ACI SP2 Manual of Concrete Inspection.pdf

ACI MANUAL OFCONCRETE INSPECTION Reported by ACI Committee 311 SP-2(07) American Concrete Institute First printing. March 2008 Second printing. Tenth Edition Copyright © 2007. March 2009 ISBN: 978-0-87031-275-5 . the committee wishes to thank Chair George R. This tenth edition presents an extensive revision and update to the text along with new photos. in 1957. cold-weather concreting. and shotcrete. and 18 covered material that was included in the manual for the first time. The eighth and ninth editions were revised to reflect changes in technology and construction practices. in 1955. organizations. The sixth edition primarily provided updated information in all chapters. brought several sections up to date and contained editorial corrections. also in 1941. strength requirements. and forms. and included editorial and substantive changes throughout. charts. Published references are listed at the end of the text. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This manual is based on information from many sources. The fourth edition. 15 (partial). and individuals whose contributions are gratefully acknowledged. the committee wishes to express its thanks to Portland Cement Association (PCA) for generously providing many of the new photos contained in the manual and to committee member Michelle L. Chair of ACI Committee 311. 11. included a number of corrections and minor revisions. The seventh edition presented a complete revision of the manual by eliminating sections of the previous edition covering concrete methods no longer in use. incorporated many constructive suggestions from users. 12. Wilson who organized and coordinated the selection of photos and graphics throughout the document. Additionally. 13. . Finally. The original manuscript was prepared by Joe W. Wargo for his efforts in coordinating the work of all contributors. Chapters 2. 16. and revised over a period of years to achieve a first edition in 1941. shoring and forming. 14. The third edition. The committee wishes to thank Anne Balogh for her extensive work in redrafting and unifying the previous text in preparation for this edition. The second edition. Kelly. The fifth edition provided new information on settlement of concrete. References to standard specifications and methods of testing are listed separately. 17. . 2. 1. Henry Robert S.1—Quality-control and quality-acceptance inspections Committee 311 continues to revise the ACI Manual of Concrete Inspection. including field are encouraged to refer to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice. Hookham Roger D. 1. or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device. designing. • Increased use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents. Russell Chair Secretary Gordon A. it includes the reasoning behind the technical instructions.1. 6 The field of concrete construction has expanded dramatically over the 1. Dixon Charles J. Manuals. readers and others engaged in concrete construction and testing.2—Purposes of inspection incorporates new material to address these advances in technology. they All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means. Wilson Donald E.5—Safety • Fiber-reinforced concrete. Anderson John V.4—Relations with contractors. and inspecting construction. reference by using the information to better adapt their designs to the realities Applicable inspection requirements for each project should be determined of field construction. 1. Claude E.2. 10 The need to cover new issues affecting inspection is the reason ACI 2.4—Basic statistical concepts bodies rather than to make policy on construction practices. assurance. or by electronic or shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by mechanical device. and workers • New and refined admixtures. p.1R-99 and was adopted December 2007 and Reference to this document shall not be made in contract published March 2008. and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning. construction superintendents. ACI 311.3—Owner and contractor inspections of only a few of the recent developments in materials.4. Jenkins Michelle L. Artuso Jimmie D. For further information about construction practices. Iyer Woodward L.2—Inspector processes includes: 1. engineers.1. executing. If items found in this document are desired by the Copyright © 2007. Weinberg Mario R.1—Why inspection is needed of this manual remain relevant and technically correct. Tate Roger E.1—Definitions 2.1—Frequency distributions content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. or recording for sound or visual reproduction the Architect/Engineer. Standard 2.2—Normal distribution curves ACI Committee Reports.2.4.3—Authority • Self-consolidating concretes.1. Guides. Jaycox Bertold E. • High-performance and high-strength concrete. as with previous editions.3—Applying normal distribution curves to concrete Practices.1R-07 supersedes ACI 311.3—Importance of clear specifications • Epoxy resins.3—Statistical concepts and procedures committee’s task was to interpret the policies set forth by other authorized 2. 1 . • High-capacity and automated concrete production equipment. 1. printed. Gruber Vankatesh S. Although many of the fundamentals presented in previous editions 1. this tenth edition 1. 2. ACI 311. Because of the diverse possible uses of the manual and included in the specifications.2. the 2.2—Traditional quality assurance In preparing this edition of the manual. p.2—Education and certification • Polymer-modified mixtures. no technicians. A list 1. and instruct concrete inspectors construction.1—Duties • Shrinkage-compensating cement. Vogt Joseph F. or oral. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. equipment. Hannaman. unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. supervisors.4. supervisors. Wargo Michael T. assist. and the varied backgrounds of the readers.2—Control charts The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. American Concrete Institute. Jr.2. laboratory and field Because the content of this manual is general and broad in nature. 1.1—Inspection processes years to reflect the many advances that have taken place in the concrete industry.5—Statistical tools competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its 2. and workers.5. and Chapter 2—Statistical concepts for quality • Epoxy-coated and stainless steel-clad reinforcement. compressive strength This document is intended for the use of individuals who are 2. The main 2.5. Designers may also find the manual to be a valuable part of the manual should be included by reference in contract documents. Chapter 1—Inspection and the inspector.1R-07 (ACI SP-2(07)) ACI Manual of Concrete Inspection Reported by ACI Committee 311 George R. including the making of copies by any photo process.2. and 1. Wilson PREFACE emphasis of the manual is on the technical aspects of inspection and This manual is intended to guide. written. documents. Diaz Robert L. 1—Nature of concrete A3. 22 5.1.3—Hardened concrete (maximum variation of percentage of material 5.3—Field control of selected proportions p.4—Proportioning by absolute volume ASTM C127 6.2—Sampling procedures 6.1—Components A3.2—Required air entrainment A5.7—Specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate: solids ASTM C128 6. p.4.1—Laboratory batch quantities 6.7—Computations for yield 4. 36 6.2—Example 2: Sampling by material weight 4.2.3—Proportioning for specified strength or w/cm 3.1—Paste quality ASTM C142 6.7.1—Specifications 6.1.2—Water-cementitious material ratio Appendix 5—Aggregate sampling and testing.1—Mixture proportioning and control 6. 23 5.6—Control of concrete proportions ASTM C566 6.4—Concrete with supplementary cementitious materials 3.1—Example 1: Sampling by time sequence 4.2.3—Water 6.5—Computing absolute volume and percentage of A5.5. p.1. 17 4.3—Materials finer than No.5.1.5—Quantity of paste A5.1.1—Storage in stockpiles 7. p. 38 required average concrete strength. 43 3.2.4—Chemical attack p.2.4—Heat of hydration averages for 1-1/2 x 3/4 in.5.4.3—Durability Chapter 3—Inspection and testing of materials.4.6.4.1—Calculating standard deviation s 5.7—Volume changes 3. sieve) 5.1—Cement 6.4—Admixtures 6.5—Steel reinforcement 6.2—Aggregates 7. setting.2—Water-cementitious material ratio 5.1—Cement types 3.4—Sampling and testing procedures mixtures.1—Batching operations 4.1—Standard types 5.3.3—Aggregate selection p.5.6.2—Aggregates 6. p.2.2. 6. 200 (75 μm) sieve: ASTM 6.2—Consolidation averages for sand-equivalent test 5.2.3—Supplementary cementitious materials 4.8—Total moisture content of aggregate by drying: 6.1. 21 5.5.2.3—Example 3: Sampling by depth of concrete pavement 4.3.1—Measurement tolerances .5.2—Calculating required average strength fcr′ 5.3—Finish screening A1.1—Workability A4.4—Air entrainment ASTM C136 6.2—Strength 5.2.1—Factors to consider 3.2.1.5—Organic impurities in fine aggregate: ASTM C40 6.6—Proportion of fine-to-coarse aggregate A5.2—Example 2: Calculations to determine moving 5.2—Fresh concrete Appendix 4—Control charts on concrete materials.2—Storage in bins A1.4—Transporting A1.3.1—Strength specifications 3.2.1—Density method 4.2.5—Proportioning for resistance to severe exposure C117 conditions A5.3.3.4.3—Aggregate proportions A5. and hardening A4. 33 A5.2—Blended cements and other hydraulic cements 3. p.7—Joint materials 6.6—Example of proportioning by absolute volume A5.1—Sieve or screen analysis of fine and coarse aggregate: 6.4.1.3.1.1—Storage and hauling of bulk cement 4.2—Methods of specifying concrete proportions 3. concrete aggregate 5.3—Hydration. p.1—Example 1: Calculations to determine moving 5.1—Curing passing 1 in.2—Prescriptive specifications 3.4—Admixtures Appendix 2—Normal distribution curves.3—Optional requirements Chapter 6—Proportioning and control of concrete 3.4—Clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates: 6.1—Cement 5. 6.3.5—Freezing-and-thawing effects 3.6—Curing compounds 6. 53 4.6—Specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate: 6.6—Alkali-aggregate reactivity 3.3. 5.6.2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT Appendix 1—Sampling by random numbers. 20 Appendix 3—Computing standard deviation and Chapter 5—Fundamentals of concrete.2—Storage of bagged cement Chapter 7—Batching and mixing. p.2—Sampling aggregates: ASTM D75 6.2—Field batch quantities Chapter 4—Handling and storage of materials. 1—Form tightness and alignment Chapter 12—Slabs for buildings.3—Plant inspection 10.2—Stages of preparatory work 11. p.1—Positioning of reinforcement 8.2—Mixture requirements 8.3—Finishing 8.3—Batching and mixing 9.2—Unplanned 13.1—Minor defects 8.4.3.3.5.3—Other roles and responsibilities 8.3.3. p.2—Membrane curing 7.1—Placing conditions 13.2—Structural defects 8.4—Finishing 13.6—Installation 12. 81 7.2—Hot weather 7.1.4—Pile foundations 11.1.2—Visual inspection (condition survey) 8.2—Storage and handling 12.3.5—Paving operations 9.1. ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION 3 7.3—Measuring concrete quantity Chapter 11—Postconstruction inspection of concrete.10—Checklist 13. 11.2—Vibration 9. p.4—Hardened surfaces 8.3—Slipform paving .3.1—Time of removal 7.1—Planned 13.1—Acceptance inspection p.2. 8.4.4—Placing inspection 10. and 7.3—Batching equipment protection.3—Preventing bulging and settlement 12.2—Building foundations 11.3.3.3.3. 96 8.3.3—Control of temperature 10. reshoring.3—Summary 8.4—Observations leading to repair/rehabilitation 8.8—Joints p.2—Splicing.4. p.2—Control of consistency 7.3.5—Construction joints 13.4.1—Materials 9.2.4.2—Shoring 12.3.4—Forms for buildings 8.1—Cutting and bending 12.4—Support 8.1—Building slabs-on-ground 11.1—Control of water content 10.1—Fine grading 13.3.2.3—Steel reinforcement 9. welding.1—Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) 8.2—Ready mixed concrete 10.5.6.1—Unformed surfaces 13.3—Curing 7.5.1—Storage 9.5.3—Consolidation 13.6.1.2.4—Coating for release 12.1—Keyway forms 9.4.2.9—Final inspection before placing 13.2—Formed surfaces 13.6—Curing and protection 8.4—Accelerated curing 7.1—Concrete placement 9. 92 8.2—Weighing equipment Chapter 10—Form removal.5.1—Conveying 13.3.2.1—Backfilling 7.3.4—Structural slabs 8.4.2—Multistory work 7.3—Slabs-on-ground 8.2—Control of air content 10.2—Handling of concrete 13.4.6.2—Mixing operations 10. 71 13.1—Cold weather 10.4.4.4. 86 Chapter 8—Inspection before concreting.3.2—Placing and consolidation of concrete 8.1—Moist curing 7.7—Embedded fixtures Chapter 13—Pavement slabs and bridge decks. curing.4—Curing and protection during weather extremes 7.3—Volumetric batching and mixing 10.3—Impermeable sheets 7.3.2—Stabilized base Chapter 9—Concreting operations.5—Two-course construction and special toppings 8.2—Forms 9.4—Measuring water 10.3.4.5.1—Foundation (subgrade and subbase course) 8.1.2—Placing 13.6.5—Form reuse and maintenance 12.2—Installation methods 9.4.4.1—Removal of forms and supports 7.2—Protection from damage 7.5—Measuring admixtures 10.5—Joint construction 8.2—Mixture proportioning 9.4. 64 11.3.4.1.5.1—Control of slump loss 10.5—Reinforcement 12.4.2.3—Underwater placements 11.3—Excavations and foundations 11.3.1—Central or site mixing 10.1—Cover depth 12.3. and anchoring 12.1—Subgrade and subbase 8.3—Congestion 12.1—Vibration 13.1.1—Preliminary study 11.3.1.2—Destructive testing 8.4—Concrete 9. 3.4.8—Surface treatments 15.4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT 13.3—Low-density concrete 16.8.7.1—Types of equipment 14.2.3.2—Mixture requirements for tremie concrete 14.1—Forms 13.7. and finishing 14.4—Lift-slab construction 13.4—Fixed-form paving 15.1—Determining requirements for acceptability 15.3.3.5—Mixture requirements 16.11.4—Batching and mixing 14.8.3—Tilt-up construction 13.4.8.4—Heavyweight concrete 15.1—Form sheathing or lining 15.1—Aggregates 14. 113 16.1—Aggregate placement 13.6—Underwater concrete construction 14.2—Reinforcing steel 16.12.1—Preconstruction samples 15.3.5.3.11—Precast members 16.2.5.11.8.3—Safety 14.7.1—Sandblasting 14.8.6.7.3—Forms 15.2—Color variations 16.2—Lightweight fill concrete 14.6—Joint sealing 15.5—Preplaced-aggregate concrete 13.3—Control of concrete placement 16.9.3.8.4—Concrete placement 13.1.2—Foams for cellular concrete p. mixing.3—Mixture proportioning and control 15. 107 15. and transporting 15.10—Repairs 16.8—Pumped concrete 14.6.12.3—Grouting operations Chapter 14—Architectural concrete.4—Testing 15.1—Aggregates 15.6—Final acceptance 15.6—Curing and protection 14.6—Placing and consolidation 15.3.1—Shotcreting processes 14.4—Taking concrete samples 14.3.3—Grinding 16.8.9.7—Joints 15.5.1—Slipforming vertical structures 16.1—Formwork 16.2—Aggregates 15.6—Form removal 15.3—Bond prevention 13.1.2—Importance of uniformity 15.4.3.8.2—Control of concrete placement 13.3—Form joints 15.1—Aggregates Chapter 15—Special concreting methods.5—Surface finishing 14.2—Bond prevention 13.7—Curing and protection 15.6—Curing and protection 14.2—Mixture proportions and control .1.9.1—Cement 15.8.3—Slab erection 13.1—Aggregates 14.2—Erection 16.3.1. consolidation.4.5—Form ties 15.3.1—Structural lightweight-aggregate concrete 14.1.7—Control testing 14. 16.2—Reduction in slab thickness 14.1.7—Placing and consolidation 15.4—Form sealers and release agents 15.5—Placing.1—Transverse contraction joints 15.1—Concrete placement 15.2—Slipforming cast-in-place pipe 16.7.9.3.1—Forms 13.7—Vacuum dewatering of concrete 14.5.6—Texturing 15.1.2—Textures and patterns 15.2.4—Finishing and curing 16.2—Bush hammering Chapter 16—Special types of concrete.2—Finishing 15.5.8—Bridge decks 15.1. p.5—Expansion joints 15.4.1.5.3.2—Mixture proportions 14.6—Batching.9—Curing and protection 16.5—Exposed-aggregate finishes 16.2—Transverse construction joints 15.12—Final acceptance 16.2—Grout materials and mixing 15.3—Admixtures 15.7.1—Storage and transportation 16.9.5—Panel erection 13.8.1—Equipment and methods 14. p.2—Mixture proportioning and control 14.2—Forms 13.5—Concrete materials and mixture proportions 15.5—Batching and mixing 15.7.3.3.5.9—Shotcrete 14.9.1.1—Casting platform 13.3—Longitudinal contraction joints 15.2—Mixture requirements 14.7.4—Forms and ground wires 14.8.1—Equipment and methods 14.7—Curing and protection 15.5.4—Manual treatment 16.3—Control of placement 14.2. 123 14.1.4—Reinforcement 15.5.4—Longitudinal construction joints 15.3—Testing 14.5—Finishing 15.1—Bug holes 16.3.2—Mixture proportioning and testing 14.9.5.3.1. 5.2—Load tests 17.2—Tests of freshly mixed concrete 21.2—Specific information 17. and finishing 19. C78. p.2.3—Production.2.5.5—Air-free density of mortar test 17.4.5—Nonshrink grouts 21.5—Concreting operations (Chapter 9) 18. and finishing 19.7.8—Shipping and handling samples 17.5—Uniformity tests of mixers 17.4—Formwork 19.6—Structural mass concrete 19.2—Post-tensioning tendons 20.3.5—Architectural concrete (Chapter 14) 19.3.2.4.3—Washout test for coarse-aggregate content 17.8—Detensioning 20.8—High-performance concrete C31M.1—Scope of inspection specimens: ASTM C496/C496M 17.4—Testing concrete cylinders: ASTM C39/C39M 16.4—Attachments for tendons 19.4—Temperature 16.2—Precast prestressed concrete 19.1.6—Density of structural lightweight concrete 17.7.1—Cold weather concreting 18.2.10—Compressive strength of lightweight insulating 17.5—Embedded items 19.3—Maintaining records 17.2.1. 154 17.5—Deflection devices 19.7—Tests of completed structures 17. 140 21.3—Density of freshly mixed concrete: ASTM C138/ 16.2—Grouting under base plates and machine bases 21.6—Bar and wire reinforcement 19. ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION 5 16.7—Special work 18. storage.7—Curing flexural specimens p.2.2—Capping cylindrical concrete specimens for 16.1—Concrete materials 20.7.3—Tendon handling and storage 19.2.7—Curing 19.1—Pressure grouting 21.3.2—Air content 16. 144 21.4—Cementitious systems 21.3.3.7.3—Batching and mixing (Chapter 7) 18.7.1.7—Preplaced-aggregate concrete (Chapter 15) .2—Inspecting for quality control and quality assurance 19.3.2—Stationary mixers 17.3—Cast-in-place prestressed concrete 20.1.5—Flexural strength of concrete: ASTM C31/ 16.1.4—Special equipment and procedures C192/C192M.3.1—Cores from hardened concrete 17.3.3.1. 19.1.3.1—Compressive strength: ASTM C31/C31M.9—Erection 19. and C293 19.3—Air-entrained concrete 21.4—Quality-control charts 17.6—Tilt-up construction (Chapter 15) 19.3.4—Grouting procedures 17.5—Postconstruction inspection Chapter 21—Inspection checklist.7.7.2—Proportioning of concrete mixtures (Chapter 6) 18.3—Nondestructive tests 17.8—Handling.2.4—Two-course floors (Chapter 12) Chapter 19—Testing of concrete.1—Damp-pack mortar 21.6—Molding flexural specimens Chapter 17—Precast and prestressed concrete.2.4—Curing and protection 19.4—Placing.1.2.1—Concrete delivery ticket 17.1—General information 17.5.7.3—Record keeping and test reports concrete: ASTM C495 17.1—Materials (Chapters 3 and 4) Chapter 18—Grout.4—Accelerated curing of test specimens 17.2.3—Anchorages and tensioning 20.4.3. and transportation 19.7.3.2—Gas-forming grouts 21.3—Strength tests 16.7—Wire failure in tendons Chapter 20—Records and reports.2—Testing 19.3—Batching and mixing 19. mortar.7—Shrinkage-compensating concrete compressive strength tests: ASTM C617 16.5—Curing and protection 19. 168 21. p. p.6—Tensioning of tendons 17.7.4.3. placing.7.2—Hot weather concreting 18.4—Before concreting (Chapter 8) 18.3—Use of unbonded caps for compressive strength 16.2. and stucco.2—Mixture proportioning and control tests: ASTM C1231/C1231M 16.1—Precast concrete 19.4—Air-free density of concrete test 17.2.2.2.1.7.5.2—Tendons for pretensioning 19.1—Sampling 21.1—Mixture proportioning 19.5.5.2. consolidation.3—Catalyzed metallic grouts 21.1—Truck mixers 17.5.1—Materials 19.6—After concreting (Chapter 10) 18.8—Testing beams for flexural strength 17.10—Repairs 19.5.1—Concrete materials 19.7. 16.1.3—Temperature control 19. 132 19. C192/C192M.1—Consistency 16.3—Mortar and stucco 21. and C39/C39M 16.2.7.5.3. p.9—Splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete 17.5—Mass concrete for dams C138M 16. to the contractor that the finished construction will manship in all operations and processes (Fig. Appendix A—Guide for Concrete Inspection Superior concrete structures can be built at a reasonable cost (ACI 311. 1. 177 if concrete producers and contractors are vigilant.7.6 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT 21. R. this case. the final materials entering the concrete mixture should be • By contractors to provide quality-control inspection for of specified quality.5-04).4R-05). compliance with project specifications and drawings. Examples if construction workmanship is of poor quality. listed 21.7.14—High-density concrete (Chapter 16) Jacob Feld. construction quality may not receive 21. showing that a high percentage of failures of 21.8—Underwater construction (Chapter 15) construction schedules and stay within cost limits often 21.7. the inspector will be responsible only for Not all personnel.” 1. the resulting concrete structure can be unsatisfactory requirements of the contract documents. It is believed that only 21. cost 21. and precast products. and the collection and evaluation of test data.19—Pressure grouting (Chapter 18) workmanship.11—Shotcrete (Chapter 15) adequate attention if not properly executed.10—Pumped concrete (Chapter 15) becomes a top priority.7. 1. p. ready mixed Manual skills. technical knowledge.7. projects under construction. 197 can be had.7. Techniques that speed concrete placement (Chapter 16) can actually add to material costs or result in the need for 21. It is difficult.7.7.2). and usually impossible.7. aggregate. Today.2—Cited references when important concrete properties. that it should be had. In many Inspectors may be employed: instances. such as durability and watertightness.12—Structural lightweight-aggregate concrete may also suffer. inspection includes not only visual observations several inspection teams may be used on one project to and field measurements. proportioned correctly. If speed 21. of the inspector. do not conform to design requirements.17—Prestressed concrete (Chapter 17) concrete structures that he had investigated were caused in 21. Even when concrete is made using high.1. work.18—Grouting under base plates (Chapter 18) significant part by poor construction—in other words. One important responsibility of the concrete inspector • By government agencies and large industries to assure is to assess the quality of the materials used in the the quality. In concrete duties of inspectors have broadened over the years. 21. This is particularly true 22. will receive the necessary assuring that the finished structure conforms to training to do their jobs properly. In their efforts and strive to attain superior quality (Fig. and. concrete. Ironically.21—Tests of concrete (Chapter 19) should be subjected to rigid inspection.1—Referenced standards and reports instances of small failures occur. inspectors also act as or are assisted by the field • By project owners to provide quality assurance for the technicians assigned to perform the testing.7. have been interested in the cause of better concrete have p. p. This helps provide assurance An important factor in quality construction is good work.1). or . 191 noted the difficulty of making any real progress until someone in authority has been convinced that good concrete Index. and batched need assurance that finished products will meet the correctly. Lessons from Failures of Concrete 21.20—Mortar and stucco (Chapter 18) conclusively point to is that all good concrete construction 21. innumerable 22.1—Inspection processes 1. however. include producers of cement.15—Mass concrete (Chapter 16) examples in his book. McMillan said in the foreword to his famous Appendix B—Guide for Concrete Plant Inspection Concrete Primer (McMillan and Tuthill 1987): “Many who and Testing of Ready-Mixed Concrete (ACI 311. construction. motivation. having been so CHAPTER 1—INSPECTION AND THE INSPECTOR convinced. 171 For every monumental structural collapse. He stated: “The one thing which these failures 21. but also field and laboratory testing represent the interests of the various parties involved.7..1 Why inspection is needed—The purpose of inspection led to the use of inspection personnel to monitor and document is to verify that the requirements and intent of the contract quality of concrete construction. • By producers of concrete materials and products who quality materials. The responsibilities and design documents are faithfully accomplished. p.22—Records and reports (Chapter 20) by this kind of inspection is it possible to guard against the failure of concrete structures” (Feld 1964).16—Shrinkage-compensating concrete (Chapter 16) Structures. and pride concrete. poor 21.13—Low-density concrete (Chapter 16) expensive repairs. Chapter 22—References.1. Thus.7.7.9—Vacuum dewatering (Chapter 15) places too much emphasis on production rates. to produce • By architects and engineers to verify and document specified concrete from nonconforming materials. The need to meet fast-track requirements of the codes or regulations.7. all contribute to good workmanship.7. As the late F. Most individuals • By licensing and building-permit jurisdictions charged involved with concrete design and construction take pride in with enforcing building codes and other regulations. meet all requirements of the contract documents and Observing this aspect becomes an important responsibility thus will be accepted by the owner. has sent out the word that it must be had. a noted investigator of structural failures..2 Purposes of inspection—The desire for quality has 1. ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION 7 Fig. building code. 1. It states: For the protection of the public and the owner. The owner’s inspection The fee for owner inspection and testing should be team is responsible for determining that materials.4R. procedures. ACI 311. Regardless of the function. engineers. The owner or evaluating the contractor’s work for conformance. supervised by a construction manager should also be Under a typical construction contract. including laboratory and field testing.1. and may result in a conflict of provides the A/E service. 1. Inspection requirements on projects eventually paid by the owner in any case. the owner should also interests.2—Concrete’s ability to be formed into any shape lets testing and inspection services. may be conducted by owner personnel.3. manage the contractor’s workforce. by just one person (Fig. • By commercial laboratories designated to provide Fig.1—Increasingly sophisticated building designs call for higher standards of materials and workmanship. Because inspectors are only responsible for directly to the inspection organization. and owners in the development of effective inspection programs. When the owner owner’s interest. The inspection responsibility may be discharged directly. was prepared to guide architects. Section 2. may be performed by a team or. inspection.1 Owner inspection—Owner inspection provides assurance to owners that the requirements of the contract documents (drawings and specifications) are fulfilled. for very small projects. 1. documents.3—ACI-certified field technician performing a slump all requirements of design specifications and the local test. they may . or may be delegated to an independent A/E should avoid the undesirable practice of inspection organization reporting to the A/E. the responsibility for planning and detailing owner inspection should be vested in the A/E as a continuing function of the design responsibility.3.3). 1. artistry and function go hand in hand.3 Owner and contractor inspections 1. Impartial service is difficult under such provide inspection or retain an independent inspection circumstances. The A/E should ensure that the program for owner inspection meets Fig. and the fees for inspection are organization.1. or by the A/E acting on behalf of the owner. an inspection services intended for use by the owner as independent inspection organization should be a basis of acceptance. 1. inspectors repre- detailed by the A/E and should be carried out by senting the owner have no responsibility or authority to inspection personnel representing the owner. a separate and distinct item and should be paid by the and end products conform to the requirements of the contract owner. Such a practice is not in the retained directly by the owner. arranging payment through the contractor for If the A/E is also responsible for construction.