from Old High German scouwon.(-CELE2). “swollen. CUMULATE.becoming *kaw-. cavern. WELTANSCHAUUNG. EXCAVATE. mass. and (iii) all from Germanic *skauwon. 2. 1. from Germanic *skauniz. (KIRK). keu. cumulus. keuNImportant derivatives are: cave. lord. hollow. from Greek koilos. II. iii. CONCAVE. master. CAVERN. excavate. from Greek koos. CODEINE. Zero-grade form *k7. from Greek kuein. SHEEN.(< *kuN-). bright.] from Middle Dutch schoon. to look at. church.” wave. and derivative kuma (< *k7-mi). O-grade form *kouN-. To swell. concave. CYMA. CAVITY. heap. . from Latin cumulus. b. Suffixed form *kow-ilo-. PSEUDOCYESIS. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *kow-o-. CHURCH. to look at. sheen. accumulate. cavity. hole. Basic form *kouN. b. bright (< “conspicuous. (i). from Flemish scauwen. CAVETTO. ACCUMULATE. Suffixed shortened form *ku-m-olo. CELIAC. KYRIE.587. “that which bends over. climax. suffixed form *en-k7-yo. litter. Lengthened form *klX-. ACCLIVITY. 5. packsaddle. Suffixed form *kli-ent-. MATRICLINOUS. CLINE. in. LEAN1. follower. Suffixed form *klei-n-. hill. 4. from Germanic *hlid-. Suffixed form *kli-n-yo-. (-CLINIC). . recline. DECLIVITY. I. 4. Suffixed form *klei-tor-. from Latin cliKns. from Germanic *hlinKn. 1. (see ous-) Latin auscult7re. ENCLITIC. from Latin clXtellae. LID. ENCEINTE1. from *aus-klit-7-. to lean. client. from Greek feminine diminutive kleitoris. CLITELLUM. from Old English hlinian and hleonian. clinic. incline. 3.c. 6. II. -CLINAL. 2. to lean. CLINANDRIUM. Suffixed form *kli-n-. (PROCLITIC). from Old English hlid. CLIENT. [Pokorny 1. RECLINE. ACLINIC LINE. dependent. from Greek klinein. Suffixed form *klei-wo-. Suffixed form *kli-to-. Full-grade form *klei-. Zero grade form *kli-. from Latin clXn7re. bend. PERICLINE. ladder. (-CLINE). from Latin inciKns. 1.(*en. proclivity. Suffixed form *klei-tro-.] kleiImportant derivatives are: decline.592. ANACLISIS. “incline. DECLINE. INCLINE.” cover. “to hold one's ear inclined. see en-). To lean. ˆeu. PATROCLINOUS. 2.” CLITORIS. from Latin clXvus. 3.” to listen to. to lean. lid. climate. lean1. CLINO-. cover. from diminutive of *clXtra. a slope. pregnant. PROCLIVITY. from Germanic *hlaidri-. to listen. b. MONOCLINOUS. 1. Suffixed lengthened form *kl7-to-. Suffixed form *kleu-to-. from Old English hl7d. cheek (< “ear”). CLIMATE. 3. suffixed form *klX-n-7. from Old High German hl7t. CLIO. 2. LEER. listen. from Old English hl<d(d)er. 1. SAROD. sloping surface of the earth. . a. III. DICLINOUS. tell. from Latin HerculKs. 2. b. loud. To hear. ladder. Both a and b from Germanic *hl7daz. IV. Full-grade form *kleu-. HERCULES. CLINIC. from Old English hlKor. from Greek klimax. LIST 4 LISTEN. from Greek kleiein. “heard. to listen.] kleuImportant derivatives are: leer. from Old English hlystan. ABLAUT. suffixed form *klX-mi. ladder. Suffixed form *klew-yo-. UMLAUT. to praise.” loud. III. Extended form *kleus-. . from Germanic *hleuza-.600. Suffixed form *klew-es-. LADDER. from Old Iranian srauta-. V. from Greek klinK. from Germanic *hlusinon. 3. HKrakleKs. from Germanic *hlustjan.a. CLIMAX. Suffixed o-grade form *kloi-tr-. loud. Zero-grade form *klu-. LOUD. c. suffixed form *klX-m-. from Greek HKraklKs. TRICLINIUM. from Greek klima. from Old English hlysnan. [Pokorny ˆlei. sound. bed. CIS-. from Germanic *hi-thra-. c. f. him. a second time. see i-). from Old English his. from Latin cis. him (dative of hK). II. from Old English hider. HENCE. from Latin cKterus (neuter plural cKtera). the other part. his (genitive of hK). Suffixed form *ki-s. ET CETERA. HIND . from here. 2. behind. IT. e. a. from Old English hit. HIS. from Germanic derivative verb *hindron. hinder. BEHIND. d. b. HINDER 1 from Old High German hintar. to check. HE 1 . from Old English hindrian. 2. his. b. 4. her. 5. from Old English heonane. he. Stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning “this.” I. behind (bi. HITHER. and g all from Germanic *hi-. c. again.(*e-tero-. from Old English him. here. Preposed in *ke-etero. ˆleu. from Old English hKr. 2. hence. on this side of. it (neuter of hK). to keep back. and 3 all from Germanic root *hind-. from Old English hire. e. heonon. (see nu-) Postposed in Latin -ce. behind. in the rear. et cetera. from Old English behindan. that which remains. from Old English hK.] koImportant derivatives are: he1. attributed by some to this . Suffixed form *ki-tro-. HERE.[Pokorny 1. d. at. Variant form *ke-. HIM. 1 HINTERLAND. her (dative and genitive of heo. Variant form *ki-. 1. 3. . 1. see ambhi).605. HER. it. 3. g. hither. f. here. she). a. and intensive prefix. also participial.] kobImportant derivatives are: happen.] koAn important derivative is: cone. with (collective and intensive prefix and marker of the past participle). co-. from Latin cum. chance. hapless. stone. 8.541. from Old Latin com. encouter. (HAPPY). ko. (CO-). 3. (HAPLESS). conical object (ko-. by. 2. good luck. from Germanic *hap-. WITENAGEMOT. from Greek konos. Suffixed extended form *koNi-no-. from Old English h7n. from Old English ge-. contrary. from Germanic *ga-.root (but more likely of obscure origin). succeed. CUM. [Pokorny ˆKi. [Pokorny kob. CONIC. co-.609. COM-. HONE1. whet. 7. [Pokorny 1. contra-. mishap. with (collective and intensive prefix). HANDIWORK. near. CONODONT. To suit. ENOUGH. COONCAN. happy. HAP. from Germanic *haino. To sharpen. CONIFER. with. collective.] kom Important derivatives are: enough. . YCLEPT. from Old Norse happ. counter1. with. CONE. together. cone. Beside. fit. GEMOT.610. (HAPPEN). Contracted from *koN-. (MISHAP). with. 6. country. COUNTER-. [Pokorny ˆenk.9. collective prefix. 4. shared. mei-1. hangKn (intransitive). hinge. summons. opposite. from Greek koinos. hinge. from Middle English he(e)ng. harangue. b. from Latin contr7. COUNTRY. [Pokorny kom 612.] konkImportant derivatives are: hang. HINGE. hang. HERIOT. EPICENE. also war-band. (CON1). hinge. COENO-. to delay.566.(see gher-1.] koroImportant derivatives are: harbor. Suffixed form *kom-yo-. b. army. 5. against. harry. herald. from Celtic *kom-. common. from Old English here. War. from Old French herban. ˆonk. 12. c. KOINE. ENCOUNTER. fellow countryman. Suffixed form *konk-t-7-. a. a. (see merg-) British Celtic *kombrogos. host. CONTRA-. to hang). to hang. 10. from Dutch (dialectal) hankeren. army. CENOBITE. from Old English hon. a summoning to military service (ban. (COUNTER1). from Latin c7nct7rX. CONTRARY. CUNCTATION.614. to long for. harbinger. smei-). and c all from Germanic *hanhan (transitive). see bh7-2). To hang. possibly related (ultimately from the base of Old English hangian. proclamation. ARRIËRE-BAN. HANKER. 1. HANG. Reduced form *ko. 11. . Suffixed form *kom-tr7. HARBINGER. from Old English hergian. accost. crisis. STERNOCOSTAL. see bhergh-2). 3. 1. from Germanic compound *harja-nestam. food for a journey. army quarters (*bergaz. 2. RIDDLE1. raid. and 5 all from Germanic *harjaz. certain. [Pokorny koro-s 615.] kreiImportant derivatives are: riddle1. later shelter. HARBOR. “army provisions” (*nestam. 4. COSTARD. see sker-2). side. crime. CUTLET.. from Latin costa. secret. from Germanic denominative *harjon.” hill-fort. to ravage. [Pokorny kost.1). COSTREL. suffixed form *krei-tro-.a. discern. from Old English . HERALD. from Old French harneis. 6. hill. lodging. from Old French herberge. CUESTA.] kostImportant derivatives are: coast. from Anglo-Norman herald. COSTA. excrement. lodging. rule. “host-ring” (*hringaz. ring. discriminate. critic. garble. “army commander” (*wald-. Basic form with variant instrumental suffixes. discriminate. HARNESS. ACCOST. assembly. from Germanic compound *harihring. from Old Italian aringo. IV. decree. hypocrisy. from Germanic compound *harja-waldaz. cutlet. Both a and b from Germanic compound *harja-bergaz. rib. COAST. To sieve. arringa. a. plunder. criminal. INTERCOSTAL. see wal-). Bone. army. Probably related to ost-. see nes. power. harness. lodging. distinguish. b. concern. public square. from Old English herebeorg. “army hill. 7. HARANGUE. 4. III.616. HARRY. (< *kruN-do-). (EXCREMENT). CERTAIN. CRIME. sker-. Raw flesh. judgment. A. past participle crKtus). a. sieve. CREODONT. APOCRINE. Suffixed zero-grade form *kri-no. PANCREAS. a sieve. HYPOCRISY. GARBLE. CREOSOTE. 7. b. 3. from Latin crXbrum.(participial form *kri-to-).] kreuNImportant derivatives are: raw. from Latin cernere (perfect crKvX. raw. from Germanic *hrKwaz. Suffixed form *krewN-s-.621. DISCRIMINATE. SECERN. to sift. EPICRITIC. cruel. b. ENDOCRINE. decide. to explain). CRIBRIFORM. from Latin discrXmen. [Pokorny 4. crime. ECRU. b. CRITIC. separate. . Suffixed zero-grade form *kr7-do. 6. suffixed form *krei-dhro-. flesh. DISCERN. from Old English hrKaw. crude. CRITERION. from Latin cr7dKlis. EXOCRINE. kreu. distinction (dis-. to separate. DIACRITIC. (INCERTITUDE). Suffixed zero-grade form *kri-n-yo-. 5. [Pokorny 1. from Latin cr7dus. cruel. (CRIMINAL). from Greek krinein. CREATINE. bloody. SECRET. from Latin crXmen. pancreas.] CRUDE. a sieve. Lengthened-grade form *krKw-. apart). 945. ECCRINE. HEMATOCRIT.hridder. Suffixed form *krei-men-. RECRUDESCE. decide. 1. EXCRETE. DECREE. from Greek kreas. raw. Section II. judge ( krinesthai. a. hriddel. CONCERN. CRUEL. CRISIS. 2. RECREMENT. RAW. from Germanic *hridra-. RECRIMINATE. s-. sputnik (see pent-). CRUSTACEOUS. sem. frost. Preposition and preverb meaning “with. CRYO-. And (enclitic). assembly. with. from sƒ(n). Suffixed zero-grade form *krus-es-. CRUSTACEAN.] . crustacean. with. from Greek kruos. CRYMOTHERAPY. Basic form *su(n)-. CRUSTOSE. kreu. xun. SESQUI-. SPUTNIK. ENCRUST. sputnik. from Greek krustallos. and. CRYSTALLINE. from Russian sputnik. SYN-. crystal. b. from Greek krumos. a. 5.” 3. UBIQUITY. kwe Derivatives are: sesqui-. from Greek sun. CRUST.] ksun Important derivatives are: syn-. [In Pokorny 2. [Pokorny 1. a.902. ice. B. 3. together. CRYSTALLO-. from Latin crusta. from Latin -que. from sƒ(n)-. ubiquity. crust. b. 4. CROUTON. together. frost. from so-. icy cold. CRYSTAL.] SOVIET. 4. To begin to freeze. fellow traveler. [Pokorny k¯e 635.kreusImportant derivatives are: crust. with. together. crystal. Suffixed zero-grade form *krus-mo-.621. icy cold. form a crust. from Old Russian compound sƒvItƒ. Suffixed zero-grade form *krus-to-. body. rest. (PENALTY). b. from Latin tranquillus. PROSOPOPEIA. Both a and b from Germanic *hwXlo. Suffixed zero-grade variant form *kwX-lo. suffixed form *kwoi-wo-. ONOMATOPOEIA. SUBPOENA. sometimes. a. POETIC. poet. subpoena. punish. MYTHOPOEIC. penalty. across. poem. possibly from kweiN-. PUNISH. WHILOM.637. PHARMACOPOEIA. REQUIEM. ACQUIESCE. quiet. To pay. PINE2. 2. [Pokorny k¯ei-(t-) 636. from Old English hwXl. a. REQUIESCAT.grade form *kwoi-n7. QUIET. WHILE. penalty. requiKs. from Old English hwXlum. from Sanskrit k7yaU. -POIESIS. build. in denominative verb *kwoiw-eyo-. create.(< *kwyeN-). (PUNITORY). EPOPEE. (REPINE). from Latin quiKs. to make. [Pokorny 2. see terN-2). POESY. from Greek poinK. b. be quiet. tranquil. PENOLOGY.kwei-1 Important derivatives are: pain. while. COY. atone. . make.(< *kwiN-lo-). To pile up. compensate. POET. IMPUNITY. POEM. impunity. TRANQUIL. from Greek poiein. k¯ei. quiet. To rest.] kwei-2 Important derivatives are: cheetah. fine. coy. O-grade form *kwoi-. making. acquiesce. to rest. II. and requiKscere. -POIETIC. tranquil (tr7ns. beyond. Variant form *kwyK. PENAL. I. CHEETAH. PAIN.] kweiNImportant derivatives are: while. Suffixed o. I. sojourn. INQUILINE. a.] kweitImportant derivatives are: white. 6. . WHITING 2 . from Middle Dutch wit. culture. d. bucolic. (TELEOST). circle. [Pokorny 3. from Germanic *hwewlaz. white. bicycle. CYCLOSIS.638. to shine. wheel. Basic form *kwel-.[Pokorny k¯ei. c. CULTIVATE. TALISMAN. (BICYCLE). perfection. wheat (from the fine white flour it yields). wXz. hweogol. EDELWEISS. end. To revolve. b. WHEAT. WHITE. 5. circle. whiting. CYCLO-. wheel. INCULT. WITLOOF.. TELO-. white. SILVICOLOUS. a. result. CYCLONE. CULT. c. ENTELECHY. cultivate. ENCYCLICAL. inhabit. Suffixed form *kweit-o-. b. from Old English hwXt. 1. TELIC. white. TELEUTOSPORE. cultivate. from Latin colere. CYCLE. White. cyclone. ˆ¯ei. II. to till. from Old English hw<te. pole1.628. III. (CULTURE). and d all from Germanic *hwXtaz. CYCLOID. move around.. pulley. “completion of a cycle. cult. TELEOLOGY. from Old High German hwXz. dwell. wheat. Suffixed reduplicated form *kw(e)-kwl-o-. from Middle Dutch wijting. WHEEL. from Old English hwKol. Suffixed o-grade form *kwoit-yo-. wheel. from Germanic *hwaitjaz.] kwel-1 Important derivatives are: colony.” consummation. from Greek kuklos. from Greek telos. Suffixed form *kwel-es-. 2. collar. EPICYCLE. COLONY. (TELIUM). cycle. (ii). see bhergh-1). and (iii) all from Germanic *h(w)alsaz. from Latin anculus. from Old French hauberc.” from *carana-. herdsman. ii. COLLET.(probably a blend of o-grade *kwol-oand expected e-grade *kwel-es-). PALINODE. DECOLLATE . PALINGENESIS. (MACHICOLATION). from Greek palin. Suffixed o-grade form *kwol-eno-. -COLOUS. (see wes-3) Old Iranian *vah7-carana-. DÈCOLLETÈ. neck. inhabitant (in-. a. around. from Sanskrit cakram. HAUBERK. again (< “revolving”). Suffixed form *kwol-o-. ship's bow. from Middle Dutch hals. CALASH. from Old Persian *carka-. about. CHARKHA. 3. RINGHALS. see ambhi). from Latin collum. Suffixed form *kwol-es. CULLET. PULLEY. Metathesized form *kwe-lkw-o-.” gorget (*bergan. traffic. from Old Norse h7ls. MACHICOLATE. 1. IV. CHUKKER. from Germanic compound *h(w)als-berg-. Suffixed zero-grade form *kw_-i-. neck. 1 b. BUCOLIC. circle. O-grade form *kwol-. PALIMPSEST.3. wheel. wheel. PRATINCOLE. i. Suffixed form *kwol-so-. from Greek boukolos. (i). . in.” servant (an-. see en). from -kolos. 4. short for ambi-. PALINDROME. neck. COL. koles-. . 2. TORTICOLLIS. “that on which the head turns. to protect. COLLAR. “sale-traffic. 4. from Latin -cola and incola. trade. iii. “neck-protector. 6. KOLACKY. c. “he who bustles about.” neck. HAWSE. Suffixed form *kwol-7. ACCOLADE. 5. hauberk. from Greek polos. b. CHAKRA. POLE 1 ANCILLARY. axis of a sphere. cowherd. from Slavic kolo. KARMA. from Greek teras. monster. SYMPATHY. pathos. Suffixed form *kwenth-es-. TERATOID. [Pokorny k¯enth. 7.] kwerAn important derivative is: karma. suffering. sympathy. long ago. from Greek pathos. Suffixed form *kwer-or with dissimilated form *kwel-or. (TERATOCARCINOMA). -PATHY.641. PATHOS. Far (in space and time). paleo-. 8. [Pokorny 2. k¯el. TELE-. monster (perhaps “that which does harm”). from Greek palai. he makes. [Pokorny k¯er. SANSKRIT. PATHETIC. act. emotion. Suffixed form *kwer-mi. k¯el. TERATOMA. 1. Suffixed form *kwer-Ns-. grief. PELORIA. TERATOGEN.641. 2. (PATHOGNOMONIC). from Sanskrit karma.[Pokorny 1. passion.640. from Greek penthos. from Sanskrit karoti.] kwent(h)Important derivatives are: pathetic.] kwel-2 Derivatives are: tele-. PATHO-. from Greek pelor. 4. 2. NEPENTHE.639. Lengthened-grade form *kwKl-.] . feelings. deed. 3. 1. To make. PALEO-. To suffer. Zero-grade form *kwith-. APATHY. far off. from Greek tKle. TERA-. Suffixed zero-grade form *kw_-ai. QUARREL 1 . c. CONCUSS. ten. CYSTO-. four. from Old English fKowertig. forty. from Old Norse hvæsa. 3. quarter. FOURTEEN. 1. kwetwerImportant derivatives are: four. quadri-. FORTY. from Old English fKower. to complain. Zero-grade form *kwNt-. from Latin querX. bag (< “bellows”). farthing. from Old English fKowertKne. square. 2. quarrel1. tetra-. to hiss. see dekc). to shake. discuss. fourteen (-tKne.631. QUERULOUS. CASCARA. I. from Latin quatere (past participle quassus. Four. DISCUSS. b. in composition -cussus). a. [Pokorny ˆ¯es. PERCUSS.] PASTE 1 . quatrain. from Greek passein. b. FOUR. wheeze. fourteen. strike. WHEEZE. a.kwesImportant derivatives are: wheeze. quadrant.632. to sprinkle. trapezium. [Pokorny k¯Kt. cyst. quarantine. SQUASH SUCCUSSION. SCUTCH. Suffixed zero-grade form *kus-ti-. and c all from Germanic . To pant. from Greek kustis. CYST. quart. querulous. bladder. . a. To shake. 2 b. O-grade form *kwetwor-. forty.] kwKtImportant derivatives are: squash2. rescue. becoming *kwat-. RESCUE. squad. from Germanic *hwKsjan. fourth. from Latin qu7rtus. fourth. from Greek tra-. *kwetru-. QUARRY2. from Middle Dutch veerde. fourth part of a penny. from Latin quadri-. from Latin quater. from Old Iranian cathw7ro. and combining forms *kwetur-. b. d. from Greek tessares. 5. QUARTO. 2 2. c. from Latin quadr7gint7. a. forty (-gint7. TETRAD. 1 QUADRI-. QUADRILLE . Ordinal adjective *kwetur-to-. (CARNET). tettares (genitive tessaron). 3. four times. fKowertha. CAHIER.*fe(d)wor-. TETRA-. QUADRATE. QUARREL2. and c all from Germanic *fe(d)worthon-. (SQUAD). QUADRILLE . 3. FIRKIN. from Latin quattuor. from Old English fKortha. SQUARE. 2. from Greek tetra-. TESSERA. a. probably from *kwetwor-. . 1. 6. TROCAR. dekc). III. ten times. group of four. FOURTH. four. DIATESSARON. a. FARTHING. II. fourth. fourth. b. four. quarter. QUATRAIN. four. four. QUARTAN. square. from Latin quadrum. QUATERNARY. QUATERNION. see QUADRANT. (CARILLON). QUARTER. from Latin quadr7ns. b. QUIRE 1 . Variant form *kwet(w)y-. TRAPEZIUM. a fourth part. four. 2. *kwetrus. fKorthung. Multiplicatives *kweturs. from Greek tetras. QUARANTINE. CZARDAS. four. c. 4. CADRE. from Old English fKorthing. QUADROON. CATER-CORNERED. QUART. zero-grade form *kwt(w)y-. QUATTROCENTO. body. quasi. from Germanic adverb *hwo. quantity. who. a. hwether. f. c. see kom). from Old English hwanon. why. “ever each of two” (*aiwo. d. from Old English hwider. hwanne. when. what. WHICH. WHOM. WHENCE. from Old English hwenne. from Germanic personal pronouns *hwas. a. b.] kwoImportant derivatives are: who. *hwi-. from Germanic adverb *hwar-.642. f. neuter. from Germanic pronoun *hwat. from Old English hwæther. how. what. from Germanic phrase *aiwo gihwatharaz. from Old English hw<r. e. see lXk-). why. which. i. from Germanic relative pronoun *hwa-lXk. <ther. from Germanic adverb *hwithrK. Both a and b from Germanic . alibi. whence. e. how. collective prefix. from Old English hwilc. from Old English hw7. neither. hwæs. whether. which of two. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic adverb *hwan-. quality. WHETHER.(*lXk-. d. HOW. whether. from Germanic adverb *hwX. NEITHER. ever. h. WHY.from *ga-. c. ii. quotient. *aiwi. either. whose. and h all from Germanic *hwa-. which. WHERE. whither. from Old English h7. where. WHO. WHITHER. when. b. WHEN.[Pokorny k¯et¯er. quote. quip. either. WHAT. where. from Old English <ghwæther. whom. from Old English hw«. WHOSE. see aiw-. Also kwi-Stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. EITHER. hwelc. *hwam. hw<m. *gi. *hwasa. from Old English hwæt. g. g. quorum. i. form. canary. ALIBI. QUINSY. dog.*hwatharaz. QUOTIDIAN. QUALITY. QUIBBLE. COONCAN. see de-). from Latin quantus. from Old Persian *ci≥-ciy. from Latin quot. 12. how. 2. 9. b. 10. to. . QUOTE. something. NEUTER. how great. HIDALGO. 6.] kwonImportant derivatives are: cynic. where. there. kennel1. ALIQUOT. QUIP. QUIDNUNC. whom. as if (quam + sX. dachshund. UBIQUITY. dog. from Old English hund. see swo-). from Latin ubi. hound. QUOTIENT. 5. as. [Pokorny k¯o. CYNOSURE. if. 2. QUASI. QUODLIBET. QUORUM. what. QUANTITY. dog. 3. when. HOUND. CUE 2 from Latin quom. QUA. canine. 7. from Latin quX (genitive plural quorum). either of two. from Latin quod. QUONDAM. from Old High German hunt. Suffixed zero-grade form *kwi-to-. 1.644. CYNIC. from Greek kuon. . and ibi. til. from quam. from Latin quem. from Latin qu7lis. how many. Dog. when (from *kw7m + -do. 4. DACHSHUND. a. 1. something (< *kwid-kwid). from Latin quasi. PROCYON. from Latin quid. 13. CHEESE 3 . who. 11. than. from Latin quando. from Latin uter. what. 8. of what kind. QUIDDITY. CANINE. from kxmi-. leprechaun. [Pokorny k¯ymi. CANARY. 1 KENNEL . 2. KERMES. CORSAGE. CORPULENCE. corps. Suffixed form *laks-o-. 4. CORSE. dog. from Latin corpus. 1. krep. corpuscle. Suffixed zero-grade form *kwyp-es-. corpse. Nominative form *kwo. MIDRIFF. “(red dye) produced by worms” (ja-. CORPORATE. corsage. Worm.620. CHENILLE. corporal1.] kwymiAn important derivative is: crimson.] laksA derivative is: lox1. CORPORAL3. 3. see genN-). corset. a. and c all from Germanic *hundaz. [Pokorny 1. belly from Germanic *hrefiz-. CORPS. CORSET. b. Variant *kan-i-. from Latin canis. corporate. Rhyme word to *wymi-. CORGI. CORPSE. CORPUSCLE. CORPORAL1.632. CANAILLE. borrowed from Sanskrit compound kxmi-ja-. . Salmon.649. kermes. CORPUS. from Middle Dutch hond. from Arabic qirmiz. worm. from Old English hrif. produced.] kwrepImportant derivatives are: midriff.c. corporeal. CORPOREAL. dog. CORPOSANT. from Welsh ci. (CRIMSON). worm (see wer-2). substance. [Pokorny k¯on. body. dog. CANICULAR. LEPRECHAUN. Suffixed form *kwrep-es-. Body. KEESHOND. 16.655. To be eager. To let go. Both a and b from Germanic *lahsaz. lust. a. [Pokorny lak. to please. alas. gain. salmon.] lauAn important derivative is: lucrative. Suffixed zero-grade form *lu-tlo-. from Old High German lust. lustful. last1. profit. . LIST 5 . [Pokorny las.] lKImportant derivatives are: let1. Extended form *lKd-. GRAVLAX. c.654. WANDERLUST. LASCIVIOUS. GUERDON. from Old High German lahs. satisfy a desire. lasImportant derivatives are: lust.a. LUCRE. from Latin lucrum. LUCRATIVE. Contracted from *leN-.] LOX 1 .653. lenient. from Old English lystan. from Old High German lon. b. latter. Suffixed form *lau-no-. lascivious. V. desire. from Swedish lax. 18. b. from Germanic denominative verb *lustjan. reward from Germanic *launam. salmon. profit. or unruly. wanton. wanderlust. a. slacken. LUST. from Latin lascXvus. liege. from Old English lust. late. Suffixed form *las-ko-. 17. wanton. b. and c all from suffixed Germanic zero-grade form *lustuz. Gain. [Pokorny l7u. logic. 2. logarithm. LAST b. LASSITUDE. gentle. epilogue. catalog. relegate. 28. 1 LATE. prologue. lesson. delegate. suffixed form *lab-yo-. sacrilege. from Old English l<tan. [Pokorny lLb. ALAS. from Germanic *lep-. VI. intelligent. diligent. a. select. b. LATTER. from Germanic *lKtan. . a. Lip. lexicon. to allow. tired. Variant form *lab-. suffixed form *lNd-to-. colleague.a. LABIUM.655. labial. legend. legion. LENITIVE. LABRET. loyal. from Latin labium. and its superlative latost. late. lip. dialogue. apology. from Germanic *lataz. from Late Latin laetus.] lebImportant derivatives are: lip. coil1. LENIS.] legImportant derivatives are: leech1. LENIENT. 27. legible. lecture. soft. neglect. LABELLUM. privilege. legitimate. syllogism. semifree colonist. from Latin lassus. legacy. Suffixed basic form *lK-ni-. Zero-grade form *lNd-.666. dialect. b. last. analogous. from Latin lKnis. elect. 1 LIEGE. legislator. collect1. LABRUM. from Germanic derivative *lKthigaz. lK(i). LABIAL. . from Old English læt. LET . LIP. lip. lectern. c. weary. LENITY. lip. freed. to hinder. latter. with its comparative lætra. legal. eclectic. LET 2 . from Old English lettan. leave undone. [Pokorny 3. allege. from Latin labrum. from Old English lippa. impede (*latjan. suffixed form *lab-ro-. EPILOGUE. RELEGATE. with logos. DIALECT. lair. lees. SYLLOGISM. from Latin denominative lKg7re. lay1. speech (see 6). Suffixed form *legh-yo-. from Germanic *lKkjaz. reason. SACRILEGE. -LOGUE. PROLEGOMENON.” 11. LIE 1 . lay. HOMOLOGOUS. charge (legh-). word. from Greek legein. (LECTION). DILIGENT. Suffixed o-grade form *log-o-. . a. b. choose. PARALOGISM.] leghImportant derivatives are: lie1. LIGNEOUS. from Germanic *LIGJAN. (COLLEGIAL). PROLOGUE. to depute. LEXICON. outlaw. LOYAL. LECTURE. ledger. LEGION. LOGY. APOLOGY. 25. speak. APOLOGUE. LEGATE. ANALECTS. LOGO-. from Latin legere. from Greek logos. -LOGY. DYSLEXIA. ALEXIA. low1. enchanter. from Latin lignum. HOROLOGE. LECTERN. LOGISTIC. one who speaks magic words. LIGNI-. ELECT. LEX. ledge. to gather. LEGEND. LEGITIMATE. Possibly lengthened-grade form *lKg-. 13. ANALOGOUS. .658. LOGIC. COLLEAGUE. to lie. LEGISLATOR. [Pokorny le´. law (? LEGACY. a. LEGAL. perhaps from leg-. speech. from Old English licgan. from Latin lKx. CATALOG. SORTILEGE. . firewood ( 15. litter. 16. with derivatives meaning “to speak. pluck. fellow. ANTHOLOGY. LOGOS. commission. (COIL COLLECT 1 1 ). to gather. beleaguer. wood. 14. SELECT. LEECH 1 12. PRIVILEGE. LEGIST. PRELECT. law. To lie. LOGION. from Old English l<ce. DELEGATE. ECLECTIC.To collect. Suffixed form *leg-no-. LEGIBLE. DECALOGUE. read. INTELLIGENT. NEGLECT. (DIALOGUE). LESSON. LOGARITHM. physician. OUTLAW. 31. law. LAY 1 . and c all from Germanic *legraz. alleviate. LITTER. camp. from Old English leger.658. from Middle Dutch leger.] legwhImportant derivatives are: light2. see ambhi). LEDGE. bed. a laying down. LAAGER. over. VORLAGE. 30. LAW. . from Old English lecgan. b. from Germanic *lKgaz. (DANELAW). c. [Pokorny legh. lair. c. from Old High German legar. BELEAGUER. to cover. FELLOW. lair. from Celtic *leg-y7-. leaven. Suffixed form *legh-ro-. Suffixed o-grade form *logh-o-. from Greek lokhos. a. LOCHIA. lK´h. childbirth. lever. ANLAGE. lag-. BELAY. surround (be-. Lengthened-grade form *lKgh-. from Latin lectus. LAGER. place for lying in wait. (LEDGER). 29. 1 LEAGUER . a. LAIR. from Old High German l7ga. c. b. a. from Old Norse lag. and d all from Germanic *lagam. from Medieval Latin lia. ii.i. lair. low. LOW1. 26. from Old English belecgan. carnival. b. WAGON-LIT. from Old Norse l7gr. sediment. dragnet (*lag-Xno-. from Old Norse lˆg. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *lagjan. “that which is set down”. LEES. 2. from Old Norse *lagu. 32. to lay. act of laying. 28. bed. COVERLET. b. elevate. 27. levity. (STALAG). Suffixed o-grade form *logh-o-. LAGAN.” low. BYLAW. from Old Norse lˆgn. a. “lying flat. law.660. d. Suffixed form *legh-to-. Suffixed form *legwh-u-i-. is more likely from lei-. slip1. SLIGHT. LEPRECHAUN. liniment. a. small. from Germanic *lung-. LEAVEN. slippery. from Old English lXm. from Old Irish l7-. Variant form *lagwh-. SLIP 1 g. LEVITY. loam. light. from Old English slipor. from Middle English slippen.] leiImportant derivatives are: slime. b. 17. a. [Pokorny leg¯h. e.660.relieve. 18. light. LEVER. birdlime. LOAM. CARNIVAL. from Old English lXhtan. slime. from Old English lungen. lungs (from their lightness). SLIPPERY. slender. c. lKoht. LIME 3 from Old English *slice. slick. smooth. 14. Both a and b from Germanic *lXht(j)az. from Latin levis. raise. Light. SLIME. LIGHT 2 . from Old English lXht. Suffixed form *legwh-t-. from Middle English slight. slippery. smooth. 16. ALLEVIATE. to lighten. RELIEVE. from Old English l7m. with its derivative lev7re. attributed by some to this root. Nasalized form *l(e)ngwh-. 2 . sleek. cement. (MEZZO-RELIEVO). slip away. to slip. ELEVATE. probably from a source akin to Middle Dutch and Middle Low German slippen. oblivion. leprechaun. to slip. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse slKttr. . SLICK. loam. b. d. slight. (see lei-) Latin oblXvXscX. . to forget. LUNG. from Old English slXm. lung. LIGHTER 15. f. . having little weight. to lighten. LEGERDEMAIN. Also slei-Slimy. slime. rally. collude. with metathesis *(s)leN(i)-. [Pokorny leid. PRELUDE. 12. a. game. LICTOR. e. LIMICOLINE. To play. see epi). and h all from Germanic *slY. suffixed zero-grade form *lX.666. illusion. from Middle Low German slKpen. with its derivative l7dere. 3. play. c. . Suffixed form *lei-w-. Zero-grade form with nasal infix *li-n-N-. ELUDE. from Greek litos. SCHLEP. g. from Latin oblXvXscX. b. from Latin lictor. rely. simple. LINIMENT. INTERLUDE. allude. away. lien. [Pokorny 3. elude.(< *liN-). 5. LUDIC. . Extended form *(s)leiN-. COLLUDE. to anoint. d.] leigImportant derivatives are: league1. oblige. alloy. from Germanic *lXk-. Suffixed agent noun *l(e)ig-tor-. liable. plain. ALLUDE. c. leech line. from Latin l7dus. ILLUSION. interlude. prelude. LITOTES. lictor. a. whence *lK-wo-. 4. f.662. from Middle Low German lXk. ally. to drag. OUBLIETTE.h. LEECH 2 13. b.] leidImportant derivatives are: ludicrous. furl. PROLUSION. smooth. LIMACINE. Suffixed form *lei-mo-. jest. suffixed metathesized form *leN-wo-. To bind. LEVIGATE. from Latin lXmus. LUDICROUS. to play (but both words may possibly be from Etruscan). to forget (ob-. OBLIVION. from Latin lKvis.with various extensions. DELUDE. Suffixed o-grade form *loid-o-. lei. from Latin linere (perfect lKvX). delude. 19. (RALLY ). (ALLY). LOAN. COLLIGATE. from Old English liccian. [Pokorny leigh. LIABLE. LEGATO. b. ellipsis. Basic form *leikw-. LICK. LEND. To leave. a. from Germanic *ain-lif-. from Germanic *laihwniz. to bind. OBLIGE. 6. RELY. from Old French lechier. to lick. from Latin lig7re. loan from Germanic denominative *laihwnjan. Zero-grade form *ligh-. loan. relinquish. ELLIPSIS. Both a and b from Germanic *likkon.14. to lick. to lend. a. FURL. LICHEN. loan. ELECTUARY. LIGASE. 1 LIGATE. ALLOY. ANILINGUS. . ECLIPSE. lecher. “one left (beyond ten)”. 20. (RELIGION). LIEN. 5. O-grade form *loikw-. eleven.] leighImportant derivatives are: lick. to lick. to live in debauchery. from Latin lingere. 7. delinquent. leig. from Old English l<nan. Nasalized zero-grade form *li-n-gh-. from Old Norse l7n. To lick.] leikwImportant derivatives are: eclipse. b. Zero-grade form *lig-7-. Zero-grade form *likw-. LIGATURE. (see oi-no-) Old English endleofan. [Pokorny 4. derelict. 21. from Greek leipein. a. LEAGUE1. LECHER. CUNNILINGUS. to leave. suffixed form *loikw-nes-.668.668. lend. from Greek leikhein. delirium. leave1. 22. b. fat. live1. libban. learn. To stick. LIVER 1 21. RELAY. LEBENSRAUM. LIVE 1 . RELINQUISH. from Old English lifian. Nasalized zero-grade form *li-n-kw-. from Greek aleiphein. LIFE. to live. Both a and b from Germanic *libKn. Both a and b from o-grade Germanic causative *-laibjan. to leave. LIVELY. from Old English l<fan. have remaining. [Pokorny leip. from Frankish *laibjan. lively. lore1. from Germanic *libro. c. twelve. from Greek lipos. liver1. 22. d. adhere. . to leave. LIPO-. . O-grade form *lois-. left.669. from Old French laier. ALIPHATIC. Zero-grade form *lip-. from Old English lifer. to anoint with oil. from Germanic *twa-lif-. from Latin linquere. 16. 1 LEAVE .] leipImportant derivatives are: life. Variant form *Nleibh-.b. to live. 19. life (< “continuance”). [Pokorny leik¯. from Germanic *lXbam. Track. a. (DERELICT). from Old High German lebKn. furrow. SYNALEPHA. DELINQUENT. to leave. 20. liver (formerly believed to be the blood-producing organ).” Both a and b from Germanic *-lif-. DELAY. fat.] leis-1 Important derivatives are: last2. “two left (beyond ten). from Old English lXf.670. (see dwo-) Old English twelf. LEITMOTIF. to continue. b. LIVELIHOOD.] lendh- . LORE. Suffixed variant o-grade form *loit-7. footprint. Both a and b from Germanic *laidjan. from Old English l<stan. to lead. l<ssa and superlative l<st. way. LEARN. from Old High German leitan. LAST 3 .672. from Germanic comparative *lais-izo and superlative *lais-ista-.1 from Old English l7r. livelihood. less. from Latin lXra. LEAST. from Old English l7d. LEAD 1 .” 18.671. from Old English leornian. Small. to learn. Suffixed full-grade form *leis-7. 17. a. from Old English l<dan.a.] leis-2 Important derivatives are: least. l<st. from Germanic zero-grade form *liznon. DELIRIUM. LAST 2 c. “to follow a track”. from Germanic *laizo. [Pokorny leis. load. learning. sole. lode. leitImportant derivatives are: lead1. Suffixed o-grade form *loit-eyo-. to lead. [Pokorny leit(h). b. a furrow. 20. die. course. from Germanic *laistjan. 21. LESS. from Germanic *laist-. l<rest. from Old English comparative l<s. from Old English l7st. LODE. To go forth. . LOAD. “to follow a course (of study). suffixed form *lois-7. from Germanic *laido. (LOSS). .Important derivatives are: land. (LOSEL). Both a and b from Germanic *leusan. from Old Norse land. FORLORN. d. c. without. AUSLANDER. to lose. LOSE. loss. absolute. lawn1. land. b. lendh. To loosen. resolve. or from Celtic *land7. and e all from Germanic *landam. FORLORN HOPE. LANDGRAVE. (LANDGRAVINE). HINTERLAND. LANDSMÂL. hinterland. see per1). Open land. land. c.” free from. -less. b. *far-leusan (*fer-. -LESS. ISLAND. from Old English los. from Old English -lKosan. land. from Old French launde. landscape.] leuImportant derivatives are: forlorn. i. f from Germanic. LAWN 1 [Pokorny 3. loss. ii. from Middle Low German lant. prefix denoting rejection or exclusion. LORN. from Old English land. c. pasture. a. d. UITLANDER. divide. LAND. lose. solve. LANDSMAN . a. heath. land. *far-. b. VIII. from Dutch verliezen (past participle verloren). to forfeit. from Middle Dutch land. “loose. lose. e. from Old High German lant. from Old English lKas. LEASING. f. country. dissolve. from Old English forlKosan. 2 BILANDER. LANDSCAPE. to lose. a. loose. GEL‰NDESPRUNG. analysis. cut apart. . Extended Germanic root *leus-. absolve.675. paralysis. lacking. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *fer-leusan. soluble. untrue. from Old English lKaf. see s(w)e-). plague. belief. . LIVELONG. and d all from Germanic *lausaz. ASSOIL.681. untie. see per1). TACHYLYTE. b. RESOLVE. loose. Basic form *leu-. permission (< “pleasure. LIEF. about.] leubhImportant derivatives are: livelong.d. a. LEMAN. LEAVE . faith (bi-. LAG 2 2. c. apart. DIALYSIS. loose. e. LYSIS. permission (ver-. putrefaction”). O-grade form *loubh-. pestilence (< “dissolution. leu. -LYTIC. DISSOLVE. SOLVE. dear. from Greek luein. To care. from Latin luKs. LYO-. intensive prefix. a. release. desire. see kom). to loosen. [Pokorny 2. ABSOLUTE. -LYTE. from Old English lKof. intensive prefix. b. libido. prefixed form *se-lu. Suffixed form *leubh-o-. love. b.(se-. believe. . leave. a. (LYTIC). c. and c all from Germanic *laubo. ANALYSIS. PARALYSIS. approval”). c. SOLUTE. CATALYSIS. V. to loosen. see ambhi). from German dialectal lˆsch. belief. 2 FURLOUGH. IV. beloved. (ABSOLVE). LOOSE. IX. from Germanic *leubaz. untie. 1. b. from Middle Dutch verlof. SOLUBLE. Zero-grade form *lu-. from Germanic *galaubo (*ga-. LUES. love. a. louss. from Old English gelKafa. BELIEF. LOESS. from Latin solvere. LYSO-. probably from a source akin to Swedish lagg. LYASE. CONSOLUTE. furlough. from Germanic *fer-. from Old Norse lauss. barrel stave (*lawwo. LOMENT. liberty.] leudhImportant derivatives are: liberal. ALLUVION. from Germanic *galaubjan. DELUGE. from Germanic *lubo. Variant form *law-. To mount up. free (the precise semantic development is obscure). deliver. LIBERAL. from Germanic *liud-i-. trust (be-. people. from Old English lufu. about. LIBIDO. trust (*ga-. to lather.2. person. LYE. intensive prefix. lotion. latrine. Suffixed form *lou-tro-. ABLUTION. lather. Suffixed form *lou-k7. leudh. Suffixed form *leudh-ero-. from Latin libKre. love. from Old English gelKfan. 21. 22. LIVERY.” esteem. desire. Zero-grade form *lubh-. LIBERTINE. from Old English lKag. 2. LIBERTY. pleasure. Suffixed form *lubh-7-. belKfan. 2. [Pokorny 1. COLLUVIUM. from Latin libXdo.683. LOVE. LATHER. lXthran. To wash. Suffixed (stative) form *lubh-K-.684. see ambhi). DELIVER. liberate. be pleasing. “to hold dear. BELIEVE. [Pokorny leubh. grow. livery. 3. from Germanic *laugo. lye. QUODLIBET. to be dear. dilute. to believe. 1. 1.] leu(N)Important derivatives are: lye. see kom). . LIBERATE. from Old High German liut. deluge. LANDSLEIT. from Latin lXber. 23. Basic form *leudh-. a. from Old English lKthran. LOTION. VI. LIE2. brightness. PYROLUSITE. ELUTE. lucid. WARLOCK. lunar. [Pokorny leugh.] leukImportant derivatives are: light1. from Latin lav7trXna. c. LUX. from Latin lav7re. light. 24. LAVE. from Old English lKoht. Unsuffixed form *leuk-. luminous. luster. (ELUANT). O-grade form *lou-. l7trXna. b. Both a and b from Germanic *leuhtam. with its derivative -luere. (LUCIFERIN). LIGHT 1 . . from Germanic *lugiz.692. LUCIFER. to shine. from Old English lKogan. Light. 24. lynx. to wash. from Latin lavere. a bath. b. lXht. 2. lunatic. to deceive (be-. to wash. luminary. (ELUVIUM). elucidate. privy. to wash.] leughImportant derivatives are: warlock. belie. to make light. LUCINA. from Greek louein. [Pokorny lou. LATRINE. LUCULENT. b. illuminate. V. Suffixed form *leuk-to-.DILUTE.686. from Germanic *leuht-jan. from Old English lyge. lie2. about. to wash. from Old English belKogan. To tell a lie. translucent. Basic form *leuk-. 1. a. falsehood. form *law-7-. see ambhi). a lie. lea. from Old English lXhtan. illustrate. to lie. BELIE. LIGHTNING. light. Both a and b from Germanic *leugan. from Latin l7x. a. LUMINARY. Zero-grade form *luk-. 2. LIMN. moon. attributed by some to this root (but more likely of obscure origin). Suffixed form *leuko-dhro-. a. Suffixed form *leuk-stro-. from Greek lunx. PHILLUMENIST. LYCHNIS. LEA. lightning. 6. strictly speaking. SUBLUNARY. RELUCENT. from Latin l7na. Important derivatives are: -ly1. PELLUCID. illuminate. Suffixed form *luk-sno-. VI. from Latin l7men. light. LUNATE. ELUCIDATE. clear. LYNX.3. from Old English lKah. LUCUBRATE. b. Suffixed form *leuk-o-. 1. to work by lamplight. meadow (*lauhaz. LINK2. from Latin l7cKre. LEUKO-. lynx (as if from its shining eyes). lamp. from Middle English levin. TRANSLUCENT. from Latin l7strum. from Latin l7cubr7re. LEVIN. NOCTILUCA. LUNE. LUCID. Suffixed form *leuk-sn7-. opening. 2 [Pokorny leuk. LUCENT. LUMINOUS. LUNATIC. 1. (LUSTRUM). VII. OUNCE . 2. 7. Indo-European. LUNA. Suffixed form *louk-o-. Suffixed (iterative) form *louk-eyo-. purification. 4.687. LUSTER. since it is represented in only one branch of the family. b. LUNULA. LUMEN. to purify. ILLUMINATE. . from Greek leukos. 5. to shine. white. O-grade form *louk-.] lXkThe following entry is not. LUNAR. from Latin l7str7re. a. -ly2. from Greek lukhnos. Suffixed form *leuk-smen-. ILLUSTRATE. from Germanic *lauh-ubni-. CRINOLINE. flax. Form *lXno-. from Old English gelXc. body. . having the form of. LIKELY. like2. 22. 18. form. linseed. from Greek linon. lint. from Germanic *lXkjan. 23. from Germanic *ana-lXkaz. likely. flax. 22. from Old English lXc. (see kwo-) Germanic *hwa-lXk-. like1. LINSEED. ever. frolic. a. linen. “ever alike” (*aiwo.667. Louse. which. Germanic root. [Pokorny lX-no. . -LY1. from Latin lXnum. from Germanic phrase *aiwo galXkaz. -LY2. . the same. same. lLig. LINE1. from Old English -lXc. (see i-) Old English ilca. form. FROLIC. *aiwi. [Pokorny 2. each. -like. see aiw-). LIKE EACH. from Old English onlXc. LINT.] lYnoImportant derivatives are: line1. ALIKE. 23. Body. LINNET. LININ. 20. 2 ALIKE. 21. LINGERIE. similar. LINOLEIC ACID.691. EVERY. Indo-European. like. LINEN. LINE2. and Old Norse (g)lXkr. LIKE 1 from Middle Dutch -lijc.] l7sAn important derivative is: louse. b. both from Germanic *galXkaz. from Old English <lc. 17. from Old English lXcian. 19. from Germanic *is.lXk-. to please. thread. Flax.alike. lingerie. linen. Form *lino-. each. like. [Not. LYCH-GATE. strictly speaking. “good mother” (respectful form of address to old women). m7. MAIA. [Pokorny l's.694.] m7-1 Important derivatives are: mature. seasonable. m7-2 An important derivative is: mammal. early. further suffixed form *m7-tu-to-. from Latin m7t7rus.” 1. premature. b. MAMMA 2 . b. also nurse. m7. from Latin M7t¤ta. Mother.692. Good. from Latin m7ne. Suffixed form *m7-tu-. 3.] MAÑANA. MANES. m7nus. MAMMILLA.LOUSE. A linguistic near-universal found in many of the world's languages. 2. MAIEUTIC. good. MATURE. 2. from Greek Maia. matinee. from Latin m7nis. with derivatives meaning “occurring at a good moment. often in reduplicated form.693. from Germanic *l7s-. ripe. further suffixed form *m7-tu-ro-. a. IMMATURE. (MATINEE). (MATUTINAL). [Pokorny 3.] . from Old English l7s louse. MATINS. [Pokorny 2. from Latin mamma. probably from m72 . a. 1. PREMATURE. name of the goddess of dawn. Suffixed form *m7-ni-. MAMA. seasonable. MAMMAL. timely. more recently formed in the same way. breast. (in) the morning. mature. mongrel. magic. might1. match1. to be able. fashion. (i). b. mingle. crowd (ge-. to fashion. “one who is fitted with (another)” (*ga-. MATCH 1 a. together. from Greek maza. 2. . mass. m7k. among. MACERATE. from Middle Dutch maken. . see kom). b. to knead together. b. mechanic. MAGMA. 1. fit. main. to knead. Suffixed form *mak-yo-. mate. amass. (AMASS). Both a and b from Germanic nasalized form *mangjan. [Pokorny ma´. Both a and b from Germanic *mak-. machine. to make. MAY 1 . together. from Old English gemæcca. from Germanic compound noun *ga-mak-(j)on-.] maghImportant derivatives are: may1. from Old English magan. MASS. from Latin m7cer7re. from Old English macian. Both a DISMAY. mason.698. have power. magma. i. from Greek magma. a (kneaded) lump. 3.magImportant derivatives are: make. iii. Also mak-To knead. fit. (ii). to tenderize. ii. to mix. with.696. to soften (food) by steeping. AMONG. to frighten. to make. barley cake. MASON. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *m7k-ero-. dismay. unguent. 2. from Old French esmaier. from massein (aorist stem mag-). spouse. see kom). men(N)k. mason. mixture. from Old French masson. MONGREL. MINGLE. and (iii) all from Germanic verb *makon. from Old English mengan. MAZAEDIUM.730. MAKE. a. from Old English gemang. MAQUILLAGE. To be able. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *m7g-ya-. Long. (MECHANO-). EMACIATE. 4. power. Young person of either sex. from Old Persian magu≥. virgin. MAGUS. MIGHT 1 MAIN. from Greek (Attic) mKkhanK. emaciate.” MACHINE. Both a and b from Germanic *magadi-.in suffixed form *mak-ro-.] maghuImportant derivatives are: maid.and b from Germanic *magan.] MAID. Zero-grade form *mNk. macro-. (MAGIC). 2. [Pokorny maghos 696. thin. MEAGER. 1. a. from Dutch maagd. b. power. MACRON. from Old English mægen. from Germanic suffixed form *mag-inam. Possibly suffixed form *magh-u-. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *m7gh-an7-. Contracted from *maNk-. (MECHANISM). MACRO-. Suffixed form *magho-ti-. . from Germanic suffixed form *mah-ti-. “that which enables. 3.becoming *mak. MECHANIC.695. from Latin macer. a. MAIDEN. long. . with diminutive *magadin-. (Doric) m7khan7. device. thin. power. maid. 1. b. large. from Old English mægden. from Greek makros. m7kImportant derivatives are: meager. from Old English miht. to be able. AMPHIMACER. maiden. member of a priestly caste ( [Pokorny magh. power. MATJES HERRING. MANIFEST. MAINTAIN. man. d. MUZHIK. man. from Old English man(n) (plural menn). commend. MANICOTTI. mannequin. MANAGE. manufacture. 1. manner. b. LANDSMAN 2 . e. and e all from Germanic *manna.] man-2 Important derivatives are: manacle. 3. NORMAN1. MANEUVER. manual.2. [Pokorny manu-s 700. b. emancipate. MANICURE. (MANNEQUIN). [Pokorny m7k. c. man. male. (MANËGE). manipulation. from Old High German man. a. from Old High German mennisco. tribal name (< *“all men”: *ala-. d. Norman1. see al-3). Hand. from Middle Dutch man. MANUS. PARAMECIUM. countermand. maneuver. ALEMANNI. MAN. possibly from Germanic *Ala-manniz. MANACLE. commando. *manw-. . from Russian muzh. MANIKIN. manure. from Germanic adjective *manniska-. AMANUENSIS. demand. command. from Old Norse madhr. Extended forms *manu-. man. manicure. OMBUDSMAN.(plural *manniz). 1. a. maintain. MANNER. ombudsman. length. from Greek mKkos. MANUBRIUM. Also mon-Man. MECOPTERAN. manage. human. human. all. man. mannr. c. mastiff. mandate. MANUAL. recommend. FUGLEMAN. manifest.699. 2. NORMAN.] man-1 Important derivatives are: man. manuscript. Suffixed form *m7k-es-. from Slavic suffixed form *mon-gyo-. MENSCH. COMMAND. from Middle Dutch moeder. Horse. from Latin m7ter. DEMAND. MASTIFF. maimed in the hand. MANUFACTURE. mother.” purchaser (-ceps. MARE 1 [Pokorny marko. miere. mother. [Pokorny mN-r 740. mare. Based ultimately on the baby-talk form m7-2. matriculate. MANQUÈ.] m7terImportant derivatives are: mother1. see kap-). MOTHER MOTHER 1 . MATERNAL. maternity. “he who takes by the hand. matter. MANURE. (RECOMMEND). “to put into someone's hand. MATRIX. MANDAMUS. MATERNITY. see dhK-). Mother. . COUNTERMAND. MATRON. COMMEND. MANDATE. Suffixed form *man-ko-. . from Latin manus. defective. matron. to put. mother. agential suffix. . MATRIMONY. (COMMANDO). EMANCIPATE. with the kinship term suffix *-ter-. b.” entrust.] markoAn important derivative is: mare1. 3. hand. maimed.MANIPLE. MORTMAIN. MANUSCRIPT. Both a and b from Germanic *modar-. metropolis. (MATRICULATE). order (-dere. matrix. from Latin compound mand7re. maternal. MANUMIT. 1. from Old English modor. “taker”. a. 2. matrimony. MANIPULATION. QUADRUMANOUS.700. 2 MATER. 4. from Old English mere. from Latin compound manceps. REMAND. MADREPORE. from Latin mancus. material. MANSUETUDE. from Germanic feminine *marhjon-. among. ME. [Pokorny 1. from Latin meus. my. from Greek compound DKmKtKr. possibly meaning “earth”). a. especially cereal crops (dK-. from Old English mid. MATERIAL. 2. wood. from Germanic *mL-. For the nominative see eg.” the tree's source of growth). 3. from Greek mKtKr. MADAME. Suffixed form *me-dhi. MATTER. Genitive form *me-wo. Possessive adjective *mei-no-. mother.702.] me-2 Derivatives are: midwife. METRO-. meta-. . MYNHEER. DEMETER. MYSELF. name of the goddess of produce. 4. hence hard timber used in carpentry. [Pokorny m7ter.700. MIDWIFE. mine. 1. MY. from Old English mXn. from Old Irish mo. tree trunk (< “matrix. Both a and b from Germanic *mXn-.2. with.] me-1 Important derivatives are: me. stuff. MONSIEUR. my. matter. hence (by a calque on Greek hulK. MAVOURNEEN. from Middle Dutch mijn. In the middle of. MINE 2 . METROPOLIS. myself. Possessive adjective *me-yo-. from Latin m7teriKs. matter) substance. Oblique form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. from Old English mL (dative and accusative). m7teria. 4. my. me. my. from Germanic *mid-. 3. 1. b. mine2. menopause. from Greek meta.2. “measure. from Old High German muot. METIS. mind. b. meter1. 1. BISMUTH. between. me. a. (GEM¸TLICHKEIT). measure. semester. appointed time. morale. ii. 2.704. moon. custom. beside.] mK-2 Important derivatives are: meal2. IMMENSE. MORAL. Suffixed o-grade form *mo-to-. DIMENSION. disposition. mK. i. PIECEMEAL.702. time for eating. Contracted from *meN-. from Latin mos (< *mo-s-). Suffixed form *mK-lo-. from Old English m<l. To measure. (MENSURAL). from Greek mKtis. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *mothaz. perhaps from mK-1. 1 GEM¸TLICH. Suffixed form *me-ta. geometry. after. wont. morose.] See also medhyo-. Expressing certain qualities of mind. humor. mK-1 Important derivatives are: mood1. dimension. mind. immense. month. 2. manner. MEASURE. (MORALE). to measure. wisdom. 1. from Latin mKtXrX. moral. [Pokorny 2. diameter. piecemeal. mark. Basic form mK-. META-. meal. Monday. MOROSE.” from Germanic *mKlaz. . MORES. Contracted from *meN-. menstruate. I. spirit. MOOD . [Pokorny 5. skill. Suffixed form *mK-ti-. with. (COMMENSURATE). MEAL2. from Old English mod. METRONOME. from Germanic *maista-. *mKn-s-. from Old English monath. [Pokorny 4. mKnot. 3. from Old English mona. mK. 1. (MENSTRUATE). METROLOGY. most. moon. -METRY. 2. DIAMETER. moon.703. [Pokorny 3. MOON. from Gaelic mor. Suffixed o-grade form *mo-ro-. from Greek metron. 4. GEOMETRY. SEMESTER. from Latin mKnsis. EMMENAGOGUE. MONTH. more. from Germanic *mKnoth-. . poetic meter. ISOMETRIC. measure. month. (MONDAY). and m7re (adverb). from Old High German m7ri. 2. CATAMENIA. MENISCUS. (METER3). SYMMETRY. (MENOPAUSE) MENSES. Suffixed (superlative) form *mK-isto-. *mK-ri-. length. M‰RCHEN. greater. month (an ancient and universal unit of time measured by the moon). MOST. -METER. narration. big. mKnK.] . from Germanic *maizon-.731. MORE. 1.] mK-3 Important derivatives are: more. AMENORRHEA. mK. rule. (MENARCHE). from Old English m<st. MENSTRUAL. Extended and suffixed forms *mKn-. great. METER2. Suffixed (comparative) form *mK-is-. proportion. most. METER 1 II. TRIMESTER. from Old English m7ra. 3. Contracted from *meN-. month. from Greek mKn. news. DYSMENORRHEA. Suffixed form *mK-ro-.704. possibly from mK-2 (but this is referred by some to med-). Big. BIMESTRIAL. 4.3. month. from Germanic *mKnon-. METRICAL. *mKn-en-. CLAYMORE. *mKn-ot-. from Old English m<d (oblique case m<dwe). medicine.” fit (ge-.703. MOW 2 . 3. from Latin modestus. MEET 2 a. modest. heal. to mow. REMEDY. to think about. MEDICATE. a. Suffixed form *mK-ti-. MEAD2. from Latin medit7rX. consider. to measure (out). from Germanic derivative *m<to. meadow. b. modern. commodity. empty. from Latin medKrX. b. “keeping to the appropriate measure. . MEDITATE. a. reflect. moderate. measure.mK-4 Important derivatives are: mow2. 1. from Latin moder7rX. (MEDICINE). from Germanic *mKdwo. To take appropriate measures. AFTERMATH. “commensurate. mold1. IMMODERATE. meadow. from Germanic *mKdiz. METHEGLIN. from Old English metan.] medImportant derivatives are: mete1. mode. from Germanic *metan.” moderate. model. must1. 1. a mown crop. meditate. a mowing. module. MEADOW. b. To cut down grass or grain with a sickle or scythe. see kom). mK. from Old English m7wan. MODEST. (MEDICO). from Old English gem<te. to look after. modify. a mown field. “to keep . METE 1 . from Germanic *mK-. Suffixed form *mK-tw7-. remedy. aftermath. MEDICAL. IMMODEST. from Old English m<th. 2. Suffixed form *med-es-. Contracted from *meN-. [Pokorny 2. accomodate. with. MODERATE. cure. MODULE. 1 2 MODICUM. Suffixed o-grade form *mod-yo-. amethyst.” to moderate. Both a and b from Latin *modes-. a measure of grain. MODAL. melody. (MOULAGE). medium.] medhyoImportant derivatives are: mid1. from Germanic compound *K-mot-ja. MEAD 1 . MOLD . 1. from Germanic *medu. MODIOLUS. 3. leisure. b. .by influence of modus (see 5 below).705. 2. MODE. MODIFY. medial. measure. from Indo-European *K.(prefix *K-. replacing *medes. meridian. Honey. (ACCOMODATE). leisure. 4. medieval. . mediocre. METHYLENE. from Old English <metta. Possibly lengthened o-grade form *mod-.] medhuImportant derivatives are: mead1. also mead. rest. manner.707. harmony. MODULATE. med. meaning uncertain. 2. (COMMODITY). MUST1. a. MODERN. Suffixed o-grade form *mod-o-. Both a and b from Germanic *mot-. to be permitted or obliged. control. ability. [Pokorny mÈdhu. from Old English motan. amid. mead. from Greek medein. MEDUSA. from Old English meodu. mediate. (COMMODE). to). (MOOD ). [Pokorny 1. to rule (feminine participle medousa < *med-ont-ia). to have occasion. limit. from Latin modius. middle. intermediate. from Latin modus. AMETHYST.within measure. from Greek methu. Middle. mediterranean. 5. MODEL. COMMODIOUS. *o. MOTE 2 EMPTY. wine. size. MODULUS. mean3. MUTCHKIN. from Latin medius. MEAN 3 . MOIETY. master. maestro. 1.a. from Greek mesos. MAGISTERIAL. MAGISTRAL. 1. MEDITERRANEAN. MICKLE. middle. MICKLE. Both a and b from Germanic suffixed form *mik-ila-. from West Germanic diminutive form *middila-. mega-. authority. from Old English micel. Suffixed (comparative) form *mag-yos-. megImportant derivatives are: much. great.706. from Old Norse mikill. MAGISTRATE. enclosure. mistress.] See also me-2. MAJOR-DOMO. middle. (MAGNIFICO). great. MEDIASTINUM. middle. MERIDIAN. greatness. and c all from Germanic *midja-. [Pokorny medhi. from Old English middel. MUCH. magnanimous. a. May. MEDIOCRE. MIDGARD. mayor. majority. b. MAJESTY. from Old Norse Midhgardhr. yard. c. MAESTRO. from Latin magnus. MAGNUM. majesty. middle. 2. MEDIUM. 2. MAGNILOQUENT. Great. . see gher-1). Midgard. MAJOR. from Germanic compound *midja-gardaz. MASTER. Suffixed form *mag-no-. MEDIAN. maharajah. greater. MAGNATE. magnificent. MIDDLE. (MISTER). AMID. major. mister. MAYOR. (MAGNIFICENT). magnum. MID 1 . MISTRAL. a. MIZZEN. MEDIAL. MEDIEVAL. MILIEU. INTERMEDIATE. magnate. maximum. magnify. b. magnitude. c. MAGNIFIC. half. a. MAGNITUDE. mycel. from Latin magister.” name of the earth conceived as an intermediate zone lying between heaven and hell (*gardaz. “middle zone. (MISTRESS). from Old English midd(e). MEDIATE. from Latin m7ior. magistrate. MAJORITY. MULLION. MESO-. MAESTOSO. from Latin m7iest7s. master. (MAGNIFY). b. b. MAGNANIMOUS. MAJUSCULE. reciprocal. TRANSMUTE. MEGALO-. [Pokorny me´(h).” abnormal (*ga-. from Latin Maia. communicate. mis-. from Latin me7re. MAHARAJAH. PERMUTE. c. MOLT. amiss. 6. pass.high official ( 3. from Latin m7tuus. “changed (for the worse). 3. CONGÈ. municipal. 2. from Old English *gem<dan. 5. MAHATMA. move. mis-1. from Greek megas (stem megal-). greatest. 1. communism. see kom). common. Variant form *megh. MAHARANI.” MAY. MIS- . 4. molt. IRREMEABLE. amoeba. a. great. commute. “she who is great. COMMUTE. ACROMEGALY. MAXIM. remunerate. miss1. from Germanic *ga-maid-jan. from Old English mis-. MEW 1 MAD. from Sanskrit mah7-. to go. ALMAGEST. mutual. 1 . Suffixed form *meg-N-(l-). intensive prefix. denominative from *ga-maid-az. MEATUS. mutate. and Old French mes(from Frankish *miss-). emigrate. REMUDA. with derivatives referring to the exchange of goods and services within a society as regulated by custom or law. “done in exchange. MEGA-. go. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-to-. a. great.708.” borrowed. mahat-. MAHAYANA. immune. from Latin m7t7re. to make insane or foolish. mutual. To change. Suffixed (feminine) form *mag-ya-.(< *meg-N-). MAXIMUM. Suffixed (superlative) form *mag-samo-. . b. PERMEATE. Suffixed extended zero-grade form *mit-to-.] mei-1 Important derivatives are: permeate. migrate. from Latin maximus. MUTUAL. MUTATE. mad. OMEGA. mistake. MAHARISHI. to change. name of a goddess. mis-. b. negative prefix.715. (DEMEAN2). to change one's MIGRATE. from Latin imm7nis. MUNICIPAL. “service performed for the community.710. general. mei-. MUNIFICENT. lesser. to go wrong. together. minute2. and c all from Germanic *missa-. public. minus. to change. a. general. (COMMUNISM). (see ne) Latin nimis. wrongly. diminish. IMMUNE. from Greek meion.b. 1 5. 6. c. MIOCENE. [Pokorny 2. exempt from public service (in-. “held in common” (*ko-. see kom). “in a changed manner. . b. minor. minimum. ne-. MEIOSIS. b. Small. from Latin migr7re. meig¯. meit(h). from Germanic *missjan. AMOEBA. a. (COMMUNE ). MEAN 2 COMMON. minestrone. b. EMIGRATE. from Greek ameibein. mince. minister.in compound adjective *komoin-i-. less.713. from Latin m7nus. common. a. MISS 1 4. from Germanic *gamainiz. mis(s)-. 3. from Latin comm7nis. miss. AMISS. mei. “public spectacle paid for by a magistrate. work. COMMUNICATE. a.] mei-2 Important derivatives are: menu. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-n. 1. REMUNERATE. COMMUNE2. . too much.” gift. public.” abnormally. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-n-es-. Extended form *(N)meigw-. to miss. see ne). very (< *ne-mi-s. . MISTAKE. 2.” duty. from Old Norse mis(s). from Old English missan. place of living. negative prefix). 2. from Old English gem<ne. “not little”. common. (MISSEL THRUSH). [Pokorny meik. c. b. lesser. master.] meikImportant derivatives are: meddle. and c all from Germanic suffixed form *mih-stu-. mixture. mist. from Latin minister. mix. to want to urinate (desiderative of meiere. MINISTRY. smaller. d. DIMINISH. To urinate. from Russian men'she. MIZZLE c. least. 2 MENU. MINUSCULE. from a source perhaps akin to Dutch dialectal mieselen. servant (formed after magister. diminish. MINISTER. urine. MICTURATE. to reduce. mei. 1 . an inferior. MENSHEVIK. MYSTERY . from Latin minuere. from Middle English misellen. MINUEND. .3. hence mist. from Old English mist. from Latin minimus. see meg-). MINESTRONE. from Latin minor (influenced by the comparative suffix -or). MINIMUM. b. MINUS.711. from Old English mistel. mistletoe. 2 e. 1. MIST. less.] meighImportant derivatives are: mist. [Pokorny 5. a. to urinate). . from Germanic diminutive form *mihst-ila-. mestizo. a. COMMINUTE. to drizzle. a. mistletoe (which is propagated through the droppings of the missel thrush). miscellaneous. Suffixed zero-grade form *mi-nu-. MISTLETOE. mistletoe. b. (MINCE). from Latin micturXre. further suffixed (superlative) form *minu-mo-. to drizzle. MINUTE MINOR. less. medley. Suffixed form *migh-tu-.713. fine rain. intention. 3. to mix. opinion.] mel-1 Important derivatives are: melt. from Germanic *main-. mulch. from Old English *m7n. PROMISCUOUS. from Old English m<nan. from Old English meltan. 1. BEMOAN. from Latin miscKre (past participle mixtus). from Greek mignunai. (MEDLEY). PANMIXIA. MISCIBLE. Variant form *meig-. Extended form *meld-. [Pokorny meiˆ. MEAN 1 [Pokorny mei-no. PANMICTIC. a mingling. possibly from mel-1. . MIX. MOAN. I. Opinion. with derivatives referring to soft or softened materials of various kinds. with zero-grade noun mixis (< *mig-ti-). complaint. MISCEGENATION. from a possible Germanic form *maisk-.] mei-noImportant derivatives are: moan. spleen. to mix. MISCELLANEOUS. smelt1.714. malt. . mean1. promiscuous. milt. MILT. m7x-. MIXTURE. and Middle Dutch milte. *m7cs. mollify. 2. tell. 1. mollusk. MELT. to signify. MUSTANG. bland. MESTIZO. APOMIXIS. mash. AMPHIMIXIS. enamel.714.pell-mell. from Germanic *miltja-. MASH. bemoan. from Germanic *meltan. from Germanic *mainjan. 2. ADMIX. 1. 2. moan. (PELL-MELL). IMMIX. MEDDLE. from Old English milte. complain of. (MELANGE). Soft. mashed malt. To mix. Suffixed zero-grade form *mik-sk-. to melt. COMMIX. from Old English *m7sc. mild. MUTTON. enamel. and e all from Germanic *smelt-. from Celtic *molto-. AMBLYOPIA. 2. (MOUILLÈ). possibly from mel-1. III. MALT. b. MOLLUSK. SMELT 1 SCHMALTZ. animal fat. BLENNY. from Old English mealt. mild. EMOLLIENT. MILD. 6. mellow. smelt. 1. a marine fish. caressing. from Germanic *mildja-. a mixture of wax and pitch. from Germanic *malta-. [Pokorny 1. dull. flattering. Extended form *m_Nk-. 4. possibly from mel-1. mild. c. from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German smelten. from Old English smelt. MOLLIFY. sheep.3. VII. Suffixed zero-grade form *m_d-wi-. glaze. a.] . sheep. AMBLYGONITE. slime. CHONDROMALACIA. Suffixed zero-grade form *(N)ml-u-. from Old High German smalz. from Old English mel(i)sc. malt. from Greek amblus. IV. d. from Germanic *mil-sk-. possibly from mel-1. also a name for the blenny. BONANZA. b. from Greek malakos. ENAMEL. from Old English milde. soft. e. Extended form *meldh-. from Greek maltha. from Greek blennos. MALTHA. II. from Latin mollis. . smooth. from Old French moton. 5. Possibly nasalized variant form *mlad-. d. Suffixed form *mel-sko-. from Italian smalto. smylt. VI. mel. SMELT 2 . SMALT. c. BLANDISH. perhaps from mel-1. from Old French esmail.716. dim. to smelt. a. Variant form *smeld-. MULCH. V. MALACOLOGY. MOIL. from Latin blandus. OSTEOMALACIA. enamel. Suffixed variant form *mled-sno-. blunt. soft-spoken. mylsc. BLAND. soft. MEAL1. from Old English molde. and male. Also mel-To crush. multi-.mel-2 Important derivatives are: ameliorate. malice. MALEDICT. meal. from Germanic *mal-. great. 4. MELIORISM. MAL-. from Latin melior. MULTITUDE. 2. mel. Bad. [Pokorny mKlo. MALADY. (MALIGN). MALENTENDU. O-grade form *mol-. MULTI-. from Latin malus. immolate. [Pokorny 4. MOLTO. MOLD3. from Latin multus. Zero-grade form *m_-. from Germanic suffixed form *mel-wa-. 1. malevolent. multitude. to whirl. bad. mill1. . ill ( malignus. 1. better. many. with derivatives referring to various ground or crumbling substances (such as flour) and to instruments for grinding or crushing (such as millstones). MALEVOLENCE. maul. harmful). malefactor. flour. MALEFACTOR. MALARIA. MALICE. Suffixed zero-grade form *m_-to-. MELIORATE.720. MALVERSATION. malady.724. from Old English melu. mallet. MALEFIC. dismal. from Middle Dutch malen. 2. Strong. millet.] mel-3 Important derivatives are: mal-. from Germanic suffixed form *mul-do. much. Full-grade form *mel-. malign. meal1. (MOLDER). Full-grade form *mel-. MAELSTROM. malleable. soil. Suffixed (comparative) form *mel-yos-. 3. grind. (AMELIORATE). DISMAL.] melNImportant derivatives are: maelstrom. MOLA2. from Greek mulK. from Latin malleus. contaminated with an unrelated noun for milk. MILCH. AMYLUM. milk. MAUL. cognate with the Greek and Latin forms given in II below. galaxy. [Pokorny 1. MILL 1 b. ORMOLU.a. giving milk. hammer. from Latin molere. MILK. EMULSION. to milk. mulos. 6. mallet. also to milk. from Greek gala (stem galakt-). possible suffixed form *mel-iyo-. BLINTZ. a. GALAXY. coarse meal customarily sprinkled on sacrificial animals. milch. to grind (grain). *g(a)lakt-. from Germanic suffixed form *meluk-ja-. millstone. from Old High German miluh. EMOLUMENT. Possibly extended form *mlX-. from Latin mulgKre. . PALL-MALL. Included here to mark the unexplained fact that no common IndoEuropean noun for milk can be reconstructed is another root *g(a)lag. Full-grade form *melg-. b. MILLET. lettuce. pancake. from Latin milium. mill. (MOULIN). from Old Russian blinƒ. to milk.716. MOLAR2. millet. (GALACTIC). mill. MILIUM. MYLONITE. from Old English meolc. BLIN. milk. b. AGALACTIA. from Old English -milce. (MALLET). Zero-grade form *m_g-. GALACTO-. mel. milk. milk. milc. and its derivative mola. 1. and c all from Germanic *melkan. IMMOLATE. 7. Suffixed variant form *mal-ni-. MOLE4. c. Zero-grade form *m_-. MEALIE. To rub off. MILCHIG. a. MALLEABLE. II.] melgImportant derivatives are: emulsion. . milk. to form the blend *meluk-. a millstone. lacto-. MALLEUS. 2. 5. POLYGALA. found only in: a. honey. amnesia. mint1. 2. (LACTATE).723. from Latin mulsus. honey-sweet. MELLIFLUOUS. OENOMEL. mind. mention. muster. monster. To think. memory. Muse.] men-1 Important derivatives are: mind. glag. syncopated from *melid-. comment. mandarin. from Latin mel (stem mell-). MOLASSES. honeydew. MILDEW. I. b. from Old English mildKaw. museum. HYDROMEL. automatic. mania. admonish.400. mental. [Pokorny melit. with derivatives referring to various qualities and states of mind and thought. Honey. LETTUCE. from *melith-. monitor. . from Greek meli. honeydew (a substance secreted by aphids on leaves. amnesty. MELILOT. money. LACTEAL. MIND. LACTESCENT. “honied. suffixed zero-grade form *m_d-to-. demonstrate. Zero-grade form *mi-.722. from Germanic compound *melith-dauwaz. music. nectar. a. milk. from Latin lac (stem lact-). reminiscent. memento. intensive prefix. LACTO-. from Old English gemynd.” MOUSSE. [Pokorny mLl´. MARMALADE. Suffixed form *mi-ti-. *dauwaz.b. molasses. the blended Germanic form cited in I.] melitImportant derivatives are: marmalade. summon. mildew. c. above. monument. mosaic. premonition. honey. see kom). mellifluous. a. dew. it was formerly imagined to be distilled from the air like dew. from Germanic *ga-mundi. MELLIFEROUS. from *meld-. 2. 1. see dheu-1).(*ga-. 1. COMMENT. again. c. MINIKIN. mind. III. man's name (probably meaning “adviser”). MAENAD. MANTRA. madness. MANIA. to contrive by thought (com-. back. from Old High German minna. O-grade form *mon-. REMINISCENT. b. spirit.” 3. d. b. from Latin mentio. 2. 2. seer. AUTOMATIC. to be mad. MENTION. from Latin mKns (stem ment-). 1. from Greek -matos. love. from Greek mania. see re-). prayer. MANTIS. MENTOR. from Greek Mentor. from Middle Dutch minne. a. c. mention. possibly from men-1. see kom). b. DEMENT. to remember. remembrance. II. . -MANCY. Suffixed form *mi-to-. MINERVA. AMENT2. MINNESINGER. from Latin reduplicated form meminisse. Mentor. from Latin reminXscX. to recall. “willing. Full-grade form *men-. MANDARIN. MANIAC. Suffixed form *men-ti-. from Sanskrit mantraU. recollect (re-. Suffixed form *mi-yo-. from Latin Minerva. MANIC. MEMENTO. c. a. Both a and b from Germanic *minthjo. counsel. name of the goddess of wisdom. MANTIC. MENTAL 1 . love. a.b. hymn. AHRIMAN. from Latin comminXscX. a. from Greek mainesthai. from Avestan mainiiu≥. from Greek mantis. b. intensive prefix. eminent. ANAMNESIS. EMINENT. 1.] men-2 Important derivatives are: mouth. PROMENADE. MUSIC. from Latin mentum. Suffixed zero-grade form *mi-to. 3. from Latin mons (stem mont-). MUSE. chin. from Greek mnKmon. (PROMONTORY). demean1. b. (ORMAZD). V. 4. threaten.” a. MONTICULE. AMENABLE. Suffixed o-grade form *mon-ti-. MNEMONIC.1. To project. 1. MONTANE. menace. MENTAL 2 . prominent. MUSEUM. warn. “to set mind” (see dhK-). jaw. projecting points. AHURA MAZDA. mindful. advise. . Suffixed o-grade form *mon-twN.730. MONS. minae. Suffixed (causative) form *mon-eyo-. amount. from Old English m7th. (MONTAGNARD). MONISH. from Greek reduplicated form mimnKskein. contracted from *mnaN-. PREMONITION. MOSAIC. to remind. Indo-European verb phrase *mens dhK-. MONITION. DEMONSTRATE. MOUTH. 1 MENACE. underlying compound *mis-dhK-. MONUMENT. to remember. MOUNTAIN. men. wise. mountain. AMNESIA. AMOUNT. imminent. IMMINENT. mount1. [Pokorny 3. mountain. mouth. amenable. from Latin from Latin -minKre. MINACIOUS. ULTRAMONTANE. from Latin monKre. from Avestan mazd7-. from Greek Mousa. PROMINENT. a Muse. threats. MOUNT . promenade. from Germanic *munthaz. Extended form *mn7-.726. MONITOR. MUSTER. variously “chin. ADMONISH. jut. DEMEAN .in a western Indo-European word for a projecting body part. MOUNT . 2. AMNESTY. 2. mendh. 1 2 MONTE. mouth. to project. IV. SUMMON. MONSTER. 2. mÈnage. menth. CHRESTOMATHY. mansion. men.] men-4 Important derivatives are: monastery. MONO-.] men-3 Important derivatives are: manor. mynwe. meni. men. MANSION. sparse. a small fish. from a source akin to Old English myne. Zero-grade form *midh-. To remain. Small. a small fish. [Pokorny 4. mathematics. 3. men. monk. from Greek manos.728.726. mono-. MATHEMATICAL. from Greek monos. isolated. remain.732. MONK. 1. Possibly also suffixed form *men-i-. alone. MANOMETER. single. POLYMATH. permanent.730. 2.] mendhImportant derivatives are: mathematical. to learn. (MÈNAGE). MONAD. [Pokorny 5. [Pokorny mendh. from Greek manthanein (aorist stem math-).] meneghAn important derivative is: many. sole. rare.[Pokorny 1. MONASTERY. minnow. from Middle English meneu. Suffixed o-grade form *mon-wo-. Variant suffixed (stative) form *man-K-. Copious. minnow. To learn. REMAIN. PSEUDOMONAD. .729. from Latin manKre. MANSE. to remain.731. 2. PERMANENT. IMMANENT. MINNOW. (MATHEMATICS). MANOR. from Old English manig.MANY. (MORTMAIN).” (*i-. harm. mortar. murder. MORDACIOUS. from Germanic *maron-. mortal. ambrosia. “undying. immortal. 3. Possibly suffixed form *mor-bho-.] merImportant derivatives are: nightmare. MORTGAGE. but more likely distinct. “to die. MORTIFY. NIGHTMARE. suffixed form *my-ti-. remorse.” with derivatives referring to death and to human beings as subject to death. MARASMUS. wither. mortify. Zero-grade form *my-. “ground down. .(for which see d). MORTAL. mortar. from Latin mort7rium. from Old English mare.730. b. from Old English morthor. 2. mære.” MORTAR. death. morsel. POSTMORTEM. PREMORSE. suffixed form *my-yo-. 1. from Germanic *managa-. from Latin morbus. To rub away. 4. d. postmortem. mortgage. mordant. Possibly the same root. MURRAIN. 1. MORBID. to die. 5. MORT1. morbid. mænig. to waste away. negative prefix. MORIBUND. replacing older *my-to. is *mer-. Possibly extended root *merd-. murder. MORDENT.to-. suffixed form *my-tro-. [Pokorny men(e)gh. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *my. with irregular past participle mortuus (< *my-two-). MORSEL. prefixed and suffixed form *i-my-to-. to bite. disease (but this is more likely of unknown origin). MORDANT. incubus. goblin. a. c. mortuary. from Latin mors (stem mort-). from Latin mordKre. MORTUARY. many. AMORTIZE. from Latin morX. goblin. REMORSE. see ne). from Germanic suffixed form *murthra-. AMARANTH. II. from Greek marainein. MURDER. MARCHESE. f. MARCHIONESS. immortal. a mark of weight or money. border. MARK 1 MARGRAVE. border. [Pokorny 4. c. e. march1. a mark of money. mortal). MARQUIS. from Old Persian martiya. ii. trace. boundary. also to mark out a boundary by walking around it (ceremonially “beating the bounds”). a. Boundary. 5. remark. “maneater” (*khv7ra-. AMBROSIA. . from Sanskrit amxtam. demarcation. a. AMRITA. manticore.735. from Medieval Latin marca. MARKKA.] mergImportant derivatives are: mark1. c. brotos. also a landmark. Suffixed o-grade form *mor-t-yo-. sign. and g all from Germanic *mark-. marquee. 2. e. iii. to mark out. mer. marche.+ -mbrotos. MANTICORE. landmark. f. probably from Iranian compound *martiya-khv7ra-. border territory. mark2. eating. border. . mer-. boundary marker. . (MARQUISE). boundary. g. d. from Old French marc. and a mark in general (and in particular a mark on a metal currency . IMMORTAL. b. from Swedish mark. MARCH 2 from Middle Dutch marc. MARK 2 from Old Italian marcare. a mortal man. from Old English mearc. (MARQUEE). from Latin immort7lis. see swel-). margin. DEMARCATION. dead).i. d. boundary. divine (a. from Old English marc. from Greek ambrotos. marquis. border country. from Greek mantikhoras (corrupted from martiokhoras). b. immortality (a.+ mxta-. from Latin movKre. land. from Welsh Cymro. MOMENTUM. collective prefix. CYMRY. Wales. [Pokorny mere´. mermaid. edge. from Latin margo. MARQUETRY. (REMOTE). sea (?). To push away. border. these various meanings are widely represented in Germanic descendants and in Romance borrowings. COMMOTION. momentous. 2. a mark. momentum. from Old Norse merki.bar. MERE 2 MARRAM.738. from Germanic *markja-. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse marr. . marsh. (MOMENTOUS). MARCH . MARC. b. morass. see kom). border. promote. emotion. district. from -brogos. motor. mark. motive. moment. 1. mobile. motif. hence a unit of currency). a. fellow countryman (*kom-. MOBILE. (MOVEMENT).] meuNImportant derivatives are: mob. EMARGINATE. from British Celtic *kombrogos. marine. meerschaum. meu. PROMOTE. to move. territory. . from Old English mere. move.] moriImportant derivatives are: mere2. (MERMAID). Body of water. lake. maritime. [Pokorny 2. 3. MOMENT. remove. EMOTION. ultramarine. (REMOVE). MOTION. remote. sea. MOVE. Celtic variant form *mrog-. movement.743. sea. motion. (MOTIF). 4. pond. commotion. lake (?). from Germanic denominative verb *markon. MOTIVE. REMARK. MOTOR. 1 MARGIN. MOSSO. (MOB). from Frankish *markon. to mark out. short. embrace. also a muscle (from the resemblance of a flexing muscle to the movements of a mouse). 1.] mregh-uImportant derivatives are: brief. hence also “upper arm” (as opposed to the longer forearm). a. b. MEERSCHAUM. 2 from Old High German mari. and c all from Germanic *mari-. abridge. Short.c. brassiere. MIRTH. from Greek comparative brakhion. from Latin mare. AMPHIBRACH. pleasure. PRETZEL. MORASS. 2. BRIEF. mirth. BRACERO. A mouse. [Pokorny mori 748. BRACHY-. (ABRIDGE). pretzel. MARICULTURE. from Old English myrge. ULTRAMARINE. Suffixed form *mregh-w-i-. from Old English mersc. short. mareis. I. ABBREVIATE. Zero-grade form *myghu-. (EMBRACE). from Old French maresc. . Both a and b from Germanic *murgja-. merisc. b. MERRY. b. Both a and b from Germanic *mariska-. marsh. BRUMAL. from Old English myrgth. BÍCHE-DE-MER. a. [Pokorny mreghu. sea. BRACE. mirige. a. 3. MARITIME. from Greek brakhus. sea. TRIBRACH. BRASSIERE. pleasantness. II. MARSH. water-logged land. short. merry.750. BRACHIUM. BRASSARD. from Germanic *murgitho. from Latin brevis. joy. muscle. MARE ORMER. . shorter. joyful. abbreviate. (MARINARA). brace. MARINE. marsh.] m7sImportant derivatives are: mouse. also pleasant. pleasant. NACELLE. mouse. NOSE. expressive form *n7ss-. NAUSEA. MYOSOTIS.] n7uImportant derivatives are: naval. nasturtium. PINCENEZ. from expressive Indo-Aryan form *nakka-. nose. NAUTICAL. MYSTICETE. [Pokorny m7s 752. NASTURTIUM. NAVIGATE. nose. MOUSE. Lengthened-grade form *n7s-. pince-nez.(plural *m7siz). NAVICULAR. . from Germanic *nasja-. a. NAVE 1 . SYRINGOMYELIA. NOSTRIL. (NAVY). 4. EPIMYSIUM.768. neu-ks.] nasImportant derivatives are: nose. muscle. NARK 2 [Pokorny nas. from Latin m7s. nausea. MUSCLE. navy. NARIS. MYO-. nuzzle. MURINE. astronaut. from MYELO-. 4. (NUZZLE). from Old English m7s (plural m«s). mouse. noise. from Old English næss. 3. headland. nostril. Boat. 6. NAVAL.755. Greek mus. nostril. . b. NASO-. navigate. from Romany n7k. from Latin n7sus. Nose. Contracted from *naNu-. from Latin n7ris. 5. AERONAUT. from Old English nosu. nautilus. NESS. nautical. 2. from Germanic zero-grade form *nuso. NASAL. nose. (NOISE). NAUTILUS.1. 1. PERIMYSIUM. from Germanic *m7s. mouse. AQUANAUT. ship. 5. from Latin n7vis. MUSTELINE. nasal. NILL. *na-. naughty. and c all from Germanic *ne-. and n7.ARGONAUT. INFERNAL. (NOT). infernal. NEITHER. ASTRONAUT. NULLIFY. excessively. annihilate. INFRA-. 1 b. [Pokorny idhos 771. 4. from Latin Xnfernus. n7u. a. too much.] idherImportant derivatives are: under. not. and nautKs. not. neglect. a. [Pokorny 1. inferno. nothing. NULL. from Old English ne. sailor. from Greek naus. NIMIETY. under. no. from Old High German untar. no1. 5. NO 1 . NEVER. none (ne.+ 7llus. from Latin Xnferus. and n7llus. ANNUL. never. nefarious. infra-. not. NESCIENCE. nay. 5. none. no2. very (< *ne- . b. (NOR ). nor1. a. below. NAY. from Latin ne-. NEFARIOUS. NAUGHT. lower. nullify. from Old English under. INFERIOR. Both a and b from Germanic *under-. inferior. neuter. negotiate.755. Under. ni. c. renegade. NEUTER. (NICE). b. NONE. nice. any. COSMONAUT. 6. 6. non-. deny. ship. negligee.] ne Important derivatives are: naught. lower. UNDER. from Latin nimis. (NOTHING). from Latin Xnfr7. UNDER-. see oi-no-). annul. null. Not. not. from Old High German ne. (NAUGHTY). U-BOAT. negate. under. not. NIX 2 from Old Norse ne. . neither. (INFERNO). NO2. NULLIPARA. if. nebulous. “mist” or “dark. *mi-. from *nei + sX. not (< *ne-oinom. not. from Greek a-. Nibilung. from Old High German Nibulunc. NIL. c. a. (NIHILITY). not. NEGLECT. NEPENTHE. ZUGUNRUHE. Zero-grade combining form *i-. from Greek nK-. RENEGADE. see swoa. nebhImportant derivatives are: nebula.] INA1 1 . from Latin nXsX. [Pokorny ne 756. b. not. from Latin neg7re. a thing. not.” probably from Germanic *nibila-. trifle. nothing at all”. from Old High German un-. from Latin nihil.mi-s. 10. NEGATE. b. nothing (< *ne-hXlum. NEGOTIATE. one. contracted from nihilum. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *un-. from Sanskrit a-. nXl. . hXlum. unless (nX. 1. . ). d. nimbus. not. ANNIHILATE. an-. see mei-2). i. Cloud. ABNEGATE. “not one thing”. 9. an-. (AN-). NON-. NIBELUNG. from Latin in-. 11. NIHILISM. not. DENY. Suffixed form *nebh-(e)lo-. (RENEGE). from Latin non. little. Both a and b from Italic *nek. ii. (NEGLIGEE). nothing. *oino-. UN1 . 8. “not little”. NIFLHEIM. from Old Norse nifl-. not. from Latin prefix neg-. not. see oi-no-). AMRITA. not. 7. “not a whit. b. to deny. from Old English un-. AHIMSA. NISI. origin unknown). NODUS. from Latin nodus. [Pokorny (enebh-) 315. NODE.from Germanic suffixed patronymic form *nibul-unga.] nedImportant derivatives are: net1. NEBULOUS. 3. a net. from Latin nectere (past participle nexus). DÈNOUEMENT. from Old English netel(e). NEPHOLOGY. b. [Pokorny 1. NET 1 NETTLE. cloud. connect. . annex. netle. NIMBUS. from Germanic *nati-. from Germanic *nat-ilo. NEPHELINE. from Latin nimbus. NODULE. mist. tie. node. 4. from Latin nebula. nodule. cloud. b. NEXUS. (ADNEXA). rain. Suffixed form *nebh-es-. a. NEBULA. cloud. from Germanic *nebla-. nettle. To bind. NEPHELOMETER. . Lengthened o-grade form *nodo-. from Greek nephelK.Norman nouch. from Germanic *nat-sk-. Nasalized form *ne-m-bh-. cloud. a. connect. brooch. from Anglo. from Old English net(t). ned. ANNEX. from Greek nephos. nettle. CONNECT.] nKhw-iz .758. 2. a nettle (nettles or plants of closely related genera such as hemp were used as a source of fiber). OUCH 2 c. aura. 3. fog. With re-formation of the root. a knot. Suffixed form *nebh-el7-. 5. 4. bind. beside Old High German nebul. O-grade form *nod-. to tie. Germanic root. Suffixed o-grade form *nok-s-. from Latin nex (stem nec-). from Old English nKah. from *ga-nah. obnoxious. necromancy. ENOUGH. noxious. from Germanic *ganoga-. NEAR. NOCUOUS. Indo-European. neighbor.762. innocuous. nek-1 Important derivatives are: pernicious. Death. NEXT. enough. Indo-European. 6. NOCENT. intensive prefix. ONCOGENESIS.The following entry is not. innocent. OBNOXIOUS. INTERNECINE. To reach. to carry. corpse. from Old English genog. 5. mass. nectarine. NOXIOUS. strictly speaking. NECROSIS. from reduplicated enenkein. oncology. from Greek nektar. INNOCUOUS. harm. Important derivatives are: near. NECRO-. injury. the drink of the gods. NUISANCE. 1. [Not. next. NECROMANCY. nigh. I. nuisance. NIGH. sufficient. from Greek nekros. damage entailing liability. hurt. NECTAR. death. see kom). to injure. necrosis. strictly speaking. Suffixed full-grade form *nek-ro-. Variant form *enk-. NEIGHBOR. II. “suffices” (*ga-. a burden. from Latin noxa. near. (NECTARINE). 4. from Latin nocKre. “overcoming death” (*tar-. [Pokorny neˆ. see terN-2). 7. PERNICIOUS. attain. ONCOLOGY. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *nok-eyo-. O-grade form *nok-. INNOCENT.] nek-2 Important derivatives are: enough. Near. hence a tumor. from Greek onkos. nectar. since it is represented in only one branch of the family. 8. . overcoming. from Latin noctua. night. nocturnal. a. c. O-grade form *nom-. from Greek nux (stem nukt-).2. (ASTRONOMER). NYCTALOPIA. 7.] nemImportant derivatives are: numb.] nekw-tImportant derivatives are: night. b. enumerate. 8. a. To assign. Compound root *bhrenk. and c all from Germanic *nem-. NOMOGRAPH. (ASTRONOMY). 5. b. ANTINOMIAN. neaht. quick to seize. from Germanic *naht-. 6. seize. to take. METRONOME. metronome. seizing. 2 NIM NEMESIS. (NOCTURN). [Pokorny nek¯(t). EQUINOX. autonomous. allot. NOCTULE. night. Night. NIGHT. from Old English niht. NOMOTHETIC. NOCTURNAL. nemesis. NOME. -NOMY.316. from Old High German n”man. from Old English niman. ANTINOMY. NOMOLOGY. equinox. from Greek nemein. nimble. [Pokorny eneˆ. NUMISMATIC. and numol. a. NOCTUID.762. from Old English n<mel. nomad. NIM. quick at learning. ANOMIE. from . 6. DEUTERONOMY. to allot. economy. to take. night owl. from Latin nox (stem NOCTI-. AUTONOMOUS. number. O-grade form *nokw-t-. . NIMBLE.(see bher1). also to take. astronomy. night. NUMB. ECONOMY. noct-). NYCTITROPISM. 5. (BENUMB). c. north. NEPOTISM. from Middle Dutch nort. law. nem. granddaughter. wandering in search of pasture. from Old English north. c.] ner-2 . NUMBER. NORMAN1. NUMMULITE. north. hence a spreading. NOMAD. [Pokorny 1. nephew. also on the left. b. division. district.] ner-1 Important derivatives are: Nordic. ENUMERATE. from Latin nepos. [Pokorny nepot. [Pokorny 2.] nepotImportant derivatives are: nephew. Norse. from Greek nomas. grazing. Suffixed zero-grade form *ny-t(r)o-. niece. NUMMULAR. Norman1. Under.765.Greek nomos. northern. b. hence. 7.763. nepotism. from Greek nomimos. NORTH. pasturage. Grandson. and neptis. grandson. Perhaps suffixed o-grade form *nom-eso-. d. with an eastward orientation. from Old Norse nordhr. a. niece. Feminine *neptX-. d. NIECE. SUPERNUMERARY. northern. nephew. NORDIC. custom. NORWEGIAN. NORTHERN. division. NEPHEW.764. usage. north. from Greek nomK. number. legal. north. a spreading ulcer. north. NORSE. NOMA. from Old English northerne. portion. from Latin numerus. ner. from Greek anKr (stem andr-. we.A derivative is: andro-. harness.] neu- . 1. HARNESS. from Old French harneis. 7re. from Germanic *nes-tam. PATERNOSTER. from Greek nostos. ANDRO-. OURS. ne. strong. with suffixed (possessive) form nost(e)ro-. from Latin nos. 4. PHILANDER. [Pokorny 3. from zero- grade *Nnr-). [Pokorny 1. and Old Norse nest. US. from Germanic *unsara-. OUR. us (accusative). 3. our. 3. -ANDROUS. man. from Germanic *uns. NOSTRUM. possibly from a Germanic source akin to Old English. from Old English 7s. ner-(t).] nes-1 Important derivatives are: harness. NOSTALGIA. Zero-grade form *is-. from Old English 7ser. Oblique cases of the personal pronoun of the first person plural.” Oldest root form *Nner-. Old High German (in composition). ours. 2. nostalgia.766. Suffixed o-grade form *nos-to-.765.] nes-2 Important derivatives are: us. basic sense “vigorous. our. a return home. vital. To return safely home. our. -ANDRY. Also Nner-Man. O-grade form *nos-. food for a journey. and noster. For the nominative see we-. [Pokorny nes. Suffixed (possessive) zero-grade form *is-ero-.758. ninth. from Germanic *nigun. message. 8. and decem. ninth. November. “announcing. Nine.767. NOVENA. DENOUNCE. PRONOUNCE. NINETY. from Greek ennea. NINTH. ANNOUNCE. 7. (NONANOIC ACID). Prothetic or prefixed forms *enewi. neon. To shout. (NONAGON). . and n7ntium. *enwa-). NONES. nine (< *noven. Ordinal form *neweno-. denounce. ten. SPAN-NEW. RENOUNCE. renovate. ten). and nigontKne. Suffixed form *new-yo-. nineteen. Suffixed (participial) o-grade form *now-ent-(yo-). neo-. NOVEMBER. from Latin n7ntius. NEW. nineteen (-tKne. (NONAGENARIAN). neu. new. ninety. novena. NONA-.] newoImportant derivatives are: new. NINE. nova. 5. a. ninety. from Latin novem.Important derivatives are: announce. novelty. from Old English nKowe. b. from Latin nonus. novel1. New. pronounce. nine (< *ennewa. seven. novice. ENNEAD. with m for n by analogy with the m of septem. noon. NINETEEN. [Pokorny 1. renounce. Both a and b from Germanic *neuja-. with derivatives nigontig. *enwi. “shouting. novel2. from Old English nigon. from Old Norse n«r. also a message. ENUNCIATE. new.” hence a messenger. Related to nu-. innovate. nine. variant of *niwun. see dekc). NOON. nXwe.] newi Important derivatives are: nine.” NUNCIO. 4. 6. enunciate. [Pokorny e-ne¯en 318. Suffixed variant form *ombh-alo-. from Latin umbo. AUGER. MISONEISM. navel. spear.] noghAn important derivative is: nail. neos. young. Basic form *newo-. from Latin noverca. NAVE 2 . from Greek newos. ANEROID. contracted from nearos. water. (enebh-) 314. new. 6. Also ombh-Navel. new. OMPHALOS. NOVEL1. b. from Latin novus. from Germanic compound *nabo-gaizaz. fresh. fresh (used of fish and of water). c. a. from Latin umbilXcus. claw. (NOVELTY). from Old English nafog7r. NEOTERIC. INNOVATE. 7. NOVEL2.] nobhImportant derivatives are: nave2.” boss of a shield. auger.5. Suffixed form *nobh-alo-. Also Nnogh-. NOMBRIL. umbilicus. navel. UMBILICUS. from Greek nKron. stepmother ( [Pokorny ne¯os 709. d. NOVICE. NEO-. from Old English nafu. NOVERCAL. piercing tool). NAVEL. from Germanic *nabalo. hub of a wheel. navel. 8. RENOVATE. [Pokorny 1. navel. Suffixed form *new-aro-. 6. UMBO. boss of a shield. NOVA. NOVATION. from nKros. from Old English nafela. 8. nafa. . NEON. Suffixed form *new-er-ko-. hub of a wheel. tool for piercing wheel hubs (*gaizaz. ongh-Nail. Variant form *ombh-. Basic form *newo-. from Greek omphalos. 7. later also “central knob. Both a and b from Germanic *nabo. claw. Form *Nnogh-. GYMNASIUM. from Germanic *nagla-. denude. naked. ANONYMOUS. PERIONYCHIUM. GYMNOSOPHIST.] nogwImportant derivatives are: naked. nail. 7. NOMENCLATOR. PARONYCHIA. hoof. EPONYM. NUDE. COGNOMEN. claw. talon (< *ongh-el7-). UNGUIS. from Latin n7dus. NOUN. gymnasium. MISNOMER. misnomer. Suffixed form *nogw-mo-. pseudonym. from Old English nægl. (BINOMIAL). zero-grade form *(N)nN-men-. noun. AGNOMEN. ONOMASTIC. 8. nail. GYMNOSPERM. nude. (PRONOUN). from Old English nama. from Germanic *nakweda-. . SARDONYX. gymnast. naked. nail. NAME. from Old English nacod.780. NOMINATE. Variant form *ongh-. anonymous. NAIL.] np-menImportant derivatives are: name. (GYMNAST). -ONYM. from Latin nomen. from Germanic *namon-. DENUDE. nominal. ANTONOMASIA. reputation. 5. with diminutive ungula.3. RENOWN. 5. NOMINAL. Suffixed form *nogw-edo-. PRAENOMEN. name. from Latin unguis. DENOMINATE. homonymous. 4. NAKED. [Pokorny onogh. Name. *nogw-oto-. pronoun. naked. synonymous. from Greek onux (stem onukh-).769. name. 3. 9. from Greek gumnos. [Pokorny nog¯. NUDI-. -ONYMY. Suffixed forms *nogw-eto-. metonymy. Earlier form *(N)noN-mi. Naked. Suffixed (diminutive) form *nogh-ela-. *nakwada-. NUNCUPATIVE. eponym. IGNOMINY. ignominy. 4. hoof. nominate. ONYX. renown. from Old English endleofan. unicorn.773. name. a particle meaning “this. hatred. union. b. atone. ounce1. onuma. none. once. SYNONYMOUS. any. ENNUI. name. inch1. METRONYMIC. alone.321. ONE. To hate. EUONYMUS. PARONYMOUS. noisome. [Pokorny en(o)mi. lonely. unique. I.(EPONYMOUS). from Old English n7. HETERONYMOUS. (PARONOMASIA). MONIKER. unite. PSEUDONYM. one. odium.770. METONYMY. and odium. I hate. 8. from . ANNOY.] nuAn important derivative is: now. from Old English 7n. [Pokorny nu. (A1). (ALONE). NOW. -ce. unity. One. PATRONYMIC. from Old Irish ainm. ennui. QUIDNUNC. [Pokorny 2. lone. HOMONYMOUS. from Greek onoma. eleven.] odImportant derivatives are: annoy. AN1. ELEVEN. ONCE. (LONELY). Related to newo-. ODIUM. a. now. (ATONE).] oi-noImportant derivatives are: a1. unanimous. eleven.” “here”. 7. unique. NONE. ONOMATOPOEIA. Now. (LONE). one. (NOISOME). from Latin nunc. universe. Basic form *oi-no-. 10. see ko-). from Latin odX. ANON. od. an1. now (< *nun-ce. 6. 2. EINKORN. ten. eighteen (tj7n. Suffixed form *oino-lo-. ten. octopus. from Old English <nig. OCTAVE. UNITY. INCH 1 from Latin 7nicus.Germanic compound *ain-lif-. see dekc).” eleven (*lif-. UNION. not (< *ne-oinom. 3. b. shortened form of *7nc-). any. COADUNATE. Both a and b from Germanic *ahto. b. Suffixed form *oino-ko-. UNCIAL. Eight. [Pokorny oˆto 775. OCTAD. TURNVEREIN. OCTOGENARIAN. OCTANS. OCTANT. from Latin octo. OCTODECIMO. a. octet. (QUINCUNX). from Germanic *ainigaz. not). EIGHT. octogenarian. eight. UNIVERSE. [In Pokorny e. OCTOBER. from Latin uncia. eight. eighty. see leikw-). see dekc). one twelfth of a unit (unc-. c.281. ANY. eighteen (-tKne. octave. left over. and eahtatKne. eight. OCTO-. and c all from Germanic *ainaz. UNIQUE. EIGHTY. UNANIMOUS. “one left (beyond ten). from Old High German ein. TRIUNE. OCTAVO. (see ne) Latin non. with derivatives eahtatig. EIGHTEEN. 7. from Old Norse 7ttj7n. from Greek okto. OCTO-. III. UNI-. single. from Latin 7nus. OCTONARY. ATTO. OCTOPUS. ne. .] . “not one thing”. anyone. from Old English eahta. one. a.] okto(u) Important derivatives are: eight. October. (see ne) Latin 7llus. one. OCTET. sole. UNITE. OUNCE1. a. b. c.. II. one. UNICORN. ACCIPITER. myopia. (OPSIN). a. oge. from Greek opK. from Greek ops. a.(with taboo deformation). opening. eye. hawk. Form *okw-s. -OPSY. optic. f. 13. 15. from Old Norse auga. METOPE. OCULIST. blind. eyelet. from Greek okus. b. MONOCLE. TRICERATOPS. from Latin accipiter. monocle. eye. DAISY. Suffixed form *okw-to-. OCELLUS. METOPIC. INVEIGLE. INOCULATE. from Old English Kage. . appearance. optometry. eye. EYELET. DIOPTER. sight. eye. PELOPS. to see). PYROPE. -OPSIS. synopsis. OXYTOCIC. okwImportant derivatives are: eye. swift.in compound *akupetro-. e. inoculate. WINDOW. Suffixed form *okw-7. MYOPIA. see pet-). WALLEYED. NYCTALOPIA. from Gallo-Latin compound *ab-oculus. PANOPTIC. OCULAR. from Greek opsis. blind. b. (IODOPSIN). OCULOMOTOR. SYNOPSIS. flying. visible. blind. ULLAGE. 8. from Low German oog. PHLOGOPITE. eye (and stem *op-. “swift-flying” (*pet-ro-. from Greek optos. modeled on Gaulish exops. ocular. 14. AUTOPSY. Swift. g. OPTIC. seen. EYE. autopsy. Suffixed form *okw-ti-.okuA derivative is: accipiter. Suffixed form *okw-olo-. (RHODOPSIN). [Pokorny oˆu-s 775. 16. Possibly altered zero-grade form *aku. OGLE. OPTOMETRY.] See also ekwo-. daisy. and c all from Germanic *augon. from French aveugle. window. 7. To see. from Latin oculus. 12. PINOCHLE. OPERATE. operate. maneuver. OPHTHALMO-. cornucopia. [Pokorny ok¯. duty. from Greek omma (< *opma).” fierce (*ghwero-. To work.] opImportant derivatives are: opera1. “appearing before. from Latin dissimilated opulentus. opulent. from Latin opus (stem oper-). Suffixed form *op-es-.” mirror (kata-. OMNI-. inure. to work. (see ghwer-) ferox. optimum. MANURE. having prior aspect. OPUS. Suffixed form *op-ni-. b. copious.” frightful (*atro-. OPEROSE. 7. Suffixed (superlative) form *op-tamo-. Suffixed form *okw-tro-. Suffixed form *op-en-ent-. . OFFICINAL. work. CATOPTRIC. OMNIUM-GATHERUM.” former (*anti-. back. 18. from Greek katoptron. 8. omni-. OPERA1. business (< *opi-ficiom. EXOPHTHALMOS. COOPERATE. “back-looker. before). “black-looking. eye. opus. see kat-). 20. wild). eye (with taboo deformation).775. (see dhK-) Latin officium. from Latin omnis. manure. best (< “wealthiest”).17. from Greek ophthalmos. OMNIBUS. work. 5. with its denominative verb oper7rX. “wild-looking. INURE. copy.(of oldest full-grade form *Nokw-). (see 7ter-) Latin 8trox. OMMATIDIUM. all (< “abundant”). (see ant-) Latin antXquus. 9. and secondary noun opera. 6. OMMATOPHORE. “performance of work”. 19. cooperate. Suffixed form *okw-mi. down. wealthy. from Latin optimus. produce in abundance. Zero-grade form *Nkw. MANEUVER. OPTIMUM. *-fici-. c. black). service. doing). a. rich. OPULENT. compulsory labor. CORNUCOPIA. [Pokorny 1. from Old English ærs. Large bird. orphaned. from Old English earn. b. ORPHAN. profusion. from prefixed form *co-op.] orsImportant derivatives are: ass2. drudgery. from Middle Dutch ærs. ICHTHYORNIS. COPY.325. ornitho-. robot. 6. eagle.” a. backside. ASS 2 . eagle. slave. . from Greek ornis (stem ornith-). Suffixed form *ors-o-. b. 7.780. COPIOUS. NOTORNIS. er. 3. bird. from Latin copia. “bereft of father. from Germanic *arnuz. AEPYORNIS. from Czech robota. Suffixed form *or-n-. from Old Church Slavonic rabota. backside. op. To put asunder. squirrel. from Old Slavic *orbƒ. servitude. a. [Pokorny orbho. plenty. from Greek orphanos. tail. backside.781. Both a DODO. Suffixed form *orbh-o-. ORNITHO-. ears. separate. Suffixed form *or-n-Xth-. from rabƒ. ERNE.10. collective and intensive prefix.] orbhImportant derivatives are: orphan. [Pokorny 1. ROBOT. Buttocks.] orDerivatives are: erne.” also “deprived of free status.(co-. see kom). from Latin aurXga. ANURAN. . (PERORAL). -Xg-.340. bone. from Greek oura. mouth. OS . ENDOSTEUM. OSSUARY. “he who manages the (horse's) bit”. driving. Suffixed form *ors-7-. Suffixed form *ost-r-. potsherd. ostracize. and derivative ostium (*os-to-). Mouth. OSCILLATE. door. CYNOSURE. AURIGA. OSSIFY. oyster. EREMURUS. 10. SYNOSTOSIS. OSTRACIZE. osImportant derivatives are: oral. from Greek ostrakon. OSTIUM. probably from ors-. [Pokorny 1. OSSIFRAGE. orifice. tail. 9. OROTUND. osteo-. 4. OSSEOUS. OSSICLE. ORINASAL.] SILURID. ANTHURIUM. a. shell. ORIFICE. ORAL. 1 10. TRICHURIASIS. possibly from os-. USHER. . OSTIARY. TELEOST. OSCITANCY. EXOSTOSIS. from Latin os (stem oss-). DASYURE. . 9.] ostImportant derivatives are: ossify. OSCULATE. charioteer (< *or-ig-. see ag-).and b from Germanic *arsaz. -UROUS. OS 2 OSTEO-. OXYURIASIS. Bone. OSCULUM. bone. from *ag-. PERIOSTEUM. from Greek osteon. SQUIRREL. sheatfish (oura). 8. face. INOSCULATE. OSTRACOD. from Greek silouros. lengthened from ig-. ous. a.784. URO2 b. [Pokorny ers. usher. from Latin os (stem or-). OTIC. from Old English Kare. *lag-.785. ASTRAGALUS. 6. Suffixed form *ous-en-. Suffixed basic form *ous-os-. ear. Suffixed form *aus-i-. AURIFORM.] owiImportant derivatives are: ewe. 3. c. OVINE. ASTRAGAL. to droop). from variant form in Greek astragalos. ball of the ankle joint. from Latin auscult7re. PAROTID GLAND. ear. from Latin auris. ORMER. EWE. OYSTER. (see slKg-) Greek lagos. 4. oyster. ovine. to listen to (*aus. knucklebone.+ *kli-to-. from Germanic *auzon-. AUSCULTATION. [Pokorny ous. [Pokorny ost(h). 1 6. from Old English Kwe. Also aus-Ear. AURICLE.b.] . EAR1. from Latin ovis. SCOUT . hare (< *lag-ous-. ewe. “with drooping ears”. aural1. eowu.] ousImportant derivatives are: ear1. Ionic molding. from Germanic *awi-. from Greek ostreon. Sheep.783. [Pokorny o¯i-s 784. from Greek ous (stem ot-). OTO-. see klei-). MYOSOTIS. a. 5. scout1. ear. AURAL1. b. sheep. inclined. vertebra. 5. from Persian p7d. from Latin p7scere. Contracted from *paN-. 5. (PANOCHA). from Old English fostor. from Latin p7nis. companion. PANATELA. protecting against. from Old French forre. suffixed form *p7s-tor-. fodder. suffixed form *p7s-t-ni-.(Avestan p7tar-). pastor. REPAST. FOOD. pasture. b. from Germanic *fod-. forage. to feed. bread. FUR. FOSTER. food. . PESTER.p7Important derivatives are: fodder. a. nourishment. 3. ANTIPASTO. Suffixed form *p7-dhlom (doublet of *p7-trom). food. from Germanic *fostra-. lining”). to give food to. suffixed form *p7s-sko-. pester. Extended form *p7s-. c. PASTURE. FEED. food. to feed. c. Suffixed form *p7-trom. To protect. shepherd. Suffixed form *p7-tor-. company. b. from Latin p7stor. (COMPANY). a. food. PANNIER. b. feed. from Germanic denominative *fodjan. APPANAGE. b. PABULUM. fur (< “sheath. trimming made from animal skin. BEZOAR. repast. pantry. from Old English foda. c. food. from Iranian *p7tar. 1 COMPANION . Extended form *p7t-. fodder. fur. pabulum. and c all from Germanic *fodram. suffixed form *p7t-tro-. PANTRY. 2. PASTILLE. PASTOR. FODDER. from Old French feurre. fuerre. a. 1. (PENUCHE). fodder. case. from Latin p7bulum. PANADA. from Old English fodor. antipasto. foster. FORAGE. a. 4. from Old English fKdan. feed. palette. from Latin p7x. also *pa-n-k-. probably from pag-. pacify. compact1. Lengthened-grade form *p7k-. to fit closely. b. SATRAP. from Latin p7lus. 1. from Germanic *fogjan. peace. to grasp. FAY1. from Latin pangere.] pagImportant derivatives are: fang. b. and (iii) all derivatives of Germanic *fanhan. from Latin p7la. from Old Persian khshathra-p7v7. akin to Old High German -fangolon. palisade. feng. IMPINGE. pageant. PEEL 2 . Suffixed form *pak-slo-. to seize.787. pacific. NEWFANGLED. peace ( PACE 2 PACT. [Pokorny p7. iii. pale1. PEACE. Nasalized form *pa-n-g-. PACIFIC. . stake (fixed in the ground). to close. fit. plunder. PAY1. 9. taken. from Germanic *fanglon. booty. FANG.839. COMPACT . IMPALE. . a. impale. TRAVAIL. Root form *p8k-. from Latin pacXscX. po(i). appease. *fangiz. 8. (ii). spade. Suffixed form *p7-won-. PALISADE. to catch. i. PEEL3. protector. from Germanic *fangam. 11. PACIFY. POLE2. 1 b. from Old English fang. travail. to agree. from Middle English *-fangel. pact. travel. (TRAVEL). from remade Germanic verb *fangan. page1. to join. VANG. pole2. pay1. pectin. a.6. impinge. from Old English fKgan. to fasten. (i). from Dutch vangen. 10. . pagan. ii. protector of the province. peasant. PALE 1 PALETTE. PAWL. APPEASE. Also pak-To fasten. propagate. PROPAGATE. Lengthened-grade form *p7g-. PEGMATITE. pancreas. to propagate (pro-. PAGE 1 PAGAN. village.] panImportant derivatives are: vane. all. PANCRATIUM. coagulate. (see gwhen-) Germanic compound *gund-fanon-. Fabric. PANE. “boundary staked out on the ground. “battle-flag. page. Extended form *panno-. from Greek pas (neuter pan. ˆeu. [In Pokorny 1. b.787. All. before.12. pane. see per1).592. from Greek pKgnunai.” Both a and b from Germanic *fanon. Attested only in Tocharian and Greek. PAN-. panel. in front. flag. PECTIN. VANE. a. “trellis to which a row of vines is fixed.788. from Latin prop7g7re. rag.” hence (by metaphor) column of writing. 9. d. DIAPASON. hill. a. [Pokorny p8ˆ. piece of cloth. [Pokorny pan. from Latin p7gina. . banner. from Old English fana. PAGEANT. b. from Latin pannus. from Latin p7gus. PEASANT.” district. with derivative pagos (< *pag-o-). mass. AREOPAGUS. weathercock. country. c. PANEL.] . PANCREAS. stem pant-). to fasten.] pantDerivatives are: pan-. Adjectival form *pau-. firm. to abstain from food. 11. few. father. pope. fasten. to fasten. from Old Norse festa. . filly. from Greek pappas.789.universal found in many languages. 1. poverty. breakfast. b. Both a and b from Germanic *fastuz. from Middle Dutch vast. steadfast. from French papa. firm. [Pokorny pasto. observe abstinence. puerile.papa Important derivatives are: papa. PAPA. a. to hold fast. orthopedics. FAST 2 HANDFAST. 12. from Old English fæstnian. firm. to make firm or fast. to abstain from food. to fix. FEW. . encyclopedia. pauper. a. to make firm. paucity. FASTEN. pullet. from Germanic causative *fastjan. b. POPE. from Old Norse fasta. 22. Few. fast2. and pappos. fast. STEADFAST. PAPPUS. poor.] pastImportant derivatives are: fast1. from Old English fæstan. father. from Germanic *fawaz. few. I. establish. FAST 1 .] pauImportant derivatives are: few. firm. fast. BREAKFAST. little. Both a and b from Germanic *fastKn. paraffin. affirm. [Pokorny pap(p)a 789. grandfather. foal. fixed. from Old English fæst. pony. little. A child's word for “father.” a linguistic near. from Old English fKawe. 21. from Germanic *fastinon. Solid. AVAST. PARVOVIRUS. little. PUSILLANIMOUS. peon. pajamas. 2 from Latin pusillus (< *putslo-lo). 3. colt. Suffixed form *paw-id-. impeach. Compound *pau-paros. ENCYCLOPEDIA. FOAL. a. 4. from Latin puer. impair. pawn2. from Germanic derivative *fuljo. child ( paideia. impede.842. from Greek pais (stem paid-).in metathetical form *par-wo-. producing. from Latin parvus. octopus. child. 3. POOL . Suffixed form *pau-ro. POVERTY. from Latin pauper. pessimism. [Pokorny pou.] pedImportant derivatives are: foot. millipede. II. 1. Nominal root. fetter. trivet. pioneer. from Old Norse fylja. POULARD. PUERPERAL. ORTHOPEDICS. Basic form *pau. from Latin paucus. expedite. podiatry. chicken. POLTROON. young female horse. POOR. platypus. small. little. young of an animal. young horse. poor. little. PARAFFIN. podium.2. Extended form *put-. PEDO-2. III. pedal. PULLET. 2. Suffixed reduced variant form *pu-lo-. poor (*par-os. PONY. Suffixed form *pu-ero-. I. child. impeccable. old diminutive of pullus. education). . fetch1. PUERILE. young of an animal. 2. FILLY. neuter parvum. pedestrian. rarely. pew. PAUPER. 1. see perN-1). from Latin pullus (< *putslo-). becoming parum. boy. CATCHPOLE. few.and variant form *p'-. producing little. Foot. POCO. Suffixed form *pau-ko-. from Old English fola. b. fetlock. from Germanic *fulon-. PAUCITY. PEDAL. from a Germanic source akin to Old High German vizzelach. foot. APUS. PODITE. feter. PIE3. (PAISA). from Middle Persian p7X. PHALAROPE. PIONEER. from Greek peza. PODZOL. Suffixed form *ped-ik7. PAWN2. MILLIPEDE. from Old English fot. from Greek pous (stem pod-). a. footstep. foot. -POD. FETLOCK. from Germanic *fot-. APPOGGIATURA. shackle. PAJAMA. ANTIPODES. (PEW). FOOT. and p7t. IMPEACH. “to put in fetters. -PED. b. PODIATRY. hinder (in-. from Latin expedXre. Suffixed form *ped-ero-. TRIVET. foot. from Old English fetor. from Middle English fitlock. 4. MONOPODIUM. from Greek pedon. foot. from Germanic *fetel-. b. fetlock. foot.1. PUG3. leg. PODOPHYLLIN. 8. PLATYPUS. Basic form *ped-. see eghs). from Germanic *fetero. APODAL. fetlock. in. (PEON). . leg iron. to free from a snare (ex-. foot. snare. (POLYPOD). soil. O-grade form *pod-. PEDATE. SESQUIPEDAL. under. TRAPEZIUM. 6. 2. FETTER. (PICE). fetter. 5. fetter. ground. VAMP1. 9. POLYP. (PELECYPOD). PEDO1 . 3. PEDUNCLE. PODAGRA. OCTOPUS. from Latin pKs (stem ped-). from Latin impedXre. Suffixed form *ped-o-. out of. a. see en). PODIUM. from Sanskrit padam. b. PEDESTRIAN. Suffixed form *ped-el-. EXPEDITE. PES. PARALLELEPIPED. PEDI-. TEAPOY. LYCOPODIUM. foot. hobble. 7. c. Form *ped-yo-. from Russian pod. a. Suffixed form *ped-ya. (TRIPEDAL). PEDICEL. IMPEDE. Lengthened o-grade form *pod-. SYMPODIUM.” entangle. fetlock. from Latin pedica. (< *piN-ont-). rudder. . from Greek pKdan.d. stumble. 11. from Germanic *fXjand. sin. feccean. pLd. pine1. c. to suffer. pituitary. lengthened-grade form *pKd-o-. worse (< “stumbling”). 1 a. PASSIVE. compassion. from Greek pedilon. II. from Latin pessimus. from Old English fKond. from Latin pKior. from Latin pecc7re. PASSION. fXond. Possibly *pK. PECCADILLO. patient. worst. COMPASSION. enemy. steering oar. PILOT. a. from Germanic *fetKn. to leap. To be fat. hostile. to bring back. devil.790. Extended o-grade form *poid-. fall. FAT. IMPAIR. from Greek pKdon. PESSIMISM. [Pokorny 2. suffixed (superlative) form *ped-samo-. ii. PECCABLE. Contracted from *peN(i)-. 1.] pK(i)Important derivatives are: fiend. from Old English fetian. and c all from Latin *ped-. FETCH . Irish. Suffixed form ped-X-. b. Suffixed (participial) form *pX-ont. PECCANT. to stumble. from Latin patX. suffixed form *ped-ko-. Suffixed (comparative) form *ped-yos-. 5.792. IMPECCABLE. FIEND. passion. pX-To hurt. PEJORATION. to walk. passive. i. 6. PASSIBLE. from Old English f<t(t). b. Also pK-. Verbal root *ped-. DIAPEDESIS. 10. PATIENT. sandal. hating. CYPRIPEDIUM. swell.] peiNImportant derivatives are: fat. [Pokorny pK(i).in suffixed zero-grade *pN-to-. the Irish. PINT. PIÒON. fattened. a region of Macedonia. 15. various. PICTOGRAPH. gum. 12. DEPICT. pimento. cutting tool.” a. picture. from *PXwer-i7. to embroider. from Latin pingere. PITUITARY. from derivative verb *faitjan. from Greek Pieria. POIKILOTHERM. from Old English Xras.] . spotted. [Pokorny pe˜(N). IRISH. depict. moisture exuded from trees.] peigImportant derivatives are: file2. Nasalized zero-grade form *pi-n-g-. from Latin pXtuXta. PINTO. PICRO-. the prehistoric Celtic name for Ireland. paint. from Greek pion. picturesque. 14. PIÒA CLOTH. 11. 14. from Latin pXnus. from *Xwer-i7. 12. pine tree (yielding a resin). tattoo. file. fertile. PIGMENT. bitter. b. paint. sharp. PICTURE. Suffixed zero-grade form *pX-wer-. from Greek poikilos. Alternate form *peik-. plump. PINOT. from Old English fXl. PLATY2. PICTOR. fat. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *pX-nu-. Suffixed zero-grade form *pik-ro-. to fatten. picture. mark (by incision). from Germanic past participle *faitidaz. phlegm. PAINT. fat. Also peik-To cut. pied. (ERSE). “fat. PICTURESQUE. [Pokorny 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *pX-won-. O-grade form *poik-. 13.793. from *faitaz. 13. PIERIAN SPRING. FILE2. peig. PIP5.fat.794. PINEAL. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *pX-tu-. from Greek pikros. PIMENTO. pinto. PINNACE. PROPIONIC ACID. PINE1. from Germanic *fXhala. pigment. PEPO. cuisine. Assimilated form (in Italic and Celtic) *kwekw-. from Greek peptein. and c all from Germanic *fehu-. deformed from coquXna. biscuit. from Old French fie. property. PRECOCIOUS. DECOCT. PECUNIARY. culinary. PEPSIN. QUITTOR. Suffixed form *peku-n-. precocious. b. c. wealth.] pekwImportant derivatives are: cook. pumpkin. digestion. digest ( peptos. IMPECUNIOUS. Wealth. 11. APRICOT. COOK. from Greek -pepsia. kitchen. CONCOCT. peptic. riches in cattle. DYSPEPSIA. [In Pokorny 2.] . from Latin pec7lium. FEE.798. ripe. 10. from Sanskrit pakva-. e. PUMPKIN. ripen. RICOTTA.pekuImportant derivatives are: fellow. from Latin pecus. PUKKA. kitchen. peculiar. to cook.797. pecuniary. 8. FELLOW. 7. PECULATE. from Greek pepon. 2 FEUD . 8. kiln. dyspepsia. from Medieval Latin feudum. TERRA COTTA. from Latin coquere. ripe. from Latin culXna. cattle. fief. property. cattle. d. CUISINE. cooked). PECULIAR. PECORINO. [Pokorny pek¯. PEPTIZE. a. apricot. KILN. to cook. feudal estate. from Old Norse fK. To cook. KITCHEN. fee. ripen. CULINARY. from Latin pec7nia. DRUPE. 7. PEPTIC. private property. PEPTONE. Suffixed form *peku-l-. BISCUIT. 9. b. peˆ. EUPEPTIC. concoct. a. movable property. 9. PALE . from Greek pelargos (< *pelawo-argos). poliomyelitis. 9. -fold. gray. dark. ringdove. perhaps from pel-1. see arg-). from Late Latin falco. 7. faldan. to be pale. (GYRFALCON). falcon. c. dove). POLIOMYELITIS. from Frankish falw-. a. white.” 5. FALCON. reddish yellow. b. to fold. appall. falcon ( 6. PALOMINO.804. ii. pallor. PELARGONIUM. multiple. PALLID. from Greek polios. to fold. 2 FALLOW DEER. pel. reddish-yellow. from Latin pallKre. Extended o-grade form *polt-. 4. from Old English fealdan. b.pel-1 Important derivatives are: pale1. FAUVISM. Suffixed extended form *peli-wo-. b. [Pokorny 6. falcon. To fold. PELOPS. o-grade form *poli-wo-. Pale. pallid.] pel-2 Important derivatives are: fold1. fealo. FOLD 1 . Suffixed variant form *pal-wo-. i. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *falwaz. a. FALTBOAT. from Greek pelios. Probably suffixed form *pel-ko-. palomino. APPALL. triple. from Old English fealu. “gray-bird. from Latin palumbKs (influenced in form by Latin columbus. PALLOR. from Germanic *falkon-. stork (argos. . from Old High German faldan. QUADRUPLE. TRIPLOBLASTIC. (PELT1). a. Suffixed form *pel-to-. from Latin -plus. QUINTUPLE. ERYSIPELAS. 13. FAUTEUIL. [Pokorny 3. b. and triploos. flap. OCTUPLE. a. PELISSE. (SEXTUPLE). ii. Combining form *-plo-. from Latin pellis. and e all from Germanic *falthan. DECUPLE. *-faldaz. FILM. PELLICLE. TRIPLE. -fald. d. from Old English filmen. -ploos. threefold). SEPTUPLE. membrane. see st7-). PILLION. skin. -fold. skin. Suffixed form *pel-ni-. hide. -fold (as in triplus. pleat. faldstool. b. triple). MULTIPLE.c. skin. hide. surplice. PELTRY. 10. from Old English -feald. pel. haplous. from Germanic suffixed form *fel-man-ja-. from Germanic combining form *-falthaz. from Greek -plos. a. FELL3.803. single. 10. (-PLOID). pelt1. from Old French faldestoel. c. fold. 11. [Pokorny 3. Skin. from Old English fell. pel.] . 12. from Greek -pelas. from Germanic *felnam. PELTATE. i.] pel-3 Important derivatives are: film. from Medieval Latin compound faldistolium. b. -fold (as in haploos. stool. SURPLICE. *faldan. PELLAGRA. “folding stool” (*stolaz. -FOLD. d. folding chair. a shield (made of hide).802. from Italian falda. FURBELOW. FALDSTOOL. from Greek peltK. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic compound *faldistolaz. Suffixed form *pel-no-. 9. between. pulse1. from Medieval Latin filtrum. POLISH. MONOPOLY. ANVIL. to make smooth. *filtiz. to push. appeal. pulsate. 1. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *feltaz. . PELT 2 a. strike. from Greek polein. REPEL. filter. from Latin polXre. polish. . PULSATE.804. see en). PROPEL. DISPEL. expel. from Latin compound adjective inter-polis (also interpolus). strike. Present stem *peln7-. POUSSETTE. *falt-. compressed wool. compel. a. propel. from Old English anfilt(e). COMPEL. II. pel. fuller of cloth. To thrust. 2. I. fulled (of cloth). felt. push. i. filter. Lengthened o-grade form *pol-. EXPEL. piece of felt. INTERPOLATE.pel-4 An important derivative is: monopoly.] pel-5 Important derivatives are: anvil. to sell. Suffixed form *pel-de-. from Old English felt. FILTER. suffixed o-grade form *pol-o. polish ( b. anfealt. ii. Extended form *pelN-.(with different accentuation from the preceding). drive. to beat. from Latin pellere (past participle pulsus). felt1. repel. PUSH. To sell. PULSE1. FELT 1 . IMPEL. refurbished (inter-. Suffixed o-grade form *pol-o-. [Pokorny 5. drive. BIBLIOPOLE. anvil (“something beaten on”). Both a and b from Germanic *felt-. To fill. Suffixed form *p_N-no. Both a and b from Germanic *folkam. from Old English folc. 4. 1. COMPELLATION. pel. Suffixed form *p_N-go-. PLESIOSAUR. to fill). or locative plural *plN-si. expletive. comply. PLUS. Possible suffixed zero-grade extended adverbial form *plN-ti-. see kom). II. SURPLUS. 1. PLUPERFECT.FULL1. implement. b. 3. 1. people. see III. full. 4. VOLKSLIED. appeal. to fill (from Germanic derivative verb *fulljan. full. a. address (com-. complete. .” address. 2. *fullaz. replacing *pl7no. plus. full amount (from Germanic abstract noun *full-Xno-. plethora. Zero-grade form *p_N-. contracted from *pleN-. from Germanic *fulnaz. poly-. from Latin stem *plKno-. See also III. surplus. “to drive to. plural. plebeian. [Pokorny 2. from Old English fyllan.a. deplete. PLENARY. PLENITUDE. entreat. Suffixed form *p(e)lN-u-. replenish.(influenced by Latin verb plKre. call (ad-. accomplish. people. near (*pl7ti or *pl7si. full. Obscure comparative form. fullness). TERREPLEIN. plenitude. a. PLENIPOTENTIARY.801. and fyllu. NONPLUS. to fill. from Old English full. APPEAL. PLENUM. FILL. see ad-). from Greek plKsios. FOLK. from Latin appell7re. folk.] pelN-1 Important derivatives are: full1. fill. from Latin pl7s. plenty. supply. from Latin compell7re. PLURAL. PI˘. 2. more (Old Latin plous). PLENTY. with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. from Old High German folc. to accost. from Latin plKnus. b. I. to. intensive prefix. below). compliment. REPLENISH. Variant *plK-. palm1. many. planet. IV. (COMPLY). floor. from Greek polus. 1 from Latin pal7s. PLEBEIAN. PLEBS. plasma. PLEIOTROPISM. FIELD. plaster. Suffixed form *pel(N)-tu-. 2. open field. palm2. COMPLETE. Suffixed (superlative) form *plK-isto-. PALUDAL. POLY-. from Old English feld. 6. plKbKs. 5. Suffixed form *pel(N)-t-es. from Greek pleistos. Suffixed (comparative) form *plK-i(s)on-. pleion. a. 4. 7. PLEISTOCENE. PLIOCENE. from Greek plKrKs. much. but probably rather from pel-1). to fill. from Germanic *felthuz. contracted from *plaN-. 3. PLEBISCITE. the people. POORI. PLEIOTAXY. DEPLETE. Suffixed form *plK-dhwo-. plain. to be full. full. (ACCOMPLISH). field.below. III. Variant form *plK-. from Latin plKbs. plane2. marsh. from Greek pleon. 2. COMPLIMENT. Variant *pl7-. PLEROCERCOID. Possibly suffixed form *plK-dhw-. cake (pelN-1. 6. O-grade form *pol(N)-u-. PALUDISM. FELDSPAR.(by-form of *pel(N)-tu-). from Greek derivative verb plKthein.798. possibly from pelN(? < “inundated”. PLETHYSMOGRAPH. PLEO-. (PLEBE). SUPPLY. IMPLEMENT. EXPLETIVE. from Latin plKre.] pelN-2 Important derivatives are: field. [Pokorny 1. 1. from Old High German feld. PLEONASM. plane1. polka. multitude. HOI POLLOI. from Sanskrit p7raU. plastic. to spread. explain. more. 3. Flat. most. pel. flat land. REPLETE. Suffixed adjective (positive) form *plK-ro-. PLETHORA. . -PLASTY. PLANISH. VELDT. [Pokorny pelN. possibly from pelN-2. -PLASIA. plat- pelN-3 Important derivatives are: police. metropolis. to walk the streets idly. (TOXOPLASMA). (DYSPLASIA). velt. POLKA. (PIANOFORTE). PLASMA. METROPOLIS. EXPLAIN. floor. clear. PLANARIAN. floor. (POLITY). PALM1. PLANE . Both a and b from Germanic *feltha-. PIANO2. level. from Latin palma (< *palama). PLANET. PLANULA. suffixed form *pl7-ru-. from Middle Dutch veld.] See also extensions pl7k-1. fortified high place. b. POLIS. from Greek planasthai. Possibly extended variant form *plan-. 1 2 3 PLANE . LLANO. NECROPOLIS. to wander ( from French fl‚ner. from Germanic *floruz. flat. PLANE . a. 11. from Greek plassein (< *plath-yein). ACROPOLIS. field. PLAIN. Variant form *pl7-. from Latin pl7nus. Citadel.805. PROPOLIS. from a Germanic source akin to Old Norse flana. Suffixed zero-grade form *p_N-m7. PLASTER.b. policy1. from Greek polis. flat land. to wander aimlessly. b. -PLAST. open. even. POLYNYA. “spread out. city. politic.” 12. palm of the hand. from Old English flor. COSMOPOLIS. to mold. METAPLASM. field. a. O-grade form *polN-. POLICE. broad flat land. from Germanic *flan-. 10. from Slavic polje. (POLICY 1 MEGALOPOLIS. PALM2. suffixed form *pl7-no-. PLASTIC. (PLASTID). 9. POLICLINIC. 8. from Russian polyV. plain. POLACK. PLANO-. COSMOPOLITE. POLITIC. Suffixed zero-grade form *plN-dh-. FL‚NEUR. FLOOR. a. b. . ). APLANATIC. (CINQUEFOIL). see dekc). fifty (-tKne. FIN . from Old English fXftKne.798. d. CINQUE. from Latin distributive quXnX. quintet. from Latin quXnqu7ginta. QUINCUNX. a. see dekc).” fifty (*-(d)konta. b. QUINQUAGENARIAN. a. Five. 4. 2. five. (PENTATHLON). fifty. see dekc). Both a and b from Germanic *fimf. from Sanskrit paÒca. ten. QUINQUE-. Pentecost. PENSTEMON. Both a and b from Germanic compound *fimftehun. CINQUECENTO. FEMTO-. from Greek pente. 2. from Old High German finf. c. CINQUAIN. fifteen. five. I. from Old Norse fimmt7n. penta-. Assimilated form *pempe.[In Pokorny 1. Assimilated form *kwenkwe. quintessence. QUINATE. from Latin quXnque. b. with derivative fXftig. fifteen. pentad. PACHISI. PENTECOST. ten. pentagon. fifth. foist. ten. FIFTY. from Latin compound quXndecim. Compound *penkwe-(d)konta. . see dekc). five each. fist. fifteen (*tehun. pentathlon. 1. c. five. fifty. QUINDECENNIAL.] penkwe Important derivatives are: five. five. PENTA-. from Old English fXf. 1. finger. KENO. pel. 3. five. (PENTAMETER). QUINQUAGESIMA. from Greek pentKkonta. II. Basic form *penkwe. FIVE. group of ten. PUNCH 3 . (PENTAGON). fifteen (decem. “five tens. fifteen. PENTAD. 2 FIFTEEN. funf. b. fist. PONTINE. from Old English findan. 2. “he who prepares the way”. walk. FOIST. “way.839. to tread. bridge (earliest meaning. finger. To tread. 10. PONTIFF. PUNT . from Old English pæth. punt1. QUINTUPLE. QUINT from Old English fXfta. passage. path. finger ( V. from Germanic *fingwraz. from Germanic *fimfton-. 12. PONS. FIND. fifth. PONTOON. SPUTNIK.” preserved in the priestly title pontifex. IV. pontiff. QUINTESSENCE. QUINTILE. FIFTH. fist. FINGER. see dhK-). from Dutch vuist. QUINTAIN. 1 b. fifth. fellow traveler. to find. a. feminine quXnta. Suffixed o-grade form *pont-i-. from put'. PONTIFEX. a. path. Both a and b from Germanic *funhstiz [Pokorny penk¯e 808. from Latin quXntus (< *quinc-tos). 1. discover.] pentImportant derivatives are: find. Suffixed reduced zero-grade form *pik-sti-. 9.III. (TRANSPONTINE). Suffixed form *penkw-ro-. pontoon. . Suffixed zero-grade form *pit-N-. PATH. QUINTILLION. to come upon. from Old English f«st. from Russian sputnik. from Latin pons (stem pont-). path. sputnik. go. -fex. from Germanic *finthan. Ordinal adjective *penkw-to-. Zero-grade form *pit-. PERIPATETIC. from Greek patein. QUINTET. maker. sputnik. a. way. from Old English finger. FIST. 11. piksti. 1 . PERISSODACTYL. purchase. from Avestan pairi-. paradise. prove. over. probably borrowed (? via Scythian) from Iranian *path-. [Pokorny pent. b. to wrinkle. way. 2. path. a. principal. probable. a. proper. PURDAH. from Old English feor(r). around. primal. veneer. Basic form *per and extended form *peri.” “before. c. for. b. 4. premier. . from. afford.” “around. priest. improve. fore. path. FOOTPAD. from Old High German far-. from Middle High German vereinen. prow. prone. property. PER-. to unite. approach. from Germanic *fer(e)ra. way.” “through. far. from Greek peri. prime. PARADISE. protein. PARAMOUNT. and d all from Germanic *fer-. a. PARAMOUR. primitive. from Old Persian pari. former2. PARGET. approximate. near. deprive. around. paramount. further. pristine. Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of “forward. privy. c. primate.” I. from Middle Dutch pad. probe. through. proton. used chiefly as an intensive prefix denoting destruction. furnish. for. PERI-. private.” “at.” “chief. from Latin per. slacken. approve. PARVENU.” “near. FAR. by. first.808. farther away.” and a wide range of extended senses such as “in front of.” “early.” “against. to let out. VEER 2 .” “toward. (see ghend-) Germanic compound *fer-getan. forefather. Both a and b from Germanic *patha-. forth. pre-. FRUMP. reproach. privilege. reciprocal. proof. foremost. PER.” “first.b. “to lose one's hold. primary. principle. beyond. from Middle Dutch vieren. prince. Suffixed (comparative) form *per-ero-. or completion.” forget. before. d. reversal. around. appropriate.] per1 Important derivatives are: far. *far-. from Middle Dutch verrompelen. 3. TURNVEREIN. b. b. Suffixed (comparative) form *py-tero-.(or *por-st-i-. to eat). before. a. 3. (see wer-) Old Iranian *pari-v7raka-. Both a and b from Latin por. “first meal. . before. from Latin porro.” stake. 2 FOREMOST. Suffixed form *py-sod. b. from Latin por-. second element *-(e)d-. Compound *py-st-i. III. PARGET. *furma-. Extended form *pyt-. Both a and b from Germanic *fur. from Germanic *furista-. 2. pejoration. forward. from Old English fyrst. “that which stands before. Extended zero-grade form *pyN-. from Old English furthra. a. FIRST.from *py-. on account of. 5. Zero-grade form *py-. . Suffixed form *pyN-wo-. a. from Old English forth. first.” late breakfast. FORTH. a. lunch (probably < *pr7m-d-ium < *pyNm(e)d-yo-. again. Suffixed (superlative) form *pyN-mo-. foremost. from Old English for-. from Old Russian pere-. PERESTROIKA. (see ed-) Latin compound prandium. from Germanic *furthera-. 3. or completion. from Germanic *fruma-. protective. around. b. around. from Old English forma. foremost. Suffixed (superlative) form *pyN-isto-. FOR. 4. in. with o-grade form *por-).c. forth. from Germanic *furth-. FOR-. 1. furthor. farther away. prefix denoting destruction. exclusion. from Slavic *per-. forward. II. PORRECT. first. FORMER b. and c all from Old Iranian *pari-. FURTHER. AFFORD. instead of. 2. from Old English for. fyrest. forward. post (see st7). PROTEIN. . (FR‰ULEIN). raft. Kik-) Germanic *fra-. Extended form *prp. PRAM 2 FURNISH. from Old Norse fr7. lengthened-grade feminine of *frawan-. forward part of a ship. PROTON. before. from Germanic *fram. from Germanic *frum. Suffixed form *pro-wo-. BEFORE. before. to further. first. from Germanic *frowo-. foremost. from Old English beforan. from Germanic derivative verb *frumjan. half-acre (second element obscure). forward. (see ed-. from Old English from. c. Suffixed form *pyN-i. from suffixed (superlative) form *prow-ato-. from Celtic *(p)ari. foremost. Both a and b from Greek *prowo-. completely. for. before. b. Suffixed form *prp-mo-. from. in the front (*bi-. VENEER. c. 2. to supply. 3. from Old High German fora. from Latin arepennis. b. FORE-. a. FROM. from Czech pr·m. FORE. lady. a. *are. see ambhi). ARPENT. lady. a. from Germanic prefixed and suffixed form *bi-fora-na. IV. from. from Old French f(o)urnir. and c all from Germanic *fura. from analogically suffixed form *prow-arya. beside. first. . before.a. by. beyond. . 4. PROW. forward. from Greek para. FRAU. PARA- 1 V. from Greek protos. from Gaulish ari (combining form are-). PROTO-. (FROWARD). PROTIST. before. b. from Germanic *fra. 2. provide. FRO. b. away from. PALFREY. VORLAGE. from Greek proira. Extended form *pyN8. alongside of. lord. (FOREFATHER). from Old High German frouwa. at. from Old English fore. a. from. b. from Latin probus. intensive prefix. (IMPROVE). Suffixed form *prei-wo-. former. Suffixed (comparative) form *prei-yos-. APPROACH. from Slavic pravƒ. suffixed (superlative) form *prokw-samo-. in front. APPROVE. PROBE. Suffixed form *pro-no-. from Latin pro. (PROUD). NAPRAPATHY. 7. Extended forms *prai-. before. IMPROBITY.4. (PROBABLE). from Latin pronus. HYSTERON PROTERON. a. 12. near. from Latin proximus. in *ro-wero-. from Greek proteros. Possible suffixed form *pro-ko-. backward. 11. VI. 3. PRIOR2. before. prp-. from Latin compound reciprocus. PRO-1. instead of. former. see bheuN-). suffixed form *prokw-inkwo-. right. virtuous. . REPROACH. from Latin prae. before. see re-). *prei-. from Latin propinquus. 10. 2. PRAKRIT. (see wKro-) Celtic *ro-. RECIPROCAL. (PROOF). PRETERIT. Suffixed (comparative) form *pro-tero-. from Latin prior. (RAPPROCHEMENT). near. leaning forward. to grow. from Greek pro. sufficiency. from Sanskrit pra-. 8. 1. higher. . PROBITY. 13. alternating. PRO2 . PRE-. from Latin prope. 5. upright. “backward and forward” (*re-ko-. APPROXIMATE. before. PROXIMATE. PROTEROZOIC. c. Compound *pro-bhw-o-. for. forth. (REPROVE). PRO 1 6. nearest. Suffixed form *pro-wo-. superior. PROPINQUITY. PROVE. Suffixed adverb *pro-kwe. before. good. forward. PURCHASE. PRONE. growing well or straightforward (*bhw-o-. 9. b. old. APPROPRIATE. 4. porter1. from Old Norse fjˆrdhr. suffixed form *preis-tano-. near. original. portable. I. per-3. Extended form *pres. PRIMOGENITOR. DEPRIVE. PRINCIPAL. PRIMATE. PRISTINE. 1. PRIMAVERA 1 PROPRIOCEPTOR. ablative plural prXmXs). emporium. “-taker”. PRIMO. welfare. ii.a. PRIMUS. report. “going before” (*gw-u-. from Latin compound prXnceps. PRIMIPARA. rapport. export. old man. PRIVITY. fern. VII. A verbal root belonging to the group of per1. [Pokorny 2. PRESBYTER. from Greek presbus. elder. in particular. PRIVY. pore2. former. b. PRIMARY. FIRTH. emperor (-ceps. an . support. see gw7-). fare. To lead. from the ablative of prXvus.” leader. . from Latin prXstinus. 5. from Latin prXmus (< *prXsmus.in compound *pres-gwu-. IMPRIMIS. single. i. PRIMOGENITURE. PROPRIOCEPTION. from Latin prXvus. chief. see V. earlier. pro. (PRIEST). PRIMITIVE. for. at. from Greek pros. fjord. pass over.] Other possibly related forms are grouped under per-2. portage. PRIME. b. ford. PRIMORDIAL. VIII. Extended form *proti. alone ( PROPER. one's own. per-4. PRIVATE. sport. portfolio. particular (< pro prXvo. Suffixed form *per-tu-. transport. first. important. Extended form *preis-. foremost. portal. PRIMAL. PRESBYOPIA. PROS-. “he who takes first place. PREMIER. a. going. import. ferry. opportune. per-5 per-2 Important derivatives are: firth. PRIMEVAL. single. toward. see kap-). PROPERTY. PRINCE. from Latin proprius. FJORD. per 810. Suffixed (superlative) form *preis-mo-. Full-grade form *per-. port1. PRIVILEGE. porch.). against. wayfarer. PRINCIPLE. A. inlet, estuary, from Germanic *ferthuz, place for crossing over, ford. 2. Suffixed form *per-on7. PERONEAL, from Greek peronK, pin of a brooch, buckle ( 3. Suffixed form *per-yo-. DIAPIR, from Greek peirein, to pierce. II. O-grade form *por-. i. ii. FARE; WAYFARER, WAYFARING, (WELFARE), from Old English faran, to go on a journey, get along; FIELDFARE, from Old English faran, possibly altered by folk etymology in Old English, from an uncertain original; b. GABERDINE, from Old High German faran, to go, travel. Both a and b from Germanic *faran, to go. 2. Suffixed form *por-o-, passage, journey. PORE2; EMPORIUM, POROMERIC, from Greek poros, journey, passage. 3. Suffixed (causative) form *por-eyo-, to cause to go, lead, conduct. FERRY, from Old English ferian, to transport, from Germanic *farjan, to ferry. 4. Lengthened-grade form *por-. a. FERE, from Old English (ge)fKra, “fellow-traveler,” companion (ge-, together, with; see kom), from Germanic suffixed form *for-ja-; F¸HRER, b. from Old High German fuoren, to lead, from Germanic suffixed (causative) form *for-jan. 5. Possibly suffixed form *por-no-, feather, wing ( a. b. FERN, from Old English fearn, fern (having feathery fronds), from Germanic *farno, feather, leaf; PAN 2 , from Sanskrit parham, leaf, feather. III. Zero-grade form *py-. 1. Suffixed form *py-tu-, passage. a. b. FORD, from Old English ford, shallow place where one may cross a river, from Germanic *furdu-; ; IMPORTUNE, OPPORTUNE, from Latin portus, harbor (< “passage”). PORT 1 2. Suffixed form *py-t7. PORCH, PORT3, PORTAL, PORTCULLIS, PORTER2, PORTICO, PORTIËRE, PORTULACA, from Latin porta, gate. 3. Suffixed (denominative) form *py-to-. PORT5, PORTABLE, PORTAGE, 1 PORTAMENTO, PORTATIVE, PORTER ; COMPORT, DEPORT, EXPORT, IMPORT, (IMPORTANT), PORTFOLIO, PURPORT, RAPPORT, REPORT, (SPORT), SUPPORT, TRANSPORT, from Latin port7re, to carry. [Pokorny 2. B. per 816.] per-3 Important derivatives are: fear, peril, experience, experiment, expert, pirate, empiric. To try, risk ( A verbal root belonging to the group of per1. 4. Lengthened grade *pKr-. FEAR, from Old English f<r, danger, sudden calamity, from Germanic *fKraz, danger. 5. Suffixed form *perX-tlo-. (PARLOUS), PERIL, from Latin perXclum, perXculum, trial, danger. 6. Suffixed form *per-yo-. EXPERIENCE, EXPERIMENT, EXPERT, from Latin experXrX, to try, learn by trying (ex-, from; see eghs). 7. Suffixed form *per-ya. PIRATE; EMPIRIC, from Greek peira, trial, attempt. [Pokorny 2. E. per 818.] per-4 Important derivatives are: press1, pressure, print, compress, depress, express, imprint, oppress, repress, reprimand, suppress. To strike. A verbal root possibly belonging to the group of per1. Extended forms *prem- , *pres-. PREGNANT2, PRESS1, PRESSURE, PRINT; APPRESSED, COMPRESS, DEPRESS, EXPRESS, 1 IMPRESS , (IMPRINT), OPPRESS, REPRESS, (REPRIMAND), SUPPRESS, from Latin premere (past participle pressus), to press. [Pokorny 3. per- 818.] per-5 Important derivatives are: interpret, praise, precious, price, appraise, appreciate, depreciate, pornography. To traffic in, sell (per1. Base of two distinct extended roots. I. Root form *pret-. 1. INTERPRET, from Latin compound inter-pres (stem inter-pret-), go-between, negotiator (inter-, between; see en). 2. Suffixed form *pret-yo-. PRAISE, PRECIOUS, PRICE; APPRAISE, (APPRECIATE), DEPRECIATE, from Latin pretium, price. II. Root form *perN-. Suffixed form *p(e)r-n-N-, with o-grade *por(N)-n7. PORNOGRAPHY, from Greek pornK, prostitute, from pernanai, to sell. [In Pokorny 2. C. per 817.] perdImportant derivatives are: fart, partridge.. To fart. 1. 2. FART, from Old English *feortan, to fart, from Germanic *fertan, *farton. PARTRIDGE, from Greek perdix, partridge (which makes a sharp whirring sound when suddenly flushed). [Pokorny perd- 819.] See also pezd-. perN-1 Important derivatives are: parade, pare, parry, apparatus, apparel, disparate, emperor, imperative, imperial, parachute, parasol, prepare, rampart, repair1, separate, sever, several, parent, repertory. To produce, procure. Possibly the same root as perN-2. See also per-5 II. Zero-grade form *pyN(becoming *par- in Latin). a. root form *par-7-. PARADE, PARE, (PARLAY), PARRY, (PARURE); APPARATUS, (APPAREL), COMPRADOR, DISPARATE, EMPEROR, (IMPERATIVE), (IMPERIAL), (PARACHUTE), PARASOL, PREPARE, 1 RAMPART, REPAIR , SEPARATE, (SEVER), (SEVERAL), from Latin par7re, to try to get, prepare, equip; b. suffixed form *par-yo-. -PARA, PARENT, PARITY2, -PAROUS, PARTURIENT, POSTPARTUM, REPERTORY, from Latin parere, parXre, to get, beget, give birth; c. suffixed form *par-o-, producing, in compound *pauparos, producing little, poor (see pau-); d. suffixed form *par-ik7. PARCAE, from Latin Parcae, the Fates (who assign one's destiny). [Pokorny 2. D. per 818.] perN-2 Important derivatives are: parcel, parse, part, impart, repartee, portion, proportion, pair, par, parlay, peer2, compare, nonpareil. To grant, allot (reciprocally, to get in return). Possibly the same root as perN-1. See also per-5 II. Zero-grade form *pyN- (becoming *par- in Latin). a. suffixed form *par-ti-. PARCEL, (PARCENER), PARSE, PART; BIPARTITE, COMPART, IMPART, REPARTEE, from Latin pars (stem part-), a share, part; b. possibly suffixed form *par-tio. PORTION, PROPORTION, from Latin portio, a part (first attested in the phrase pro portione, in proportion, according to each part, perhaps assimilated from *pro partione); c. PAIR, PAR, (PARITY ), PEER2; COMPARE, IMPARITY, NONPAREIL, PARI-MUTUEL, from Latin p7r, equal, perhaps from perN2 . 1 [Pokorny 2. per, Section C. 817.] perkwuImportant derivatives are: fir, cork. Oak. 1. Zero-grade form *pykw-. FIR, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Icelandic f«ri, fir, from Germanic *furh-jon. 2. Assimilated form *kwerkwu-. CORK, QUERCETIN; QUERCITRON, from Latin quercus, oak. [Pokorny perk¯u-s 822.] pesImportant derivatives are: pencil, penicillium, penis. Penis. Suffixed form *pes-ni-. PENCIL, (PENICILLIUM), PENIS, from Latin pKnis (< *pesnis), penis, tail. [Pokorny 3. pes- 824.] petImportant derivatives are: feather, petition, appetite, compete, perpetual, repeat, pen1, propitious, ptomaine, symptom, hippopotamus. Also petN-To rush, fly. Variant *ptK-, contracted from *pteN-. 3. Suffixed form *pet-r7. FEATHER, from Old English fether, feather, from Germanic *fethro, feather. 4. -PETAL, PETITION, PETULANT; APPETITE, COMPETE, IMPETUS, PERPETUAL, REPEAT, from Latin petere, to go toward, seek. 5. Suffixed form *pet-n7. PANACHE, PEN1, PENNA, PENNATE, PENNON, PIN, PINNA, PINNACLE, PINNATE, (PINNATI-), PINNULE; EMPENNAGE, from Latin penna, pinna, feather, wing. 6. Suffixed form *pet-ro- (see oku-). 7. Suffixed form *pet-yo-. PROPITIOUS, from Latin propitius, favorable, gracious, orginially a religious term meaning “falling or rushing forward,” hence “eager,” “well-disposed” (said of the gods; pro-, forward; see per1). 8. Suffixed zero-grade form *pt-ero-. -PTER; ACANTHOPTERYGIAN, APTERYX, ARCHAEOPTERYX, COLEOPTERAN, MECOPTERAN, ORTHOPTERAN, PERIPTERAL, PLECOPTERAN, PTERIDOLOGY, PTERYGOID, from Greek pteron, feather, wing, and pterux, wing. 9. Suffixed zero-grade form *pt-ilo-. COLEOPTILE, from Greek ptilon, soft feathers, down, plume. 10. Suffixed variant form *ptK-no-. STEAROPTENE, from Greek ptKnos, winged, flying. 11. Reduplicated form *pi-pt-. PTOMAINE, PTOSIS; ASYMPTOTE, PERIPETEIA, PROPTOSIS, SYMPTOM, from Greek piptein, to fall, with nominal derivatives pto-to-, pto-ti-, pto-ma. 12. O-grade form *pot-. HIPPOPOTAMUS, from Greek potamos “rushing water,” river (-amo-, Greek suffix). 13. Suffixed form *pet-tro-. TALIPOT, from Sanskrit pattram, feather, leaf. [Pokorny 2. pet- 826.] petNImportant derivatives are: fathom, patent, pace1, pass, compass, expand, petal, pan1. To spread. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *pot(N)-mo-. FATHOM, from Old English fæthm, fathom, from Germanic *fathmaz, “length of two arms stretched out.” 2. Suffixed (stative) variant zero-grade form *pat-K-. PATENT, PATULOUS, from Latin patKre, to be open. 3. Probably variant zero-grade form in remade nasalized form *pat-no-. PACE1, (PAS), (PASS), PASSIM; (COMPASS), EXPAND, REPAND, from Latin pandere (past participle passus < *pat-to-), to spread out. 4. Suffixed form *pet-alo-. PETAL, from Greek petalon, leaf. 5. Suffixed form *pet-ano-. (PAELLA), PAN1, PATEN, (PATINA1), (PATINA2), from Greek patanK (? < *petan7), platter, “thing spread out.” 6. PETASOS, from Greek petasos, broad-brimmed hat, from Greek suffixed form *peta-so-. [Pokorny 1. pet 824.] peuImportant derivatives are: putative, account, amputate, compute, count1, dispute, impute, repute, pave. To cut, strike, stamp. 5. Suffixed (participial) zero-grade form *pu-to, cut, struck. a. PUTAMEN, PUTATIVE; (ACCOUNT), AMPUTATE, COMPUTE, COUNT 1 , from Latin put7re, to prune, clean, settle an account, think over, reflect; b. PIT 1 DEPUTE, DISPUTE, IMPUTE, REPUTE, , from Latin puteus, well, possibly from peu-. 6. Variant form *pau-. a. suffixed form *pau-yo. PAVE, (PAVÈ), from Latin pavXre, to beat; b. suffixed (stative) form *paw-K-. PAVID, from Latin pavKre, to fear ( c. [Pokorny 3. pKu- 827.] ANAPEST, from Greek paiein, to beat, perhaps from peu-. peuNImportant derivatives are: pure, purge, Puritan, expurgate. To purify, cleanse. Suffixed zero-grade form *p7-ro- (< *puN-ro). POUR, PURE, PURGE, PURITAN; COMPURGATION, DEPURATE, EXPURGATE, (SPURGE), from Latin p7rus, pure, and see ag-). PUNCTURE. [Pokorny 1. POINT. pNterImportant derivatives are: father. (PYGMAEAN). peu. FEIST. to fart. from Latin pKdis. fist. PEDICULAR.] peukImportant derivatives are: pugilism. Nasalized zero-grade form *pu-n-g-. 4. 1 3 1 POINTILLISM. from Latin pungere. PONTIL. 2. and pugnus. REPUGN. paternal. petard. Suffixed form *pezd-i-. pounce1. expunge.] See also perd-. 5. 2. PETARD. OPPUGN. pugnacious.] pezdDerivatives are: fizzle. PUGIL STICK. a fart. [Pokorny peuˆ. PUGILISM. from Greek pugmK. [Pokorny pezd. To fart. (POUNCE ). COMPUNCTION. impugn. PUNCHEON . 6. Father. EXPUNGE. padre. IMPUGN. Suffixed form *pug-no-. with denominative pugn7re. to fart. poignant. PUGNACIOUS. punctuate.796. patriarch. louse (? pezd-. PONIARD. from Latin pugil. from Latin pKdere. point. Zero-grade form *pug-. BUNG. expatriate. to drive. patriot. 3. peis. PUNGENT. perpetrate. fist.828. (POUNCE ). pungent. from Germanic *fistiz. Also peug-To prick. second element agere. PYGMY. patrician.829.827. SPONTOON. pugilist. forefather. puncture. to fight with the fist. .p7rg7re. pygmy. 1. patrimony. FIZZLE. patron. to prick. POIGNANT. from Middle English fisten. TRAPUNTO. to purify (< *p7r-ig7re. PUNCTUATE. from Middle English flake.5. father. father. hurdle. PLEA. [Pokorny pNt K´(r) 829. flake. placate. PËRE. placebo. PLACEBO. EXPATRIATE. to please. to calm (causative of placKre). from Germanic *flago. from Germanic *flakaz. FLAKE 1 c. from PATRI-. from Latin placKre. to beg humbly. from Germanic *flok-. PERPETRATE. under. PLEASE. Possibly suffixed (stative) form *plak-K-. FLOE. to be calm (as of the flat sea). 6. PATER. from Old English fæder. suppliant (whence denominative supplic7re. pleasant. PATRIOT. from Old Norse flaga. from Latin pl7c7re. SUPPLE. (SUPPLICATE). . FLAKE 2 4. PLEASANT. see upo. from Germanic *flak-. placenta. 2. Variant form *pl7g-. plea.] pl7k-1 Important derivatives are: fluke1. FLAG4. a. (FOREFATHER). 6. FATHER. I entreat you. Greek patKr.) 7. from Latin supplex. father. sub. PATRON. from Germanic *floho. plank. PATRI-. Root noun *plak-. coating. PATRIMONY. archipelago. placid. layer of stone. . from Germanic *fadar. Also plak-To be flat. PLACABLE. from Old Norse flo. PLACID. Lengthened suffixed form *pl7k-7-. EUPATRID. 5. complacent. (PLEAD). FLUKE 1 . plead. b. 7. first attested in Archaic Latin as sub vos placo. COMPLACENT. ALLOPATRIC. 3. SYMPATRIC. Extension of pelN-2. flaw1. PATRIARCH. be agreeable. Extended form *plak7. layer. flake. please. fleki. from Old Norse flaki. PLACATE. flat piece. PADRE. flake1. flatfish. PATERNAL. FLAW1. PATRICIAN. . from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Norwegian flak. from Latin pater. from Old English floc. from Germanic *flang-. PLAINT. a blow. plague. from Latin plangere. [Pokorny 2. from Greek plax. Suffixed form *pl7k-yo-. complain. from Latin pl7ga. from Latin plaga. to strike (one's own breast). side.] platImportant derivatives are: flat1. plaint. PLANCHET. PLACOID. PLANK. from Greek plagos. flounder2. from Middle English flingen to fling. flat. a. suffixed form *plang-yo-. sea. paraplegia. PLAYA. Variant form *pl7g-. stroke. pl7k. Possible variant form *pelag-. -PLEGIA. PLANKTON. . Root form *plak-. flatter1. PLAGUE. net (? pl7k-1. flat2. CATAPLEXY. PLAGIARY. supplant. flat. 2. PLACENTA. COMPLAIN. b. 3. from Greek plKssein. pl7-k. a. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse flengja. PLANGENT. PELAGIC. from Greek pelagos. PLAGIO-.] pl7k-2 Important derivatives are: fling. to drive away. surface. from Greek plazein. to flog. flat land. 11. LEUKOPLAKIA. *pla-n-g-. apoplexy. 10. Variant form *plag-. b. clan. plant. whip.8. APLOPLEXY. Nasalized variant forms *pla-n-k-. plankton. lament. strike. ARCHIPELAGO. to beat. PLEXOR.832. from Latin plancus. Nasalized form *pla-n-k-. To strike. PLECTRUM. flat-footed. FLING. 9. PLAGAL.831. [Pokorny 1. turn aside. PARAPLEGIA. c. plan. 1. 2. sole of the foot. PLANT. to flatter. dwelling. ply1. (PLATITUDE). flounder. pliant. multiplex. flat. plait. to drive in with the sole of the foot.place. PLANTAR. Also *plet-. Basic form *plat-. pancake. (PLAZA). FLAN. FLAT 1 . TRANSPLANT. (PLATY2). implicate. FLAT2. PIAZZA. 5. b. FLOUNDER 2 6. . reply. FLATTER 3. from Late Latin flado. (PLATEAU). PLAICE. from Germanic *flatho(n). plate. from Old English flet(t). flax. from Old French flater.] plekImportant derivatives are: flax. platitude. CLAN. floor. Extension of pelN-2.833. Suffixed variant form *plad-yo-. To spread. from Germanic *flahsam. plateau. PLANE4. SUPPLANT. flat cake. flatfish. PLANTAIN1. [Pokorny plat. Nasalized form *pla-n-t-. flax. from Greek platus. Variant form *plad-. PLAN. a. broad. display. Suffixed o-grade form *plok-so-. deploy. PLANTIGRADE. flat cake. 4. from Germanic *flatjam. from Latin planta. (PLANE TREE). . PLACE. 7. Extension of pel-2. Suffixed zero-grade form *p_t-u-. Both a and b from Germanic *flataz. apply. from Old Norse flatr. whence planta. plant. FLAX. from Germanic nasalized suffixed form *flu-n-th-r-jo-. flounder. PLATY-. perplex. PLATE. from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Old Swedish flundra. employ. plaza. flat. 1 . To plait. flat. plight1. from Anglo-Norman floundre. a plant. complicate. and denominative plant7re. from Old English fleax. complex. 1. 3.] pleuImportant derivatives are: plover. riches (< “overflowing”). breath. Suffixed zero-grade form *plu-elos. PYELITIS. from Latin -plex. from Latin pulmo (< *plumonKs). from Latin plic7re. flee. . 4. to fold (also in compounds used as denominatives of words in -plex. COMPLECT.and *plek-t-to-. PLIANT. (PLUVIAL). Full-grade form *plek-. COMPLICATE. PLUTO. entwine. see dwo-). PLICA. EMPLOY. fluster. to plait. trough. Pluto. (COMPLEX). twisted. “floater. flow. pneumon (influenced by pneuma. fowl. PLIGHT 4. PLUTOCRACY. AMPLEXICAUL. and plektos. DISPLAY. I. pneumonia. to rain. MULTIPLEX. b. PNEUMO-. PLICATE. from Latin plectere (past participle plexus). 3. -fold (in compounds such as duplex. . PLUVIOUS. EXPLICATE. IMPLICATE.” lung(s). flight1. 5. from Latin pluere. twofold.834. 1 PLAIT. basin. PNEUMONIC. (REPLY). float. Basic form *pleu-. Suffixed forms *plek-to. from Greek dissimilated puelos. PLEUSTON. to weave. fly1. wealth. see pneu-). pulmonary. lung(s). To flow. PULMONARY. fleet1. [Pokorny pleˆ. Lengthened o-grade form *plo(u)-. PLISSÈ. sailing. Suffixed form *pl(e)u-mon-. from Greek pleumon. PLY1. PLUTOGRAPHY. flutter. DEPLOY. from Greek ploutos. 5. PLEXUS. PNEUMONIA. 2. lung. Suffixed o-grade form *plou-to. PLECTOGNATH. (PLOVER). fly2. PERPLEXED. twine. genitive -plicis). from Greek plekein. REPLICATE. flit. COMPLICE. PLEACH. flood. fleet2. APPLY. 1. plait. 6. a.2. PLECOPTERAN. fledge. from Greek pleusis. to flow. from Old English flod. from Germanic suffixed form *fleug-ika. to fly. to run away. and *flyht. FLY FLEE. FLIGHT2. FLOW. from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ila. from Germanic *fleugon-. flowing water. fly. 1. flKgan. FLOOD. flying insect. FUGLEMAN. FLEY. 4. to float. to fly. FLËCHE. III. . to flee. with feathers (only in unfligge. feather. from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ti-. from Germanic *fleuhan. Zero-grade form *pluk-. 6. d. FLEET . from Old English flyht. flood. and Old Norse fliotr. FL¸GELHORN. from Germanic *floduz.i. probably from pleu-. FLETCHER. bird. act of flying. dissimilated from possible (but unlikely) suffixed form *flug-laz. FLUE 2 from Old English flowan. from Germanic *flugja-. featherless). 1 2 . FLY . escape. from Germanic *fleugan. FLEET2. from Middle Dutch vluwe. to put to flight. 3. from Old French fleche. act of fleeing. FLIGHT 1 c. 2. Extended form *pleuk-. fleet. bird. FLEDGE. . b. ii. a. from Old English *flycge. a fly. from Middle High German vl¸gel. perhaps from pleu-. swift (from 1 . from Old English flKogan. from Old English fl«gan. fishnet. swim (from Germanic *fleutan). from Old English flKotan. 5. FOWL. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *flowan. from Old English flKoge. from Germanic causative *flaugjan. suffixed form *plo-tu-. to flow. from Germanic *fuglaz. arrow. from Old English fugol. from Old English flKon. b. II. deluge. Extended form *pleud-. wing. 1. DIPNOAN. HYPERPNEA. to float back and forth (-erian. and flaustra. from Old Norse floti. to further. from Old English fnora. PNEUMATO-. convey. breathing. from Germanic *fnu-s-. d. from Germanic *flutjan. i.] pneuImportant derivatives are: sneeze. ii. [Pokorny pleu. pneumatic. from Greek pnein. o-grade *ploud-. SNORE. b. from Old Norse flytja. FLOTSAM. to bustle. 2. to sneeze. snort. Suffixed form *pneu-mi. to float. c. PNEUMATIC. flotorian. from Old English fnKosan. APNEA. 4. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic derivative *floton. PNEUMA. to float. Imitative root. spirit. to float. snore. c. b. breath. FLOTILLA. raft. FLUSTER. PNEUMO. (SNORT). with o-grade nouns pnoia. 1. from Germanic *flausta-. FLIT. TACHYPNEA. *flot-. a. FLUTTER. to float. pl(e)u-mon. contracted from suffixed form *flaut-st7-. EUPNEA. iterative and frequentative suffix). fleet. and pnoK. breath.Germanic *fleutaz). from Greek pneuma.835. 2. FLOAT. 3. DYSPNEA. POLYPNEA. 3. . from Old English flotian. Zero-grade form *plud-.837. To breathe. and d all from Germanic *flut-. wind. to breathe. from Germanic *fneu-s-. sneezing. HYPOPNEA. probably from *pleud-. from Old French floter. SNEEZE. hurry. from Old English floterian. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Icelandic flaustr. 839. BIBULOUS. SNEER. POISON. FEEL. drunk. suffixed form *po-ti-. IMBIBE. To touch. POTATION. from Greek posis. Suffixed (nasal present) form *pX-no-. SYMPOSIUM. from Old Church Slavonic pirƒ. from Latin potus. potion. a drink (whence pot7re. po(i). Reduplicated form *pi-pN-o-. drink. . imbibe. POTABLE. PINOCYTOSIS. BEER. 2. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *pN-ti-. from Latin bibere. BIB. from Greek pinein. To drink. feel. from Old English fKlan.] po(i)Important derivatives are: potable. 3. to drink). beer. Suffixed reduced form *po-to-. drinking. symposium. feel. feast. (IMBRUE). poison. BEVERAGE. from Old English fn<ran. b. PIROG. to snort. II. Germanic variant root *fnes-. [Pokorny 2. assimilated to *bi-bo-. to drink.(< *piN-). a. to drink. whence *pi-bo-. *po-ti-.5.838. POTION. 2. palpable. Suffixed form *pX-ro-. beverage.] polImportant derivatives are: feel. shake. psalm. to examine by touch. Contracted from *poN(i)-. Basic form *po(i)-. from Latin potio. a drink. palpitate. gnash one's teeth. [Pokorny pneu. catapult. POTATORY. a. I. Zero-grade form *pX. 1. 3. palp7re. impotent. AARDVARK.801. from Latin palpebra. PORPOISE. 2. . eyelid ( PALPEBRA. POTENT. from Middle Dutch diminutive form varken. from Latin potis ( *pots pos-). [Pokorny porˆo-s 841. (IMPOTENT). FARROW 1 . powerful. lord. PALPITATE. PREPOTENT. [Pokorny 1. porpoise. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form *pal-yo-. to feel. Powerful. small pig. from Greek psallein. possible. PSALM. from Latin porcus. from Latin palp7rX. PALP. little pig. Young pig. porcelain. b. POSSESS. POWER.] porkoImportant derivatives are: aardvark. to pluck. from Greek pallein. to stroke gently.b.] potiImportant derivatives are: possess. pork. PALPATE . 1. brandish. PORCELAIN. to sway. potent. PODESTA. 2. POSSIBLE. SPRACHGEF¸HL. PORCUPINE. to feel. G. b. from Old High German vuolen. Both a and b from Germanic *farhaz. Reduplicated zero-grade form *pal-p-. Perhaps suffixed form *psal-yo-. from Old English fearh. c. play the harp (but more likely of imitative origin). OMNIPOTENT. power. 1 PALPABLE. a. a. from Latin palpus. a touching. pel. porcupine. PORCINE. from Latin able. PSALTERY. PORK. Both a and b from Germanic *foljan. CATAPULT. 1. touch. pig. from Old English forst. prurient. perˆ. entreat. to entreat. frost. a.] preusImportant derivatives are: freeze. . [Pokorny poti-s 842. master. Basic form *prek-. from Latin denominative pr7rXre. Suffixed zero-grade form *prus-to-. 3. To ask. 1. itch. 2. 2. compound *dems-pot-. IMPRECATE. precarious. able + esse. 1. prayer1. to be able (contracted from potis. see es-). frost. Form *pot-. PRURIGO. frost. to freeze. contracted into *posk. PRURITUS. PRURIENT. from Germanic *frustaz. Suffixed form *preus-i-. [Pokorny 4. PRAY. “guest-master. request. POSTULATE. yearn for. 4. to burn. Suffixed zero-grade form *pyk-sk. compound *ghos-pot-. deprecate. EXPOSTULATE. from Old English frKosan. burn. to be.” ruler (see dem-). FROST. “house.821. PRAYER1. contracted into *posto-. To freeze. from Germanic *freusan. DEPRECATE.in suffixed form *posk-to. to ask. FREEZE. PRECARIOUS.becoming *pork-sk-. prayer (attested only in the plural precKs). pray.] prekImportant derivatives are: pray. b. postulate. from *prex.compound posse. PADISHAH.” host (see ghosti-). with Latin denominative prec7rX. to freeze.master. 3. from Latin postul7re. frost. from *preusis. from Old Persian pati-. from Old English frXond. from Germanic *frijand-. Suffixed shortened form *pri-tu-. a. Suffixed form *priy-o-.” from *frij-. a. 4. (FILIBUSTER). (see bhergh-2) Germanic compound *berg-frij-. beloved. AFFRAY. Contracted from *priN-. from Vulgar Latin *exfred7re. a. from Old French esfreer. PRUINOSE. from Dutch vrij. SIEGFRIED. belonging to the loved ones. not in bondage. peace. FRIGG. a. friend. . and *frijon. and frKon. to make peace. Suffixed (participial) form *priy-ont-. AFRAID. from ex-. [Pokorny preus. b. FRIEND. free. goddess of the heavens. from Old English frKo. from Old Norse Frigg. 3. FREE. Friday. 2. away (see eghs) + *frid7re. set free. to break the peace. peace. peace. free. Suffixed feminine form *priy-7. beloved. safety. to love. b. “high place of safety. hoarfrost. 4. friend. Both a and b from Germanic *frijaz. b. and c all from Germanic *frithuz. c. to love. to disturb. peace. act of burning. 1. loving. freogan. FREEBOOTER. filibuster. from Latin pruXna. To love.] prXImportant derivatives are: free. from Germanic *frithu-. lover. afraid. frKond. from Old High German fridu.846. wife of Odin. Suffixed zero-grade form *prus-wXn7. friend. free. out.*preuris. (POTPOURRI). beloved. defile1. from Old English FrXgedæg. FILE 3 2. DEFILE1. pus.844. from Old Norse f7ll. from Low German fussig. Friday. decay. (OLLA PODRIDA). . putrefy. from Latin p7s. puos. PUTREFY. fuzzy.b. purulent. FUZZY. FRIDAY. putrid. fogge. pus. from Germanic denominative *f7ljan. 6. from Latin puter (stem putri-). FOG2. Suffixed form *puw-os-. filthy. PYO-. from Germanic *fausa-. from Old English f«lth. EMPYEMA. b. rank grass. To rot. SUPPURATE. Both a and b from Germanic *frijjo. Extended form *pug-. to sully. and d all from Germanic *f7laz. from Old English f7l. to suppurate (en-. 1. from Greek compound empuein. PURULENT. “Venus's day”). a. PUTRESCENT. b. from Middle English fog. unclean. foul. dirty. rotten. potpourri. in. d. from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Icelandic f7ki. Extended variant form *pous-. . from Old English f«lan. aftermath grass. rotten. pus. foulness. from Greek puon. 4. c. from Germanic compound *frije-dagaz. PUTRID. from Germanic *fuk-. filth. 5. from Germanic abstract noun *f7litho. Suffixed form *pu-tri-. Suffixed form *p7-lo-. FILTH. to soil. FOUL. “day of Frigg” (translation of Latin Veneris diKs. and Norwegian fogg. PUS. a. wife. rotten. rotten sea grass. [Pokorny pr7i.] p'Important derivatives are: foul. FULMAR.. spongy. 3. see en). b. a. c. fire. ARREARS. RETRAL. “backward and forward. To bestow. endow. REPUBLIC. republic. from Latin retro. again. FIRE. REIFY. zero-grade form of *paNwy. Suffixed form *reN-i-. PYRRHOTITE. to turn (wer-2. REBUS. metathetical variant of *wert-. p'. 1. PYRITES. EMPYREAL. Contracted from *reN-. 2. from Old English f«r. REREDOS. 8. Indo-European. arrears. PYRETIC. backward. behind. backward. [Pokorny pe¯or 828. strictly speaking. PYRO-. thing. PYRE. It is included because of the many English words among its descendants. rei. Also red-Backward. 2 REARWARD . PYROSIS. Contracted from *puNr-.850. property. retro-. since it is represented in only one branch of the family. pur. pyre. (see per1) Latin reciprocus.848. Suffixed form *re(d)-tro-. Important derivatives are: re-. RE2. 9. from Latin rKs. Fire. Suffixed form *re-ko-. fire. 7. back. from Germanic suffixed form *f7rfrom Greek i-. RE-.] .] p7rImportant derivatives are: fire.” rKImportant derivatives are: real1. wealth. 1 REAL .[Pokorny 2. from Latin re-. REAR GUARD. RETRO-. Latin combining form conceivably from Indo-European *wret-. goods. red-.] reThe following entry is not. [Pokorny 4. lead. b. 3. gnaw. rule. rash2. scratch. 2 b. reckless. correct. rectangle. RIGHT. to stretch out. surge. to lead straight. ROSTRUM. [Pokorny 2. RECTO. regular.” I. RECTUM. right. ANOREXIA. rostrum. DIRECT. RECTILINEAR. just. RECTOR. region. a. beak. SURGE. 2. rake1. rack1. with derivatives meaning “to direct in a straight line. ERODE. straight). from Old English riht. right. To move in a straight line. rKd. RASORIAL. RASH . (RESURGE). abrade. to gnaw. maharajah. ABRADE. REGENT. ERECT. O-grade form *rod-. direct. RADULA. Suffixed form *reg-to-.rKdImportant derivatives are: rodent. reign. rule. from Latin r7dere. regiment. realm. correct. rectum. guide. straight. corrode. prerogative. regulate. rich. RECTITUDE. regent. RECTIFY. . RECTANGLE. from Latin rodere. 1. CORRODE.854. (PORRECT). erect. RACLETTE. CORRADE. a. reckon. suffixed (instrumental) form *r7d-tro-. rake. suffixed (instrumental) form *rod-tro-. interrogate. 13. royal. Basic form *reg-. reach out for (with prothetic vowel from oldest root form *Nreg-). ANORECTIC. RODENT. ship's bow. REGION. rail1. REGIMENT. rectify. erode. rule (past participle rKctus. rector. from Germanic *rehtaz. 14. To scrape. CORRECT. from Latin r7strum. from Greek oregein. regal. from Latin regere. erase.] regImportant derivatives are: right. REGIME. from Latin rostrum. Possibly variant form *r7d-. to scrape. hence adjective rKctus. (RISORGIMENTO). ERASE. REALM. regime. straight. RAJAH. REGULAR. from Latin rKx. RIKSMÂL. ELDRITCH. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *rKg-ol7. and r7jati. d. RACK 1 . (RANI). from a possible Latin noun *rogus. from Old High German rXchi. overbearing. ABROGATE. 1. ARROGATE. VICEREINE. in consequence of. and Old French riche. IV. king (royal and priestly title). queen. VICEROY. from Germanic *rakinaz. from Sanskrit r7j7. ROGATION. direction. from Germanic *rako. hence haughty. REICHSMARK. REGAL. from Old English rXce. PREROGATIVE. ROGATORY. RAIL1. possibly from reg-. from Old Norse rXki. powerful. Suffixed form *rog-7-. r7jan-. REGULUS. a. “from the direction of” (K < ex. REAL 2 3. realm. from Old English gerecenian. DEROGATE. from Old English rXce. from Latin rog7re. perhaps contracted from a Latin phrase *K rogo.II. CORVÈE. RANK 2 4. Suffixed form *rKg-en-. see kom). RAJ. rake (implement with straight pieces of wood). Suffixed form *rog-o-. from Latin ergo. BISHOPRIC. rod. 3. SUPEREROGATE. straightforward. MAHARAJAH. Lengthened-grade form *rKg-. III. therefore. REIGN. SUBROGATE. straight piece of wood. realm. he rules. Indo-European word for a tribal king. see eghs). framework. from Old English raca. 2. ready. racu. “extension.” . strong. to arrange in order. 2. a. . from Middle Dutch rec. realm. PROROGUE. REGIUS PROFESSOR. ROYAL. wealthy. O-grade form *rog-. REGLET. (RYE2). collective prefix. from Old English ranc. rani). from Latin rKgula. c. out of. strong. REGULATE. RECKON. INTERROGATE. from Celtic suffixed form *rXg-yo-. REGICIDE. and d all from Germanic *rXkja-. b. rajah (feminine r7jÒX. . MAHARANI. b. recount (ge-. c. king. RAKE 1 . from Germanic *rankaz (with nasal infix). RICH. RULE. 5. from Germanic *rak-. ERGO. to ask ( 6. a running. from Old English rKcelKas. [Pokorny 1. running stream.] reiImportant derivatives are: run. 25. c.] reidhImportant derivatives are: ride.V. see leu-). er. Suffixed zero-grade form *ri-nu-. run. from *ri-nw-an). RIVAL. and from Old English causative ærnan. Basic form *reidh-. rill. careless (-lKas.854. from secondary Germanic derivative *runiz. 23. . to run (from secondary Germanic causative *rannjan). RENNET. stream. b. re´. derive. to pay attention to. stretch out. RIVULET. from Dutch ril or Low German rille. from Old English ryne. Suffixed zero-grade form *ri-l-. RECK. to run (from Germanic *rinnan. Suffixed form *rei-wo-. rival. Old English rec(c)an. RUN. raid. 2. and Old Norse rinna. eornan. Lengthened o-grade form *rog-. to run. road. from Germanic *ril-. from Old English rinnan. DERIVE. RECKLESS. from Latin rXvus. array. take care (formally influenced by Old English reccan. rivulet. To ride. EMBER DAY. I. 1. from Germanic *rokjan. to run. from Old English *rynet. from Germanic *rakjan). RUNNEL. to extend. ready. lacking. RILL. from secondary Germanic derivative *runita-.326. a. To flow. from Germanic rokja-. [Pokorny 3. 24. RAPT. from Germanic *raidjan. RAVIN. from Latin verKdus. to be stiff (? [Pokorny (rei´) 862. a. RAVISH. 2. RIGID. . Suffixed zero-grade form *rap-yo-. rigid. ready (*raid-ja-. a riding. Both a and b from Germanic *raid-. PALFREY. 2. READY. RAPID. road. rapt.] reigImportant derivatives are: reach. b. RAPE1. (RAVEN2). rapid. from Germanic *raikjan. to stretch out. from Middle High German reidel. from Middle Dutch rXden. RADDLE 1 from Old English r7d. RAPACIOUS. b. from Old English ræde. to seize. SURREPTITIOUS. To reach. surreptitious. see upo). from Latin rapere.] repImportant derivatives are: rape1. reach. 5. ravish. . Possibly suffixed (stative) zero-grade form *rig-K-. REACH. ROAD. RIGOR. II. to arrange. 4. CURRY . O-grade form *roidh-. rigor. post horse. from Old English rXdan. [Pokorny reidh. RITTER. from Latin rigKre. RIDE. rod between upright stakes (reidh-. To snatch. RAPINE. 3. (SUBREPTION). from Celtic *wo-rKd(*wo-.a. geræde. to ride. O-grade form *roig-. to ride. 1 ARRAY. under. from Old English r<can. probably from reidh-. from Vulgar Latin *-rKd7re.861. RAID. stretch out. Both a and b from Germanic *rXdan. EREPSIN. probably from reidh-. russet. rufous. RORQUAL. rambunctious. and robustus.] retImportant derivatives are: Tory. round1. ROTOGRAVURE. 2. rubric. 5. from Latin r7fus (of dialectal Italic origin).] reudhImportant derivatives are: red. from Old English rKad. red oak. rotary. reddish. RUFOUS. control. “a running up to” (to-. . robus. Suffixed o-grade form *rot-7-. CONTROL. (ROTUNDA). 3. probably from *retundus. pursuit. ROLL. ROTARY. roll. BAROUCHE. rowan (from its red berries). RED. 2 PRUNE . ruddy. hardness. up from under. 1 ROTUND. roll. b.865. III. round. ROBUST. ROTIFORM.[Pokorny rep. red. corroborate. “rolling. (RAMBUNCTIOUS). from Latin robur. Suffixed (participial) form *ret-ondo-. wo. ROBORANT. 4. a. from Old Irish toir. RODEO. under. rotate. Prefixed form *to-wo-ret-. RUBIGINOUS. robust. rouge. mountain ash.866. from Latin rotundus. O-grade form *roudh-. rotund. 3. ruddy. ROUND . from Latin robus. roulette. ROTUND. TORY. red. ROTA. see upo). ROTATE. strong. from Old Norse raudhr. up. 2. rodeo. RUFESCENT. CORROBORATE. ROULETTE. from a source akin to Old Norse reynir. ROBLE. from Latin rota. 4. from Germanic *raudnia-. Red. wheel. Both a and b from Germanic *raudaz. rust. to. To run. ROWAN. prune2. red. rubeola. ruby.” [Pokorny ret(h). ROWEL. red. Suffixed variant form *r7-mo. 3. red. red color. ruddy. ROUX. red. rustic. RUDDOCK. to be red. ROUGE. RUBICUND. a. b. from Latin rutilus. 6. To open. RUBELLA. RUBRIC. RUDDLE. b. reddening. ruddy. ERYTHRO-.] reuNImportant derivatives are: room. 5. from Old English r7st (also rust?). from Latin russus. BILIRUBIN. a. red. a. from Old English rudig. from Latin rubidus. 1.872. 4. from Latin rubicundus. RUBEFACIENT. from Latin rubeus. . RUSSET. ERYTHEMA. and c all from Germanic *rudo. c. from Old English rudu. space. d. rust. reddish. RUBY. red. RUBIDIUM. rummage. ERYSIPELAS. RUDDY. from oldest root form *Nreudh-). from Greek eruthros. red (with prothetic vowel. from Latin rubKre. red. 8. from Old English rudduc.IV. RUTILANT.(< *ruN-mo-). 7. rural. Form *rudh-7-. [Pokorny reudh. RUST. from Germanic *rust-. Suffixed form *rudh-to-. Suffixed form *rudh-sto-. RUBESCENT. Suffixed (stative) form *rudh-K-. RUBEOLA. Zero-grade form *rudh-. robin. Suffixed form *rudh-ro-. RISSOLE. 2. c. from Latin ruber. from possibly remade Greek erusi-. b. 16. disrupt. 2 . from Germanic *rupjan. from Old English r7m. interrupt. b. from Old English berKafian. see ambhi). abrupt. r7. and rKcan. rob. RURAL. To vomit.a. d. I. c. smoke. erupt.] reupImportant derivatives are: rip1. and c all from Germanic *r7maz. bereave. space. rover. from Latin ruct7re. b. from Old English rKocan. from Old ProvenÁal run. loot. [Pokorny re¯N-. “open land. cloud. corrupt. from Old High German r7m. O-grade form *roup-. space. Also reub-To snatch. to widen. REEK. bankrupt. to rip. to belch. Suffixed form *reu(N)-es-. from Flemish rippen. a. intensive prefix. BEREAVE.” the country. to smoke. Basic form *reub-. from Middle Dutch and Middle Low German . LEBENSRAUM. a.] reugAn important derivative is: reek. ERUCT. robe. to plunder.874. space. REAM 17. belch. REAVE 1 . 15. reu. from Old English r«man. RUMMAGE. II. to take away (be-.871. from Latin r7s. Suffixed zero-grade form *rug-to-. reek. b. rupture. rout1. RIP1. RUSTIC. usurp. ROOM. from Old English rKafian. ship's hold. 2 ROVER . bi-. from Germanic *reukan. c. open up. to fumigate. 16. [Pokorny 4. from Germanic denominative *r7mjan. Arthur. Suffixed form *roup-tro-. asset. reu. to chop. 1. to rob. booty. from Italian rubare. use. sate1. Nasalized form *ru-m-p-. originally “to interrrupt the orderly acquisition of something by the act of using.868. DISRUPT. e. usage. RUPTURE. to rob. BANKRUPT. bear (< *orcsos).roven. Zero-grade form *rup-. from Latin rumpere. bear. hew. ERUPT. Contracted from *saN-. ARCTURUS.] s7Important derivatives are: sad. . 2. 4. satisfy. b. d. usurp.] ytkoImportant derivatives are: arctic. a. [Pokorny y´ˆto-s 875. LOOT.” whence to take into use. 13. IRRUPT. robe (*raubo. from Old French rober. CORRUPT. from 7tX. 7sus. to rob. To satisfy. and c all from Germanic *(bi)raubon. saturate. [Pokorny 2. Both a and b from a Romance borrowing from Germanic *raubon. from Sanskrit loptram. to rob. booty. satire. ABRUPT. III. RUBLE. URSINE. ROB. from Latin ursus. INTERRUPT. ROBE. from Old Russian rubiti. from Slavic *rubje/a-. USURP. 3. 12. to use). Bear. from Greek arktos. ARCTIC. 2. from Old French robe. RUPICOLOUS. ROUT1. from Latin 7s7rp7re (< *7su-rup-. satiate. to break. RUBATO. from derivative Germanic verb *sadon. SEEK. weary. Suffixed form *s7g-ni-. accuse. from Old English s<can. Suffixed form *s7g-yo-. to sate. forsake. b. from Germanic *sadaz. refuse (for-. from Germanic derivative noun *sako. strife. sated. inquiry. sake1.] s7gImportant derivatives are: seek. full (of food).” accusation. sated. (ASSAI2). sate. FORSAKE. sagacious. SATISFY. sated. Suffixed zero-grade form *sN-ti-. to seek. from Old Norse *saka. [Pokorny s7. to renounce. SATIATE. SATIETY. Contracted from *saNg-.10.876. Zero-grade form *sNg-. from Old English sacu. a. Suffixed zero-grade form *sN-d-ro-. SOKE. case. from Old English socn. ASSET. hegemony. 16. sKcan. . 13. from Latin satur. right of local jurisdiction. 1 11. Suffixed zero-grade form *sN-tu-ro-. . SATE SAD. see per1). SATIRE. from Germanic *sokjan. 15. to satisfy. attack. presage. SATURATE. HADRON. thick. to seek. prefix denoting exclusion or rejection. SAKE 1 i. 17. “a seeking. To seek out. from Latin satis. . ransack. lawsuit. from Old English sadian. Suffixed zero-grade form *sN-to-. sufficient. from Germanic *sokniz. RANSACK. to seek. from Old English sæd. ii. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *sakan. 12. from Greek hadros. enough. from Old English forsacan. a. SOUSE 1 . from Latin sacerdos. a. [Pokorny sak. CONSECRATE. Zero-grade form *sNg-. a. 3. sacred.876. SAINT. b. execrate. Salt. Extended form *sald-. from Latin sacer. from Old English sealt. Suffixed form *sak-ro-. sauce. doer. “performer of sacred rites” (*dhot-. SACERDOTAL. from Greek hKgeisthai. To sanctify. Both a and b from Germanic *sak-. EXECRATE. to perceive. HEGEMONY. consecrate. EXEGESIS. silt. to make sacred. salt. 4. priest. holy. sanctum. compound *sakro-dhot-. see dhK-).878. from Latin s7gXre. to lead ( [Pokorny s7g. saint. PRESAGE. from Germanic *saltam. suffixed form *sald-o-. i.quarrel. Independent suffixed form *s7g-yo-. SANCTIFY. saltpeter. . 18. Suffixed form *s7g-eyo-. from Latin sag7x. 20. pickled meat.] sakImportant derivatives are: sacred. SAGACIOUS. salary. salad. SALT. “seek to know. of keen perception. SACROSANCT. salami. sanctify. from Latin sancXre (past participle sanctus). consecrate. CORPOSANT. saltcellar. dedicated. from Old French sous.] salImportant derivatives are: salt. 26. saline.” 19. SACRED. Nasalized form *sa-n-k-. (SANCTUM). [Pokorny s7wel. (SALSA). from Old English s7th. from Latin sol. b.] . su(N)en-. solar. fine sand. Contracted from *saNwel-. ISOHEL. SUN. INSOLATE. SALARY. the sun. sea.878. to salt. from Greek hKlios. Variant forms *swen-. SOUTH. solstice. SOL. 5. from Middle Dutch sonne. ii. HALO-. sun. Sunday. southern. 28. *sun-. from Latin s7l (genitive salis). SUNDEW. SALAD. SOL3. SALAMI. ANTHELION. APHELION. SOLARIUM.ii.] s7welImportant derivatives are: sun. SILT.881. SOLAR. southern. [Pokorny 1.” south. sun. Suffixed form *s7wel-yo-. south. from Germanic compound *sunnon-dagaz. salt. Variant form *s(N)wol-. from Greek hals (stem hal-). SOLSTICE. 4. HELIO-. c. parasol. SUNDAY. PERIHELION. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *sunnon-. “sun-side. from Germanic derivative *sunthaz. from Old English sunne. SALINE. SALTCELLAR. 6. TURNSOLE. helium. 27. SAUCE. sun-The sun. HELIACAL. SOLANINE. GIRASOL. salt. and s7therne. from Old English sunnandæg. from a source probably akin to Danish and Norwegian sylt. PARASOL. SALI-. “day of the sun” (translation of Latin diKs solis). i. b. SALTPETER. PARHELION. SOUTHERN. HELIUM. sun. SAL. sal. salt marsh. south. su(N)el-. from Latin sallere (past participle salsus < *sald-to-). from Middle English cylte. Also s(u)wel-. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic zero-grade suffixed extended form *sult-jo. Sunday. from Old English besettan. b. to sow. settle. satio (< *sN-tio). siege. sowing. season. b. a. seat. from Old English s7wan. semen. a. 7. . SEED. soil1. to place. To sit. seed. to sit. from Old English s<d. from Old English sittan. sÈance. 8. sK(i).] sedImportant derivatives are: sit. sedentary. soot.889. from Old English settan. assess. DISSEMINATE. seed. SIT. to set near. seed. 5. subsidy. SEASON. SITZKRIEG. 9. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *sod-eyo-. Suffixed form *sK-men-. Suffixed form *sed-yo-. seed. sowing. SEMÈ. 6. Both a and b from Germanic *sKdiz. session. [In Pokorny 2. Reduplicated zero-grade form *si-s(N)-. chair. SITZ BATH. from Latin serere. obsess. dissident. 6. Both a and b from Germanic *sitjan. COLZA. set1. seed. supersede.sKImportant derivatives are: sow1. sedate1. SITZMARK. from Middle Dutch saet and Middle Low German s7t. SEMEN. Suffixed form *sK-ti-. preside. SOW 1 . to sit. a. Contracted from *seN-. from Latin sKmen. seed. To sow. SET 1 . possess. subside. from Germanic *sKan. sediment. ersatz. reside. disseminate. b. from Old High German sizzen. to sow. saddle. BESET. SEMINARY. seminary. from Latin sKd7re. SEWER . SUBSIDY. soot (*sotam. SÈANCE. seat. Lengthened-grade form *sKd-7-. . from Greek hizein. EXEDRA. a. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *sKd-yo-. 15. Form *sed-K-. Suffixed lengthened o-grade form *sod-o-. COSSET. (CHAIR). SYNIZESIS. SEE2. saddle (perhaps from *sod-dhlo). to replace. settle down. see kom). 11. saddle. from Old English sot. 8. and c all from Germanic *(bi)satjan. SOIL1. 16. OBSESS. collective prefix. POSSESS. from Old English sadol. PRESIDE. DISSIDENT. SOOT. throne. CATHEDRA. RESIDE. SEDILE. SEDIMENT. Suffixed form *sed-r7-. to sit down. O-grade form *sod-. inhabitant(s). 14.c. 12. SETTLE. settler. -HEDRON. SEDERUNT. SESSILE. from Old High German irsezzan. to sit down. SEDENTARY. INSIDIOUS. 17. Suffixed lengthened-grade form sKd-i-. seat (*ge-. a. *ga-. 9. ASSESS. to set. from Germanic *(ge)sKtjam. -s<te. from Old English setl. possibly from Old English s<ta. seat. b. settle. SIEGE. SANHEDRIN. to cause to sit. from Latin sKdKs. ASSIDUOUS. residence. SUBSIDE. (INSESSORIAL). to sit. SEAT. TETRAHEDRON. from Old Norse sæti. seat. Lengthened-grade form *sKd-. to settle. 13. from Germanic *sadulaz. from Greek hedra. 7. Suffixed o-grade form *sod-yo-. face of a geometric solid. seat. Suffixed form *sed-lo-. SEDATE1. calm down. set. from Latin sedKre. 10. from Germanic *setlaz. 2 SESSION. seat. EPHEDRINE. from Latin solium. b. from Germanic *s7ti-. Reduplicated form *si-zd-. from Latin sXdere. seat. chair. SUPERSEDE. seat. SADDLE. from sezzan. ERSATZ. from Greek piezein.” from *to-ad-ni-sed-tio.884. to press tight. from Celtic *eks-dX-sedo. to keep back. from Greek ekhein. O-grade form *sogh-.18. and hexis. PIEZO-. a. a. school. ENTELECHY. EPOCH. leisure. cessation. scheme. Suffixed form *segh-es-. CATHEXIS. victory. To hold. possess. ECHARD. sitting. [Pokorny sed. 11. UPANISHAD. to sit upon (*pi. rest. Reduplicated form *si-sgh-. designated successor. EDAPHIC. from Greek iskhein. from Greek skhKma. Suffixed form *sed-o-. EUNUCH. c. b. SCHEME. Upanishad. “a holding. foundation (with Greek suffix -aphos). 19. eunuch. from Celtic *t7nihessio-. .” pause. EISTEDDFOD. OPHIUCHUS. CACHEXIA. from Welsh eistedd. 20.” form. ISCHEMIA. SIEGFRIED. “a holding back.” stop. scholastic. de-). on. scholar. ISOPIESTIC.] seghImportant derivatives are: hectic. Zero-grade form *sgh-. on. sigo. from Old Irish t7naise. 13. to hold. figure. 12. SCHOOL1. at. TANIST. from *to-ad-ni-sed-. HECTIC. see epi). epoch. SCHOLASTIC. sitting. b. Basic form *sed-. condition. see epi). SCHOLIUM. to wait for. school1. from Greek epokhK.(see eghs. habit. “a holding back. from Sanskrit upani}ad. 9. be in a certain condition. ground. Prefixed and suffixed form *pi-sed-yo-. from Greek skholK. position in time (epi-. employment of leisure in disputation. (SCHOLAR). from Old High German sigu. “one who is waited for. from Greek edaphos. victory ( 10. from Germanic *sigiz-. from sad-. flay. RESECT. insect. section. from Latin saxum. 20. 24. pursue. sedge. sage. Extended root *skend-. 19. from Latin sec7re. Suffixed o-grade form *sok-7-. consequent. segment. INTERSECT. SAW1. knife. intersect. -SECT. sker-1. from Old English sagu. to peel off. subsequent. from Old English sXthe. from Old English secg. from Germanic *sagjaz. from Old Norse skinn. 22. sedge. ensue. SECTOR. sue. from Latin sKcula. sequel. intrinsic. skin. from Germanic *segitho. Lengthened-grade form *sKk-. sLk. “sword. Possible suffixed variant form *sak-so-. To cut. . SECTILE. from Germanic *sago. persecute. sickle. Saxon. SEDGE. saw1. ZAX. Suffixed o-grade form *sok-yo-. 25. SCYTHE. SKIN.] See also extended roots skei-. sken-(d-) 929. SAXICOLOUS.[Pokorny se´h. DISSECT. secant. a cutting tool. a.895. traditionally (but doubtfully) regarded as from Germanic *sahsam. 18. dissect.” plant with a cutting edge. SEGMENT. from Germanic *skinth-. SECTION. saw. saw. Suffixed o-grade form *sok-so-. SECANT. a Saxon. SICKLE. suitor. sickle. sickle.] sekImportant derivatives are: scythe. Basic form *sek-.888. second2. sickle. prosecute. sequence. sword (as if “warrior with knives”). sker-3 sekw-1 Important derivatives are: sect. seal1. to cut. from West Germanic tribal name *Saxon-. execute. sequester. (TRANSECT). skin. knife. SAXIFRAGE. sector. from Late Latin Saxo. from Old English seax. 21. sigthe. INSECT. 23. SAXON. stone ( SAXATILE. Saxon. b. [Pokorny 2. (plural SaxonKs). from Old English sKon. Suffixed form *sekw-os. depositary. SECOND2. PERSECUTE. to see. 1 SIGHT. SEE . social. from Latin sequX.” mediator. SOCIO-. ally.897. OBSEQUIOUS. SEQUENCE. sight. from Old English sihth. INTRINSIC. SUE. to see. SEGUE. to follow. designate. SEQUESTER. 19. saw2. “follower. saga. SECT. EXTRINSIC. spectacle. from Latin sequester. SECUND. alongside of. [Pokorny 1. see. SEGNO. Suffixed (participial) form *sekw-ondo-. To say. Suffixed form *sekw-no-. ENSUE. SECUNDINES.sign. second. resign. along.] sekw-3 Important derivatives are: say. from Latin socius. from Latin secus. sek¯. from Latin signum. following. EXECUTE. identifying mark. SOCIETY. scold. companion (< “follower”). Suffixed o-grade form *sokw-yo-. SUITOR. following.896. 20. DESIGNATE. 21. RESIGN. 17. 4. SUBSEQUENT. insignia. dissociate. [Pokorny 2. INSIGNIA. society. sek¯. 3. . SECONDO. vision. SIGN. (PURSUE). gesiht. SOCIAL. utter. CONSEQUENT. associate. SEQUESTRUM. SEQUACIOUS. from Germanic *sehwan. CONSOCIATE. To perceive. SEAL1. 18. CONSIGN. assign. SEQUEL. SOCIABLE. sign ( 22. coming next.] sekw-2 Important derivatives are: see1. PROSECUTE. from Latin secundus. from Germanic abstract noun *sih-tiz. SEGUIDILLA. ASSIGN. ASSOCIATE. DISSOCIATE. To follow. single. some. poet. sek¯. SAW 2 . ii. a saying. and Old Norse sk7ld. assail. from Latin salXre.] selImportant derivatives are: salient. sautÈ. O-grade form *sokw-. a saying. ensemble. b. HALTER 2 . to leap. from Middle English scolde. desultory. salmon (sel-. b. speech. SAGA. SAY. [Pokorny 4. from Old Norse saga. same. narration. sel. seemly. a. [In Pokorny 2. a saying. DISSILIENT. simple. Sanskrit. SCOLD. from Germanic *sagjan. from Old English sagu. 8.” together with. “satirist” (to which the probable Scandinavian source of Middle English scolde is perhaps akin). from Greek hallesthai. SALIENT. sally. SALLY. SOMERSAULT. to say.14. seem. ASSAIL. SKALD. INSULT. result. from North Germanic *skathla. from Old English secgan. similar. 9. somersault. RESILE. . an abusive person. assemble. narrative. Suffixed zero-grade form *sal-yo-. from Latin salmo (borrowed from Gaulish). 15. assimilate. (SAUTÈ).899.897. salmon. insult.] sem-1 Important derivatives are: simultaneous. To jump. resemble. SALMON. jump. anomalous. SALACIOUS. a. One. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *sago. suffixed form *sokw-7-. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form *skw-e-tlo-. suffixed form *sokw-yo-. to leap. exult. i. RESULT. simplicity. also adverbially “as one. EXULT. DESULTORY. from Latin singulus. from Russian sam(o)-. from Greek homilos. 3.in hekaton. Full-grade form *sem-. from Latin simul. like. a. one hundred (? dissimilated from *hem-katon). HENDECASYLLABIC. HOMILY. even. HOMEO-. together. together. (ACOLYTE). from Greek homalos. Suffixed form *sem-el-. same. path). IV. ENSEMBLE. during. ASSEMBLE. agreeable (*somiz. 2. SEMPITERNAL. SAMOVAR. 1. SAMIZDAT.+ keleuthos. at the same time. 2. ever ( II. SAMSARA. 1. same. HYPHEN. HOMOLOGRAPHIC. III. Both a and b from Greek *hem-. SIMULTANEOUS. from Old Norse sœmr. Suffixed form *som-o-. c. 4. (see dekc) Greek he. Suffixed form *som-alo-. HOMO-. always. SINGLE. 1. O-grade form *som-. accompanying (a. from Greek heis (*hen-s < *hem-s). SEEMLY. for. a-. Compound *sem-per. level. from Greek compound a-kolouthos. single. a. see per1). SEEM. one. crowd. 2. SEMPRE.I. from Old Norse samr. Suffixed lengthened o-grade form *som-o-. HENOTHEISM. ANOMALOUS. 3. ANACOLUTHON. Suffixed form *sem-golo-. b. same. SANDHI.(*per. Lengthened o-grade form *som-. from ha-. from Sanskrit sam. from Latin semper. HENDIADYS. b. . way. Suffixed form *som-i-. Zero-grade form *sc-. alone. SAME. fitting. self. from Germanic *samaz. from Greek homos. SANSKRIT. ASSIMILATE. of one growing (see ker-2). Both a and b from Germanic *sumaz. together with. SIMPLEX.” simple (*-plo-. other. from Latin similis. see pel2 ). one. “one-fold. -SOME1. half. from Old English s7m-. SEMPLICE. from Greek heteros (earlier hateros). simple. HAPLOID. SOME. Suffixed form *scm-o-. from Latin simplus. SAND-BLIND. from Old English -sum. from Germanic *sKmi-. one of two. Suffixed form *scm-alo-.902. . haplous. SIMILAR. Compound *sc-kKro-. b. SIMPLE. HAMADRYAD. from Greek haploos. Compound form *sc-plo. 5. -like. see plek-). Half.(*-plo-. 14. 4. 8. sem. from Greek hama. 9. Suffixed form *sc-tero-. HETERO-. sem. like. 6. Extended form *scma. simple. [Pokorny 2. from Germanic *sumaraz. from Old English sumor. -fold. -fold. see pel-2).] sem-2 An important derivative is: summer1. Suffixed zero-grade form *scN-aro-. RESEMBLE. SUMMER1. Also semN-Summer.” simple (*plek-. -fold. Compound *sc-plek-. [Pokorny 3. 3. of the same kind. at the same time.] sKmiAn important derivative is: semi-. “one-fold. summer. simple. 7. from Latin simplex. SIMPLICITY. a certain one. from Old English sum. a.905. single.2. Compound *sc-plo-. SINGSPIEL. Suffixed o-grade form *songwh-o-. song. to sing. sense. SENILE. from Greek hKmi-.907.] senImportant derivatives are: senate. half. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *sont-eyo-. SEMI-. SONG. from Latin sKmis. from Latin sKmi-. SEND1. from Old . song. to sing. dissent. SESTERCE. [Pokorny sKmi. song. surly. b.] sentImportant derivatives are: send1. WIDDERSHINS. SESQUI-. senior. SING. godsend. 3. make an incantation. [Pokorny seng¯h. 1. SENESCENT. 16. senescent. half. sentinel. (SIGNORY). an elder.906. from Germanic form *sinthaz.905. from Old High German singan. from Germanic *sangwaz. MINNESINGER. SENATE. senile. sentiment. 17. SENOPIA. scent. consent. a. resent. [Pokorny sen(o). direction. sentence. To head for. (SIR). sir. go.] sengwhImportant derivatives are: sing. MEISTERSINGER. song. Old. (SURLY). from Old English singan. SENIOR. from Old English sang. from Old High German sin(d). sentinent. HEMI-. from Latin senex. singing. 2. SIRE. assent. SEIGNIOR. old. To sing. SENECTITUDE. Both a and b from Germanic *singan. sire. half.15. preserve. RESENT. observe. 3. SEVEN. to taste. seven. SEPTENNIAL. savvy. from Germanic *sandaz. Perhaps suffixed form *sent-yo-. SEPTET. To taste. to send. ten. from Germanic *sebum. savor. SAPID. . INSIPID. Suffixed o-grade form *sont-o-. SCENT. 13. to cause to go. seven. SAGE1. SENTIMENT. [Pokorny sap. SEPTUPLE. reserve. PRESENTIMENT. SENTINEL. seventy. seven. September. SENSE. SEPTENTRION. from Latin sentXre. from Greek hepta. to feel ( [Pokorny sent. from Latin sapere. SAVOR. SAPIENT. with derivatives (hund)seofontig. see dekc). hero. perceive. HEPTA-. 14. SENTENCE.] sepImportant derivatives are: sage1. and seofontXne. SAVVY. Seven.908. CONSENT. insipid. 4. be wise. sapient. Suffixed zero-grade form *sap-yo-. SEVENTEEN. 15.] septc Important derivatives are: seven. HEPTAD. from Old English sand. (SENSILLIUM). SEPTEMBER.] ser-1 Important derivatives are: conserve.English sendan. SENTIENT. [Pokorny septc 909. HEBDOMAD. SEPTUAGINT. DISSENT. from Latin septem. GODSEND. SAVANT. SAPOR. reservoir. To protect. messenger. septet. seventeen (-tXne. have taste.880. that which is sent. message. SEVENTY. from Germanic *sandjan. savant. from Old English seofon. ASSENT. son. from Latin sors (stem sort-). “protector. SORT. son. bar (? 16. [Pokorny 2. discuss. consort. CONSERVE. SERMON. from Greek hormos. ser.2. INSERT. HORMOGONIUM. sort. 17. seu. SEAR2. from Latin sermo (stem sermon-). attach. bolt. fortune (probably from the lining up of lots before drawing). preserve. from Old English sunu. SON. To line up. from Latin serere. discourse.] See also s7-. 3.” hero. OBSERVE. necklace. assort. Extended form *serw-.911. SERTULARIAN. To give birth. [Pokorny 4. CONSORT. EXERT. to arrange. to keep. from Latin sera. 13. PRESERVE. seuN-2 . sermon. speech.] ser-2 Important derivatives are: series. SORCERER.910. (RESERVOIR). chain. SERIES. from Greek hKros. from Latin serv7re.913. Perhaps suffixed form *ser-7-. (SERRIED). DISSERTATE. ASSORT. Suffixed zero-grade form in derivative noun *su(N)-nu-. from Germanic *sunuz. assert. Suffixed form *ser-mon-. SORTILEGE. lot. join (in speech). ASSERT. a lock. Suffixed zero-grade form *sy-ti-. [Pokorny 2.] seuN-1 An important derivative is: son. ser. exert. sorcerer. 15. DESERT . RESERVE. HERO. Suffixed o-grade form *sor-mo-. 3 14. insert. Perhaps suffixed lengthened-grade form *sKr-os-. SUCCULENT. possibly from seuN-2. 5. to suck. 3. from Latin s7gere. scale2.in soppcuppe. contracted to *s7-yo. Possible extended zero-grade form *s7b-. 2 ). (SUP SOP. SOAK. from Old English sopp. Both a and b from Germanic *s7p-. Suffixed form *skand-alo-. SUCK. s7pian. SUP 1 . rain. ascend. to sip. SCANSION. from a source probably akin to Low German sippen. 4. Also skend-To leap. from Greek skandalon. SUCTORIAL. to suck. climb. transcend. from huein. SCANSORIAL.912.] skandImportant derivatives are: scan. from Latin s7cus. c. sip. suction. suck. [Pokorny 1. SCALE2. ESCALADE. DESCEND. a. Possible extended zero-grade form *s7g-. from Old English s7pan. to sip. from Latin . seu. descend. to steep. Suffixed zero-grade form *suN-yo-. 6. from Middle English sippen. ASCEND. SUCTION. Variant form *s7k-. from Old English socian. trap. SIP. to climb. from Old English s7can. b. from Latin scandere. to drink. sup2. X. soak. Both a and b from Germanic *supp-.Important derivatives are: soup. from Germanic *s7k-. scansion. IX. HYETAL. sop. d. SCAN. 1. TRANSCEND. 2. soup. SOUP. SCANDAL. (CONDESCEND). succulent. To take liquid. SCANDENT. 4. ISOHYET. a snare. stumbling block. from Greek huetos. from Old French soup(e). succus. scandal. to rain. from Germanic shortened form *sukon. ECHELON. Suffixed form *skand-sl7-. XI. sip. cup for dipping bread in. juice. nice.sc7lae. Extension of sek-. and (iii) all from Germanic *skXtan. to defecate. SCHIZO-. SHED 1 . sheath (skei-. . OMNISCIENT. PRESCIND. SCHIST. split. Both a and b from Germanic suffixed form *ski-no-. to split. from Old French eschine. suffixed zero-grade form *sk(h)id-yo-. c. (NICE). squire. (i). from Latin scindere. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *skaith-. to know ( 9. shinbone ( CHINE. a. b. defecate. i. To cut. SCIOLISM. iii. SHYSTER. esquire. ladder. shed1. SKEAN. RESCIND. to defecate. from Old English scKadan. science. schism. 11. (ii). Extended root *skeid-. knife. PLEBISCITE. CONSCIENCE. ski. skeiImportant derivatives are: shin1. from Old Irish scXan. from Old English scKath. 3 SKATE . ii. to split. CONSCIOUS. PRESCIENT. to separate. to defecate. backbone. Extended root *skeit-. shit. nasalized zero-grade form *ski-n-d-. SCILICET. SHIN 1 . steps. conscious. SCHISM. sheath. ii. scXre. SCISSION. from Latin 8. SHEATH. SCIENCE. 10. NESCIENCE. Suffixed zero-grade form *skiy-en7. i. shin. from Greek skhizein. EXSCIND. ADSCITITIOUS. SHIT. piece of meat with part of the backbone. b. rescind. from Old English scinu. to separate. from Old High German skXzzan. from Old English *scXtan. from Old Norse skXta. c. SCUDO. pulley ( from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse skXfa. SHEAVE SKIVE. husk. Also kel-To cut. SCALP. scale. a. 2 .*skaidan. SCAGLIOLA. sciel. husk. c. stick. sculpture. splinter. . from Middle English sheve. b. a. log. from Old Norse skalli. split.919. from Middle English shivere. (SQUIRE). possibly from a Low German source akin to Middle Low German schever. SKI. cutlass. sheath. half. c. scivre. Both a and b from Germanic *skalo.] skel-1 Important derivatives are: shell. scalpel. o-grade form *skoit-. chip. f. b. e. ÈCU. SHALE. piece cut off. top of the head. shelf. scalp. SCALL. shell. splinter. Both a and b from Germanic *skal-. to slice. SCALE 1 from Old English sc(e)alu. SHIVER 2 [Pokorny skei. from Old Norse skXdh. from Latin sc7tum. from Old English scell. from Germanic *skXdam. SHELL. a. ESCUDO. from Old French escale. ESQUIRE. and c all from Germanic *skif-. b. Extended root *skeip-. SCUTUM. bald head ( from Middle English scalp. skill. shale. 12. shell. ESCUTCHEON. Both a and b from Germanic *skaljo. shield (< “board”). b. . from a source akin to Old Norse skalpr. from Italian scaglia. shield. shell. d. snowshoe. shell. scale1. shell. . divided possibly from skel-1. 5. SKILL. from Middle English scheld. Suffixed variant form *kel-tro-. (s)kel. SHOAL2. separated. from Germanic *skKlo. hoe ( skalenos. from Old English sceal (used with the first and third person singular pronouns). from a Low German source akin to Middle Dutch schillen. from Germanic *skelduz. or Middle Dutch scole. from Germanic *halbaz (*kelp-). hence I ought. SCHOOL . a. 7. with past participle schillede. Extended root *skelp-. from Latin scalpere. SKOAL. uneven). from Middle Low German schole. bowl. 4. reason. SCALPEL. a. SCULPTURE. SCALE 3 SHIELD. from Greek skallein. to diversify. CUTLASS.] skel-2 An important derivative is: shall. to cut. to stir up. variegated. from Old English scield. from Old English healf. discernment. with derivative sculpere (originally as the combining form of scalpere). SHALL. from Germanic *skal. . O-grade (perfect) form *skol-. both from Germanic *skulo. drinking vessel (made from a shell). c. To be under an obligation. troop. . 2 SHELDRAKE. Suffixed zero-grade form *sk_-yo-. from Latin culter. b. a division. from Old Norse skil. SCALENE. knowledge (< “incisiveness”). COULTER.2.923. b. perhaps variant *skalp-. 3. from Old Norse sk7l. knife. scrape. shelf (*skelf-. HALF. Both a and b from Germanic *skeli-. half. from Middle Low German schelf. shall. SHELF. CULTRATE. to carve [Pokorny 1. I owe. 6. shield (< “board”). variegated. scabbard. from Old English sceard. from Old English scKar. Both a and b from Germanic *skKr-. shears. carnivorous. *ker-. VIII. sharp. from Low German scheren. SKERRY. diagonally-cut end of a board. sceran. from Old English scearu. plowshare. division (but recorded only in the sense of “fork of the body.927. scrape. carnival.] sker-1 Important derivatives are: shear. to withdraw. skirmish. short. SHARD. Basic form *sker-.in suffixed zero-grade form *skyd-o-. a. 2. SHEAR. carnage. d. twenty. f. Also ker-To cut. tally. from Old Norse skor. scabbard. “sword protector.” scabbard (see bhergh-1). notch. b. (s)kel. depart.and *sker-ez-. notch. 1 e. screw. to move to and fro. carrion. carnation. from Old English scKar. from Old Norse skarfr. 5. to cut. scrub1. shard. 6. 4. portion. share1. . SCAR 2 . scissors. . SHARE SHARE 2 c. Suffixed o-grade extended form *skorp-o-. screen. carnal. scrap1. compound *skKr-berg-.[Pokorny 2. SCARF2. curt. scabbard. low reef (*skar-jam. Both a and b from Germanic *skeraz. incarnate. SHEAR. from Germanic *skarfaz. skirt. cortex. shirt.” “tonsure”). score. from Germanic *skardaz. SCABBARD. Both a and b from Germanic *skeran. from Old French escauberc. . . Suffixed o-grade extended form *skord-o-. SHEER 1 from Old English scieran. 3. a cut. from Old Norse sker. shrub1. from Germanic *skur-. scaru. SCORE. and Dutch scheren. from Germanic *skKr-o. possibly from a Germanic source akin to Old High German scarberc. Extended form *skerd. SCREEN. CARUNCLE. from Germanic *skerf-. KIRTLE.or o-grade form *kort-. from Old English scora. skirt ( from Old Norse skyrta. from Latin caro (stem carn-). COREOPSIS. XI. from Old English scort. from Greek koris. b. CARNATION. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-mo-. shield. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-i-. CARNASSIAL. from Latin cKna. 8. leather (originally “piece of hide”). CORIACEOUS. *skreb(h)-. from a source akin to Old High German skirmen. SKIRMISH. d. SKIRT. 1. 7. CARNAGE. CARNIVOROUS. and c all from Germanic *skurtaz. shore. b. IX.” short. to protect. from Latin corium. from Middle Dutch scherm. from Latin cortex. Variant form *kar-. Extended roots *skert-. SHORE1. from Latin curtus. Suffixed zero-grade form *ky-to-. a trimmed tree trunk. meal ( X. CORIUM. short. Suffixed form *kert-sn7-. c. SHIRT. CUIRASS. and Old Italian scaramuccia. shirt. 12. CARNAL. fence. CARNIVAL. INCARNATE. EXCORIATE. SHORT. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old English sceorf. flesh. CORTEX. Suffixed zero-grade form. from Old French eskermir. CHARNEL. skirmish. CARRION. Zero-grade form *kyt. bark ( 2. *kert-. SCURF. bedbug (< “cutter”). CURT.a. CURRIER. DECORTICATE. scab. CURTAL. to fight with a sword. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-yo. e. CENACLE. from Greek kormos. from Old English scyrte. Both a and b from Germanic extended form *skerm-. Extended root *skerb(h)-. 9. . a. from Germanic *skur-o. CORM. Extended root *skerp-. 10. “cut. CRONE. 11. sceort. scurf. 1 . a. i. from Old French fronce. from Old Norse skrapa. to scrape. SCRABBLE. crown. 4. to wrinkle. from Old English scrincan. to scrape. RUCK 2 . 2. Both a and b from Germanic *skrab-. SCREW. shrivel up. digger”). f. from Latin scrofa. to scratch. shrub (*skrub-. variant *kre-n-g-. from Middle Dutch schrobben. Section I.in nasalized form *(s)kre-n-g-.in nasalized form *skre-n-gh-. from Old English scearp. ridge. b.” remains. fold. pointed object. 1 .a. crest. rink. slope. from Latin scrobis. SHRUB . pleat. arrange. rank1. bend. from Middle Dutch schrabben. to wither. crepe. sker-. possibly from a Germanic source akin to Gothic skarpo. Extended form *(s)kreg. circle. FLOUNCE 4. from Frankish *hrunkjan. Also ker-To turn. SCARP. . ring1. SCROFULA. a crease. from Germanic *skrink-. b. a sow (< “rooter. curb. Both a and b from Germanic *skarpaz. sharp.] sker-2 Important derivatives are: shrink. embankment. SCRUB 1 . “pieces. search. SCRAP 1 c. curve. SHARP. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *hrunk-. from Old English scrybb. 938. SHRINK. trench. 3. cutting. SCROBICULATE. range. from Italian scarpa. [Pokorny 4. crisp. ii. ranch. Extended form *(s)kregh. 3. Both a and b from Germanic *skrap-. Presumed base of a number of distantly related derivatives. from Old Norse hrukka. ditch. from Old Norse skrap. SCRAPE. d. e. line. CIRCLE. from Old French renc. bent. RINK. 1 RANCH. a. CROWN. CRINOLINE. from Latin crista. back. CURVET. from Old English hring. Suffixed variant form *kur-wo-. crest. ridge. RANGE. from Greek krikos (with metathesis). 12.a. ARRANGE. 9. RING 1 . (of women) to wiggle the hips during copulation. 10. a ring. CRISTATE. Extended form *kreuk-. CREPE. c. KURTOSIS. SEARCH. curved. CURVATURE. DERANGE. b. CRISPATE. from Latin crXs7re. from Old English hrycg. CRISP. hair. curly. Suffixed extended form *kris-ni-. Suffixed extended form *kris-t7-. a. spine. 13. [Pokorny 3. bent. row. CURVE.] sker-3 A derivative is: dreck. reng. circle. curved. from Latin crispus (metathesized from *cripsus).935. RIDGE. Suffixed extended form *krip-so-. Perhaps reduplicated form *ki-kr-o-. CRICOID. 11. from Old High German hrukki. RUCKSACK. (CIRCA). from Latin crXnis (< *crisnis). RANK . . (CORONA). a ring. from Greek koronos. 7. CURB. from Middle Dutch rinc (combining form ring-). and c all from Germanic *hringaz. CRISSUM. from Latin curvus. 5. (CIRCUM-). Extended expressive form *krXss-. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-ono-. 6. Suffixed variant form *kur-to. from Greek kurtos. b. (s)ker. RINGHALS. CREST. CRISTA. tuft. b. something curved. Both a and b from Germanic hrugjaz. 8. a ring. iii. cuticle. 8. a. Extended form *skert. SKEWBALD. (ii). “to cut. separate. ii. Suffixed unextended form *sk-or/n-. from Old High German sc7m. Both a and b from Germanic *skeu-jam. scum.1031. (i). Extension of sek-. dung. 9. [Pokorny sˆer-d. Zero-grade form *sk7-. recoil. from Old French escume. from Latin stercus. SKATOLE. cloud (“cloud cover”). SKY.in taboo metathesis *sterk-os-. Suffixed basic form. from Old Norse sk«. SCORIA. from Middle Dutch sch7m. zero-grade form *(s)kuN-. cloud. SCUM. b. cloud. foam. dung. SCATO-. *(s)treg-. 4.Excrement.947. hoard. To cover. from Germanic *threkka-. 3. a.] (s)keuImportant derivatives are: sky. hide2. suffixed form *sk7-mo-. hut. from Middle High German dr”c. b. i. dung. (s)ter. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse sk«. MEERSCHAUM. scum. Zero-grade form *(s)ku-. and (iii) all from Germanic *sk7maz. scum. scum ( . conceal. STERCORACEOUS. hose. a. variant forms *(s)terg-. DRECK. scum. SKIM. dung.” hence “to void excrement. contracted to *(s)k7-. obscure. meerschaum. hide1.” 8. Variant *(s)keuN-. from Greek skor (genitive skatos < *sk-it-). . HUDDLE. the rump. from French hutte. Extended zero-grade form *kus-. CUNNILINGUS.” dark (ob-. CULET. from Latin cunnus. 7. to crowd together. skin. gut (< “sheath”). LEDERHOSEN. KISHKE. CHIAROSCURO. cover up. from Old English hord. RECOIL. from Greek kutos. from Old High German hosa. treasure (*huzdam. covering for the leg. see epi). Extended root *keudh-. hide. b. hose. from Old English h«dan. -CYTE. from Latin cutis skin. from Germanic *h7diz. suffixed form *ku-to-. CYTO-. CUTANEOUS. ii. suffixed form *ku-ti-. CUTIS. probably from Germanic *h'd-. from Old English hosa. a hollow. “covered.(or suffixed extended form *kudh-to-). suffixed form *sk7-ro-. hut. a. stock. c. from Germanic suffixed lengthened zero-grade form *h7djan. i. 6. from Latin c7lus. HUT. c. CULOTTE. suffixed form *k7-ti-. HOSE. possibly suffixed form *k7-lo-. d. from Low German hudeln. b. HIDE2. Zero-grade form *k'-. leg covering. OBSCURE. 8. suffixed form *kus-dho. c. backside. from Old English h«d. to hide. CUTIN. from Russian kishka. store. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *huson-. away from. CUTICLE. vulva (< “sheath”). BASCULE. a. 5. vessel. from Latin obsc7rus. HIDE 1 b.b. HOARD. Suffixed extended zero-grade form *kut-no-. from Germanic suffixed zero-grade form *h7d-jon-. . c. scuttle1.956. a taunt.] skrXbh- . corner of a sail. from Old English scKte. SHUT. from Germanic *skeutan. shot1. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse sk7li. from Old English scKotan. from Old English sceot. sheet1. chase. (SCOT AND LOT). from Middle Dutch sc(h)ot. d. SHOUT. shut. shooting. from Old High German scuz. b. throw. SCOT. shot. 14.] skeudImportant derivatives are: shoot. contribution. scot. to shoot. from Old Norse skot and Old French escot. mockery ( SCOUT from Old Norse sk7ta. SHOT 1 . missile. Both a and b from Germanic *skut-. piece of cloth. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse sk7ta. crossbar. shuttle. (s)keud. shooting. d. a.9. from Old English scytel. 1 2 . from Old English scyttan. tax ( WAINSCOT. to shut (by pushing a crossbar). hut. from Germanic *skutilaz. b. . from Germanic suffixed o-grade form *skaw-ala-. a shot. [Pokorny 2. probably from Germanic *skutjan. (s)keu. a. a. wooden partition. and d all from Germanic *skutaz. [Pokorny 2. SCHUSS. Both a and b from Germanic *skautjon-. SHIELING. shooting. a dart. SHEET SHEET 2 . from Old English scKata. to shoot. c. To shoot. a shot.951. c. 16. SHUTTLE. b. SHOOT. 15. RELAX. incise. describe.] slKbAn important derivative is: sleep. prescribe. 10. LANGUISH.” indolent. lax. sleep. languish. [Pokorny 4. SCRIPTURE. SERIF. script. circumscribe. scratching. from Greek lagos. ear. hare. from Latin laxus. INSCRIBE. CIRCUMSCRIBE. SHRIVE. 9. to scratch. FESTSCHRIFT.through a hypothetical base *slK. Suffixed form *lag-so-. lagos. To cut. SLACK 1 8. see ous-). Scripture. “loose. To be slack. “with drooping ears” (*ous-. pencil. MANUSCRIPT. manuscript. subscribe. [In Pokorny 1. inscribe. becoming *slag-.through a hypothetical base *slK. conscript. from Greek skariphos. SCARIFY 1 . LAX. loose. PROSCRIBE. SCRIBBLE. TRANSCRIBE. from Old English sl<pan. relax. RESCRIPT. ascribe. from Latin scrXbere.Important derivatives are: scribble.(< *sleN-). sketch.(< *sleN-). LAGOMORPH. Section II. sift. scribe. sleep. to be languid. *slKpaz. DESCRIBE. careless. transcribe. To be weak. from Germanic *slak-. CONSCRIPT. leb. Zerograde form *slNg-. 7. Extension of sker-1. POSTSCRIPT. and sl<p. write.] slKgImportant derivatives are: slack1.655. ASCRIBE. . from Latin languKre. Suffixed nasalized form *la-n-g-u-. 8. to sleep. from Germanic *slKpan. PRESCRIBE. SCRIPT. Possibly related to slKg. 7. 945. SLEEP. from Old English slæc. be languid. sker-. . SCRIPTORIUM. postscript. Possibly related to slKb. Compound *lag-ous-. slack. SCRIBE. SUPERSCRIBE. separate. SUBSCRIBE. Contracted from *sliN-. 2. slXef. from Greek lKgein. from Germanic *sleub-. from Middle Low German slÙven. [Pokorny (s)lKg. to leave off. surplice. 1. LUBRICATE. Basic form *sleubh-. 12. slop1.959. ALGOLAGNIA. OXLIP. O-grade form *sloi-. from Old English slypa. 2 from Middle Dutch sl7pen. and c all from Germanic *slup-. slippery. 4. to put on clothes carelessly.963. lustful. Suffixed form *sleubh-ro-. from Old English slKf. slime. a. slyppe. LUBRICITY.] sleubhImportant derivatives are: sleeve. to glide. To slide. c. b.] slXDerivatives are: sloe. from Latin l7bricus. lubricate. I. sloe (*slaihwon. Suffixed form *lag-no-. dung. a. [Pokorny sleub(h). slimy substance. lascivious. Both 1 and 2 from variant Germanic root form *sleup-. SLOOP. SLEEVE. from Old English (ofer)slop. 4. from Germanic *slaubjan. sl7. . Basic form *slKg-. sleeve (into which the arm slips). SLIP 3 SLOP SLOP 1 . LUBRICIOUS. cowslip. CATALECTIC. SLOE. slipa. . slXf. from Old English sl7h. livid. Bluish. . sloop. from Greek lagnos. COWSLIP. 3. from Old English *sloppe. slip. b. SLOVEN.11. b. MIRROR. ADMIRE. from Germanic *mi-mer-. from Old English smercian. *smar-. To remember. to be bluish. .formative). from Germanic reshaped forms *smer-. MARVEL. *kom-. MIRACLE. mirror. smiling with (*ko-. smile. (MEMORANDUM). plum [Pokorny (s)lX. miracle. wonderful. from Latin mXrus. commemorate.967. mirage. memory. from Old Norse Mimir. to smile. from Latin comis (< cosmis). MIMIR. To laugh. [Pokorny 1. MOURN.965. smile. from Latin lXvKre. Suffixed zero-grade form *my-no-. LIVID. from Germanic extended form *smXl-. 13. SMIRK. 10. from Germanic *murnan. admire. courteous. see kom). from Serbo-Croatian ≥ljÏva. from Middle English smilen. to mourn. to smile (with -k. a giant who guards the well of wisdom.] (s)mer-1 Important derivatives are: mourn. 9. a. Reduplicated form *me-mor-. Suffixed form *slX-wo-. COMITY. SLIVOVITZ. 12. memorable. from Old English murnan. 6. MEMORY. from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Swedish smila. remember. Suffixed form *slX-w7-. MIRAGE. MEMORABLE. mermorandum. to remember sorrowfully. marvel. (s)mei. COMMEMORATE. Prefixed zero-grade form *ko(m)-smi-. SMILE.5. 11. together. Suffixed form *smei-ro-. to smile.] smeiImportant derivatives are: smirk. 8. SUPERNATANT. (TRIMER). natation. Contracted from *snaNu-. from Latin merKre. EMERITUS. nurse. [Pokorny (s)mer.] (s)mer-2 Important derivatives are: merit. MERO-. to swim. to receive a share. 8. NATATORIAL. island. (NATATORIUM).969. attributed by some to this root (but more likely obscure).] See (s)n7u-. serve.969. 9.REMEMBER. from Latin nat7re. To swim. (MONOMER). [Pokorny sn7. from Greek meros (feminine meris). merKrX. NATANT. -MEROUS. from Greek nKkhein. 4. emeritus. from Latin memor. whence suckle. Suffixed (stative) form *mer-K-. nutrient. from Greek nKsos. NATATION. (ALLOMERISM). CHERSONESE. division. flow. TURMERIC. (ISOMER).] sn7Derivatives are: natant. To swim. let flow. 10. Suffixed form *mer-o-. extension of sn7-. (s)n7uImportant derivatives are: nourish. Contracted from *snaN-. deserve. . a part. nutrition. [In Pokorny (s)mer. MERETRICIOUS. 5. mindful. MERIT. -MERE. NEKTON. Extended form *sn7gh-. To get a share of something. Suffixed zero-grade form *(s)nN-to-. to swim. MERISTEM. (DIMER).971. Suffixed form *(s)neNw-y-. sew. from Greek nKma. NURTURE. NUTRIENT. Variant root form *(s)neu(N)-. APONEUROSIS. 7. from Greek Naias. PROTONEMA. from Greek nein. to flow. 2. *neu-r-o-. TREPONEMA. 3. AXONEME. SYNAPTINEMAL COMPLEX. ENERVATE. Tendon. NERVE. from Germanic *nKthlo. NEURO-. with further suffixes. from Old English snod. 8. NUTRIMENT. Also nK-To spin.971.6. NURSE. NUTRITIOUS. nerve.] (s)nKAn important derivative is: needle. NUTRITION. probably from naein. nurse. Zero-grade form *(s)n7. b. Extension of (s)nK-. from Germanic *snodo.] (s)neNuImportant derivatives are: neuron. to suckle. metathesized form *nerwo-. NAIAD. NEMATO-. Suffixed o-grade form *sno-t7-. headband. NEURON. to swim. sinew. from Latin n7trXx. Suffixed form *nK-tl7. a. NEUSTON. 1. .973. NOURISH.(< *snuN-) in suffixed form *n7-trX (with feminine agent suffix). sinew. from Latin nervus. NEEDLE. from Old English n<dl. CHROMONEMA. NUTRITIVE. Suffixed basic form *n7w-yo-. [Pokorny (s)nK. fountain nymph. SNOOD. sinew. [In Pokorny sn7. needle. thread. nourish. and n7trXre. Contracted from *(s)neN-. from Greek neuron. Suffixed form *snK-mi. consolidate. HOLO-. a. 2. SHE. SOLEMN.[Pokorny snKu. replacing se (with th. I. see ko-). s7. This. salute. she. see to-). . SOLICITOUS. celebrated at fixed dates (said of religious rites). 1. Basic form *sol-. solid. 1. from Germanic *sjo. Compound variant form *sei-ke (*-ke. entire. sXe. 2. Also solN-Whole. SOLID. [Pokorny so(s). that (nominative). Feminine form *sy7. in that manner. b.] soImportant derivatives are: the1. SIC1. solemn. For other cases see to-. whole. thus. from Greek holos. THE 1 HOI POLLOI. from Latin sollus. from Greek ho. 4. save1. II. from Latin solidus. CONSOLIDATE. from Late Old English the. 3.from oblique forms. catholic. salvo. whole. “that”. solemn. so. Suffixed form *sol-ido-. from Old English sKo. Variant form *solN-.] solImportant derivatives are: solid. religious. safe. masculine demonstrative pronoun. from Latin sXc. salvage. CATHOLIC. Dialectal geminated form *soll-o-. 3. from Latin sollemnis (second element obscure). sX 978. Suffixed form *sol-wo-. established. she.977. the. unbroken. solicitous. . Suffixed zero-grade form *spN-ro-. DESPAIR.] spKImportant derivatives are: speed. telescope. watcher. whole.979. Suffixed o-grade form *spo-ti-. favorable. [Pokorny solo. denominative of spKs (plural spKrKs). circumspect. ESPY. Basic form *spek-. SPEED. prosperous (traditionally regarded as from pro spKrK. perspective. spy. I. prosper. from Old English spKd. To observe. Suffixed form *spK-s-. Both a and b from Germanic *spehon. safe. to watch. SALVO. from Latin salvus. sp(h)Ki. conspicuous. bishop. success. Suffixed zero-grade form *s_N-wo. SALUTE. Contracted from *speN-. despair. PROSPER. from Germanic *spodiz. SAVE . 1 2 SALVAGE. from Old French espier. from Old Italian spione. expect. respite. speculate. uninjured. respect. 3. especial. prosper.1. [Pokorny 3. pro-. aspect. SALUTARY. skeptic. from Latin prosperus. healthy. 2. ESPERANCE. species.] spekImportant derivatives are: spy.983. espionage. b. despicable. see per1). according to. SAVE . prospect. despise. hope. spectrum. according to one's hope. 4. SALUBRIOUS. Suffixed zero-grade form slN-u. SAGE2. SAFE. from Latin sal7s. to hope. from Latin spKr7re. specimen. spectacle.giving *sala-wo-. a whole or sound condition. . 2. health. from Germanic derivative *speh-on-. To thrive. ESPIONAGE. suspect. SPY.giving *sal-u-. inspect. a. DESPISE. (RESPITE). from metathesized Greek skopos. “he who sees. PERSPECTIVE. form. append. DESPICABLE. Both a and b from Germanic *spinnan. SPECTRUM. Suffixed form *spek-7-. and its denominative skopein (< *skop-eyo-). PROSPECT. stretch. to see. SPECIMEN. down. pension1. dispense. CIRCUMSPECT. BISHOP. . suspend. Extended o-grade form *spoko-. SPIDER. SPECTACLE. from Old English spinel. SPIN. EXPECT. span1. sight. poise1. b. -SCOPE. RETROSPECT. 1. from Latin specere. spontaneous. ponder. spider. goal. (see gherN-) Latin haruspex. INTROSPECT. diviner. HOROSCOPE. pound1. to despise. To draw. from Old English spinnan.984. appendix. SPINDLE. from Latin speciKs. from Germanic derivative *spin-ilon-. pendant1. INSPECT. 3. also object of attention. consider. penthouse. TRANSPICUOUS. spin. -SCOPY. SPECIOUS. spindle. from Latin (denominative) dKspic7rX. FRONTISPIECE. SCOPE. augur. one who watches. pensive. see de-). RESPECT.2. ESPECIAL. compensate. “the spinner”. II. EPISCOPAL. (see awi-) Latin auspex.” 4. TELESCOPE. Basic form *spen-. SPECULATE. contracted from Germanic derivative *spin-thron-. depend. I. a. and spXthra. SKEPTIC. SPECIES. b. 5. spin. to spin. spindle. a seeing. SUSPECT. a. CONSPICUOUS. to look at. pansy.] (s)penImportant derivatives are: spider. expend. look down on (dK-. perpendicular. ASPECT. from Greek skeptesthai. to spin. [Pokorny speˆ. Suffixed form *spen-wo-. Both a and b from Latin -spex (< *-spek-). Suffixed metathetical form *skep-yo-. Suffixed form *spek-yo-. SPECULUM. to examine. and ponein. COMPENSATE. 4. APPEND. EQUIPONDERATE. DEPEND. to weigh. poverty ( 4. DISPENSE. from Middle Dutch spannen.988. PENSIVE. to bind. Suffixed and extended form *pond-es-. weigh. 3. 5. PONDER. 2. LITHOPONE. from Latin sponte. PESO. to hang (intransitive). from Germanic *spanno-. b. from Middle Dutch spange. from Germanic *spango. GEOPONIC. to weigh. PREPONDERATE. POISE . PROPEND. of one's own accord.2. Extended form *pend-. perhaps from (s)pen-. Perhaps suffixed form *pen-ya-. from Latin pondus (stem ponder-). [Pokorny (s)pen-(d). SUSPEND. PENSION . from Latin pendKre. POUND1. 1 1 PENDENTIVE. AVOIRDUPOIS. Both a and b from Germanic *spannan. o-grade derivatives of penesthai. clasp. II. 1 SPAN 2 . to toil. PENCHANT. lack. spouse. ponder. . from Greek ponos. *pon-. respond. and its denominative ponder7re. to stretch. 6. spontaneously. PENSILE. toil. from Greek penia. -PENIA. PREPENSE. Suffixed o-grade form *spon-t-. (PENTHOUSE). to entice. (APPENDIX). but more likely to a homophonous Germanic verb *spanan. PERPENDICULAR. PENDULOUS. EXPEND. by weight. IMPEND. PERPEND. PONDEROUS. ANTEPENDIUM. . SPAN SPANGLE. VILIPEND. from Latin pondo. Suffixed and extended form *pond-o-. SPONTANEOUS. consider. O-grade forms *spon-. from Old English span(n). COMPENDIUM. from Old High German spannan. a. (PANSY).] spendImportant derivatives are: sponsor. 3. PAINTER2. with its frequentative pKns7re. distance. possibly from (s)pen-. to toil. PENDANT1. and pendere. to cause to hang. weight. SPANNER. libation. RESPOND. Suffixed form *spond-7. SPONSOR. c. stem”). spore. to make a solemn promise. Suffixed form *spond-eyo-. II. SPROUT. and d all from Germanic *spr7t-. BOWSPRIT. ESPOUSE. pledge. d. sporadic. Basic form *sper-. offering. to sprout. betroth. 6. Zero-grade form *spr-. 1. 2. Suffixed form *sper-yo-. Suffixed form *sper-mi. To strew. sowing (see III. DIASPORA. from Greek speirein. spurt. O-grade from *spond-. Extended form *spreud-. b. 5. to sprawl. SPRIT. a. to SPRITZ. to scatter. 1. sperm1. spray1. pole (< “sprout. SPREAD. SPRITZER. 3. from Greek spondK. c. from Greek sperma. a. hence to engage oneself by a ritual act. spray. from Latin spondKre. from Middle Low German bochsprKt. from Germanic *spraidjan. b.] sperImportant derivatives are: sprawl. from Old English spr<dan. perform a rite. I. SPRAWL. bowsprit. seed ( . spurt. DESPOND.). SPONDEE. sperm.989. Diaspora. from Middle High German spr¸tzen. a scattering. with derivative spora. from Germanic *spr-. 1. spread. from Old English spr7tan. [Pokorny spend. from Old English sprKot. SPERM1. sprout. 2. to spread.To make an offering. from Old English sprKawlian. SPRAY2. Extended form *spreit-. SPOUSE. from Middle Dutch spor. hemorrhoid. SPOOR. strike against. sprayen. Suffixed o-grade form *srou-mo-. Zero-grade form *spy(N)-. from Old English spura. to sprinkle. 9. To flow. spurn. to kick.] sperNImportant derivatives are: spur. spoor. from Germanic *spurnon. SPORADIC. [Pokorny 2. Suffixed form *spor-id-. a. Ankle. SPURN. from Old English strKam. Extended Germanic root *sprK(w)-. stream. SPRAY1. from Greek spora. from Middle Dutch spraeien. O-grade form *spor-. spora. seed. from Greek sporas (stem sporad-). from Germanic suffixed form *spur-on-. from Germanic suffixed form *spur-am. from Germanic *sprKwjan. SPUR.993. spur. . Suffixed form *spor-7-. Nasalized form *spy-n-N-. sp(h)er. spoor. b. from Middle Dutch stroom. Basic form *sreu-. 1.] sreuImportant derivatives are: stream. from Old English spurnan. dispersed. diarrhea. STREAM. (s)p(h)er.III. spornan. stream. Both a and b from Germanic *straumaz. 7. MAELSTROM.992. 8. SPORO-. 4. stream. 3. IV. rhythm. a sowing. 2. scattered. [Pokorny 1. SPORE. track of an animal. DISTANT. STUD . STAY1. Suffixed zero-grade form *sru-dhmo-. (OUST). obstetric. from Russian struga. a. from Greek rhein. measure. contrast. RHYTHM. CONTRAST. from Greek rheuma. humor of the body. RHYOLITE. stable1. stand. instant. 3. rest2. a flowing. understand. STOOL. ecstasy. OBSTETRIC. HEMORRHOID. circumstance.] st7Important derivatives are: steed. with o-grade rhoos. CATARRH. state. suffixed form *sreu-mi. stem1. ARREST. stage. standard. stud2. RHEUM. (COST). b. stallion. b. STAGE. destine. DIARRHEA. RHEO. STANCHION. arrest. from Greek rhuthmos. STANCH . STEED. station. with derivatives meaning “place or thing that is standing. recurring motion. studhorse (*stod- jon-. from Old English stKda. SASTRUGA. OBSTACLE. prostitute. 5. 2 EXTANT. stream. flowing. stay1.1003. to flow. ESTANCIA. perhaps from sreu-. cost. 2 2. steer2.. 1. from Germanic *stodo. I. (STANZA). obstinate. stool. establish. superstition. rhythm. constant. STET. (see pel-2) Germanic compound *faldistolaz. stance. STATOR. Zero-grade extended form *srug-. static. 1 . from Old English stol. b. stool. exist. obstacle. RESTIVE. assist. stanza. 6. [Pokorny sreu. CONSTANT. statue. distant. INSTANT. store. deep place. substance. STANCE. insist. from Old English stod.a. a. CIRCUMSTANCE. establishment for breeding horses. Extended form *st7dh-. -RRHEA.” Contracted from *staN-. post1. statute. To stand. steer1. Both a and b from Germanic *stolaz. REST . substitute. institute. resist. Basic form *st7-. Suffixed form *st7-lo-. system. a fixed time. STAMEN. thread of the warp (a technical term). b. d. from Latin statim. and (iii) all from Germanic *stadiz. to stand. 2. from Greek stKmon. from Old English understandan. from Frankish *standan. from Old English standan. foundation. a. STARETS. 1. II. ETAMINE. from Germanic *stamniz. to stand. a standing still. Suffixed form *stN-tlo-. PENSTEMON. at once. from Old English stund. STANDARD. from Old English stede.(before consonants). from Germanic *stathlaz. STEM1. and d all from Germanic *standan. b. Suffixed form *stN-ti-. STARLING2. place. old (“long-standing”). from Latin statio. anvil. (i). Suffixed form *stN-tyo-. from Dutch stad. Suffixed form *stN-mno-. 4. place. from Old Norse stedhi. 5. UNDERSTAND. from Old English stathol.SUBSTANCE. STADDLE. STITHY. Suffixed form *st7-mon-. stand under (under-. tree trunk. . 4. c. from secondary zero-grade form in Germanic *stund-o. i. 2 STEAD. from Latin st7men. to stand. from Old High German stat. to know. (ii). place. Nasalized extended form *stN-n-t-. b. from Germanic *stathjon-. STOUND. a. STADHOLDER. stem. thread. c. 3. 6. ii. from Latin st7re. Zero-grade form *stN. SHTETL. 5. STATION. while. STAT . STAMMEL. Suffixed form *st7-men-. from Old Church Slavonic starƒ. from Old English stefn. under-. Suffixed form *st7-ro-. see idher). c. iii. STAND. statuere. CATASTASIS. witness (“who stands beyond”). thoroughly. 6.(before vowels). SOLSTICE. placed. from Greek statos. STATISTICS. OBSTINATE. height. to set up. see epi). from Latin dKstin7re. b. Suffixed form *stN-to-. from Greek -statKs. DESIST. a standstill. *st(N). STABLE1. a standing. place. 8. from Latin obstin7re. one that causes to stand. manner. DESTINE. Suffixed form *stN-no-. INTERSTICE. stand. INSIST. EXIST. from Latin stabulum. b. from Latin status. HYPOSTASIS. RESIST. PERSIST. see de-). 7. STATE. with derivatives stat7ra. ASTASIA. and superstes (< *-stN-t). to make firm. a. to set one's mind on.). Suffixed form *stN-dhlo-. APOSTASY. from Germanic *stadaz. “standing place. position. e. Suffixed form *stN-dhli-. on. PROSTITUTE. b. ISOSTASY. stature. STATO-. -STAT. 9. STASIS. attitude. condition. ARMISTICE. SUBSTITUTE. STATUS. place. Suffixed form *stN-tu-. standing. CONSTABLE. ASSIST. erect. EPISTASIS. from Latin sistere. from Latin stabilis. standing firm. EPISTEMOLOGY. stop. BESTEAD. from Greek stasis (see III. METASTASIS.” stable. STABLE2. CONSTITUTE. INSTITUTE. 11. establish (dK-. STATURE. persist (ob-. . a. SUPERSTITION. DIASTASIS. STATICE. (ASTATINE). Suffixed form *stN-t7. 10. a. 1. a standing. DESTITUTE. from Latin -stitium. Zero-grade form *st-. from Old Norse stadhr. ESTABLISH. 1. Reduplicated form *si-st(N)-. ECSTASY.d. CONSIST. (STATUE). b. SUBSIST. cause to stand. STATUTE. III. placed. STATIC. -STAT. ENSTATITE. a stoppage. RESTITUTE. ICONOSTASIS. to set. c. EPISTYLE. HISTIOCYTE. STOIC. post. Extended root *st7u. Secondary full-grade form *steuN-. place. HYPOSTYLE. pillar. see re-). “third person standing by” (see trei-). . i. Suffixed form *stu-t-.before vowels. tissue ( 2. from Old English stow. from Greek stulos. Compound form *por-st-i-. POST1. PERISTYLE. ASTYLAR. from Latin restaur7re. post.(< *staNu-). strong. before. studu. “one who stands under” (see upo). from Greek histos. ii. Probable o-grade suffixed extended form *stow-y7. VIII. thick. bull (see tauro-). Variant *tau-ro-. VI. Suffixed extended form *st7w-7. PROSTYLE. with stasis (*stN-ti-). from Greek stauros. Suffixed form *st-o. to restore. STOW. 5. see en). to set. AMPHISTYLAR. V. cross. STAUROLITE. stake. 3.).in compound *upo-st-o-. Zero-grade extended root *st7. place. anew. web. from Old English stuthu. post. STYLITE. 2.before consonants. from Latin Xnstaur7re. INSTAURATION. 4. basic meaning “stout-standing. from Greek histanai (aorist stanai).” 1.(< *stuN-). Compound form *tri-st-i-. Suffixed form *steuN-ro-. rebuild (re-. from Latin postis. Suffixed form *st7-lo-. stout. SYSTEM. a standing (see II. set upright again (in-. RESTORE. becoming *stau. see per1). prop. to restore. e. porch. *st7w. “that which stands before” (*por-. HISTO-. Secondary full-grade form *steu-.PROSTATE. THERAVADA. IV. from Greek stoa. Suffixed extended form *stau-ro-. from Germanic *stowo. 1 STUD . on. VII. STYLOBATE. 3. Variant zero-grade extended root *stu-. STOA. again. old. from Sanskrit sthavira-. b. 4. STORE. forth. Both a and b from Germanic *thakam. b. [Pokorny st7. decke. and c all from Germanic *thakjan. from Middle Dutch decken. covering. To cover. a. a. THATCH. a steering. 3. II. TOGA.” a. from Old English stKor. DECKLE. deck1. detect. from Germanic *steuro. 3. “a steering. he covers. from Germanic *steuraz. I. c. from Sanskrit sthagayati. thatch. DECK 1 . probably from st7-. calf. stierc. from Greek stegein. a larger domestic animal. Suffixed form *steu-ro-. from Germanic diminutive *steur-ika-. covering. steer. THATCH. to cover. STIRK. from Old High German decchen. a steering. Both a and b from Germanic denominative *steurjan.] (s)tegImportant derivatives are: thatch. roof. STERN . possibly from a source akin to Old Norse stjorn. to steer. deck2. from Middle English sterne. from Old English stXeran. from Old English stXrc. to cover. 2. ox. Suffixed form *tog-7-. O-grade form *tog-. III. from Old English stKor-. thug. possibly from (s)teg- . STEER 1 . to cover. d. DECK 2 from Old English theccan. to steer. stern of a boat. STEGODON. a rudder. toga. stKran. from Latin toga.1. to cover. THUG. Basic form *teg-. b. Suffixed form *steu-r7. STEER2. e. . from Old English thæc. STARBOARD. from Middle Dutch dec. 2 2. tile. derivative of st«ra. Basic form *steg-. protect.1004. b. . to sting. TEGMEN. TEGULAR. b. 2. STOCHASTIC. stag. TUILLE. TAJ. tile (with lengthened-grade root). from Latin tegere. TECTUM. Possibly contracted from *staNi-. from Germanic *stingan.1014. 1. TUNGSTEN. 2. TEGMENTUM. a. b. stein. prick. 1. 2. from Old English stagga. from Old English stingan. TECTRIX. c. goal. d. STEARIC. from Persian t7j. Possibly suffixed form *st7y-y (earlier *staNi-y). STONE. and d all from Germanic *stainaz. STING. from Old Norse steinn.] STAG. a. Stone. [Pokorny stegh. STEENBOK. a. DETECT. [Pokorny 1. to cover. steiImportant derivatives are: stone. STEARIN. crown. PROTECT. from Middle Dutch steen. stone. TILE. O-grade form *stogh-. INTEGUMENT. b. TEGUMENT. STEIN. pointed. stone. stag.1. (s)teg.1013. from Old High German stein. from Germanic *stag-. Perhaps nasalized form *stengh-. OBTECT. .] steghImportant derivatives are: sting. pointed stake or pillar (used as a target for archers). from Old English st7n. stone. from Greek stokhos. Suffixed o-grade form *stoi-no-. c. tungsten. To stick. and tKgula. tiger (from its stripes). stick. II. instigate.STEATITE. Suffixed o-grade form *stoig-7-. from Latin XnstXg7re. “to be stuck. Basic form *steig-. from Germanic *stikiz. 3. from Germanic suffixed form *stik-ilaz. stigma. to spur on. prod. a prick. III. STEAPSIN. Suffixed reduced form *tig-ro-.] steigImportant derivatives are: stitch. Suffixed form *stig-i-. etiquette. 2. to prick. pointed. TIGER. stab. and steikja. STIGMA. ticket. prick. STITCH. STEAK. tiger. from Latin stinguere. from Old French estiquier.1010. from Greek tigris. from Old English stice. TICKET. . tattoo. and its apparent derivative distinguere. stick. from Middle Dutch steken. pointed. Zero-grade form *stig-. ASTIGMATISM. to urge. instinct. Partly blended with stegh-. INSTINCT. (ETIQUETTE). sharp. from Greek stear. STEATO-. to roast (on a spit). from Old English sticel. Nasalized form *sti-n-g-. from Germanic *staiko. steak. from Greek stizein. Suffixed form *stig-yo-. a sting. 6. steak. perhaps originally to prick. distinguish. from Germanic blended variant *stekan. EXTINGUISH. STICK. roast. [Pokorny st7i. solid fat. sting. and Avestan tighri-. 7. from the same Iranian source as Old Persian tigra-. INSTIGATE. to separate (phonological and semantic transitions obscure). from Old English sticca. to stick. to quench. from Germanic expressive form *stikkon-. arrow. from Old Norse steik. STICKLEBACK. 4. from -stXg7re. from Germanic stative *stikkKn. suet.” 5. 8. DISTINGUISH. I. To stick. SNICKERSNEE. to stick. 1. with derivatives referring to a standing object or place. stair. . Suffixed form *stel-yo-. row. PENTASTICH. prepare. rise. 1. shadow line. line of verse. APOSTLE. To put. STAIR.] stelImportant derivatives are: still1. Suffixed form *stoigh-ri-. from Germanic *stihtan. fixed. DISTICH. ACROSTIC. . from Germanic *stXgan. gestalt. pedestal. PERISTALSIS.1017. HEMISTICH.” 3. Zero-grade form *stigh-. Suffixed form *stigh-o-. from Germanic *stigila-. from Greek stellein. Basic form *stel-. O-grade form *stoigh-. from Greek stikhos.[Pokorny steig. 1. to settle. apostle. series of steps. from Old English st<ger. stilt. step. STOICHIOMETRY. 2. from Old English stXgan. line. Suffixed form *stigh-to-. 2. stole1. STICH. from Germanic *stilli-.1016. CADASTRE. STICHOMETRY. I. Basic form *steigh-. from Germanic *staigrX.] steighImportant derivatives are: stirrup. II. step. rise. to go up. element. SYSTALTIC. from Old English stille. STY2. 1. III. stair. To stride. stout. EPISTLE. stand. arrange. from Old English stiht(i)an. Suffixed form *stel-ni-. DIASTOLE. STICKLE. installment1. STIRRUP. acrostic. STICHOMYTHIA. [Pokorny steigh. send. to put in order. STILE 1 2. STILL1. from Old English stigel. epistle. from Greek stoikheion. stalk1. install. “to place on a step or base. quiet. I. stall1. stallion. PEDESTAL. from Old Italian stallo. from Latin stultus. a. “firmstanding. STULTIFY. stalk. Suffixed form *stol-on-. d. from Latin stolidus. STOLID. 3. 2. 4. 1. from Old English steall. from Greek stolK. Suffixed zero-grade form *st_-no-. STOLON. pillar. (STOLLEN). uneducated”). Suffixed form *stol-ido-. from Old High German stollo. from Old French estal. 1. c. foolish (< “unmovable. b. b. INSTALL. upright piece. III. array. O-grade form *stol-. Suffixed form *stol-no-. d. garment. b. from Medieval Latin stallum. from Greek stKlK. to set. II. STALLION. post. equipment. IV. from Anglo-Norman estaloun. 1 1 STALE . e. STALK 1 STOLE 1 . Suffixed form *st_-to-.and stal-).make compact (with o-grade and zero-grade forms stol. branch. a. GESTALT. INSTALLMENT1.” stupid. from Latin stolo. from Germanic denominative *stalljan. . Zero-grade form *st_-. STELE. Extended form *steld-. support. stall. from Germanic *stullon-. STALL . STULL. place. Suffixed zero-grade form *stal-n7-. stall. and f all from Germanic *stalla-. a. from Old High German stellen. e. f. stable. FORESTALL. c. from Germanic *stalo-. 2. 3. stallion. Suffixed form *stol-7-. . place. standing place. from Old English stalu. shoot. from a source akin to Low German and Flemish stilte. crutch. ASTONISH. O-grade form *stor-. from Middle Dutch doner. stick. STUN. TORNADO. zero-grade form *st_d-. THUNDER. tornado. THOR. stereo-. stork. 2. “thunder. stel. stun.” thunder god. stilt. DUNDERHEAD. Thursday. b. 1. [Pokorny 3. from Old English thunor. BLUNDERBUSS. 2. from Old English starian. 1. stark. Suffixed form *stor-K-. a. a. b. starch. c. stout.] (s)tenNImportant derivatives are: thunder. STILT. Thor. thunder. thunder. donder. (s)ten. astonish. to stare. strut. Zero-grade form *stiN-.a. from Germanic *stult-. start.” strutting. torpor. O-grade form *tonN-. STOUT.1019. starve. Stiff. stern1. THURSDAY.1021. “walking on stilts. and c all from Germanic *thunaraz. I. from Germanic *staren. b. torpedo. from Middle English stilte. To thunder. startle. from Germanic *stiltjon-. [Pokorny 1. Extended form *stor-g-. STARE. from Latin ton7re. . DETONATE. to thunder. detonate. from Old Norse Thorr (older form Thunarr).] ster-1 Important derivatives are: stare. from Old French estout. from Germanic *str7t-. IV. from Old English steort. TORPEDO. from Old English *stercan. TORPID. obstruct. from Greek stereos. [Pokorny 1. to stiffen. Lengthened-grade form *stKr-. VI. STERE. from Germanic *sternjaz. III. Full-grade form *ster-. REDSTART. Both a and b from Germanic *stert-. CHOLESTEROL. hard. from Greek stKrizein. from Old English steartlian. from Old English steorfan. START. destroy. from Old English storc. to be stiff. 1. to stand out stiffly. STORK. b. II. Extended form *sterbh-. Extended form *styg-. from Old English *styrtan. STARTLE. STEREO-. instruct. Suffixed form *ster-ewo-. styrne. from Old English stearc. . 1. (s)ter. from Latin torpKre. TORPOR. from Germanic denominative *starkjan.] ster-2 Important derivatives are: structure. 2. from Germanic *sturkaz. struggle. . Extended form *(s)terp. firm. construct. tail. STARK.a. solid. STARCH. STERIGMA. severe. stork (probably from the stiff movements of the bird). from Germanic *stertaz. from Old English str7tian. STARVE. 1. to leap up ( a. STRUT. Extended form *sterd-.1022. Zero-grade form *sty-. to support. to die (*sterban.in suffixed (stative) zero-grade form *typ-K-. V. 3. STERN 1 2. b. from Germanic *starkaz. to kick. from Old English stierne. industry. 3. SUBSTRUCTION. INSTRUCT. a wide . from Greek stratos. 1. from Old Latin indostruus (endo-. Also sterN-To spread. STERNUM. to pile up. O-grade extended form *stroi-. army. from Old Russian strojV. strowwen. PROSTRATE. STRATH. Suffixed form *strow-o. 2. 2. CONSTERNATE. 1. 1. from Old English strK(o)wian. Suffixed form *ster-no-. order. straw. from Germanic suffixed form *streu-nam. I. a. Basic forms *ster-. SUBSTRATUM. 1. INDUSTRY. 2 STRUCTURE. from Latin struere. Suffixed form *sty-to-. STREW. OBSTRUCT. Extended form *streu-. “that which is scattered. II.strew. from Old High German str7la. from Old English strKaw. construct. Suffixed form *styN-to-. multitude. STRATUS. Zero-grade form *sty-. straw. stratagem. breast. from Latin industrius. *sterN-. STRAW. breastbone. within. DESTROY. lightning bolt. arrow. *styN-. see en). STRAIN . to stretch. PERESTROIKA. something gained. BREMSSTRAHLUNG. from Greek sternon. STRATOCRACY. Suffixed form *strou-eyo-. strew. to strew. 2. CONSTRUCT. from Old English strKon. extend. STREUSEL. 4. V. from Germanic *strawam. b. from Old High German strouwen. diligent. STREET. street. 2. STRATAGEM. O-grade extended form *strou-.” III. from Old Irish srath. to sprinkle. IV. Zero-grade form *stru-. Both a and b from Germanic *strawjan. offspring. Nasalized form *ster-n-N-. expedition. from Germanic *strKlo. from Latin sternere (past participle str7tus from zero-grade *strN-to-). ASTRO-. and strophion. ASTRAL. asteropK. ASTERISM. with o-grade derivatives strophK. 2. ASTERISK. ster. star. Suffixed extended form *styN-mi. bed. ASTERIATED. STROMA. DISASTER. stellar. ANASTROPHE. star. STROPHULUS.] streb(h)Important derivatives are: strop. asteroid. see okw-). 1 2. 3. from Latin stKlla.1027. STELLATE. Unaspirated o-grade form *strob-. turn. headband. STROPHE. star. STROPHOID. eye. disaster. lightning. 1. and possible compound astrapK.1029. Star. from Greek strobos. aster. (STROMATOLITE). appearance. STROBOSCOPE. STELLAR. Suffixed form *ster-s-. CONSTELLATION. a whirling. from Germanic *sterzon-. ASTEROID. [Pokorny 2. catastrophe. APOSTROPHE . STROBILUS. a turning. 1. 3. twist.] ster-3 Important derivatives are: star. strophe.river valley. asterisk. from Greek strabos. stem op-. STRABISMUS. apostrophe1. from Iranian stem *st8r-. whirlwind. ESTHER. ASTER. from Celtic *s(t)rato-. [Pokorny 5. squinting. 4. from Old English steorra. STROP. Suffixed form *stKr-l7-. from Greek stroma. DIASTROPHISM. STREPTO-. 3. to wind. CATASTROPHE. Unaspirated zero-grade form *styb-. STAR. from Greek strephein. BOUSTROPHEDON. . turn. star. ster. stroboscope. ASTRAPHOBIA. from Greek astKr. star. with its derivative astron. STRABOTOMY. twinkling (ops. constellation. mattress. To wind. from Persian sitareh. Oldest root form *Nster-. Zero-grade form *strig-. II. ster. Both a and b from Germanic *strXkan. STRAIT. [Pokorny 1. channel. I. STRICKLE.1025. stroke.] streigImportant derivatives are: strike. good. stroke. Suffixed form *strig-y7-.1036. from Old English *str7c. prestige. STRIKE. constrain. STRIGIL. to draw tight. from Germanic *strikon-. from Germanic diminutive *strik-ila-. from Germanic *straik-. strict. Nasalized form *stri-n-g-. 4. line. press together. To stroke. Well. a. STRICT. from Old English strXcan. STRAIN1. from Latin stringere. to stroke. . 2. STRINGENT. O-grade form *stroig-. streak. from Latin stria.1028.] suA derivative is: swastika. from Old English strica. possibly akin to stringere. stroke1. PRESTIGE. STREAK. to strike. STRINGENDO. streig. strain1. restrict. from Old English stricel. Suffixed form *strig-7-. ASTRINGENT.[Pokorny strebh. implement for leveling grain. CONSTRAIN. 2. from Latin strigilis. III. strigil. furrow drawn lengthwise over the field. 3. Basic form *streig-. b. DISTRAIN. from Old French estriquier. STROKE1. 4. RESTRICT. row of grain. STRIA. from Latin striga. furrow. STRIGOSE. TRICOT. 1. rub. 3. press. stringent. swine. Suffixed form *su-k7. HYOSCINE. 4. from Old Norse svXn. plowshare. Contracted from *suN-. hog. hyena. 3. c. snout of a swine. from Old English swXn. Suffixed form *suN-Xno-. . from Germanic *sugo. Both a and b from Celtic expressive form *sukko-. well. dissuade. persuade. 1. SWASTIKA. 2. swine. hedonism. good luck. Basic form *s7-. from Greek hus. from British *hukk-. from Latin s7s. “having good life” (see gwei-). SWINE.] s7Important derivatives are: swine. swine. b.(see es-). SOW 2 SOCKET. 5. Both a and b from Germanic *swXnam.1. Compound *su-gwiN-es-. pleasant. from Old English hogg. HYENA. b.1037. hog. probably a derivative of seuN-1. [Pokorny s'-s 1038. suave. from Anglo-Norman soc. from su-. Sweet. pig. KEELSON. from Sanskrit sv-asti. sow. a. from Germanic *s7-. 2. perhaps from s7-. HOG. Pig.] sw7dImportant derivatives are: sweet. a. socket. plowshare. swine. . SOIL 2 . from Old English sugu. well-being. from Old English s7. SOW2. sow2. [Pokorny su. reflexive suffix. (ASSUASIVE). boy. 2. seclude.” owner. from Sanskrit sv7min. pleasure. ethic. sober. idiosyncrasy. Suffixed form *sw7d-K-. “one's own (man). sylf. of oneself. pleasure. custom. Suffixed form *sw7d-on7. same..” 1. . 4. from Greek hKdonK. DISSUADE. GOSSIP. from Old Norse sveinn.(< *swo-).” attendant. secede. Suffixed form *sw7d-es-. SUAVE. AEDES. oneself (reflexive pronoun). HEDONISM. select. one's own. to advise. seduce. from Germanic *sik. herdsman. SWEET. servant. 2. desolate. Pronoun of the third person and reflexive (referring back to the subject of the sentence). sullen. to make oneself ready. from Latin su7vis. self. SIB. from Germanic *swainaz. solitary. sure. suicide.” blood relation. bustle1. SUICIDE. SWAIN. one's own. from Greek Kdos. Suffixed form *s(w)e-bh(o)-. from Germanic *selbaz. Suffixed extended form *sel-bho-. secure. SUASION. “one's own. 4. SOAVE. “(we our-)selves. relative. sweet. 5. prince. secret. idiom. ethnic. solo. “one's own master. BUSTLE1. segregate. HEDONIC. from Old Norse -sk. further appearing in various forms referring to the social group as an entity. from Germanic *swotja-. sole2.] s(w)eImportant derivatives are: self. from Old English self. separate. PERSUADE. 5. a. relative. Suffixed form *s(u)w-o-. from Latin suX (genitive). as in b7ask. gossip. from sva. from sik. from Latin su7dKre. b. idiot. from Germanic *sibja-. self. delightful. [Pokorny s¯7d. urge ( 3. from Old English sibb. from Old English swKte. soliloquy. 3. Suffixed form *swoi-no-. sedition. solitude. (BOATSWAIN). self. ASSUAGE.1. Suffixed form *sw7d-w-i-.1039. SELF. SWAMI. Suffixed form *se-ge. earlier hetaros.6.] sweid- . SOLITUDE. apart ( a. from Latin sKd. SECERN. DESOLATE. Extended form *sed. get accustomed. not drunk (Kbrius. private (“particular to oneself”). suffixed form *swedh-no-. (IDIOPATHY). sK-. SOBER. b. from Old Iranian khvad7ta-. SOLITARY. 11. a. HETAERA. 10.” “relative”). sK. DESUETUDE. from Latin compound sobrius. custom. SECRET. SEDULOUS. from oneself. trait. from Greek idios. “that which is one's own. SECURE. IDIO-. SELECT. SEDUCE. self. nation. see dhK-). (CONSUETUDE). from Greek hetairos. from Latin suKscere. SEDITION. CACOETHES. people ( 9. SECLUDE. IDIOM. SODALITY. ETHNIC. Extended root *swLdh-. Suffixed (ablatival) form *swe-tos. band of people living together. created from oneself (d7ta-.882. comrade. without. SINN FEIN. from Latin solus. companion. from Greek Kthos. companion (< “one's own. KHEDIVE. [Pokorny se. to accustom. by oneself alone.” peculiarity. SEGREGATE. from Latin sod7lis. Possibly suffixed lengthened o-grade form *so-lo. ETHOS. 8. lord. Suffixed extended form *swet-aro-. CUSTOM. 12. SEPARATE. MANSUETUDE. d. c. SOLE2. SOLILOQUY. by haplology from compound form *khvato-d7ta-. from Old Irish fKin. created. 7. SECEDE. suffixed form *swKdh-sko-. from Greek ethnos. SULLEN. drunk. MASTIFF. disposition. (SURE). Suffixed form *swei-no-. (IDIOSYNCRASY). SOLIPSISM. ETHIC. personal. custom. Suffixed extended form *swed-yo-. IDIOT. SOLO. ETHNO-. see Kgwh-). 2. SUDORIFEROUS. sweat. SIXTY. see dekc). with derivatives sixtig. I. I. SWILL. HEXA-. sweat. with its denominative *swaitjan. To eat. six. from . HIDROSIS. SUDORIFIC. II. ten. sixteen (-t«ne. Six. from Greek hex. TRANSUDE.An important derivative is: sweat. semester. from Germanic *swaitaz. to sweat. drink. SUDATORIUM. SUINT. sixty. swallow1. six. SEXTILE. to wash out. EXUDE. O-grade form *swoid-7-. to sweat. sextant. [Pokorny s¯eˆs 1044. 1. SESTET. 2. SIX. sixth. from Latin s7d7re.1043. s¯eid. from Latin sextus. SEICENTO.] s(w)eks Important derivatives are: six. SESTINA. from Germanic *seks. 1. and sixt«ne. SEMESTER. Suffixed form *seks-to-. hexa-. Form *seks. Form *sweks. from Old English swilian. to sweat. SEXTODECIMO. from Old English sw<tan. SENARY. SEXTANT. O-grade form *swoid-. from Latin s7dor. gargle. II. from Old English s(i)ex. 3. [Pokorny 2. 3. sestet. Sweat. SWEAT. from Greek hidros.] swelImportant derivatives are: swill. Suffixed zero-grade form *swid-r-os-. 1. six. to sweat. HEXAD. Suffixed form *swoid-os-. SEX-. SEXT. SIXTEEN. sweat. from Latin sex. 2. 2. a deep sleep. 2. DISSONANT. b. from Greek hupnos. from Latin sopor. Suffixed zero-grade form *sup-no-. sleep.1048. sleep.] swenImportant derivatives are: swan. UNISON. 1. SOUND 1 SWAN. SONOROUS. SOMNOLENT. Suffixed o-grade form *swon-o-. CONSONANT.Germanic *swil-. Suffixed form *swep-os-. *swelhan. SOMNI-. a. hypnosis. HYPNO-. SOPOR. manticore. (SOPORIFIC). sonata. 3. SONIC. sound1.1046. sonic. to sound. To sleep. dissonant. from Latin sonus. eating. SONANT. from Old English swelgan. from Greek mantikhoras.] swepImportant derivatives are: insomnia. sonnet. from Latin son7re. INSOMNIA. MANTICORE. Suffixed form *swep-no-. 3. from Latin somnus. resound. (HYPNOSIS). a sound. SONATA. sonorous. . ASSONANCE. from Old English swan. SONNET. unison.] . Form *swen-7-. SONE. consonant. RESOUND. SWALLOW1. HYPNOTIC. probably from Iranian *khv7ra-. *swanon-.1045. [Pokorny 1. swan. GROUNDSEL1. perhaps from swel-. [Pokorny s¯en. 1. Extended form *swelk-. “singer”. To sound. to swallow. from Germanic *swelgan. s¯ep. s¯el(k). from Germanic *swanaz. [Pokorny 1. answer. [Pokorny 1. from Old English sweostor. To speak. “so like. proclaim. 1. from Old English swylc. a. SORORAL. suffixed form *swesr-Xno-. so. to swear. SORORITY. from Old English sw7. Derivative of s(w)e-. SISTER. from Germanic compound *swa-lXk-. so. see ant-). SO 1 . [Pokorny s¯esor. s¯er. Sister. sister. Pronominal stem. Zero-grade form *swesr-.] swoImportant derivatives are: so1. maternal cousin. O-grade form *swora. . 2. sister.. talk.1049. SWEAR. b. from Germanic *and-swaro.] swesorImportant derivatives are: sister. such. cousin. from Germanic *swarjan. from Latin soror. b. b. sister. COUSIN. and Old Norse systir. “a swearing against. sorority. answer. from Latin sobrinus. such.swerImportant derivatives are: swear. from Old English swerian. a.” of the same kind (*lXk-. from Old English andswaru. ANSWER.” “rebuttal” (*andi-.1051. both from Germanic *swestr-. against. SUCH. 15. touch. TANGIBLE. and t7ctus. SUTRA. awl ( 4. tangible. assess (possibly a frequentative of tangere. to sew. taxai. HYMEN. Compound form *i-tag-ro-. from Germanic *siwjan. in nisi. see ne. intact” (*i-. SUTURE. assess). unless (nX. Suffixed form *s7-tro-. 1. to arrange. INTACT. TASTE. tax. contaminate. from Latin s7bula.] sy7Important derivatives are: sew. KAMASUTRA. To bind. from Germanic *saumaz. [In Pokorny 2. 3. TANGENT.] tagImportant derivatives are: tact. attain.915. thin skin. intact.same. see kwo. entire. TANGORECEPTOR.+ sX. I. to touch. if). if). QUASI. hymen. 2. membrane. siowan. “untouched. negative . couture. SEAM. taste. Suffixed shortened form *syu-men-. suture. string. integer. as. from Greek humKn. CONTACT. but probably influenced by Greek tassein. Basic form *sy7-. from Latin sX. to sew. III. SEW. if. NISI. [Pokorny s˜7. seam. from Latin suere (past participle s7tus). from Old English seowian. Suffixed form *s7-dhl7-. to touch. from Latin tangere. Adverbial form *swai.882. ATTAIN. seam. not. TACT. see lXk-). Variant form *s7-. with derivatives tax7re. Nasalized form *ta-n-g-. from Sanskrit s7tram. seu. SUBULATE. thread. 14. COUTURE. 1. To touch.+ sX. II. sew. tangent. quasi (quam. TACTORECEPTOR. handle. from Old English sKam. TAX. contact. torero. [Pokorny tegu. military vassal.prefix. to corrupt by mixing or contact (< *con-t7men-. warrior. bull. from Germanic *thegnaz. OXYTOCIC. “bringing into contact with”. TAURUS. Thick. Derivative of st7-. from Greek tokos. Suffixed form *tag-smen-. THANE. man. INTEGRATE. BITTERN1. Suffixed o-grade form *tok-o-. TAUROCHOLIC ACID. TOREADOR. boy. from Old English thegn. To beget. freeman. from Latin taurus. from Greek tauros. but an independent word in Indo-European. child. ENTIRE. INTEGER. with.1054. Suffixed form *tek-no-. TAURINE 1 . POLYTOCOUS. give birth to.] tauroImportant derivatives are: Taurus. com-. from Old English thicce. birth. INTEGRITY. nobleman. TOCOLOGY. whole. thick. Bull. con-. TAURINE 2 [In Pokorny tKu.] teguAn important derivative is: thick. complete. from Latin cont7min7re. 6. warrior. 21. from Germanic *thiku-. toreador.1057. 5. 16. perfect.1083. 22. [Pokorny tag. . intact. bull. . TORERO. CONTAMINATE. from Latin integer. see kom). THICK. servant.] tekA derivative is: thane. honest. see ne). context. Suffixed form *teks-n7-. Both a and b from Germanic *thahsu-. fine. PRETEXT. relate. TOIL2. CONTEXT.1058.” referring to its burrowing skill) but more likely borrowed from the same preIndo-European source as the Celtic totemic name Tazgo-. TISSUE. weaver. maker of wattle for house walls. badger. 32. retaliate. precise.] teksImportant derivatives are: text. 31. builder.[Pokorny 1. TEXT. craft. b. extol. a. tolerate. b. subtle (< *sub-tKla. possibly from teks(“the animal that builds. see upo). especially with an ax. from Old High German dahs. also to fabricate. skill. warp of a fabric. technology. art. collate. “thread passing under the warp. net. a. philately. translate. builder (possibly contaminated with *teks-tor. from Latin tKla. also weaver's beam (to which the warp threads are tied). tek.] telNImportant derivatives are: toll1. from Latin subtXlis. from Greek tekhnK. subtle. carpenter. tantalize. from Greek tekton.” the finest thread. To weave. ARCHITECT. Suffixed form *teks-l7. TECHNICAL. from Latin texere. (POLYTECHNIC). craft (of weaving or fabricating). badger. superlative. builder). technical. 29. thin. TECHNOLOGY. Gaelic Tadhg. from Middle Dutch das. web. . originally “badger. TECTONIC. architect. DACHSHUND. legislator. sub.” [Pokorny teˆt. Atlantic. . Suffixed form *teks-on. also to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered) house walls. pretext. tissue. 30.1057. elate. to weave. under. badger. talent. fabricate. TILLER 2 SUBTLE. Atlas. DASSIE. hence the sum of money represented by such a weight. balance. name of the Titan supporting the world.(influenced by t7lis. from Greek telos. scales. Nasalized zero-grade form *t_-n-N-. with derivatives referring to measured weights and thence to money and payment. from Greek telamon. such). name of a legendary king. 14. ATLANTIC. SUBLATE. from Latin toler7re. PRELATE. possibly “something paid out. “carried. DILATORY. borne. RETALIATE. TANTALUS. to bear. from Latin t7lio.” used as the suppletive past participle of ferre. supporter. TOLERATE. from Sanskrit tul7. tel. 1 ELATE. 9. Perhaps (but unlikely) intensive reduplicated form *tantal-. from Latin tollere. any of several specific weights of gold or silver. SUPERLATIVE.] tem- . bearer.” 12. b. ILLATION. to lift. “the sufferer. 15. weigh. tax. LEGISLATOR. Suffixed zero-grade form *t_N-7-. weight. Suffixed form *telN-mon-. charge. ABLATION. weight. [Pokorny 1. 11. to bear (see bher-1).1060. from Greek Atlas (stem Atlant-). balance. from Greek Tantalos. (TANTALIZE). TALENT. Suffixed form *tel(N)-es-.” from *tali. endure. PROLATE. EXTOL. from Latin l7tus. PHILATELY. 10. RELATE. ATLAS. 13. TELAMON. TOLA. TALION. reciprocal punishment in kind. COLLATE. Suffixed variant zero-grade form *tala-nt-. TRANSLATE. TOLL 1 .To lift. a. Suffixed zero-grade form *t_N-i-. Suffixed zero-grade form *t_N-to-. Perhaps (but unlikely) zero-grade form *t_N-. 7. from Greek talanton. OBLATE . with its compounds. 8. support. from Latin portendere. ANATASE. extend. tenuous. SYNTONIC. a technical term in augury. open place for observation (augury term 2. INTEND. Suffixed form *ten-yo-. [Pokorny 1. 1. contend. EPITOME. from Latin tondKre. atom. -TOMY. PERITONEUM. tendon. from Greek temnein. CONTEND. with o-grade forms tomos. maintain. temple. V. To stretch. ANATOMY. HYPOTENUSE. pretend. DIATOM. from Latin templum. entertain. PRETEND.1062. before. PORTEND. volume. EXTEND. TEMPLE1. a. from Greek teinein. TONSURE.becoming *tend. SUBTEND. DETENT. DISTEND. TMESIS. and tomK. detain. contain. “to indicate. ATTEND. attend. continue.] tenImportant derivatives are: tend1. tenure. TENESMUS. TELANGIECTASIA. . intend. variant of pro-. III. epitome. 1. Derivatives with the basic meaning. hypotenuse. TENT1. CONTEMPLATE. Form *tem-. TENDER2. tem-. foretell. Suffixed form *ten-do-. section. lieutenant. Extended root *tem-d. tend. contemplate. presage. tenant. TEMPLE3. TEND 1 b. see per1). ENTOMO-. shave. “to stretch out before” (por-. pertain. to shear. with o-grade . from Latin tendere. temple1. Also temN-To cut. retain. tense1. tenement.” 2. diatom. to stretch. TONSORIAL. Form *temN-. extend. DICHOTOMY. TENSE1. to stretch.Important derivatives are: tome. obtain. a cutting. to cut. TOME. tone. anatomy. sustain.in o-grade suffixed (iterative) form *tond-eyo-. BRONCHIECTASIS. cutting. shrine. ATOM. tenacious. tenor. tender1. OSTENSIBLE. Nasalized form *t(e)m-n-N-. CATATONIA. PROTASIS. IV. sitar. a cut. (-TOME). tent1. thin. Suffixed form *tem-lo-. EPITASIS. LIEUTENANT. (CONTINUE). TANTRA. TENOR. Suffixed form *ten-on-. from Germanic *thunniz. TENEMENT. THIN. V. loom. pitch. a string. SUSTAIN. TAENIA. TENDON. (RETINACULUM). POLYTENE.1065. SITAR. 3. [Pokorny 1. from Persian t7r. from Greek tonos. (BARITONE). fine. TETANUS. tender. RETAIN. PERTAIN. CONTAIN.” hence “thin. from Sanskrit tantram.” 1. TENABLE. 5. string. from Old English thynne. EXTENUATE. 3. 2. Derivatives meaning “stretched. b. TENON. from Greek tenon. 2. Basic form (with stative suffix) *ten-K-. TENURE. Suffixed full-grade form *ten-tro-. PERTINACIOUS. a. Suffixed full-grade form *ten-u-. string. from Greek tetanos. Suffixed zero-grade form *ti-u-. ribbon.and zero-grade noun tasis (< *ti-ti-). ten. DETAIN. band. to hold. stiff. TONE.” 1. tension. maintain ( IV. a stretching. 3. 4. hence sound. ABSTAIN. delicate. from Latin tener. Suffixed zero-grade form *ti-ya-. TENACIOUS. (TENDRIL). TENUOUS. TENO-. from Latin tenKre. OBTAIN.form ton. ATTENUATE. TENUTO. Suffixed o-grade form *ton-o-. Derivatives meaning “something stretched or capable of being stretched. tendon. MAINTAIN. TONOPLAST. ENTERTAIN. intensity. rare. from *thunw-. TENDER1. thin. TENANT. keep. rigid. thin. from Greek tainia.] terN-1 . Suffixed full-grade form *ten-ero-. TENACULUM. from Latin tenuis. TENET. Reduplicated zero-grade form *te-tan-o-. from Latin terere (past participle trXtus). tread. TRITURATE. from Old English therscan. drill1. (THRASH). from Germanic *thrKw-. from Germanic *tharma-. twist. from Greek tornos. VII. Zero-grade form *tr-. DETRIMENT. gut. thresh. to thresh. THRESH. throw. contour. DERMA2. from Old English thr7wan. with some derivatives referring to twisting. Variant *trK-. 2. b. and others referring to the rubbing of cereal grain to remove the husks. Suffixed form *tor(N)-no-. TERETE. thread. and piercing. contracted from *treN-. wear out. Suffixed form *tor(N)-mo-. from Old English therscold. b. 3. drilling. VIII. tool for drawing a circle. to rub away. . CONTOUR. Both a and b from Germanic *therskan. and thence to the process of threshing either by the trampling of oxen or by flailing with flails. a. TEREDO. (DETOUR). threshold. return. boring. to thresh. (RETURN). rounded. sill of a door (over which one treads. trauma. thresh. from Greek toreus. CONTRITE. from Germanic *thr-. TOREUTICS. *threskan. from Latin teres (stem teret-). VI. V. 3. Variant form *trK. threscold. detriment.(< *treN-).Important derivatives are: trite. 1. 2. O-grade form *tor(N)-. a boring tool. THROW. To rub. (ATTORN). from Middle Dutch drillen. Suffixed form *ter-et-. to turn. to drill. ATTRITION. hole. a. thrash. second element obscure). Suffixed form *ter-sko-. a kind of biting worm. turn. 1. Full-grade form *ter(N)-. smooth. turn. tread. TURN. circle. DRILL1. truant. TRITE. lathe. THRESHOLD. from Greek terKdon. from Old High German darm. a threshing sledge. nostril. . TROUT. pound. *trau-.(< *treN. th«rel. 4. from Germanic *thrKdu-. TREMATODE. 4. wear out. hurt. DREDGE 2 from Greek trogein. TROGON. Forms *tro-. 3. from Greek trupK.or *tyN-). . Extended form *trX. overcome. beggar. plow ox. TREPAN1. Suffixed form *trK-mi (< *treN. X. from Greek trKma.2. from Latin trXbulum. ter. from Latin trio.(< *triN-). trunk.or *tyN-). trans-. to gnaw. Variant *tr7-. Suffixed form *trK-tu-. 2. thorough. Possible form *tr7g-. perforation. THREAD. thresh. transient. a. Zero-grade form *ty(N)-. I. 5. pass through. [Pokorny 3. from Old English thyr(e)l. contracted from *traN-. thread. 3. wound. SEPTENTRION. from Greek tragKma. through. hole. NOSTRIL. DIATRIBE. *trag-. Form *trup-. TRYPSIN. TRUANT. from Old French truant. To cross over. TRAUMA. sweetmeat. perforation. 2. Various extended forms 1. IX. trench. TRIBULATION. MONOTREME. twisted yarn. Suffixed form *trX-dhlo-. from Greek tribein. 1. from Greek trauma. Suffixed form *trK-ti. TRIBOLOGY. a hole (*thur- ila-.1071. 1. Form *trXb-. from Greek trKsis. TRYPANOSOME. Probably suffixed form *trX-on-. from Old English thr<d. to rub. Form *trog-. TRIBOELECTRICITY. THRILL. ATRESIA. b.] terN-2 Important derivatives are: thrill. (< *traN-). from Sanskrit tirati. Extension of terN-1. over. from Middle Persian sr7yXdhan.” “powerful.1075. Suffixed nasalized form *tru-n-k-o-. TRUNK. from Latin tr7ns. he crosses over. from Germanic *thurh.and full-grade form *ter(N)-. oblique. 4. tortuous. torch. TRANSIENT. from Old Norse thverr. Suffixed form *tyN-kwe. from Middle Low German dwer. (see nek-1) Greek nek-tar. thuruh. Zero-grade form *tyN. 1.” “penetrating”). Possible variant form *t(w)erk-. TRENCH. oblique. AVATAR. through. through (perhaps originally the present participle of a verb *tr7re. 2. from Iranian thr7ya-. tarati. fierce.] terkwImportant derivatives are: queer. nasturtium. mutilated. maimed”). TRUCULENT. To twist. from Latin trux (stem truc-). across. torque1. Possible extended form *tru-. 1. CARAVANSARY. from Persian sar7y. THROUGH. hence trunk (? < “overcome. Suffixed form *tru-k-. grim (< “overcoming. overcoming death. TRANS-. retort1. 23. to protect. beyond. [Pokorny 5. from Old English thurh. II. b. 3. (TRANSOM). savage. transverse. III. thwart.2. TRUNCATE. to cross over). from Latin truncus. to protect. 2. deprived of branches or limbs. ter. torment. a. THOROUGH. Variant form *tr7. twisted. Suffixed form *tr7-yo-. . extort. distort. inn. Both a and b from Germanic *thwerh-. QUEER. THWART. terrain. To dry. 7. truffle. TORT. CONTORT. a. mediterranean. VERDITER. cod (a and b from Germanic *thurs-. TERRITORY. from Latin torrKre. TORRENT. MEDITERRANEAN.24. TORQUE . from Latin torquKre. DISTORT. 16. TERRAN. (TERRAIN).” . TERRIER. 5. parch. TORTUOUS. to twist. Suffixed o-grade form *tors-eyo-. from Old Norse thorskr. [Pokorny ters. TOAST1.1077. from Germanic *theuham. toast1. from Germanic suffixed form *thurs-tu-. TERRAQUEOUS. thimble. from Latin terra. sole of the foot. frame of wickerwork (originally for drying cheese). TERRENE. tuber. TERRE-VERTE. terrace. 1 2 TORQUE . PARTERRE. TORMENT. tumor. CUSK. torrent. TURMERIC. “the swollen or fat part of the leg. torrid. hence a flat surface. 8. TORRID. Extended form *teuk-. from Old English thurst.] teuNImportant derivatives are: thigh. TERRICOLOUS. Also teu-To swell. TARSUS. Suffixed zero-grade form *tys-. 6.” earth. butter. NASTURTIUM. “dry land. TUREEN. FUMITORY. TORCH. TERRIGENOUS. TERRACE. terrier. TERRESTRIAL. TORTICOLLIS. THIRST. to dry. Suffixed basic form *ters-7-. ankle. thumb. TERREPLEIN. TORSADE. thirst. subterranean. [Pokorny terk. SUBTERRANEAN. Suffixed zero-grade form *tys-o-. THIGH. territory. thousand. thigh. 1 EXTORT. RETORT . INTER.] tersImportant derivatives are: thirst. b. tomb. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *torkw-eyo-. dryness. from Old English thKoh. TRUSS. burn.1078. from Greek tarsos. inter. raised heap of earth. Suffixed variant form *two-mi. from Greek tulos. b. Suffixed zero-grade form *twN-wo-. c. lump. SOMATO-. a. from Latin tumulus. THOLE PIN. OBTURATE. rescue. suffixed (stative) form *tum-K-. sos. from Latin tumKre. oarlock 1 (*thul-. be proud. from Old English th7send. Perhaps nasalized extended form *tu-m-b(h). a. “swollen hundred. from Greek turos. TUMID. thousand. BUTTER. (TUMEFY).thigh. CREOSOTE. 18. suffixed form *tum-olo-. PROSOMA. heap. to stop up. PROTUBERATE. TUMEFACIENT. THOUSAND. body ( 24.(or extended . thumb (*th7mon-. Extended zero-grade form *t7m-. from Greek sozein. 25. TYROSINE. from Greek soma. derivative of saos. TUMULUS. from Latin t7ber. Suffixed variant form *two-ro-. 19. mound.” “strong”). Suffixed zero-grade form *t7-ro. from Old English thol(l). SORUS. b. swollen. be swollen. TUBER. b. to swell. SORITES. stopped up. -SOME3. TYROTHRICIN. callus. 23. swelling. TUMESCENT. 20. Extended zero-grade form *t7bh-. TRUFFLE. from Old English th7ma. oar pin. a. lump. from Greek soros. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *tu-l-.” thousand (*hundi-. TYLOSIS . hundred. TUMOR. DETUMESCENCE. INTUMESCE. see dekc). healthy (< “swollen. possibly from *t7ros. pile.(< *tuN-ro-). cheese ( from Latin -t7r7re. Extended form *t7s-. THIMBLE. 22. coagulated. from Germanic compound *th7s-hundi-. TYLECTOMY. safe. SOMA. SOTERIOLOGY. to save. THUMB. 17. 21. Suffixed form *teut-onos.(? [In Pokorny tKu. dwell. Both a and b from Germanic *theudiskaz. situate. haunt. of the people. borrowed via Celtic from Germanic tribal name *theudanoz. b. c. to go or bring home. hame (< “covering”). from Old High German diutisc. TOMB. from Latin TeutonX. DUTCH. [Pokorny tKu. the Teutons. a. haunt. derivative of *theud7-. to frequent.] tkeiImportant derivatives are: home. Suffixed o-grade form *(t)koi-mo-. people. home. possibly from teut7. from Middle Dutch hame. NIFLHEIM. from Old Norse heimr. e. all.zero-grade form *tum-). HAUNT. 10. total. TOTAL. FACTOTUM. TUTTI.” TEUTON. a. home. from Latin totus. tomb. HAME. hangar.] teut7Important derivatives are: Dutch. hamlet. TEETOTUM. HOME. German. from Old English h7m. from Old French ham. from Greek tumbos. be home. Teuton.1080. of the Germans or Teutons. Tribe. from Germanic *haimatjan. from Middle Dutch duutsch. from Old French hanter. .1080. 10. from Old High German heim. HAIMISH. village. d. whole. To settle. b. HAMLET. home. 11. f. “they of the tribe. PLATTDEUTSCH. barrow. of the people. home. “for all that. a. their. e. the. than. AMPHICTYONY. 21.] toImportant derivatives are: the1. though. and g all from Germanic *haimaz. 18. thider. from Middle Dutch de. from suffixed form *si-tu. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse tho. Zero-grade form *tki-. SITUS. thus. from Old English thæder. from Germanic *thanana-. Both a and b from Germanic *thK-. then. from Old English thanon. from Greek ktizein. a.” 19. NATHELESS. these. those.626. c. from THITHER. thence. tandem. by the. d. THEN. than. a. ˆei. possibly from Germanic *haimgardaz (*gardaz. . this. (THOSE). THE 2 DECOY. f. though. from Germanic *thana-. them. thKr. decoy. this. 20. thænne. THAN. from Old English th<r. probably from *tki-.539. from Old French hangard. THERE. from Germanic *thKr. there. from Old English thanne. b. thenne. they. from metathesized kti-. from Old English thK. enclosure. th« (instrumental case). thither. location. this. from Old English thes.g. then. SITUATE. ˆtei. b. from Germanic *thauh.from si-. 11. that. from Latin situs. settle. from Middle English though. For the nominative singular see so-. there. see gher-1). to found. Demonstrative pronoun. 23. . b. shelter. from Germanic *thasi-. THIS. 22. though. [Pokorny 1. THESE. home. THOUGH. THENCE. HANGAR. THAT. thus. from Old Norse their(r)a.1088. from Greek to. 25. thought. thought. 24. from Latin t7lis. so much. CIRCUMLOCUTION. LOQUACIOUS. TAUTO-. LOCUTION. so much. them. from Old English thus. they. Adverbial (originally accusative) form *tam. 31. from Germanic *thus-. from Old English thanc. from Germanic genitive plural *thaira. 4. good will. MAGNILOQUENT. GRANDILOQUENCE. THEIR. THUS. 26. think. colloquium. 27. theirs. from Germanic dative plural *thaimiz. THEY. to thank. soliloquy. 28. TALES. To speak. and thancian. ventriloquism. that. ALLOCUTION.1086. such. from Latin loquX. TANTAMOUNT. INTERLOCUTION. from Germanic nominative plural *thai. 29. to speak.Germanic *thathro. feel. [Pokorny tolk¯.] tolkwImportant derivatives are: loquacious. at last. OBLOQUY. COLLOQUIUM. thought. SOLILOQUY. TANDEM.] tongImportant derivatives are: thank. from Old English thæt. from Latin tandem. from Old Norse their. (COLLOQUY). THEM. To think. 30. Metathesized form *tlokw-. from Old Norse theim and Old English th<m. Suffixed reduced form *t-7li-. Extended neuter form *tod-. the. VENTRILOQUISM. from Germanic *thankaz. to. ELOCUTION. THANK. [Pokorny 1. circumlocution. from Germanic *that. . and tantus. elocution. from Germanic *(ga)thanht. thirty. thrice. TRAMMEL. to think. thrXtig. [Pokorny treb. TREY. with its derivatives thrXga. TREPHINE. contest. Nominative plural form *treyes. testimony. and thrKotXne.] trebDerivatives are: thorp.] treiImportant derivatives are: three. THIRTY. collective prefix. village. beam. TRABEATED. to think of. thought. testament. third. three. . from Old Swedish thrXr.(*ga-. three. from Old English (bi)thencan. thrX. TRABECULA. 2. from Latin trabs. (third person singular present indicative thyncth). attest. THOUGHT. from Germanic *thurp-. BETHINK. from Germanic *thunkjan. b. TRECENTO. TRIUMVIR. trio. from Old English thyncan. three. thirteen (-tXne. detest.1088. [Pokorny 1. from Old English thorp. from Germanic *(bi-)thankjan. 5. Dwelling. 7. protest. THORP. trave. thrXwa. thrKo. from Old English thrXe. TROCAR. thrice. see kom). a. ten. timber. thirteen. triple. THINK.gratitude. Three. tong.1090. I. METHINKS. hamlet. from Latin trKs. Zero-grade form *tyb-. TRILLIUM. testify. THREE. ARCHITRAVE. thirty. from Old English (ge)thoht. THIRTEEN. to seem. trinity. Both a and b from Germanic *thrijiz. and *thankon. tertiary. 6. 6. 5. THRICE. see dekc). TRAVE. sitar. thank. a witness. b. tris. from TERCEL. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *thridjaz. Compound form *tri-pl-. TRIBE. (TESTIMONY). third. from Greek tri-. from Persian si. TERTIAN. OBTEST. TRITIUM. from Latin tri-. PROTEST.*-plo-. three. 3. 7. oar. three. TRICLINIUM. TRICHOTOMY. 4. -fold. from Greek tritos. 1. 5. TRIPLOBLASTIC. 8. a. from Greek trias. ii. from Greek trikha. Zero-grade form *tri-. triple. from Latin testis. TESTAMENT. TRIPLE. TRIMURTI. see erN-). thirdda. see pel-2). “threefold” (*-pl. third. TRI-. three.” . TRIGLYPH. from Greek compound triKrKs. II. third. 6. Suffixed form *tri-to-. CONTEST. in three parts. three. Suffixed form *tri-tyo-. Compound form *tri-plek-. third. III.3. Extended zero-grade form *tris. “third person standing by” (see st7). i. DETEST. TRIO. b. RIDING from Old English thrid(d)a. from Old Norse thridhi. 2 . trireme (-KrKs. TRIDACTYL. third. c. Latin tertius (neuter tertium). “threefold” (*-plek-. TIERCE. TERCET. TRITONE. triple. 10. Compound form *tri-st-i-. the number three. TRIAD. from Greek treis. TERTIARY. TRI-. SESTERCE. THIRD. galley with three banks of oars. “thrice. from Latin triplex. Combining form *tri-. ATTEST. TRIPLEX. TRISKAIDEKAPHOBIA. TRICROTIC. from Greek triploos. TRITANOPIA. 2. TESTIFY. SITAR. 9. three. see plek-). from Sanskrit tri-. TRIERARCH. protrude. TROPIC. O-grade form *trop-. retrieve. (TROUBADOUR). a. 3. compress. from Old English thrKat. from Latin tr7dere. THREAT. to squeeze. Variant form *tr7d-. from Russian troje. thrice. use of force. TROIKA. TERN 2 . TERPOLYMER. APOTROPAIC. 20. (TROVER). INTRUDE. trophy.1. from Germanic *thr7stjan. trep. a turn. tropic. from Greek trepein. turning. push. TRISOCTAHEDRON. 2. THRUST. from Greek tris. from Latin trXnX. ENTROPY. (RETRIEVE). CONTRIVE. EXTRUDE. group of three. from Old Norse thr«sta. to thrust. way. from Greek tropos.] trepImportant derivatives are: trope. To squeeze. oppression. OBTRUDE. Suffixed form *tris-no-. Suffixed o-grade form *troud-o-. from Latin ter. IV. ABSTRUSE. b. TROPO-.] treudImportant derivatives are: threat.1090. TROPE. from Germanic *thrautam. a turning. three each. entropy. To turn. contrive. [Pokorny trei. 5. TROPHY. (ATROPOS). manner. Suffixed o-grade form *troy-o-. to turn.1094. with o-grade tropos. thrust. change. . from Greek tropK. PROTRUDE. 4. 19. intrude. -TROPOUS. (TRINITY). suffixed form *trop-7-. TRINE. suffixed form *trop-o-. [Pokorny 2. 18. thrice. TREPONEMA. . from Middle Low German 7t. outside (adverb). *tege). utmost. thy. from Old English b7tan. THOU1.1097. (THEE). e. from Old English 7tera. . hubris. Extended form *uds. Suffixed extended form *t(w)ei-no-. thou. c. f. b7te. out. ERSATZ. CAROUSE. e. carouse. from Germanic *thXnaz. from Old High German irsezzan. out. Lengthened form *t7 (accusative *te. see ambhi).] udImportant derivatives are: out. ersatz. from Old English 7t. [Pokorny tu. from Germanic suffixed (comparative) form *7t-era-. from Middle Dutch ute. g. THINE. AUSLANDER. from Old High German 7z. by. about. to replace. 2 BUT. out. thK). OUTLAW. Also 7d-Up. “at the outside” (*bi-. out. ABOUT. 17. thou1. 5. 6. you. from Old English th7 (accusative thec. outlaw. d. c. from Germanic *th7 (accusative *theke). out. a. thine. out. thine. and g all from Germanic *7t-.] tuImportant derivatives are: thee. utter1. at. but. outer. f. THY. UTMOST. a. b. Second person singular pronoun. thou. uut. UITLANDER. OUT. a. from Germanic compound *bi-7tana. d. utter2. b.[Pokorny tr-eu-d 1095. out. UTTER UTTER 1 . from Old English thXn. from Old Norse 7t. from ir-. out. Over. *uz-. sirloin. perhaps “heavy. from Greek husteros. from Greek compound hubris. from Middle Low German over. from Middle Dutch oor. over. Both a and b from Germanic *uberi.1103. SUPERB.b. sovereign. SIRLOIN. (see dail-) Germanic *uz-dailjam. HUBRIS. upper. 20. b. OVER. HYSTERON PROTERON. 19. see bheuN-). see gwerN-1). over. SOUBRETTE. arrogant. from Old English ofer. Suffixed (comparative) form *ud-tero-. violence. suffixed form *(s)uper-no-. c. out. superior. from Latin supernus. a. “a portioning out. supreme.” judgment. above. out. SUPERNAL. super-.” “violent”. VIGORISH. Variant form *(s)uper. 18. SUPREME. b. later. from hu-. HYSTERESIS. from Old High German ur-. “being above” (*bhw-o-. c. from Latin superbus. after. URSPRACHE. SUR-. ORT. out of. outrage. from Russian vy-. d. Extended form *uperi. out. second. original. soprano. super-. SOVEREIGN. superb. hyper-. SUPERIOR. suffixed form *super-bhw-o-. somersault. being. (SUPREMO). SUPERABLE. 23. summit. a. . sum. superior. from Latin super. ORLOP. insolence (bri-. SUPER-. excellent.] uper Important derivatives are: over. top. and d all from Germanic *uz. c. above. a. 24. [Pokorny 'd. b. over. open. a. a. from Germanic *obisdrup-. c. topmost. over. frequently. (SOPRANINO). supine1. from *dhrub-. . up. ABOVE. uproar. OFT. *ubizwo. above. 7. see dhreu-). Both a and b from Germanic *ubaswo. OPEN. SUPRA-. eaves. upp-. over. UP. and d all from Germanic *upp-. Basic form *uper. 8. up. eaves. from Old High German 7f. from Germanic *ufta. hypo-. 25.d. sub-. from Middle Low German up. from Greek huper. Possibly suffixed form *up-t-. 10. uppe. beyond. valet. up. Extended form *upes-. eaves ( EAVESDROP. dripping water from the eaves (*drup-. vestibule. b. above. SOMERSAULT. by. AUFKL‰RUNG. EAVES. a.] upo Important derivatives are: up. from Old English 7p-. b. vassal. highest. suffixed (superlative) reduced form *sup-mo-. from Old English oft. c. see ambhi). from Old English b7fan. d. opal. at. UP-. SUMMIT. b. from Old English open. often. 9. HYPER-. “on. above” (*bi-. often. supple. suffixed form *super-o-. OFTEN. up. from Latin summus. above. from Old English yfesdrype. over. from Latin supr7 (feminine ablative singular). from Old English efes. UPROAR. up. [Pokorny uper 1105. Under. porch. from Old English up. water from the eaves. “put or set up. SOPRANO. to drip. from Germanic *upanaz. from Germanic compound *bi-ufana. up from under. e. eavesdrop. SUM.” open. open. ] walImportant derivatives are: valence. INVALID . 15. (INVALID ). to be strong. young man (*sto-. Upanishad). valiant. VALOR. WIELD. 16. avail. valor. from Greek hupo. equivalent. (VALEDICTION). from Celtic *wo-. Suffixed (stative) form *wal-K-. to rule. from Latin supXnus. Basic form *upo. CONVALESCE. and wieldan. prevail. (VARLET). b. Extended o-grade form *wold(h)-. 22. under.11. suffixed form *sup-ter. VALID. value. wield. top. lying on the back ( c. post horse.” servant. from Greek hupsos. under (in upani}ad. standing. 12. from Latin valKre. 13. suppliant. from Sanskrit upa. Probably compound *upo-st-o-. under. from sub. b. from Vulgar Latin *vassus. 21. OPAL. VALIANT. d. valid. AVAIL. VALE2. vassal. under. HYPSO-. VASSAL. VALUE. a. to rule. (VALET). from Latin subter. Variant form *(s)up-. from Latin sub. “one who stands under. a. “army . VALETUDINARIAN. (see reidh-) Latin verKdus. To be strong. HYPO-. near to. PREVAIL. see st7-). height. invalid1. SUB-. AMBIVALENCE. VALENCE. convalesce. under. from Old English wealdan. from Germanic *waldan. (see koro-) Germanic *harja-waldaz. [Pokorny upo 1106. Basic form *upo-. secretly. Suffixed variant form *ups-o-. from Celtic *wasso-. SOUTANE. 14. 1 2 COUNTERVAIL. UPANISHAD. SUPINE. (see pl7k-1) Latin supplex. SUBTERFUGE. to govern. EQUIVALENT. 27. rule. ventilate. 26. [Pokorny 10. Contracted from *weN-. from Germanic *wXz. NIRVANA. 23.] . VENTAIL. To blow. [Pokorny ¯al. rule. oldest basic form *NwK.] weAn important derivative is: we. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse vængr. 1 WIND 1 . Suffixed irregular shortened form *we-dhro-. storm. Basic form *wK-. wing. weather. from Old Church Slavonic vlastV. WE.1114. from Latin ventus. from Sanskrit v7ti (stem *v7-). wind.81. wind1.1111. window. wind. Suffixed variant form *wey-es. WING. VENT . from Old Norse vindr. wing.commander. from Old English wind. from Germanic *wedram wind. b. WEATHER. wind. wind. i. Suffixed extended o-grade form *wold-ti-. WINDOW. For oblique cases of the pronoun see nes-2. blowing. VENTILATE.] wKImportant derivatives are: weather. 28. we. weather. nirvana. Suffixed (participial) form *wK-nt-o-. We. power. from Middle English wenge. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *windaz. OBLAST. wing. [Pokorny ¯L.” from *wald-. from Old English wK. vent. 29. from Old English weder. a¯(K). ii. from suffixed Germanic form *wK-ingjaz. we.(< *NweN-). it blows. from Germanic *wefta-. weft.webhImportant derivatives are: weave. Both (i) and (ii) from a source akin to Middle Low German w7fel. a. from Old English web(b). [Pokorny ¯ebh. WEFT. cross thread. to move from side to side. 1 c.1114. i. from Middle English waveren. waffle. from Old English wifel. waffle. . from Middle Dutch w7fel. HYPHA. WOBBLE. from Old French gaufre. Both a and b from suffixed Germanic form *wabila-. WAFFLE . 21. WEEVIL. b. to waver. and c all from Germanic *wab-. wobble. possibly from webh-. honeycomb. weevil. from Old North French waufre. wave. from Germanic *weban. WAVE. b. 1 WEAVE. honeycomb. 18. from Low German wabbeln. to move back and forth as in weaving. from Old English wefan. from Greek huphK. 20. honeycomb. 17. WEBSTER. to weave. web. Suffixed zero-grade form *ubh-7-. wafer. also to move quickly. sway. d. to move (the hand) up and down. Suffixed o-grade form *wobh-yo-. ii. from Germanic *wabjam. waffle1. web. web. WEB. from Old English wafian. e. web. WAFER. GOFFER. WAVER. To weave. web.] wed-1 . WOOF from Old English wefta. wafer. 19. fabric. weevil (*webila-. wet. (HYDRANT). from Latin unda. water. O-grade form *wod-. wet. HYDATID. otter. otter. (HYDROUS). 36. wet. 39. a water serpent. 38. from Russian voda. abound. ABOUND. Hydra. WASH. 40. VODKA. from Germanic *wintruz. *ud-r7-. DROPSY. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *wKd-o-. d. c. WET. winter. from Greek hudor. OTTER. Hydra. Suffixed zero-grade form *ud-ro-. wave. 33. water. b. WATER. a. UNDULATE. Suffixed o-grade form *wod-or. from Old High German wassar. CLEPSYDRA. water animal. Suffixed zero-grade form *ud-or. UNDINE. winter. KIRSCHWASSER. from Latin lutra. from Germanic *otraz. REDUNDANT. wacsan. whiskey. HYDRA. water. b. Suffixed o-grade form *wod-7-.” 37. vodka.78. to wash. WINTER. wKt. ANHYDROUS. Suffixed nasalized zero-grade form *u-n-d-7-. Both a and b from Germanic *watar. from Greek hudros. water. a. HYDRO-. redundant. HYDRUS. Water. HYDATHODE. inundate. SURROUND. a¯(e).Important derivatives are: water. (REDOUND). otter (with obscure l-). from Old English wæter. a water snake. UTRICLE. 35. Nasalized form *we-n-d-. undulate. hydrant. 41.] . “wet season. USQUEBAUGH. from Germanic suffixed form *wat-skan. otter. winter. [Pokorny 9. hydro-. from Old English w<t. Suffixed zero-grade form *ud-skio-. from Old English otor. (WHISKEY). from Germanic *wKd-. water. from Old English winter. from Old English wæscan. from Greek hudra. 34. INUNDATE. NUTRIA. to wash. from Old Irish uisce. surround. wash. from Germanic *wakKn. (WICCA). to watch. waken. WITCH.in possible reduplicated form *awe-ud-. [Pokorny 6. (WICKED). 6. from Sanskrit v7daU. to wake up. be lively. from Germanic *wakjan. from Old English wæccan. wæcnian. MONODY. from Old High German wahta. to be awake. RHAPSODY. from Old English wacan. dissimilated to *aweid-. from Germanic *wikkjaz. Both a and b from Germanic . a. from Old North French waitier. TRAGEDY. song. WAKEN. a singer. bivouac. statement. (BEWITCH). wizard (feminine wicce.76. Suffixed o-grade form *wog-no-.becoming Greek *aweid-. HYMNODY. guard. MELODY. from Old English wicca. to sing). necromancer ( 7. from Germanic *waknan. to awake.wed-2 Important derivatives are: ode. rhapsody. from Old English wæcnan. sorcerer. to be awake. from Middle Dutch and Middle Low German wachten. WAKE1. from Germanic *wahtwo. 16. vigilante. and wacian. with aoidos (Attic oidos).(but more likely a separate root *Nweid. THERAVADA. To be strong. WAIT. BIVOUAC. COMEDY. sound.] wegImportant derivatives are: wake1. 3. melody. Suffixed o-grade form *wog-K-. watch. ode. WATCH. wait. reveille. WAFT. b. and aoidK (Attic oidK). arise. 4. 5. vigil. au. To speak. from Greek aeidein (Attic aidein). parody. to sing. velocity. 17. vigil. comedy. Suffixed form *weg-yo-. ODE. Oldest root form *Nwed. watch. to watch. singing. PARODY. witch). tragedy. vegetable. with suffixed o-grade form *awoid-o. vigor.becoming *awed. EPODE. NORWEGIAN. 4. devious. course of travel.1117. from Germanic lengthened-grade form *wKgo. from Latin vigil. via. transport in a vehicle. from Old English wæ(g)n.” [Pokorny ¯e´. from Germanic *wegan. gewiht. WEIGH 1 WEE. 5. 9. envoy1. Suffixed o-grade form *wogh-lo-. to be lively. from Old English weg. Suffixed o-grade form *wogh-no-. 11. 10. vogue. VELOCITY. vector. unit of weight. from Latin vigKre. wagon. VEGETABLE. wiggle. wagon. 8. WAIN. WAY. convey. to carry. wagon. from Old English wiht. wag1. trivial. weight. AWAY. vehicle. always. way. WEIGHT. Both a and b from Germanic *wegaz. VIGIL. obvious. weight. 6. VIGOR. away. Suffixed (stative) form *weg-K-. to be lively. awake. voyage. Both a and b from Germanic *wagnaz. convex. from Latin vegKre. vex. b. (VIGILANT). “lively. 8. WAGON. SURVEILLANT. from Latin vKlox. watchful. ALWAYS.] weghImportant derivatives are: weigh1. a. previous. VIGILANTE. To go. from Germanic *wihti-. earwig. way. convection. 7. a. deviate. way. from Middle Dutch wagen. fast. balance in a scale. weight. Suffixed form *wegh-ti-. . . REVEILLE. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *wog-eyo-. way. Suffixed form *weg-slo-. b. wee.*waht-. VEDETTE. from Old English w<g(e). from Old Norse vegr. from Old English wegan. Suffixed form *weg-(e)li-. chicken roost. from Old French voguer. DEVIATE. insect ( from Middle Dutch and Middle Low German wiggelen. to carry. together. VOYAGE. INVEIGH. Suffixed form *wegh-s-. from Latin vex7re. OCHLOPHOBIA. CONVECTION. wag. from Germanic *waglaz. from Old English wicga. VEHICLE. WAG 1 GRAYWACKE. from Old Low German *wogon. CONVEX. from Greek okhlos. OBVIOUS. . VEX. PREVIOUS. Probably suffixed form *wegh-so-. 12. TRIVIUM. iris.” convex (com-. vise. 10. from Old Norse vagl. ENVOY . [Pokorny ¯e´h. WIGGLE. boulder rolling on a riverbed. eye disease. FOY. beam. from Latin vehere (past participle vectus).] weiImportant derivatives are: wire. see kom). populace. to move back and forth. b.a. (TRIVIAL). from Latin via. ii. . to rock. from Germanic *wKga-. from Latin convexus. possibly from wegh-. way. CONVEY. WALLEYED. VEHEMENT. to row. from Middle English waggen. 11. “to move about”. to agitate ( 13. b. viticulture.1118. road. Distantly related to this root are: i. ADVECTION. PERVIOUS. sway. VIA. sail. to wag. ii. mob ( 9. i. EARWIG. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *wig-. (VIADUCT). Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *wag-. VECTOR. (ENVOI). ferrule. from Old High German waggo. 1 DEVIOUS. Suffixed basic form *wegh-y7. “carried or drawn together (to a point). Basic form *wegh-. OCHLOCRACY. water in motion. VOGUE. perch. EVECTION. wacko. Both a and b from Germanic suffixed form *wX-ra-. wise1. Form *weiN-.becoming *witt7. IRIS. WITHE. evident. withy. headband. GARLAND. VITICULTURE. with derivatives referring to suppleness or binding. 5. Suffixed form *wei-ti-. from Greek iris. from Old French garlande. wire. envy. from Latin viriae. . wire. 5. advice. Hades. WIRE. wisdom. willow. from Old English wXr. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-t-.Also weiN-To turn. from Latin vXmen. interview. a. b. wit1. supple twig. and Iris. ¯ei. from Germanic *wXth-. Form *wei-. view. from Old English withthe. from Old English w7r. *weara. IRIS. wreath. willow. XI. [Pokorny 1. rainbow. seaweed. rainbow goddess.(< *wiN-). provide. zero-grade *wX. (IRIDACEOUS). INOSITOL. visa. vine. from suffixed Germanic form *wai-ra-. 3. *wK-ra-. twist. 4. from Frankish *wiara. XII. 2. sinew. from Old English wXthig. Suffixed form *wX-ti-. FERRULE. VISE. IRIDO-. clairvoyance. kaleidscope. Perhaps suffixed form *wX-n-. INION. Probably suffixed form *wX-ri-. WITHY.] weidImportant derivatives are: guide. withy. bracelets (of Celtic origin). from Greek is (genitive inos). from Latin vitta. vision. SEAWARE. idol. 4. unwitting. from Germanic *withjon-. 2. VITTA. 1. INOTROPIC. guise. Suffixed form *wX-men-.1120. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-ria-. probably from wei-. (IRITIS). from Latin vXtis. MIMBRES. Suffixed form *wX-t7. EXINE. 3. wicker. (IRIDIUM). WITE. 2 . IV. 3. IWIS. to guide. from Old English wXtan. from Old English wita. knowledge. see dhK-). from Old English witan. reproach. and d all from Germanic *wXssaz. from Old English wit. Suffixed form *wid-to-. To see. abstract suffix. -OID. TWIT. ii. a. and d all from Germanic *wXtan. from Greek eidos. learning. ascribe to. from Old English gewis. WISDOM. to reproach. form. from Old ProvenÁal guidar. Full-grade form *weid-. d. wisdom (dom. EIDETIC. survey. from Old English wXsdom. prophet. a. b. b. Zero-grade form *wid-. WISE . idea. gewiss. penalty. shape. V. appearance. b. c. Suffixed form *weid-to-. a. wXs. c. councilor. 2 WISEACRE. Suffixed form *weid-es-. to look after. from Old English wXse. GUISE. to guide. 2. wise man. penguin. WIT . a. b.review. UNWITTING. 3. Both a and b from Germanic *wit-. WISE 1 . manner. from Germanic derivative noun *wXti-. GUY 1 . from Old French guise. seer. from Old French guier. . supervise. to know. GUIDE. c. IDOL. manner. manner. witt. i. IDOCRASE. EIDOLON. from Old High German wXssago. KALEIDOSCOPE. from Germanic *witan. guard. form. history. IDYLL. from Old English wXs. 2. b. from Old English wXte. a. c. fine. wise. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *wXsson-. intelligence. WIT 1 WITENAGEMOT. story1. VIEW. (see deru-) Celtic compound *dru-wid-. from Greek histor. VISAGE. HADES. the underworld. IDEO-. from Latin vXs. b. wise. look. from Greek HaidKs (also AidKs). 8. sure. IDEA. violate. RIG-VEDA. 9. Suffixed nasalized form *wi-n-d-o-. from Germanic *wissaz. Suffixed form *wid-tor-. INTERVIEW. from Latin vidKre. vehement. [Pokorny 2. Suffixed form *wid-es-ya. HADAL. economy. appearance. from Sanskrit vedaU. Clan (social unit above the household). from Old Irish find. (ADVISE). VISION. Vital force. ENVY. and violentus.1125. 6. SUPERVISE. VIDE. vicinity. ¯ei. PROVIDE. form. VISTA. white ( from Welsh gwyn. (STORY1). VIOLENT. 4. knowledge. VOYEUR. POLYHISTOR.(with participial form *weid-to-). BELVEDERE. ¯(e)di. force. . perhaps “the invisible” and from *wid-. strong). Suffixed o-grade form *woid-o-. white. COLCANNON. villain. gwynn.] weik-1 Important derivatives are: village. CLAIRVOYANT. a. EVIDENT.] weiNImportant derivatives are: vim. SURVEY. Related to wX-ro-. HISTORY. known. 7. diocese. ecology. from Greek idea.certain. BLACK-AVISED. Form *wid-K. 5. Zero-grade form *wX. ADVICE. “strong seer” (*dru-. idea. VIM. VEDA. VI. with irregular derivatives viol7re.(< *wiN-).1123. learned. to treat with force. VIOLATE. PENGUIN. REVIEW. PREVISE. violent. learned man. to see. [In Pokorny 3. VISA. parish. VAISYA. from Middle English wiker. Form *weik-. WYCH ELM. d.] MONOECIOUS. farm. ANDROECIUM. VILLAGE. [Pokorny ¯eiˆ. a dwelling. from Latin vXlla. wicket (vikja. weik-2 Important derivatives are: wicker. turn. WICKET. house. from Old English wicu. ECOLOGY. Suffixed o-grade form *woik-o-. from Latin vXcus. administration. VILLA. from Old English wice. soft. wicket. WEAKFISH. Zero-grade form *wik-. VILLANELLE. wand. (BIDONVILLE). wice. b. and oikKsis. c. wych elm (having pliant branches). wind. a. ECUMENICAL. Suffixed form *weik-sl7. IV. Zero-grade form *wik-. 2. AUTOECIOUS. DIOICOUS. a. wicker. b.1131. “a turning. from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedish viker.” series. WEEK. weak. (VILLEIN). WICKER. Also weig-To bend. Both a and b from Germanic *waikwaz. week. VILLAIN. DIOECIOUS. from Middle Dutch weec. ECESIS. Form *weig-. HETEROECIOUS. quarter or district of a town. weak. from Old North French wiket. PARISH. dwelling. V. to bend. e. from Sanskrit vi{aU. DIOCESE. (BAILIWICK). dwelling. a.25. pliant. (VICINAGE). from Germanic *wikon-. willow twig. b. from Greek oikos. vicarious. 26. country house. vicar. and its derivatives oikia. WEAK. . and c all from Germanic *wik-. 27. house. VICINITY. neighborhood. week. ECONOMY. from Old Norse veikr. c.] weipImportant derivatives are: waive. whip. b. vibrate. tremble ecstatically. EVICT. to cover with silk. WIGHT 2 . weik-3 Important derivatives are: vanquish. from Latin *vix (genitive vicis). To turn. from Middle English wippen. wipe. (WAIVE). from Celtic Ordovices (*ordo-wik-). Zero-grade form *wik-. Perhaps suffixed nasalized zero-grade form *wi-m-p-ila-. 26. ORDOVICIAN. 28. from Latin vincere. from Old Norse vXgr. 27. vetch ( VETCH. convince. a. to move back and forth. CONVINCE. VICE-. (WAIVER). from Old French guiper. O-grade form *woip-. VICTOR. from Germanic *waif-. flag. [Pokorny 2. from Germanic *wXk-. to wipe. from Latin vicia. hammer). “those who fight with hammers” (*ordo-. WIPE. victor. VICISSITUDE. . GUIPURE. ¯eik. 13. to conquer. able in battle. ownerless property. b. situation. from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Old Norse veif. (VICARIOUS). VANQUISH. waving thing. turn. conquer.1130. Nasalized zero-grade form *wi-n-k-.1128. Variant form *weib-. and c all from Germanic *wXpjan. WAIF1. from Anglo-Norman waif.] VICAR. To fight. WAIF2. VINCIBLE. ¯eik. WHIP. b. from Old English wXpian. vacillate. to whip. 12. evict. change. 14.a. a. [Pokorny 4. vocation. [Pokorny ¯eip. Suffixed zero-grade variant form *wib-ro-. Suffixed form *wekw-es-. EPIC.] wektiImportant derivatives are: wight1. to call. EPOS. VOCATION. (NOT). To speak. vowel. avocation. Thing. VOICE. REVOKE. epic. from Latin vibr7re. 15. (AUGHT2). EVOKE. CALLIOPE. provoke. from Greek ops. WIMPLE. VOCAL. . c. from Latin voc7re. 32. a. O-grade form *wpkw-. thing. from Greek epos. from Latin vox (stem voc-). thing. ORTHOEPY. VIBRATE. NIX wekwImportant derivatives are: vocal. not. vouch. PROVOKE. GUIMPE. 34. INVOKE. creature. VOCABLE. advocate.a. from Old English wiht. VOUCH. covering for the neck ( b. word. equivocal. c. person. from Middle Dutch wimmel. from Old English wimpel. [Pokorny ¯ek-ti. (GIMP1). VOWEL. Both a and b from Germanic *wihti-. voice. WIMBLE. to vibrate. auger (weip-. NAUGHT. aught2. song. from Old High German wiht. ADVOCATE. CONVOKE. UNIVOCAL. Suffixed o-grade form *wokw-7-. guimpe. 1 2 . d. EQUIVOCAL. being. voice. voice.1136. evoke. b.] WIGHT . AVOCATION. revoke. EPOPEE.1131. naught. from Old High German wimpal. 33. invoke. valve. to rejoice. 9. with derivatives referring to curved. To turn. well. involve. (see gw7-) Germanic compound *wil-kumon-. To wish. VOLUPTUARY. benevolent. VOLUPTUOUS. well-being. well (*wel-. desire. NILL. GALLANT. ¯el. and c all from Germanic *wal-. b. 13. 14. to gallop. wallow. WALLOP. WELL 2 . vault2.[Pokorny ¯ek¯. riches. from Frankish *wala. 1 10. GALLOP. from Old English willa. from Old North French *waloper. from Frankish Latin *wal7re. from Old English wela. valley. to gallop. willow. VELLEITY. volition. pleasure. weola. b. from Old English willan. will power. vulva. wealth.1135.] wel-2 Important derivatives are: waltz. . [Pokorny 2. BENEVOLENT. well1.1137. voluntary. to wish. walk.] wel-1 Important derivatives are: well2. VOLITION. Suffixed form *wel-up-. gallop. 15. volume. WILL1. roll. O-grade form *wol-. from Germanic *wiljon-. a. from Germanic *welon-. will2. from Latin volupt7s. WILL 2 12. from Old English wel. revolve. enclosing objects. WEALTH. MALEVOLENCE. will1. gallant. from Latin velle (present stem vol-). to take it easy. c. good. voluptuous. evolve. . vault1. will. Basic form *wel-. from Old French galer. to desire. from Old French galoper. 11. malevolent. helix. from Germanic *wil(l)jan. a. 8. will. VOLUNTARY. WEAL . willow (with flexible twigs). GABERDINE. from Germanic *wel-. d. covering. roll. Both a and b from Germanic *walo. to muffle up. WELL 1 . suffixed o-grade form *wolw-7-. 12. 1 WALTZ. knapsack. a. a roll. b. 9. to roll. suffixed zero-grade form *w_w-7-. b. perhaps from wel-2. and wealcian. weal. wælla. CONVOLVE. VULVA. VAULT 1 c. from Germanic *welk-. 8. to roll. VOUSSOIR. b. VOLVA. b. Extended form *welw-. VAULT2.a. WHELK WILLOW. 10. . from Old English wiella. Both a and b from Germanic *walt-. VOLUTIN. welle. womb. EVOLVE. volva. from Old English welig. from Old English walu. DEVOLVE. c. 11. waltz. from Latin volvere. to roll. WALK. to roam. REVOLVE. (see wr7d-) Old High German *wurzwalu. VALVE. from Old English wealcan. a. a well ( from Old High German wallon. weoloc. WELTER. VOLVOX. from Old English weoluc. VOLUTE. O-grade form *wol-. CIRCUMVOLVE. a. from Germanic *weluka-. and c all from Germanic *wall-. round stem. from Latin valva. 7. from Old High German walzan. welt. from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch welteren. VOLUBLE. Perhaps suffixed o-grade form *wol-7-. from Latin vulva. to roll (in mud). to roll. b. streak on the skin. (VOLT2). . VOLUME. from Old English wealwian. whelk. from *-walu. WALLOW. from Germanic *walwon. rootstock. leaf of a door ( . WALE. WALLET. mollusk (having a spiral shell). a. possibly from Old North French *walet. toss. INVOLVE. perhaps from wel-2. ] . Both a and b from Old Norse valr. VALE1. to turn.(Avestan varNta-). 1. from Latin vallKs. PLATYHELMINTH. suffixed form *welu-tro-. Suffixed form *wel-ik-. ILEUS. To strike. a wound. chain. parasitic worm. ¯el. VULNERABLE. Valhalla. helmins (stem helminth-). 16.] welNAn important derivative is: vulnerable. NEURILEMMA. a. “chooser of the slain. sheath. Suffixed basic form *welN-nes-. see geus-). squeeze. wound.e. [Pokorny 7. ¯el.1144. from Greek helenion. Suffixed zero-grade form *wlN-to-. HELMINTH. from Latin vulnus (stem vulner-). spiral object. 3. from Greek helix. Helen. ANTHELMINTIC. ELECAMPANE. chooser. vallis. VALHALLA.1140. from Old Norse Valkyrja. Possibly suffixed form *wel-en7. ELYTRON.” name of one of the twelve war goddesses (-kyrja. the slain in battle. INULIN. BERDACHE. from Greek helmis. seized. from Old Iranian *varta. ALYCE CLOVER. from Greek elutron. 2. from Germanic *walaz. 14. cover. Suffixed form *wel-mi-nth-. valley ( 15. Perhaps variant *wall-. from Greek halusis. HELIX. 17. Suffixed form wel-n-. Suffixed zero-grade form *w_u-ti-. Suffixed o-grade form *wol(N)-o-. VALLEY. b. VALKYRIE. from the Greek name HelenK (earliest form Welen7). from Greek eilein (< *welnein). from Old Norse Valhˆll. 13. prisoner. VAIL1. [In Pokorny 8. elecampane. f. venison. (WONT). venial. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-y7. from Germanic *wanjan. wont. hope. WAMBLE. to accustom. Suffixed form *wen-w-. to vomit. to win. strive for. to become accustomed to. think. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-sko-. winsome. wish. Perhaps o-grade *won-. emetic. pleasure. 26. wean1. from Middle English wam(e)len. To desire. WEAN. from Old English wynn. to feel nausea. from Latin vomere. from Old English wenian. 27.wemNImportant derivatives are: vomit. EMETIC.] wen-1 Important derivatives are: win. 1 WON . 21. WIN. dwell. NUX VOMICA. EMESIS. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *won-eyo-. To vomit. joy. WEEN. from Germanic *winn(w)an. to be contented. . wen. 7. [Pokorny ¯em. wean. imagine. Venus. qualm. 23. Suffixed (stative) zero-grade form *wi-K-. to seek to gain. to hope. venereal. from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Old Norse vamla. from Germanic *wunKn. from Old English wKnan. 8. VOMIT. WYNN. from Old English winnan. train. WISH. from Germanic *wam-. from Old English wunian. 25. to expect. 22. from Germanic denominative *wKnjan. from *wKniz. from Germanic *wunjo. venerate. wish.1146. to become sick. venom. from Greek emein. stagger. from Germanic *wunsk-. to vomit. 24. WINSOME. to desire. from Old English w«scan. and Danish vamle. 6. WANDEROO. To beat. from Old English wen(n). from Latin venKnum. 28. Lengthened-grade form *wKn-7-. a wound.” WEND. from Germanic *wundaz. VENOM. love potion. from Latin venia. VENERY2. wæn(n). from Sanskrit vanam. VENIAL. Possibly suffixed form *wen-eto-. 32. a. Suffixed basic form *wen-o-. 8. from Old Norse Vanir. love. suffixed form *wen-es-no-. VANIR. VENISON. b. from Old Norse VanadXs. 33. b. VENEREAL. Wend.1108. from Germanic *wanja-. from Germanic *Weneda-. ¯7. BANYAN. [In Pokorny 1.1146. Both a and b from Germanic *wana-. forest. 7. VENUS. from Sanskrit vahik. v7hijaU. 30. forgiveness. VENATIC. name of the goddess Freya. Suffixed form *wen-es-. merchant (? [Pokorny 1. VENERATE. WOUND1. a Slavic people. from Old English wund. a swelling.] . the Vanir.a. ¯en. Suffixed form *wen-y7.] wen-2 An important derivative is: wound1. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-to-. 31. VENERY 1 . wound. Possibly zero-grade suffixed form *wi-ig-. 29. poison. WEN1. from Latin vKn7rX. VANADIUM. from Old High German Winid. “beloved. Suffixed o-grade form *won-yo-. wen. favor. from Latin venus. to hunt. Suffixed zero-grade form *up-elo-. to turn. briar1. windpipe. vapor (related to Greek aKr. in. wrong. 1 b. wrist. wry. evil. pervert. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic variant *warth. -WARD. converge. wrinkle. hold suspended. Conventional base of various Indo-European roots. lift. ARTERY. AIR. air). prose. wierth. aerial. Bad. ARSIS. ¯er. To raise. wer-1 Important derivatives are: artery. to turn. I. from Germanic *inwarth. convert. adverse. INWARD. from Greek aura. [Pokorny 1. vertex. divert. rhapsody. ARTERIO-. vermin. (Obscure basic form *7wer-). ARTERIOLE. from Old English yfel. Basic form *awer-. avert. breath. from Old English inweard. controversy. wrath. wring. wrench.wepAn important derivative is: evil. air. evil. value. versus. Zero-grade form *aur-. 7. from Greek aeirein. stalwart. worm. wreath. writhe. reverberate. From earlier *Nwep-. inward (*in. Earlier form *Nwer-. EVIL. invert. 8. universe. worry. wrap. version. wind. evil. toward ( ii. verse1. wrestle. Root *wert-. WORTH . weird. AURA. . bend. AERIAL. and artKria. aura. STALWART. worth. AORTA. from Greek aKr. and derivative noun weorth. from Germanic *ubilaz. to raise. possibly referred to this root. malaria. vertebra. anniversary. valuable. 9. artery. aria. i. AERO-. see en).1151. warp. inward. worth1. ARIA. wriggle. versatile. MALARIA. from Old English weorth. from Old English -weard. air.] wer-2 Important derivatives are: inward. from Old English wringan. PROSE. to turn. with its frequentative vers7re. a. WREATH. MALVERSATION. curved. from Germanic *werthan. from Old English weorthan. wrong. VERTIGO. “toward. INTROVERT. INTRORSE. twisted”). b. INVERT. from Old English wr7th. angry (< “tormented. to turn. destiny (*wurthi-. to twist. VERTEBRA. a. Zero-grade form *wyt-. to stay. WRING. *wraith-. worth. WRITHE. Root *wreit-. DIVERT. VERSUS. TRANSVERSE. 2. III. VERTEX. from Germanic *wreng-. rangr. II. CONVERT. from Balto-Slavic *wirst7-. SINISTRORSE. i. REVERT. DEXTRORSE. from Russian versta. band ( from Old English wrXthan. fate. to turn. opposite. 1 CONVERSE . VORTEX. to turn. to twist. OBVERT. line.” perhaps from wer-2. Nasalized variant *wrengh-. WRONG. and c all from Germanic *wrXth-. VERSION. EXTROVERT. c. AVERT. ANNIVERSARY. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse *vrangr. to strangle. . SUBVERT. from Middle English wrong. TERGIVERSATE. from Latin vertere. VERSATILE. EVERT. Both a and b from Germanic *werth-.” hence “equivalent. to befall. BOULEVERSEMENT. Root *wergh-. from Old English wyrgan. 2. from Old English wyrd. PERVERT. WROTH. from Old English writha. a. ADVERSE. behave ( 1 5. UNIVERSE.from Germanic derivative *werthaz. from Germanic *wurgjan. 4. VERST. and passive vers7rX. EXTRORSE. crooked. VERSE . WORRY. WEIRD. CONTROVERSY. wrong. b. (EXTROVERSION). WRATH. RETRORSE. to become ( WORTH 2 3. torture. a turn. 1. . bend. to turn. Both a and b from Germanic *wrankjan. from Latin verber.ii. d. WARP. GAITER. from Germanic *werp-. a. RIBALD. to be wanton. 2. Nasalized variant form *wreng-. to wrestle. Both a and b from Germanic *wristiz. heather. to wrangle. from Late Latin br7cus. collective prefix. IV. to twist. 2 V. whip. VERGE . from secondary Germanic derivative *wraistjan. BRIAR1. from Old English wr<stan. WREST.” REVERBERATE. 2. from a Low German source akin to wrangeln. WRESTLE. wrist. a. to turn. tend toward. WRINKLE. also *werbh-. b. from Old English wrencan. to turn. from Frankish *wrist-. gaiter. to turn. rod. to turn. WRY. from Old French riber. c. to throw away. Possibly o-grade form *wroik-. from Old English weorpan. VII. bend. from Middle English wranglen. from *wrihst-. to wriggle. from Old French guietre. from Old English gewrinclian. go. . WRENCH. to twist. Both a and b from Germanic *wrXg-. from Middle Low German wriggeln. 1. from Germanic root *wrib-. “to fling by turning the arm. (BRUSQUE). WRIGGLE. WRANGLE. from Old English wrXgian. Root *werb-. 3. DIVERGE. 1. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *wrang-. VI. see kom). Root *werg-. WRIST. from Latin vergere. from Old English wrist. *warp-. b. CONVERGE. to wind (ge-. Root *wreik-. 2. from Gaulish *br7ko-. bend. RHAPSODY. from Greek rhabdos. rhombus. to turn. TENORRHAPHY. WORM. from Greek rhombos. [Pokorny 3. to sew. IX. (VERVAIN). RHAPHIDE. to wind. Zero-grade form *wyb-. b. warden. worm. from Middle English wrappen. VERMICULAR. 1. rhyme word to kwymi-. aware. ¯er. O-grade form *wor-. a. guard. steward. Nasalized variant form *wrembh-. 1. wardrobe. 2. aware (ge-. VERMICELLI. VERMI-. from Old English wyrm.1152. lord. Root *wymi-. c. VERMEIL. STAPHYLORRHAPHY. revere1. RHABDOMANCY. reward. see kom). award. RHABDOVIRUS. VERMIN. III. WRAP. a. rod. To perceive. RAPHE. panorama. 2 . WARE 2. Metathesized form *wrep-. 5. 4. watchful. WARY. wind. 1. from Old English warian.] wer-3 Important derivatives are: wary. from Latin verbKna. from Latin vermis. from Germanic *wrap-. to wrap. AWARE. VERBENA. collective and intensive prefix. from Old English gewær. worm. Zero-grade form *wyp-. VIII. Root *werp-. from Old English wær. from Greek rhaptein. sacred foliage. b.3. Suffixed form *wor-o-. and c all from Germanic *waraz. RHOMBUS. watch out for. from a source akin to Danish dialectal vravle. from Germanic *wurmiz. to beware. magic wheel. . Suffixed form wor-to-. ward. 2. worm. from Germanic *waro. cover. aperture. [Pokorny 8. PERT.(*op-. To cover. warn. OVERTURE. warren. and *wardon.i. APERTURE. to guard. from Old French guarder. overture. from Anglo-Norman warde. PANORAMA. . garnish. OVERT. from Germanic *wer-jon-. XII. fish trap. from Old English waru. to guard. GUARD. WEIR. Suffixed (stative) form *wer-K-. REVERE1. LORD. away. from Old English wer. PYLORUS. from Old English weard. off. warrant. French warder. overt.(*ap-. uncover. to open. Suffixed form *wor-wo-. garrison. a watching. AWARD.] wer-4 Important derivatives are: weir. REWARD. EPHOR. APERIENT. WARDER 2 . 5. WARD. STEWARD. c. see epi). b. from Old North guard. to guard. and d all from Germanic *wardaz. REARWARD 3. over. from Latin aperXre. to ward.1164. 1. from Greek ouros. d. Probably variant *(s)wor-. Compound form *op-wer-yo. ARCTURUS. guard. from Old English weardian. Basic form *wer-. *s(w)or-. guard. warranty. 2 . protection. APÈRITIF. garret. 3. WARE 1 4. ¯er. garment. WARDEN. dam. c. see apo-). goods. b. to see. ii. guard. a. a guard. from Latin verKrX. garage. keeper. feel awe for. IV. to respect. COVER. Compound form *ap-wer-yo. 2. from Greek horan. . WARDROBE. WORD. to defend. WARRANTY. from Old French g(u)arnir. from Latin operXre. from Sanskrit v7£aU. Suffixed form *wer-yo-. from Germanic *war-non. to take heed. VERVE. 16. WARN. see per1). (WARRANTEE). Also werN-To speak. GARAGE. XIII. and e all from Germanic *war-. b. 14. a. protect. VERB. from Old North French warant. WARREN. warn. warrant. WARRANT. from Germanic *wurdam. O-grade form *wor-. GARRET. AMBARELLA. GARNISH. enclosure. irony.OPERCULUM. proverb. from Old English *war(e)nian. 15. GARRISON. Suffixed form *wer-tro-. i. e. from Old Iranian compound *pari-v7raka-. to guarantee. GUARANTY. verve. to guard. from Greek eirein. to cover. c. protect. and warantir. protective (*pari-. c. to equip. from lengthened-grade derivative *v7rt(r)a-. [Pokorny 5. 1. GARMENT. contracted from *wreN-. from Old French g(u)arir. warrant. from Old French garer. ADVERB. game preserve. Suffixed zero-grade form *wy-dho-. b. word. verb. IRONY. authorization. from Old French garant. 4. adverb. ¯er. from Old English word.] wer-5 Important derivatives are: word. Suffixed form *wor-o-. speak. PROVERB. d. to say. from Old North French warenne.1160. Suffixed form *wer-dho-. Variant *wrK-. . around. BARBICAN. ii. from Latin verbum. word. d. 2. enclosure. URINE. ENERGY. *wyg-to-. SURGERY. from Old Norse yrkja. b. [In Pokorny 9. Contracted from *weN-r-. b. to work. from Greek ergon. ENDERGONIC. ¯er. maker. a. to work. ADRENERGIC. GEORGIC. ARGON. work. action. energy. to work. Both a and b from Germanic *wurkjan. Related to euN-dh-y. [Pokorny 6. a.] wK-rAn important derivative is: urine. Water. Zero-grade form *wyg-. Suffixed form *werg-o-. To do. public speaker. SYNERGISM. milk. orgy. work.1162. IRK. (BOULEVARD). -URGY. werc. Both a and b from Germanic *werkam. a¯(e). BULWARK.17. II. dramaturge. Suffixed form *wyg-t-. WROUGHT. from Old English wyrcan. from Germanic *wurhtjo-. from Greek rhKtor. ALLERGY. work. LITURGY. 1. urine. RHETOR. (SYNERGID).78. Variant form *wrK. from Old English wryhta. from Old High German werc. 2. boulevard. ERG.in suffixed form *wrK-tor-. I. THAUMATURGE. liturgy. DRAMATURGE. CHOLINERGIC. wright. WORK. organ. ERGONOMICS. work. 2. EXOERGIC.] wergImportant derivatives are: work. surgery. DEMIURGE. ERGOMETER. participle *wurhta-. from Old English weorc. Suffixed zero-grade form *7r-Xn7-. ENDOERGIC. EXERGONIC. wright. EXERGUE. METALLURGY. . allergy. WRIGHT. liquid. from Latin 7rXna. metallurgy. Suffixed forms *wyg-yo-. wrought. ERGOGRAPH. 11. b. 12. serious. ASSEVERATE. from *werN-o-. but the semantic difficulties make this explanation improbable. GALORE. true. VERACIOUS. persevere. from *ro-wero-. a. . VERISM. VERY. WARLOCK. AVER. from Germanic *wKra-. from Old Irish roar. ORGANON. ¯er. tool. VOIR DIRE. GUERRILLA. from Greek orgia. True. verdict. ¯er´.] ORGAN. [Pokorny 11. liverwurst. from Greek organon (with suffix -ano- ). a. verify. 10.III. from Latin sevKrus. VERIFY. worship (< “service”). from Spanish guerra. 13. ORGY. pledge. worse. faith. secret rites. from Old North French werre. without (see s(w)e-). war. from *pro-. PERSEVERE. and vKrus. I. grave. sufficiency (*ro-. enough. sed. Compare ers-.] wersImportant derivatives are: war. WAR. O-grade form *worg-. Both a and b from Germanic *werra-.1168. from Latin vKrus. true. VERIDICAL. regarded by some as a compound of se-. from *werz-a-. VERISIMILAR. To confuse. SEVERE. VERITY. severe. from Old English w<r. [Pokorny 2. war.1165. Normal grade *wero-. intensive prefix. worst. mix up. see per1). very. Suffixed basic form. verity. guerrilla. b. VERDICT. wKroImportant derivatives are: warlock. with derivatives meaning “to be. from Germanic *wKz-.] wes-1 Important derivatives are: was. To stay. WERE. WORSE. ASTUTE. invest. 10. to wear. [Pokorny 1. from Greek astu. WEAR. astute. from Germanic *was-. Perhaps suffixed form *wes-t7-. 11. (LIVERWURST). from Germanic comparative *wers-izon-. Lengthened-grade form *wKs-. worst. from Old Persian vahanam. Suffixed o-grade form *wos-eyo-. dwell. II. house. town ( 14.1170. [Pokorny ¯ers. WURST. from Old English wæs. WAS. Extension of eu-1. Possibly suffixed variant form *was-tu-. carry. were. was. from Old English wyrsta. O-grade form *wos-. from Old English wyrsa. worse. to be. from Germanic superlative *wers-istaz. household goddess. from Latin astus. Suffixed zero-grade form *wys-ti-. skill.” 9. WASSAIL. craft (practiced in a town). DIVAN. from Latin Vesta. from Old English w<re (subjunctive).1169. 3. vest. 13. ¯es. WORST. 12. vera. To clothe. 13.2. from Germanic *wazjan. from Germanic *wesan. from Old Norse vesa. pass the night. from Germanic *wursti-. from Old High German wurst. travesty. sausage (< “mixture”). . were. from Old English werian. w<ron (plural). VESTA.] wes-2 Important derivatives are: wear. Suffixed form *wes-eno-. VENAL. a. 6. 1. “sale-traffic. from Persian b7z7r. western. 2.] wes-3 Important derivatives are: vend. c. west. TRAVESTY. ¯es. DUOPSONY. Suffixed form *wes-7-. IV. INVEST. DEVEST. . western. WESTERLY.1173. Basic form *wespero-. Evening. Suffixed form *wes-ti-. from Old English westerne. “West Goths” (GothX. b. with nominal derivative heima. from Late Latin VisigothX. [Pokorny 5. Visigoth. from Old English west. and c all from Germanic *west-. sale. REVET. from Germanic *wis-. BAZAAR.” [Pokorny 8. to buy.] wes-peroImportant derivatives are: west. from Greek hennunai. Suffixed form *wes-no-. vesper. from Latin vKnum. Suffixed form *wes-nu-. garment. a. WESTERN.14. from Latin vestis. hima (< *wes-mi). b. bazaar. WEST. 5. ¯es. the Goths). from Old English westra. more westerly. Suffixed form *wes-to-. VEND. from Old Iranian *vah7-carana-. to clothe. VEST. possibly from wes-pero-. from Greek oneisthai. Suffixed o-grade form *wos-no-. 7. 15.1172. To buy. Reduced form *wes-. VISIGOTH. night. III. HIMATION. garment. WOTAN. [Pokorny ¯esperos 1173.] wesy An important derivative is: vernal. d. Lengthened-grade form *wot-. a. from Old English Wodnesdæg. 12.1. e. WEDNESDAY. Related to wK-. spiritually arouse. from Old High German Wuotan. WEDELN.” hence “spirit. mad. from Latin v7tKs.] wet-1 Important derivatives are: Wednesday. Variant form *wat-. spring (phonologically irregular). . “raging. inspire. PRIMAVERA 1 . atmosphere. VATIC. b. evening.” “mad. VESPERTILIONID. 2 13. from Latin vesper. Spring. Woden. evening. from Old English wod. Odin. 14. [Pokorny ¯es-y 1174. c. from Germanic *wodaz. fan.” name of the chief Teutonic god *Wod-enaz.” “inspired. prophet. ODIN. insane. WOOD . “Woden's day”. from Latin vKr. a. VESPER. from Germanic suffixed form *wath-ila-. VERNAL. 2. To blow. b. from Old High German wedil. WODEN. c. *wod-ono. from Greek hesperos. HESPERIAN. poet. from Old Norse odhinn. fan1. Lengthened variant form *w7t-. and d all from Germanic suffixed form *wod-eno-. from Old English Woden. INVETERATE. from Old English wither. 16. WITHERS. Suffixed variant form *wat-no-. wide (*wXdaz. perhaps “yearling. wether. vapor. b. VETERINARY.” 15. [Pokorny ¯et. with. ATMOSPHERE. against. Year. veterinary. Suffixed form *wet-ru-. in half.becoming *awet. VETERAN. WIDE. [Pokorny ¯7t. from Old English wXd. from Latin vannus. a.15.1113.] wet-2 Important derivatives are: wether. with its derivative with. Suffixed form *wet-olo-. from Greek atmos (< *aetmos). from Latin vetus. b. . ETESIAN. veteran. 7. a winnowing fan. WITH. c.] wiImportant derivatives are: wide. VITELLUS.in suffixed form *awet-mo-. with. of beasts of burden. 16. year. calf. WIDDERSHINS. from Old English wether. VEAL. against. from Greek etos. Suffixed (comparative) form *wi-tero-. 14. Suffixed form *wet-es-. FAN1. GUERDON. old ( from Latin veterXnus. veal. Oldest basic form *Nwet. breath.1175. from Old High German widar. inveterate. Apart. from Latin vitulus. from Germanic *wethruz. WETHER. VAN3. of cattle (perhaps chiefly old cattle). 6. yearling. a. Suffixed form *wi-itos. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic compound *wer-ald-. man. man. Compound of wi-. PACHISI. DUUMVIR. Man. virtue. reduced zero-grade form of dekc. 10. from Latin vir. WORLD. from shortened form *wiraz. from Old French garoul. Both a and b from Germanic *withro. (VIRTUOSA). WELTANSCHAUUNG. VIRTUE. VICENARY. from Latin vXgintX. from Sanskrit vib{atiU. see w_kwo-). TRIUMVIR. from Frankish *wer-wulf. from Old English weorold. VIGESIMAL. 11. 9.] wX-roImportant derivatives are: werewolf. world. possibly from wX-ro-. [Pokorny ¯X-kct-X 1177. 12. in half. ¯Y. WEREWOLF. Twenty. if . [Pokorny 1. VIRAGO. ii.against. see al-2). age.1175. from Greek eikosi. DECEMVIR. world. hence two.] wXkctX A derivative is: vigesimal. world. decade. virile. from Old High German weralt. court. a. against. i. from Old English wer. “man-wolf” (*wulf. from Latin c7ria. twenty. (VIRTUOSO). LOUP-GAROU. Derivative of weiN-. wolf. virtuoso. twenty. VIRILE. “life or age of man” (*ald-. and *(d)kct-X (nominative dual). Both a and b from Germanic *weraz. CURIA. curia. 13. WERGELD. twenty. ICOSAHEDRON. werewolf. b. LYTTA. WOLFRAM. fox. AARDWOLF. b. see kom). from Greek lukos.] w_p-KA derivative is: vulpine. d. VULPINE. LYCOPODIUM. 6. wolf. Taboo variant *lukwo-. fox. a. b.] wps . suffixed form *lukw-ya. a. from Latin vulpKs. (see wX-ro-) Frankish *wulf. 4. [Pokorny ¯Xro. from Latin lupus. madness. 5. from Old High German wolf.s 1177. (LUPINE1). LOBO. c. LUPINE2. c. “men together” (*co-. from Greek alopKx. LOUP-GAROU. Wolf. a. Taboo variant *lupo-. wolf. [Pokorny ¯_k¯os 1178. lup. LYCANTHROPE. from Old English wulf.1179. Taboo variant *NlopLk-. ALYSSUM. wolf. [Pokorny ¯_p-. together.regarded as from *co-vir.] w_kwoAn important derivative is: wolf. Fox. b. rabies (“wolf-ness”). wolf. wolf. from Greek lussa. LUPUS. WOLF. and d all from Germanic *wulfaz. martial rage. from Middle Dutch wolf. wulf. wolf. ALOPECIA. 7. from Old High German wurz. enema. root (< *wurzwala. licorice. GEW¸RZTRAMINER. a. MANGEL-WURZEL. DERACINATE. RAMIFY. b. ease. root. [Pokorny ¯(e)r7d. root. rootstock. plant. radish. ˜u.513. RAMOSE. b. 5. root. branch. RADISH. RADICAL. c. Zero-grade form *wyNd-. Perhaps suffixed reduced form *wy(N)d-ya. IV. brewer's wort. LICORICE. herb. from Greek rhiza. Suffixed form *wyNd-y7-. 2. root. from Germanic *wurtjo-. abject. wort. you. adjective. catheter. COLEORHIZA. . 4. from Latin vos.An important derivative is: rendezvous.] wr7dImportant derivatives are: root1. a. from Germanic *wrot-. a roll. from Old English wyrt. III. round stem. see wel-2). radical. inject. eject. and c all from Germanic *wurtiz. Branch. RADICLE. RUTABAGA. RAMUS. Suffixed form *wrNd-mo-. *-wala. from Old English wyrt. RENDEZVOUS. subject. RADIX. ramify.1167. RHIZOME. from Latin r7mus. project. [In Pokorny 1. ROOT1. ERADICATE. from Old Norse rot.] yKImportant derivatives are: jet2. reject. WORT2. object. 3. WORT 1 . adjacent. from Latin r7dXx. MYCORRHIZA. plant. root. from German Wurzel. eradiate. RHIZO-. conjecture. Basic form *wr7d-. You (plural). [Pokorny ˜K. dart.502. . SUPERJACENT. to throw. ADJECTIVE. jocular. to lie down (iaculum. (EASE). to send. DEJECT. HEPARIN. Basic form *yK.] yegAn important derivative is: icicle. from Persian jigar.503. PROJECT. JUGGLE. from Old English gicel. AMICE. joke. from Latin iocus. jeopardy. [Pokorny ˜eg. liver. HEPATIC. from Greek hKpar. JOKE. ADJACENT. JOCULAR. SUBJACENT. JESS. *jekilaz. JOIST.and zero-grade form *yN-.and *yak-K. Suffixed o-grade form *yok-o-. SYNESIS. SUBJECT. JEOPARDY.503. (GITE). INJECT. icicle. PARESIS. EJECT. REJECT. EJACULATE. JOCOSE. CATHETER. JEWEL. throw. from Greek hienai. (JUGGLER). ENEMA.] yekImportant derivatives are: jewel. lay.To throw.] yLkwy An important derivative is: hepatitis. 31. (HEPATITIS). To speak. GIST. DIESIS. GIZZARD. JET2. ICICLE. 25. 30.(stative). Extended zero-grade forms *yak-yo. ABJECT. juggle. TRAJECT. from Germanic *jakilaz. Ice. JACTITATION. Contracted from *yeN-. Liver. CONJECTURE. [Pokorny ˜ek. HEPATO-. PARGET. ice. OBJECT. 24. liver. and iacKre. INTERJECT. joke. from Latin iacere. Earliest form *Nyeu-.[Pokorny ˜ek¯-yt 504. [Pokorny ˜es. HOROLOGY. ei. horoscope. rejuvenate. junior. from Germanic *jugunthi-. HOROSCOPE. from Germanic *jKram. hour. i. HOUR. to cause to ferment. from Greek zeein. To boil.293. Suffixed zerograde form *yuwen. from Old English geong. and jerian. year. 22. YEAST. young.] yeuImportant derivatives are: youth. ZEOLITE. youth. from Germanic *jest-. Suffixed o-grade form *yor-7-. 42. from Greek hora. 44. variant of aiw-. [In Pokorny 1. YOUTH.] yKrImportant derivatives are: year. to ferment. from Old High German j”san. 43. “possessing youthful vigor.] yesImportant derivatives are: yeast. *jugunth7-. season. foam. JUNKER. young. 18. Suffixed basic form *yKr-o-. from Germanic *jes-. . YEAR. YOUNG. to boil. Year. young. bubble. from Old English gKar. 19. yeast. ECZEMA. from Old High German junc. ii. 23. youthful vigor. from Old English geoguth. from Old English gist. KIESELGUHR. Vital force. Further suffixed form *yuwi-ko-.” young. season. zein. HOROLOGE. eczema.(< *yu-Nen-). juvenile.506. Further suffixed form *yuwi-ti-. SYZYGY. Suffixed o-grade form *youg-o-. from Old Irish oac. VIII. GALLOWGLASS.ZYGOMA. (JUXTAPOSITION). JUNIOR. YUGA. ZEUGMA. young. ZYGOTE. JUVENILE. SUBJOIN. 1. JUXTAPOSE. a. ˜eu. 2. 20. jugular. and (iii) all from Germanic *jungaz from *juwungaz. Suffixed form *yeug-mi. Zero-grade form *yug-. to join. to join. from Latin iuvenis. joust. JUNCTION. SUBJUGATE. a bond. CONJUGATE. from Latin iugum. ZYGO. from *iugist7 (vi7). JUGULAR. “on a nearby (road). ADJUST. To join.] yeugImportant derivatives are: yoke. VII. JOIN. from Sanskrit yogaU.] .iii. junction. d. ENJOIN. from Latin iungere. yoke. c. Suffixed form *yug-o-. (AZYGOUS). from Germanic *yukam. subjugate. juxtapose. yoke. [Pokorny 2. (CONJUGAL). (CONJUNCT).510. REJUVENATE. yoke. from Latin iuxt7. ˜eu. young. union. CONJOIN. JOUST. from Old English geoc. injunction. from Greek zeugma. yoke. JUNTA. VI.” 3. conjugal. b. from Greek zugon. adjust. ADJOIN. (i). juncture. from Sanskrit yugam. INJUNCTION. Suffixed (superlative) form *yug-istos. JUNCTURE. from Middle Dutch jonc. join. [Pokorny 3. YOUNKER. from Celtic *yowanko-. JUGATE. YOGA. YOKE. -ZYGOUS. Nasalized form *yu-n-g-. and zugoun. close by. junta.508. JUGUM. yoga. b. (ii). YE 2 [Pokorny 1. Suffixed from *yewes-to-. from Germanic *j7z (nominative) and *iwwiz (oblique). and its derivative i7r7re. ˜u. “one who shows or pronounces the law. YOU. just1. PERJURE. “to pronounce a ritual formula.512. from Greek zeia.yewesImportant derivatives are: jurist. 14. [Pokorny ˜e¯os 512. JURAL. JUST1. CONJURE. Compound form *yewes-dik-. 16. perjure. OBJURGATE. JURY . JURISPRUDENCE. from Latin i7stus. Grain.” swear.” (see deik-) Latin i7dex. you. injury. ZEIN. You. 1 15. [Pokorny ˜e¯o. Suffixed form *yew-ya. conjure. judge. (NONJUROR). one-seeded wheat. prejudice.] yuImportant derivatives are: ye2. ADJURE..] yewoA derivative is: zein. from Latin i7s (stem i7r-). law. from Old English gK and Kow. jury1. JURIDICAL. just. Law. JURISDICTION. JURIST. INJURY. ABJURE. Second person (plural) pronoun.] . you. .513. JURISCONSULT. judge. Documents Similar To AHD3 MergedSkip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextIJMMM TemplateOFM 2007.2 FundamentalsFormat IEEEPunctuation RulesTemplateConsumer ElectronicsSQL PlusSQL PlusIeee PaperRoy Cape by Jocelyne Guilbaut and Roy CapeCO, First ChapterSample ReadingPunctuationaqa-engb1-w-qp-jan10Writers GuideHigh, Clif - ALTA Report Vol. 20 - 7 - Part Seven (2008.02.15) (Eng) (PDF) [ALTA 1008 PART SEVEN]William Strunk Jr., E.B. White the Elements of Style, Fourth Edition 1999in other words1999 Zhou et al. 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