Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES: Experiences and Lessons Learned in Mt. Banahaw, Hanunuo Mangyan and Some Connunity-based Forestry Projects Cecilia N. Gascon Antonio F. Gascon Kazunori Takahashi (Eds.) Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Southern Luzon Polytechnic College University of the Philippines Los Baños Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences 1-1, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686 Japan TEL +81 (29) 838-6340 FAX +81 (29) 838-6656 Southern Luzon Polytechnic College Brgy.Tinaman, Lucban, Quezon, 4238 Philippines TEL +63 (42) 540-7007 FAX +63 (42) 540-7650 University of the Philippines Los Baños Institute of Renewable Natural Resources (IRNR) College, Laguna, 4031 Philippines TEL +63 (49) 536-2557 1st Printing March 2006 ISBN 4-906635-10-5 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced in whatever form or manner without permission in writing from JIRCAS. Banahaw ······································································································ 12-23 Growth Performance of Reforestation Species in a Grassland Area of Mt. Quezon ······················································· 37-53 Simplified Pre-germination Treatments and Improved Direct Seeding Methods for Reforestation ························································· 54-71 Agroforestry Systems in Mt. Banahaw Quezon Province.Contents Page List of Figures List of Tables About the Authors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Glossary of Terms Abbreviations Review of the Reforestation Approaches and Experiences in the Philippines ············································································ 1-11 Biological and Physical Characteristics of Mt. Banahaw. Lucban. Philippines ··········································································· 72-86 The Hanunuo Mangyan Agroforestry Systems And Associated Farming Practices ································································ 87-111 Typical Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines ······································ 112-119 . Banahaw. Lucban. Quezon ···································· 24-36 Characteristics of Some Indigenous Tree Species Planted in Mt. Banahaw. Dolores. Banahaw 30 Hot water treatment and sowing test on study of germination enhancement 56 Germination monitoring of Parkia roxburghii on study of germination enhancement 57 Difference of seed germination rate and seedling growth on hot water seed soaking experiment 59-62 Experiment of direct seeding by grass burning 65 Germinated seedlings from seeds soaked in hot water 65 Germination rates of leguminous tree seeds on comparison of hot water soaking treatments and fire heatings 68 Seedling growth performances of Leucaena species on comparison with the recovering grasses 69 Seedling growth performances of timber use legumes on comparison with the recovering grasses 69 Procedure flowcharts for leguminous direct seedings 70 Before and after of direct seeding reforestation by Leucaena leucocephala 70 Cropping calendar of upland farmers in Mt. Banahaw 13 Contour map of Mt. forest. Banahaw facing to the northeastern side 14 3-Dimensional map of Mt. Lucban. Lucban. Dolores. Banahaw with the municipality location in the vicinity 13 3-Dimensional map of Mt. Banahaw National Park 17 Sources of water in Mt. the agricultural areas at the foot of Mt. Quezon 79 Average monthly rainfall in Mt. Lucban. Banahaw. Banahaw. Banahaw 30 Average diameter growth of various reforestation species in Mt. Banahaw. Banahaw reforestation site 28 Pterocarpus indicus f. Quezon 15 Typical views of Mt. 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 3c 3d 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Page The forest cover in the Philippines in 1900 and 1999 1 Geographical location of Mt.List of Figures Figure No. Banahaw. Quezon 79 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 . grassland and farm 15 Watershed map of Mt. Quezon 74 Marketing scheme of farm products 77 Average relative humidity in Mt. Banahaw. Banahaw. Banahaw 18 Vegetable field and fruit plantation. Dolores. Quezon 27 Leucaena + timber species combination at Mt. Quezon 79 Average temperature in Mt. Banahaw facing to the southwestern side 14 Perspective of Mt. Banahaw 20 Distribution of floristic growth forms 21 Grassland and the reforestation site in Mt. echinatus 28 Leucaena leucocephala 28 Average height growth of various reforestation species in Mt. Oriental Mindoro Monthly runoff in the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. Oriental Mindoro 109 Average sheet erosion of the different farming systems from August to December 1996 111 . bulalacao. Oriental Mindoro 97 Species of plants found in the kaingin site before planting rice and corn 101-102 Infiltration rates in the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. Bulalacao. Sitio Dangkalan.29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Coconut + vegetable crops farm Coconut + fruit trees farm The land use systems of the Hanunuo Mangyan The newly prepared area of the Hanunuos The newly burned site for kaingin of the Hanunuos Vertical and horizontal profile of a Hanunuo Mangyan’s Rice farm. Banahaw 33 Stem diameters of top ten species planted in Mt. Banahaw 34 Seed germination enhancement on hot water treatments and fire heatings 63 Agroforestry crops commonly planted under coconut trees 81 Cropping calendar of the Hanunuo Mangyan in Sitio Dangkalan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Page Quarterly height growths of various reforestation species in Mt. Oriental Mindoro 107 Total sediment yield (tons/ha) of the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. Bulalacao. Banahaw 32 Tree heights of top ten species planted in Mt. Oriental Mindoro Monthly sediment yield in the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. Bulalacao. Oriental Mindoro The swidden farm of the Hanunuo Mangyan The multistory farm of the Hanunuo Mangyan Average infiltration rates in the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. Oriental Mindoro 82 83 88-91 95 96 99 100 103 106 107 109 List of Tables Table No. Banahaw 31 Quarterly diameter growths of various reforestation species in Mt. Oriental Mindoro 105 Total runoff (liter) of the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. This project was conducted in close collaboration with the Institute of Renewable Natural Resources of the College of Forestry and Natural Resources. Castillo is the Director of the Institute of Renewable Natural Resources in the College of Forestry and Natural Resources. Cecilia N. . Silviculture. Mr.D. Banahaw Development Program. Arturo S. Dr. She is at present the President of the College and the Director of Mt. Okuda and Mr. University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) and Southern Luzon Polytechnic College (SLPC) in Lucban. Gascon is an Associate Professor of Silviculture and Forest Influences of the Institute of Renewable Natural Resources. College of Forestry and Natural Resources. Takahashi. Dr. Philippines. He worked as a research counterpart of the collaborative projects on reforestation between JIRCAS and CFNR-UPLB with Mr. Gascon is a Professor at the Southern Luzon Polytechnic College in Lucban.About the Authors Dr. Antonio F. Osumi. Quezon. Japan. Her specialized fields include Agroforestry. Forester Marife Abuel works as a Community Organizer at the Kaunlaran ng Mangagawang Filipino (Workers Fund) . degree in Forestry from the University of the Philippines Los Baños. Mr. Quezon. Kazunori Takahashi is a researcher of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute.A. He managed a collaborative research project entitled “Studies on the Establishment of Cover Forest for the Logged-Over Tropical Forests in the Philippines” in 1999 in order to promote the technical development of reforestation methods for the marginal and degraded mountainous logged-over area. He is a Professor of Silviculture and Agroforestry. She holds a Ph. He is presently the division head of the Environmental Forestry Division of IRNR. University of the Philippines Los Baños. He worked as a vistiting scientist from JIRCAS assigned in the Philippines for 4 years. Forest Influences and Environmental Science. He worked as the JIRCAS project staff as the visiting term of Mr. Philippines. Ruiz is a university student of MS course in Canada after the graduation of CFNR-UPLB.Forester Lorelie delos Santos is a Forester and a community organizer at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in Region 5 (Bicol region). Philippines. Forester Garret D. Forester Fernando Alibuyog is a Forestry Specialist at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in Quezon Province. . Takahashi. Shozo Nakamura Director JIRCAS Forestry Division . University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) and Southern Luzon Polytechnic College (SLPC) jointly publish this book on Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines: Experiences and Lessons Learned in Mt. We intend that this book be used by many concerned people who would like to do their share in the effort toward the development of the forests in the Philippines. Banahaw. The important objective of this book is to provide technical knowledge about reforestation and agroforestry to new foresters. Hanunuo Mangyan and some Community-based Forestry Projects in an effort to introduce the research works conducted in reforestation and agroforestry in the Philippines. Southern Luzon Polytechnic College (SLPC) also joined us by offering the grassland area at the foot of Mt. The project was conducted in close collaboration with the Institute of Renewable Natural Resources of the College of Forestry and Natural Resources of the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). Agroforestry must be closely weaved with forest management to cultivate ruined fields and the environmental improvement to sustain farming production. JIRCAS had initiated a collaborative research project entitled “Studies on the Establishment of Cover Forest for the Logged-Over Tropical Forests in the Philippines” in 1999 in order to promote the technical development on the strategies for reforestation and agroforestry in the mountainous area of the country.Foreword Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS). This publication contains some practical studies that deal on the rehabilitation of the country’s degraded forests mainly as products of our research project data. Banahaw de Lucban where we established an experimental tree plantation for reforestation. aspiring farmers and the ordinary citizens engaged in forestry activities. Banahaw. However. agroforesrty systems of the lowlanders in Mt. The information on the different agroforestry systems came from primary and secondary data. This book presents the review of the government efforts and approaches on reforestation. The experimental site in Mt. This system was believed to be ecologically sound and was practiced mostly by indigenous people. because of population growth of the country. Philippines. Banahaw gave the authors the concrete information on the growth of some indigenous tree species that are potential in upland rehabilitation and agroforestry activities. several agroforestry systems are being practiced by the indigenous people and lowlanders who depend their living to the upland areas of the country. and the community-based agroforestry projects in some areas of the country.Gascon . to deal with those circumstances. It is the hope of the authors that this book provides rich information to understand the agroforestry systems in Mt. The one year exposure of the authors to the Hanunuo Mangyan gave them the opportunity to be familiar and understand the agroforestry system of this indigenous people. Hanunuo Mangyan and community-based agroforestry areas. Banahaw. the oldest agroforestry system studied was swidden cultivation locally termed as “kaingin”. Banahaw with the use of indigenous species. Quezon. the characteristics of some of the species that were used in the research and a technique to hasten germination of leguminous seeds using direct seeding. At present. this also presents the result of research in rehabilitating the grassland area of Mt. Cecilia N. the indigenous people of Oriental Mindoro (Hanunuo Mangyan).Preface Agroforestry is considered as a strategy to rehabilitate the denuded uplands and at the same time improve the socio-economic condition of upland farmers. even the lowlanders engaged farming activities in the uplands that resulted to more pressures and upland degradation. In the Philippines. Moreover. Arturo S. C. for allowing Dr. Motoaki Okuma. Mr.N. Mr.A. Mr.F. Aurora Sumague. Cornelio D. Mr.Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their thanks and deepest gratitude to the following persons and institutions for extending their support in the realization of this book: Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) through their President. Castillo for supporting Dr. Dr. Esquieres. past presidents for allowing the conduct of this research in SLPC reservation. Dr. Joselito B. Gascon K. Rodel Santos. Delfino de Chavez . Ramon Razal and Dr. Rodelito Lapitan and Renato Niem for the technical support to Mr.F. Shinobu Inanaga for offering the opportunity of the collaborative research project between Japan and the Phillipines. Mario Nañola. Mr. Jara and the late Dr. Mon Mojica for the assistance of book compilation. Shozo Nakamura and Dr. Takahashi . Gascon A. Rodrigo Lapitan.Takahashi while he worked in the Philippines. Gascon as counterpart researcher of IRNR in this collaborative research project. C. Mr. Gascon to visit Japan and work on this book. Dr. Forester Amalia Almazol and Mr. President of Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute for offering the opportunity of scientific communication with Japanese scientists Dr. SLPC Board of Trustees through Commissioner Saturnino Ocampo Jr. A. Bernabe Obmerga.N. Garret Ruiz. Katsuhiro Osumi for sharing his expertise in agroforestry and facilitating the publication of this book. Douglas Peña. Primo Javen and Mr. Forester Marife Abuel for her assistance in photo documentation.Ver Calica. Dr. Families of authors for their moral support and love. Gilbert Andaluz for their assistance in the data analysis and preparation of the book.. Rolando Juarez for their assistance in data collection. Ms. grassroots development of forest resources including allocation. Crop rotation – sequential arrangement of crops in time and space Exotic species – species which are introduced to a locality Fallow – a condition wherein the soil is allowed to rest for a certain period of time Home gardens – composed of fruits trees. livestock raising has been included in the system as an additional source of income and protein for the people (Lasco. Indigenous species – it refers to the species found native in the site (e. enforcement. 6. implementation. grasses and vegetables planted around the house of a farmer Indigenous agroforestry – it is a system of land management developed and practiced by the local people since time immemorial. also refer to as the ethnic or tribal group. Recalcitrant – seeds with short viability period . 11. decision-making. Indigenous community – refers to a group of people regarded as the original inhabitants of a place. 8. 3. Agroforestry – it is a system of land management wherein annual and perennial crops are combined in the same piece of land sequentially or simultaneously with the twofold goals of enhancing the productive and protective capacity of the land by improving the socio-economic condition of the upland dwellers and rehabilitating the denuded condition of the uplands. shrubs. Productive function of agroforestry – it refers to the net output of a valued product per unit of resource input. benefit-sharing and conflict management among community members. 5. 7. 4. Recently. A common measure of productivity is yield or net income per hectare.g. Community – based forest resource management – refers to people-managed. 9. Protective function of agroforestry – refers to the ability of the system to minimize soil erosion. in the Philippines).Glossary of Terms 1. 1992. Bene at al 1977 as cited by Gascon 1998). and in some cases livestock raising. 12. 10. improve soil fertility and prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases. herbs. It includes simultaneous or sequential planting of agricultural crops and trees. 2. thinning. It includes “ecological reforestation” and “economic reforestation”. . 16. weeding. humidity. 14.13. 15. and soil. agroforestry. Rehabilitation – it is a type of reforestation done using some of the original and exotic or introduced species to reforest the site. liming. adoption of soil and water conservation practices and physical site improvement. Reforestation – it is the act of planting trees on bare or open land which used to be covered with forest growth (DENR-FMB 2003). 17. and enrichment planting (RMPFD 2003 as cited by Fernando 2005). pruning. assisted natural regeneration. Uplands – refer to the hilly or mountainous landscapes of steeply inclined surfaces (18% and above) including table lands and plateaus lying at higher elevations which are highly dependent on precipitation and are not normally suited to lowland rice unless some forms of terracing and ground water source exist. Through rehabilitation. the protective function and ecological services maybe regained. new plantings. water. Its objective is to bring back the forest to a stable and productive condition. watering. Silvicultural requirements – it refers to the requirements of the species in terms of treatments or activities such as application of fertilizer. Rehabilitation involves forest tree planting. light requirement. Silvical characteristics – this refers to the characteristics of the species with particular reference to the environmental factors such as light. Mapping and Planning United Nations Development Program University of the Philippines Los Baños .Abbreviations CBFM CFNR CFSA CO CSC CSD DENR FAO FAR FFPRI FLMA FMB IRNR ISFP JIRCAS LOI NFP NGO NIPAS PAMB PO PROFEM SALT SLPC SMP UNDP UPLB Community-Based Forest Management College of Forestry and Natural Resources Community Forest Stewardship Agreement Community Organizing Certificate of Stewardship Contract Comprehensive Site Development Department of Environment and Natural Resources Food and Agriculture Organization Family Approach to Reforestation Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Forest Land Management Agreement Forest Management Bureau Institute of Renewable Natural Resources Integrated Social Forestry Program Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Letter of Instruction National Forestry Program Non-Government Organization National Integrated Protected Area System Protected Area Management Board People’s Organization Program for Forest Ecosystem Management Sloping Agricultural Land Technology Southern Luzon Polytechnic College Survey. 1 The forest cover in the Philippines in 1900 and 1999. reports showed that grasslands had increased to 12 million ha.8 million ha left as natural forests. there were about 6 million ha of grasslands found in these uplands. Natural forests were logged and consequently. Note: The green portion indicates presence of forests. The rest had Fig. There is only about 0.A. In the early 60s. Castillo Introduction The Philippines has a total land area of 30 million hectares and about 52% or 16 million ha are classified as forest lands (DENR-FMB 2005). Recently. Gascon and Arturo S. shifting cultivators. (Source: Environmental Science for Social Change 1999) -1- . logged over areas were encroached by become secondary forest and abandoned grasslands.Review of the Reforestation Approaches and Experiences in the Philippines Antonio F. these areas had become marginal and degraded. cultivating up and down the slope. Subsequent reforestation activities followed in the provinces of Laguna.The grasslands have become important resource for shifting cultivators and ranchers. grasslands have become the target of blames of the calamities like landslides. 423 which mandated all government agencies to actively participate in reforestation. Cebu and Zambales. planting of erosion-enhancing crops like sugarcane. With the creation of the Bureau of Forest Development (BFD) in 1972. putting up of soil and water conservation structures and application of sound soil management practices. 1260 in 1982. In the past. free grazing. However. the Program for Forest Ecosystem Management (PROFEM) was launched under Letter of Instruction No. The process of forest rehabilitation involves planting of forest trees. corn. in time with the establishment of the first forestry school (now the College of Forestry and Natural Resources of the University of the Philippines Los Baños) in 1910 (Fernando 2005). rice. reforestation became one of the government’s major programs. Historical Background of Reforestation in the Philippines Reforestation is synonymous to forest tree planting in open areas which were previously covered with forests. These are the reasons why they need to be rehabilitated by planting of forest trees and perennial agricultural crops. the upland dwellers were given importance -2- . pineapple and others. In 1976. government reforestation programs were further strengthened through the enactment of PD 1153 which required all Filipino citizens 10 years and older to plant 12 trees a year for 5 consecutive years. In 1977. long drought. it was done to ensure economic benefits. Makiling. However. Gradually. The earliest reforestation activities in the Philippines started in Mt. reforestation was done mainly for environmental protection. for private individuals or group. because of destructive practices of burning. accelerated erosion. In fact. records show that reforestation activities by the Philippine government started in 1916 at Cebu (Alli 1991) using teak (Tectona grandis) and other exotic species. flash floods and poor water yield. Through Letter of Instruction No. renewable for another 25 years. Realizing the failures of the past reforestation efforts. Marginal and degraded grassland areas. A farmer occupying and cultivating a portion of a public forestland (5 to 25 ha) may apply for consideration with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources’ (DENR) local office. The Sta. Government Programs on Reforestation Even up to the present. -3- . protect and improve the quality of the environment. The Forest Management Bureau (FMB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) of the Philippine government implement these programs. 1. and at the same time. Catalina Integrated Social Forestry Project in Atimonan. the Philippine government still adopts the same programs. This was aimed to uplift the socio-economic conditions of the upland farmers. are provided with Certificate of Stewardship Contracts (CSCs) or Community Forest Stewardship Agreements (CFSAs). the farmer. The Integrated Social Forestry Program This program started in 1982 as an approach to give upland farmers the security of tenure over the area they occupy and cultivate. group of farmers or farmer’s organization. the National Forestation Program (NFP) adopted the contract reforestation strategy. Upon evaluation and approval.as partners in reforestation with the creation of the Integrated Social Forestry Program. can be rehabilitated using this approach. They are entitled to long-term tenurial arrangement of 25 years. The programs address the problem of alleviating rural poverty and ecological stability in occupied forest lands. The farmers are subject to community organizing activities and are provided assistance on how to practice agroforestry and soil and water conservation practices. also modified and improved some for the establishment of forest trees during rehabilitation. but in reality. which are under various forms of cultivation or upland farming. The Philippine government claims that reforestation programs had been successful. these were considered as failures (Fernando 2005). establishment of forest nurseries and adoption of appropriate and sound agroforestry practices. yemane (Gmelina arborea). sloping agricultural technology.). mango (Mangifera indica). windbreaks or fire breaks. The project was aimed at assisting the government in the development of upland areas and communities by training farmers for improved farming practices. watershed rehabilitation and timber stand improvement. malapapaya (Polyscias nodosa). The reforestation component is concerned with planting of indigenous and exotic species including fruit trees. dalanghita (Citrus commanes) and kalamansi (Citrus spp) are planted. The project adopted 12 species of forest tree species to be planted in the area such as narra (Pterocarpus indicus). makaasim (Syzygium nitidum). Seven out of 12 species are indigenous reforestation species. mahogany (Swietenia mahogani (L. adopting appropriate soil and water conservation technologies. avocado (Persia americana). these are sometimes established either as boundary trees for farm lots. acacia (Acacia auriculiformis). bamboos and species producing minor -4- . live fences. santol (Sandoricum koetjape). establishment of 3 ha demonstration farm for soil and water conservation measures. enhancing learning experiences through farmer-tofarmer visits. fodder. bagtikan (Parashorea malaanonan). kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) and kalantas (Toona calantas). In agroforestry farms. the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) implemented the National Forestation Program with three major components such as reforestation. The forest trees were planted for wood.Quezon is an example of the pilot ISFP project funded by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nation’s Development Program (UNDP). The most common agricultural crops planted are coconut (Cocos nucifera) and kawayan tinik (Bambusa blumeana). fruit trees like jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylla). bitaog (Callophyllum inophyllum). establishment of small water impounding dam. National Forestation Program (NFP) In 1988.)Jacq. giant ipil-ipil (Leucaena pulverulenta). 2. green manure and charcoal and. apitong (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus). 4. 3. bamboos and species producing minor forest products in the whole forest landscape. The contract or agreement has a tenure of 25 years and renewable for another 25 years. timber valuation and harvesting. local and other government offices and non-government organizations (NGOs). mapping and planning (SMP). monitoring and evaluation (M and E). community organizing (CO). he/she may still apply for another contract called Forest Land Management Agreement (FLMA) upon attaining an 80% survival and properly maintaining the whole area. The area should be at least 100 ha. The contractor may harvest. These groups may be contracted for survey. the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) enters into contract with organized upland settlers or people’s organizations (POs). The contractor may also plant cash crops while the forest trees are still young. Forest Land Management Agreement (FLMA) Program When the contractor of the reforestation activities has terminated his contract with the DENR. community and civic/religious organizations. entrepreneurs. Community Forestry Program (CFP) This program is designed for the protection. This program provides long-term tenure to the people who planted and cared trees in newly reforested areas. In NFP. actual comprehensive site development (CSD) using the practices of planting indigenous and exotic tree species and the agroforestry integrating fruit trees.forest products in denuded forestlands. management and -5- . process and sell timbers following the sustained yield forest management practices. The DENR gets a 30% share of all the proceeds obtained from the area. corn and root crops can be planted in the vacant spaces in between the trees. The contractors are assisted by the non-government organizations (NGOs) and Community Organizers hired for the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the aspects of forest management like silviculture. Vegetable rice. In the province of Samar in the Visayas. 263 was adopted by the Philippine government as its national strategy for attaining sustainable forestry and social justice. It integrates all people-oriented forestry programs of the government.95 ha of formerly logged-over and -6- .rehabilitation of abandoned and cancelled residual and fragmented growth forests in harvesting. harvesting and processing of forest products. 5. Communal Tree Farming (CTF). not withstanding the fact. resource management. It provides that “the CBFM shall apply to all areas classified as forestlands including allowable zones within the protected areas”. through the CBFM concept of watershed rehabilitation. The objectives of CBFM are to: 1) rehabilitate the degraded or denuded forests by establishing forest trees in the upland landscape. The DENR through its local offices may train farmers in resources inventory. CBFM is the Philippine government’s response to institutionalize the transfer of management responsibilities to the communities who depend on these forest resources.433. that they are the ones who are contracted for tree planting and other soil and water conservation activities. preparation of forest management and conservation plans. Organized upland farmers or people’s organizations can avail of this program which upon approval may be granted 25 years tenure and renewable for another 25 years. Family Approach to Forestation (FAR) and others which incorporates the experiences generated and learned from the past efforts to ensure sustainable resource management (Sarmiento 2005). Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) The Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) by virtue of Executive Order No. the people organizations in partnership with the DENR were able to reforest and develop 2. and 2) to improve the socio-economic conditions of the people by integrating agricultural crops in their forestation activities. development of livelihood opportunities. processing and marketing of forest products. The farmers may enter into contract reforestation and other comprehensive site development projects. community organizing. namely Integrated Social Forestry Program (ISFP). This makes upland dwellers stewards of residual forest areas. in the rehabilitation of grassland areas. jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylla). about 1. rotation age. soil factors like soil texture. mahogany (Swietenia mahogani) and narra (Pterocarpus indicus) while 632. fire tolerance. soil pH and soil fertility. benefited from the participation in CBFM activities in terms of increased income and improved quality of houses and enhanced capability to acquire household assets (Sarmiento 2005). The present vegetation and prevailing pests and diseases in the area should also be considered in selecting a species to be planted.degraded areas. Of this area. mango (Mangifera indica). Site factors The site factors include climatic and atmospheric factors.263 ha or 51. abaca (Musa textiles). b. drought tolerance. Genetic factors These include the heritable characteristics of the species like acid tolerance. black pepper (Piper nigrum) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) (Sarmiento 2005). drought and fire tolerant species like ipil-ipil (Luecaena leucocephala).44 ha were developed into agroforest plantations using agricultural crops such as coffee (Coffea robusta). steepness and orientation of the slope. cacao (Theobroma cacao). we should use acid tolerant. c. soil depth. Socio-economic and cultural factors -7- . Reforestation Practices 1. physiographic factors like elevation. The farmer communities in Northern Samar. diameter size. Choice of Species for Reforestation The forest tree species used for reforestation should be carefully selected. an indigenous tree species.92% were established with toog (Combretodendron quadrialatum). yield potentials and rate of growth among others. narra (Pterocarpus indicus) and banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum). For example. The factors to consider in choosing the right species for a particular area are as follows: a. c) brushlands or tract of forestlands generally covered with brushes which needs to be developed to increase productivity. g) portions of areas covered by pasture lease or permits having a slope of at least 50%. former river beds and beaches. fuelwood and the leaves for feeds and fertilizer. inadequately stocked forestlands. critical watersheds. e) denuded or inadequately covered areas considered as forest resources. 3. b) bare or grass-covered tract of lands with 59% slope with soil that are so erodible as to make grass cover inadequate for soil erosion control. Generally. Selecting and preparing the site for planting The different areas or sites for forestation are mentioned in PD 705 (Forestry Reform Code). majority of these areas are grasslands and brushlands. road-right-of ways. d) open tract of forestlands with slopes or gradients generally exceeding 50%. bird sanctuaries. game refuge. reservations as crucial watersheds. These are: a) bare or grasslands areas with at least 50% slope. However. national parks. brushlands. these areas can be classified as grasslands. river deltas. easements. The intention is to recreate an ecosystem as close as possible to the original. swamps. it can be used for charcoal. interspersed with patches of forest each of which is less than 250 ha in area. Strategies dealing with degraded grasslands Marginal and degraded lands subject to forestation can be dealt with using the following strategies: a. f) inadequately stocked forestlands not covered by the above. Restoration It is an attempt to re-create or bring back the original forest ecosystem by reassembling the original composition of plants and animals that once occupied the site. 2. Leucaena leucocephala was considered the best choice for planting in the uplands because aside from its lumber. and h) riverbanks. with most of its structure and productivity matching that of the -8- . pasturelands and reclaimed areas.Most of the upland farmers consider the economic benefits that can be realized from the trees planted. national shrines and national historical sites. Planting of adaptable tree species at closer spacing to establish early cover and dominance. early establishment of cover eliminates them. technically challenging and expensive reforestation option but also it is the most ecologically appropriate (Lamb 1994 and Rebugio et al. Through rehabilitation. b. If done in a widescale. For cogonal areas which are acidic and low in nitrogen and phosphorus a. second plowing and harrowing can effectively control cogon (Imperata cylindrica). Reclamation In this strategy. Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) can be broadcast or sown in furrows in well-prepared land in order to enhance the establishment of early cover. Cogon does not tolerate shading. 2005 as cited by Fernando 2005). Restoration short-cuts the long process of successional development in the area and will more likely become productive and stable. Rehabilitation It is done using some of the original and exotic or introduced species to reforest the site. agroforestry. c. the protective function and ecological services maybe regained. In time. Its objective is to bring back the forest to a stable and productive condition. adoption of soil and water conservation practices and physical site improvement. b. Subsequently. one or more exotic species is used to achieve stability and there is no attempt to restore the original biodiversity of the site but there may be economic and socio-cultural advantages or functional gains as in soil conservation and watershed protection.to eliminate the rhizomes by exposing and drying them during primary tillage or cultivation. Rehabilitation techniques 1. ecological processes and functions will match those of the original forest (Fernando 2005).original biodiversity. High density planting of other -9- . Proper site preparation . Hence. restoration can provide more ecological services than other forms of reforestation strategies (Fernando 2005). Restoration is considered the most ambitious. Rehabilitation involves forest tree planting. c.10 - . c. Liming the soil to increase the soil pH to favorable levels. Kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa). f. Application of booster fertilizer during planting and other dosages on the second and third year. This is done by digging holes and putting a soil rich in organic matter. it can also provide organic matter to the soil. Green breaks of 2 to 3 rows of densely planted kakawate (Gliricidia sepium). Mulching in dry areas. Camachile. swamp mahogany and agoho b. For poorly drained sites a. Soil amelioration or putting garden soils in dug holes. Coral Limestone and Highly Eroded soils a. For areas with lahar or ash deposits a. c. 4. b. 3.leguminous and locally available species can be adopted to accomplish early cover and promptly eliminate cogon. e. c. d. Carving out the soil or niche planting. Mulch helps prevent the detachment process during soil erosion. cogon immediately dominates the process of vegetation succession. Mulch regulates water losses through evaporation. 2. When decomposed. Use of Rhizobium and mycorrhiza inoculated and hardened seedlings. Flemingia sp. For Rocky. Putting up drainage canals to get rid of excessive water. Planting of forest trees in raised soil or mound to enhance soil aeration. Application of organic fertilizers such as compost and animal manure. Fire is a disclimax factor in grassland. . Use of adaptable species like Kaatoan bangkal (Antocephalus chinensis). Yemane and Molave. g. Agoho and Eucalyptus. and other leguminous trees can prevent the occurrence of escape fires in newly established plantations. Planting of drought tolerant species like ipil-ipil. After fire occurrence. b. Early planting during rainy season. Use of adaptable species like Acacia auriculiformis. Prevention of grassfire. Atimonan. Use of locally available brushwoods like Muntingia calabora.B. Haribon Foundation. Morus alba. University of the Philippines Open University. and areas affected by landslides and creeps a. Quezon. Fernando. Planting of acid tolerant grasses. Alli. Sarmiento. c. 6.A. Gliricidia sepium. In the areas affected by creep. grass sodding helps stabilize the slopes. (2005) An evaluation of the community-based forest management project in catubig. Catalina. Haribon Policy Paper No. Quezon. b. Overgrazed and compacted areas a. (1991) An evaluation of selected reforestation projects in the province of Iloilo.11 - . wattling and cordons. University of the Philippines Los Baños.. Use of structures like nailed fascines. (2004) Agroforestry systems adopted by the upland farmers in barangay Sta. . R. MS Thesis. C. Northern Samar using criteria and indicators. Lantana camara and Leucaena leucocephala. Southern Luzon Polytechnic College. References Alibuyog. d. (2005) Restoring the Philippine rainforests for biodiversity conservation.(Casuarina equisetifolia). Proper range management practices c. Planting of bamboos also help stabilize stream banks and gulley heads. For very steep slopes with Chromolaena odorata. F.C.S. Lucban. 5. Discing and subsoiling using plow and tractors b. E. environmental protection and livelihood security of the people. 2. Biological and Physical Characteristics of Mt. Banahaw Cecilia N. Gascon The Physical Features of Mt. Banahaw 1. Geographical Location Mt. Banahaw-San Cristobal National Park lies between 13°55' and 14°10' latitude and 121°26' and 121°35' longitude. It is bounded on the north by Laguna Lake, in the south by Tayabas Bay, in the southeast by the Bicol Peninsula and in the east by the tail end of the Sierra Madre Mountains. It rings through the municipalities of Dolores, Candelaria, Sariaya, Tayabas, Lucban, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Liliw and the city of San Pablo (Fig.2a and 2b). It is about 120 km southeast of Manila and straddles the borders of Quezon and Laguna. Mt. Banahaw-San Cristobal National Park has a total area of 11,133.3 ha, 2,754 ha of which is part of the province of Laguna while the remaining 8,379.3 ha is part of Quezon province. Mt. Banahaw could be reached via San Pablo City, Lucena City and Sta. Cruz, Laguna. 2. Topography The topography of the entire National park is rough. The slope ranges from moderate to steep. Mt. Banahaw de Dolores (Durungawan) has an elevation of 2,155 m, Mt. Banahaw de Majayjay (Susong Dalaga) is about 2,160 m, Mt. Banahaw de Tayabas is 2,140 m, Mt. Banahaw de Lucban is 1,875 m, and Mt. San Cristobal is about 1,470 m (Fig.3a, 3b, 3c and 3d). The summit caldera is 600m deep and has a diameter of 2 km. The caldera opens southward in a 4km long canyon of Mt. Banahaw. The crater is also called "Ilalim". The old crater was occupied by a lake until 1730. At that time, a violent eruption breached to the southwestern rim, pouring out water, incandescent lava and huge rocks towards the town of Sariaya. A deep canyon, which was formed during that 1730 eruption, was enlarged by subsequent erosion activity. It now extends from the summit crater down to the 800 m elevation. An eruption similar to that of 1730 was reported in 1743. - 12 - Fig.2a Geographical location of Mt.Banahaw. Fig.2b Contour map of Mt.Banahaw with the municipality location in the vicinity. - 13 - 3. Climate From December to January, an airmass called the northeast monsoon (habagat) reaches Quezon province from the northeast and east direction. From February to March, the northeast monsoon is joined by another airmass called the North Pacific Trade winds, which is characterized by a strong subsidence inversion of about 1 km above the Earth's surface producing abundant rain at the lower levels. In April, an easterly wind oriented north to south approaches Quezon province from the east giving equal distribution of rainfall from North to South. The month of May is a transition period between trade winds season and the monsoon season prevalent from July to September. From June to October, the southwest monsoon (amihan) reaches Quezon province from the west and southwest. The southwest monsoon and the South Pacific Tradewinds are very moist and can rise to great heights. They bring rains which increase in volume as the altitude increases. November is a transition period between the southwest and northeast monsoon bringing increased rainfall in the north. Fig.3a 3-Dimensional map facing to the northeastern side. Fig.3b 3-Dimensional map facing to the southwestern side. - 14 - These river systems directly provide water for domestic.5). Nagcarlan and San Diego.350-2. Banahaw.15 - . although the rainfall characteristics vary with sites. Banahaw watershed sustains water for the creeks. This mountain is blessed with abundant water thus it is called "Vulcan de agua" (Fig. and falls draining to Laguna de Bay and Tayabas (Fig. Banahaw is considered as a rain mountain. Liliw. For example.470 mm with an annual average of 262 rainy days. Malinao.Mt.Banahaw.400 mm while Lucban side has an average annual rainfall of 4. Forest. irrigation and recreational purposes. Aside from these. Seven rivers traversed the park namely: Balayong. rivers. Lucban. Fig. Grassland and Farm. Maimpis. Dalatiwan. some river systems are believed to have . Watershed Mt.3c Perspective of Mt.4). 4. Fig.3d Typical views of Mt. Quezon. the Nagcarlan side has an average annual rainfall of 2. local tourists from other parts of Quezon and nearby provinces enjoy the cool. Quezon. Sta. Lucia. Banahaw is also rich with falls. In the crater of Mt. Before and after the Pahiyas festival and even during ordinary days. several falls could also be found. These are believed to have medicinal values.medicinal value. Pilgrims and devotees take a shower on these falls especially during Holy week.16 - . Majayjay. Aside from rivers. The most famous of which is "Talong Ambon" visited by pilgrims even during ordinary days. Laguna. Suplina and Kristalino falls are all found in Dolores. Mt. . clear and unpolluted waters of the falls. An example is the Kinabuhayan river in Dolores. People from all walks of life take a dip into the water of Kinabuhayan with the belief that their illnesses will be cured. A recent tourist attraction in Banahaw is Taytay Falls located at Sitio Taytay. Quezon believed to have "healing power". Even the Katipuneros in Banahaw cleansed themselves in the waters of Kinabuhayan before going into major battles. Banahaw. Fig. .17 - .Banahaw National Park.4 Watershed map of Mt. Sariaya side).5 Sources of water in Mt.Suplina falls at Dolores. Quezon. Talong-Ambon falls (Along the trail going to crater. Fig.18 - . Laguna. Taytay falls at Majayjay. Banahaw . root crops. Laguna which has a capacity of 22 mega watts. Land uses Mt.). Swartz). As a watershed area it supports the Botocan Hydroelectric Power Plant situated in Majayjay and Luisiana. They have designated "puestos" or sacred places in the mountain.6). Santol (Sandoricum koetjape) and Avocado (Persia gratissima) are the common fruit trees planted. tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum). vegetables. Quezon. Mt.19 - . Var. cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn. palms and bamboos. radish (Raphanus sativusLinn. These groups are concentrated in Dolores. It sustains the water needs of at least 1 million people in the provinces of Laguna and Quezon. fruit trees and coconut at the flanks of the mountain (Fig.5. Banahaw differs from other national parks in the country because of the presence of religious sects having a vital part in the use of the mountain. These sacred places have been subjected to degradation as pilgrims cut small trees. thousands of pilgrims go to these places and perform religious rituals. The commonly planted vegetables are Baguio beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). It also supports the water needs of hundreds of farmers who plant rice. capitata Linn. During Holy Week. . Banana (Musa sp.). citrus (Citrus grandis). chayote (Sechium edule Jack. branches. Banahaw is primarily used as a watershed. Rambutan (Nepphelium lappaceum). and leave significant amount of garbage. and squash (Cucurbita maxima Dutch).). Lanzones (Lansium domesticum). the agricultural areas at the foot of Mt.Fig. . 6 Vegetable field and fruit plantation.20 - . Banahaw. Moor var. 15 species of grasses and 42 species of fungi.Biological Characteristics The Mt. 5 were classified as endemic species. The species of trees are representatives of 74% of the total species (Fig. namely pugahan (Caryota cumingii). tumalim (Calamus mindorensis) and palasan . ditaan (Daemonorops mollis). conchinchinensis) and taluto (Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. A total of 56 species were categorized as endemic and with limited range of distribution in the Philippines. The vegetation studies recorded a total of 102 families of plants represented by 358 species of trees. 15 species of palms.).7). Banahaw range supports high floral and faunal diversity and endemicity that ranges from 66 to 76%. Banahaw include pangnan (Lithocarpus sulitii).21 - . Dungau-pula (Astronia rolfei) of family Melastomataceae was categorized as endemic in Quezon province (Rojo 2000 as cited by Gascon 2004). lansones-bundok (Reinwardtiodendron humile Hassk. Ex DC. Merr. 19 species of vines. Herbaceous Ornamental 2% Fern 6% Grass 2% Palm 4% Herb 2% Vines 4% Pandan 1% Shrub 2% trees 74% Fig. 39 species of ferns. Among the 15 species of palms identified.7 Distribution of floristic growth forms. The rare species of trees found in Mt.). S. sumulid (Daemonorops ochrolepis). tabu (Symplocos conchinchinensis Lour. kalamansanai (Neonauclea calycina Bartl.). V. A total of 226 species of birds were identified in areas of Lucban and Tayabas.) Holtt. P. biological and management features. Philippines. There were 62 species of mammals.22 - . Asean Regionl Center for Biodiversity Conservation.(Calamus merrillii). Eight species were categorized as endangered and 20 as rare. Banahaw. (1977) Faunal diversity indicators for the conservation management planning for species and habitats at Mt. Gascon. Copel) was characterized as the largest tree fern in the Philippines (Gascon 2004). (2004). Philippine luzoniensis). (1998) Annual report on biodiversity assessment project of Mt. 38 species of reptiles. Quezon. Unpublished. Mt. for ornamental purposes and for furniture making. food. Philippine serpent eagle (Spilornis holospilus). Unpublished. parakeet (Loriculus philippinensis). . was classified as endemic to the Philippines while pakong-buwaya or tree fern (Cyathea contaminans Hook. Among which. C. for caulking boats. Banahaw: physical. scale-feathered cuckoo (Phoenicophaeus hanging cumingi). These palms are used as materials for handicraft.III. Philippine falconet (Microhierax erythrogonys). Philippines.N. Banahaw also supports wildlife. crimson-backed woodpecker (Chrysocolaptes lucidus) and white-browed shama (Copsychus References Alviola.M. among which is Troides rhadamantus classified as endemic and endangered species. The endangered species include brahminy kite (Haliastur indus intermedius). guaiabero (Bolbopsittacus lanulatus). 133 were categorized as endemic species to the Philippines or to Luzon Faunal Region. Philippines. Quezon alone. Among the 100 species of ferns recorded in Lucban. Mt. 43 species of amphibians and 188 species of insects recorded in Lucban and Tayabas. source of palm wine. Fenix. Sphaerostephanus productus (Kaulf. There were 76 species of butterflies recorded in Lucban. Quezon. Banahaw de Tayabas. Lit. UPLB. MS Thesis. Navasero. (1999) Revised lexicon of the philippine trees. Banahaw de Lucban. F. Rojo. .23 - . I. UPLB. Laguna.S. Philippines. FPRDI. C. Undergraduate Thesis. Quezon and its ecological implications to the conservation and management of Mt. Unpublished. annual report on biodiversity assessment project of Mt.D.C. College. Banahaw. Banahaw. J. (1993) Upland farming systems in Lucban. Banahaw San-Cristobal National Park. Philippines. (1977) Altitudinal distribution of birds and mammals based on vegetative cover on Mt. (1998) Insect biodiversity of Mt. Mirand a.Jr. These resulted to more planting of these non-indigenous species in almost all reforestation efforts in the country.Growth Performance of Reforestation Species in a Grassland Area of Mt. However. more researches on their silvical characteristics and silvicultural requirements and biological control of pests. exotic species have promising economic incentives to farmers at a shorter time. However. in the mid-80s. Leucaena pulverulenta (giant ipil-ipil) was considered as the panacea of the Philippine Forestry because of its potential to answer the problems of the forestry sector on soil erosion. the giant ipil-ipil posed a great threat because of the discovery of jumping lice (Heteropsylla cubana) that practically wiped out the giant ipil-ipil plantations throughout the archipelago.24 - . after more than a decade of existence in the country. non-native or exotic species in the rehabilitation of denuded areas of the country started as early as 1916 in the province of Cebu using agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia) and teak (Tectona grandis). Gascon and Kazunori Takahashi Introduction The use of non-indigenous. the availability of technology to propagate the species. funding and policy support to name a few. Banahaw. In the 1970s. Lucban. the epidemic affected and displaced the native ipil-ipil. several reforestation activities across the country used exotic species in a more monoculture basis. Gascon. the Philippine Forestry still opted for the use of non-native species. 2005). . The reasons include the following: fast-growing species rehabilitate the denuded areas faster than native species. soil nutrient depletion. Xyleutes sp. the support of the national government on these undertakings like mass media or publication. fuelwood production and lack of forage for livestock. the plantation of Gmelina arborea was infested by stem borer. Through the decades. Quezon Cecilia N. in Surigao del Sur and Cotabato (Lapis and San Valentin 1994 as cited by Gascon 2005). Another species of Xyleutes also attacked Tectona grandis (Wylie 1993 and Lapis and Valentin 1994 as cited by Gascon. In 1994. More so. Antonio F. through the decades. These were akle (Albizia acle).25 - . The use of these non-native species was also done in Mt. Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata). Banahaw by determining the survival. narra (Pterocarpus indicus). magabuyo (Celtis luzonica). Lucban. lamio (Dracontomelon edule). there were efforts to introduce the native species in the mainstream of reforestation efforts in the Philippines. The purpose of the study was to assess the adaptability of 18 reforestation species under the conditions of Mt. All of those tree seedlings were planted at the site in April 2002. gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta) were some of the non-native species planted in the mid 90s. a collaborative effort was initiated by the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) and the Southern Luzon Polytechnic College (SLPC) to test the adaptability of 18 reforestation species in a grassland area of Mt. Banahaw. In the 90s. makaasim (Syzygium nitidum). There were 18 main reforestation species tested of their adaptability in a grassland area in Mt. lago (Prunus grisea). duklitan (Ponteria . Layout of The Study In 2002. Quezon. kalantas (Toona calantas). the potentials of the native species to rehabilitate the denuded areas and bringing back the forest of the country. This was done to rehabilitate the areas vacated by the upland farmers within the reservation of the Southern Luzon Polytechnic College. management and maintenance. on-site and hands-on training on their propagation. stem diameter and basal area. acid ipilipil (Leucaena diversifolia) and giant ipil-ipil (Leucaena pulverulenta) were used as nurse trees and were also monitored. early growth performance such as height. banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum). Lucban.production of information materials. bagtikan (Parashorea malaanonan). This was in recognition of the harmful impacts of the non-native species both in the economy and ecosystem. Banahaw. Giant ipil-ipil was planted in certain portion of the mountain in the mid 80s while large leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Native ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala). kusibeng (Sapindus saponaria). Banahaw. Quezon. Potted seedlings were used as planting stocks and dug-hole planting was adopted (Fig. and the survivals of seedlings were also recorded. The seedlings of reforestation trees and nurse trees were planted in April 2002. The site was an open grassland (Fig. The measurements of tree height and the diameter at 0.656. We obtained the quarterly growth values by subtracting the monitored quarterly data of height and diameter from the initial values. Majayjay and Laguna.duclitan). The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Nurse trees were planted adjacent to the rows and spaced 2 m within the line. The values were taken for the whole year after the trees have survived and gained the establishments. The average annual temperature and relative humidity were 23oC and 85%. Blocking was according to elevation in a slope. supa (Sindora supa).1-m height were started from the time of seedling plantings.9. bani (Pongamia pinnata). sampalok (Tamarindus indica) and earpod (Enterolobium cyclocarpum). These quarterly data were compared between all the species planted including the nurse tree species.5 ha. The indigenous tree species were planted in rows spaced 5 and 7 m apart. respectively. The monitoring intervals for the survival and growth of these species were set to 3 months.8) dominated by cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and talahib (Sacharum spontaneum). The Reforestation Site The study site had a total area of 3.7 mm with pronounced rainy season from September to December.26 - . and the average annual precipitation was 3. Double rows (nurse trees side by side with indigenous trees) were laid on a contour strip. The soil was categorized as Luisiana sandy clay loam. On this study. The area was adjacent to agricultural areas cultivated by the farmers from Taytay. It was chosen because it was a contiguous grassland (cogonal and talahib) ecosystem and has no problem on illegal forest occupancy.10 and Fig.11). we analyzed the performances of species by the data of 1-year duration from October 2003 until October 2004. Fig. and trees within the row were planted 2 m apart. kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa). rain tree (Albizia saman). The crops planted there include tomatoes . . Lucban. 8 Grassland and the reforestation site in Mt. Banahaw. Quezon.27 - .Fig. Fig. echinatus. 10 Pterocarpus indicus f. Fig.28 - . 11 Leucaena leucocephala. 9 Leucaena + timber species combination at Mt.Fig. . Banahaw reforestation site. Early Growth Performance 1. acid ipil-ipil (Leucaena diversifolia) and giant ipil-ipil (Leucaena pulverulenta). the results showed that native ipil-ipil performed the best. giant and acid ipil-ipil were 0. respectively. which were 20. On the other hand. 0. cow and carabaos.12 and 13). native. and favorable as for giving the shades that will suppress the grasses and nurse some slow growing tree species. the averages of the quarterly diameter growths in the same duration. native ipil-ipil had attained the height of 276.51 mm/quarter.92 and 0. the site was an abandoned farm previously used as grazing areas for farm animals like goats.40 cm and the diameter of 21.70 mm and 211.15 cm with 17. and followed by giant and acid ipil-ipil. These made the area so degraded and marginal. the tree species of genus Leucaena are generally very first growing.5 years after the planting. respectively (Table 1).97. At the measurement in October 2004. However. radish.85. which was 2. These were native ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala).35 mm.41 mm. Nurse trees Nurse trees were planted in the area to establish early cover to protect the main reforestation species from the adverse effects of strong wind and intense light in the open grassland. Three nurse tree species were tested. On the average of quarterly height growths from October 2003 until October 2004. The forest trees grow fast in diameter and in height during these stages (Kozlowski 1979).84 cm/quarter. respectively (Table 2).29 - . but were expected because the plantation was still on the seedling to sapling stage.36 cm with 18. 19. respectively.03 and 12. followed by giant ipil-ipil and acid ipil-ipil which attained the height with diameter of 229. These results were quite high. . (Fig. cabbage. sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Based on records.(Lycopersicum esculentum). 15 narra bagtikan giant ipil-ipil 10 duklitan magabuyo lago bani 5 makaasim kalantas akle kalumpit Oct. Banahaw. Apr. Jul. 0 banuyo native ipil-ipil Observation Period (2003～2004) earpod Fig. Jan.30 - . cm. 25 Spanish cedar sampalok acid ipil-ipil 20 kusibeng lamio rain tree supa Diameter. . earpod Observation Period (2003～2004) Fig. Oct. mm. Oct. Banahaw.Spanish cedar sampalok acid ipil-ipil kusibeng lamio 300 rain tree supa narra 250 bagtikan giant ipil-ipil duklitan magabuyo lago bani makaasim kalantas akle kalumpit banuyo native ipil-ipil 200 Height. Jul.12 Average height growth of the various reforestation species in Mt. Apr.13 Average diameter growth of the various reforestation species in Mt. 150 100 50 0 Oct. Jan. 1 3.3 16.51 3.5 5. Height Growths on Observation Periods (cm) .37 Rank 20 21 6 19 13 18 14 3 16 2 17 10 11 15 9 12 8 7 4 1 5 .5 22. Jul.8 3. Apr.4 17.5 8.1 19.85 16.9 8.9 7.3 22.5 8.3 3.76 8.7 6.5 6.6 8.0 3.75 6. 3.98 5.8 6.3 11.8 6.3 19.5 3.7 6.3 4.64 6.5 20.3 8.9 3.6 4.-Oct.0 15. Banahaw.5 19 5.9 6.59 2.8 8.70 20.9 8.0 17.37 10.0 5.5 6.2 6.75 12.5 6.Table 1 Quarterly height growths of various reforestation species in Mt.0 18.6 5.8 15.4 6.0 18.0 18.62 8.5 11.0 3.1 10.5 6.0 5.-Apr.84 3.21 6.86 8.-Jul.5 11.36 6.0 12.21 18. Jan.7 6.0 3.8 19.9 5.5 Ave.2 18.0 3.4 2.5 18.5 6.5 16.4 4.6 8.-Jan.8 5.1 3.1 8.4 3.9 16.31 - Spanish cedar Sampalok Acid ipil-ipil Kusibeng Lamio Rain tree Supa Narra Bagtikan Giant ipil-ipil Duklitan Magabuyo Lago Bani Makaasim Kalantas Akle Kalumpit Banuyo Native ipil-ipil Earpod 3.9 15.2 9.8 2.03 4.7 3.8 8.5 3.7 8.0 6.90 16.8 5.2 5.12 19.0 7.78 5.0 13.2 7. Species Oct.3 18. 3 0.4 0.0 0.44 0.1 0.1 0.38 0.2 0.2 0.11 Rank 12 20 3 11 15 18 17 1 9 6 13 8 5 10 19 16 14 7 4 2 21 .1 0.1 0. 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.12 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.Table 2 Quarterly diameter growths of various reforestation species in Mt.32 - Spanish cedar Sampalok Acid ipil-ipil Kusibeng Lamio Rain tree Supa Narra Bagtikan Giant ipil-ipil Duklitan Magabuyo Lago Bani Makaasim Kalantas Akle Kalumpit Banuyo Native ipil-ipil Earpod 0.1 0.31 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.-Apr.1 0.13 0.1 0.97 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.1 Ave.4 0. Banahaw.-Jul.15 0.90 0.5 0.2 0.31 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.49 0.4 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 0. Diameter Growths on Observation Periods (mm) .25 0.1 0.-Jan.2 1.3 0.64 0.4 0.-Oct. Species Oct.1 0.9 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.30 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.46 0.1 0.8 1. Jan.5 0.9 0.21 1.40 0.3 0.9 0. Jul.9 0.2 1.5 0.92 0.5 0.5 0. Apr.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.14 0.5 0.51 0.47 0.6 0. The species with low tree height levels which stayed less than 1m in October 2004 were sampalok (Tamarindus indica).2.al.0 128. Lamio (Dracontomelon edule). kalantas (Toona calantas). rain tree (Albizia saman). Another high performing species in height was bagtikan (Parashorea malaanonan ). humid air .5 103.5 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It can be noted that the top three species such as narra. Main Reforestation Species Based from the latest measurements made in October 2004.6 119. 1975) because they form root nodules that harbor Rhizobium bacteria which is able to fix atmospheric Nitrogen from the air. cabinet. Table 3 Tree heights of top ten species planted in Mt.33 - .al. It found difficulty in establishing in the areas with cool temperature. and interior work. These species have greater adaptabilities in poor sites (Agpaoa et. This species belongs to Dipterocarpaceae. duklitan (Ponteria duclitan). and also produce the good wood that is used for flooring and veneer.8 137. 1975).5 144. spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata). Banahaw.5 129. Sampalok is well-adapted in open and dry areas (Agpaoa et.1 199. and are popularly used in the Philippines. earpod and banuyo were all leguminous species (Fig. The woods of these leguminous trees are highly valuable for furniture. magabuyo (Celtis luzonica). and Makaasim (Syzygium nitidum).9 117. the average tree height of the top 10 species are shown in Table 3.12 and Table 3). Local and Scientific Name Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Earpod (Enterolobium cylocarpum) Banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum) Bagtikan (Parashorea malaanonan) Bani (Pongamia pinnata) Kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa) Lago (Prunus grisea) Supa (Sindora supa) Akle (Albizia acle) Kusibeng (Sapindus saponata) Height (cm) 211.1 116. Furthermore. earpod and kalumpit which gave an average value of 18.28. 6. earpod.01 11.60.80 15. 16. bani. 11. respectively. respectively. banuyo. The slow growers were sampalok.46 11. 16. 7. Species Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Kusibeng (Sapindus saponaria) Duklitan (Ponteria duclitan) Earpod (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) Kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa) Banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum) Rain tree (Albizzia saman) Bani (Pongamia pinnata) Lamio (Dracontomelon edule) Bagtikan (Parashorea malaanonan) Average Diameter (mm) 16.59.60 11. 9. 6.37 10.07 13. Table 4 shows the diameter of the planted reforestation species in October 2004. respectively. 6.75 cm/quarter. On the other hand.37.07 and 13.80.62.18.57 . 4. the lowest stem diameters were noted in makaasim. 15. kusibeng.78.31.34 - . supa and bani which were 6. and 8. The average growers in stem diameters were noted with rain tree.77 15.76 cm/quarter. Banahaw. sampalok.93.37 and 10.75. lago and akle which were 11.21 and 5. talahib and strong winds. Banahaw. respectively. duklitan. The medium quarterly height growth were noted in lago.35 mm. kalantas. kalumpit and banuyo which were 16. lamio.77. lamio.03.31 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It can be noted that the biggest stem diameters were noted in the species of narra. bagtikan. kusibeng and rain tree which had only an average quarterly height growth of 2.93.93.90 cm/quarter. 15. 11.93 15. 3.46.18 14.70. When the planted trees were assessed of their quarterly height growths (Table 1) the fast growers were narra. 6.64.98. Table 4 Stem diameters of top ten species planted in Mt.51. and 3. magabuyo and kalantas which were 4. Spanish cedar is a low elevation species that cannot withstand cogon. spanish cedar.and high rainfall as in the grassland area in Mt. 10. 15. 3. 14.01mm. spanish cedar.41 and 9. 90. it was found out that the fast growers were narra. Concluding Remarks Based on this study.12. commonly seen in the Philippines. respectively. Banahaw grasslands. When these trees were assessed the average of quarterly diameter growths (Table 2). makaasim and rain tree which gave the values of 0. Narra is one of the most favorable trees in the Philippines for the use of timber. These species are suitable as the nurse trees to prepare the mild environment for the slow growing trees planted together.Banahaw.13 and 0. Another reforestation species. also the wood can be used for easy timber use. sampalok. respectively. This tree also exceeded 2 m on height. Akle and Banuyo are the premium timber species in the Philippines. the three Leucaena species. furniture and flooring. 0.49 and 0. but the slow growers. but there were smaller trees which performed better. 0. respectively.mm. 0. Native Ipil-Ipil. In the Mt. For the main reforestation trees. The height within 3 years reached almost 2 m. The weeding maintenance and the nursing shade .15 mm/quarter. On the height growth. Some of them like Supa. 0. which showed the fast growth on height. as in lago and magabuyo. this tree will be still useful to establish the forest cover quickly.14.47 mm/quarter. The remaining trees planted were not growing very fast. The slowest growers in terms of quarter diameter growth were earpod. This tree is an exotic species from Central American region around Mexico and Venezuela. lago. kalumpit and magabuyo which gave values of 1.11. 0.35 - . It was noted in Fig. but considered as a lesser-used species. Giant Ipil-Ipil and Acid Ipil-Ipil performed very fast growth and their heights had reached more than 2m within 3 years after the planting.5 years planting. and showed the high diameter growth keeping high growth rate. banuyo.13 that there were some bigger trees which grew slowly as in the case of earpod. their heights were lower than 2 m in October 2004 after 2. Narra was the best species for the growing performances.64. was Earpod. All of those species introduced above are leguminous trees and have greater adaptability to the conditions existing in Mt. (Eds). References Agpaoa. Kozlowski. (1976) Manual of reforestation and erosion control for the Philippines.E.. Philippines. (1979) Tree growth and environmental stresses.36 - . A. Makaasim was also a moderate growing species. Germany.. German Agency for Technology Cooperation. University of Washington Press. (GTZ). this tree naturally grows around the grassland area of Mt. et.T. and Holaway. Metro Manila. T. (1988) Agroforestry species for the Philippines. The survivability of the seedlings was high enough at the site on our observation. however. AJA Printer Inc. 192pp. Ltd. Banahaw and the wood can be used for general construction works.. so Makaasim will be a suitable planting tree to recover the natural forest environment in this mountainous region. Those species suit to be planted with the grass control operation.K. which suppress the luxuriance of grasses around the seedlings. B.will be required for the early growth. USA. Heinsleigh. .al. T. Shoot emerges after one to two weeks.Characteristics of Some Indigenous Tree Species Planted in Mt. the inner bark smells like a crushed bean pod. It thrives well in soils which are sandy to clay loam as well as in limestone-based areas. The fruits of bani is a pod and can be collected from the tree by climbing or by using a long pole with a hook. Banahaw. Pods can also be crushed using a hard object or a knife. The species usually flowers from April to May and matured fruits are collected from July to September. Lucban.A. the terminal leaflet is larger than the rest and is pointed at the tip. Its bark has a dull gray to pinkish-brown in color. The germinants are transferred to . Castillo Bani (Pongamia pinnata) Fabaceae Bani is a leguminous tree that attains a height of 6 to 25 m and a diameter of 45 cm. This tree grows mainly in lowland areas and along the seashore. 20 to 25 cm long. Its leaves are compound. purplish pink to whitish. Leaves are thickly coriaceous. smooth but becoming shallowly fissured upon maturity. Quezon Antonio F.37 - . Gascon and Arturo S. The collected pods are sun-dried to let the dehiscent pods open. the leaf shape is ovate. Seeds intended for propagation are sun-dried for 2 to 3 days after which they can be kept in tightly-sealed containers for storage. Seeds are drilled 3 cm deep in seedbeds at a distance of 4 cm between hills. Bani seeds require pre-germination treatments to ensure uniform germination. 38 - . paler beneath. widespreading roots. The species can be used for soil erosion control because it has deep. The extracts from the crushed roots can be mixed with coconut milk and lime as cure for gonorrhea. Petioles are one centimeter long. yellowish to gray in color. thicket belts or edges and in forest gaps. the base is broadly rounded. However. the inner bark is light yellow. Outplanting or field planting is usually done in May to June. and leaf blade is entire. coriaceous. It has a straight bole and a distinctly wide spreading branches and deep crown. spreading into 3 from the base. grayish black when dry. Although the research site is 700 m above sea level. It has a smooth outerbark. glabrous. bani performs well in the slopes of Mt. Bani is a good fuelwood species and is a medicinal plant.polyethylene bags after attaining a height of 15 cm. The flowers can be used to treat diabetes. broadly elliptic to ovate in shape with 8 to 12 cm long and 5 to 12 cm wide. It is found associated with other secondary species. . Banahaw. This tree is found in forests of lower elevations. Bani seedlings are ready for transplanting in the field when they attain a height of 50 cm. Magabuyo has simple leaf. Magabuyo (Celtis luzonica) Ulmaceae Magabuyo is a medium to large tree reaching a height of 30 m and a diameter of 90 cm in good sites. Young shoots are used to cure rheumatism. apex short and abruptly acute. The recommended spacing in the field is 5 × 5 m. alternate veins. widely dispersed and can be collected on the ground or standing trees. Malacca. Banahaw. Malay Peninsula. In a dense stand. Magabuyo flowers in March and the fruits are available in July. The fruits are small fleshy drupes. Burma and Borneo. They are transplanted in polyethylene pots and raised there until they attain a plantable height of 50 to 70 cm. The fruits are soaked in water 1 to 2 days to soften the pulp.39 - . Bagtikan (Parashorea malaanonan) Dipterocarpaceae Bagtikan is a prominent tree reaching a height of 35 to 40 m and a diameter of 70 to 100 cm. magabuyo attains a good survival and better early growth performance as compared to other indigenous species. Seeds are sun-dried and can be stored in sealed containers for a year without losing their viability. 2 × 2 m spacing is recommended as they are fast growing and readily establish cover. It is found in places of all climatic types in the Philippines and in neighboring places in East Asia such as. The fruits are then masked or rubbed against a wire. its crown is flat and spreading with the tendency to become dominant as it matures. The seeds can be sown in germination beds or boxes by row seeding. In the grassland area of Mt. The poles and lumber of this species can be used for general construction. It is found from 100 and up to . The pulp floats in water while the seeds sink. They have high germination capacities.magabuyo has become depleted due to illegal logging and shifting agriculture. Bagtikan is widely distributed all over the country. It has a straight and cylindrical bole. When the seedlings reach 10 to 15 cm height. In the field. 3 cm thick. Transfer the balled wildlings in a slightly shaded nursery.40 - . Prompt collection should be done because the seeds lose their viability shortly. Regenerations spring up densely as in the nursery bed. The seeds are placed in wooden trays or boxes with a perforated side to allow ventilation. In Bataan and Laguna the fruits fall off in July. the one with the first real pair of fully developed leaves with 20 cm tall are recommended. Misamis Oriental and Quezon. The petals are oblong. and the ovary is hairy. falls off abundantly that almost cover the ground under the flowering tree. pale green beneath. glabrous and shiny at the top.8 to 4. coconut fiber and sawdust as media. Surigao del Norte. June in Bulacan and Cagayan while in Cebu. oblong or subelliptical in shape. If a seed collector prefers to pick up the seeds on the ground. Ten to twenty wildlings are wrapped in banana stalks or plastic bags with holes. It prefers a humid site with deep. Bagtikan seeds are viviparous. fertile soil. however maturity and seed falls vary in different regions in the Philippines. less than 2 cm in diameter at maturity. alternate and flat. Bagtikan is a tall tree and as such seed collection can be done using seed traps or on the ground. The leaves of Bagtikan are entire. The newly transplanted . Pulverized charcoal can be a suitable packing medium. mature fruits fall off in August to September. In natural or primary forests. The fruits are small. The bark of bagtikan has broken ridges 3. The seeds can be packed in moist containers with mosses. The winged seeds can be disseminated up to 60 m away from the mother plant. The fruit development of bagtikan takes 3 to 4 months. Bagtikan has yellow flower tinged with pink. If a collector prefers to collect wildlings. they germinate even before they fall on the ground. Lift them with the ball of soil attached firmly around the roots. glabrous on the inner side. The main stem bark when cut gives a reddish color while the bark at the buttress when cut is whitish. The veins and midrib are very pronounced. The fruiting calyx has 5 long wings but their bases do not tightly enclose the fruit as with those of the Shorea species. Camarines Sur. he should prepare the area near a plus tree by removing the grasses and litter. rounded at the base. with 5 to 8 pairs of equally prominent nerves. it is commonly found along gentle slopes near ridges.800 m above sea level. boat planking and tramming. Bagtikan is basically a fine-wood species for timber and veneer. it performed fairly as an indigenous reforestation species. tolerant to the extreme conditions of dry and rainy seasons and wind-firm. bagtikan can also be planted. Narra is a large. in open grasslands.wildlings in the nursery should at least be watered once a day. However. it only needs judicious partial removal of grasses by patch clearing. finishing material for interior flooring. stable. Bagtikan is a climax species. It is a good material for pulp and paper. Planting stocks like wildlings or seedlings are set in dug holes spaced 4 × 4 m. Light fertilization of 20 to 30 g of 14-14-14 per plant is recommended. mine timber etc. it is tall. Banahaw. Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Fabaceae Narra is one of the best known trees in Southeast Asia. Bagtikan can be planted in understocked secondary forest or brushwood as done in assisted natural regeneration. that attains a height of 30 m or more. with high and large . cabinet.41 - . because of the cool climate in the grassland area along the slopes of Mt. It can be applied by mixing it with the soil to enable them to cope with the rapidly developing grasses. furniture making. nearly deciduous tree for a short time during dry season. They prefer to grow in a moist soil and partially shaded sites. It is a national tree of the Philippines as it is commonly found in almost all parts of the country. They are allowed to develop in the nursery for 3 to 6 months before outplanting. however. The timber is generally used for rough construction. The flowers are yellow. The seed-bearing part is 1. Dried cogon and other leaves can be used as mulch to maintain a moist soil during dry months. irregularly fluted or deformed however in natural stands or dense plantations they develop straight. occupying one-third of the total height. The mature fruit is dry and indehiscent pod with membranous wings and orbicular or semi-orbicular in shape. chartaceous to sub-coreacious. the rachis is 6 to 18 cm.6 cm in diameter. potted or bare-root) and wildlings. fragrant. Excessive watering should be avoided. more or less woody. imparipinnate. sparsely hairy. wavy if its prickly narra. linear. sometimes greenish.42 - . the calyx is 5 to 10 mm long. 7 to 15 mm long. spot or strip clearing should be done and two to three seeds are dropped in the hole spaced 2 × 2 m apart. hairy on both sides. The trunk is frequently short. thin. grayish brown. widest below the hilum. glabrescent. In the nursery. Narra can be propagated using seeds or stem cuttings. 4 to 6. all the lobes hairy inside towards the top. Narra seeds can be collected from standing plus trees and from the ground. the leaf apex is blunt acuminate. When direct seeding is desired. The seed boxes and seedbeds are watered twice a day. The leaves are compound. 12 to 22 cm long. It is brown to blackish. clear and cylindrical bole that can be sawn into lumber for the manufacture of fine furniture. the petiole is 2 to 4 cm long. The crown is usually wide spreading but deep. prickly narra is densely hairy. profuse and usually occurs twice a year. The bark surfaces are concolorous. It should be covered with a thin film of soil. glabrous. Narra has higher germination ability of 80 to 100%. shiny. composed of 7 to 11 leaflets. smooth margin if it is of smooth narra.buttresses. Abundant seed falls occur in September to November and occasionally in January . 6 to 9 mm thick. the seeds can be drilled flat in seed boxes.5 to 3 cm in diameter. ovate to oblongovate in shape. The flowers are few to numerous. The pods can also be directly sown in 5 × 6 × 0.004 inch plastic bags filled with topsoil. The compound leaves are distributed alternately. The testa is smooth and pale to dark brown. corolla with a standard. The stipules are caducous. seedlings raised in the nursery (prepared as stumps. The pod contains 1 to 2 pear shaped seeds. The flowers and fruits are borne in 5 to 7 branched panicle and sometimes with axillary racemes. Pods should be free from abnormalities. Holes are dug about 15 cm in diameter and 15 to 20 cm deep especially if planting stocks are only 30 cm tall. budding. Other known techniques of propagating narra include grafting. small amount of moisture absorbing materials like calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide can be mixed to maintain its viability for a year. Narra can be established in open grassland but it requires good site preparation by clear brushing or strip brushing the tall grass vegetation. deep soils along the bank of the rivers.to July. It thrives naturally in moist . The planting materials are prepared bareroot making them easy to transport and establish. The fruits are sun-dried for a week to reduce moisture content to 10% after which they are stored in sacks at room temperature. Harvesting can be done after 15 to 20 years depending on the site quality. Narra can also be asexually propagated using stump sprouts and cuttings. A light application of complete (14-14-14) fertilizer can be done inorder to enhance early survival and growth. a wider spacing of 4 × 4 to 10 × 10 m can be used. ground and aerial (marcotting) layering.43 - . Stump planting of narra seedlings can produce good results in rehabilitating open grasslands. Big branch cuttings about 10 cm in diameter and 2 m long are treated with IBAA or other rooting hormones in order to produce an instant tree. The upper shoots are cut leaving a part 1 to 2 inches from the root collar. An initial spacing of 1 × 1 m can be adopted however for landscaping. Ring weeding and cultivation for at least twice a year during the establishment period can improve survival and early growth. Prompt collection of pods should be done to prevent contamination of microorganisms on the ground. immediately behind the mangrove swamps and areas extending upstream of watersheds. Philippines shows that stem tissues of 6 months to 2 years old narra saplings can be regenerated using tissue culture technique. Narra tends to branch at an early stage and that it requires sustained pruning operations until a well defined bole is attained. The desired branches are severed off from the stem. Experiments done at the Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau (ERDB). Narra grows in a variety of tropical climate however it performs best in fertile. Before storing the seeds. it associates with other leguminous trees in a molave forest.300 m above sea level. carving. Based from initial assessment of the performance in Mt. Narra is best known as source of timber for furniture. It is recommended as an ornamental and avenue tree. musical instruments. a cure for dysentery and diarrhea. The young leaves and flowers are said to be eaten. etc. the leaf extracts are used as shampoo. both in survival and early growth.44 - . coreacious and oblong- . The red latex is used to cure ulcers and has diuretic properties. Bark exudates are sources of gums.366 mm. It is well adapted to Philippine temperature ranging from 22°C to 32°C and under an average annual precipitation of 2. The leaves are simple. but it can tolerate areas up to 1. the flowers are sources of honey. a number of these trees are found in municipal plaza and urban parks. It is abundant in secondary forests but has gradually been depleted due to rampant illegal logging. Banahaw. the trees form the intermediate layers especially found in small gaps and forest edges. Makiling. cart wheels. The whole parts of the tree have medicinal and cosmetic values. In Mt. narra as a leguminous tree species performed very excellent. The reddish hardwood is used for cabinetry. along gullies and stream banks of low to medium elevations. In fact. light to heavy construction.sandy loam to clay loam soil. ulcers and prickly heat. In natural stands. Lago (Prunus grisea) Rosaceae Lago is a small lesser known tree species reaching a height of up to 20 m and a diameter of 60 cm. Young leaves can be applied to ripen boils. The flowers are alternately distributed from the base. . However. The flowers are born in a raceme or spike. The petals are similar to the calyx lobes but glabrous on the inner side.entire. Lago poles can be used as fuelwood and for light construction purposes. based on overall assessment. pubescent with small segments. Seedlings are transferred to the medium-sized planting pots and raised under the shade until they reach plantable height of 50 to 70 cm. Many of the planted seedlings dried up until the base during summer. stamens are many. glabrous and with a pair of glands at the base. 10 to 25 cm long and 2 to 5 cm wide. Germination takes place within a week. pistil is glabrous. Banahaw revealed that lago has very low survival in grasslands. The calyx are broadly funnel shaped.45 - . small drupes. soft and pubescent. The fruits are born in a raceme or spike. The seeds are extracted by mashing in a container filled with water. inserted below the hairy disk. The midrib is brown to reddish brown with 4 to 6 lateral nerves. Mature fruits are available throughout the year and can be collected from the standing tree and on the ground. In natural forest. There are no records of extensive planting of lago in the Philippines. The indigenous tree species trials done in Mt. faint and exceedingly curved with obscure reticulations. but with lower germinations values. The seeds are recalcitrant and do not require sun drying. Resprouting takes place during the rainy season. Lago is found in Molave stands or Limestone forest. gradually acute or sub-acuminate apex. The outerbark is brown to reddish brown and smooth. broadly obtuse or rounded at the base. axillary. The seeds are only air-dried and shortly it is sown in nursery beds. it is a moderate grower in the site. pedicel measured 3 to 5 mm long. The bark breaks into rectangular scale. In Quirino province. deep and rather open. cylindrical bole which is more than half of its total height. Kalantas can be found in primary forests from low to medium altitudes and abundantly distributed in the islands of Batanes. Kalantas grows fairly well in dry soils. the compund leaf is generally opposite. The seeds are stony and can be air-dried for two days. Under dry-cold storage in refrigerators. However. Samar. rachis ranges from 5 to 18 cm long and expands 2. Kalantas seeds are just soaked in tapwater in order to Kalantas associates with . preferably clay to loamy with considerable humus. sometimes fissured. Mindanao. it forms a straight.Kalantas (Toona calantas) Meliaceae Kalantas is a large tree which attains a height of 40 to 50 m and a diameter of 120 to 150 cm upon maturity.5 cm. Leyte.46 - . The leaves are pinnately compound. Cebu. The crown of kalantas is wide spreading. with a temperature of 10 to 23°C. molave trees and dipterocarps.5 to 6. The twigs are branched at the end. Seeds under normal conditions can be stored for 2 to 3 months with still 85% germination. Luzon. seeds can be stored up to 7 months. sometimes alternate. In a dense stand. The seeds are collected from the standing tree by climbing or by using the long pole. the fruits are available in November. Negros. Mindoro and Palawan. after which germination values decline. in young kalantas trees. decreasing to 47% on succeeding month. The bark looks similarly with that of tangile but can be distinguished by its distinct cedary odor especially when freshly cut. leguminous tree. Flowering of kalantas occur in March to April and the fruits are available after a year in May to June. slightly turning and raised outward. the bark is smooth and with longitudinal lines. 47 - . Its bole is It is a generally short and crooked. The crown is widely spreading and deep. Partial removal of the vegetation such as grasses and broadleaved shrubs by patch and strip clearing can be made to ensure better survival. cultivated thrice a year and applied with moderate amount of complete fertilizer per seedling. deciduous tree that sheds off its leaves during dry season. It has high survival but slow growth rate. Within a week. It cannot compete very well with cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and talahib (Saccharum spontaneum). it cannot tolerate open conditions with intense light and strong winds. kalantas performs quite well in Mt. uniform germination is achieved. When the germinants reach the height of 10 to 20 cm. Kalantas planting stocks are not tolerant to heavy shade. Kalantas planting stocks can also be earthballed wildlings. hardened before outplanting. The sown seeds are watered once a day. intolerant or sun- . The plantable height is 50 to 70 cm. As an indigenous species. Kalantas is fast-growing and attains maturity after 15 to 20 years.enhance germination. The seeds are sown in seedbed with ordinary garden soil. The wood of kalantas is light. they are transferred in rearing beds or pots up to 7 months. The whole site can be ring-weed. They are further raised in the nursery. furniture and cabinet. durable and does not shrink too much making it a good material for constructing small boats and banca. Banahaw. sculpture work. Likewise. Its reddish brown wood is used for Akle (Albizia acle) Fabaceae Akle is a medium-sized tree attaining a total height of 25 to 30 m and a diameter of 70 to 120 cm. opposite. It requires hot water treatment in order to attain fast and uniform seed germination. The flowers are greenish white. it is an moderate grower. each with 3 to 6 pairs of leaflets.Banahaw. Akle seeds have higher germination values and survival. akle can be planted in partially cleared round patches and in strips. It is a slow growing leguminous species. It is commonly found in secondary forest. The bark is brown to dark brown. Akle seeds can be stored in dry bottles up to one year without losing much of its viability. bome on raceme on a small. In the field. The leaves are bipinnately compound. Akle seeds are available in May to June in Mt. . akle grows on gaps and stand edges. Pre-germinated seeds are drilled or broadcast-sown in seedbeds. brittle and the inner structure is creamy white when freshly cut turning to vermilion or reddish yellow after exposure. The seeds are contained in short and flat pods with 2 to 3 seeds. usually with one pair of pinnae.loving. rounded heads or globes. They are Seed collection from standing tree by climbing should be done before pods naturally open. The trunk has lenticellate to smooth bark. no buttress but has swollen roots. contained which dehisce at maturity.48 - . In our initial observation of growth performance at Mt. To extract the seeds. Under natural forest. Balled wildlings can also be sued as planting stocks. the pods should be sun-dried or hard and well ventilated surface. Germination is attained after 7 to 15 days after sowing. Makiling. It has a straight. cylindrical bole that provides good amount of lumber. evenly distributed in a twig. The flowers are whitish green.2 to 3. Duklitan flowers in March in Quezon. The fruits are ovoid to obovoid or globose. small. they require pre-germination treatments.49 - . .5 diameter. These are collected from seed falls which are abundant in February. The seeds can be air-dried for 1 to 2 days however it can be sun-dried if it is intended for long storage. the apex is acuminate. August in some other parts of the Luzon Island. Makiling. It is common in periodically inundated areas and on limestone forests but it is also common in secondary forests. The fruits are fleshy that turn purple upon ripening. The leaves are simple. The tree is widely distributed in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. spirally arranged. elliptic-obovate or elliptic-oblong with a distinct broadly obtuse base. A fruit has 1 to 4 seeds. with a distinct reticulate to slightly transverse tertiary venation.Duklitan (Pouteria duclitan) Sapotaceae Duklitan is a large tree up to 50 m tall and up to 100 cm in diameter. The fruits are soaked in tap water for 2 to 3 days to soften the pulp and to macerate to extract the seeds. in clusters or leafless or nearly leafless auxilliary shoots or in auxilliary clusters on slender pedicels 2 to 9 mm long. Because the seeds are waxy or stony in texture. It turns blackish green upon ripening. The tree is glabrous on both side of the leaf. the petioles 3 to 5 mm long. The seeds are straw brown and has a glossy texture. It is seen in the lower slopes of Mt. The seeds germinate 17 days after sowing with a very low germination value of only 15%. glabrous except at the base. These are spread in plastic trays and stored at room temperature. 1. otherwise obtusely rounded. sometimes submarginate. 4 × 6 cm and covered with straight but stiff . Duklitan has low field survival in Mt. Duklitan is a good source of timber for carving. a stout but vigorous leguminous tree with drooping branches.50 - .compound. thick . It has very short petiolules. coreacious to leathery. 1 cm long and spinulose. The petals are 1 cm. Banahaw and establishes slowly because of strong wind and low soil moisture during dry season. Supa (Sindora supa) Fabaceae Supa is a small to medium tree reaching a height of 20 to 30 m and 150 to 180 cm in diameter. The fruit of supa is small pod containing 2 to 3 seeds. The bark is brown to nearly black. The flower are pedicellate. The white flowers are born in a terminal or axillary racemous inflorescence. sheds off in a large rectangular scales.5 to 9 cm long and 2. pubescent along the margins below. cabinet works. fan ribs and matchsticks. alternate and averaging 15 cm long measured at the rachis. The leaves are simple . the filaments and ovary are hirsute. It has usually 3 pairs of leaflets. equilateral reticulation fine but distinct. 4-bolled. somewhat beaked at the apex. elliptic. 3. as long as the calyx lobes.5 to 5 cm wide. household implements. 2 cm long subtended by 2 acute bracts. making musical instruments. more or less densely olivacious and pubescent. the terminal pair has acute and slightly shape. ovate. rounded at the base. the calyx is short. 10 to 15 cm long.Field planting is done 6 months after emergence when the seedlings reach 50 to 70 cm in height. with fine texture.300 m above sea level. distinctly demarcated from the yellowish red heartwood when fresh. turning chestnut brown or russet with age. The seeds are manually extracted from dehiscent pods upon sun-drying for 2 to 3 days. Makaasim (Syzygium nitidum) Myrtaceae Makaasim is a medium to large tree reaching a height of 25 m and a diameter of 60 cm or more. Supa seeds have good keeping quality. The tree has wide spreading. even up to 1. It has very low survival and establishes slowly but the surviving seedlings pick up in vigor after 2 years. durable and moderately resistant to decay. There are no records of extensive planting of supa in the Philippines but there are natural standing trees in limestone or molave forests. In Mt. moderately hard. crossed-grains. sealed bottles. Supa performs poorly to fairly in the grassland of Mt. The sapwood is light-colored to pink. They are collected from the standing mother tree by climbing or from seedfalls on the ground. very glossy. Supa seeds have fairly good germination values of 60 to 80% and they have good seedling survival. The leaves are simple. elliptical . These can be sun-dried for one day and stored in dry. They are still viable 1 to 2 years after collection.51 - . with distinct taste or odor. deep and fully developed crown. It naturally thrives well in well-drained forests of low or middle altitude. 8 to 14 cm long and 3 to 6 cm wide. Makiling.prickles or spines. Banahaw. fruits of supa ripen in July to August. oblong to broadly oblanceolate, rigidly coreaceous, bluntly acute apex, lucid above and light green beneath, long petioles, base obtuse and subcuneate with 8 to 12 pairs of nerves, obtuse and finely interarching or wavy tips. The bark is brownish and slightly flaky which sloughs off. It has a paniculate inflorescence; chiefly terminal, seldom lateral, 6 cm long, densely flowered, thick and rigid small stalks, yellowish gray, more or less angulate or ridge divarilate. Makaasim blooms in March to April and the fruit ripens in May to June. The flowers are white, subsessile, funnel-shaped calyx, 1 cm long with 4 broad rounded and punctate segments. Petals are numerous, broadly ovate, coarsely glandular and dotted style. The flower has numerous stamens. The fruits are globose, 1.5 cm in diameter, crowded by the persistent calyx, hard and greenish, turns yellowish when they ripe. The small fruits are harvested from standing tree by climbing or with the use of hooks. Seeds are placed in small sacks, soaked in water to soften the pulp. The fruits are mashed to separate the seeds which settle down. Seeds are sun-dried and kept for storage. Seeds are sown in seed boxes, germinate after 15 to 21 days. It has low viability values and survival. Makaasim is a native species of Mt. Banahaw, the tree has very high survival and establishes excellently in plantations. textured. It can be used for general construction. However, it grows slowly during the seedling stage. The wood is very resistant to decay, durable and fine References De Guzman, E.D., Umali,R. and Sotalbo,E. (1986) Dipterocarps and nondipterocarps, in guide to the Philippine flora and fauna, Vol. 3, Natural Resources Management Center and University of the Philippines, Quezon City. Fernando, E.S., Sun, B.Y., Suh, M.H., Kong, H.Y. and Koh, K.S. (2004). Flowering plants and ferns of Mt. Makiling, ASEAN-Korea Environmental Cooperative Unit (AKECU), National Instrumentation Center of Environmental - 52 - Management, Seoul National University, Korea. Hensleigh, T.E. and Holaway, B.R., (Eds). (1988) Agroforestry species for the Philippines, US Peace Corps. Technology Center, Manila, Philippines. Merril, E.D. (1926) An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, Bureau of Printing, Manila, Philippines. Rojo J.P. (1999) Revised lexicon of the Philippine trees, FPRDI, College, Laguna, Philippines. - 53 - Simplified Pre-germination Treatments and Improved Direct Seeding Methods for Reforestation Kazunori Takahashi and Garret D. Ruiz Introduction The Philippines used to have wide forest acreage and had been a leading timber exporting country before, but at the present, the total forest area occupies only around 18% of the country’s land resource due to the long years of extensive harvesting of timber since the Spanish colonial period until the late 70s. Its share in forest acreage is now very low as compared to other Southeast Asian countries (Gascon 2002). The residual or remnant forest areas are continuously being devastated and these wide-spread destructions over the mountains sometimes cause serious floods and menace to the people living in lowlands. Reforestation is, therefore, one of the most important social tasks, not only to restore forest resources but also to protect the life of rural people (Gacoscosim 1995 Magdaraog 1998). The basic rehabilitation methods used in the tropics were historically introduced from advanced nations, but are they suitable enough? They need more nurseries to raise the seedlings, but nursery establishment may be too costly for the people of mountainous region. We may rather need to develop the methods more suitable for the domestic condition in the Philippines. The simple and easy methods with low cost will be important for the farmers and foresters in the rural areas who are the main keepers or stewards of the forests. The direct seeding may be an example of the useful method for the reforestation of those areas. Indeed, direct seeding method using leguminous tree seeds is a very popular way to establish the forest trees in the degraded grassland areas in the Philippines (Magdaraog 1998 and Tesoro et al. 1980) JIRCAS initiated a collaborative research project entitled “Studies on - 54 - Those seeds usually have thick. causing the regeneration of tree species to be very difficult. . Hereafter. we introduced several experiments related to the simplified pre-germination treatments and the improved direct seeding methods for the leguminous agroforestry trees. and the soaking in hot water may be the most convenient way of pre-germination treatment for the private foresters and farmers.55 - . One of the important study components of this project was the establishment of simplified pre-germination treatments for the indigenous leguminous tree species useful for the adoption of agroforestry in the country. Commercial logging or harvesting had transformed the forests into grassland. This project was conducted in close collaboration with the Institute of Renewable Natural Resources of the College of Forestry and Natural Resources. requiring pre-germination treatments. The required temperature and soaking time will be different according to the kind of species. Pre-germination Treatments by Soaking in Hot Water The trees of Fabaceae are generally highly tolerant to drought conditions and suitable for tree planting in degraded grassland areas. thus the experimental studies on pre-germination treatments should be carried out widely in areas where the species are abundant to gather precise information regarding their germination behaviors. Heating can be an effective way to soften the hard and waxy seed coat. Sometimes. Quezon. water-blocking seed coat.the Establishment of Cover Forest for the Logged-Over Tropical Forests in the Philippines” in 1999 in order to promote the technical development of reforestation methods for the marginal and degraded mountainous logged-over areas. we may find variations in the nature of the seed coat even among the populations of the same species. University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) and Southern Luzon Polytechnic College (SLPC) in Lucban. .Fig. 14 Hot water treatment and sowing test on study of germination enhancement.56 - . 15 Germination monitoring of Parkia roxburghii on study of germination enhancement.57 - . .Fig. The seeds in the strainer were soaked in hot water inside the pot simultaneously setting the required temperatures by thermometer. We carried out this experiment using the seeds of common leguminous tree species. echinatus.58 - . We succeeded to find the suitable temperatures and times to gain the high seed germination rates of them. Pterocarpus indicus f. Albizia saman. . The procedures of hot water treatments are very simple. 80oC) and extent of soaking time (0. The nine test courses by the different temperatures and times and one non-treated seed course were examined. In all the species tested. We arranged ten pieces of lined 1×1m square seed bed for the seed sowings. The most effective temperature and soaking time were studied using experimental trials by combining with the treatment using different hot water temperatures (40oC. 15). those Leucaena species need quite high temperatures of around 80oC. Leucaena diversifolia and L. 16 and Table 5). thus we hope that the techniques of seed soaking and the data of the suitable temperature and time will be disseminated widely to the foresters and farmers. Leucaena pulverulenta. 2min. 60oC. pulverulenta and Pterocarpus indicus f. The monitoring was continued until 50 days after seed sowing with the interval of 5 days. Albizia acle. namely Acacia mangium. L.We managed the studies on hot water treatments for the common indigenous tree species of Fabaceae in Southern Luzon region. In our experiment. Albizia acle. and the emerging seedlings grow rapidly under the treatments (Table 5). Acacia mangium. Parkia roxburghii. Generally. Leucaena diversifolia. echinatus (prickly narra). 5min) . the three species of genus Leucaena were especially important for the reforestation in the Philippines. We measured the height of the seedlings and marked them with numbers on the small wire sticks (Fig. The results showed that the seed soaking in hot water were effective for several species in enhancing the seed germination rate (Fig. We prepared four sets of one hundred seeds for each test course. and monitored the germination parameters. leucocephala showed statistically significant effect on seed germination rate (Table 5).5min. sowed those hot water soaked seeds on the seed beds in mid-January of 2000. Leucaena leucocephala. Experimental Species .59 - . Albizia saman Experimental Species . . Acacia mangium Fig. 16 Differences of seed germination rate and seedling growth on hot water seed soaking experiment. 60 - . Parkia roxburghii Experimental Species . Leucaena deversifolia Fig.Experimental Species . 16 Continued… . Experimental Species . Leucaena lecocepara Experimental Species . 16 Continued… .61 - . Leucaena pulverulenta Fig. 16 Continued… . Experimental Species .62 - . echinatus.Experimental Species . Albizia acle Fig. Pterocarpus indicus f. Table 5 Seed germination enhancement on hot water treatments and fire heatings. .63 - . This test to compare the conventional direct seeding and the newly devised one sowing the seeds soaked in hot water were carried out at the field in of Mt. and that was divided to 3 sections of 1×10m square. we thought of comparing the seed germination rates between the conventional direct seeding method of burning grasses and the newly devised one of sowing the seeds soaked in hot water. cleanly weeded the grasses and burned them just after seed sowings. Albizia acle and Pterocarpus indicus f. the ones heated by suitable hot water soaking and the non-treated ones without heating. On the other hand. Some farmers sow the leguminous tree seeds before they burn the grassland area. Leucaena leucocephala. but the heat of grass burning will not be always stable and may not give the suitable temperatures that the seeds need. Leucaena pulverulenta. The dense grasses mixing with cogon. We broadcast-sowed each 100 seeds on all the 1×1m units of a 1×10m section to test the conventional direct seeding by grass burning. The germination rates of indigenous leguminous seeds were compared between the ones heated by the conventional way of burning grasses. The area of test field square was 3×10m for a species.64 - . So. Leucaena diversifolia. We used the eight leguminous tree species. . namely Acacia mangium. The fire removes the grasses and heats the sown seeds to soften the water-blocking seed coat layer. echinatus. Each section was made up of lined 1×1m unit. Imperata cylindrica.Direct Seeding Method for Leguminous Tree Species Soaking in hot water is also a useful pre-treatment for the direct seeding practiced by the farmers or the land owners of grass-covered mountainous area. covered those test fields. Albizia saman. we weeded and burned the grasses before the seed sowings for the other two 1×10m sections each applied to test the direct seedings by hot water soaked seeds and non-treated seeds. Parkia roxburghii. Makiling located near UPLB campus. 18 Germinated seedlings from seeds soaked in hot water. Fig. For the seeds soaked in hot water.17 Experiment of direct seeding by grass burning.65 - . The monitoring of seedling emergence at the test fields was started subsequently . We carried out those seed sowings in early February of 2000. we gave the suitable treatments before the seed sowings by the temperatures and soaking times found in the studies of pre-germination treatment (Table 5). The same amount of the seeds were broadcast-sown on the 1×1 m units of a 1×10m sectional fields after the burnings.Fig. The interval of the monitoring was 5 days. Table 5). This suggests that the seeds have not matured well.with the seed sowings. Leucaena leucocephala and Leucaena pulverulenta particularly showed the quite high germination rates from the early stages and performed the high percentages of seedling establishments by the suitable soaking in hot water. The seeds soaked in hot water showed the higher germination rates than the fire heated ones at the time after 50 days of sowing. we confirmed the advantages of our improvement. That was continued for 50 days after the seed sowings. . or not be effective by contraries. Acacia mangium did not give good germination rates even with heating. echinatus. The other species statistically enhanced the seed germination rates by the both methods of fire heating and hot water soaking (by Mann-Whitney. we sieved the surface soils of the seed beds to collect all the seeds that did not germinate. We calculated the germination rate of the species by the proportion of the accumulated number of emerged seedlings to the sum of the number of those seedlings and the one of the sound seeds remained after the monitoring duration. The seeds of pterocarpus indicus f. On these comparative tests between the conventional method and the method to improve the conventional direct seeding combining with the hot water tresatment. At the end of the monitoring period. Fig. Leucaena diversifolia. except for two species of Acacia mangium and Pterocarpus indicus f.66 - . We marked and measured the heights for all the emerged seedlings of the species tested using numbered small wire sticks. The seeds of three species on genus Leucaena. The germination rates of the seeds sown without any treatment were generally lower than the ones of seeds heated. echinatus given the conventional fire heating also did not germinate at all.19 shows the comparison of germination rates between the conventional direct seeding method to burn the grasses after seed sowing and the method giving hot water soaking before seed sowing. and then counted the numbers of the sound seeds by cutting them to check the quartiles of embryos. The temperature by fire heating might be damaging the seeds. U-test. The pasture management often uses fire to burn cogon and grasses in order to supply the nutritious young shoots to animals. but the initial seed germination rates 25 days after sowing were higher on the fire heated seeds. and the seeds are sown on the ground after the removals of grasses. the seed germination rates of Albizia saman and Parkia roxburghii were highest on the seeds soaked in hot water 50 days after sowing. We proved that the conventional direct seeding method could be improved combining with the seed soaking in hot water. the seeding in holes or in easy furrows will be recommendable to prevent the seed loss rather than the broadcast seeding. weeding can be an alternative way. Those broadcast seeding need to be done with care. but that might be related to the large sizes of the seed as compared to the ones of other species we tested. On the procedure we devised. The grasses of the planting area should be burned before the seeds are sown. burning grasses in the mountainous area must be regulated or prohibited for the prevention of forest fire. but if it is uncontrolled. If the grass burning is not appropriate.Also. 1982). and the seeds should be in contact with the soil immediately after the sowings (Gacoscosim 1995). the leguminous tree seeds were initially soaked at the most effective temperature for the species. . If the sowing area will slope steeply. the pasture burning may destroy adjacent forests and plantations (Valmayor et al. We could not find the valid explanation of the result. Generally.67 - . 80c °0. On the other hand. The grasses of the test fields fully recovered again in 150 days after the burnings and the average grass height reached to around 110 cm in that period. The shed stands of Leucaena covering the grassland will be . echinatus. 80c °0.5 min Acacia mangium Temp. 80c °5 min Pterocarpus indicus (e) Temp. we continuously observed the seedling growth and the grass recovery of the fields.Albizia saman 100 Temp.68 - . 80c °5 min Leucaena diversifolia Temp. & Time. & Time. 　　　　　　　　　 Temp & time : Tem perature and tim e on best hot w ater soaking course. & Time. & Time.5 min Leucaena pulverulenta Temp. & Time. The species of genus Leucaena are generally first growing as shown on our observation. but those of Pterocarpus indicus f. 80c °2min 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 Hot w ater soaked seeds Days after seed sowing Fire heated seeds Non-treated seeds Fig. & Time. leucocephala Temp.20 and 21). The average seedling heights of Leucaena pulverulenta. which were the quality timber species in the Philippines.5 min L. & Time. Leucaena leucocephala and Leucaena diversifolia exceeded the one of grasses. 60c °1 min Aibizia acle Temp. 19 　Germination rates of leguminous tree seeds on comparison of hot water soaking treatments and fire heatings . Those results show that the grass weeding after direct seeding is necessary for the slow growing seedlings including the latter three species we tested. & Time. Albizia saman and Albizia acle. 80c °0. 80c °2min Cumulative germination rate（％） 80 60 40 20 0 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 Parkia roxburghii 100 80 60 40 20 0 Temp. were lower than the height of grasses (Fig. the growth performances of the tested leguminous trees were greatly varied in the period. After the seed germination monitoring on direct seeding tests. 22).69 - . e. 20 Seedling growth performances of Leucaena species on comparison with the recovering grasses. They are useful to eliminate grasses and offer the spaces for the varied agroforestry activities combined with the timber production. Vegetation Cover (%) 　 (cm) Height 30 60 90 120 150 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 200 100 Days after seed sowing Days after seed sowing Grass species Leucaena purverlenta Leucaena leucocephala Leucaena diversifollia Fig. 21 Seedling growth performances of timber use legumes on comparison with the recovering grasses. Albizia saman Albizia acle Fig.simply established by our proposed method of direct seeding (Fig. . Vegetation Cover (%) 　 80 60 40 20 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 Height (cm) 100 200 100 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 Days after seed sowing Days after seed sowing Grass species Pterocarpus indicus f. 23 Before and after of direct seeding reforestation by Leucaena leucocephala. Fertilizer) Repeating Burning Fig. in Holes or Furrows ) Broadcast Seeding Grass Burning Maintenance ( Weeding.Improved Method Seed Collection Conventional Method Seed Collection Pre-germination Treatment Weeding ( or Grass burning ) Direct Seeding ( Broadcasting. 22 Procedure flowcharts for le guminous direct see dings. . Vine Cutting. Fig.70 - . (1982) The Philippine recommends for reforestation. 24-103. M. 23). botanical and management features. G. 19).Conclusion The trees of Fabacea are popularly used for reforestation in the Philippines (Valmayor et al. but the seeds are generally hard to germinate naturally because of the water-blocking seed coat. Laguna.V. Gacoscosim. Phoenix Publishing House Inc. (2002) Mt. Our improved method to sow the hot-water soaked seeds after removing the grasses. Lucban. Table 5). Quezon.40.71 - . References Gascon. PCARRD. F. 225pp. 52-61. Philippines. . (1995) Philippine forestry in action. 1-32. Tesoro. Magdaraog. SLPC.N. PCARRD. 22 and Fig. ATLAS of the Philippines. et al. 1982). the suitable pre-germination treatments by the seed soaking in hot water have been found to enhance the germination to improve their water absorption capacities (Fig. Although the farmers usually sow the seeds and burn the grassland to heat the leguminous seeds. Philippines. R. Valmayor. physical. Laguna. Philippines. (Ed. In our research. 16. ECPF.. we found that the hot-water soaking treatments were more effective for maintaining high temperatures specifically needed for the seed germination enhancement of leguminous species (Fig. (1980) The Philippine recommends for Ipil-Ipil. Banahaw.. 1. C..M. et al. greatly succeeded in ensuring establishment of seedlings (Fig. Metro Manila..) (1998) Environment and natural resources. Lorelie D. namely the Naalad agroforestry system in Cebu. the Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) in Bansalan. Banahaw Quezon Province. the Ikalahan’s “gen-gen” in Nueva Vizcaya. Banahaw There are two dominant agroforestry systems in Mt. Land preparation and farm maintenance . However. some of the conventional agroforestry systems are well known. Liliw and Nagcarlan. the following discussion will present only the practices in Lucban. the Ifugao’s “pinugo” in Mountain Province. namely vegetable-based and coconut-based multistory systems. The Agroforestry Systems in Mt. Marife O. home gardens and the multistory system in the provinces of Cavite. 1. Vegetable-based agroforestry system The vegetable-based system is predominant in the towns of Lucban. Philippines Cecilia N. Laguna and Quezon. Gascon. The government is encouraging the adoption of agroforestry technologies in the uplands that are believed to answer these two conflicting needs. In the Philippines. The following will discuss the processes involved in each system and socio-economic conditions of people practicing the systems. Majayjay.72 - . Agroforestry is not a new technology because it has been practiced by our ancestors since the time immemorial and its knowledge has been handed down from generation to generation. Quezon. the Hanunuo Mangyan’s crop diversity system in Mindoro. Abuel. Santos Introduction Upland areas in the Philippines are faced with two conflicting needs. a. Davao del Sur. Banahaw.Agroforestry Systems in Mt. food production for the increasing population and the rehabilitation of the denuded areas used for food production. b. there are some women who help their husbands during land preparation. Cropping pattern is the sequential arrangement of crops in time and space. weeding. When a farmer has the money. Debris are piled in one corner of the farm and allowed to decompose. In order to minimize soil disturbance created by uprooting the grasses. Carabaos are used in plowing and harrowing in preparation for planting radish and sweet potato. the farmers cut only the upper part. the household heads are the ones cultivating and managing the farm.73 - . the decomposed materials are not mixed with the soil in the entire farm. Burning as a means of land preparation is not practiced because the debris are moist due to regular rain occurrence and the local government does not allow burning as a method of land preparation. However. The present cropping pattern in the site is influenced by the practices of their forefathers. Aside from family and hired labors. Generally. exchange labor or “turnuhan” is also prevalent in the area. practices of their contemporary farmers and some are results of learning from technicians visiting the area. The hired laborer is also a farmer who is not so busy with his farm or is in need of immediate cash. The rainfall distribution and influence of middlemen affect farmers’ cropping pattern . Farmers have their own “turnuhan” group consisting of 3 to 8 members. Cropping patterns. The farms are maintained by brushing. fertilizing and applying pesticides. This method is not ecologically sound as it enhances runoff and leaching of nutrients.Farmers prepared their land by brushing. However. Other family members also participate in harvesting crops. he usually hires laborers specifically in brushing and clearing his farm. the grasses retard rainfall energy and reduce runoff. Animals also played important role in land preparation. . Membership is dependent on the farmer’s circle of friends and relatives. Making plots across the contour (up and down the slope cultivation) is observed in pechay (Brassica napus) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). In effect. June and September. March. three crops were usually planted. May. September and December. To some farmers. Lucban. sweet potato is normally planted after harvesting radish.74 - . Cropping calendar Fig. Fig. For the month of January. Quezon. Eight crops were identified as commonly planted. Sweet potato is planted either during the months of January. It is harvested during the months of April. namely sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). February.24 Cropping calendar of upland farmers in Mt. .24 shows the crop calendar used by the farmers.c. beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and radish (Raphanus sativus). Banahaw. The farmers claim that the soil is still fertile after harvesting radish and is still appropriate to plant sweet potato. sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). Like other crops. July and August. readiness of the land for planting and the readiness of farmer to plant. market condition or price stability.75 - . pechay is planted only once a year. Harvest period are in March. tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea). 2) the whole year is suited for planting beans except for the months of April and August. May or June. Likewise. Fallow period ranges from 2 to 3 months and very seldom extends to 1 year and this is dependent on farmers’ readiness to plant. 3) farmers realize the immediate return of investment because it can be harvested shorter than 2 months after planting. beans are not planted in August because of typhoons and gusty winds that destroy the crops. Beans is the crop commonly combined with others due to the following reasons: 1) beans occupy lesser space for planting. This crop is not planted during rainy months to avoid washing out of seeds by heavy rains and rotting of crop by damping off. . d. either in January. chayote (Sechium edule).Beans are planted 2 to 3 times a year. Farmers can not afford to have longer fallow period because of the limitation in land area. The farmers do not plant beans during April because of too much heat that lead to wilting of leaves of new seedlings. pechay (Brassica napus). Crop combination Crop combination refers to the various crops planted by a farmer in his farm sequentially or simultaneously. e. Lucban farmers are practicing rotation of crops rather than shifting from one place to another due to limitation of land to till. Radish is planted in January and harvested in April. Rotation of crops is based on the kind of crop in season. Pechay and mustard are planted in May and June and harvested in July to August. Crop rotation Unlike the usual practice of shifting cultivators of rotating the field. The cropping calendar discussed above is dependent on the availability of capital. Crops planted include beans. prices in Divisoria (a market in Manila) or supply of vegetables from other provinces. the harvests are 2. For sweet potato and beans.680 kg. dapdap (Erythrina orientalis). During these months. Marketing system of farm products The farmers do not have problems where to market their products.200 kg in one cropping. Farm products are highly accessible by horses or jeepney and are sold either to middlemen (87 %) or directly to the market (13 %). madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium) and banana (Musa sapientum). The 95 to 99 % of farm products are sold and only 2 % is used for home consumption (Fig. respectively.050 kg in half ha. delineating the boundaries between two farms and to some extent source of fuel wood while they stay in their farms.76 - .560 kg in 2 weeks in a half ha of land. .25). These are also the months where vegetables command higher prices. the harvests range from 60-1. f. In one cropping. The prices of farm produce are dictated by middlemen. respectively.320-11. Some farmers leave a narrow strip of natural vegetation along gulleys and head waters for soil erosion control and water conservation. g. For radish and tomato on the other hand. Crop yield The peak harvest months of chayote (Sachium edule) are in April and May. From June to November on the other hand.2001. A half ha of pechay can harvest 550-1.It is observed that the trees and perennial crops in a vegetablebased farm are concentrated on the farm boundaries that also served as protection from animals and intrusion of other farmers.200 kg and 1. a farmer can harvest 8.800 kg and 600 kg. The trees and perennial crops planted by farmers as boundary crops include ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala). a farmer can harvest 780 – 1. a farmer can harvest only 560 kg in 2 weeks in a half ha of land. Multistory system in Brgy. Pinagdanglayan. Banahaw This multistory agroforestry system is dominantly practiced by the farmers in Dolores. The following discussion will focus on how multistory systems are practiced in these towns surrounding Mt. Banahaw.1 Physical characteristics of the site The study site was located in Brgy. .77 - .25 Marketing scheme of farm products 2. Dolores. The Coconut-based Multistory Agroforestry Systems in Mt. Philippines. Dolores. Quezon Province. Sariaya and Candelaria. Quezon a. a. Pinagdanglayan.Fig. 2oC to 29.8oC. nitrogen value ranges from 2. a.4 . It is one of the upland barangays at the foot of Mt.9. The slope ranges from 14 % to 20 %.78 - .Quezon. The soil textural type is clay loam with 54% water holding capacity. Banahaw.26. .5% while pH ranges from 5. The two forest tree species included in the system were akleng parang (Procera excelsa) and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The area is under Climatic Type II of the Coronas System of Rainfall Classification characterized by 7-month rainy season and 5-month dry season in a year.2 3.2 Species composition The multistory farms were composed of coconut (Cocos nucifera) + Coffea robusta or Coffea excelsa + banana (Musa sapientum) + agricultural crops and coconut + rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) + lansones (Lansium domesticum) + Albizia procera + citrus + mahogany (Swietenia mahogani) + agricultural crops. The annual precipitation is 4. The chemical characteristics of the soil under the multistory farm revealed that phosphorus ranges from 11 – 79 ppm. Akleng parang naturally grows in the area while mahogany was planted by the farmers as future source of lumber. The species found in this multistory system are all perennial.53 tons/ha/yr to 3. 27 and 28). The coconuts which are set at 10 × 10 m spacing serve as the overstory while coffee and other fruit trees serve as the intermediate layers. The volume of soil erosion ranges from 1.5.54 tons/ha/yr.014 mm while the average relative humidity is 86% (Fig. The temperature ranges from 24. max min mean The understory layer is composed of 3 varieties of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) that command higher prices in the market locally termed as “sinuksok”. 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall Fig. miracle” and tinrining”. Dolores. Banahaw. Quezon.27 Average monthly rainfall in Mt. baguio beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Banahaw.28 Average temperature in Mt. Quezon. Banahaw. Some farmers also planted corn (Zea mays). radish (Raphanus . 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Fig. Dolores.79 - .26 Average relative humidity in Mt. Dolores. Quezon.90 88 86 84 82 80 78 76 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Relative Humdity Fig. Quezon b. ginger (Zingiber officinale). deep to moderately deep. a. the farmers also practice “bayanihan” (exchange labor) with other farmers. carrot and cabbage (Brassica oleracea). b. string beans (Vigna sesquipedalia). Bugon. Concepcion Banahaw and Sampaloc. Sundays and holidays. The farm animals such as cow and carabao are used in land preparation particularly in plowing and harrowing the field for planting radish (Raphanus sativus). pechay (Brassica napus). The place has an elevation of 300 m above sea level.1 Physical characteristics of the site The town of Sariaya is 126 km south of Metro Manila. Sariya belongs to Climatic Type III. namely Balubal.5 km from the town proper and are accessible by jeepney. burned during dry months or scattered in the farm and allowed to decompose as organic fertilizer. The site is drained by 3 rivers. Mamala I. peanut (Arachis hypognea) and cassava (Manihot utilissima). Mamala and Keanuang. characterized by long dry season from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. gabi (Colocassium esculentum). Brgy. The soil texture type belongs to the Sariaya series which is dark brown.2 Land preparation and farm maintenance The farmers prepared their farms by first brushing and removing the grasses (locally termed as “gamas”).80 - . Aside from family labor. sandy loam and welldrained soil.3 Marketing of farm products.sativus). These land preparation and farm maintenance are normally participated by the whole family especially during Saturdays. The study sites are in Brgys. Sariaya. Majority (90 to 95%) of farm produce are sold to San Pablo City Public Market while the remaining 5 to 10% are either sold to other market outlets or consumed by the household. about 2. b. The debris are either piled (“patoto”) to form a dike that serves as barrier for runoff and soil erosion. . sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). 3.The farms are maintained by brushing.1 Coconut + vegetable There were eight crops planted under the coconut. The farmers preferred these two varieties because they give more yield and .81 - .3 The species composition of a multistory system There were two types of multistory system in Brgy. fertilizing and pesticide application. of Cropping 2 2 2-3 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Cassava (Manibot esculenta) Pechay (Brassica napus) 1 3 3-4 1 2 1 Carrot (Daucus carota) Peanut (Arachis hypogea ) Radish (Raphanus sativus) Ginger (Zingiber officinale) The farmers used two varieties of sweet potato. Mamala I. pechay. namely sweet potato. b. Table 6 Agroforestry crops commonly planted under coconut trees. weeding. the “suk-sok” and “tarlac” that can be harvested 7 and 4 months after planting. radish and ginger (Table 6). namely coconut + vegetable and coconut + fruit trees. cassava. cabbage. Crop Sweet Potato (suksok) (tarlac) (Ipomea batatas) Planting Any month of the year Any month of the year November to January August to January Any month except dry months Any month except dry months Any month except dry months December to February Any month Any month Harvesting After 7 months After 4 months January to February March and October After 6 months After 45 days After 80-100 days April-June After 45 days After 1 year No. Lime was applied in the soil when farmers observed that the soil has become acidic. peanut. respectively. b. carrot. 29 Coconut + vegetable crops farm. The 85% of the farmers planted three to five crops in the farm simultaneously (Fig.2 Coconut + fruit trees The fruit trees found in combination with coconut include coffee. Cassava (Manihot utilissima) and pechay are planted anytime of the year except during dry months. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is planted during the months of January.82 - . Radish and ginger are planted anytime of the year depending on the farmers’ readiness to plant and the availability of inputs like seeds and fertilizers. duhat (Syzygium cumingii (L. . from December to February and harvested March to May. Carrots are planted three to four times a year while peanut is planted only once a year.can be planted anytime of the year. These crops are normally planted in combination with other crops. November and December and harvested after 2 months.3.29). santol (Sandoricum koetjape).) Skeels) and kamias (Averrhoa balimbi). August. b. Fig. Quezon is located 112 km south of Metro Manila. The middlemen directly influence the choice of species to be planted. Brgy. Banahaw. Masalukot is situated in the western portion of Mt. Brgy. The current price of products determines the farmers’ decision as to what crops to plant the next cropping.30 Coconut + fruits trees farm.4 Marketing system of farm produce The 90% of farm produce are sold while the rest are used for household consumption. The barangay is accessible by car during dry season but becomes less accessible during wet season because of muddy feeder roads.Fig. Candelaria. Brgy. Masalukot. The farmers sell their products either to the middlemen who came to the farm or directly to Sariaya market. b.1 Physical characteristics of the site The town of Candelaria. which is 4 to5 km away from the farmers’ farm. Quezon c. c. It is considered as one of the rice granaries of the province. Masalukot has an undulating terrain with .83 - . The farm products are hauled by horses or carabaos to the “paradahan” or waiting shed. It has an elevation of 460 m above sea level. Land preparation is generally done by men in a form of family. gabi (Colocasia esculenta). Three soil series identified in the area were Guadalupe. In the annual-based system. namely rice (Oryza sativa). The Guadalupe series is more widely distributed and is most important for agriculture than the other families of soil in the area. sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). c.slopes ranging from 30 to 50%. 2) coffee + banana. In the perennial-based system. nine species were identified.3 The multistory system There are three agroforestry systems in the area. c. The Guadalupe series include moderately deep. hired or exchange labor. patani (Phaseolus lunatus) and sitao (Vigna sesquipedalian). Animals are not used in land preparation because of the steepness of the site. namely perennial-based. The wet season starts in December while the driest months are from January to April. squash (Cucurbita maxima). well drained dark brown soils of fine clay family. Macolod and Sariaya series. ginger (Zingiber officinale). The debris are either piled in the corner of the farm and allowed to decompose to serve as organic fertilizer or burned during dry months. four crop combinations were identified: 1) coconut + coffee. Only small patches of land have slopes below 30%. corn (Zea mays). and perennial + annual based systems. For the month . The area falls under Climatic Type III characterized by relatively dry season from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.84 - . annual-based. The farmers follow a monthly sequence of planting. 3) coffee + madre de cacao and 4) coconut + fruit-bearing trees.2 Land preparation and farm maintenance Farmers prepared the farm by brushing. ampalaya (Momordica charantia). These soils are derived from tuffaceous volcanic material with varying degree of weathering. The farmers practice soil conservation like cultivating along the contour and planting perennial crops like coconut (Cocos nucifera). ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium). The crops planted in March include ampalaya. it is harvested. Allegado. De los Santos. Quezon. corn. Sariaya. Southern Luzon Polytechnic College. c. sweet potato is planted and in August. The 90 to 95% of the products are sold in a wholesale basis while the remaining 5 to 10% is used for household consumption. Quezon and its Relation on the Socio-economic Condition of the People. Southern Luzon Polytechnic College. ginger and gabi. L. Gabi is planted during wet months and is harvested after 6 months to 1 year. Lucban. Quezon. Rotation is based on the kind of crop in season. Quezon. rice with corn and combining corn. Majority of the farmers plant corn because it does not require too much labor and fertilizer. . (2001) The Multistory Agroforestry System in Brgy. Southern Luzon Polytechnic College. During the month of June. Pinagdanglayan. Lucban.85 - . Ilayang Mamala I. and sitao and harvested in June or July. The Masalukot farmers practice crop rotation rather than shifting from one area to another. M. Masalukot V. rice is planted only in May and harvested in September.4 The marketing system The farm products are placed in the community shed (“bahaynayon”) where the buyers can pick up and transport to the different market outlets. The fallow period ranges from 2 to 3 months depending on the farmers’ readiness to plant.M. References Abuel. (1995) Upland Farming Systems in Brgy.of January. Because the area depends on rainfall for irrigation.N. patani. Dolores. It was observed that farmers are gradually modifying their system by intercropping ginger with corn. Candelaria. R. Lucban. Quezon Philippines. squash and ginger are planted and are harvested in September. (1995) Cropping Pattern in Brgy. Quezon. 86 - . University of the Philippines. .Navasero. Philippines. Banahaw. Los Baños. C. (1993) Upland farming system in Mt.N. Banahaw de Lucban watershed and its ecological implication to the conservation and management of Mt. The Hanunuo Mangyans have four types of land uses. Literatures showed that this community use swidden or kaingin farming as the most common type of agroforestry system (Conklin 1957 as cited by Abarquez 1991). Philippines. namely the residential area. Gascon Introduction The Hanunuo territory lies in the southeastern part of Mindoro island. the home gardens of the Hanunuos could not be considered as kitchen gardens because they did not provide the kitchen needs of the household. . and portions of San Jose and Magsaysay in the west. The ocular observation and interviews revealed that the home gardens are not original practice of the Hanunuo. Land Uses of the Hanunuo Mangyan 1. They just imitated it from the "damuongs" or lowlanders who also live in the area.31). the kaingin or swidden farm and the forested area (Fig. hence they were often referred to as the Southern Mangyans. The 650 km2 of which was an exclusive territory while the remaining 150 km2 was shared with other Mangyan groups. Residential Areas These are found very near the seashore approximately 5 to 20 m above sea level with flat to rolling topography. One distinguishing characteristic of this land use is the presence of home gardens planted with fruit trees and few vegetable species. As mentioned in the previous discussion. It occupied about 800 km2 of forest and grass-covered hinterlands.87 - . Hanunuo occupied the highlands from Roxas to Bulalacao in the south. the multistory farm. Hanunuo Mangyan is one of the tribal communities or indigenous people group in the island of Mindoro.The Hanunuo Mangyan Agroforestry Systems And Associated Farming Practices Cecilia N. .88 - Fig.31 The land use systems of the Hanunuo Mangyan. . 31 Continued.89 - Fig.... . 90 - Fig..31 Continued... . 91 - Fig.31 Continued... .. . This is validated by the interview results wherein farmers admitted that they cut the trees. Kaingin areas undergo fallow periods of 1 to 3 years. 3. ube (Dioscorea hispida). Swidden farming Areas These areas are located 100 to 160 m above sea level with a hilly topography. No rituals were done during planting and harvesting periods. it is no longer subjected to kaingin. The multistory farms are "owned" by farmers with more than one parcel of land for cultivation. The labor devoted to home gardens is minimal compared with the kaingin. burned the area and did cultivation activities locally termed as kaingin. and 2) early studies about the Hanunuo Mangyan (e. These are planted to perennials that are the source of food and cash of the farmers. The respondents revealed that once the area is converted to a multistory farm.92 - . The fallow area is just one portion located within the kaingin site. Conklin 1957) never mentioned the multistory system of farming. These are planted with rice or rice+com and later on mixed with other crops like banana (Musa sapientum). depending on the farmer. 2. Multistory farming Areas These areas are located at 70 to 100 m above sea level with a rolling to hilly topography. The indications include the presence of species like anahaw (Livistonia rotundifolia) which was also found in kaingin and forested areas. cassava (Manihot utilissima) and cadios (Cajanus cajan ).g. There are indications that these areas are previously a second growth forest subjected to clearing before they became multistory farm.The home gardens are the least diverse area and are not subjected to burning. Multistory farming may not be an original practice of the Hanunuos because of two major reasons: 1) originally the Hanunuo Mangyan are not dependent on cash and thus they do not need to plant mango which is their primary source of cash. The Swidden farming areas are previously a secondary forest as manifested by the presence of stumps of secondary forest species left after burning. specifically to burning.. burning d. The permanent forests are found on very steep slopes and in mountain tops. It is also referred to as "kaingin" by the Hanunuos. 1957 as cited by Abarquez et aI 1991). cropping and e. a. The presence of rocks in the upper slope prevented the farmers from cultivating these areas. The full swidden cycle is composed of five distinct phases: a. They serve as buffer zones against soil erosion. cutting c. site selection b. fallowing.93 - . This area is usually adjacent to the present kaingin site. Site selection Farmers selected their respective sites and are no longer opening up new sites because of the government regulation. This also manifested that land was no longer a "free good" (Conklin 1957) as claimed by earlier writers on the Hanunuo. The forest fallows are usually found in boundaries or in between two kaingin farms along the slope. These are not subject to kaingin but are sources of wood/lumber when the farmers build or repair their houses.This practice is different from their original practice of moving from one place to another to look for areas for kaingin while resting their farm. These areas are either forest fallows or secondary growth forests and permanent forests. Forested Area The forested areas are located at 100 to 200 m above sea level. This practice indicates that the Hanunuos are no longer shifting cultivators in the real sense of the word but more of modified sedentary farmers. The site for kaingin is dependent on the availability of land that has been fallowed for the past 1 to 3 years. This is a departure from the old practice wherein each nuclear household should make one new swidden a year (Conklin. The Different Agroforestry Systems of the Hanunuo Mangyan 1. 4. Swidden farming (kaingin) Swidden farming is the most commonly practiced agroforestry system of the Hanunuo Mangyans. . 3) Swiddens cannot be made on land cultivated by other farmers and still have productive tree crops. Although. . the Hanunuo Mangyan would build a temporary house ("kubo") at the farm where they could stay during the significant farming operations like burning. gravel. it was more likely that the forest would be maintained and preserved. Hence. This practice specifically held true in selecting a new kaingin site. 2) Site should be as near the settlement as possible as a practical measure during harvesting when heavy loads would be carried on the back.Rotation of land is done within the area "owned" by the farmer. However. planting. This method corresponded to the brittleness or consistency test for forest soils. 7) Regularity of slope was more important than degree of slope.94 - . 6) Excessive rock outcrops are to be avoided. 4) A shady slope was more favorable because of better soil moisture 5) Permanently muddy. or quicksand types of soils were to be avoided. fine silty. it is seldom that the Hanunuo would open up a new site for kaingin. These were tested using the thumb and index finger. Moderate slopes made all work easier for the Hanunuo swiddener in terms of site preparation. In some cases. planting. this was no longer considered at the time of the study because the Hanunuo farmers concentrated only on the area they were presently cultivating. the following were the observed standard rules for site selection: 1) Sacred groves and strangling figs (Ficus sp. Slopes of less than 35 % are preferred. hence it is stable and less susceptible to soil erosion. Site rotation existed only within the area they occupied. weeding and harvesting. A firm soil is hard and does not readily succumb to pressing and also the beating effect of raindrops.) should not be touched. weeding and harvesting. This has positive ecological advantage for the secondary forest. "Firm" rather than "hard" or "loose" or "cracked" soils were preferred because they led to less erosion. This was because previous occupation of an area indicated ownership or rights to refarm it. Burning lasted for 2 hours. laid down and bucked for ease in spreading. Cutting and brushing was generally performed by men. A 2-m wide safety path around the whole area also called afirebreak . Burning was done from March to April. The trees were felled down to stump level (Fig. The debris were spread uniformly on the whole site to ensure even amount of fuel for burning.95 - . This activity was done in preparation for burning.32 The newly prepared area of the Hanunuos.b. sometimes extending up to May. Cutting and brushing of small trees.33). The present process of cutting done by the Hanunuos was exactly the same as what their forefathers did (personal communication with the barangay captain of the Hanunuos ). Fig.32). They used an ax or a bolo for cutting. The farmers said that it was hard to grow crops if the area was not burned (Fig. Cutting. c. Burning. This activity was done to eliminate grasses and other vegetation that were not removed during cutting and believed to compete with the crop. shrubs and grasses were done from January to February after the farmers had marked their respective sites. 34) of the Hanunuos because these were their staple food. maintenance.was made to prevent the spread or escape of fire to the next farm or adjacent secondary forest.33 The newly burned site for kaingin by the Hanunuos. Each hill had 10 to 12 rice seedlings and 2 to 3 corn seedlings." "tabuno.96 - . Their normal distances (based on field measurement) were 1 × 1m and 2 × 2m for rice and corn." "kinta" and "Iubang. 2) he should also be quiet to stop spotting of fire embers during burning. Fig. and harvesting of the cultivated crops (Table 7). Cropping The cropping included planting." Corn varieties were hybrid types which included "sweet corn" and "sticky corn. Burning was done during calm hours to prevent the occurrence of fire whirlwinds or windstorms. Rice and corn were the major crops (Fig." "capungot. Superstitious belief during burning include the following: 1) the one who was burning the farm should sit down while doing the activity to prevent the fire from going up or blow up." Rice and corn were not planted in a regular spacing. Before planting. Planting was an elaborate farm activity involving various rituals participated in by the other members of the community." "bintalan. which . d. Rice varieties included "camuros." "dungis. respectively. Oriental Mindoro. It was believed to provide good vigor to the plants and better harvest.97 - . Table 7 Cropping Calendar of the Hanunuo Mangyan in Sitio Dangkalan." (broadcast sowing) seeds and the farm implements were subjected to a blood sacrifice ritual. It was done so that the rice spirit will show proper respect to the present crop. .the Hanunuo referred to as "hasik.Bulalacao. Blood from a chicken or pig's neck was dropped on some of the rice seeds and on the farm implements to be used in planting. The rice spirit would protect the crop during its entire growth cycle. Planting was done on the onset of the rainy season. watching against animal pests. The ceremony hoped to convey these messages to plant and animal pests which were then expected to leave the swidden field so it would have better growth and yield. Intercropping of new crops like banana. surrounded by the rest of the labor party would then make 5 to 7 dibble holes using the (Voacanga globosa) wood.98 - . Then. they were mixed and brought to the edge of the swidden (upper corner) by the entire labor party. cassava. the owner of the rice seed would prepare six items needed for setting up a ritual seed plot. "Liwas" means "free of something" and "Iipas" means to "pass by or miss". The Hanunuos had not developed a specific method to control rodents from destroying their crops although result of the interview revealed that this is one of their problems. Aside from rice and corn. This factor contributed to the low harvest and food shortage. which usually took place in the latter part of May or first week of June. Related activities included replacement planting (if necessary). This was done in August and September. The farmers considered whatever left by the rodents as their harvest. fencing to keep larger mammals away from the field. The leader. the swidden farms were also planted with other plant species that are all food sources for the Hanunuos. Fertilization and the use of pesticides were not practiced because of the unavailability of chemicals. . cadios (source of protein). Crop maintenance included weeding specially in the rice and rice + corn farms. Akleng parang (Albizia procea) was a common tree species found in the rice and corn farm.Prior to the actual planting. sugarcane and pineapple.34 and 35). sugar cane and root crops were also done (Fig. These include banana (for additional carbohydrate source). cassava (very important source of flour during lean months). together with the seed. Blood was placed on them. weeding and thinning. Sitio Dangkalan. Fig.34 Vertical and horizontal profile of a Hanunuo Mangyan’s Rice Farm. Height of Species (m) Distance (m) Horizontal Profile of a Hanunuo Mangyan’s Rice Farm. Bulalacao. Oriental Mindoro.99 - . .Banana Cadios －Musa sapientum －Cajanus cajan Sugar cane －Saccharum officinalum Pineapple －Ananas comosus Distance (m) Malunggay －Moringa oleifera Cassava Rice －Manihot esculenta －Oryza sativa Distance (m) Vertical Profile of a Hanunuo Mangyan’s Rice Farm. 100 - . The farmers did this by shifting from one place to another and opening up new kaingin sites. the practice now was to rest only a portion of the land under cultivation while the remaining portions of the same piece of land were planted to crops. In areas that were not subjected to swidden farming or has been under fallow for many years.Fig. . shrubs and trees present (Table 8). e. the more the sustainability of the land was maintained. The land was rested whenever the farmer noticed that it was no longer fertile. land was fallowed for 10 to 19 years (Conklin 1957 as cited by Abarquez et al.35 The swidden farm of the Hanunuo Mangyan. 1991). This was significant in maintaining the sustainability of the land. Fallowing. it was surprising to know that there were 75 species of crops. The longer the fallow period. Fallow period lasted for 1 to 3 years depending on the need of the farmer and availability of seeds for planting. The scenario at the time of the study had changed from what it was as described by studies conducted 20 to 40 years ago. weeds. However. Previously. Common Name 1.Table 8 Species of plants found in the kaingin site before planting rice + corn. Bagarbas 12. Pineapple 11. Cowpea 25.fodder vegetable. Ipil-ipil 23. Sapinit 27. Linga 16. Makahiya 13 Mutha 14. Coconut 22. Kadios 29. Corn 17. Ube 20. Sugar cane 5. Mamalis 4. Mango 6. Nami 19. Sambong 10. Malunggay 18. Banana 30. Alagaw 3. Paragis 15. Hagonoi 7. Elipanthopus 9. Nito 26. Ciratro 8. Cassava 21. N-fixer food pole edible fruit Zea mays Moringa oleifera Dioscorea hispida Dioscorea alata Manihot utilissima Cocos nucifera Leucaena leucocephala Paspalum conjugatum Vigna sequidales Lygodium japonicum Lantana camara Corchorus aestuans Cajanus cajan Musa sapientum Semecarpus cuneiformis Spondias mombin Graminae Moringaceae erect herb small tree vine vine Euphorbiaceae Palmae Mimosaceae Gramineae Fabaceae Schizaeaceae Verbenaceae Tiliaceae Fabaceae Musaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae woody shrub Arborescent tree grass. Saluyot 28. Carabao grass 24.lumber weed. Hog plum Scientific Name Pisonia umbellifera Premna odorata Pittosporum pentandrum Saccharum officinale Mangifera indica Chromolaena odorata Family Plant Type Use Nyctaginaceae Verbenaceae Pittosporacea Graminae Anacardiaceae Compositae small tree small tree small tree erect herb tree shrub weeds indicator of high moisture medicine medicinal food food medicinal Elipanthopus spicatus Blumea balsamifera Ananas comosus Flacourtia jangomas Mimosa pudica Cyperus rotondus Eleusine indica Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Mromeliaceae Flacourtiaceae Mimosaceae Cyperaceae Graminae erect herb herbaceous erect herb small tree creeper weed herb weed herb weed herbaceous indicator species medicinal shrub food fuelwood source of sesame fruit food/fodder vegetable medicine food food food food fuelwood. grain novelty furniture indicator of compacted soil vegetable shrub vegetable. creeper small shrub vine woody shrub herbaceous weed woody shrub arborescent small tree small tree . Ligas 31.101 - . Anuling 2. lumber pole. pole lumber fuelwood lumber fiber lumber medicine medicine fuelwood fiber pole pole. Kawayang kiling 66. Dungao 50. Binunga 37. Palasan 46. Tigbau 36. Tigau Scientific Name Oryza sativa Melia dubia Pachyrhizus sp. Hauili 38. Saccharum spontaneum Macaranga tanarius Ficus septica Antidesma bunus Leea manllensls Alstonia scholaris Family Gramineae Meliaceae Fabaceae Gramineae Euphorbiaceae Moracea Euphorbiaceae Leeaceae Apocynaceae Plant Type herbaceous tree vine small tree small tree small tree small tree tree medium tree vine small tree big tree shrub small tree big tree small shrub grass grass small tree herb small tree small tree big tree small tree big tree indicator palm big tree small tree small tree big tree big tree erect clump small tree big tree big tree erect herb big tree big tree shrub small tree small tree Use grain for food lumber weed weed pole indicator of high soil moisture edible fruits. lumber fiber pole lumber poles. Imperata cylindrica Crhysopogon aciculatus Antidesma ghaesembillia Scirpus hirta Syzygium cumingii Premna odorata Melia dubia Gliricidia sepium Corypha elata Syzygium xantophyllum Albizzia saponaria Ficus pseudopalma Serialbizzia procera Salmalia malabarica Bambusa vulgaris Ehretia dichotoma Artocarpus ovata Canarium aspernm Thysanolaena latefolia Camelia lanceolata Alstonia macrophylla Coffea sp. Suag kabayo 49. Rice 33. Bangkal 48. Niyog-niyugan 63. Tawa-tawa 54. Coffee 74. lumber lumber weed pole. Amugis 45. Sayapo 42. Salingkugi 62. Cogon 51. Amorseco 52. Pakiling 44. lumber indicator species food pole Trichospermum eriopodium Tiliaceae Ficus odorata Calamus merrillii Eriobotrya japonica Nauclea orientalis Hyptes suaveolens Melastoma sp.102 - . Wild singkamas 35. Alagaw 56. Tangisang bayawak Ficus variegata . Wild strawberry 73. medicinal gums. dye medicine medicine. Bagalunga 57. Kakawate 59. Malatampoi 61.Common Name 32. Pagsahingin 69. Tsaang gubat 71. Borakan 43. Malabulak 65. furniture pole lumber weed indicator species weed weed edible fruit weed edible fruit. Batino 72. pole edible fruit. Lokwat 47. Anonang 67. Tiger grass 70. Callicarpa sp Moraceae Palmaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Labiatae Gramineae Gramineae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae Verbenaceae Meliaceae Fabaceae Moraceae Palmae Myrtaceae Mimosaceae Moraceae Mimosaceae Bombacaceae Graminae Boraginaceae Moraceae Burseraceae Graminae Theaceae Apocynaceae Rubiaceae Verbenaceae Koordersiodendron pinnatum Anacardiaceae Melastomataceae small shrub 58. Anubing 68. Duhat 55. Buli 60. Bagalunga 34. Dita 41. Binayoyo 53. Bignai kalabaw 39. Mali-mali 40. Akleng parang 64. . This was not only true for the swidden farms but Distance (m) Distance (m) Banana Anahaw Coconut － Musa sapientum － Livist ona rotundlfolla － Cocos Nucifera － Mangifera Indico － Pisonla umbelllfera － Ananas comosus Height of Species (m) Mango Anuling Pineapple Distance (m) Fig.36 The multistory farm of the Hanunuo Mangyan. Multi-story System The Hanunuo Mangyan farms were widely known for their crop diversification (Fig.2.36).103 - . Home Gardens The home gardens of the Hanunuo Mangyan were structurally simple. anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia) and anuling (Pisonia umbellifera). wildlings of ipilipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and grasses. The farmers reported that they could not get good harvests if the mango trees were not sprayed with chemicals. It was found out that areas planted to coconut and banana were no longer subjected to kaingin activities. The lower canopy was dominated by pineapple. however. This had positive implication to the ecological system because: 1) it promoted minimal soil disturbance. 3) it promoted biological diversity . Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and kakawate . They were composed of bananas. and the middle canopy was composed of mango (Mangifera indica). the upper canopy was occupied by coconut. In the case of mango. The activities are focused on replacing the dead plants (especially in the case of banana) and brushing the area to remove weeds and free the crops from competition. 2) it provided continuous vegetation cover which served as protection against the direct impact of rain and intense sunlight leading to minimizing soil erosion and maintaining good soil moisture. As previously described. Plant species found included trees. 3. the Hanunuo farmer had adopted the lowland technology of spraying chemicals to induce flowering. banana (Musa sapientum). shrubs and herbs. This was a modification of their traditional practice of non-dependency on chemicals but could mean an increase in income of farmers. and 4) it promoted efficient use of solar energy because the light energy not utilized by the upper canopy level can be trapped by the intermediate and understory vegetation.104 - . coconut and other fruit bearing trees like mango. jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylla) and guava (Psidium guajava) in the upper canopy level. The farming practices in multistory farms were not as elaborate as in the swidden farms.also for the multistory farms. The farmers also planted ube (Dioscorea hispida) which twined on the fruit trees. 480 1. etc. Volume of Erosion and Sediment Loss in the Different Agroforestry Systems of the Hanunuo Mangyan Table 9 and Fig.105 - . Oriental Mindoro.75 2. Preparation of a home garden did not require elaborate activities like removal of grasses. Among the three agroforestry systems. hence appeared to be compacted.94 0. allowing water to easily infiltrate down the soil column. Compaction of the soil resulted in slow infiltration.45 Average Infiltration 0. The family members can harvest the crop whenever fruits are available for harvest.482 Swidden Farm Multistory Farm Forested Area .33 0. The lowest infiltration rate was noted in plots planted with rice + corn.23 0.44 4 0.46 5 0.480 cm/min.32 0. The Infiltration. Systems 1 0. burning.61 1.322 cm/min.(Gliricidia sepium) were grown as live fence or boundary trees. These plots were frequently trampled on because of planting and weeding operations.46 0.37 show the infiltration rate of water as it entered the soil.39 1. Table 9 Infiltration rates in three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan.02 0.42 3 0.322 0. Vegetable crops were not common features of the Hanunuo Mangyan home gardens. High organic matter content makes the soil loose. The high infiltration rate in the multistory area was due to its high organic matter content and lower soil bulk density. they could not be equated to 'kitchen-garden' as described by Nair (1993). the highest infiltration rate was found in the multistory stand which had an average of 1. Thus. cultivation.64 Infiltration Rate (cm/min) 2 0. especially late in the afternoon or during Sundays.96 0. The lowest infiltration rate was observed in the rice + corn swidden farm which had an average of 0. The farmer only spent his or her spare time planting the crops and underbrushing them. 8 0. helped intercept rainfall. Likewise. Multistory Forested Fig.38 cm/hr. such as in forested and multistory systems.106 - . which found the infiltration rate to be 28. The study showed that the forest and multistory farms had the lowest total runoff in the July -December period (Table 10). Volume of Surface Runoff in the Three Farming Systems Runoff refers to the water that is not infiltrated or lost through evapotranspiration.1.6 0. This showed that the vegetation present in the other areas.4 0. Oriental Mindoro.8 cm/hr at a natural forest area. Daño (1983) noted that a dipterocarp forest area had an infiltration rate of 6. the rice + corn swidden farm had the highest runoff yield.2 0 Swidden F. On the other hand.37 Average infiltration rates in three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. This result confirmed the findings of Thompson and Troeh (1978) who mentioned that a 1 to 2 cm/hr infiltration rate was observed in an agricultural area. Together with runoff water are the soil particles that had been detached and transported. resulting in low runoff yield. .4 Average Infiltration rate (cm/min) 1. The results were consistent with the findings of Daño (1983) that low runoff yield was found in dense forest like dipterocarp forest and high in grasslands.2 1 0. The differences may have been due to the initial moisture content of the area. This value was lower than the findings of our study. soil texture and organic matter. 4 443. causing the soil particles including ashes to be detached and dispersed. the mineral soil was left vulnerable to direct rainfall impact. The higher runoff in the rice + corn swidden farm may have been an effect of burning as a method of land preparation.9 2782. action usually improved soil porosity .6 446. Systems Swidden Farm Multistory Farm Forested Area I 927. Furthermore.8 523.1 448.4 531.36c 523.0 Block II 917. Oriental Mindoro.4 Total III 937. 250 200 Runoff (liter) Swidden Farm Multistory Farm Forested Area 150 100 50 0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Fig.10c Treatment means with the same superscript are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of significance using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. These soil particles and ashes clogged or sealed the soil pore spaces in the surface.107 - .1 1339. the fire intensity may have killed the microorganisms active in litter decomposition.0 1569. Bulalacao.40b 446. thus reducing infiltration rate (Jasmin 1976) and increasing the occurrence of surface runoff.3 Mean 927. Oriental Mindoro. Decomposed litter through microorganisms. As the ground cover was consumed by fire.8 514.38 Monthly runoff in three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan.Table 10 Total runoff (liter) of the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. 108 - . It could be attributed also to the presence of vegetation as well as litters on the forest floor. The low sediment yield obtained from the forest area was attributed to the presence of tall trees which intercepted more rainfall. Furthermore. OM increases infiltration and reduces soil erosion. The villagers recalled that the area became a forest because of its unsuitability for cultivation due to the presence of rocks and very thin soil. increasing both the cation exchange capacity and available water content. Sediment Yield in the three Agroforestry Systems The forest had the lowest sediment yield (20. The lower runoff values in the forest and multistory farms could be attributed to the presence of continuous cover provided by the canopy layers and debris on the soil surface. As a result. the very thin surface soil and the presence of rocks in the area have also minimized soil erosion.and infiltration capacity of the soil (Hewlett and Nutter 1969).5 tons/ha) in the July-December period (Table 11). the presence of more organic matter in these two farm practices (based on the result of the chemical analysis) contributed to less surface runoff. the area was not subjected to any kind of cultivation. The net precipitate reaching the forest floor minimized the activity of runoff water resulting in low sediment yield. more runoff could occur as a result of impaired soil porosity and infiltration capacity of the soil (Costales 1981). Since most of the humus and litter were consumed in the burned plots. Moreover. which is one of the causes of soil erosion.8 tons/ha). . Furthermore. Jo (1990) stated that organic matter improves the physical characteristics of the soil by improving aggregation. followed by multistory (63. 18b 6.95b Treatment means with the same letter are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of significance using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. (Young 1989) and (Paningbatan 1990) stated that the tolerable soil loss is 10 tons/ha/yr. The US Conservation Service.109 - . on the other hand.8 Mean 374.3 7.39 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monthly sediment yield of the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. This maybe because of the influence of gaps. which was 10 to 12 tons/ha/year. Bulalacao.2 to 11.26a 21.7 63.8 Total III 386. Systems Swidden Farm Forested Area Multistory Farm I 373. Oriental Mindoro. was characterized by the presence of debris from banana and coconut plants.5 20.0 21. 140 120 Sediment yield (tons/ha) Swidden Farm Multistory Farm Forested Area 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jul Fig.0 Block II 362. steep slope and high rainfall intensity. This rate was still relatively high compared with the standard stated by (Young 1989).7 6.Table 11 Total sediment yield (tons/ha) of the three agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan. sets the limit at 2.5 7.8 tons/ha/yr obtained from a two-meter alley planted with kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) by (Agustin 1992). however.2 tons/ha/year.8 20. The multistory . The amount of erosion in the forest was comparable with the erosion rate of 25.9 21.0 1122. The floor was protected from direct . Oriental Mindoro. The area was also characterized by the presence of organic matter and thick soil which may have contributed to less soil erosion. hence there was soil disturbance.03 tons/ha while the forested area had the lowest with 427. The sheet erosion data were converted into their equivalent weight per hectare. on the other hand. The lowest was observed in the forest (9. A high volume of soil erosion was recorded for rice + corn swidden farm. November. It was interesting to note that the actual erosion in the study site far exceed that of records.640. The mathematical computation showed that the control recorded the highest sheet erosion of 1. Although the farmers' practice was to remove only the fruits of rice and corn. The highest average depth of soil loss was in the swidden farm.0mm) and multistory (10. sheet erosion (tons/ha) using modified erosion bars was also determined (Table 12). Farmers weeded their farms in September. coconut and other fruit trees. making the area prone to erosion. . other soil disturbances occurred in the form of soil trampling by the farmers. The multistory and forest farms can be compared to the effect of a single hedgerow of Gliricidia sepium in an alley cropping system (Visco 1997). The occurrence of typhoon Rosing (heavy rains for 2 days) contributed to the soil erosion.9mm) farms.2 tons/ha (Weischmeier and Smith 1978 as cited by Visco 1997). which could be due to cultivation practices specially during weeding operation.54 tons/ha. was devoted to rice and corn harvesting.110 - . The volume of soil erosion was very high compared with the allowable soil loss of 11. Sheet Erosion In addition to measuring the sediment yield in the runoff plots. The highest runoff was also observed in this month.exposure to raindrop by the leaves of bananas. It can be noted that the highest sediment yield was recorded in September and November (Table 11). R. M. et al.P. K.. (1993) Rainfall and streamflow analysis of a large tropical rainforest watershed.T. MS Thesis. P. Philippines. P. In: Man. W. Farming Systems Swidden Farm Multistory Farm Forested Area Average Depth of Soil Erosion (mm) 22... 1. Cruz. Berganio. et al.9 Sheet Erosion (tons/ha) 1159. Barker. (1990) Effects of corn and legume intercrops on crop productivity and soil erosion in hilly land. UPLB. G. Working Paper Series1. (1993) Introduction to Agroforestry.L.Y.4 Mean 386.5 513. change and development in the Philippine uplands. p87-118 David. College. C. M.3bc 142. (1985) Philippine upland production system: an integrative analysis of three sites in Philippine upland communities.1d Treatment means with the same superscript are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of significance using the Duncan’s multiple range test. UPLB.A. XV. Journal of Philippine Development. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Sajise.K. MS Thesis. Philippines. Nair. (Ed.C. unpublished paper. Vol.1 427.. Philippines.Table 12 Average sheet erosion of the different farming systems from August to December 1996. program on environmental science and management.G. .111 - .5e 171. Mun.3 9. UPLB.. (1990) The Hanunuo uplnd swiddenists. UPLB. The Netherlands.E. (1990) Agroforestry: classification and management. Philippines. and Vergara N. 26. References Abarquez. et al.. policy issues and recommendations. T. (1984) Shifting cultivation among the Ikalahan. Kluwer Academic Publishers.). agriculture and the tropical forest. Laguna.. MacDicken.0 10. Concepcion J. USA. No. (1988) Soil and water conservation planning. root crops or medicinal plants arranged in a multi-layered canopy. fruit trees. fruit trees like jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). 2) clearing. narra (Pterocarpus indicus). and 5) fallowing. However. different types of agroforestry systems are observed. In the upland areas. In the lowlands.Typical Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines Antonio F. santol (Sandoricum . This agroforestry system involves processes that include: 1) locating an area for cultivation. The main features of this system are the use of fire in clearing the area for cultivation and allowing the soil to “fallow” or rest and rejuvenate for a certain period of time until it becomes productive again. Features of Typical Agroforestry Systems 1. forest species. Gascon and Fernando Alibuyog Introduction Agroforestry farms are found in almost everywhere in the Philippines. farm crops and protective cover against wind and strong rains. The coconut occupies the main canopy layer while the middle or intermediate was occupied by developing forest trees like mahogany (Swietenia mahogani). Agroforestry systems have been modified in order to address its twofold functions of maintaining ecological balance while achieving economic productivity for the farmers.112 - . 4) cultivation. Mixed Cropping System This system combines coconut. trees or woody perennials are integrated in the landscape as shade trees. gmelina (Gmelina arborea). The oldest agroforestry system in the country is locally known as “kaingin” or shifting cultivation. mango (Mangifera indica). specifically in the provinces. This chapter will discuss some of the agroforestry systems in the Philippines as implemented in specific locations of the country. 3) burning. this system is now modified because of land limitation and the prohibition of the government to open up new public areas for cultivation. banana (Musa sapientum) and papaya (Carica papaya). The leaf litter and prunings decomposed can sufficiently provide for the fertilizer needs of cacao or coffee. The Coffee and Cacao Based Agroforestry System One of the most common farming systems found in the Philippines is the coffee based agroforestry system. (Beer 1989 as cited by Dalmacio 2001) Nurse or shade trees provide the crop plant protection from strong winds. lose water and die. Nothern Samar mixed crops of cacao (Theobroma cacao). though hardened-off. which allows enough light to reach the lower vegetation. or they may transpire excessively. 2005). The lower layer was composed of pineapple (Ananas comosus). coffee (Coffea robusta) and other crops like abaca (Musa textiles). Pterocarpus indicus and other leguminous tree species. These are periodically pollarded or pruned and in some cases. Atimonan. it was mentioned that through prunings and litter fall. For example. This is practiced in Sta. 2. coconuts are spaced 8 × 8 m. Gliricidia sepium. cassava (Manihot utilissima) and ginger (Zingiber officinale). 60 kg P/ha/year and 150 kg K/ha/year can be returned back to the soil.113 - .koetjape). The amount of 270 kg N/ha/year. and pineapple (Ananas comosus) were planted in the coconutbased agroforestry farms (Sarmiento. Quezon CBFM site. In this system. In the CBFM site in Catubig. They may be shaked and their roots are loosened. It makes use of shade trees such as Leucaena leucocephala. Albizia saman. Catalina. The nurse trees are planted from 6 months to a year before the establishment of the main crops such as coffee or cacao. jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and black pepper (Piper negrum). Eryrthrina orientalis. These trees are regularly spaced at 5 × 5 up to 8 × 8 m or planted randomly while the crop trees of coffee and cacao are set as understories. Newly transplanted coffee or cacao. are not that ready to withstand strong winds. thinned to provide partial shade and add nutrients from the leaf litter and prunings. These nurse trees on the other hand may decrease light intensity and thus modify . temperature. Cacao and coffee need cool climate for their growth. In choosing the shade of nurse trees, the following characteristics should be considered. The nurse tree should: exhibit light foliage; not attain large size; have rapid juvenile growth; have hard or wind firm stems; and not exhibit allelopathy. The nurse trees should minimally compete with cacao and coffee for light, water and nutrients. Nurse trees and associated crops should occupy different canopy positions and root horizons. They should be easily be established, i.e. with high survival and good early growth performance. They should have rapid regeneration of leaves and they can easily be eradicated when no longer wanted. The canopy or leaf structure of trees should allow adequate amount of light to penetrate down the understory. The leaves should not cause coalescence if rain water is too large. Powerful raindrops or canopy drips during throughfall enhance soil erosion. These nurse trees should not favor or serve as alternate host for pest or crop diseases (Dela Cruz et.al 2002). The nurse trees should be preferably N-fixing. In this system, the coffee plants are likewise top-pruned to produce more lateral branches. It will produce more yield and will facilitate harvesting. Successful coffee or cacao based agroforestry system include: the coffee + Benguet pine multistory system in Mt. Province, the coffee or cacao + coconut + banana agroforestry system of Batangas and Cavite provinces, the coffee + ipil-ipil + banana agroforestry system of Iloilo and Negros Occidental in the Visayas. 3. Alley Cropping Alley cropping involves the establishment of hedgerows of trees or shrubs (usually double-hedgerows) at regular intervals along the contours, and the planting of agricultural crops in the open space or alleys formed between the hedgerows. The contours are usually spaced 4 to 6 m, depending upon the steepness of the slope. It is closer in steeper slopes and wider in flatter ones. The hedgerow species are usually leguminous trees that minimize soil erosion, - 114 - reduce surface run-off and improve soil fertility. The contour hedgerows are set in the contour lines established using an A-frame. The farmers use Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium, Leucena leucocephala and Desmodium rensonii as hedgerows. A good example of alley cropping is the Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT-1). In this system, each contour line is planted with two rows of woody perennial using seeds, cuttings or seedlings. For the alleys, SALT-1 recommends planting of perennial crops in every third alley and annuals like rice, corn and vegetable for the rest. The hedgerows should be pruned back to the height of about 0.50 m to minimize shading of agricultural crops in the alleys. The frequency of pruning depends upon the coppicing or sprouting ability of the species. Biomass from the prunings can be mulched, used as green manure for the annuals or as a fodder for the livestock. The ideal characteristics of the hedgerow species are easy to establish, fast-growing, good sprouting or coppicing ability, nitrogen fixing, deep rooted and with multiple uses. In Sta. Catalina, Atimonan, Quezon, the farmers planted pineapple, cassava, corn and many practical vegetable crops in the alley. 4. The Improved Fallow System The traditional fallow system or swidden cultivation (also called as shifting cultivation or kaingin) is considered as the oldest form of agroforestry. In this sytem, the land is cleared, burned and planted with agricultural crops for 2 to 3 years. After a few years of cropping and cultivation, the land is rested. This is called the fallow period. The land is cropped for less than 33% of the rotation cycle. Traditionally, the fallow period lasts 8 to 15 years which enables the soil to regain its fertility. While the land is under fallow, the farmer moves to another area where he can farm and repeat the same set of activities. This system can be viewed in various cover appearances. a. The existing vegetation in plots is cleared and burned afterwards. Therefore the lower herbaceous vegetation layer is removed, followed by - 115 - partial tree and shrub removal. Trees that provide fruits to the farmers are sometimes left. Standing dead trees are left as trellis for yam production. During this stage, hardly any vegetation is left. These cleared plots look like big gaps surrounded by a natural or semi natural vegetation. b. In the next phase, crops cover the land. In general, cereals are sown first followed by root or tuber crops. A common worldwide crop combination starts with rice or corn, later interplanted with cassava, sweet potato, bananas and some fruit trees. Cropping is continued until perceived decline in harvest is felt. c. After the cropping period is completed, the secondary semi-natural vegetation starts to fully develop. They occupy the area very rapidly. The fallow period is an important stage of the kaingin cycle. Given enough time, the natural processes of nutrient absorption and storage and nutrient returns through litter fall will restore the productivity of degraded or damaged land. When the fallow is enriched with fast growing trees, shrubs and vines, the practice is called improved fallow. Nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs) can be used to enhance soil amelioration and reduce the length of the fallow period. The farmers of Ikalahan in Imugan, Nueva Vizcaya practiced the improved fallow system using sweet potato as the main crop. Intercropping, crop rotation and fallow were done which enabled them to cultivate a new field when fertility is optimum and put the field back to fallow before significant erosion took place (Rice and Dolnera 1980 as cited by Lasco 1982). An area was cultivated for 2 to 3 years and then left to fallow for 17 years. The Hanunuo of Mindoro province practices fallow system which, in this case was divided into two stages, low forest fallow and high forest fallow. The first stage which took about a year consisted of herbaceous shrubs, vines and low-growth trees which were protected from fire by firelines and were not cut and cultivated. The second stage which took about 7 to 8 years was composed of second growth forest. In Naalad, Naga, Cebu, a modified fallow system was being practiced. Two modifications were done to the traditional systems. The first modification - 116 - 4) trees and shrubs provide regulative functions such as disruption of pests and disease cycle. and has good vegetative vigor aside from being deep rooted. This practice hastens the natural fallow from 10 to 20 years to only 5 to 6 years. 2) the physical and chemical properties of the soil are enhanced. breaks up hard soil. Many kinds of invasive and problematic weeds thrive in the open and sunny conditions in vacant lands. Sesbania sesban + Macroptilium artropurpurium (siratro). Ipil-ipil is used because it is fast growing.117 - . reduce soil erosion. 5. 3) when the trees are removed at the end of the fallow period. breaks up physical barriers to root growth. Sesbania sesban + ground nut (Arachis hypogea) and Cajanus cajan+ peanut. The major significance of this modified system was that the farmer needed only two parcels since both the fallow and the cultivation periods lasted for 5 to 6 years. The farmers broadcast ipil-ipil seeds after harvesting the crops. Windbreak or shelterbelts as agroforestry system Trees and shrubs are established along farm boundaries to protect the crops on the leeward side from strong winds thus minimizing wind-induced . The second modifications involve the establishment of soil erosion control structure. accumulates more nutrient. The improved fallow system has many benefits. It improves soil fertility. charcoal and poles. as follows: 1) the trees and shrubs in the fallow can fill the space and impede the establishment of undesirable weeds. There are other trees and shrubs which can be used to improve the species composition of the fallow. locally termed as “balabag” or “babag” which is made of dead branches of ipil-ipil. These are Sesbania sesban + Crotolaria grahamiana. and sequestration of carbon dioxide.involve planting of ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala). encourages or sustains the population of beneficial organism. but they do not occupy the areas that are cooler and shadier. they can also yield products such as firewood. tolerant to drought and nitrogen-fixing. a nitrogen-fixing plant along the strips. The physical condition of the “balabag” indicated whether the land is really for fallow. adds organic matter. . Philippines. akleng parang (Albizia procera) and kawayan tinik (Bambusa blumeana).damage to crop. References Alibuyog. UPLB. Oriental Mindoro. Oxford University Press. 2) it must have strong and deep root system. Philippines. There are many factors to be considered in choosing a species for shelterbelt. orchards and nurseries. Unpublished. (Eds). 4) it must be easy to propagate. University of the Philippines Open University. 6) it must retain its leaves throughout the year. Wind velocity is reduced from 5 to 10% in the leeward side. C. and Holaway. US Peace Corps. (2001) Rehabilitation of marginal and degraded areas. Philippines. 5) should have higher field survival.F. Atimonan. Bulalacao.A.. Philippines. The plants recommended for shelterbelt include molave (Vitex parviflora).R. J. Technology Center. SLPC. Evans. (1988) Agroforestry species for the Philippines. banaba (Lagerstromia speciosa). Catalina. 325-327. (2004) Agroforestry systems adopted by the upland farmers in a CBFM project in Sta.B. agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia).N. (1998) Sustainability indicators of the Hanunuo Mangyan agroforestry systems. These are as follows: 1) the species must be adapted to the kind of soil ... Great Britain. Hensleigh.E.U. Brgy. T.D. A.V. The presence of shelterbelt can protect farms. Gascon. Castillo A.118 - . Ph. Dela Cruz. Agricultural species which are free from the adverse effects of winds are more vigorous and healthy and consequently give increased crop yield. Lucban. Manila. 7) it must provide multiple uses. anahau (Livistonia rotundifolia). Sitio Dangkalan. 2nd edition. B. Philippines. Dalmacio R. Quezon. and Gascon. kamachile (Pitthecelobium dulce). (1992) Plantation forestry in the tropics. Quezon. Dissertation. L. .S. 3) it must be resistant to pest and diseases. F. (1993) An introduction to agroforestry. SEAMEO-SEARCA. D. Kluwer Academic Publishers.. R.K. (1999) Fallow Systems in the Philipines: A review of literature paper presented in a workshop proceedings of the fallow systems documentation and participatory rapid appraisal methodology. and Degal.Magcale-Macandog. Baguio City. . The Netherlands. Nair. Philippines. Yao. E.R. P.119 - . Banahaw.AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES: Experiences and Lessons Learned in Mt.jp  朝日印刷株式会社 つくば支社 TEL  029（851）1188 FAX  029（856）5009 印   刷 本冊子から転載・複製する場合は、国際農林水産業研究センターの許可を得て下さい。 .go. Hanunuo Mangyan and Some Community-based Forestry Projects 発行年月日 発 行 者 平成18年３月31日 独立行政法人 国際農林水産業研究センタ− 理事長 稲 永   忍 〒305−8686 茨城県つくば市大わし1−1 TEL  029（838）6340（情報資料課） FAX  029（838）6656 E-mail [email protected].