Introduction onACMV 空氣調節與機械通風系統簡介 Ms. Y.F. NGAN Jolie Mr. C.L. CHO Date : 20 June 2008 (A.M. session) 1 Content First part – introduction on ACMV Basic knowledge Major Regulations (HKSAR) and Practices ACMV system (HD) and equipment Design (HD) and considerations Performance-based building energy code Tube cleaning system / Heat recovery Break Second part – photo sharing Photos of actual ACMV installation Possible future development Q&A ACMV in HD Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation or sometimes written as ACMV Commonly known as HVAC, which is Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning or HVACR where R stand for Refrigeration It is one of the major Building Services Installations (other Building Services Installations such as Lift, Electrical, Fire Services, Water supply, etc.) Why Provide a safe. wind speed.g. etc. Provide a proper environment for activities.25m/s Air flow pattern Concentration of indoor air pollutants Etc. air temperature.) .5C Relative humidity : 55% Air velocity at occupied zone : 0. healthy and comfortable indoor environment for occupant Temperature : 25. humidity. equipment storage and plant operation (e. air-cooled. watercooled. Fan Coil Unit. thermal comfort. properties of air and water. psychometrics. etc. heat transfer Equipment selection (chiller. Air Handling Unit . Constant Air Volume . Primary Air Unit . reverse return. Fan. direct return.AHU.) Cooling load estimation. heat transfer.VAV. fluid dynamics. Variable Air Volume . Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) standard. Systems (central. etc.CAV.PAU. Variable Refrigerant Volume VRV.) . pump. etc. standalone.Basic knowledge (1) Units. motor. air balancing. air quality. filters. thermal insulation. water balancing. interior zone. testing and commissioning. noise and vibration control. etc. etc.) Ductwork. water treatment. Instrumentation and direct digital control (DDC) Installation. Energy efficiency.Basic knowledge (2) Zoning arrangement (perimeter zone. operation and maintenance . pipework. Major Regulations in HK Building (Ventilating Systems) Regulations Building (Energy Efficiency) Regulations Fire Services Ordinances and its Regulations Electricity Ordinances and its Regulations Noise and Air Pollution Control Ordinance Ozone Layer Protection Ordinance Public Health & Municipal Services Ordinance Water Works Regulations Other relevant Ordinances and Regulations . BS Standard.. Manufacturer's recommendation and catalogues . etc. HD Design Manuals. Specifications and Departmental guidelines Major design handbooks / guidelines from ASHRAE. etc. EMSD. EPD. etc. FSD. Other relevant local and international design guides / handbooks. CIBSE.Major Design Code of Practices Various Technical Memorandums and Code of Practices from BD. ACMV systems (HD) Central chilled water air conditioning system Standalone air conditioning system Mechanical ventilation system . thermal insulation.Central chilled Water system Typically consists of air-cooled / water cooled packaged chillers. fans. fan coil units. ductworks. cooling towers. Mainly for large commercial centre. etc. etc. chilled water and drain pipes. electric motors. . grilles. acoustic treatment and water treatment systems. circulation pump. automatic control and instrumentation system. office building. associated electrical installation. airhandling units. louvers and diffusers. Air Handing Unit (AHU) . Air Handing Unit (AHU) . Air Handing Unit (AHU) . etc. ductworks. Mainly for individual premises without central air-conditioning or for Backup purpose such as: convenience store . thermal insulation. automatic control and instrumentation system associated electrical installation. air grilles. electric motors and equipment.Standalone Air-conditioning system Typically includes outdoor and indoor airconditioning units. fans. refrigerant and drain pipes. Standalone Air-conditioning units . Toilets. electric motors and equipment. Public Transport Interchange.Mechanical Ventilation system Typically comprises fans. grilles. Staircase pressurization. Kitchen. Carpark. etc. associated electrical installation. . automatic control. Plant rooms. acoustic treatment. ductworks. instrumentation system. Smoke extraction. Mainly for Tunnel. etc. Fans . 360 millions kWh Total reduction in greenhouse gas emissions will be 950.Pilot Scheme for Wider Use of Fresh Water in Evaporative Cooling Scheme launched at June 2000 and now extended to May 2008 More energy efficient than the conventional air-cooled air-conditioning scheme by 14% to 35% Estimated saving of electricity will be 1.000 tonne per year by the year 2020 Refer to EMSD web-site for the most updated information . Water-cooled schemes District Cooling Scheme Central Seawater Scheme Cooling Tower Scheme . Cooling towers have long been thought to be a major source for Legionella.legionella. Detail information can be obtained from http://www. They are natural inhabitants of water and can be detected in rivers. and streams. . but new data suggest that this is an OVEREMPHASIZED mode of transmission.Legionnaire disease (cooling tower) Legionnaires' disease is a lung infection (pneumonia) caused by a bacterium named Legionella pneumophila.org or EMSD web-site. lakes. Prevention of Legionnaire disease . Minimum separation Requirement . Cooling Tower Plume Abatement . Cooling Tower Plume Abatement . Cooling Tower Plume Abatement . Bleed-off calculation of Cooling Tower . Automatic bleed-off control of Cooling Tower . Schematic of Chilled piping system (1 of 2) . Schematic of Chilled piping system (2 of 2) . Chiller plant layout (1) . Chiller plant layout (2) . Hybrid ventilation system . Hybrid ventilation mode . Schematic of Glazed ventilator . BMS Schematic . Control Schematic of Chiller Plant . Control Schematic of Air handing units . A/C layout plan . size. PAU.. occupancy. DBSG Equipment selection numbers. Fan. orientation. Cooling Tower. usage. intake or exhaust louvers.Design and considerations (1) Building profile. etc.V. operating hrs. System selection consider the use of water-cooled system. L. Circulation Pump. control panel. ductwork and pipework. switchboard cubicle. Building material. zoning arrangement HD ACMV design guidelines DCG-E-CC. . AHU. free-cooling or heat recovery system (economizer / heat wheel) to optimize the use of energy Location and sizing of major equipments Chiller. availability. etc. etc. access panel.Design and considerations (2) Control strategies to achieve maximum efficiency and well utilization of energy Building management system (BMS) Direct digital control (DDC) Demand control ventilation (DCV) Builder’s work such as water point. Acoustic treatment Associated electrical provisions Fire safety VAC control. FS provisions and building compartmentation . drain point. static and dynamic loading of equipment. HD Design parameters (refer to DBSG) . NW) Heat gain through partitions and floor Heat gain from internal appliances Heat gain from occupant (metabolic rate under different activities) Infiltration and other possible heat load Manual calculation or computer program Peak load / Block load . N. NE. SE. S. W. SW. walls and roof (solar heat and transmission heat) Building Orientation (E.Cooling load estimation Heat gain through windows. Room Conditions 24.0 #NAME? Total Fresh Air 0 L/ Person Air Change Fixed Fresh Air (m?s) 204 5.030 1. or kW) (kW) (No.10 0.0 0. 18. Resultant Room Conditions 24.H. Air Leaving Conditions 0.02 S 1.92 Roof Internal Heat Gain 0.34 Floor/Ground SkyLight Glass GTH Area/GTH Roofcorr .5 472. Conditions 18.13 0.00 -7. or kW) (m?s) 575.00 15.00 Ceiling 1. Supply Air Conditions 0.162.0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 2.00234 22. (%) O.07 LM Roof 575.085 Factor 1.5 Fresh Air and O ccupancys Estimation The Biggest one will be selected 2.02 0.0 Summer Cooling Load Condition Solar He at Gain (Glass) Glass Area Exposure (m? x SC x SHGF Conduction Heat Gain (Glass) x CLF Heat Gain U Factor x (kW) (kW/m? 蚓 ) + Glasscorr ) ( CLTD Tech nical Data Setting Heat Gain (kW) N NE Density 1.03 Area (m? SW 6.Heat (kW) : 0.10 0.00 0.00 #NAME? Coil Capacity 91.204 0.0056 10.00 0.10 0.0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 6.995 2.00 -0.0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 3.60 CLF h / kg air Sup. or Heat Gain + Roofcorr x f ) (kW) Type NE 0.9 102.00 -1. Diff.25 Se nsible He at Gain (kW) : Unit Rate 0. Air Flow 0.0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 5.00 Type NW 204. 蚓 S 2.65 0.1 3.7 Conduction He at Gain (Wall) Wall Area U Factor Exposure (m? (kW/m?蚓 ) x (CLTDwall x K + LM x K + Wallcorr .00233 7.00 Fresh Air Heat Gain Air Q uantity Se nsible He at Gain Late nt Heat Gain Total Required Addition Factor FASH Factor FALH FATH (m?s) (m?s) (kW/m?s) (kW) (kW/m?s) (kW) (kW) 1.075 2.57 Sat.50 0.00 0.116 2.10 0. Air Entering Conditions 21.00 1. Temp.756 2.00233 13. Fan 蚓 E * Sup.34 -7.30 Sen.200 Cp air 1.11 SW 10.8 Lights Power Appliance Infilration (Person) (No.3 0. O.00 0.16 U F(kW/m ?蚓) : 6.80 0. (蚓 ) E SE Unit Rate #NAME? Partition Area (m? U F(kW/m ?蚓)f Quantity or Area Room SHF Miscellaneous Heat Gain N W 95% Calculated Result W 0. Return Air Conditions 24.13 CLT D 3.00233 8.10 0. Level % NW Horizon/Skylight Solar/Conduction Heat Gain (Glass) kW : 2.44 #NAME? 9.A.00 -0.65 0.02 55% Design Criteria Wall Group Peak Month Peak Time Diversity B 8 17:00 1.000 2.00 -0.500 2.50 0.00 0. Fan 蚓 SE ** Leave T .496 0.00234 T .00233 9. T emp.13 0. Sen.0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 7.756 2.00233 9.43 Conduction Heat Gain (Wall) kW : 32.30 17.00 -0. Height (m) Floor Area (m? Void Area (m? Volume (m? a101p z22p arcv2 5.0 #NAME? 80% Room Temp.020 hfg 2500 * Ret.Heat ( kW ) : Remark People 1.0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? Summary of He at Gain Area Fresh Air Supply Air Solar Heat FASH FAT H RSH RTH GSH .50 0.10 0.49 #NAME? #NAME? Psychrometric Chart (Draw Through Type) Description Dry Bulb We t Bulb Enthalpy Dew Point 1.66 2. 24.0 0.A. Occupancy Rate (m?person) : 04-Jul-05 Dry Bulb ( 蚓 ) Wet Bulb (蚓 ) R.00 0.00 Latent Heat Gain (kW) : 17.32 Additional Person : Total No. of Occupancys : T OB31 Summe r Design Condition Room ID.5 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 4.10 32.Cooling load estimation forms AIR-CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATION PRO JECT : Hing Wah Estate Phase 1 (A/C System Detail) LOC ATIO N : Archde ( Main Entrance ) at Level 1 File Name : Date : Prepare By : Room Identification and Room Dimension Zone Room T ype.0056 10.10 0. Data for estimation (Refer to DBSG) . specific volume. wet bulb.Psychometric Chart A chart made up at a specific atmosphere condition (pressure) indicating the properties of air such as dry bulb. enthalpy. Used for the calculation on airconditioning process . dew point. vapour pressure. etc.. sensible heat ratio. humidity ratio. Psychometric Chart . Special tools or graphs (as shown above) 3. Calculation by empirical formula (manual or computer) 2.Tools for sizing Ductwork and pipework 1. Computer programs . occupancy. concentration of indoor air pollutants.MV Design and Considerations Heat load and fresh air requirement Volume of confined space. air flow pattern (avoid short-circuiting) & directions (low level intake and high level exhaust) Variable air volume control by (timer. pressure. per hour) Louver and damper size & location. multigas sensor. flow. temperature.) Fan selection (type. etc. DCV.) . zoning arrangement. fire compartment Air change rate (usually. etc. DDC. for reference only) .Air change rate (extracted from CIBSE guide . Fan and fan curve Plot system curve to find out the duty point . Typ e of Fan . EPD) .Acceptable noise level (Noise Control Ordinances . Noise measurement (refer to EPD) Determination of Acceptable Noise Level Measure the noise under investigation Apply suitable corrections and calculate the Corrected Noise Level Sound level meter . air flow rate and air temperature .Air measurement Whirling hydrometer Measure dry bulb and wet bulb temperature (humidity) Hot Wire Anemometer Measure air velocity. fire damper. supply or return. etc. AFA system) Acoustic treatment (refer to EPD’s recommendations) .Other major requirements Static and dynamic loading (Chiller. etc. mounting level. etc. access panel. size and construction. drain point. pump.) Water point.) and space for delivery and future maintenance Plant room location. size. Diffuser & Louver (fresh air intake or exhaust..E. clear headroom. finishing and other services Main pipe and duct routing Position of Grille. indoor or outdoor. material. Power consumption and lighting level Appropriate FS provisions (F. Coordination with others Various Local Government Departments Client Architect Structural Engineer Electrical Engineer Fire Services Engineer Plumbing & Drainage Engineer Maintenance Engineer / BMS Engineer Main Contractor Various sub-contractors . Performance-based Building Energy Code (PB-BEC) for Buildings in Hong Kong Based on Total Building Energy Budget Approach . Lighting. fresh air •AC equip to offset heat load .Total building energy •Energy to provide ACMV •Energy to provide lighting •Renewable energy •Daylight optimization •Heat gain through building envelope •Solar infiltration through window/skylight •Heat load from Occupant. User equipment.What is PB-BEC Caters for the interaction of various components . heat recovery • Innovative BS Installations e. e. renewable energy. high eff. Motor.PB-BEC – Advantages Encourages • High efficiency equip.g.g. T5 lighting. enhanced control. indirect lighting Sensor . high COP chiller. high quality lighting comfort. PB-BEC . Norway. Australia. Sweden. being considered in Singapore WTO and APEC requirements on performance-based standard to remove trade barrier OTTV Review in 1999 identified: Light pollution problem of reflective glass .g. building total energy budget approach . Canada. Switzerland.low Shading Coefficient (SC) and high Visible Light Reflectance (VLR) Need to consider Daylight credit from glass with high VLT Desirability to move on to a more comprehensive control covering all building components & interrelation e. New Zealand etc.Background PB-BEC – a worldwide trend In use in US.. UK. Background Way Forward in OTTV Review .PB-BEC . PB-BEC .Basic requirement Current EMSD BECs’ “good engineering practices” serve as BS Basic requirements in PB-BEC .Development Current BECs paving the way OTTV . Cloud factor Output: LOAD ANALYSIS BUILDING LOAD SYSTEM ANALYSIS SYSTEM ENERGY PLANT ANALYSIS PLANT ENERGY . Interpretation of results Weather Library Building Description Building configuration Thermal zones Internal loads Occupancy System Description System types and sizes Supply and return fans Control and schedules Outside air requirements Plant Description Equipment types & sizes Performance characteristics Auxiliary equipment Load assignment Fuel types Dry/Wet bulb temp Wind speed. Breakdown.PB-BEC – Computer Simulation Input Simulation Total Building Energy. U-value. Shading Coefficient) Operation hours Lighting power density User equipment power density Fresh air requirement Infiltration Thermal zoning . of floors Floor height Areas: wall / floor / window External shading Thermal properties: wall / roof / window (absorptance.PB-BEC – Computer Simulation (Cont’d) Input of building characteristics Orientation No. Efficiency of equipment. waste heat recovery etc. pumps Secondary: FCU / VAV / AHU Fans: supply. including part load Control & operating conditions Load assignment Daylight control of lighting Fuel type Renewable energy . heat pump. condensers.PB-BEC – Computer Simulation (Cont’d) Input of system characteristics Primary system: chillers. return & extract Auxiliary plant: boiler. system and plant 8760 hours calculation .PB-BEC – Computer Simulation (Cont’d) Load calculation & analysis System analysis Plant analysis Interaction of load. user’s equipment etc. Total building energy .PB-BEC – Computer Simulation (Cont’d) Output of simulation Input summary .systems configurations: types of chillers. and fine-tuning of design to achieve compliance and most suitable option . different design options. condensers & fans and sizes etc. fan.walls constructions. supply & return air temperatures etc. Annual system load distribution Comparison between Design Building and Reference Building.thermal zones. SHW. .chilled water temperatures. lighting. façade U-values & shading coefficients . wall / façade dimensions. System summary . pump.breakdown into systems: chiller. occupancy etc. pumps. Automatic tube cleaning system . Filtration system of Cooling Tower . Filtration system of Cooling Tower . Filtration system of Cooling Tower . Heat recovery system AHU with Rotary heat recovery . the wheel cools down. .Rotary heat recovery Principal Rotary heat recovery are installed across hot and cold air ducts. As it rotates. thereby transferring heat. the extended surface is heated by the hot air stream. Rotation passes through the cold air duct. Psychrometric chart process for Heat recovery wheel . Principal of Heat pipe system . Heat pipe system with cooling coil . 10 minutes break … Photos of Major ACMV equipment 77 . Air-cooled packaged chiller . Water-cooled packaged chiller (Centrifugal type) . Cooling Tower . Cooling Tower . Cooling Tower . Cooling Tower water treatment system . Cooling Tower water treatment system . Pump with insulation and cladding . Water treatment system Maintain acceptable water quality of the chilled water distribution system . Feed and expansion tank . Air handling unit Primary air unit Fan coil unit Outdoor unit . Axial fan . Public Transport interchange . Axial fan with working platform . Centrifugal fan . Silencer . Acoustic louver . Ductwork with insulation . Ductwork with insulation . Ductwork with insulation and cladding . VAV box and linear diffuser . Nozzle . Carpark ventilating fan . Jet . Vehicle exhaust system (inside RCP) . Associated electrical installation (for water chiller) . Associated electrical installation (for chilled water pump) . Periodic and International standards Manufacturer specifications and recommendations (catalogues) 中華人民共和國國家標準 / 行業標準 ( 暖通 空調專業 ) 国家标准《公共建筑节能设计标准》 .Further information and reference Internet – checking for accuracy ? Professional institutions Professional organizations and Universities Journals. Effective use of ENERGY such as :. radon.Possible future development Indoor air quality (IAQ) standard such as concentration level of indoor air pollutants :. carbon dioxide. variable volume control. DCV. particulate. free cooling system. formaldehyde. Environmentally friendly system . economizer. energy audit. BMS. nitrogen dioxide. lead. etc. carbon monoxide. motion sensor. sulfur dioxide.heat recovery system. ozone. etc.asbestos. bacteria. Summary Basic ACMV knowledge ACMV design and considerations HD approach and concern ACMV equipment Photos of actual installation . Thank you very much ! Any question ? 111 .