PART VCONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY a farmer met in Badghis while weeding his rain-fed wheat field.Picture 140 Identifying social groups in Afghanistan is the next immediate and priority step in developing a water/natural resources management tool for Afghanistan. Here. 23 May 2003 202 . which includes 5 none-drainage areas. 30 October 2003. local salt extraction.) However. It is a technical tool supporting the implementation of the National Development Framework of the Government of Afghanistan. This in turn would mean that on ‘average’.. and a support frame water and natural resources programs coordination mechanisms at national level. River Basins.e. 1.Community participatory approach in catchments1 natural resources management Land rights and land use issues Community Water. 41 Watersheds. 30 October 2003. Considering 1 Based on preliminary work on social group definition in Afghanistan made by the author.which is broadly accepted as a key element for the success of watershed programmes – is yet to be defined. 5 River basins have been defined in Afghanistan.Varies with the Special protection of micro-catchment areas point Areas number of project (i.. a finer classification for community watershed management work . The Watershed Atlas provides a planning and management tool for watershed management programs. 203 . climatology and agriculture production analysis and monitoring. Cit. Afghanistan is amongst the few countries developing a national planning tool for watershed management. Watersheds. The Atlas provides two levels of catchments classification. which immediate application includes hydrology. etc. implemented protected water resources. each watershed we would be composed 75-100 Micro-Catchments manageable by communities. Raphy “Interface between State and Society. CONCLUSION With this first edition of the Watershed Atlas. have been defined in Afghanistan.I. 2 See Favre. See Favre. An Approach for Afghanistan”. Both classifications fulfilled their own purposes as illustrated by the table 57. Op. drinking water. LEVEL International National Community Micro-projects Table 57 Level of Interventions and Terminology on Water Catchments TERMINOLOGY DEFINITION IN TYPE OF USE AFGHANISTAN River Basins 5 basins Transnational Treaties Large reservoirs/dams for irrigation/hydropower Water/Natural Resources Planning and Protection Aggregation at River Basin level of Watersheds Planning and Coordination Watersheds 40 watersheds River flow monitoring Agro-meteorology monitoring Water balance analysis Water/Natural resources management planning and coordination Micro-Catchments 3000-4000 micro. Raphy. Work on defining ‘social groups’ is underway and preliminary work has estimated that the total number of ‘social groups’ in Afghanistan may be somewhere between 3000 and 40002. and 2. The statistics and the maps (hard copy and GIS shapefiles) can help to prioritize watershed and river basins for future program planning. The economic development of Afghanistan is facing a dilemma as this will require an increased use of the available water-resources which in turn may result in: a) a change of water share balance with neighbouring countries. 2. The observations have been presented in the annexes of the 2002-2003 winter survey agriculture report and can be useful to consider for any program planning that requires landcover data. it is recommended that a finer classification of land by sensitivity to su rface water degradation with a cross-section of landcover and slope gradient within each watersheds is conducted. A river basin approach is required. Hector and Favre. each ‘social group’ would represent around 5500-7400 people. we advocate for a watershed management approach or a natural resources management approach. as they were produced 10 years ago. With the same amount of water. Other limitations of the first edition of the Watershed Atlas are these: 1. The FAO landcover data are aging. Finally. Such an approach requires to working closely with social groups and thus next immediate and priority step is identifying and acknowledging social groups in Afghanistan. in conjunction with the landcover. The Watershed Atlas aims to be an ‘open source’ of data and a repository of information relevant to watershed management in Afghanistan. 204 .2 millions inhabitants (including kuchi). Maletta and Favre in 20033 conducted a ground checking of the landcover atlas to identify the major changes in the past year particularly for the agricultural land cover. Afghanistan’s main natural resource affecting livelihood is undoubtedly Water. which. A Report of the Winter Agriculture Survey 2002-2003”. Therefore. Raphy. irrigated lands must produce greater quantities of food and fibre to feed and clothe a growing population. The Atlas could not provide any analysis of slope gradient. Irrigation is the chief user of water (99%) and improving irrigation efficiency and management is essential. The Atlas aims to be updated every year. FAO. 3 Maletta. Contributions and any relevant survey/activity reports in this sector can be sent to info@aims. by producing a Watershed Atlas for Afghanistan.af.the Central Statistic Office (CSO) 2003-04 the total population of 22.org. Improving water use efficiency is a key for a successful. and b) a modification of water availability for the preservation of natural resources such as water bodies and wetlands in Afghanistan and neighbouring countries. An update of the landcover is highly required. Contributions/feed back from users of the Atlas is essential to continue improving the quality of the information. smooth and sustainable development of Afghanistan as well as neighbouring countries. “Agriculture and Food Production in Post-war Afghanistan. is an important tool for watershed management and prioritization of fragile zones within each watershed. The Watershed Atlas is a first edition and a working document for planners. Kabul. August 2003. AREU Director. for useful comments of on a draft version of the watershed atlas report and reviewing the geographical names spelling in accordance to regional agreements. FAO Irrigation Expert.org or AIMS office. Eng. Water Resources and Environment. Ghazi Ayub Khan Watt. For more information. Dr. Food Security Advisor. kindly contact FAO-Afghanistan office. water and hydrology department. Senior Irrigation Engineer. We highly appreciated the good support and collaboration of the Ministry of Irrigation. Hydrologist in water and hydrology department. in particular Mr.II. Prime Minster Compound. Eng. Western Door. The project benefited from the outstanding support of Mr. In particular. It is thanks to an outstanding collaboration between these agencies that this Watershed Atlas . adviser to MIRWE Minister. Deputy director water management department. Amer. Opposite Turkish Embassy. Eng. AIMS program manager. Sharif Shobair. In particular. Najmuddin. Aziz. USGS Environmental Scientist for processing recent true colours composite satellite image for the Atlas. Various Organizations and Individuals have actively supported the watershed atlas. FAO representative.. deputy Minister. who made available a number of important bibliographic references and liaised with the Ministry of Irrigation for the watershed team. Eng. David Craven. who prepared the first draft of watershed and river basin boundaries in early 2003 and which was the basis for field verification. this project would not have been possible without the support of Serge Verniau. The Ministry of Power provided equally good support. Rabah Lekhal. info@aims. Head of Planning department in Ministry of Water and Power and Gulajan Rabani. FAO agro-climatologist for sharing climatic data. USGS/EROS Physical Scientist and Saud A. Emanuel Deval. AIMS Liaison Officer. Markus Mueller and Matthias Anderegg from the Swiss Development and Cooperation Agency and Andrew Wilder.could be finalised. UNDP compound Foreign Ministry Road. FAOAFG@af. AIMS field officer and Aimal Maiwand AIMS field officer assistant who assisted the GIS expert for producing the maps and to Mr. water and hydrology department. We acknowledge the support of Shawn Massic. ADB Hydrologist for sharing the hydrological data. Hydro-meteorologist in water and hydrology department. EC GIS expert in Environmental and Resources Management. Hydrologist. Ebadullah. Eng. ACKNOWLEDMENT We are grateful to the many organizations and individuals who assisted us with our work. Budde. Deputy director. Louis Berger Group Inc. Mohammad Ibrahim Sultani. Kabul. Gulbaharam Halimi. DAI GIS Specialist. in particular Ghulam Rabani.which was initiated and implemented mostly on a voluntary basis . Chemonics Irrigation engineer and Arnault Cauchois. Juan Gonzales. For those without access to the 205 . Sultan Mohmud. Dr.org.af. Trevor Beaumont. Abdul Ghaffur Yayah. Kabul. Special thanks to Maharufa Hossain. Deputy Head of Planning department. AIMS Field Coordination.fao. Afghanistan. Rustaqi. David Saunders. Ghulam Jelani. Afghanistan. Abdul Lutfur Rahman Azizi. Head of water and hydrology department. Michael E. EC. Anthony Fitzherbert on the 18 March 2003. III. For each picture. shapefiles. the geographical coordinates are indicated as well as the direction the picture was taken (letter after the geographical coordinates). tables and pictures. For instance.21. 132 and 133 (Bandi Chak dam) were taken by Juan Gonzales. data. SE). All other pictures were taken by the author Raphy Favre. 76 (Nuristan forest) and 137 (Kunar valley) were taken by Jeoffrey. The picture 77 (Nuristan forest) was taken by Serge Verniau.83. The pictures 20 (wood wholesale in Nuristan). E67. charts.web. The pictures 125 and 126 (Bandi Sultan dam) were taken by Dr. please contact FAO-Afghanistan or AIMS for a CD-ROM of the report. 206 . PICTURES CREDIT The pictures 75 (Darunta dam). maps. courtesy of The Louis Berger Groups Inc. Louis Berger Group Senior Irrigation Engineer on the 30th December 2004. the front page picture was taken South-Eastward (N34. FAO-Afghanistan Representative in July 2003. 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