A Handbook Of Lancashire Placenames.txt

<!DOCTYPE html> <html>  <head> <title>Full text of "A handbook of Lancashire place-names"</title> <script src="http://archive.org/includes/jquery-1.6.1.js" type="text/javas cript"></script> <script src="http://archive.org/includes/analytics.js?v=54661" type="text/ja vascript"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/archive.css?v=54663" type="text/css" /> <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="/images/glogo.jpg"/> </head> <body class="Texts" ><script type="text/javascript">ANCHORFREE_VERSION="62316152 6"</script><script type='text/javascript'>var _AF2$ = {'SN':'HSSHIELD00IT','IP': '85.237.211.218','CH':'HSSCNL000232','CT':'XX','HST':'&toAdltIntr=1','AFH':'hss1 97','RN':Math.floor(Math.random()*999),'TOP':(parent.location!=document.location ||top.location!=document.location)?0:1,'AFVER':'2.25','fbw':false,'FBWCNT':0,'FB WCNTNAME':'FBWCNT_FIREFOX','NOFBWNAME':'NO_FBW_FIREFOX','B':'f','VER': 'nonus'}; if(_AF2$.TOP==1){document.write("<scr"+"ipt src='http://box.anchorfree.net/inser t/insert.php?sn="+_AF2$.SN+"&ch="+_AF2$.CH+"&v="+ANCHORFREE_VERSION+6+"&b="+_AF2 $.B+"&ver="+_AF2$.VER+"&afver="+_AF2$.AFVER+"' type='text/javascript'></scr"+"ip t>");}</script>  <table id="nunuh1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td id="logo"> <a href="/"><img title="Internet Archive" alt="Internet Archive" src="/images/glogo2.png"/></a> </td> <td valign="bottom" id="navbg"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td class="level1Header"> <div class="tab"> <a href="/web/web.php">Web</a> </div> <div class="tab"> <a href="/details/movies">Video</a> </div> <div class="tabsel backColor1"> <a href="/details/texts">Texts</a> </div> <div class="tab"> <a href="/details/audio">Audio</a> </div> <div class="tab"> <a href="/projects/">Projects</a> </div> <div class="tab"> <a href="/about/">About</a> </div> <div class="tab"> <a href="https://archive.org/account/login.php">Account</a> </div> <div class="tab"> <a href="/details/tv"><img style="margin-right:2px;width:16px;he ight:15px" src="/images/tvnews.png"/>TVNews</a> </div> <div class="tab"> <a href="http://openlibrary.org"><img style="margin-right:2px;wi dth:16px;height:16px" src="/images/ol.png"/>OpenLibrary</a> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td style="width:80px; height:72px; vertical-align:middle; text-align:righ t"> <a href="/stream/cu31924028040230/cu31924028040230_djvu.txt"><img title= "(navigation image)" alt="(navigation image)" id="TRimg" src="/images/books-smal l.jpg"/></a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>  <table width="100%" class="level2Header"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="level2HeaderLeft"> <a class="level2Header" href="/">Home</a> </td> <td class="level2Header" style="width:100%; "> <a href="/details/americana">American Libraries</a> | href="/details/toronto">Canadian Libraries</a> | href="/details/universallibrary">Universal Library</a> | href="/details/opensource">Community Texts</a> | href="/details/gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> | href="/details/iacl">Children's Library</a> | href="/details/biodiversity">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> | href="/details/additional_collections">Additional Collections</a> </td> <a <a <a <a <a <a <a </tr> </tbody> </table>  <div class="level3HeaderColorBar"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="level3Header level3HeaderLeft"> <form style="margin:0;padding:0;" action="http://archive.org/searchresul ts.php" id="searchform" method="post"> <b>Search:</b> <input tabindex="1" size="25" name="search" value="" style="font-size: 8pt"/> <select tabindex="2" style="PADDING-TOP: 2px; font-size: 8pt;" name="m ediatype"> <option value="all">All Media Types</option> <option value="web">  Wayback Machine</option> <option value="movies">  Moving Images</option> <option value="movies.animationandcartoons">    Animation & Cartoons</option> <option value="movies.artsandmusicvideos">    Arts & Music</ option> <option value="movies.opensource_movies">    Community Video </option> <option value="movies.computersandtechvideos">    Computers & Technology</option> <option value="movies.culturalandacademicfilms">    Cultural & Academic Films</option> <option value="movies.ephemera">    Ephemeral Films</option> <option value="movies.moviesandfilms">    Movies</option> <option value="movies.newsandpublicaffairs">    News & Publi c Affairs</option> <option value="movies.prelinger">    Prelinger Archives</opt ion> <option value="movies.spiritualityandreligion">    Spiritual ity & Religion</option> <option value="movies.sports">    Sports Videos</option> <option value="movies.television">    Television</option> <option value="movies.gamevideos">    Videogame Videos</opti on> <option value="movies.vlogs">    Vlogs</option> <option value="movies.youth_media">    Youth Media</option> <option selected="selected" value="texts">  Texts</option> <option value="texts.americana">    American Libraries</opti on> <option value="texts.toronto">    Canadian Libraries</option > <option value="texts.universallibrary">    Universal Library </option> <option value="texts.opensource">    Community Texts</option > <option value="texts.gutenberg">    Project Gutenberg</optio n> <option value="texts.iacl">    Children's Library</option> <option value="texts.biodiversity">    Biodiversity Heritage Library</option> <option value="texts.additional_collections">    Additional Collections</option> <option value="audio">  Audio</option> <option value="audio.audio_bookspoetry">    Audio Books & Po etry</option> <option value="audio.opensource_audio">    Community Audio</ option> <option value="audio.audio_tech">    Computers & Technology< /option> <option value="audio.GratefulDead">    Grateful Dead</option > <option value="audio.etree">    Live Music Archive</option> <option value="audio.audio_music">    Music & Arts</option> <option value="audio.netlabels">    Netlabels</option> <option value="audio.audio_news">    News & Public Affairs</ option> <option value="audio.audio_foreign">    Non-English Audio</o ption> <option value="audio.audio_podcast">    Podcasts</option> <option value="audio.radioprograms">    Radio Programs</opti on> <option value="audio.audio_religion">    Spirituality & Reli gion</option> <option value="education">  Education</option> <option value="education.msri">    Math Lectures from MSRI</ option> <option value="education.uchannel">    UChannel</option> <option value="education.chinese_u_lectures">    Chinese Uni versity Lectures</option> <option value="education.mit_ocw">    MIT OpenCourseWare</op tion> <option value="education.ap_courses">    AP Courses from MIT E</option> <option value="forums" >Forums</option> <option value="faqs" >FAQs</option> </select> <input tabindex="3" style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; w idth:21px; height:21px; border:0px" name="gobutton" type="image" id="gobutton" v alue="Find" src="/images/go-button-gateway.gif"/> <input type="hidden" name="limit" value="100"/> <input type="hidden" name="start" value="0"/> <input type="hidden" name="searchAll" value="yes"/> <input type="hidden" name="submit" value="this was submitted"/> <a href="http://archive.org/advancedsearch.php" class="level3Header le vel3HeaderSearch">Advanced Search</a> </form> </td> <td class="level3Header level3HeaderUser2"> <b> Anonymous User </b> <span style="font-size:7pt; white-space:nowrap"> (<a class="level3Header" href="https://archive.org/account/login.php"> login</a> or <a class="level3Header" href="https://archive.org/account/login.create account.php"> join us</a>) </span> </td>  <td class="level3Header level3HeaderUser2"> <a alt="Share your Files with the Internet Archive" title="Share your Fi les with the Internet Archive" href="http://archive.org/create/"><div class="but tonB">Upload</div></a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="begPgSpcr" style="padding-bottom:17px;"></div> http://www."> <a class="backColor1 linkbutton" style="margin-right:15px. margin-right:0px." id="col2"> <div class="box"> <h1> Full text of "<a href="/details/cu31924028040230">A handbook of Lanc ashire place-names</a>" </h1> <pre>CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGUSH COLLECTION THE GIFT OF JAMES MORGAN HART PROFESSOR OF ENGUSH Cornell University Library DA 670.org/details/cu31924028040230 A HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE . There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.archive.L2S47 3 1924 028 040 230 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. <div id="col1"> <div class="box" style="border-color:white !important. color:#fff !important" href="/details/cu31924028040230">See other formats</a> </div> </div> <div style="min-width:600px. the Otia Merseiana. I wrote for the fourth volume of the University Magazine. At the Ballantyne Press. of not later date than the fifteenth century. Edinburgh TO MY PUPIL. AND FELLOW-STUDENT H. . F. that after the publication of the essay I began to enlarge its scope by including all the words I could find of which old forms existed." Ð Horace LIVERPOOL HENRY YOUNG fcf SONS Printed by Ballantvne. The subject so attracted me. Hanson &amp. CAMBRIDGE AND HEAD MASTER AT THE LIVERPOOL INSTITUTE " Nescio quid meditans nugarum. JOHN'S COLLEGE. FRIEND.· Co. a little paper on the place-names of South Lancashire appearing in Domesday Book.PLACE-NAMES A HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES BY JOHN SEPHTON LATE READER IN ICELANDIC AT THE LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY FORMERLY FELLOW OF ST. THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED IN MUCH AFFECTION PREFACE Eight or nine years since. and finality will only be reached after the clash of varied opinions. specially rich in Northcountry names. Second to it in importance is the Liber Vitse. even if it still exists. But I have been otherwise persuaded. Henry Harrison. arranged under their second themes in order : then the second class in alphabetical order. Meanwhile. and the application of guesswork. I often consult it. Hirst. Recourse to these two books has rarely failed in finding any old name which forms a personal theme in place-names. and to them is due much of the information embodied in this handbook. and those whose second theme. the interest in viii PREFACE place-names had induced Professor Wyld to prepare a local work on the subject. which were of exceptional value to me. An Index follows. These names can only be explained by conjecture. published fifteen years ago by Mr. Dr. The subject is a growing one. I was thus enabled to make the original collection into one of about five hundred words. The following is a word of warning from the late Pro- . It was edited by Mr. which I hope the student will find fairly complete. or of the light it throws on the puzzling darkness of many of our place-names. in collaboration with his friend and pupil. however. and an encouragement to attempt it. and also the volumes published by the Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. an old catalogue of the benefactors of Durham Church. as well as a useful little book on the names of the Liverpool District. G. of its lucid arrangement. Perhaps with the publication of Professor Wyld's book I ought to have been satisfied and committed my imperfect labours to the waste-paper basket. The following is the arrangement of the work: Ð The place-names are divided into two classes : those which have a simple evident second part or theme. Too high an opinion can scarcely be formed of its scholarship.For this purpose I made use of the work on Lancashire Pipe Rolls and Charters brought out by Mr. on account of the care and accuracy which characterised them. which came out at the beginning of 191 1. and this caused me to delay printing until the appearance of their promised volume. does not easily lend itself to discovery. analogy. Searle. Sweet for the Early English Text Society. of the labour bestowed on it. This is an almost complete list of English personal names. After the introductory chapters come the first class. of which I had not found mention in early documents. Farrer two years before. I hope the student will find their inclusion an aid to the knowledge of what remains to be done. I revised my manuscript and introduced a selection of names. W. Farrer. edited by Mr. Another work of untold value in place-name inquiries is the Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum of Mr. Among this series are several volumes. and the book was ready for publication at the end of 1907. Final Concords.. The Saxons in England..S. The Victoria County History of Lancashire. R. vols. Contains the Liber Vitae. Searle. Professor Earle... Altdeutsches Namenbuch. by W. F. vols. X. First volume. Origines Islandicae. for the sake of convenience. vol.. Landnama. Kemble. Fourth volume of the Leeuwarden Lexicon Frisicum. by W. E. W. .E... S. The Book of the Icelandic Settlement. Speaking generally. PREFACE E. " as being more descriptive.P. Yet the truth is. 1. 1836.. V.. W.. precisely as they are conferred now. The volumes of the Record Society Ð vol. Baines's History of Lancashire. List of Freeholders in i6oo. Inquests.... Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum. Ixxxiii. Die Keltische Urbevolkerung Deutschlands. of Original Series of E." " Our older names are on the whole a trifle more dignified " than the modern. especially PREFACE ix to the sanguine and the imaginative.. vol.." The books consulted in the compilation of this book. Farrer. Assize Rolls. Lancashire Pipe Rolls and Charters. liv.. second edition.. xlii. Handbook to Land Charters. xxxix. we can only satisfy our curiosity to a very limited extent . G. which any reflecting mind might have anticipated. and we have borne in upon us the fact. are the following : Ð L. Forstemann. xlviii.C. and the letters by which reference is made to them. xxxi.Winkler. vol. vols... Vol.C.. 1876 edition.H. that names were conferred upon places quite casually. xlvi. and for very trivial reasons.. Oxford. Clergy List at the Reformation. Exchequer Lay Subsidies. xlix. O. vols. xxxiii. xli.T.fessor Skeat's work on Cambridgeshire place-names : " The result of a study of English place-names can hardly prove to be other than extremely disappointing. Wills proved at Richmond. J.. K. Krausse. xii. Old English Texts by Sweet. xlvii. Court Rolls and Manchester Sessions. Friesche Naamlijst. they are usually more prosaic than poetical. Sjcelandske Stednavne.. Place-names of One Theme chiefly... B. Annaler for Nord.. The Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. J. CONTENTS CHAP. R. Rygh. Dr. Mu. 1863. Nordhausen. vol. Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. XX.... 239 ii. 8 IV. PAGE I. Max Stolze.256 A HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES CHAPTER I . C. M..V.O.M.... Place-names arranged under their respective Second Themes . Forstemann. The Oxford New English Dictionary. or of WHICH the Second Themes are not easy of explanation 215 V... Index to Place-names and Second Themes 246 Addenda et Corrigenda . Anglia. Sweet. The Cleasby-Vigfusson Icelandic Dictionary. Ortsnamen in Domesday Book. . F.. Die Deutsche Ortsnamen. Oldk.E. Index to Primary Words and Elements .. On the Adjectival or First Themes in Place-names 4 III.-T. Miiller iiber die Namen das Liber Vitae.. 1863. General Remarks 235 Indices Ð i. N. i II. Norsk Ordbpg. Jellinghaus on English Place-names. Fritzner-Ordbog. Old Norse Dictionary. On the Noun-Themes in Place-names . Aasen..S. Murray.D. .. Gamle Personnavne i Norske Stedsnavne.. Cliff. Bold. Pool. Garth. Seat. for instance. Barrow. and Windleshaw the first theme. to which the first portion or first theme of the place-name is a qualifying word. Sike. Snape. Snead. Thwaite. Pieces of land. Rod. Hall. Those in which the idea of habitation or dwellingplace is primarily found. Mel. Place-names of one theme may be regarded as having never possessed the adjectival theme. Natural objects of various kinds : Ð Shaw. Thorn. House. Croft. ii. Scough. Ergh. not used in local compound forms. will show that those of two or more syllables can usually be divided into two portions.ON THE NOUN-THEMES IN PLACE-NAMES I. Mere. or boundary are Cross. . Breck. as examples of such words we may take Cantsfield. in alphabetical order. as of other counties. Field. Bridge. Beck. Greave. Grove. Well. implying protection or into that of simple habitation. Those in which the idea expressed of enclosure. also Green. Wath. Wall. Brook. the second theme is a place-name of the ordinary form. or as having lost it in process of time. This latter portion. Stock. Sand . and Salford. Fold. or marked by particular boundaries. separated from the adjoining land. Hurst. of which the latter is the more familiar because it is the more commonly observed in place-names . or some work of man. Gore. Stead. With. V. in Down Holland. and growing are Ton. Common. Acre. Monothematic names. Chester. being itself a complete place-name . By. Shire. and is either an adjective or supplies the place of an adjective. Rochdale. Wood. and applied to particular purposes. There are also place-names in which one of the two themes is of a composite character. Garth . Hey. Tree . Kirk. Such are Ley. either a natural object. memorial. Edge. are examples. Croft. 2. Ditch. iv. 3. Stall. Gate. Wick. Such are Ham. Scales. Mead. are arranged in a separate and following chapter. Booth. Hill. iii. Ford. and in the word is that defence. Wall. Works of man for use. A CURSORY glance at the place-names of Lancashire. Ford. or second theme of the words is usually a noun. Land. Thorp. Grave. Cot. 2 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES and others which present special difficulties. Ham in part. Furlong. Fell. Worth. In the following work placenames are arranged and discussed in groups under their several second or noun-themes. Down. Hurst. Burn. Sty. These second or noun-themes may be thus classified :Ð i. They Bury. in Roeburndale. Twistle. Dale. By. Dale ON THE NOUN-THEMES IN PLACE-NAMES 3 Wood. Bil may be taken. vi. wath. Shaw. Howe . Bottom. Hope. Scout. Of other words used as adjectives . Tang. Hole. Bent. 2. Oswaldtwistle. with. A terminal theme of doubtful meaning and origin is eth. End. perhaps even from the last syllable of a personal name. Ford. Ness. as in Waterhead. Ham. worth . Of a common noun used as an adjective to mark some distinctive quality. Of a personal name. Eye. Old personal names are most commonly found in use for the adjectival themes. Crag. as in Scarisbrick. The adjectival themes used as the first portion of placenames may consist : Ð i. iii. 4. Carr. Bury or Borough. Head. as in Upton. as in Ormskirk. probably distinctive of the original settler. Words like Green and Moss are frequently attached to place-names.Low. possessor. Stonyhurst. Moor. Halgh. as in Lamberhead Green. as the ancient second themes have. and when given as a personal name by itself or in combination . Den. Ramsbottom. Holme. As example of a name which was often used. these personal names have lost their genitival form. Den. Nook. or other favoured person. Land. It may arise from syllables in unstressed positions such as heath. as in Birkdale . the most common terminations are Worth. or a geographical position. Thwaite. Side. Wick or Wich. as frith. Hill. possibly on account of its being a favourite with Germanic races in early times. CHAPTER II ON THE ADJECTIVAL OR FIRST THEMES IN PLACE-NAMES I. Horn. or have in other ways suffered abrasion and contraction. which is three times as often as the theme iey in its various forms. After these two. the adverb up. hlith. so as to form one word with them. Slack. Occasionally the noun thus used retains the mark of the genitive. iv. as in Blackburn. Moss. Ridge. Clough. Generally. The word originally meant a sword or other weapon. Wray. Gill. Of an adjective simply. Of these terminal themes fon occurs in about 150 place-names or more. Field. Prescot Moss : these are known as subsidiary themes. They are modern second themes which have not become permanently attached to their first themes. ii. for example. Holme. Heath. Pike. it was possibly imagined that it might predict eminence in the use of the weapon. Billingsley. of the original giver of the place-name. therefore.. Bil has been a part of the personal name. doubtless in the ordinary familiarities of life. too. or of some person in whom he delighted. It does not seem. from the red cloak he wore . A certain chief named Thorolf having a bad squint. if not the whole ADJECTIVAL THEMES IN PLACE-NAMES 5 name. having naturally 6 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES become monosyllabic by the process of shcwtening. his son. a patronymic of Bil. Mr. Bilston. It is certainly difficult to point to a time when the name Steinn existed before Thor-steinn. Bilsborough. or Bilhelm. -k or -c. as to be originally the real full names shortened by wear and tear in the course of time. again. and his son was known as Erling Skialgson. 4.with other themes as in Bilfrith. p. to the early Germanic settlers in Lancashire. may again become dissyllabic by adding a pet ending. bithematic forms seem to have existed contemporaneously with monothematic forms. to be replaced by a monothematic form. Searle shows how the extensions -/. Billingley. the popularity of Bil as a personal name may have been increased by its mythological associations. though we can scarcely avoid believing there was such -a time. Another named Asgeir became known as Asgeir Raudfeldr. therefore. Possibly. Billington. In the Introduction to the Onomasticon. for it is the name of one of the two children taken from the earth to the moon. Bilham. and others. Billingford. Bilby. or one otherwise shortened for the sake of convenience. had a tendency to take the place of real names. With reference. in gazetteers of these islands. the poet. A familiar modern example is Frances. Nicknames also. The bithematic form of a personal name tends. were applied . Bilthorpe. we have Billingham. Familiar names and pet names. Billesley. we may quote the following from early Norse history. and no doubt nicknames may be found as the first themes in some of the following placenames. is known in literature to our own times as Thorleif Raudfeldarson (Red-cloak-son). an extravagant idea to assume that in such place-names as Bilton. the nickname Skialg (Squinter) became attached to him. As an example how nicknames easily grow into personal ones. from the oldest times of which we have records. 3. and others. we must assume that the name-themes which they employed in place-names are quite as likely to be familiar shortened forms in actual use. as we are told in the Edda. In Germanic personal names. xxiii. From Billing. which having become Fan by shortening is affectionately lengthened into Fanny. and the termination of such words as Docker. To form a reasonable opinion of the origin of a placename. or it is merely intrusive. names of animals. joining the genitival to the diminutive extension. denoting familiarity and affection.to monothematic names. and to have become embodied in their place-names. or " erweiterung " which does not always admit of explanation. Gerolfworthe. and another in another. Each word will require its own investigation . Cliverton. Abram . containing often / or r. Shakerley. the latter patronymic. From the last source. words relating to war and weapons. Examples are seen in Eadburgham. Die Deutschen Ortsnamen. some which appear in Domesday Book are undoubtedly presented to us by the Norman scribes of the work in a corrupt form. In Amoundemess and Osmotherley it is the genitival ending ar of the Norse word which forms the first theme. There is one extension. Old personal names arose from various sources. But often it is the result of abrasion. if the abraded second theme contains an / or r. This occasions a difficulty in the explanation of a certain class of place-names. a matter of local pronunciation. and the Low German name-lists are rich in such extensions. which do not seem to have come with the colonists of the sixth and seventh centuries. 6. as may be seen from the Introduction to Winkler's Friesche Naamlijst. and its place is supplied by intrusive syllables. such a word as Ask. Even then. one solution may commend itself in one case. Few of the Lancashire place-names can be traced as far back as the Norman Conquest. Andelevesarewe. the two former being genitival. In Ashton. the / or r at least will often be found persistent. an acquaintance with its early forms is most desirable. Ireleth . -nc. Anglezark. In the English place-names. as is shown by Forstemann on p. must we regard Ash as the personal name of the original possessor or founder of the place. among ADJECTIVAL THEMES IN PLACE-NAMES 7 which may be mentioned bodily and mental qualities. as further and older documentary evidence of its form is found. In others it is an analogical imitation of this genitive . . -tsje. the solution may be nothing but a mere guess. -n. 5. Chequerbent. being synonymous with lance. and of these. for instance. liable to be succeeded by another similar guess. Other extensions were -s. early became a personal name. partly or wholly. i6i of his work. It is the middle syllable of such place-names as Catterall. The second syllable of the originally bithematic personal name disappears. notably -t. Winkler's Introduction gives examples of other extensions. or did he call it such on account of some Ash or Ash trees which were a feature of the spot ? Similarly with Birkdale and many other words. -tje. Bickerton. Possibly in many no solution is probable with our present knowledge. Low German Bern. The name Hreidarr or Reidarr appears in Norwegian place-names as Rei-. now included in Bootle. of Liverpool. See O. The first theme is lin. MOSTLY BITHEMATIC. of Liverpool. Ecga. . No early records. Egacres. 12 1 2 (R. p. First theme is probably descriptive. Gateacre. 80. First theme probably the Old Norse gata. First theme may be shortened from a name such as Barnulf. The first theme is the Old Norse kreysi. This form of the word dates from the seventeenth century. Ð A village 3 miles N. ARRANGED UNDER THEIR RESPECTIVE SECOND THEMES. Jiaysakur. from the charter of Burscough Priory. of which the original meaning was a bear. a road. Ð Parish N.With respect to those names in the present volume. vol. . See Onomasticon. as well as those of later post-Reformation times. Raysacre. The word probably meant " a stony field. a heap of stones. sword. thoroughfare. was near Ormskirk.. Or the personal name Geat may perhaps be found in the word. 217. Ð Village 4 miles S. a barn.E. then a definite measure of land. Roseacre.).. Reysacre. Ð A village and moor 2 miles E. O. for the expression of which the compiler asks his readers' indulgence. See O. Ð A village 4 miles N. ACBE Tilled or sown land generally . of Oldham. the interpretation must in most cases be regarded as a conjectural opinion. 255. Linacre. Greenacres. The word occurs in the Great Inquest. associated with Bonds. Or it may be the Old English word Bern. Barnacre. p. meaning flax. CHAPTER III CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES g Early forms dating from the thirteenth are Easaker. of Garstang. First theme probably the Old English personal name Beorn. First theme the personal name Ecg. xlviii. way. of Kirkham.. 98. p.. of which documentary forms are not known earlier than the fifteenth century." The hypothesis that the first theme is a personal name is not impossible. . ABBOUB This word occurs in the combination Windy Arbour. The later spelling of the word has replaced acre by carr.).. Garstang. vol. Winstanley. 1. for which see examples in O. Ð A hamlet 4 miles S. and Tranaker in the Assize Rolls (R. Ashton-under-Lyne . Stirsacre occurs in 1323 (R. 432. The Windy Bank in Rochdale is a Hundersfield estate. Ð A manor in the township of Catterall. In later times the first part of the word is Tarn (R. Nether Kellet. of Garstang. battle. xii. the Norse kjarr. 310) is responsible for a share. of Rochdale..). but I know not if the words bear any special meaning. Ð A village 4 miles N. it is Trani. and Whitacre in an entry of 141 1 (R. The first theme. (See Fritzner's Diet. and perhaps elsewhere. a raised shelf or ridge . 2 miles S. which influenced the Old English brad. and means boggy ground. Windy Hills in Chipping. xlvi. Bury. the Old English hwit Ð white.).. fair Ð is doubtless the origin of the first theme of many placenames. Tamicar or Tamacre. BANK The Middle English word banke. Brathay. broad. it is the Norse word tjiirn. a river.. WhitaJcer.E.) If the later.. vol. Old English ea.. p.. Windy Bank in Rochdale. xlvii. AY This termination is the old Norse d. xlvii. and means stir.!·)· First theme is the personal name Sfyr. which probably appears in Altcar.Stirzaker. with copsewood. name of a river which flows into Windermere on the north.W. clear. p. Quitacre occurs in the Assize Rolls (R. vols. xxxix. 5).). the form of the word is Tranacre. a Norse nickname. a snout . vol. 10 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES other than the natural one. There are places of this name in Standish.W. Kirkham. vol. vol.. In a Final Concord of 1323. And also the name of an ecclesiastical district in Hawkshead parish. p. The first theme is the Old Norse breithr.. Blackburn. The word appears as Braitha in a Final Concord of 1196 (R. X. of Garstang. and styresacre in 1443 (R-) v'.). If the earlier form of the first theme is to weigh most. a tarn. but very possibly the personal name hwita (see O. S. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES n The word swarte means swart or black. vol. For Pickup. For first theme. mountain. For halgh. The eminences denoted by the word are long hills. a hamlet 6 miles ship of Halewood. BABBOW This word is the Old English word beorg. Halebank. . and (2) of one N.).). 377).. Ð An old estate in Tyldesley. Ð A parish 4 miles S. see the words under the termination hope. of Blackburn. in the townas Halebonk. BARN Is used as a subsidiary theme in Croston Barn. Calder Bank. The name is found in a charter of the twelfth century (L.. is of Scandinavian origin : the same word as the Danish banke. of Rochdale. New House Barn. 1. Ð A part of North Meols. 1. 1426 (R. Barrow-in-Furness. vol. Daisy Barn.. mound. and in other cases. Halewod. as in the Yorkshire Ingleborough. now a part of the town 5 miles S. a raised ridge of ground. For Furness consult the group of words of the second theme ness. Bank is used as a subsidiary theme in Hesketh Bank. Ð A village N. and the two together first theme. in the north-west of the county. of Bolton-le-Moors.C.E. being applied to the Old English geai. a gate. and when not low. and others. generally low. under Moss Bank. Yate is a pathway or road.of ground. of Prescot. of Southport. The Old Norse meaning of gata. road. Yate Bank and Pickup Bank. have vegetation to the summit. p. Tyldesley Banks.E. consult the words under the termination ley. is found Halewood occurs in 1384 as in 1509 (R. Both parts of the name are or have been descriptive of local conditions. hill. a county borough at the extremity of the Furness peninsula. in Old Norse svartr. Swartebonke. The word barrow is in common use as a burial mound. Banks is (i) the name of a village N. a sandbank. Tyldesley. Helens. see Hale.P. of St. As the Old English burne is a well or spring. p. p. Calderbrook. Beck occurs in the Danish parts of England. on the tribe which brought them. All three are used in continental placenames. like the Old Norse brunnr. burn is rare. See K. in the CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 13 township of Worsley.E. 60. First theme is a dialect word for the elder tree. village and works on the Leven. First theme. Ellenbrook. of Windermere. of Manchester.W. Ð Village 8 miles N. Hardbarrow. Brook is the commonest word. Ð A village 5 miles N. and the frequency of their use in one part or other depends. BURN. in Urswick. a personal name of which an early 12 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES form is desirable . and other names.E. First theme the personal name Hardr. First theme the Old Norse skarth. First theme. the personal name Hardr (O. a hart. or the nickname geifr (a goat) of someone buried there.E. The brook divides the parishes of Leigh and Eccles. the burns may have been more rapid streams than the brooks. guda. on the other hand. and bcek is the usual Danish word for a small stream. See Scar as a second theme below.Backbarrow. In England they are to be found in all parts. a hill E. In Yorkshire. . of Rochdale. Brook is dominant in the south and centre of England . burn in the north-east of England and Scotland. battle. Raven's Barrow. Scarbarrow. BECK. or the Old Norse name hiortr. 3 miles from the river's exit from Windermere. BKOOK Words to denote a rivulet or small stream. on the river Winster. burn is the commonest word. Bracken Barrow. Barrow occurs as a subsidiary theme in Birkland Barrow. a mountain pass. in Aldingham Parish. of Dalton-in-Furness. First theme denotes position. of Barrow-in-Furness. we can only suppose. Alder Barrow. the name of the stream. S. Ctoadsbarrow. brook being rarely found. 285).. is probably of Celtic origin. Hartbarrow. may hegud. S. near Morecambe Bay. and beck is mostly to be found in the north of the county.. The first theme. In the perambulation given on p. 554. It appears as Brunne in an early Pipe Roll of King John (L. a wood. p. We find Glasbroc'm 1227 (R.C. of Wigan. Evesbroke. iv. Chatbum.P. vol. Blackburn. Ð A parish in the valley of the Ribble.C. signifying an enclosed plantation or wooded country. Welsh dais. along the west side of Chatmoss. p. a hedge. near Caton. If there is no old manor the first theme will be the Old Norse skbgr.. The first theme may be the name of an old manor in the valley of the Lune. The first theme is the Old English blxc.). under the form Fritbroe.E. 425. vol.. and Glasebroke in 1332 (R. where the workshop has given name to both brook and village. Compare the Irish glaise. xlvi. Ð A joint parish with Rixton. of 14 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Rochdale. vol. and is in the parish of Thornton. First theme will be the Old English efes. p.Escowbrook.. eaves or border of the forest.P. of Warrington. it is Heskehoubroc. Ð " The brook between Fulwood and Preston which forms the Parliamentary boundary. xlviii.D. and has preserved its Celtic name. 420. and Htske have the same origin as Hesketh below. 58. p.. and then south through Chorlton into the Mersey. Heybrook. a fence. First theme the Old English hege." Farrer's L.E. The first theme may be the Oldi English fyrhthe of the charters (see index to Earle's Land Charters). See also Murray's N. Ð A village in Pemberton. Ð Village in Wardleworth i mile N. Ð A large town in East Lancashire. 2 miles S. 2 miles . The Combrook is another South Manchester stream with a similar origin. See K.). near Manchester. 420 of Farrer's Lancashire Pipe Rolls. and as Brone at a later date.E. Escowbeck.C. It is the Domesday Blacheburne. L.W.. xxxix. of Preston. The name is probably Celtic. under Caor. 181). between Quernmore and Caton. 6 miles N. Glazebrook. vol.. Bourne Hall is the Brune of Domesday Book. Frithbrook occurs in the perambulation mentioned with Escowbrook above.. 8 miles E. black. p. 1262 (R.). The brook which gave name to the manor flows south into the Mersey..P. Smithy Brook. a rivulet . west of the estuary of the Wyre. Qorbrook is the brook which flows through Gorton. Ceol in Old English means keel.C. Ð Urban district 7 miles N. knolls. 408).D.. of Leigh. Ð A V. vol. of Prescot.H.).. 1350 j and ChoUe. including rushes. Rainford Brook.. In the p. p.. given in O. The word begins to lose one t in the fourteenth century. 437. (L.). Ditton Brook. xlvi. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 15 BENT For the denotes and has covered origin of this word. and fields with such. Norden Brook. First theme is the personal name Ceatia (O. xlviii. Brook. vols. xxxiii. Fluckens Brook. and others. Freckleton Brook. Chequerbent. Brismet Beck. and Bum are used as subsidiary themes.P.. In default of early forms of the word. Bradshaw Brook. Gilda Brook. K. come to be applied to hills. Hasgill Beck.W. Grizedale Beck. 1328 (R. Keasden Beck. Chowbent. Bolde in 1286.. 5 miles S. 60).. Ð Coulton Beck. p. of which early forms are. Goldeburne. see Murray's N. we find the early forms Cholkbynt. p. p..Ð A hamlet 4 miles S. namely. Early forms are Goldeburn. Chowbantun is of 1586 (R. I can only suppose the first theme to be the personal name Cec. Ð Â joint parish with Farnworth. Cringle Brook.). 127. Foster Brook. xxxi. BOLD This Old English word hall. of Bolton-leMoors. c.... such as here. 1385. Croasdale Beck. Low German forms are Tjette^ Tjet (W. Golbounie. p. Bold.. Deys Brook j Lother Burn . iii. 1186.). 129. The first theme is personal .E.E. e. It various kinds of coarse grass. Roughton Brook.E.g. 1. The words Beck. Cockley Beck. see O. Old form of the word is Chatteburn in the thirteenth century (R. vol. 126). as. where are several examples. Boulde . explains first theme golde as a compound Celtic word meaning little stream (K. the person^ name and common theme Ceol . Leek Beck. and Golborne. of Clitheroe. The r is probably intrusive. and is found of Henry II. The cognate Old meaning.. of Warrington. ShoUebent. or what is left of an abraded second theme. 1468 (R. denotes a dwelling-house or English word botl has the same in Fordebotle in an old charter p. Heskin Beck. 317).C. Cecce. a Latin entry village 2 miles N. vol. Ellen Brook. Booths formed a part of the ancient township of Worsley. Ð Ecclesiastical district. BOOTH This is the Old Norse word buth. The Booths were the cow-shelters and herdsmen's dwellings. Early forms. xxxix. Booth is used as a subsidiary theme. p. to distinguish it from the open end. a valley. The Old Norse word botn specially denotes the closed head of a valley or fiord. 288. or as an abbreviated form of the Biblical name Petrus. lying between Burnley and Haslingden. 1.. See W. a part of Butterworth.. Farbold. and others.in 1332. Ð A hamlet 7 miles S. Bold in 1380 (R. and vol. Old Laund Booth. xli. See R. N. Ramsbottom. HolUns. Newbold. xxxix.). vol. First theme descriptive. The township seems to have taken its name from the main dwelling in it (Bold Hall). of Ormskirk.. 1202.W. as in Goldshaw Booth. of Manchester. originated in the vaccarix of the Forest of Rossendale. Perbald. Ð A parish 6 miles N. Wheatiey Booth. of Bury. 1. First CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 17 .). 286. xxxi. 3 miles E. descriptive of the timber thereabouts.. denoting low-lying ground. vols. on the south side of Rochdale. The several booths in the mountainous parts of East Lancashire appear to have been outlying parts of estates or farms... vol. the origin of the Old Swedish both.E. Higher and Lower.. First theme.Ð Urban district.). iferbolt in an early Final Concord of the twelfth i6 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES century (R. Hollin is a dialect word for the holly-tree. pp. 1282 (R. a dwelling. where cattle were bred and pastured in large numbers : the vauarice or vaccaries of the Lancashire Court Rolls. Boothstown. BOTTOM From the Old English botm. 72. Oakenbottom in Breightmet. vols. liv.. afterwards Perebold. 4 miles N. xlviii. a booth. of Bolton. Ð These populous townships. Danish bod. Booths. a pear.E. The first theme may be variously regarded as the Old English pert. of Rochdale.. Booth. Early form Estebrec (R. Leyrebreck. a hamlet 3 miles NW. The N.theme personal.). p. was a common name. The first theme is thus descriptive of position. harelip.. vol. and is used in place-names in Iceland and Norway.. Norhicbiec.) the forms are Warde- . it would appear that where breck is found in Lancashire. 1.). xlix. the slope of a hill .. The Old Norse Ara/n..). Baines. xxxix. xlviii. was degraded into Ram.E. vol. and is common in Icelandic place-names. p. which Mr. p. and Norbrek in 1490 (R. as in Searsholm (M. The first theme is of geographical position. The form Mowbricke appears in 1631 (R. of Todmorden. also a nickname. of Ormskirk.D.. of Kirkham. interprets it Stoney. The th disappears also in Danish place-names. In an Inquest of 1249 (R. of Blackpool. 395. Esprick. 429) . Early forms of the word are Scaresbrec'va.. What is apparently a corrupt spelling is found of the early date of 1241 (R. Farrer identifies as Norbreck. 1249. of Kirkham. xlviii.) the word appears as Moulebrec and Mukbrec. xlviii. The first theme appears to be the Old Norse word skarth. the Old Norse Steinarr. Northbrek in 1332 (R. of Blackpool. As the kk for nk differentiates the Norse from the Danish form. Larbrick. vol. 646. 3 miles N. There is a Scarth Hill on the south side of Ormskirk. ii. in his History of Lancashire. a village 3 miles S. Mowbiick. 1213. a low-lying part in a hilly district . N. vol. BBECE This is the Old Norse brekka. Warbreck. pp. In early charters (L.. 240). 1 8 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES The word appears as Northbrek in 1267 (R.).). The first theme is the Old Norse leir.. vol. xlviii. hraban. a parish 3 miles NW. Scharisbrec in 1251.. gives Est as a form of E^st used from the twelfth century onwards. i mile N. Steinor Bottom. First theme is the personal name Stanhere (see O.).C. of Kirkham.).. 12 12 (R... 301. See O. a manor. loam or clay. xxxi. Norse colonisation from the Isle of Man and the Western Islands is to be suspected rather than Danish colonisation from the East or South-East. vol.). a raven. vol. etymologically one with the English and Danish brink. used of a projection. Early forms are Zairbrec{R. of which the Old English form. The first theme is the Old Norse mM. vol. a hamlet 6 miles N. a joint township with Layton.. vol. Norbreck. a joint township with Bispham.P. xii. xii. Larbrecke is of 1600 (R.). as of a crag. East. now Bottoms. Scarisbrick.. vol. vol. distant i^ mile E. of Bolton. border of the county. and not a personal name of someone connected with the Bridge. Warthebrec. . Stayleybridge. p. and are generally formed by adding the word as a subsidiary theme to a place-name already existing. the primitive personal name from which the name Bdnning is derived and Kemble's inferred mark Baningas. where the road to Wigan crosses the Rainford Brook. 217). Tota and Totta are given in O. p. Ape. village at a bridge over the river Tonge. and can only guess the old name Ecg or Ecga. See K. 277). BRIDGE Names ending in bridge are numerous in the county. The second theme is probably a slurred form of burh or berht.. 71. in the township of Waltonle-Dale.. Only a few compound words have given rise to villages and towns which carry the word bridge in the name. has the forms Apa. is a large village 3 miles SE. Wardebrecca. the root. Tootle Bridge. of Bolton-le-Moors. man. Wardebrech. 459. under the root gairu (spear). a part of St. for Gaerheard. Helens. the name of the landowner who built it.. Appa. Bamber Bridge. of Preston. The Low German forms may be seen in W. The town is now included in Cheshire.. of which Danish place-names make Eghe or Eg (M. Eagley Bridge. Cowen Bridge. Appley Bridge. I have no clue to the first theme of Eagley. sword (O. p. 252. Qerard's Bridge. diminutive of Tot. as in Pemberton. where the road from Kirkby Lonsdale to Settle crosses the Leek Beck. and F. p.brec. town on the SE. considers Aba. the name of several rivers in England. 72. 1332. 18. the bridge being over the River Tame. Tootle is a personal name. Warthebrek.. see words grouped under theme Ley. in the parish of Eccleston. For the place-name Staveley. an oak. perhaps of Celtic origin. I am inclined to think it represents the word Colne. p. of Wigan. 458. and in the Lay Subsidies. and conjecture the first theme to be the name ban {nb becom- CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 19 ing md). into Cheshire. on a road over the Lostock.. F. I have no old forms of Bamber to refer to. If the first theme is an actual place-name. 3 miles N. a hamlet in the township of Tonge.. 4 miles NW. The first theme of Appley is a personal name of which O. 11. and Staveleigh. 578. in col. Appe.. See O. p. or the Old Norse eik. In an Inquest of 1249. Called after the Gerard family. pp. The first theme is the Old Norse vartha a beacon. on a road over the river Douglas. town. .Totta is given in the Liber Vitse. Skelwith B. p. Old Norse dnin. of Manchester. Ð A village 3 miles S. Other names in which Bridge forms a subsidiary 20 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES theme. Burgh. The second theme here does not seem to have ever been qualified by a first theme. The dative case of the word. Bury. Dob Brow. The nominative case is preserved in such words as Newburgh. Lowick B.. BURY The Old English word durk. 5) is not an impossible origin. The personal name Aeg (see O. are How B. Skelwith Brow. and the Tudor speUing Aghberghe.. Lodge B.. BURROW. Not impossibly the final le may be ley or hill.. then a slope. Glovers Brow. pp. Swinebrigg. Dilworth Brow. and Miiller suggests it is a familiar pronunciation of some word beginning with Torht. Piatt B. Newby B. 459. Duddon B. and many others. see O. BROW This termination is the projecting edge of a cliff or hill... byrig.. Sunderland Brow.g. Mere Brow.Ð A township in the parish of Winwick. BURGH. The old forms of the word are Aykeberh. but in the absence of old forms this is doubtful. of Warrington.. and now a part of it. see M.. from older Eghebyergh . on the Mersey. Samlesbiri. and its primary signification is eyebrow. Heap B. BOROUGH. or borough. Pool B.. Bury. burg.. Early forms of the word are Herbury. or ascent. Penny B. 3 miles N. bright Ð for words in which. Aigburth. These suggest for the first theme the Old English cbc oak : cf. Bescar Brow.. 457. of Liverpool. Red Brow. It is used as a subsidiary theme: e. being grammatically necessary after such prepositions as to or at. Cobbs Brow. It is the Old English irti. The town has variously appeared in the course of its history as Biri. Knowls Brow. as in Bury.. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 21 Arbnry. is the form which has given rise to many present-day place-names ending in bury. the Danish place-name Egebjerg. Aikebergh. 277. denotes primarily a fortress or castle. Byri. p. Birks Brow. Spark B. then a city. Ð A town 9 miles N.. Dedis (genitive). . xxxix. pp.). in Bede. The personal name Docca. p. Ð Â chapelry 5 miles S. Dukesbiri in a Final Concord of 1227 (R. 3 miles SW. vol. 167. Didsbury. coL 1126. being the Scandinavian name Flbki. vol. and as Burgh in King John's reign (R. The first theme appears to be eard. Ð A parish 2 miles SW.). 1.. which is given in O.Â township 4 miles NE.P. and Duxbury in one of 1506.. 136.. xxxi. 35 . 352.1243 (R-j vol. Burrow (1585). Ð A village in Holker. JDokesbire appears in a Pipe Roll of 1203 (L. Musbury. Bihborough (1508) (R. of which O. on the Knowsley side. 386. of Cartmel. p. First theme is personal.).. cols. Erthbury of 1246 (R. Burrow. Low German names dede. Diddesbury (1341). The root is that of Old English dxd. vols. xxxix.. vols.. Bilsborough. W. Duzbury. 387. of Wigan.). and Erbury of 1332. to be strong.). a parish adjoining Westmoreland. with a variant barrow.... Neytherburrow (1596). 431) 22 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES with the Old English verb dugan. Dokesbiri in an Assize Roll of 1247 (R. p. and the root dug. xlvi. comprising Overburrow and Netkerburrow.. p. which is found in many personal names. which soon gave place to Diddesbyry (1276).. 59. as in Overbarrow (1634) (R. in which country it remains a place-name.).. The first theme is the personal name Bil. now Burrow-with-Burrow. See O... xlvii.. See O. xxxix. Early forms of the word are Billeshurg (1227). Flookburgh. Earliest form seems to be Dedesbiry (1247). xxxix.). is the first theme. Deda appears as a proper name.. vol... First theme is the Middle English mos from the Old Norse most.. but doubtfully personal. p. of Manchester. Ð A manor farm in the old township of Rainford.. p. coL 303. xlvi. 161. in the old parish of Tunstall. see S. are in W. vol. It appears as Borch in Domesday Book. See F. Root moda means mind. Billesburgh (1332). xlviii. p. Mossborough. a name occurring in the Landnama of one of the Viking discoverers of Iceland. Overburgh and Nethirburgh are found in an entry of 1370 (R. Dedi. The first theme seems to be a personal name Mod. a weapon..C.. and elsewhere). Billisborrow. didde. xlvii. 107 . F. vol. native country. action. Ð Â parish 6 miles N. see R. of Haslingden. and Deda in F. contains several examples where it is used as first theme. p. of Garstang. vol. connects it (col. 62. The modern forms come later : Overburrowe (1556).). Flokavarthi. 212. F. See O. 25. X. occur chiefly near the Western Coast. Samelesbure (L. who gives a diminutive. pp. Derby.. Ð The village of West Derby lies E. and is in Denmark not generally compounded with personal names. Ð Urban districts 7 miles N. Fendlebury.387. and Leicestershire. of Liverpool . is probably the root salo. on the other hand.. Crosebi is mentioned in Domesday Book. 40. Pinnelberia. of Manchester. It probably marks Danish settlements.P. familiar forms of Salomon.P. Pennebire. See W. The Lancashire place-names of this ending. dark. B. xlviii. set up as a place of prayer. Early forms are Samerisberta. found in personal names . xxxi.Newburgh. Sek.. 256.. p. Salesbury. xlix. it may have dropped out in certain forms of an original Pend.C. 257. and the Subsidy Roll of 1541 Ptndulburye (R. xlvii.) we have the variants Pennesbyry. dusky. and is found chiefly in the low-lying grounds of the centre and east. cols. of Blackburn. Samlesbury.. Sale.. with extension k. 1290. In other documents (R. Ð Parish 5 miles N. vol. First theme is descriptive.. Fenkbire. Salebury.. See F. Early Pipe Rolls (L.C. 1294. Salle.. BY From Old Norse byr. also for the root ben. are Low German personal names. In Yorkshire. vols. it should probably be regarded as epenthetic.. Great and Little. 69).) write Fenelbiri. Samcke. col. of Liverpool on the coast. 387. Salesbury. and p. This termination occurs chiefly in Yorkshire. pp. xlvi. The Scandinavian conquerors and settlers in Ireland obtained the word Cros from the Irish . xxiii. 327.. salu. a farm or village. xlvii. Ð Parish 4 miles NW. it is comparatively rare in the mountainous districts of the west (Sowerby is a notable exception). Penhulbury .). First theme is the scriptural name Samuel. 328. for the / diminutive Penel . Sai/burg (R.. 386. xii. Early forms are Saleburi. see W. see O. Pen is a personal name. with one or other of which the Biblical name may have been confused. as it is a common Danish ending. Lincolnshire. p. From the late appearance of the d. See F. see 0-1 P. 1.. Crosby.. for Pen as name-theme. Ancient Teutonic names are also found from the root sama. about a dozen or more. of Preston.-T.)..\ols. of Ormskirk. Pennylksbyry. Ð A village 5 miles NE. and the place doubtless marks the site of a Holy Rood. F. black. Ð A parish 4 miles E. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 23 Another origin of the personal name Sa/o. on the other hand. and are strange to the mountainous parts of the southeast. First theme is the Old Norse and Old English ^rw^. beloved. . Nato. see S. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 25 Kirkby. 867. of Garstang. p. The first theme is the Old Norse kirkja. referring to some place near Ormskirk.. the first theme may describe some peculiarity of the land near the place." Grittebi is found in the charter of Burscough Priory. witchcraft. a church. Formby. See O. xii. 166. prefers to connect the word 24 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES with the Old English deore. the spelling with m. 267. p.C. also O. rather than with the word deor. the word is perhaps merely descriptive. of the Westmoreland town of Kirhby Lonsdale. vol. Formby. p. F. Nat. It appears in Final Concords as Natebi. The first theme may be a personal name. sand or sandstone. Ð A parish on the Yorkshire border. F. col. probably now lost. xxxix. 163.. of Lancaster. 9 miles NE. so that the placename means " old farm. The first theme is the personal name Ira... p.P. see O. regards the root as obscure.) and onwards. The first theme is a personal name. for English specimens. which is found in the Liber Vitae. 1.. 244.. and Yrebi of the Pipe Roll of 12 13 (see Farrer's L. the Fornebei of Domesday Book. Ireby. Ð A town 1 2 miles N. 301 . xxxi. Diori. 249). Nateby (R. F.Ð A parish 8 miles NE. col. as a projection or corner. a wild beast. Hornby. xlviii." and was used in Iceland as a nickname of one versed in old learning.).. 174. 65). vol.. dear. But here. Greet is the corresponding Lancashire dialect word. gives the form Nate. 11 54. W.). and the spelling with n existed into the seventeenth century (R. and F. It is spelt Derbei in Domesday Book. The word Forni means " old man. p.. The first theme may be an Old Norse personal name . 320). a yew tree. of Liverpool. p. The first theme is a personal name.. the name of a woman in the Landnama. Ð A parish 2 miles W..). Forneby is the spelling in 1332 (R. probably the same as the Scandinavian Yr. p. The Domesday Book spelling is Cherchebi. under Nath. Irra (see O. Ð The Hornebi of Domesday Book is a joint parish with Farleton.. col. 4 miles SE. See the words by and Roby. It is the Domesday Irebi. vol.. 408. In 1226 we have the form Irreby (R. of which W:.and gives name to the Hundred. is found in 1509 (R.. 967. See col.. vol. and the like. of Liverpool.. But if originally the place was a Danish settlement. Nateby. p. p. Westby.favour. vol. arable land. xlviii. (R.). mud. Harumcar. The first though it may be a personal 26 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES CABB This is the Old Norse word Kjarr. a not uncommon name of farms in Iceland and Norway. 357. copsewoodj brushwood . See O. The form in Domesday Book is Sorbi.). Ð A parish 6 miles E... Hall Carr. It appears as Altekar in 1251 (R. 1. Altcar. 2 miles W. p. Eoby.. both used as place-name . Plumpton.. vol. Rigby occurs to the middle of the seventeenth century when Ribby becomes the usual form. xxxi. a corner. 484. In Domesday Book it is spelt Acrer. p. of Haslingden. Sowerby. Saureby occurs in 1246 (R.. Ð ^Joint parish with Kirkham. from the Celtic. The first theme is the Old Norse hryggr. Bibby. SE.. Saurboer is the name of several farms in Iceland where the soil is swampy or unfriendly. There is no further trace of the / of Domesday. It is applied to boggy ground overgrown with low bushes.C. Kjerr in Norwegian dialects. It would be an appropriate name to the low-lying fields of Great Altcar. Ð Occurs in the perambulation of the forest of West Derby. If this spelling really represents what the Norman scribes heard from the country people. The first theme is Hall or Halgh. it suggests the Old Norse Akrar. Ð In Coupe Lench. name. In Domesday Book it appears as Rabil. Riggeby is the form in the Subsidies Roll and later Concords (R. Ð A joint parish with Wrea. The first theme is the river Alt. of Kirkham. ridge. p. the first theme being the Old Norse saurr. Later forms^vary between Raby and Roby. which word occurs as a place-name uncompounded. 3 miles W. of is written Westbi . Sowreby in the Assize Rolls (R. xxxi. In Domesday Book it Westeby in the Subsidy Rolls theme is a mark of position.).. of Garstang. which is found in O. vol. back.. vol.P. Ribi is found in an early charter (L. xxxix. Ð A hamlet 4 miles SW. of Ormskirk. p. of Liverpool. See Farrer's L. and as a second theme.. Allt is the Gaelic word for a mountain stream. 422. p.. The first theme is the Old Norse Vra. and intelligible to the people of the adjacent Scandinavian Formby. First theme uncertain.. is the Rigbi of Domesday Book.C. Wray. 45). a rill or brook. 290). vols.P. Ð A parish 7 miles W. xlvii.). Not impossibly it is a short form of the Scripture name Nathanael. Ð The county town.. 87. a camp. which county. vol.. hollow.C. one of Maine (R. p. p. Ð A parish 6 miles N. Tamicar. Manchester Ð The word occurs in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 923. pp. Lancaster. vol. The first theme is the river name Lune...P. and is of Celtic origin.P.. xlvii. 302). CHESTER These terminations are both from the Latin castra.. xxxiii. xlvi. vol... See this word under Tarnacre above. 392). and the two MSS. contains both forms. CASTER. The spelling in Domesday Book is Zoncasfre . 60. in which it is found spell the word differently.) Bibchester. Lonn. See below for these words.).vol. pp. on the Ribble. Ð Name o5 two parishes. 132). The form Chester or cester occurs generally in Northumberland. near Roll of 132 1. and in a subsidy roll of Henry III. 298.). p. Mameceaster.C. The first theme seems to be the Old English Hoi. and as far south as Northampton. of which early forms are Loin. 393. 49. p. CLIFF This is the Old English ckof. (R. xxvii. Domesday Book designates South Lancashire by Inter Ripam et Mersham.. iThe spelling in Domesday Book is Ribekastre. and later. (See K. Ribchester occurs in 1497 (R.. Holker. Cartmel.. steep descent. All the forms of the first theme seem to be Celtic and to mean rock or stone. The word is spelt Holkerre in an Assize 4 Edward I. clif. Lower and Upper. and means a rock. Ribbkchastre is the spelling in a Final Concord of 1326 (R. of Blackburn. p. Caster is the form found in Cumberland.. The first syllable throughout the Middle Ages is generally Mam.). Domesday Book has it Mamecestre. xxxix. like Lancashire. Eibbecestre (1187) and Ribbekestre (1227) are forms in early concords (R. Holker. Yorkshire. 48. xlvii. pp. Durham. Lancastre and Lancastra occur shortly afterwards (L. Lon (L.. 143). vol. p. vol. Man is the spelling from the sixteenth century (R. meaning CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 27 Westmoreland.. the centre and south of England. and Loncastra in the charter of the foundation of Furness Abbey (L. 420). Manigeceaster . but in the Assize Rolls there is probably one instance olMann (R.P. . promontory. and thence low-lying. 27). and there are other endings in Chastre in the same century. See K. 50). vol. The first theme is the rivername.C..terminations. in the north of the county. 1. C. Uprothedife. Oxedive. see Baines's History of Lancashire. 116. represents Cunliffe. In modern times it has been judged expedient to build a large embankment. Early forms are Routhedif. in the Subsidy Rolls (R.) . of Ulverston. on Morecambe Bay. xxxix. xlvii.). Outraudif. Brerdif. Oxdif in the Subsidy Rolls (R. Rauchedive. vol. The first theme is the Old English word for o/d. The designation "Old Cliff" may possibly have grown into use through changes in the river-bed. Ð A village 4 miles S.) . but in Scandinavian countries. Ð Urban district.. xlviii. 337. vol. also Bretherton below. 2 miles W.P. and Upper R.28 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Aldcliffe. 1835... a briar. not only in this country. xxxi. In Domesday Book it is Radedive ... in an Assize Roll of Edward I. Oxidiva. But it may also be the contracted form of brether used as a personal name. The first theme is descriptive.). in the Inquests (R. col. 6 miles SW. vol. 7. Eadcliffe. as in Bretherton. If so.) . in early Pipe Rolls (L. Gun. Gund is an old poetic word for battle and war. of Burnley. or encroachments of the sea. p. OzclifE'e. xxxi. W. in a Final Concord of 1278 (R. xxxi..C. Ð A'parish i J mile SW. vol. of Garstang. Out R. p. p. of Blackburn. xlix. of Lancaster. Oysedivt. 3 miles SW. of Bury. See F. Cimliffe. The first theme is the animal. in Final Concords of 1369 and 1443 .. For the particular " Red Cliff" supposed to be the origin of the name. Routheclive. of Lancaster. Radedive in CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 29 the Pipe Rolls... though in the North there are also instances of the use of the word in nicknames. in a Subsidy Roll of 1332 (R.) . According to Mr. 271 .. Old English Read. Bawcliffe. Ð A hamlet 3 miles NE. iii. The first theme may possibly be the Old English word brer. vols. the first theme is personal. Baycliff. Uproucheclive. Gundedyf. in the Assize Rolls (R.)The first theme is Red. 52. It is Oxenedif in Domesday Book . vol. being the first syllable of many names in O. particularly Iceland.P.). Briercliffe. whence it may have come into occasional use in place-names.. Ouirotkedife. and perhaps the word is modern. xlix. vol.. Brereion.).. Ð A joint parish with Heaton. vol. (R. Ð Two old townships. Ð A parish 3 miles NE. Farrer's identification. p. and is found in many place-names. Radediva.. Early forms of the word are Breredive. Gund. O. and Redeclif in early charters (L. and Upraudif. The form of the word is RodecUf in Domesday Book. see Lancaster above) a river name .). xlvi. as in Radcliffe. or it may be /ang. a fairly common one in Scandinavian countries. and now included within the city limits. p. The first theme is the personal name. BoggaiTt Hole Clotigli.. See EIBK CLOUGH A wooded dell with steep banks along a stream. of Burnley. Shaw . Compare &lt. Hough being the Old English Ad A . on the edge of a brook which flows south into the Mersey. and Zann ( = Lonn . The 30 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES last theme of both words is the dat. 1. under Clough.). col. Probably an old manorhouse.. Shaw Clough. Ð Five miles NE. vol. of the supposed Old English doA. The doughs probably lay on or near the Black Brook which separates Rainford from Billinge. Ð Two places occurring in a Final Concord of 1202 (R. in a Final Concord of 1262 (R. First theme pronounced Huz. of Rochdale..(R. Boggart is a north country word for a ghost or hobgoblin. plu. Love Clough. The word may mean Red Cliff. of Manchester.) Or Hroth (see O.). the Old Norse hrafn. The present manor-house was built at the close of the sixteenth century at the end of the Hough . the Danish Rode representing the Old Norse rauthr. long. 886 et seq^. £iac appears to be a descriptive mark. p. Ð A village i mile N. xlii. xxxix. xxxix. of Burnley. vols.?/'// below. Ð Four miles S.. which is a designation of the ravine or clough. The ■word is of Mercian origin in Lancashire and Cheshire. But the first theme may equally be the personal name Rauthr. vol. red.D. 4 miles SW. of Manchester.. Hough End Clough. and the root means glory. Mere Clough in Cliviger. Eammescloucke. Ð A hamlet in Rossendale. which in many names takes the form Rod (see O.. as in Ramsbottom above. See Murray's N. is situate to the north of Longridge Fell. which is formed by the banks of an upper reach of the Burnley river. 402). The mere is possibly some pool or standing water near the clough.. heuc/i. CHUBCH. Hrothi is a most fruitful component in personal names (see F..E. 303). vol. 2 miles SE. derived from a supposed Old English doh. Sc. (See Index to Landnama. the first theme having been subject to Norse influence.). and the word is spelt Houghsend in an entry of 1 617 (R. Blacstane clohhum and Lann clohlmin. Explains itself as a lovers' walk.. of Bury. Spread Clough. hollow. COMMON Land belonging to the members of a local community as a whole. p. Swine Clough. Blains Clough. Newton Common.g. Shaw edge. a copse or thicket. a narrow valley . Mosley Common. Holcombe. COATS These arise from the Old English cot. Jackson's Commons. however. Lowton Common. Ancoats.(see later on) is the Old English Sceaga. the word seems to be the Norse kambr. in a charter of Henry III.. 32 HANDBOOK OF. Birk Rigg Common. 1377) speaks of "pore mennes cotes" in the same line as "prynces paleyses. Ð Holcombe Brook and Little Holcombe lie 4 miles NW. In the Cumberland mountain Black Combe. commonly used for crags rising like a crest. Salter Clough. Early forms of the word are Ancoates. First theme is descriptive. How Clough. LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES ." Yet in Domesday Book we find Hunnicot a royal manor with attached arable land. See.d. or dwelling. house. The words seem always to have carried the idea of humility or meanness. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 31 COMBE A hollow among hills. Deep Clough. Ð A suburb of Manchester. col. in Myerscough. Carr Common. and others. Wardle Common. Trough Clough. Aspull Common. Patch of unenclosed or " waste " land which remains to represent it. Oaken Clough. low-lying. 432. The first theme is personal (see O. 172). cote. F. It is commonly used as a subsidiary theme : e. and is a name originally perhaps marking colour or complexion. Clough is a frequent subsidiary theme : e. the Old English word hoi. and Piers Plowman (a. Hodge Clough. (L. Holcome. the Old English Cumi. Amberswood Common. Hart Common.P. appears to be an imported name from Yorkshire. COAT. of Garstang. Duncombe. and meaning comb or crest. Deer Clough. 4 miles S.C. as Shaw Chapel. cottage. Other combinations occur with Shaw.. Whitemoor Clough.g. and the Welsh Cwm. COT. col. xxxix. xxxi. Ane.. of Oldham. of Warrington. 143. of Lancaster. Han. Ona. Coldcoats. The t ox d sound which occurs occasionally in mediasval spellings is probably Epenthetic. . The first theme is the Old Norse name Keii/. 144.is regarded as a personal name. of Liverpool.P. under the theme Ton. The first theme is a personal name to which different origins have been given. Hana. An. See O. 38. See F. see O. Ð Hamlet 3 miles S. occur in the Liber Vitse. Early forms are Huntcot. Ð A village 2 miles SW. in Warton Parish. Ð A town 8 miles E. 31. 350). First theme descriptive. and Prestecote in the Charter of Burscough Priory (see L. Hawcoat. See Creag. Ketlescroft. see F. 16. probable Einecoie. with Southworth. col. a priest. of Clitheroe. xlix. a parish 4 miles NE.. Old English cro/f. is of Celtic origin. Ð A parish 2 miles NE. p. pp.C. as basis of many proper names. Eni.. CBAa A steep or precipitous rugged rock.). the Hunnicot of Domesday Book. p.. Prescot. are given by W. of Accrington. Isaac Taylor in his " Words and Places " explains the many spots bearing this and similar names as forming shelter for travellers. who appears to prefer the race-name Huna.. Hunecotes.P. Haukr was not an uncommon Norse name. The first theme is a name.. Croft. in K.C-. 329). 160. See O. Huncote (R. The first theme is the Old English Ceald.. where War. and Dr.The land was in Audenshaw in the parish of Ashton-under-Lyne. p.333)) personal 279. 929. otherwise the Old Norse personal name Hundr or Hundi might be the origin. and Hane. pp. is found as Prestecoia in a Pipe Roll of Henry II.P. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 33 CROFT A small field enclosed from a surrounding unappropriated waste. Cetellescroft. See Warton below. pp.. The first theme appears to be the personal name which appears in Hawkshead. vols. 50. Grasscroft. Huncoat. The first theme is the Old English Preost. Hunnecotes. An.. 7 miles N. occurs in an early charter of King John (L. 17.. Anna. 306. of Dalton-in-Furness. For 99. p. pp.. and Hanckotes. Warton Crag. For Aena. Ð A village 4 miles E. A root is an to favour.. vols.First theme the Old Norse personal name Askell. Peasley Cross. Ð A hamlet 4 miles S.).. a word of German-French origin denoting " Master of the Horse. p. Marshall's Cross. meaning low-lying. short for Robert.Holecroft occurs in a Final Concord of 1208.f«.Ð A hamlet 2 miles SE. but only a few of them became centres of villages or towns. Without earlier forms of Howarth. 3 miles NE. formed of As and Ketill. Martinscroft. relating to a part of Rainford. under Worth. of Rochdale. a personal name. Howarth Cross. Ð The site of the Abbey of Cockersand (L. Marshall. First theme is the early Christian name Martin. The first theme of Peasley is the Old English /e«).. on the SE. Middle English pese. See this word under the theme Wick. For second theme see Shaw. Dobbe. First theme is probably descriptive . First theme the early Christian name Patrick. c 34 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Dobcross is in Saddleworth'and reckoned in Yorkshire. The word marks the position of the Cross.. Old English ho/. xxxix. but it is probably from the Old English hbh or the personal name Hoc (O. Ð Joint township with Woolston. Old Norse stubbi. of St. into which it came from the Latin. occurs in the Assize Rolls (R. vol.P. and the first theme is the word stub. Helens.. Stubshaw Cross. Ð A populous district 5 miles W. Helens. in the parish of Eccles. xlvii.C. Patricroft. Askelscross. as in Peasfurlong. Crosses were set up of old in many places in Lancashire. 39S). of Manchester. Used in place-names in Iceland and Norway." came to denote the village Farrier. The second theme of Howarth is worth.. a tree-stump. and the development has been the same as in Howick. xlvi. of Wigan. But see HoUingworth below. and in one of 1230 relating to a part of Culeheth (R. CROSS Adopted by the Norsemen from Old Irish. The word Stubshaw marks the position. . pease. Possibly the Cross marked the position of his shoeing forge.) several times.Ð Now part of St. 300). of Warrington. the first theme presents difficulty . Ð A village 2 miles NE. P. Bkesedak. vol. Hendrik's Cross. see R. where are the forms Aegenwulf. If Bkesedak be preferred. Cuerdall (1582) (R. Eginolf. Ainsdale. vol. Agenulf.P. Kyverdak (1353). of Garstang. Einulf. Long Cross. wcer. dark blue.P.). Curedak (1631) (R.g. and others. and interchanges occasionally with the Old English den in terminations. 41. in the district.) it appears as Ainulvesdale.. xlvi. which W.473-475. makes it possible that the Old Norse bldr. 38 . For English examples. It is the Old Norse word dalr. Norcross.. as in Bldwith. we must regard the first theme as personal. the form birk being due to Scandinavian influence. Cow Cross. Keuerdak (1293). ix.C). See W. see also Pleasington below.. 421 of the L. p. Early forms zxQ Kiuerdak (1194) (L. of Preston. xlvii. Bkadale. vols. Birkdale. The Norse birki is a collective noun. see O. a very common element in Old Germanic names. High Cross.. Barton Cross.. Mab's Cross. Aynesdale.Cross. birchtree . vol. xxxi. Ð A parish 3 miles S. 478The k sound at the beginning of place-names in Lanca- . regards as originating in Blasius. The first theme is very doubtful. Stamps Cross. xii. The first theme is the Old English beorc.. in some of which the Crosses have been destroyed. is the first theme. F. but the occurrence of both forms. col. Aynuldak. and comparatively rare in CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 35 Denmark and in the Danish parts of England. Kyuerdal (1247). the name of an early Saint. 5). gives Aginulf. PP. The first theme is a personal name (see O. Ð A parish 4 miles E. the Low German name Blaes. Hunt's Cross. Thompson Cross. wer. Kyuerdak (1356). the latter in Yorkshire. p.. Blesedale is the spelling in the perambulation on p. xlviii. It is common also in Norway and Iceland. Bleasdale.. (see L. Ð An urban district joining Southport on the south. Ð A parish 3 miles E. Ð A frequent subsidiary theme: e. In charters of Richard I. Headless Cross. The fourteenth century form. Tib's Cross. Bkes. Cuerdale'. of Southport.C..C. but it seems to me to be the word war. In Domesday Book it is spelt Einulvesdel. is in R.. Chadderton Cross. DALE This termination occurs more frequently in place-names in the North of England than in the South.). 1058. JDun-er. may be the origin as well as the personal names derived from them. First theme. on the Duddon 6 miles N. In early notices it is spelt JDonerdale. 464. See O. 172. See R. vol. No early records. gras. 124. See K. great rocks. 47. Lindale.. First theme descriptive. of Broughton-in-Furness. Ð The valley through which the river Ribble flows. Ger. The patronymic Goersingas is given by Kembie. Ð A hamlet 3 miles SW. Ð A joint parish with Seathwaite.. 1650.C. Rachdall in a clerical subsidy of 1538. iii. First theme may be the personal name Lin or Lind. i.C. 54). col.. In the V. p. p. Rochdale. pp. gives (pp. A genitival or pet form.. Wcer in Old English means faith. p. See O.. Ð A town 11 miles NE. Dunnere is a personal name. Lindal. of Lancaster. vol. 338 . gres. fidelity. of Manchester. 125) the mediaeval Low German names. a church. Ð A hamlet 3 miles NE. as in Lindal. and W. The underlying personal name seems to be GcBr.). has suffered metathesis. See O. giving its name to it. The first theme is the Old Norse kirkja. First theme the river Lune.. gers in s. But either Lin. 253.. F. Ð An ecclesiastical district 4 miles S.. It is the Chirchedele of Domesday Book. xxxix. of Liverpool. col. See Ribchester above. Flax.. of Cartmel. making the first theme grass. p. The word has also been interpreted as a Celtic word. the Linden tree. vol. Dunnerdale. a name . Rochedak (1247). p. Littledale.. It appears as Recedham in Domesday Book. 1300 (R. Eirkdale. Gere. See Lancaster above. as an inferred ancient mark. gars.^The northernmost Hundred of the county. Rochdale in the Commonwealth Church Survey. Early forms are Rachedale (1241).H. which flows through it.36 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES shire interchanges sometimes with w. Ð A valley 3 miles SE.P. 125. of Ulverston. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 37 Lonsdale. Quyston for WMston. Gar. Bibblesdale. The first theme is the river. and the patronymic Geersinga. Gerse. Ð A suburb of Liverpool on the NE. Kirkedale of the Pipe Roll of 1 184 (L. p. 252. the Tudor form Gresselond Dak occurs. The root is gairu. 571. as Queryngton for Warrington. or Lind. of Caton and 8 miles E. Orassendale. a spear. e. X. I suppose. Boebnmdale. vol. The third theme is the Old Norse hofud. and fms^^ Rossendak. and Rebournedale. and those beginning with . Sivredeleg. and C. which is found in other words. Ð Mountain district. Roer of a river in Rhenish Prussia. in Skelmersdak as a variant of dale. xlvii. 1246 (R. xlvii.. lying between Burnley and Bacup. Ree is the name of a lough and Roe of a river in Ireland.g. Silverdale. vol. p. vol. vol. vol. a parish 10 miles NE. vol. viz. it would naturally lead to dale. 536). 1250 (R. Retsch. xlvi.). Those beginning with Si have sprung from Sigeweardley. 1325 (R.). head. See K.. which probably started its personal career as a Norse nickname.C. There seem to be three different forms : Ð (i) Those beginning with si and ending with leg.). of its two parts the first is apparently Celtic . xli. 409.. 1246 (R. xlix). The first theme is an extended form of Skakkr. xlix. 62 . F.) it is Roscyndak. and finally Silverdale. 404. 1250 (R. Siuerdel. Assuming Roscyn as the parent form. of Lancaster. 1285 (R. 1382.. always had dale. The third set of forms have.). The earliest form is Rocendal. xxxix. p. vol. 1282. xlviii.P. 62. under Ret. (2) Those beginning with si and ending with dale. xlvi. Rossindak. xxxix. The first theme is the name of the river which flows through the dak . vol. 35).... 1508. Selredal. the first syllable as Ro. (3) Those beginning with sel. We have Siverdelege. Burn is a generic word. p.. vol. Skelmaresden. col.).. The. see O-. In the sixteenth century and afterwards. p. 1272 (R.). 1241 (R.. K. a parish 5 miles NW. It seems to me impossible to regard all these forms as referring to the same place. xlviii. vol.. 350).of Celtic origin. first and second sets maybe put together. vol.. Scakeresdalehefd occurs in the Foundation Charter of 38 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Burscough Priory (L. 1363 (R. see the form Ret. it seems to be a diminutive of Ros. p. Bosaendale. Syuerdel. claudus.(R. 1241 (R. a horse.V. a personal name . added to describe the first part by the Teutonic tribe which colonised Yorkshire and the Lowlands. p.. English Scacca (see O. vol...).. Early forms of the word are Reburndale. Siuerdelegg.).. p. This very interesting word shows three diverging forms from its earliest appearance. The second part of the Domesday form of the word suggests the word den. Next we find Rossyndak. When the ending de-lege lost the g.. Skakki. and for the root hros. Sellerdal.. In a Final Concord of 1310 (R.). of Carnforth. 97. xlvii. xlviii. Ð This seems to be the same as Wardle. Baca. p. Langeden in Westmoreland has been superseded by Langdale. Skermerdale (R. see F. The word occurs in early charters as Wiresdale. for the root biorfeor.. 1285.). Scalmardal. Ð The parish of Nether Wyresdale lies 4 miles to the NE. 1203 (L. Kerden. The Domesday Book form is Schelmeresdele. DEAN These terminations arise from the Old English denu. Bag. vols. in Iceland. The Bax seems to be a genitival form. 57.. there is no genitival s... Yewdale. vols. and sometimes supplants them. pp.. Mention is made of the church of S. Urban district 4 miles SE. 414. 1247. For the root baga. In a Final Concord of 1202 (R. vol. Cuerden. Hill. where such epithets are translated feller and smiter. Skelmaresden is a variant of Skelmersdale.P. Wirisdal (L. 78.Wyre. The first theme is the river Wyre. Kerdyn.P.C.). First theme is a personal name of which O. xlvi. They are more prevalent in the South of England than in the North. xlvii..) Skelmersdale and Skelmaresden are found. and denn. 423. and the word cannot be interpreted as above. a valley.. of Garstang. where dale takes their place. 1582 . and is also used in descriptive nicknames. Skelmersdale. gives Bac. Michaelsuper.Sel from Selefrithdale. is a dale formed by the union of two dales.C). In the Assize Rolls are forms without the genitival s. meaning flowing water. Both the personal names are Old English. Early forms are Kerdel. p. as may be seen in O. and the parish of OverWyresdale still further to the NE. as.). Wyresdale. Skelmir is an Old Norse word meaning rogue. 219. devil.. a word probably of Celtic origin . It is to be noted that where this and similar place- CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 39 names occur in Iceland. and en an abraded syllable. in pp. strife. DEN. col. 231. Wuerdale. Baxenden. xxxix.. Skelmardal. of the Oxford Origines Islandicae. i. Ð A hamlet 4 miles S. p.. xlix. near Coniston. xlix. North Lancashire. see K. 223 of vol. in R.. 1319 (R. and as containing a personal name. Cuerden. 1242 (R. Both terminations are found in the Cheshire Longdendale. a den. of Ormskirk. vol. of Accrington. Ð Mountain valley. as of ton or stone. vol.). of Preston. See second theme. for example. Ð A village 2 miles SE. Skdlmar-dalr. given in O. on p.. xxxi. 23.. The first theme is a diminutive of Hod. or of the Low German personal name Hase. of Blackburn. Merkelesden (R. 787. is in R. Ð A hamlet in Darwen 4 miles SE.V. see p. vols. as in Cuerdale above. connects the root hasva with the Old English hasu.. of Bolton-le Moors.. Hasselinden.. What is interesting and peculiar is that the more abraded form. xlviii. xlvii.. Mersden occurs in the fifteenth and Marsden in the sixteenth century (R. The first theme is a patronymic of an / diminutive of the personal theme has. vols. When the word den was added to the name. xlviii. Marculf. (see L. Hese. one of the familiar abbreviations which Roger has undergone. 362.. Ð Urban district 4 miles E. gives examples of the Anglo-Saxon names Oda. p. grey. Ð A borough 9 miles N. iii. col. 90) the word appears as Merkesden. the second theme lost stress..C. Thus the form Merkelesden came into existence. Burnden. originating probably in a nickname of Scandinavian use. and O. Early forms are Heselingedon. The first theme is a personal name. 1. 1600 (R. used independently and unqualified.P. also W.40 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES (R. 1... Ð Ecclesiastical parishes.. 91). pp. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 41 Maxsden. Haslingden. For Danes' Dike. A Low German name Hodde occurs. Haseknden. of Manchester. xxxi. Haselingden. and suffered abrasion. of Burnley.P. war.. In a charter of the reign of Henry III... See Baines's Lancashire. voL ix. xii. Cureden. The termination itself. A common spelling of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries is Merclesdeti. Drilsden.). Mariden. p..) . Odda. The ancient mother church of the district was called S. xii. Merkesden.. and of the form Mearcwulf. 160. See the Old Norse dryllr in Fritzner's Diet. and suggests that it was a predecessor of blond in marking light complexions.. 48.. and further abrasion resulted in Merkesden and Mersden. p.. 88. Icelandic Diet.. Great and Little. Droylsden. xxiii.). Dean. The first theme seems to be the word war. appears at an earlier point . vol. 333) the form Drilisden appears. Droilsden. vol. p.). Deane. In Pipe Rolls of Richard the First (L. 2 and 3 miles NE. xlvii. vol. pp. 280. xlvii. 147. Explains itself. of Bolton-leMoors.). wer. Hoddlesden. a form which is supported by the Marchdene and Marchesden of the Assize Rolls (R. See O. vols. Drylesden. The personal name in this word was originally bithematic. Seventeenth-century forms are Droylsden. 350. pp. 1502. of Bury.C.. vol. or the C. Ð A village 1 mile SE. F. Haselinden (R.. Ð A parish 2 miles SW. of time than Merkelesden, the less abraded one. In W., p. 251, we have all three forms, but no clue as to their respective dates, Marckelff, Marckel, Marck. Ernst Forstemarm, in his work Die Deutschen Ortsnamen, 1863, has a noticeable chapter on such changes in words, p. 161. Moulden Water. Ð The river Roddlesworth, a brook 3 miles SW. of Blackburn in the township of Livesey. First theme, the Old English personal name Mul. See O., p. 355 J Mu., p. 42. Etymology doubtful; see Mowbrick above. Ogden. Ð Â village 4 miles E. of Rochdale. It appears to be the Akeden, Aggeden of the Assize Rolls (R., vol. xlvii.). The personal name Thomas Okeden is found in a Final Concord of 1444 (R., vol. 1.). The first theme is the Old English ac, oak. Booden Lane. Ð A village i mile E. of Prestwich. First theme roda, a rood. The n may represent the Norse 42 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES suffixed article, making rodan, the rood, and not the termination den. Sabden. Ð A village 4 miles NW. of Burnley. First theme may be a familiar contraction of the Old English name Smbeorht ; see this word in O., p. 406; or a Celtic river name, Sab ; see K., p. 62. The word appears in early charters as Sapeden (L.P.C., pp. 386, 388) and Sapedene in a Court Roll of 1324 (R., vol. xli.). Todmorden. Ð A town 9 miles NE. of Rochdale. The word occurs in the Assize Rolls under the forms Totmardene, Tottemerden (R., vol. xlvii.). First theme, probably the Old English name Theodmxr (see O., p. 444). The two themes of the name are from iheuda, people, maru, famous. See F., cols. 1410, 1099. Trawden. Ð An urban district 2 miles SE. of Colne. Early forms are Trochdene, Troudene, Troweden. The first theme is the Old English trog, a trough, used probably in the sense of a river bed. Walsden. Ð An ecclesiastical district 2 miles S. of Todmorden. The Wood of Walseden occurs in the account of a Final Concord in R., vol. xxxix. The first theme is a personal name, Wale, Wea/A, Wal, which occurs in the formation of many compound names (see O., pp. 476, 477) ; and Walse is a Low German diminutive of it (see W., p. 424). For root valha, a stranger, see F., col. 1513. Wolfenden. Ð A district in Rossendale Forest 2 miles NW. of Bacup. First theme, a patronymic of the Old English personal name Wulf (see O., p. 512.). Considering, however, its wild position, it seems quite possible the place took its name as a haunt of wolves. DITCH, DYKE This is the Old English die, ditch, embankment. Beddish. Ð An urban district 5 miles SE. of Manchester. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 43 Early forms are Radich, Raddic, 1226 (R., vol. xlviii.), Rediche, 1262 (R., vol. xxxix.). The first theme is apparently the Old English word read, red. The boundary of the township on the north side is the " Micle Ditch." The Mykeldiche is mentioned in a charter of Richard I. (L.P.C., p. 329). DOWN This word is the Old English dun, a hill, a mountain. Smithdown was the name of a manor south of Liverpool: Esmedune in Domesday Book. Early forms are Smethesdune, 1228 (L.P.C., p. 421); Smeddon, 12 12; Smetheden, 1297 (R., vol. xlviiL). The first theme appears to be the Old English smethe, smooth. ERG, ARGH, ARROW The Old Norse colonists in the North of Scotland accepted the native word erg, and the writer of the Orkneyinga saga, explaining it, says "We call erg, setr," that is, mountain pasture. Dr. Vigfusson, in the Rolls Edition of the Orkneyinga, connects the word with the Gaelic airidh, which Dr. Norman Macleod, in his Gaelic Dictionary, explains as "hill pasture or summer residence for herdsmen and cattle." The Norsemen carried with them in their wanderings the word horgr, a place of heathen worship, an altar of stone. It was erected on " high places," and so fwrgr gradually came to mean simply a hill. This word has in some place-names become confused with erg. Anglezark. Ð A parish 3 miles E. of Chorley. Early forms of the word are Andelevesarewe, 1202, and Anlavesargh 1224 (both in R., vol. xxxix.), Anlasargh occurs in 1376 (R., vol. xlvi.). The first theme is personal, the Old Scandinavian Anlafox Olaf. 44 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Goosnargh, a parish 6 miles NE. of Preston, is the Gusansarghe of Domesday Book. In early documents the first theme is almost always gosen, and occasionally gosn (R., vols, xxxi., xxxix., &c.). The form goosn begins to appear about 1600, with the variant gousn (R., vol. xii). It is a personal name of which examples may be seen in O., p. 267, Goswine; in W., p. 133, Gosewin, Goswin, Gosen. It means Godsfriend, and the pronunciation of the first vowel has probably been influenced by the Old Norse Guthsvin. Grimsargh. Ð A joint parish with Brockholes, 4 miles NE. of Preston. Grimesarge is the Domesday Book form. Grimesherham, accusative case, appears in a charter of Richard I. (see L.P.C., p. 437); Grimesargh, Grymeshargh are later forms (R., vol. xlviii.). The first theme is the personal name grim, as in O., p. 268, a common name in Scandinavia. It is connected with the Old English grima, a mask, helmet. See F., col. 669. Kellamergh. Ð A hamlet 2 miles SW. of Kirkham. The early forms of this word are Kelfgrimesheregh, 1200 (L.P.C., p. 132), and Kelgrimesherege, 1201 (R., vol. xlviii.). Later the variations Ker (R., vol. xlvii.), and Kelgh (R., vol. xUx.), occur in the first syllable. Kelgrymesargh 1336, is in a Final Concord (R., vol. xlvi.). Kellamore, Kellamire, Kellamer, Kellamergh, are found of the seventeenth century (R., vols, ix., X.). In the early forms the termination has been Mrgr, apparently, not erg. The personal name which has formed the basis of the first theme, has been Kellgrim or Kalfgrim, both of Norse aspect and not impossible names, but of neither can I give an example. With respect to the first, the usual form of the compound of Ketil and grim is Grimkell, a common name, which appears in O., p. 269, as Grimketel, Grimkill. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 45 In p. 346 of Farrer's L.P.C. appears the charter of the grant of land and church of Lytham to a religious house, in the reign of Richard the First. The delimitation of the boundaries starts from the cemetery of Kilgrimol, which Mr. Farrer identifies as part of St. Anne's-on-the-Sea. Kilgrimol seems formed after the manner of so many names in Scotland and Ireland, as the sacred home or Cell of Grim-ulf, who was probably a local Saint. I take the name of the Chapel, Kelgrim, as given to the owner of the hdrgr or erg of Kelgrimesherege. Medlar forms with Wesham a joint parish 2 miles N. of Kirkham. It is written Middelharg in a charter of Henry III. (L.P.C., p. 441), and somewhat later Middelerwe (R., vol. xlviii.). Medlar, Medler are early seventeenth-century forms (R., vol. x. pp. 56, 157). The first theme is a mark of position: Middel, middle. Torver. Ð A parish on the west side of Coniston Water, I r miles N. of Ulverston. In a charter of Richard I. the spelling is Thoruergh (L.P.C. , p. 402). In Final Concords of 1202, 1246, it is Thorwerghe, Thorfergh (R., vol. xxxix.). Tqrvergh is a form in the Assize Rolls (R., vol. xlvii.), torver is found in the sixteenth century (R., vol. x., p. 10). The first theme is the genitive case of the Old Norse personal name Thora (gen. Thoru). See O., p. 445. EDGE This is the Old Norse egg, the Old English ecg, edge. In old charters (see the Glossary to Earle's Handbook) this termination seems to mean boundary. It is used also to denote a mountain or hilly ridge. Blackstone Edge. Ð Mountain ridge N£. of Rochdale. The first theme refers to the boundary stone between Yorkshire and Lancashire, which, according to Baines, in 46 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES vol. ii. of Gazetteer of Lancashire, p. 689, stands near Whiteholm Reservoir. Burn Edge. Ð A hamlet 2 miles SE. of Rochdale. First theme descriptive. Bumage. Ð A district 4 miles S. of Manchester. Spelt Burnidge, 161 7 (R., vol. xlii.). First theme descriptive. END Used in place-names in its ordinary sense as a termination or boundary. A dale-end is the part of a valley adjoining the open country. Hough End. Ð A manor-house and district near Chorlton, 4 miles S. of Manchester. The first theme is Old English hbh, which generally denotes in place-names an elevation ; but it has, like the Scottish form of the word, heuch., a secondary meaning of ravine. It seems to have that meaning here, where the manor-house is built at the end of the ravine or clough. Knob End. Ð A hamlet 3 miles SE. of Bolton-le-Moors. The first theme is the Old English Cncsp. The village is on the fringe of the mountainous district of East Lancashire, and the name probably refers to some local elevation overlooking the valley of the Irwell. Lane Ends or Four Lane Ends, in the urban district of Atherton, 3 miles N. of Leigh. Name descriptive. ETH or ET This termination has been discussed in the first chapter. It is usually, if not always, the abridged form of some word which has lost its stress. It affords equal difficulty in Continental place-names. A discussion of the termination ithi will be found in Forstemann's Die Deutschen Ortsnamen, Nordhausen, 1863, p. 227. . Cu/eket.. a ford in Old Norse. 218. 160. In the Subsidy Rolls of the fourteenth century we find Heskaith.). Kulchit.. Hesketh.. xlix. and the second theme wt'ik a wood.. The second is worth..). 1269 (R. and the suggestion of a Low German origin for the first theme is a not improbable solution. of Garstang. found in personal names.) · Culchik. xlvii. xxxix.. 455. vol. vol.). vol.P. 787. which is found in an early charter in the form of a patronymic Culingas.). Kylchid. 1242 (R.. 1200 (L. The interesting thing about these names is the remarkable likeness between the oldest and youngest. of Barrowin-Furness. see the word Penketh. 1285 (R. Kekhit.CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 47 Culcheth. 219). There is a speWing Ifo//witA in R.. and of slightly later date are Heskeyth. The form Hescatk occurs in an Inquest of the year 1288 (see R. which likeness becomes greater when it is remembered that the Lancashire pronunciation of the ending eth is very commonly et or it .. The mediaeval forms of the word are various. a pari sh 9 miles N.. For the Low German forms Hose. as we see from the Domesday form. F. wood. Kooltjes are familiar diminutives of the personal name Cole. p. vol. xlix. hollow or low-lying. 1276 (R.. xxxi. Kilshaw. The first theme of Ireleth is probably the personal name Gerolf{sQ&amp.. vol. p. vol. 1332 (R. 1303 (R. pet-name or diminutive of the personal name Has (see O. and W. 1500 (R. The first theme is a /4-extension. of Warrington. xlviii.. vol. 1278 (R. has grown out of the old termination. see W.P. 280). xlviii. of Preston. however. If we accept its indication. Ð A township 6 miles NE. the first theme will probably be the Old English Ao/. the name of a place in Kent (see S. the more usual form of shaw for a wood. Culcheth. xxiii. 1.. In a modern form of Culcheth. grey.).. Cul. p. The place-name. col. 361). Culchith. Koelke. pp. vol.. xxxi. See Haslingden above..C. vol. O. vol. Hesketh (R. Ð In Kirkby Ireleth. xlvii. x.). 257)..C.). vol. Kilchif. .).). Ð Parish on the coast 12 miles SW. 147. Kyllechyrth. Heskayth (R. and early in the fifteenth century. Hese. Heskeith (R. 48 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES The termination etA in this word is probably wa/A.). below. p. xxxix. is one of exceptional diflficulty. Ireleth. Holleth. The termination eth in this case may be a contracted form of with. of the date 1664.. and Kirkebi Irlidm a late twelfth-century charter (L. vol. 148. vol.) . 1.. It appears in Domesday Book as Gerkuuorde. connects the root hasva with Old English hasu.. pp.) . Ð Parish 5 miles N. Nether Kellet and Ovre Kellet are from 1299 and 1307 (R. Ð A suburb of Oldham on the SW. which also means a shield. Oglet. 287.). vol.. The termination may be with. W. 60. vol. of which examples may be seen in O.. Ð A joint parish with Warton. as there is a personal name Lind. of Warrington. is the Old English til. 256. 1293 (R. wood. Ð A parish 3 miles W. p. vol. vol. and also the familiar Tolke. First theme seems to be the Old English lind. fountain. (R. Early CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 49 forms of the word are Penket.. 460).. Wright's Dialect Dictionary. Wemeth. and a later form is Kellet of the Pipe Roll of 1198 (L. Tulketh. Lindeth. xlviii. of Lancaster. xxiii. wood. The eth termination is probably with.).. 338. The termination probably from with. ed) is the Old English word \eg.). vol..Kellet. xlvi. but this is doubtful. for the extension k. The early forms are Vernet.).. 1540. meaning an island. First theme is the Old English ac. kell.See Prof. Penktih. The first theme appears to be the Old Norse held.C. 483. an oak.. p..). gives the Low German form Tolle. half surrounded by the windings of the 1352 form the is . Early forms are Tulket and Tulkith (R. p. 7 miles N. of Speke Hall. meaning a slope. gives the Low German names. Ð An ancient manor in the district of Ashtonon-Ribble. xxxix. In Domesday Book the word is spelt Chellet. The eth in this word I take to be hlith. xlviii. of Lancaster. See the name and theme in O. vol.. The first theme is the Old English personal name Tulla (see S.). Penketh. EYE This termination (ey. Penkith. xlviii. Warin. it is common in the dialects of the North of England as held. xlviii.. p. see O.P. vol. with k extension. The root according to Mu.. 156. good. and F. the supposed root ben. In some words there has probably been confusion with hey. wood. The termination eth is probably with.. Over and Nether. and its use in place-names is very similar to that of Holme.). a spring. For root. with k diminutive. p. Pent. The eth termination of the place-name is probably in this word the Old English hlith. Penne. col. Wern. p. 1242 (R.. xxxix. consult F. a lime tree. The first theme is the personal name Pen. 401. p.. the first theme is a common in Old English personal names . p. 1290 (R. O. Ð A hamlet on the Mersey SE. 1222 (R. W. Wernyth. 387. a wood.. and p. ro6). Meadows on the banks of the Mersey. marshy place. a slope. p... col. Ð Parishes 5 miles N. p. In the seventeenth century we find Waney. 326 ff.. Wannegia is found in the Assize Rolls (R.. The first theme is a personal name. the word is Berretseige. Ð Identified by Mr. and Berdeseye.. col. Bared. Early forms of the word are Liveseye.C. The original form was probably the bithematic Beornhard. 357. is discussed in F. 105. vols. Levesay (R. the word appears as Wagneia and Wageneia (L.river.C.. It is not easy to choose between eye and hey for the second theme. Liveshey. of Blackburn.) it is Berdeseia. Hepe. beloved. In charters of Henry II. The form Cornege appears (L. 307.. The word is spelt in the Assize Rolls. (L. p. to move. vol. p. 100. (See R.. are locally known as ees or eyes. Hephay (R. 220. and Corner Row in 1680. pp.P. pp. 14. p. and Bardsey in 1614 (R.. O. The first theme may be the word corn. Ð A parish 2 miles N.. X. xxxi. In Domesday Book. xi. The first theme is the Old English personal name Wagan . a wain. In the charters relating to the foundation of Furness Abbey. a village 2 miles N. Also Heppay. 476. 167). 277. especially on the Cheshire side. Farrer with Corner Row. W. Bardeseia is found in 1202 (R.). Ð An ecclesiastical district 3 miles S. for we find Cornoe in 1587. xlvii. The root vegan. Baxdsea. Walney. pp. xxxix. 57).. p. vagn. vol. 315). xlvii. Hepei (R.P. xxxix. pp. which forms a part of a large number of old bithematic personal names. which suffered abrasion to Beorard. 437) in a charter of Richard I.).. 67... Cornorow in 1638.. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 51 L . pp. The first theme is Leof. Walney. vol. p. vol. Ð An island opposite Barrow-in-Furness. O. xlviii. 80. Comey. 1487.. see O..P. Coorn is also a Low German mediaeval name perhaps from the Biblical name Cornelius. or Berred.. of Kirkham. p.) Livesey. vol. Rygh gives instances of Komi as a personal name used in place-names in Norway. 64. see 0. Hepay. Ð A parish 3 miles SW.). Cornoe Raw in 1665.. which probably show that the / was silent..C. Old Norse. Lyvesaye. Heapey. 302. of Chorley. Cornoe Row was developed apparently in the seventeenth century. D 50 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES 310.. of Ulverston. Hepeie. 158. In 1202 and 1208 we have the spellings Canceveld. The root form appears in the Old Norse word heppinn. Greenbank Fell.C. plain open country. but the / of the Domesday form does not appear again till the seventeenth century (R. Furness Fells. 158. vol. pp. Anfield. Calder Fell. Cancefdd. x. 291. 21. Lea Fell. p. 258.. gives the name Heppo. . being the Old Norse fjall. lucky. No early records. as in W. xxxix. Baton Fell. of Dobcross. Ð A village i mile E. xxxix. Dunnerdale Fell. Lithe Fell. Picton. narrow.. p. Longridge Fell. and then to arable land. p. Bolton Head Fell. Marshaw Fell. regards it as a race-name. in the local dialect of the Old English enge." FELL A word introduced by the Northmen... xlix. Woodland Fell. and is found north of the Ribble.. col.. Abbeystead Fell. and Low German mediaeval names are Hepe. It is given to single mountains as well as mountain masses.. It is Cantesfelt\r\. Graygarth Fell. The field belonging to a village community consisted of the lands parcelled out to the members of the community. In 1332 the form is Caunsfdd (R. see p. in Final Concords (R. p. O.vol.H. The first theme is personal. of the county. Hepay (R.). and then to Anfield. 203. Oxen Fell. 56)... iii. Ð A parish in the old parish of Tunstall in the extreme NE. 102. 280).. Ireby Fell. under hap. Old Norse ongu. In the V. Kaenta appears in the Liber Vitae j see S. The first theme is a personal name. Bleasdale Fell. xxxi. Burnstack Fell. Grizedale Fell. FIELD This is the Old English ^/&lt.. Tarnbrook Fell. Heppe. vol.). 748. Cartmel Fell." There is no trace. and in a Final Concord of 1300. in Memorials of Liverpool. See F. Mu.f. Wolfhouse Fell. Ð District and suburb of NE. under date 1642. Blawith Fell. Cantsfield. vol. however. speaks of the 52 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES "long narrow strips into which the land was divided. at first applied to unploughed pasture land. Weakey. The word appears to be a dative case singular of the Old English wlc^ and to mean simply " at the wick " or "village. The word is used as a subsidiary theme.. vol. Liverpool. which gave rise to Hangfield.). it appears as Hongfield. and the greens and commons which were possessed and used in common. Domesday Book. meaning riches. of Accrington.. First theme is a modern plural of the Old English leah. Ð A hamlet 8 miles NE. Threlfall. p. from which it took its name. and Hunnesworthefeld (R. Ð A village 6 miles N. Ð A hamlet i mile NW.. where King Oswald of Northumbria was slain fighting against King Penda of Mercia. 929. of which the singular is lee or lea.. p. for which see O. Dike del Filde is mentioned in an Assize Roll of 1246 (R. of Maserfeld the Welsh maes. Enfield. The first theme may be the personal Man or Hean. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 53 Hundersfield. Both words mean a plain or field. Leesfield. First theme descriptive and modern. date 1338. First theme of Makerfield is the Gaelic word machair . xlvi. of Manchester. p.). Ð A borough in the Cheshire part of Stayhybridge. 285. F. lying west of a line drawn from Freckleton on the Ribble to Cockerham at the Mouth of the Lune. 167. Dr. For the second part of the first theme. 1361 (R. Early forms unknown. Hunewrthefeld (vol. 277). This would suit the position of Edenfield. 209. Ð Ecclesiastical district 2 miles SE.. Ð Makrefeld appears to date from about the beginning of the fourteenth century. 307. a personal name in O.. in the . Hun. pasture. xlviii. The d is epenthetic. of Bury. Isaac Taylor (Names and their Histories) suggests the Gaelic Eadanan. Fairfield. and Ireland. xxxix.. vol.. see worth below. pp. 305. the descendant of the Old English lots.. Scotland. xlvi.Dukinfield. xxxix. The first theme is a river-name in England. (See R. Ð A rich district of Amounderness.). Makerfield. Later. col. now subdivided into parishes. vol. Ð A large district NE.. Some antiquaries think it to be the word Maserfeld of Bede and the Saxon Chronicle. and applies it to the brow of a hill. Ð Moravian village 4 miles E. 115). 1509 (R. A suburb of Liverpool on the east is also named Fairfield. The word is field in an old spelling.) Ran is a frequently used theme. it is spelt Honeresfeld.). vol. vol. and William del Fylde in an Inquest of 1293 (R. containing the town of Lees. The first part is a personal name.) It is the district stretching from Winwick to Wigan. Fylde. vol. p.. xlvii. of Preston. Early forms not known. Or it may be the same word as lease.. and Hundersfeld.). Edenfield. p. vol. of Rochdale. In early documents it appears as Hunnordesfeld (R. xlvii.. regards the race-name Hunn as a probable origin. 30). (See O. 1. vol. of Oldham.... The first theme is a genitival form of Dacca. Hunni. meaning face. 279.nts feld or field. First theme may be the Scriptural name Solomon.. First theme may be descriptive. Clongh Fold. of Bury. of Manchester. Early forms not known. Hwita occur in O. 3 miles E. First theme descriptive of position. For many examples of the Old English name Wulfstan. Hama.. Ð Five miles NE. of Rochdale. 3 miles S. of Rochdale. Wita. In place-names the word came to mean enclosure. of Rochdale. urban district. Ð A hamlet N. FOLD This is the Old English fald. Wbitefield. Threlefal. First theme marks the place of the fold. Ð A hamlet 2\ miles ESE. No early form known. In R. First theme marks the place of the fold. xlviii. an ox-stall. Ð Ecclesiastical district i mile NE. Haimo and Hamo are given in O. 310.township of Goosnargh. Ð A hamlet 4 miles ESE. Early forms not known. Dixon Fold. Whitefleld. Holme will be found below as a second theme. it is spelt Threlefel. a sheep-fold. Ð A village i mile NW. Wolstenholme Fold. and 54 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES referring to huts. Schofield Hall. Ð A village in the township of Butterworth. Booth Fold. Trelefelt in Domesday Book. Early forms wanting. however. Ð A modern place. 278. 519. Salmonfields. on the way to Bolton-le-Moors. First theme descriptive.. of Bury. See O.. Higher Fold. see O.. sheds or booths. Ð Railway station. of Rochdale. p. of Haslingden. Ð A village 3 miles NW... as Old English names. 6 miles NW. pp. Hamer Fold. or cluster of buildings forming an enclosure. of Oldham. The first theme is personal. vols. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES S5 . First theme probably personal.Ð A village 4 miles SE. Felt repKs&amp. p. Woolfold. See the termination scales. xlix. First theme may be original owner's name. Turolf or Thurwulf. of Haslingden. 503. Early personal names. Treuelfal. First theme perhaps personal. of Bolton-le-Moors. 462. scales below. on the same stream. xxxix. and whatever it may have represented when it was first used. Ð A district on the east side of Manchester.. In Domesday Book it is spelt Chreneforde. xxxix. BajTOWford. now practically is identical with farmhouse or hamlet. There are five or six such places in West Derby Hundred. of Rochdale. Ð A village adjoining Leigh. The personal name. In 1301 we find Kerneford (R. Crana in Donegal. Bradford. Near Barrowford are Higher Ford and Lower Ford. 3 miles W. for root on the East. also in Germany and the Netherlands in various forms. mostly in the old parish of Leigh . See F. 1282 (R. The word is bradeford in 1196 (R. The name may not be originally a Lancashire 56 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES one. FOED. Camforth. the ordinary form during the Middle Ages. First theme the Old English beam tree.. col. Appears as Baunford.. The first theme is the Old English brad. Bedford.. p. Ð A hamlet in Pilkington 2 miles S. xxxix. of which the majority are in the Old parishes of Bolton-le-Moors and Dean . The word in placenames is used as a subsidiary theme. about a dozen in Leyland Hundred . As a place-name termination the word is very common in England . Blackford Bridge. The first theme is a river name.). Beda. about forty in the Hundred of Blackburn. commander. Ð An urban district 2 miles west of Colne.. 85. vol. vol. of Bury.Fold.). vol. and a stray one or two in the North of Lancashire. vol. Ð A joint parish with Birtle. rather more than fifty in the Hundred of Salford. Ð An urban district 7 miles N. Cerne is an affluent of the Frome in Dorset. vol..). 321. Early forms not known. as in O. of Lancaster. p. is a CQmmon designation in many parts. Bamford.. Carneforth (R. xxxix. or Fowt as it is generally pronounced locally. there are rivers Crane in Kent and Middlesex. broad. It is first theme is a and may mean a bod. but imported as a personal name from another county. The first theme may be a river name as in Ireland . FORTH The Old English ford denotes a way or passage through or over water. The bridge is over the river Roch. x.). Bedefordm 1296 (R. . 12) appears in the sixteenth century. but also it may refer to a hill or mound which will mark the position of the ford (see barrow among the second themes above).. Ð A village 2 miles N. Rhine. 58. The cat. a hamlet 6 miles NW. Orford. The first theme is the Old English word ruh. p..Carnforth lies in the west part of the valley of the Keer. Eainford. the word is Ruchford (R.. The first theme is a personal name.. which suggests the Celtic Caor. The first theme is a personal name. see K. see Madsen. Raynesford. vol. col. Raynsford. like the wolf and the bear. The root is Ragan. e. Middleford Green. rough. 1446. in the river Saale. to which Forstemann. The first theme is of doubtful origin . 1. Helens. of Preston.. Rufford. opposite Manchester. p. though much more rarely. of Liverpool. 303. 6 miles N. which is a component part of many Germanic names.). vol. xlviii. Possibly the root may be the Celtic Caor . The place occurs in Domesday Book with no variation in the spelling.. 109. See the word Kottr in the Landnama. See also Or. 58. 1503 (R. xxxix. for bithematic names.). of Warrington. Ð Forming a joint township with Orrell.. 126. see Salesbury above. First theme of Middleford denotes position. in Penwortham.. See K. The first theme may also be a river name.. 12 12. and Rughford (R. 1256. see K. p. xxxi. of Ormskirk. An affluent of the stream is Randle Brook. It may be a component of personal names .. xxxix. 265. There is a river Ore in Suffolk and another in Fife. It is a river name. vol. attributes a probable Celtic origin. p... K. p. and the variations which occur in mediaeval works are unimportant. Ð An urban district 4 miles N. and various place-names in Scandinavia given by Rygh. Ð A hamlet i mile SW. 396-8. vol. p. vol. who gives examples in which the c is lost or changed to h. 1262 (R. For two such names in Zealand. pp. for Ð ist..) . See O. See Catto. Ð A borough on the Irwell. of which Regin. of Preston. 2nd.) in the Subsidy Rolls of 1332. Rein.. Regen. See K. . In the Great Inquest. Sauford. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 57 1202. p.g. gave rise to personal names in the North. Ceatta. O..). Ð Â parish 5 miles NE. Ford. 62. of St. 1221. In early Final Concords we have the forms Reineford. Early forms not known. Catforth. p. 60. The theme unqualified. counsel. See F. Rayneford.. in later ones Raynford. as Ranee. as. Salford. W. form a theme. Rufford in a Final Concord of 1293 (R. vols. It may be derived. In either acceptation it may denote a mark showing the position of the ford. and the name is probably modern. The same word tros is used in Old Norse for broken branches. a willow. is a suburb of Manchester on the SW. Stockport.). For the first theme see S^w below.. in the Great Inquest of 1212 (R. 69). and mark the position of the ford. Scotforth. on the Mersey. vol. 4th. vol. and perhaps implies a stockaded town. which F. p. col. Ð A village 4 miles N. If we take the first of these as a clue. 411). vol. 93). . 1212. of Manchester. vol..). derived from its position on the sea coast. Stopford. which here crosses the Mersey. xii. p. It appears as Scozforde in Domesday Book. from the Old English salo. The first theme means iog. and referred to the colour of the water at the ford [as in Blackford].. xlvi. In the Doniesday Book for Cheshire. vol.. The earliest form of the word (1187) is Sfokepor i (L.). of Manchester.). which is the form in R. Ð A chapelry 5 miles N.. Early forms not known. Trafford. Of these explanations I prefer the first. Early forms wanting. a slender trunk or bough of a tree. The first 58 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES theme is a personal name (see O. Scotford in the Great Inquest. Ð A town 6 miles S.C... Ð A Parliamentary Division of Lancashire. Ð A parish 2 miles S. Stopforih (see R. xlviii. 4 miles SW. It occurs in the Pipe Rolls and early Charters (L. i. and in a Final Concord of 1325 (R. xlviii.. Traford. and is spelt Stratford in 1265 (R.. a town. p.. and afterwards (R. nominally a Cheshire town. It occurs in the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R. of Lancaster. so that the second theme is probably not /ord at all hut port. Stretford. Seaforth. spelt respectively Trosford. xlviii. it suggests the Old Frisian tros. xlix. It may be descriptive. of Rochdale. 355). The first theme is the Old English sirast and refers to the Roman road to Chester. on the river Mersey. Trafford occurs as name of three places. Skeat supposes. Troford.. vol.). xlvi. of Liverpool. 1309. xlviii.3rd. Shawforth...F. dark-coloured.C. called Old Trafford. p.. meaning a harbour. Mediaeval: corruptions are Stopport. as Dr. in a bend of the river Irwell. considers to be tribal. from the Old English sealh.P. Peysporlonge in a Final Concord of 1500 (R. This sense of the word may be accepted in most modern words such as Stanleygate. and is often used in modern place-names. the Bishop Aethelgar calls himself Egger. 1. The first theme is a personal name. street. p. then a house in a town or village. may have prevented the normal growth of the English pronunciation of the first theme in the placename. It appears as Egergard 1277 (R. FURLONG This is the Old English y/oiA fitrlang. The first theme in this word suggests the vegetable bean. meaning a courtyard and its premises. vol. The word.). 117). which under the Danish form gade is used in the naming of streets. Bamfurlong.. xii.).. 1.. pease. See the N. way. Ð The name. In a charter (E. of a manor which Mr. p. vol. in the township of Culcheth. The first theme is the Old English /«&lt.CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 59 Professor Wyld understands it to be the Old English fro A. .D. GARTH This is the Old Norse word garthr.?«. Pesseforlong in a Roll of the close of the fifteenth century (R.. The termination yate occurs in Lydiate and the Four Yates. YATE The Old English geat denotes an opening in a wall or fence. 416). Fesfurlong. The influence of the Old Norse form... A definite measure of length in the old village communities. Pesefurlaing occurs in an Assize Roll of 1247 (R. vol. Eggergarth. vol. vol. Farrer places in the parish of Lydiate (R.. it became used also as a measure of area. possibly a square furlong.. In most of the older compounds the sense road. the length of the furrow made by a ploughman before turning round. Ð A manor 4 miles NE. GATE. does not seem to be in use to form place-names in Scandinavia. vol. however. baun. a trough. p. seems more fitting. The Old English word is bean.E. now lost. doubtless a familiar contraction of a 6o HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES longer one. xlviii. as pease is the first theme of the next word. and Ekirgarth in an Entry of 1380 (R. 224.).. of Warrington. xlvii.). Ð A railway station 3 miles SE. This sense corresponds with the Old Norse gata.). It occurs occasionally in early documents. xlvii. of Wigan. Egera is a personal name in O. First theme may be personal. The word is probably modern. Ð A hamlet 6 miles WSW. Moses Gate. of Lancaster. a shortened form of Cutbert or Cuthbert. Lydgate. Ð An ecclesiastical division 2 miles W. a swing-gate. Ð Ecclesiastical district 2 miles NE. The place is Wingates in the Ordnance Survey.). Wingate. No early forms known. of Warrington. First theme the numeral doubtless. This is the same word as the next. Outgate. is on the old Roman road from Manchester to Blackrod. which occurs as a first theme in O. No early form known. of Bolton-le-Moors. 5 miles WSW. Ð A parish 4 miles SW. as in the similar word The Winnats. Liddigaie and Lidgyate in later documents occur. who owned the neighbouring Lathom estate until the beginning of the eighteenth century.The Yorkshire termination seems to be uniformly gate. The dialect pronunciation ol gate in Lancashire '\% yate. padgate is a well-trodden road. p. The place appears as Four Gates in the maps of the Ordnance Survey. and s. Padgate. as well as Four Yates. Ð A hamlet 2 miles SE. Ð A hamlet 3 miles SE. In the Great Inquest of CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 61 12 1 2. vol. Ð A village i mile W.. of Bolton-leMoors in the urban district of Westhoughton. and. Lidiate (R. and at " Padgate Stocks " a church was built in 1838. 147. the g in gate being preserved by Scandinavian influence. of Rochdale. of Ormskirk. The Padgate was the name of the Bolton road from Warrington. Ð A village 4 miles S. in Saddleworth. the ordinary opinion that this word is the Old English hlid-geat. The Domesday Book form is Leiate. Named after the Earls of Derby. Stanley Gate. xxxi. when the district was formed and the name of the road given to the district. of Dobcross. of Bolton-le-Moors. of Ormskirk. The first theme seems to be the personal name Gal. Ð A hamlet in the urban district of Westhoughton. Pad is a north country word for path... GILL . 253. Four Yates. p. Gallgate. Early forms not known.). xlviii. The name suggests wind for the first theme. and Lydyaie in the Subsidy of 1332 (R-i vol. or other compound name of which there are several in O. No early form known. Lydiate. Now the ecclesiastical district IVingates. in the Peak district. There seems no reason for rejecting . and grafy grove. and Clivicher. Old Norse gil. i. two Old English words Ð grmf. Gill is a subsidiary -theme in Sparrow Gill. GRAVE. Ð A hamlet lying under the Tatham Fells.P. of Burnley. on the borders of Yorkshire. somewhat confused..). railway.. which in place-names would probably be a boundary . there are many personal names beginning with Dag. a projection. 162. vol. E. What would be a dough in East Lancashire. The Gill stream flows into the river Wyre. Cliuacher and Clyuacher. vol. Cfyuaker and Clyuacher. especially those of 1246. No CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 63 early form known. The seventeenth-century forms are Cliviger. of Garstang. vol. Ð A hamlet 1 mile SE.).. and among them Dxgmar. Ð A parish and deep valley lying SE. There is a Low Gill in West- 62 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES morland. GOBE.). 1195 (R.).). of the river Hindburn. 421)... Some of these forms. xxxi. vol. brushwood. a mound or hill. A piece of land which in the early village communities did not lend itself to be divided into regular strips. would in the Lake district and North-east Lancashire be known as a gill. and NW. In O. p. The first theme suggests 6u. GEB This termination is from the Old English gara. 1246 (R. Damas Gill. The first theme is the Old English clif. 1656 (R. The word is Scandinavian . Bowgrave. p. a triangular or irregular piece of land. 1258 (R. with the by-form grcefa (see Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Diet.. xL). grove. in the sense of trench. GREAVE. xlviii. Ð Lies s miles SE. the probable origin of Darner. and others. In both places the first theme is the Old English Masw. a station on the L. 1650 (R. cliff. seem to show an early confusion between the two Old English words acer and gara.. the Old . vol. xxxix. Scaleber Gill. xlvii. Clyvechir. thicket. Low Gill. vol.C. narrow glen with a stream flowing through it. of Lancaster. 1332 (R. The word appears as Clivercher. GROVE Under these terminations there lie. Cliviger..A deep. It is Dameresgil in a charter given by Farrer (L.). 311). Stevenson Ground. Bamsgrave. Ð A hamlet 4 miles SE. The importance which the village greens possessed in mediaeval times and the days of " Merry England " disappeared for the most part as the Enclosure Acts gradually swallowed them up. First theme suggests the element woer.. Hollingrove. The names. The first theme is the personal name Ram (see O. hraban. Orgreave. HALL . but a map of Lancashire (1828) has the name Hargreave Mill near the supposed site. a raven. in Amounderness and Lonsdale.Ð A village in Saddleworth i mile SE. xxxix. p. 64 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES In West Derby Hundred there are at least 50 placenames which still carry the theme green . Wargrave. See O. 58. The final theme probably denotes boundary trench. 17 . of Rochdale. of St. 395). Oresgrave. hrafn. more than 35. vols. OBEEN A place of public or common grassy land situated in or near a village. see K. Bamsgreave. HALGH.g: Sawley Ground. Ð A parish 3 miles N. in two parishes chiefly of Lonsdale North of the Sands Ð e. p. 473. 1235 (R. The place-name seems now to be lost. p. xlix. Ð A manor about 2 miles N. under the word Caor. Dixon Ground in Ulverston. 20. of Dobcross. Helens.P...). and others. Early forms not known. equivalent apparently to /old or /arm.C.. Ð A village i mile E. Houegrave. Firgrove. still remain.English word for dwelling. First theme the tree. about 7 . p. The second theme possibly denotes a boundary trench. common in personal names. First theme the tree. The final theme may denote a boundary. The word is generally a subsidiary theme to the name of the village.. GBOUND This word is used as a subsidiary theme. The first theme seems to be a Celtic river-name . in Leyland Hundred. Old English form of the name. Carter Ground in Kirby Ireleth. however. ALL.. Oregrave. in Salford Hundred. and 7 in Lonsdale over the Sands. the Old Norse. of Blackburn. Rodger Ground in Hawkshead parish. of Dalton-inFurness. It appears in Domesday Book as Ouregrive. Twelfth and early thirteenth century forms are Oregrava (L. in Blackburn Hundred. xlii. vol.. Cromsall. 1600 (R. p. of Garstang. 1293. Low German mediaeval names are Crum. Ð A village ij mile SW. as in Ordsall Hall. Sweet translates it corner. The termination theme unqualified. The word is Curmisale. There are no early forms.).. Ð A village in the township of Butterworth.. Baies. Crotnpton.-T. vol. 1201 (L. probably originally a stone building. 1. 4 miles ESE. a hall. Catteral (R. Sweet..). appellatur. 1620 (R.) is an entry of 1497. Cf.Haks.). vol. Catterall. Ð An ecclesiastical district 3 miles NE. 1301 (R. and the like. Dr. The third of the above terminations is derived from the Old English heall.). Krummi is a pet name of the Raven in Iceland and the North. This is the termination theme unqualified. Ardwick Hall.The two first of these terminations are the nominative and dative cases of the Old English word healgh. vol. 1094. xxxix..). The first theme is a personal name. Cormesall. vol.. p. . The Domesday form is Catrehala.. Caterhale. 1500 (R. Leo takes it to be the same word as ealh" a residence. The latter is CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 65 the form in the following centuries. In Final Concords : Caiurhale. meadow. xlviii. which appears in Kettering. of which the dative is heale. 223). The first theme is a personal name. hiding-place.C. below. and Crompsail. apparently on account of his crooked beak. 427. of Rochdale. Curmeshale. p. 1444 (R. Haugh. Kette. 1176.. The plural form. is from Aalas. Early forms ax&amp..Ð A village i mile SE. The following quotation from a charter in the Old English texts of Dr. Ð A parish 2 miles S. The StratmannBradley by haugh. Cath. gul/. 4. which is a nickname in the Landnama (II. CrmnpsaU.). and the modern form with two /"s is the usual one in the seventeenth century. 1." and it seems to show that Kemble's stone hall is a residence in a secure situation on a rocky rising ground. and is mostly used as a subsidiary theme. vol. Low German mediaeval forms are Catte. The first theme is descriptive probably. Broadhalgh. xii. of Bolton-le-Moors. of Manchester.).P. 1282 (R.. Haulgh. an extended form of Cat. See W. Hale. 210. the plural of the word Aea/gA. Krumr. bay. 6). Of this word we read in B. Ð A township 6 miles S. of Rochdale. vol. of Prescot. Crom (W. Crimbks. a temple. Kemble translates it hall. : " A word of doubtful meaning. is interesting : Ð " In quoddam petrosum clivum et ex eo Baldwines healh. Hale. 1. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 67 Kersal.. in the valley of the Ribble. a joint parish with Thistleton. a hero. Greenall (1602). Ð Name of house or houses in Broughton. 3 miles NW. Hothersall is found in 1460 (R. is the Greneholf of Domesday. Halsale and Hakshale are the usual forms in the following centuries (R. In Domesday it is spelt Ellhak. p. 66 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES EUel. of Blackburn.. of Kirkham. the roots of which are uht. meaning wet and dreary^descriptive of the ground. vols..Dunkenhalgh. 19. 1. xii.P. is connected with the Old English h«k.C.P. 195. Hothersall.. p. Name probably modern..). 115). Ella is a Northumbrian king in the mythical saga of Ragnar Lodbrok. The various forms taken by this word are Grenhole. Ellyl. Grenolf (1332). then Ellal. 79. The first theme is personal (see O. dawn. 738. of Manchester. and Kershal in a Pipe Roll of King John (L. The root. col. p. p. 157. First theme probably the dialect word Dunkin. The common Norse form is Ottarr. vol. Searle. p.. Halsall. Ellell (R.). S.. First theme descriptive.). Grenhull. Ohthere (see 0-. shaw. Greenhalghe (1600). Greenhalgh. in .V.. hall.. of Ormskirk. Ð Four miles NE.. Hak..). Aella is a name in the Liber Vitse. and points to the Low German. under the word Dank. Kereshala is mentioned in a charter of King Stephen.365).. vol.)... and Elhale in a charter of 1156 (L. 278. xlviii. See Mu. in Clayton-le-Moors. Ð A parish 7 miles NE. Udereshak in an entry of 1247 (R. But see also F. being compounded in place-names with ley. 4 miles N. The first theme. xlix. Hodersak at the end of the century (R. Ð A parish 3 miles W. col. xlvii..C. O. 1. and Professor Wright's Dialect Dictionary. Grenoll. vol. of Lancaster. p. i. xxxix.. col. found in King Alfred's Orosius. The root of the name is doubtful. 127). Greenow (1650). xxxviii.). suggests a personal name. are later ones. See Skeat's Etymological Dictionary. as in Halmund. A century later (1254) it is EUak (R. Ellale.. In Domesday it is Heleshale. Keer and Kier. 45 . p. vols. 392). pp. Grenol. The first theme is a personal one. In a Pipe Roll of King John it appears as Hudereshal {L.C. 326. Ð An ecclesiastical district 3 miles NW. and perhaps Herleshala. according to F. F. vol. xxxix. Femyhalgh.. of Preston. The first theme is a personal name. 226). The first theme descriptive. a host. of Preston. and here. Ð A parish 4 miles S. It is called Rushrale in Domesday. and soon after. Staynolf in the Subsidy Roll.C.. influenced by the Old Norse form Steinn. Stainhol. are Noteho. HAM . a nut. 1179. on the Irwell. which end in all. p. col..P.). Earliest form is Rediveshale. The Irish Ciar means dark brown. Ordsall. SW. xlvii. The word means a sword point. vols.). and Staynoll in a Final Concord of 1443 (R.H. red. Hackensall. See O. Redvales. Ordeshala is in a Pipe Roll of Henry II. for the root. vol. The middle syllable of the earliest form suggests the Old English efes. 68 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Sossall. and a century later..). a. In the volume of Inquests (R. Staynoll. In the seventeenth century we find Stanoe. gives an English name. xxxix. Hordesak. of Poulton-le-Fylde. 163). 1185 (L.. 1249. vol. Ð A village on the eastern bank of the estuary of the Wyre. of Bury. the border of a forest.. in a Final Concord.. vol.. The Scandinavian equivalent name is Oddr and Oddi. also F.C.C. Nuttall. The first theme is the common Old English theme Stan (see O. Variants are Wurdeshal. Stanall. 4 miles N. F. p. xxxix. horse.. 367-70).). is a personal name. 1332.).. vol. 134. 36). Steynholf. Ridehalgh. clump of hazels or similar plants growing out of one root. Ordsall." Nuttall. read. 1226 (R. xxxi. a heel or hough. 1302 (R. The first theme is personal.. xlvi. 146. (L.). The second theme is doubtfully halgh. The first theme is the Old English hnutu.) we find Stanhull.. Ð A lost place-name from near Preston. and the first syllable.. p.. Roshal {^. 1200. 1408. (For the words Becconsall. It may be hbh.C. Ð An old manor in the south of the parish of Bury. Rossall appears in 1600 (R. p. First theme the Old English wrid. Ord is a very common theme in English names (see O. Redyval (R. 55). xii. p.). xlviii. col.. p. xlviii. Ð A manor near the estuary of the river Wyre.. as in the adjacent JRadcliffe. for root «rta.. p. Early forms wanting.. which is perhaps hros. 1256. 1327 (R. of the modern town of Fleetwood.) Steinall. 429). or brow of a ihill. and the Gaelic Ciarach. xii. on the SW. 404.. Ros. Early forms given in V. Notehogh. 1282. v.). vol. Ceorra. Ð An area now included in Manchester.O. Preesall. In an early Pipe Roll (11 76) it is given as Steinola. vol. vol. see the termination howe below.P. vol. 1600 (R. 1. Ð A hamlet 3 miles N. Thirteenth-century forms are Roshale. Stanhol (L. vol.P. The first theme. "a swarthy person of either sex. pp. The first theme is the bithematic personal name Aelfweard (5&amp. In Old Norse Gamli (the old one) is similarly used as a proper name. Biscop is also a personal name. p.). 284). p. First theme as in the preceding. Ð A parish 4 miles W. Alwold. 4 miles N. horn. The first theme is the Old English biscop. This is followed by Cheetam (R. O. Alda. 283. and the "Ecclesia de Biscopham" in one of 1155 (L..).. xxxiii. Altham. The first theme is a patronymic from Ealda. xlii. Chetham (R. of Wigan. vol.. Cbeetham. 178). Ð Ân urban district 4 miles S. Ð A parish 6 miles S. an enclosure. Aburgham.. and from hamm. the spelling is Chetam (R. under word Aam. a bishop.). hamm. vol. In this sense it is the general assemblage of the dwellings in each particular district. Early form is Adburgham. Bispham is the form in 1332 (R. vol. are given. Aldingham.).P. 195-202.. xxxi. Bispham. vol.This termination may arise from more than one Old English word.. 25)^ where degraded forms of the word. vol. Most frequently it is from the word haniy house. quotes from Kemble : Ð " The Latin word which appears most nearly to translate it is vicus. we may be certain that the name implies such a village or community. xxxix. to which the arable land and pasture of the community were appurtenant. and Cheetham . See O. vol.. Altham occurs in a Final Concord of 1383 (R. Ð A parish in the old parish of Croston. of Ulverston. of Blackpool. Eluolt. The same termination arises also from hamm. in which the first theme is personal (see O. and it seems to be identical in form with the Greek kome. 108. dwelling.). Abram. Ð Joint parish with Norbreck in the Fylde. Early form. the inner part of the knee. pp..-T. xlvi.-T." Whenever we can assure ourselves that the word is long.). In a clergy list of 1541.&amp. vol. xxxix. Eald is the first component of a large number of bithematic names in O. Bispham.. p. I. Early speUing is Alvetham." See B.. The "Capella de Biscopham" is mentioned in a charter of 1147. of Ormskirk. of Burnley. The place-name in its development from Eadburgham passed through the form Abraham to Abram.. 5 miles NE.C. Domesday Book writes it Biscopham..).. pp. B. 1308 (R. which appears under this form in Domesday Book. Ð A district forming part of Manchester on the north. 1246 (R. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 69 " Frequently coupled with words implying the presence of water. No early forms known. gives several bithematic names of which ger is the first theme. p. are kete. It is interesting to notice the Scandinavian influence in the spellings of ham in 1206 and 1207." Qressingham.70 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES appears about the middle of the seventeenth century (R. xxxi.). a hill. xxxix. p. xlviii. 212.. pp. Dounom (1285) (R.. Gersingham CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 71 (R. Dunham (1247). The Low German mediaeval forms given by W. p. xxxi. also the patronymic Geersinga. of Clitheroe.. See Caoch. In the fifteenth Dounum (1422) (R. vol. 126). vol.. vol. The spelling Cotham is unsound.).. the spelling with ham has been a development in the wrong direction. i. and in the seventeenth Dounham (1650) (R. i.C. as the word is a dative plural of dun. Cokerham.). 1." De Gray Birch's edition. 1207 (R. vol. xlix. and later forms are Kokerheim.. 178).. xxxix.). kette. The form Gerse is given in the Low German mediseval names. of which Gersing is a patronymic. xlvii.).. and a Kocher tributary to the Neckar in SW. p. Ð A parish 8 miles NE. 1. In the fourteenth century we have Dounom.. Gressynham (1413) (R. See Kemble's " Anglo Saxons.). xxxi. Donum (1276). tjet. Searle.Ð A hamlet 3 miles NW. is early replaced by ham. vol. Cottam. as the word is probably a dative plural of the Old English cot. Dunum (1247). xii. In the Dornesday Book it is Ghersinctune.. vols. p. and the river name is probably Celtic. p. vol... Forms of the word dating from the thirteenth century are Dunhum (1242) (R.). A shortened familiar form of some one of these has been gers. 1332 (R. 256. The D.P. 125. vol. dunum meaning " at the hills. of Preston. vol. 58. Gersingham in a Pipe Roll of K. Ð A parish 7 miles S. 1206. in K.). Dunnum (1262). The first theme is the name of the river which flows through the parish. Dounum (1332) (R.. vol.). ending. As in the last word. Downham. a river Cock in Yorkshire.. Ð A township 3 miles NE.. and does not reappear. W. John (L. Cockerhain. i. in O. There is a Cocker in Cumberland. xii. Gressinghame (1600) (R. in the sixteenth Dounehame (1600) (R. .. of Lancaster. vol.. 464. tune.).B. See Grassendale above.)... of Lancaster. The first theme is the personal name Ceaifa (O. 408. Appendix on The Mark.). Germany. vol. vols. The spelling in Domesday Book is Cocreham. and Cokerheim. .) the word is spelt Irwilham.C. In an entry of 1448 (R. of Preston. xxxi. xlviii.) we find Irlome. col. especially the Norse heim. Habryngham is in an entry of 1406 (R. p. on Morecambe Bay. eym. The first theme is the Old Norse Kirkja. as in Haslingden. meaning probably the border of the forest. xlii. of Manchester. (L. p.. Hessein. Ð A parish adjoining Burnley on the West. and it appears in W.P. Habringham occurs in a document of the year 1241.. In Domesday Book the word is Hessam. Oldom (R.. See under termination House. which were the usual forms . Early forms not known. ii. Hesheim. Ecclesiam de Kyrkham. Aldhulm (R.. p. Ð An urban district on the Irwell. The first theme is the river name. Eirkham.). as in Domesday Book. vol. 290). The first theme. Erlatn and Irlam are the usual forms at the beginning of the seventeenth century (R.). In the seventeenth century Hesham. If the forms with 72 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES one s be considered to preponderate over those with two. appear in charters of King William II. The forms next in chronological order are Uesaim. Ð A market town 9 miles NW.). Hesse. the personal origin of the word will be Aese or Mse. Irlams 0' th' Height.). 8 miles SW. Ð An urban district 5 miles W. 287). vols. loi). In the fourteenth century we find Oldum. Hesham. Other forms from the same volume are Hessem. Ð A borough 6 miles NE. In a charter of the eleventh century it is Heseym (L. of Padiham. and also O.Habergham Eaves. pp. Hesham (R. a German name which the Low Germans brought in.. xii. is personal. Hescam (R.. Ð A village 3 miles NW. vol. vol. p. seem to show that a letter h has disappeared from the Domesday Book spelling. See also F.C. The first theme is a personal name . Newsham.. The combination Habergham Eaves is found near the close of the sixteenth century (R. and Habrigham. of Manchester. vol. vol. 290). of Lancaster. 160. xxxi. vol. First theme probably the personal name Higham.. Heisham. Spelt Chicheham in Domesday Book. See preceding word.. 154.... vol. originated from Hegham. hathuburg is a name in the Liber Vitae (see S. Heysham. xlviii.. Ð A village 2 miles NE. xlviii. Chercheham. vol.P.).). Habercham are later forms (R.. 270. 1. xxxix. In 1600 (R.. Oldham. vols. and Heysham are all found. xlix.). Eaves is from the Old English word efes. Kircheham... These forms. p. 1. 786. Irlam. a church. according to Bardsley (Dictionary of Surnames). which. Higham Booth. Early forms of the word are Aldholm.. of Manchester. Pinne. Ð An urban district 3 miles W. in O. 195. 290. see F. Early variants are Taitham.. 1204. S. gives at least three. along with other Old Norse names.P.). Ð A parish 5 miles S. For discussion on the root.C.until after the Reformation..). col. See Tata. xlix. See S. The forms succeeding are various (see L.). pp. It is Tiernum in Domesday Book. Thornham (R. xxxi. 385.V.) 1 199. The first theme is probably personal.. pp. The first theme is personal. It came. Penwrtham. xxxix. on p. p. Tatham. 387. in the Low German invasions. p.). 10 miles NE. xxxix. Thorunn (see C. Ð A parish 2 miles SW. among which are Penuertkam. is in a Final Concord. we have the form ealda. In the Pipe Rolls is the . 143.). xlviii. The first theme appears to be an Old English personal name. Ð A parish in the valley of the Wenning. a contributory of the Lune. It occurs in the Assize Rolls under the forms Thornam. fight. Tatham occurs in a Final Concord of 1241 (R. consult F. Oldham and Ouldham appear at the beginning of the seventeenth century. of Lancaster. Tate. Tateham (R. See pada.P. vol. Tornham. Padiham. which occurs in the Liber Vitas. in O. (L.. The Domesday form of the word is Peneverdant. and in the Subsidy Rolls (R. gives Pene. It occurs in an Inquest of 1258. xxxi. Thomhaju. and Penwortham a form in the Subsidy Rolls (R. Penwortham. 140.. vols. no doubt. 224. vols. vol..P..). and ham seems to have been added to mark the semi-enclosure of the Hall by the river Ribble. vol.C).. Pyn.. 441.. 440. Penuerdham.. Teitr is a man's name in the Landnama and list of Icelandic Bishops. In O.. 743). Peada and Padda both occur in Bede's History. W. The first theme is the personal name Alda. It appears in Norwegian place-names. 287. The second theme is evidently holm^. 257. pp.. col. of which O. Penne. not ham. xlvii.... the Tatham of a charter of Richard I. 156. Padeham is found in an entry of CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 73 1407. It is the Tathaim of Domesday Book and of the Pipe Rolls (L. 74 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Thurnham. Ð A parish 3 miles NE. Pen is the first theme and familiar form of some bithematic personal name as Penwald. of Middleton. of Burnley. and so may be suspected in the northern parts of England. the Old Norse woman's name. For the root badu.C. of Preston. Penworth is a complete place-name. of Lancaster. p. p. j p. 301). Later forms are Conyshead. white (O. 1652 (R. p. vols. Thernham (R.. or of the Old Norse thyrnir. Thirnham.C. The base is Cuna. head. xlii. 253. In 161 9 we find Cadowshed {^. Cadetuallissete.).C. of Preston.). It originated perhaps in the position of Cadishead at the SW.. Ð A hamlet 2 miles NE. 378 . vols. Early thirteenth-century forms of the word are Cadewalisset (R. Fernyhed is of the date 1467 (R. describing the place as " at the thorn bushes.).).. Later thirteenth century forms are Quitinghaym.. John it is Whitingham (L. Conishead. Old Norse hqfud. W. a seat. Wytingham. xlviii..).C. or the upper part of a field. the source of a stream.). a dwelling. corner of Chatmoss. in the angle formed by the meeting of the Glazebrook with the Mersey. 1.C.. Ð The old priory stood near the sea.. vol..)..). The first theme is apparently a Celtic personal name. vol. Ð A village 7 miles NE.. The later forms from the Great Inquest to the middle of the fifteenth century end in urn chiefly." WMttingham. setr. Cadishead. The early appearance (1297) of the termination head is remarkable. Fearnehead of . and O. pp. ix. race. Whityngham (R.). xlviii.). Thirnum.P. Thirnom (R. 220. of Ulverston. vol. in 1652 Caddiswallhead. xxxix. otherwise Cadeshead (R. 137). HEAD The Old EngUsh heafod. Cuningeshof.P. The earliest forms show the first theme to be the genitive case of a patronymic. xxxi.. xi. See F.. The word appears to be a dative plural. Ð A parish 5 miles NE. Cadewallessiete. Whittingham occurs in a Final Concord of 1508 (R. 1. The first theme is a patronymic of the Old English personal name Hwita. 146). vol. a personal name in the Liber Vitae (S. a thorn bush. vol.P. Cuninggesh. Hwytingham. In the seventeenth-century forms ham dominates : Thurnham. p. xlviii. The Domesday Book form is Witingheham. 310). vol. The second theme is not head... vol. also in an early charter of 1190 (L. x. xlviii. but the Old English {ge)set. 939.. see F. 1600. of Warrington. for Bede speaks of a "Coedualla rex brettonum'' (see S.). 1. xii. Cadwalesate (R. p.form Turneham. The twelfth century forms of the word (L.). In a Pipe Roll of K.. Cotiegesh (L. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 75 Old Norse scetr. vol. thyrnum. of Warrington. 356 and ff. of the Old English thyrne.) are Cuningesheved. p. Feamhead. about 3 miles to the SE. p. and for the Low German form cone.. 163.. col. Connishead. col. vol. Conyngeshevede... -p. on the Manchester road. and om : Thurnum. p. is used to denote a promontory. and at the end of the century Cadeuelheved (R.P. 115).. For the root cum. setr. Ð A manor 7 miles NE. i. The variant Fearneshead is of 1650 (R. Swainshead and Swanseff. No early records known. 158. of Garstang. Henheads. a seat or dwelling . vol. Waterhead. Ð Ecclesiastical district and a part of St. xii.. the Old English scir. 323.. In modern maps both forms. 266. 436). It is the Suenesat of Domesday Book. The first theme is the old personal name Swain. p. The change into head may have originated in the position of the town at the head of Esthwaite Water. See Hartbarrow above.. end of Coniston Water. vol. of Ashton-underLyne. The termination head is found as early as the fourteenth century. Hartshead.. The first theme of Lamberhead may be doubtfully referred to Lambert. under the word Henne. See W. Ð A market town in the Hundred of Lonsdale North of the Sands. Swainshead. which probably. p. of Wigan. Old English swegen. 29 miles NW. 362). p. 659. of Lancaster.1600 (R. of the Chetham Society's edition. No early records known.P. Lamberhead Green. The second theme of Hawkshead was originally the Old English {ge)set. Old Norse sveinn. No early forms known.). The first theme is a personal name. O. swain (see O. on the south-west. of Haslingden. Hawkshead. First theme probably a personal name. originated in the Biblical Johannes. It appears as Houkesete in a charter of about 1200 (L. p. gives no examples of the use of Hafoc. either as full name or first theme .C.. Helens. Ð At the N. and in a document of the Furness Coucher.). like the German Hans. the forms Haukesset and Haukesheved occur together. The . The first theme is the personal name Hauk. Ð A village 2 miles N. Ð A parish 3 miles NE. are given. there is 76 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES an example of it as second theme on p. See O.. Ð A village 2 miles WSW. Old Norse scetr. The first theme is the adjective formed from fern. Shireshead. of Garstang. This point may have represented the northern boundary of the ancient constablewick of Garstang. Bavenhead. The first theme may either be the known animal or a personal name. First theme. in the sense of division or boundary. p. Ð A village 4 miles N. The second theme the Old Norse scetr or setr. No early records known. a common Scandinavian name meaning hawk. No early records known. usually covered with low herbage or dwarf shrubs. 709." This suggests that the two parts of the name Thetwall may be the Old Norse theod. and Chamock Bichard.C. 630: also the name Cherno. and denotes the limiting point of the thwaite. even if the etymology . Possibly refers to the adjacent Graythwaite. the word is Westhefd. p. p. 4 miles NW. people. 1242. vol. Chernoc. though in doubt as to the etymological origin of it. HEATH The Old English heeth. Westhead occurs in 1600 (R.). xlix.. of Ormskirk. Thwaithead. Forstemann gives Kerne as a Germanic personal name. vol. as Ashurst's Beacon the elevation towards the east. vol. xxiii. 349). 1288 (R. vol.. An open tract of waste or uncultivated land. Heath Cliamock. pp. Ð A hamlet in the parish of Coulton. Ð A hamlet 2 miles E. and the Leicestershire Charnwood. field: "the people's field. but there is no conclusive evidence of the existence of the name in this country. xii. Synonymous nearly with common.. 150. p. wall. 160). of which.H.P." a sufficiently accurate designation. contain probably the same personal name as Chamock (Kerne)..C. Schernoc. 187) in the Lancashire Assize Rolls. the chief residence in the neighbourhood. The first theme probably indicates position. we learn that in a mediaeval boundary list it was called Thetwall. Ð Two miles NE. of Prescot. xlvii. however. iii. Baines in his History of Lancashire. In the Foundation Charter of Burscough Priory (L.. The Berkshire Charney.. of Lake Side.. 358. 365. 574. and vollr.). Heath Charfiock is called Estcherinok (R.. iii. describes the place as a "wild common.C. No early records of the name. See cols.. p. on which the poor have free pasture for their 78 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES cattle. the Wiltshire Charnham. however. Thatto Heath. Westhead and Scarth Hill would mark the rise towards the west. O.78) 378). in V. and Chemock Gogard (R. From a note. Two parishes on the south side of Chorley. Westhead. 1193 (L.... 270). vol.first theme descriptive of position.. vol.) of a personal name. and in a Final Concord of 1436 IVesthed (R. vol. PP. xlviii. The word Chamock is a ^ diminutive (O. 1. Hetchernoke and Chernok Ricard. p.P. The earliest forms of the word Chamock are Chernoch. From CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 77 Lathom House.. according to Baines. p. gives no examples. vol.. The spelling in an early Pipe Roll (1193) is Hage (L. Asphull. as Hackins Hey.. In an Assize Roll of 1278 (R. xxxix. Ð A village in the parish of Wood-Plumpton. vol. vol. and in one of 1427 Stoday (R. In the Lancashire Inquests (R. LE This is the Old English hyll. Graystone Heath.) are the forms Stodaye. Old forms of the word are Aspu/ (R. of Wigan. HEY. especially in naming fields . Stodehahe (1252). HILL. vol. The first theme is the Old English stod. an enclosed field. vol.en tree.be faulty. Stodday. of Oldham. a hedge. xxxi.) Haugh. Hay Chapel.. Stodagh. Sutton Heath. Espiholl. in a Final Concord of 1298 (R. the last in Old English haga. xii.. xxxix. Ð An urban district 3 miles NE. Broad Heath. Stodhagh (R. now included in the city..).g. p. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 79 Hey is often used as a subsidiary theme. Ð A hamlet 2 miles SW.. xlvii.) Haghe.. of Wigan. In a Final Concord of 1301. hill. on the other hand. then a homestead. The word is the Old English haga.). of Manchester. Baxtle. Ð A parish 2 miles N. Occurs as Bartayl in an entry of 1256 (R.). The word Heath is used as a subsidiary theme : e. Old English mspe. Bold Heath.) Hugh.C.. 1332 (R. Early forms not known. .. 1. Harpurhey. Ð A district 2 miles NE.). Hollow Ditch Hey. Haigh. vol. xlviii. a pasture. Aspull. vol. a stud. HULL.. 78). HAY These terminations appear to be somewhat confused with one another : the first had its origin in the Old English hege. First theme evidently a mediaeval personal name arising from a profession. Aspull. vol.P. Not infrequently it appears in place-names in the abraded and modified form -/e. Early forms not known. Ð A village 2 miles E. The first theme is the asj&gt. Stodehagh (1307). ELL... A similar combination occurs in the name of an Icelandic farm. and in the Subsidy Roll. The first theme is the female name Berchta. xlviii. Haigh appears in 1600 (R.). which corresponds to the Old Norse hagi. See O. xxxix. Stodath (1260). of Lancaster. vol. a. the / or «/ diminutive is occasionally changed into Aull or At//. a pasture. an enclosure. Ð A village in Castleton 2 miles S. 119. Copul. Cophill occurs in a Pipe Roll of K. are thirteenth-century forms.). the top or summit of a hill. p.P. a birch tree . Ð A hamlet in the township of Rishton 3 miles ENE. Brynhull (R. vol. No early forms known. rarely. xlviii.). 372). Cowhill.. 61) regards the word as a modern form of Birkhill. of Bolton-le-Moors... 3 miles NE. of Preston. Brimhill (R. Coppull. Ð A village in Chadderton 2 miles NW. This personal name. The thirteenth-century forms of the word are Burnul (R. if not a nickname from Nicholas. of Rochdale. vol. Ð A parish 5 miles NW. or its Old Norse equivalent. Brinhill. and Coppull appears towards the end of it (R. a head. In the next two centuries Burnehull. Mr. iii. xlvii. and the name may be assumed to be the same as in the preceding. Ð A joint township with Bamford.. The d in Brindle is epenthetic.. xxxiii. p.p. xxxi. and Brindle in 8o HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES 1628 (R.H. vol. Farrer (see R. Ð A village 5 miles SW. Ð A suburb of St. 28). of Wigan. of Blackburn.. vol. of Bury. Birtle. vol. Cophull is the general form for the next century. Their earlier spelling was Colley (V. The first theme is the Old English beorc.. a summit. In the sixteenth. of Oldham. vol..).). birki. though there must be some. The first theme seems to be the Old English word durn. No early records. CophuU.... so that the name probably explains itself. as the place was Church property before the Reformation. Forms . vol. No records known earlier than the time of the Civil War.C). 104. which is applicable to the " lie " of the country.). Eccleshill. and finally Bryndle in 1600. Daisy Hill. Ð Â parish 6 miles SE. xii. xlviii. Cowley was the name of the family to which the place belonged. probably springs from another nickname.. and. vol.). becomes the Lostock. a collective noun. Buersill.). p. xlviii. xlviii.. The brook which gives rise to the name takes its origin near the village and flowing SE. Brindle. Helens.. which names are found in O. Copphul (R. Burnehill (R. Cowhill Fold. xxxix. Burnhull (R. John (L. The first theme may be Bugered or Buered. The first theme thus appears to be the Old English cu. In an Inquest of 1256 it is spelt Kuhul (R. Cowley Hill. vol. Ð A parish 3 miles S.. but is perhaps used here in the dialect meaning of a ridge. The first theme is the Old English Copp. 1. of Blackburn. vol.C.). the Norse kollr. Edge Hill. The n will arise from the genitive of a supposed weak form. p. John (L.C) spell the word Horhill. Knotshill. xxxix. or perhaps with the meaning of boundary. heel. Oreen Hill.P. 138... edge. the Old English ecg. No early forms. but there is doubt whether it is Wiht. where probably an old personal name lurks. The name Cnut is given several times in O. ecka. such as Ecgweald.). or Hue. It is natural to suppose that words beginning with Eccles. The first theme is personal.). perhaps even into the sea. HucnhuU (1258). vol. The first theme of Hooley is the Old English h6h. But the s may be a later growth. Eclishull.of the word from the thirteenth century are Ecdeshull. Horling and Horulf zxe. and there is none such in the above. vol. explained by Professor Wright as a rocky. found in the Liber Vitae. But it is difficult to accept this origin in places where there is no record of an early Church. Eckdeshulle (R. No early records .) it is Horul. a projection in a mountainside. which in place-names Kemble describes as a point of land formed like a heel or boot. Ð A village in the division of Audenshaw. Ð Three miles NE. Ecd and Ecca. 301. peaked eminence. ekele.).. Ð A parish 3 miles NW. xlviii. Ð A hamlet 3 miles SE. ecke. are Hightenhull (1238). of Ashton-under-Lyne. Orhille.. Orrell. Ighten-hill. given in O.C. The first theme may be personal. Orel is the common spelling in the fourteenth century. Early Pipe Rolls of K. p. stretching into the plain. perhaps the first theme is descriptive. Ð A low ridge on the SE. vol. side of Liverpool. Kemble gives Horingas as an inferred . of Burnley on the river Calder. xii. of Wigan. would suggest the origin. in places where Celtic church influence was strong in Old English times. and the Knot be the dialect word knott used in the North of England. and in the Great Inquest (R. if used with the diminutive /. and Orrdl is given of the date 1600 (R. Ichten kill {i2^6). Knottr is a ball in Old Norse.H. Early forms given in the V. Ð An urban district 3 miles W. 82 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES HorhuU. for eke. 86. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 8i come from ecclesia. Uht. 2 miles SSW. See W. after which the forms contain no h. First theme. A Final Concord in 1292 has Orhul (R.. p. of Ashton-under-Lyne. Hor is probably a personal name.. xlvii. either referring to the ridge. of Rochdale. Ightenhill (1242). Hooley Hill. vol. Ð In the township of Crouton 3 miles N.. being originally a nickname. Fezhill. vol.. vol. of Chorley. 122 1. Hore. Rein. There is an Orrell 4 miles N. Ð An urban district 3 miles N.).). watchman. Horinga. Scarth Hill. in the sense of obey.. vol.. of Bolton-le-Moors. 201). Wordehull (R. WMttle Ð that is. 387). The first theme is probably the Old English smethe. and later spellings of the century are Warthull.). xlvii. 1. vol.C.). or a pass in a hilly district.). Regen. Reyn. xlvi. of Liverpool. Wordhull.. Pen is the Welsh for hill-summit . Pendle Hill. p. Raynhill (R. p. Ð A parish in Leyland 2 miles N. pp. Witul. F.. A form Quitul occurs in the Assize Rolls (R. 396-398. xlvii. as in Smithdown. col. the race name Pid. 1. (R. The first theme is a personal name. 1.. the first part of several bithpmatic names (O. p.. xlix. 163). Welsh Whittle Ð îs a parish 3 miles S. connects Hore. The three syllables of this combination all separately mean hill.. xlix. vol. Horing.). Wardle. 1292 (R. See Scarisbrick above. p.. In early charters we find WhithhuU. Hora. white. Eainhill. Raynhill (R. xlviii. p. Whithull in bosco occurs in the Subsidy Roll of 1332.. Whittle-le-Woods. Scarf Gap is the pass from Ennerdale to Buttermere in Cumberland. le represents Old English hyll or hull . vol.P. with the root hor. Wardhill occurs in a Pipe Roll of Henry III.. Ð A village 2 miles NW.. Whytehyll (L. 1. 865. Whithull. The root is Ragan counsel for which see F. of Liverpool. Ð A parish 9 miles E.) in a Final Concord of 1381. The first theme is the Old English hwit. xxxix. Or pecht. vol.). vols. The word scarth is used generally as descriptive of a low-lying ground.. of Ormskirk. of Widnes. Early forms are Reynhull (R. and W. 255).Ð A low hill SE. are components of several bithematic names in O. as also does Hill. smooth. . Wythull. and Whithull in the Wodes (R. vol. of Chorley.).. of Clitheroe.. The first theme is the Old English weard. and Quitehalhe. The d is epenthetic.. Scarthi is a not infrequent Old Danish name.)... a name in the Liber Vitae (S. Whitle appears in 1468 (R. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 83 Smythehill (R.. and in the Assize Rolls (R. xlix. col. vol.mark. xxxix. 173. Smithills. First theme a personal name. Ð A mountain ridge 3 miles E. of Rochdale.. vol. Possibly Pega. ). as the earliest forms contain it. vol.. Bouldens Hill. 158). Beacon Hill. 443). xii. HOLES This is the Old English or Old Norse word hoi. In early Pipe Rolls the word is Windhull. 34).. vols. xlviii... If the d is epenthetic.). Possibly this local word is the Old Norse vith.in an Inquest. Jackson Hill. vol. and Windle in 1650 (R.). pp. 1252 (R. and Assize Rolls variants are Windul.). p.)..P.). vol. vol. which seems probable. the first theme is the Old English wind. 2 miles NW.. Harrock Hill. as in Holland. The first theme appears to be the local word withen. Wyndehull is found in 1516 (R. ofPrescot.C. xlviii.. Clifton Hill. Knowl Hill.. xii. W. and in the Assize Rolls the forms are WhithenhuU. . xlix. Cowling Hillock. vol. WytAenu/{K.. vol. Ð An urban district 5 miles SW. In the seventeenth century (1628) the form is Withnell (R. Daisy Hill.). see the preceding word. 1. 374). i. as in Brindle. Windhill (L. vol.).). Helens. a foreigner. But if the d is an integral part of the word. and adjoining St.. uncompounded and in compounds (see O.. and many others.P. Hill is a very common subsidiary theme. For Whittle. and may denote a hollow or low-lying spot. Erinscale Hill. p. There is also a hamlet Whittle. Windle. meaning low. vol. The word Welsh may represent the personal name of some former resident or owner. Windill in 1538 {R. Cocker Hill. a common name. 1212 (R. xxxix. the root being Wealh. which is applied to many species of willow.. a cave. Wayndel (R. which is geographically suited to the lie of the place. p.. xlvii. As an adjective. of Preston. Witlinell. £rochol{K. Sinibarrow Hill.. Tandle Hill.C). WytenhuUe. In the Subsidy Roll we find Whithull Waleys (R. Tenter Hill. It occurs as Brochole. Stoney Hill. 500). it occurs in the first theme of place-names. Besides several of the above in which it is so used there are : Ð Woolfall Hill. Brockholes. vol. Ð A village 2 miles E. p. the first theme 84 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES is the personal name Wine.). Norman Hill. Wind also occurs in Germanic personal names from other sources (see F. HOLE. In an early charter the word is Withinhull (L.. of Blackburn. xxxiii. which corresponds to the Old English withig. xxxi. Bunkers Hill. col. and in a writ of 1418 (R. of Middleton.. occurs in the Liber Vitae (S.. vol. 1617 . Whalswhetyll. 499.. a hole. Ualch. and Brochoks. xlvii. Ð A parish 3 miles NE. HOLM. Ð Ecclesiastical district 4 miles SE. Brockworth. of Burnley. vol. The first theme is the personal name Croc. Thirteenth century forms are Tocholes. probably the same as the modern. Thochi. HOLME. Crookells.. The organiser of the band of Wickings of Jom was Palnatoki.). But the presence of water is not necessary as a sine-quanon. Early forms not known . brother. k being the adjunct marking diminution or pet form. Tockholes.. 455... 337.. would regard it as a diminutive of brodar. Ð A populous suburb of Manchester. or river. occurring in the forms Toka.. and other documents. Toki. all of which are given in O. old Norse holmr. 115. HULME This is a Scandinavian suffix. 445. pp. vols. creek. xlviii." or even " a wood surrounded by arable land. . Ð In Mawdesley. it is not improbably personal J see O. Hulme. xlvii. 210. 9 miles NW. d and r falling out successively.).The first theme is doubtful. a badger . It has been usual to regard CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 85 it as the Old English droc. xlvii.. 456. xlix.) and Thocholes (R. of which examples may be seen in O. of Wigan. The first theme is a personal name. Tochi. 144. for in Iceland meadows on the shore. It denotes an islet in a bay." See Madsen. vol.. where Brocheard occurs. on the SSW. xlviii. 1.. of Blackburn. p. col. and in Denmark the word may denote a "piece of arable land surrounded by 86 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES meadow or moss. vols.. Thochol. Tokig. brought into this country by the Danes . It occurs in the Assize Rolls (R. It is probably of Norse origin. with ditches behind them are called holms . but in view of such compounds as Brocton. p. F. p. 52. The origin of the word as a personal name is not clear either. Tokhol {^. W. Ð A parish 3 miles SW. p. Tkocol. as giving rise to the personal names Broca and others. on the other hand.. It seems very doubtful whether the Old English holm was used to form placenames. seems to look on the Old English broc. whose first theme is broc. It appears as Crokholes in the Great Inquest of 121 2 (R. lake. trousers. Holme in Cliviger.). . in the fourteenth century. which was finally reached in the latter half of the eighteenth century. of Todmorden. probably an old name such as Dcegfinn. Dunnerholm..C. The word is probably the dative plural of Erg." See Erg among the series of terminations. O. In V. the form Diavie Hulme. Dolphinholme. of Bury. 346).. Ð A hamlet 2 miles NE. pp. First theme probably personal.P.. p. Ð A parish in Barton-on-Irwell. First theme probably the personal name Dunnere. Holm and . Gauzholme. 168.. in O. p.. Bircheholm. p. 7 miles WSW. of Lytham. p.. of Dalton-in-Furness. iv. 346. The two elements oi dagfinn are common (see O. 346).C. of Lancaster. meaning "at the pasture fields. O. p.. First theme personal . 79). 163. p.Arkholme. Ð A hamlet 6 miles SE. Arg.. of Lancaster. of the date 1229. Ð A village i. of Lytham. and Dolfin occurs several times as an Old English name.H. 113. Ð An island in the river Duddon. vol. Ð NE. In modern maps it is spelt Brandlesome. 5 miles NNW. two hamlets 3 miles to the N. First theme. Holme then become the forms of the last syllable. In the fourteenth century and until the Reformation period the spelling is Erghum.P.\ mile SE.. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 87 Davyhulme. 162.. near the river Wyre.. p. the former only occasionally.P.. S. Ð A hamlet 2 miles N. The first theme is personal . The word is spelt balhalm in L. The first syllable varies then gradually from Erg through Ar. to Ark... and Argun in R. Ð A parish in the valley of the Lune. 10 miles NE. See O. vol. It occurs in the same charter of Richard I. xlii. i6i . Early forms not known. Ð Higher and lower. Brandlesholme. of Manchester. Eastham. vol. Defehulme (1434).C. Arc. 158 et seq. of Lytham. or Dehfin. of position. and in R. No early forms known. The first theme is personal. . Dolfinus and Dolfyn are found as personal names. are given the forms Dewhulm (1313). inO. xxxix. 172. p. 241). as the preceding word (L.C. Farrer with the Estholm of a charter of Richard I. may be a form of Brandulf.. but the name does not seem to have been preserved. p. and Bald is the first element in several names in the Liber Vita. The place appears as Ergune in Domesday book. (L. Identified by Mr. Ballam. Beal occurs in Bealric (O.. Deafhulme (1559). p. xxxix. though judging from the 1235 form they are both doubtful. Thorold. The first theme is doubtless Wulfstan. xlii. The Old Norse word Gaukr. p. O. vol.).) are Toroldesham. 88 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Levenshulme. Rusholme. 519. Turold. an old form of Crumpsall... 1200.. Wohtcnholme. a hoop. Ð A populous village 4 miles SE. the former of which calls to mind Curmeshak. occurs several times. 12 12 (R.. of Manchester. xlviii. 3). vol. In a document of 1322 (R. xxxi. xii. Kirkman is a mediaeval proper name from the thirteenth century. p. Woolstenholme Fold.).Early forms not known. Risholme. of England dialect for cuckoo and simpleton.C. Mr. Scotch. In 16 16 it appears as Leavesholme. with Kirkmanshulme. Ð A district 2 miles S. is the Toredholme of Domesday Book. be taken in their obvious meanings. In the Great Inquest we find Thoroudesholm. usually among hills. and Thaurrandeshal.. 1235 (R. Thorisholm and Torisholm (R.. of Manchester. The first theme is the Old English Thurweald. From the late Old English hop. Farrer identifies the forms Curmesholme. I think. an Old English name. See O. 1600 (R. Both themes may. Kirkmanshulme. denoting a more or less circular open ground. First theme probably personal. 446.. it is spelt Wlstanesholme (R. of Rochdale. It occurs in a Final Concord in the form Russum.). Thus the first theme of the word is doubtful . The Old Norse Thorvaldr. and in 1 6 1 8 as Levensholme. a hamlet 2 miles NW. vol. vol. after which Turoldesholm. liv. In a Final Concord of 1278. Torrisholme. in documents of the seventeenth century the word is spelt Kerdmanskolme (R. The first theme is doubtless personal : the Old English name Leojwine.). . Ð A village 3 miles SE. HOPE A termination found chiefly in the northern counties.. xlii. 1203. Kirmonsholme.). vol. of Lancaster..). xxxix..P. Eusholme. p.. and Russholme are forms of the beginning of the seventeenth century (R. which explains itself. p. of Manchester and in the parliamentary borough. of which many examples are given in O. Ð Â village 3 miles W. 335. 1201. vol. both in Norway and England. and N.) occur at the beginning of the fourteenth century. has been occasionally used for a personal name. vol.. The two earliest forms which occur in the Pipe Rolls (L. vol. .Ð A municipal borough 22 miles N. The personal name Hordr appears in Landnama. The second theme is hope not thorpe. and is the Midehope of Domesday Book. 18). liv. Pickup Bank. 4 miles SE. under the form Couhop. Coupe Moss and Coupe Law occur in the neighbourhood. of date 1324. vol.. p. p. Horn is the name of promontories. cow. Mythorpe. Hardhorne appears at least as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is not uncommon in placenames in North-west Germany. xlviii. The second word is the Old English Mine. thus suggesting the first theme of the word to be the Old English cu. Henry V. The root is that of the word hard.) the word is go HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Hordorn and Hordern. Midhopp." In the absence of further old forms of the word. of his "vaccary of Bacope.).. Baines. of Blackpool. back. vol. Mithope (R.. Hardlioni. First theme may be descriptive. iii. First word appears in R. of Man- CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 89 Chester.. The Hords lived in the south-west of Norway. The word occurs in the thirteenth century under the various forms Mithop. 278. the Old English mid. is a race name. In the Exchequer Lay Subsidy (R. vol. vol. the word Hard. a house. 1901. Ð A hamlet 6 miles NW. of Rochdale.Bacup. vol. HORN The Old English horn is used to denote a corner or horn-shaped district. used here as a general term for summits. and have left their name in Hardanger.. a rising ground. a mountain summit. But see also the word ieacA in Skeat's Concise Etymological Diet.. Mide is probably the Old Norse mith. of Blackburn. . Bacup is in a district lower than the surrounding heights. in 141 714 1 8. 1603 (R. No early forms known. lying back in the heart of Rossendale Forest. The first theme. In South-east and Northwest Iceland. X. Methop. mentions a Royal Grant by K. meaning middle There is a farm Midhop in the North of Iceland. Ð A joint parish with Yate. Ð A village 6 miles NW.. xxxi. 252 . the Old English ptc. The second theme is the Old Norse word rann. p. vol. Ð A township 3 miles E. as apparently the " Peak " in Derbyshire. in his History of Lancashire. xi. of Kirkham.. we may suppose the first theme to be the Old English dcBC. Coupe Lencb.. p.). xxxi. of Rochdale. xxxix.. a local residence. In the Lay Subsidies (R. Professor Wyld suggests that the word is the Old English har thorn or har thyme." Moorhouse. x." a suggestion of much shrewdness and probability. Neusum. First theme denotes position. generally in the plural. No early forms. 196). Wesham.. Westusum. Early forms are Neusun (L. as in the preceding. 7 miles E.. Name explains itself. 1292 (R. or suggests a dedication to " Our Lady. of Kirkham. from the Old English and Old Norse hus. Ð A village in the township of Butterworth. Wesham (R. hedge... of Rochdale. Neusum . Probably the second theme is a dative plural. x. vol. 3 miles ESE. HOUSE This word. 94). vol. Newsham. Ð A hamlet in Crompton. a suburb of Liverpool on the east.. The CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 91 second is husum. 1 mile N. Ð A hamlet 5 miles N.). vol. Ð A village in the township of Butterworth. the Neuhuse of Domesday Book. new. 5 miles SE. Parkhouses. the form of the word is Wesikusum. vol. dative plural of the Old English word hus. Name explains itself perhaps.. Early forms not known.) it appears as Neusom. (L.C.. Westhus is in a Final Concord of 1235 (R. . In charters of K. xii.. The first theme is the Old English neowe.in the metathesised Old English form mm. In the Subsidy Rolls there is a contracted second syllable Westsum (R. given in Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Name as belonging to Ladyhouse. The first theme suggests the Old English hege. of Preston. Newssam.P. Heyhouses. xxxix. p. No early records..P. of Rochdale. 50) occur in the seventeenth century. vol. Early forms not known. and probably signifies here an enclosure or park. Ð A joint township with Medlar. Ladyhouses. vol.).C). of Clitheroe. Ð A parish 4 miles SE. second is the dative plural of the Old English hus. Wessam. There is another Newsham. p. occurs in a few place-names. xxxi. vol. " ancient or boundary thorn.). and Newsame in 1600 (R. Richard I. Newsham are found at the beginning of the seventeenth century (R. p. Ð A word which occurs in the perambulation of Toxteth Park.P. a termination hou. hawe. a cairn . Words which finally have one or other of these terminations show sometimes in the growth from their original to their modern form. beagan. The first theme is a personal name of Celtic origin. with the meaning of court. HAUGH. courtyard in Germanic place-names. Is it possible that some of the English endings in hou in Domesday Book and later documents arose from an original hof. In some Friesland place-names this termination hou. Ð A hamlet in the parish of Hesketh. with only slight variations in the ending. at Bekanstathir. awe. the theme unqualified.. HOUGH These terminations. the other of material. ho. which is modern. near the Yorkshire border. O.C.. No other early mention. Becconsall. gives Brum. a spelling fairly constant for nearly 300 years. As a personal name it occurs in the Landnama.. where a western man named Bekan is stated to have settled in Iceland at the end of the ninth century. a temple or court. The regular twelfth century form of the word is Cliderhou (L. Brummesho. It first appears in 1208 (R. and the first theme . 10 miles S. The second theme here may denote the original settler's cairn or burial-place. Ð A borough in the valley of the Ribble.c. Howe.C. in the division of Knott Lanes. one of position. vol. HOWE. First themes descriptive. and Old English hoh. Clitheroe. xxxix. p. 53. p. The modern spelling of the word dates from about 1600. See under theme £nd. This form gives rise to the following observation. as Cliderhou. Hough End. near the river Medlock. and the same word hof is a frequent termination. It is difficult to see how in the Low German migrations to this country the word hof failed to give rise here also to place-names which came to end in houe. the shortened form of some bithematic word as brumhere. Ð Villages 2 and 3 miles WNW. which was superseded by Mh or haugr ? Hough Green. beag. little. a mound.P. Woodhouses.) as Bekaneshou. arise from the Old Norse haugr. which appears as hou. arises from hof. as in the 92 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Westphalian -hofen. of Preston. of Ashton-under-Lyne. The name is now lost. denoting generally a mound or barrow. First word.Waterhouses. of Warrington. Bruma. a heel or hough. Brummer. 421. given in L. 117. &amp.). 7 miles W. First theme personal. Preshou. and W. Ð A hamlet and railway station. HOW. . In Domesday Book it . which last is a personal name in the Liber Vitse. Ð A hill on the east side of Windermere.. of Lancaster. Ð A mountain summit 6 miles ESE. Hacumeho. In an entry of 1441 (R.. vol.remains without change (except an occasional jc for «) for nearly three centuries. 275. Hackensall. of 94 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Blackburn.E.. but the d may be found in CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 93 the word until the middle of the seventeenth century (R.. vol.). under the word Clough. 271. of which O.. Ð An ecclesiastical district 5 miles NE. See the N. 1. of Garstang. gives several examples on p. The first theme is the supposed Old English clbh. No early records known.P. The first theme is the personal name Gunner. xii. near the mouth 6f the Wyre. O. awe. 421. Later spellings are Hacounshou. S.c.. 108) we have Clytherawe. p. Ð A township 7 miles NE. oe.).C. xii. howe. Hacunsowe. Preesall. p. ho. near the southern end of the lake.. vol. The second theme is hbh. Pike appears below among the second themes. In a charter of Richard I.D. p. Langho. owe. &amp. Ð A township 8 miles NW. vol. a name familiar to sagareaders. But the second themes do not account for the er. The middle syllable of Cliderhou suggests an abraded second theme in the full bithematic name. The word. p. 1335 (R.C. Hakensall. 1332 (R. In a perambulation of Henry III.). First theme descriptive.). The first theme points to the Scandinavian personal name Hdkon.P. 1600 (R. and Hackensall. may be Celtic. 1632. xxxi.. Clougha Pike. a shelter. Hacun. The second theme' has the forms Aou. such as here. however. gives Clidebald and Clydwine. ow. and arise from the Welsh clydwr. given in L. p. we find Hacunesho. vol. xlvi.). See Coldcoats above. clough. and in early Pipe Rolls Haccumeho.. The Scandinavian form is Gunnarr. gives several examples of the English form. Akenesho (L.. The first theme of this doubtful word may be personal. 431. No early records known. Gtmnershow. O. of Poulton-le-Fylde. 160. the name is Clochehoc. In the seventeenth century the form has become Preesall with the variant Prisall (R. Preshouere (L. Ashhurst Hall is on the western slope. especially the latter (R. especially the Home Counties. Higher Hurst.. so the word may be . 2. vi.. used by itself and as first theme in composite names. Green Hurst. to the north-east. Presoura. a characteristically Saxon termination.. In Lancashire there are a score or so of places with this termination. 217). as distinguished from Danish on the one hand and Anglian on the other. cf. In Cheshire and Yorkshire two or three each at most.).C. First theme of Ashhurst descriptive. 1237.. xxxi. These appear in succession. Snellshowe. Watson (Placenames in Ross. a hurst.a modern compound." in the spelling assen. or the first theme a personal name. and howe to the hill on which the owner's residence was built. It is spelt Snelleshou. The first theme is a personal name. xlviii. The first theme is Celtic . Ð The ancient name of Clerk Bill.H. Ixii.).appears as Pressovede.. the termination is a common one. howe. the Domesday form . in V. copse. p. X. 427. Ashhurst Beacon.) says that /^-eaj was "borrowed from Pictish into Gaelic. vol.. liii. p. and Hazelhurst. The second theme had three forms : head. 171. thicket. bank. like the Norse lundr. p. In the thirteenth century and afterwards the endings ho. . shore. near Whalley. See O. Ackhurst. Hurst. Gaelic preas bush. a grove may have a sacred character. and howe of the thirteenth century. grove. In the South of England. vol.P. in the twelfth century. An early form has the adjective " ashen. pp. or Old Norse eyrr. from the Old English ora. See O. The earliest forms subsequent to Domesday are Pressoure. First themes descriptive. p. but there is no reason why they should not have been contemporary : head referring to the promontory at the mouth of the Wyre estuary. In England. of which the first element is apparently the Old English ac. Pressora. wood.C. vols.. ore to the gravelly banks. the Welsh prys brushwood covert." From his examples. Ð Four villages within 4 miles of Ashton-under-Lyne. predominate. which we know from the Landnama was connected with sacred worship.. Ð A hill in Dalton 4 miles NW. but early forms are wanting. HURST The Old English hyrst. oak . A common termination on the Continent in Old Saxon CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 95 Netherlandish and Westphahan place-names. hou. of Wigan. Welsh colkn.D. xxxix. In L. but the name is now 'lost. First theme descriptive and explains itself. of Wigan.P... Icornhurst. p. Collylurst. a gate. It is used in the Landnama. 422). Ð Mentioned in a perambulation of the forests of South-west Lancashire (L. and probably refers here to the burning of charcoal. Hasellenhirste. de B. vol. Ð Brodehurst occurs as a personal name (W. Ð Mentioned in a Final Concord of 1256 (R. xlii. Ð theme seems Gathurst is Gathurst on A village 3 miles NW. Cf. Ð Two miles SE. Mr. As the word means " anything crooked.. Ð Estate near Accrington. hazel. vol. In R..P. xxxi. The first . Farrer mentions Coppildhurst as on the ancient boundary of Gunnolfsmoors. Early forms not known. on the 96 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Blackburn road. p. First to be the Old English geat.E. No early forms known. Gathurst.Boarshurst. of Dobcross. the south side.C. or a winding. Professor Wright. about a mile and a half south of Billinge Beacon.. vol." The name still exists as name of a farm. Or it may be Celtic. gives a similar explanation of copt. Fozholhirst. vol. First theme is from col. p. The earliest mention of it in the V. dates from 1464. First theme means broad. Ð Mentioned in a Final Concord of 1241 (R. High on the north side of the river Douglas. as a nickname. The first theme is a personal name (O.). Crochurst.C.C. and near it. Ð Â village 4 miles N.) as near Goosenargh.. Ð A suburb of Manchester and now forming part of the city. the word coppild or coppled having the meaning of "rising to a summit or point" (N. First theme Old English adjective form of hazel. of date 1332.) in R." so in place-names it may be explained as a nook. xxxix. of the date 16 16. in the township of Rivington. occurs once the spelUng Colihurst : otherwise the general form is Collihursi.H. 144). Situate somewhere near Kirkby.) as a "piece of land in Bulling.. where its character as a personal name is out of place. in his Dialect Dictionary. Copthurst. Wild boars were not extinct in England until near 1 700.. Crookhurst. of Chorley. First theme descriptive. 375.. Broadhurst. The first theme is thus probably descriptive. referring to an early period when the wild boar lived in the hurst. krbkr. meaning matCy for which see F. but is not a common second theme or termination. Bulling. First theme descriptive : the lime or linden tree. Higher End and Chapel End. 4 miles NE. Kemble. Early forms are Bulling.. of St. Old English ing. Old Norse eng. under ton. of Blackburn. Ð A hamlet 2 miles N. followers. and Billinge Scar. Billing. p. it may be found as a frequent personal name in first themes. Billinge End. in an instructive note on p.). There is a termination tng meaning a meadow in swampy situations. 316. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 97 Stonyhiirst. p. The name may be the same as the foregoing word. 44. First theme descriptive. 1 10. see O. Bryning. of The Saxons in England. p. 1212 (R. i. a village NE.theme is the Norwegian dialect word for a squirrel. meaning son. and in 98 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Billington. ikorn. 2 miles NW. Billynge appears 1366 (R. As an Old Scandinavian royal name. 107. 326.. Limehurst. Bolle and Bulla are mediaeval Low German names. 1256 (R.). pp.. Billinge is divided into parts -. xlviii. 60 of vol. regards it as being often a mere substitute for the genitive singular. of Blackburn . almost equally distant from Clitheroe. and S. xxxi. Helens. of Blackburn. a hill 2 miles NW.. It is used in place-names. and Ribchester. p..). Old Norse ikorni. of Ashton-under-Lyne. xlvi. of which a form bola is found in O. vol... Whalley. In the . sons. See W. Hurst is sometimes used as a subsidiary theme. 1332 (R. engi . 54. The word is a patronymic derived from a name. of Kirkham.).. xlvii. of the junction of the Ribble and Hodder.. vol. vol. as in O. vol. vol. Ingi. xxxix... col. and Bullinge. ING For this patronymic suffix. see the Bosworth-ToUer AngloSaxon Dictionary. Billinge. 1246 (R. or descendants of a person. Ð A village i mile W.). 459. Ð An urban district and hill with beacon. The stem from which it is derived is Bol. For this word see below. Ð Roman Catholic College. Ð Â parish 3 miles SW. but may also be a patronymic of Bil. Chypindale(T. a stead. N. p.. da la Hackyng is mentioned in a Final Concord. 12 miles NE. means fallows. vol. 123. 135.). the Old English a market-place.. which appears among English names (O.first half of the thirteenth century the place seems to have been called Birstad Bruning. Ð An old house at the junction of the Calder and the Ribble. Ð A parish in the valley of the Lune.y)i).). Hacking Hall. although it occasionally appears as in 1241 (R.E. the Old Norse for a breastplate ... col. This word appears to be the Old English /ce/ging. given in O.). but it may also have a one. Brining (R. Chepyn (1332). The name seems to have had two sources (see F. a later Danish form of the Norwegian Hacun. Possibly the Lancashire Chiphave the same origin . which. for there is an Old English name Cheping. Chipin (1274). 118. and 1375 (R.. and similar forms (R. Over Hacking. Bryning and Bruning are personal names in Old English as well as patronymics. In Domesday Book it is spelt Chipinden. Personal name. occurs several times in the South of England. Ð A parish on the borders of Yorkshire. dark.. xlviii. according to the Corpus Glossary (see N. Mailing.. As the Norman scribe uses ch for the k sound. vol. xxxix. xlvi.). Chipping where it word for ping may personal Chipinc. of Lancaster. as in the preceding. Chipindale (1258). Ð A hamlet in the township of Aighton. 1278 (R. The Domesday Book form is Mellinge. brown. in the parish of Mitton... 338) : one connected with brynja. pp. we must suppose that the k sound has not yet quite yielded to the present ch sound. The word is a patronymic of Haki. From the thirteenth to the seventeenth century we meet with Chepin (1246). of the Ribble. xlviii. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 99 Falinge. vol. vol. A W. or Burstad. The modern Chipping does not become common until the last half of the seventeenth century (R. 1 1 miles NE. . of Rochdale. under Fallow). The Old English stede has been influenced in Central and South Lancashire by the Old Norse stathr.). comes probably from Cyping. see O. vol. xlviii. the other connected with the Old English brun. Chipping. and has given rise to stad.D. Hacking in both cases being practically a genitive case. vols. X. xxxi.. Chypyne (1342).. 275). p.. of Preston.). The roots of Burstad are burh (see Bury above) and stede (see Stead below). Ð A village i mile W. xlvi.. however. broad. and Melling (R.. The early form is Fy/m.. vol. CHURCH The Old English word cirice.).. Afterwards the spelling varies between Bradekirke (1286).P... It seems to be the same word as £t7. in which the name Pt//in is given. In the Frisian Onomasticon the names Mele.. 56). 2 miles NW. The first theme appears to be the Old English brad. The root mil means merciful. Ð An urban district 4 miles E. 290). whatever may be its origin.P. The usual Old English spelling of the personal name in composite names is Stan. see F. See F. 304. Professor Wyld makes ing a field. of Garstang. Colne Ings. influenced in the later forms by the Old Norse breithr. Staining. The word is a patronymic. Bradkirk. 256. Melinge in Domesday Book.C. KIEK.C.and Mellynges occurs in a charter of William Rufus (L. Ð A village 3 miles S. 352. or the first theme jPi/ of several names in O. the name Mildred. occurs three times in the Liber Vitae as Milred.p. of Liverpool. and probably in other cases. of Poulton-le-Fylde/ The word is a patronymic of the Old English personal name Stegen. Ð This word is used as a subsidiary theme in Clitheroe Ings. xxxix. xlix. generally in the form mild. p. loo HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Pilling. p. Mailing (R. of Blackburn. Melling is also the name of a parish 7 miles NE. It appears in a charter of King Richard I. who used e for i in the representation of many words. Mella are found. Mil is a first theme in several personal names in O.P. vol. of Kirkham. Ð A hamlet ia the parish of Medlar-with' Wesham. Ings. for the mention of Church and Newchurch as place-names does not occur so early as that of Ormskirk and Bradkirk. a stone. is the foundation word of these terminations. col. of the date 1189 (L. 1246.C.. col. Bredekirk (1235). here and in Billinge. The form Church seems to be the younger of the two in the county. vol. 1 123. See W. Old Norse steinn. or the action of the Domesday Book scribes..). 388. and instances are given of the occurrence of the patronymic Mellingha in place-names. The forms Chiereche and Chierche occur in Pipe Rolls of . xxxix. 437). occurs in the O. Mel has probably arisen by phonetic change from mil.. In early Pipe Rolls we have Mellinges (L.. It appears to be a patronymic of the Old English jPi/u.. No basic theme ntel. and Bretekirke (1242). p. Ð A parish 7 miles NW. p.). Ohurcli. 1269 (R. benign . p. p. built in the township of Windle by Sir Thos. v. of the Isle of Man ? Ferny Knoll. pp. 102 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES which cannot be reconciled with the ending Ano/l Has the original author of this form confused kfioli with the Celtic cnoc.H. See O. Ð There are places of this name in Ð Rossendale. vol.P. 6 miles S. The church is mentioned in charters of King Richard I.. and there is little variation later. 78).P.C. of Liverpool. 374. Culcheth.H.P. V. 48. Ð A county borough 1 2 miles E. is given a form of the word. xxxi. PP. 4 miles S. pp. In the absence of early forms the first theme seems to be the north country ^7/. Ð A market-town 13 miles NE. 167).. grew up round a Chapel-of-ease to Prescot. vol." Newchurch. about the year 1540. of Liverpool. Chirch occurs in 1332 (R. High Knowl. under the date 1773. of Preston Ð the Michelescherche of Domesday Book. hill-top. vol. Gilnow. and parte of Claiston. of Bolton-le-Moors. iii.. (L. Helens. like many placenames in Ireland beginning with Kil. 4 miles N. a ravine. Onuskirk.C. i.).. of Ashton-under- . The first theme is the Scandinavian name Ormr.). The place is probably named after some local hermit or saint. i. The combination Church Kirk is found in the Commonwealth Church CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES loi Survey (R. Michael-on-Wyre. St. and the kirk at the time of the fsurvey served " Church Oswaldtwistle..C.Ð Place 4 miles NE.C. of Prescot. Ellen was the patron Saint (R. and Ormeskierk in an early Pipe Roll of King John (L. Gerard of Ince. though found in compound place-names as a subsidiary theme. St. of Burnley . 370. Gilnough. It is used rarely as a theme in composite names. Ð A parish 10 miles NE.. See Paterson's Hist. In the V.. 522. hill. Huncoate. vol. of Leigh. Ð A hamlet i mile W.C.. Ormeschirche occurs in the Foundation Charter of the Priory of Burscough. vol.). 375St. p.King John (L.. Ð Name of two farms on the Moss between Rainford and Skelmersdale. Forest of Fendle.336. of Burnley . 337)ENOLL This is the Old English cnoll.. of which the corresponding English form is Wurm. p. a town 6 miles N. a muddy ditch . 329).. p. The place was in Audenshaw. ThatcMeach. a stream. Sal wick is 5 miles NW. The first theme of Bigland seems to be iigg. 360). p. Ð Parish on the river Hodder. or to a race name as England.g.) as near Salwick Moss. but in Old Norse one of its meanings is farm- . of Cartmel. (L. Garthscohlac. used to designate generally a large district. Ð This word occurs in a charter of the thirteenth century (L.D. in O. the combination here having the meaning of " farm-wood. which Murray (N. Stephen (p. Ashton-under-Lyne.Lyne. The first theme appears to be the Old Norse ausfr. (L.P. Knoll or the variant form Knowl is often used as a subsidiary theme : e. The component parts of the first theme are the two Old Norse words garthr. LEACH. LACHE. Early records not known. of Manchester. a word connected with /acu. East Knowl. p. to wet. Ð Occurs in a Final Concord of 1256 (R.C. to irrigate. 381. Ð A village 2 miles E. 382) and in the Bouland of one of K. the east. Ð Situate 3J miles NW. Wolt Knowl.) derives doubtfully from Old English /eccan. Austerlands. LATCH.C. Henry I. No early forms. Bigland Hall. of Clitheroe.. The first theme ds bu.E. Ð Near Whitefield. It formed part of the Forest of Bowland. Dineley Knowl.. of Preston. of Oldham. xxxix. Bowland (Little). skbgr.P. even an estate or kingdom. vol. No early forms. 9 miles NW. on the Yorkshire border.. First theme descriptive.P.C. Low. which in Old English means a dwelling. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 103 LAND In place-names." Blacklaclie. p. It appears to be included in the Boelandam of an early charter of K. 388). rarely to a personal name. to water. A termination.. Did the name originate in the soaking of straw for thatch ? Osueluslaclie. a bog. First theme is the common name Oswulf. LETCH A stream flowing through boggy land . a kind of barley. Usually subjoined to a descriptive word as High. Ð The word occurs in a charter of Richard I. of frequent occurrence in old charters. 36.Variants in the spelling of the last syllable are found (R.P. Ð A parish on the Wyre. Consult N. of Garstang. See the vaccaricR. the Old English leah. i mile SW. In other early documents the spelling of the first syllable varies apparently without reason (L. Leylaundesyre. on p.. In an early Pipe Roll and charter (L.C. 104 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES xxxix. The first theme is broad. Farrer in vol. No early forms. 427) we have the forms Liderlanda. Leyland. under the terminal theme Booth. hill or high. the difference in the Domesday spelling does not seem to be preserved.stock. Eirkland.. xlvii. and the second as Up Litherland. according to Mr.. i. xlvii. 284) the words refer to different manors. Lither. Ð An urban district 6 miles S.. a parish 3 miles SW.H.). and sometimes to Down Holland. of Ormskirk. cattle. p.) between lai and lei. the first afterwards known as Down Litherland. hoi.. is due.. of Wigan . First theme descriptive. Both are mentioned in Domesday Book.C. 150). In the various notices of the two places and their owners in the records of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (R.C.P..D. to Scandi- . It gives name to the Hundred. 37. xlviii..C. the former apparently under the form Holland and the second under the form Holand. 325 of O. 63) in Leyland. Ð An urban district 5 miles N. is low land. Farrer (V.H. and being applied to Upholland superseded the Old English hoh. R. xlviii. 136. The first theme seems to be the personal name Leodhard. 377). a town and urban district 4 miles SW. The variation in [. Litherland. Liderlant . p.E. i. Hollajid. but according to Mr. pasture lands for cattle.. of Liverpool j it is spelt Liderlant and Literland in Domesday Book. I believe. from Old English hoi. afterwards the first syllable is usually Lither or Lyther. under the words lea and lea-land.. vi.. xlviii. meadow land.. 150. of Preston. vols.Mr.C. The first theme is the common termination ley. This makes of Bowland. and both are spelt Lailand in Domesday Book. pp. I imagine Hoiland was a form introduced by Danish settlers. vol. pp.. vol. Leyland occurs in 1242 (R. Farrer places it in North Meols or near.spelling suggests that there may have been confusion between meadow land and land lying fallow.P. referring to Down Holland. Bradelond. hollow. Ð This name in early charters refers sometimes to Upholland.. who brought with them a word often used in Danish place-names. Holand.. p. of the V. Ð This word occurs in a charter of the twelfth century (L. xlvii.. vols. The present form. Ð The N. Dr. who by the change. In Domesday Book the word is/alani . New Laund Booth. vol. a glade . Jeland. Ð Ân ecclesiastical district and hamlet 6 miles S.D. It occurs in a Final Concord of 1299 (R. The adjective new applies to Laund Booth as a single word. xlviii. The first part is a Scandinavian word meaning "portion" or "fragment. of Rochdale." and derives the word from Old French launde.P. Ð A village i mile NE. Ð A township i mile NW. Diet.). of Lancaster.. now a suburb of the town. of Ulverston. Marland. v. I presume the first theme to be Rush.) and early inquests (R. p. Spotland. caused the word to have an appropriate meaning in their own language. of Hawkshead." " private land.H. lake..)..) and afterwards. defines Laund as " an open space among woods.. Yelafid in an early charter (L. of Cartmel. Sweet (Ang. First theme descriptive.. Teesdale's map (1830) shows a Marland Mere. vol. the Old English mere. untilled ground. Rnsland. xlix." Yelland. below. The name seems to have undergone no change since 12 12 (see V.) contain the variants Yholand. of Rochdale.C. pasture. xlvii. Ydond occurs in a Final Con- . vol. Liderlant by this corruption was made to mean "land of the slope. The first theme is descriptive.) explains Sundorland as " land set apart. in the parish of Coulton. 202).E.navian settlers on the West Coast. Longlands. xlvi.-Sax. Yaland. First theme descriptive.C. The Assize Rolls (R. and is spelt Spotlmd in Final Concords of 1369 (R. as there is an Old Laund Booth i mile further distant from Burnley on the north. Ð Two parishes 8 miles NE. vols. Ð A village 2 miles SW. Sunderland. In ignorance of early forms." and the whole word is about equivalent to the Old English land-sploti. Ð Farm 2 miles N. a slope. See Chapter V. A similar influence seems to have affected other words. vol.. Newlajid. not improbably from CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 105 the Isle of Man. Ð A tongue of land and hamlet at the io6 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES mouth of the river Lune." the word hlithar being the genitive case of hlith (Old Norse).. xxxix. high. vol. under two forms of different gender and inflection : the one a general term for pasture land. under the word /ea..cord of 1246 (R.P.... vol. ) EngUsshe-k appears to have been on the north towards Plumpton. In Icelandic placenames. (L. The word is the dative case of kah. vol. The Scandinavian terms are similar. p. Dr. Ð A township 4 miles NW. in Norwegian.C.E. Ashley.). v. x. p.C. and the latter in a charter of King Richard I. of . 1. connected with the verb lay. The spelling does not seem altered since the beginning of the sixteenth century (V. . It consisted apparently of two manors : English Lea and French Lea. LEA.. a wood. and answers to the ley or leigh in English place-names. It seems likely that two originally different words have been confused together. LES. 432). LE. vol. xxxix. Leigh. hjellendt. Bentley.).... it is the Lks of Domesday Book.. or perhaps a clearing in a wood. xlix. p.) Frensshelee on the south towards Ashton. vol. 375). hjalli is a shelf in a mountain-slope .P. The first theme is the Old English htald. of Oldham. it is /ea in Domesday Book and later documents (L. The frequent appearance of this termination in connection with trees or shrubs. meadow. lea. appears in B.) and Subsidy Roll of 1332. which as loh. and thus impUes that the land is on a sloping hillside. Ð A borough and market-town 7 miles SE..H. xxxi.C. LEY. of which Lees is the plural. and in the Subsidy Rolls (R.D.) Lees. as in Oakley. LAI. of Preston . From a Final Concord of 1 256 (R. In a Patent Roll of King Henry III. In the sixteenth century and afterwards it is generally spelt Leece (R.. The former is mentioned in an early Pipe Roll of King John (L. vol. the other as the origin of place-names. inclined . vol. and from one of 1446 (R. p. LEIGH. Yeland Redman is found in a Final Concord of 1395 (R. Lee is a spelling of the fifteenth century. Ð A village 3 miles E. vol. it is spelt Les. and meaning fallow land ..). Bromley. the other form. Le Franceis.. Leece. pasture. p. also assumes two forms Ð one adjectival. xlvi. cognate with the Latin word lucus. vol.C. loo occurs in continental names. 1. xxxix. . Yelattd Conyers in one of 1353 (R. in ley. Murray (in the N. LEE. p. lea. 130).. sloped. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 107 Lea. of Barrow-in-Furness . LEES The Old English word leak.-T. It is the second form. 243). 98). seems to indicate a clearing or levelled place in the midst of plant growth . (R.. terrace-formed land. Engleskel .P. It appears to be the plural kas of kah. Ð An urban district i mile SE. 4). Lees. lohe. Early documents are wanting to show changes in spelling. xlviii. Haldky is the form in R. p. col. Ð An estate E.P. p. S. and also in combination (see O. p. Astley.H.. Legh (R. of Leigh.. of which the base. 19.. p. 105.. The spelling is Adgareslith in the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R.. p. and kage a dative case of kah. First theme is personal. p. vol. in O. xlix. as there is a Wheatley Booth forming one parish. a contest.). vol.. vol. according F. p.. harja. 233). p.. A Henry de Audley is mentioned in L.C. of Blackburn. The first theme is probably the Old English personal name Eadgar (see O. The spelling with ky began in the fourteenth century.C. Adgarley. Barelegh is (see V. In the Assize Rolls kgh and Leghes seem to be two forms of this word. xxxiii. xii. Considered in connection with the parish West Leigh. The form Bayley occurs in R. col.. 164. 80 for Bared. The word seems to be the same as the common here. vol..).C. io8 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Arley Hall. First the grain. and also Lee (R. of Blackrod. Audley.. 231. 112.. pp. 302). 160. and Asteley of 1344 (R. Barley Booth. 53). is baga. 195. Ð A village 4 miles SW. It is possible. Eald.. xlvi. of the date 1309. The first theme is personal.. p.). Bardsley. 14) is the spelling in the Clergy List of 154 1. then Arley in the next century and onwards. vol. xxxix.. See O.Wigan. The word occurs as Erekigh in 1283 (V. p.H. meaning old. which is used by itself.. xlvii. material is lacking to decide between these. See O. The first theme is the personal Ere. vol. means army (see F. As early forms are wanting. for Berred. vol. Baga occurs in the Liber Vitae. The second theme is not ky.. a slope. either east or cesc. the present word seems to be East Leigh.. First theme. Early forms of the word are Astelegh. Ð A hamlet in the valley of the Ribble 7 miles to the north of Blackburn.180). . Ð One mile W. v. of the date 1284. as in astwulf. Berrardus. probably personal. of Colne.. and p. 760). p. on the west of Leigh. 32. p. Root.. the two mentioned in 1324 parish 5 miles W. 31 .. which word occasionally developed into ast. and later the form Bayleye. Ð A parish 3 miles E. Ð A parish 2 miles N. vol. vol. of Ulverston. 296). however. and Leigh in the Clergy Loan of 1620 (R. Ð A theme is probably adjacent.. xxxv. that the first theme may be a personal name. of Ashton-under-Lyne. Bailey. Leages is a genitive.. and is reproduced in O.. but Old English hlith. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 109 Beutley. xlviii.. First theme of Buckley personal. Blackley. is entry of the year 1246 (R. under the word). The first theme suggests the Old Norse bjarkar.. and the forms Botle (R. Burnley. In B. 15). p. It appears as Blakeky in 1282 (R. . Ð On p. the word appears as Bronley. 12 miles NE. on the Rainford side. 161. Cadeley Moor and Farm.P. An instance of no HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES the modern spelling Burnley is found of the date 1434 (R. 5 miles N.). 119) both buca and bucca..C... 2 miles NW. vol. Birchley.) appear in 1257 and 1332. a birchtree. of Manchester. The first theme is personal.. flowing north from CUviger. It was between Manchester and Ashton-under-Lyne. " The meadow of the birch. vol. of Preston. as in preceding word. burn or burne denotes that they were near a stream. Ð Three miles NW. of Liverpool. Old English bucca means a he-goat. First theme descriptive . a dwelling-house or building. O. it is spelt Cadilegh.. In entries of the reign of Henry III.. 329 of the L. vol. vol. mentioned as Bradeley in an vol. No early forms known. and in 1332 the forms Brunlay. which occurs in Liber Vitse. Ð A borough 25 miles N.. of Rochdale. In a perambulation given on p. Domesday Book writes it Boltelai. xxxix. Bradley Hall. under the word Burn. is the adjective broad. Broadley. of Preston. gives (p. in Fulwood. on the north.). the Old English adjective blcec.). Buckley Hill. we read: "As a prefix or termination to the names of places. passes through Burnley and joins the Calder about 2 miles from the town..V.P. 1. Brunley occur (R. The first theme English brad. It appears to be the Biricherelee of the year 1202 in (R.).. vol. Ð Â borough contiguous to Liverpool. S. Ð This place.). Old in the parish of Chipping.) and Bothull (R. the "coarse grass meadow. vol. 425 of the L. Ð A village in Seftoii.." The place-name seems to have disappeared. Cada." Bootle. vol.-T. xlviii. The first theme (taking the Domesday spelling) is the Old English bold or boil. xxxi. Bromlay (R. is the word Bentelee." The Brun. Ð A village in Spotland. First theme descriptive. Ð A chapelry 3 miles N. Ð An estate and hall in Billinge. xlviii. xxxi. p. of Manchester. and the Old Norse bokki is a familiar mode of address (see C.. xxxix.C. genitive of bjork. vol. Cleveley. Chadgley. Chorley. Chaddesl. and Chardgley. Ð A parish on the Wyre.. Chaidgley. Dunkedeley (R. Deamley. of Clitheroe.).Catley Lane. Dinkedelegh. Cherle. 25).). The first theme is the personal name deora (see O. Cuerdley. It should perhaps be Cattelowe (R. Ð A hamlet in the valley of the Hodder. The spelling is Kiuerddey. of Warrington.. or it may be a personal name (O. 473-75. p. of which deoran is the genitive. 1295. xlix. The d is for Norman de. of Garstang.). vols. wcBr. Ð A village in Spotland. 126).). p. 2 miles NW. Chagley (1600) is the reading in R. 1252 (R. xlviii. Cheaghley. are Cheydesleg. war. The early spellings of the Assize Rolls of Henry III. xlvi. Forms of the word dating from the thirteenth century are Dunkythele (R. of Preston. First theme apparently descriptive.) Chaigley. vol. Chapter V. name of the river on which the town is situated is but evidence of the early existence of the name is plural The Chor. (See theme Hill above. 478). Cowley Hill. Early forms unknown.. a common element in Germanic personal names (see O. Ð A borough and market-town 9 miles SSE. But the forms of the fifteenth century and later are so confused that it is not easy to form a conclusion about them. Chawgeley (1437) is given by Professor Wyld from the Calendar of Inquisitions. Ð A village in Wuerdale with Wardle. in (R. pp.. 141 1. These forms suggest Chad as the first theme. vol. xii.. Qualley for Whalley. Ð A township in the valley of the Ribble. below.. . Early thirteenth century forms are Cherlegh. 1251. of Rochdale. are seventeenth-century forms taken from the parish registers.. p. a development n a few names of which mention will be made.. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES in The first theme is the Old English ceor/. xxxix. 5 miles N.).Ð A parish 4 miles W. 1... The spelling with appears before the end of the century Ð Chorleye. of Blackburn. and there is a Chadswell in the centre of the township. vol. vol.. 5 miles W. Dinkley. 164). wanting. xlvii. 2 J miles NE.. 4 miles N. xlvii.. of Rochdale. The first theme is the word wer. vol. genitive plural c/ifa. Cat occurs in the formation of proper names (O. First theme probably personal. cliff. Dynkedelay is . the Old English clt/. 133). genitive ceor/a. (R. The k sound at the beginning of the word is found in several place-names. as Queryngton for Warrington. Chadelegh. rock. p. and the de is Norman (see Chapter V. Winkler. where he regards the name as a familiar shortening of Bonifacius. col. Hindelegh. 136). Yelley.). the word gehcBg.. The common form .. vol. The first theme is a personal name which has not found its way into O. but it is uncertain to which Healey they belong : Ð Helleg. xli. from the Glossary to E. vol. as Hayleg (R. Henry de Fasakerlegh is mentioned in an Assize Roll of 1276 (R. and somewhat later. below). Heyky-Park. 1293.. The îs epenthetic. xxxix.. It is mentioned in a Final Concord of 1260. Healey. Dynkley (R.. of which the root is probably the Old English dunn. derived from hege. xlviii.). Ð A district containing Healy Nab.. Ð An ecclesiastical district 2 miles NW. See W.) at the beginning of the sixteenth. vol. and meaning an enclosure. the name of a saint and several popes. The occurrence of the two in one word is remarkable. The local pronunciation of the Rochdale Healey. 1213.). a hedge. 432). The Assize Rolls of the thirteenth century contain various forms. See. xxxiii. There is also a sixteenth-century form Heghlegh. dark brown (see F. and Hindeley. 1. however. 156. xlvii. Heleye. Fasacrelegh in 112 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES the names of persons in 1376 (R. The k makes it a diminutive familiar name.. however. see the themes Acre and Ley. given in Bamford's Glossary to Tim Bobbin. Ð An urban district 3 miles SE. gives the Low German Foes and the patronymic. The first theme is the personal name hyni of the Liber Vitae. vol. First theme may be M. apparently gives support to this derivation.C. vol. of Wigan. Early spellings of the word are Helei. Heley-Cliffe. Hely. p. In the Great Inquest of 12 12 we find Hindele. of Rochdale. lying to the East of Chorley. 1160.. I suggest for the first theme. The first theme is the personal name Dynne (see O. Fasacre and Fasarlegh occur in 1323 (R. 94. of Liverpool. p. p.).found in the fourteenth (R.. in the Chorley Survey (R. xlvi. Hindley.). Ð A township 4 miles N.. p....). vol. vol... kei. Hellei. For the other parts of Fazakerley.P. 173). S. as their primitive meanings are somewhat opposed. vol. the next word. p. Fazaikerley.E. 1297 (R. Similarly. xlvi. 1160 (L. a hedge. 4). Healey. ) in a Final Concord of 1199. The first theme is personal. 64. of Ashton-under-Lyne. Ð An urban district 5 miles SE..C. Keajsley. vol.). p. Magehal (R. leudi in the formation of names. It appears to be the Cherselawe of early Pipe Rolls (L. Ð A parish 7 miles NE. O. 1333. of Ormskirk. The first theme is personal. The first theme is an Old English personal name. vol.).Cenulf. See O.C. Early forms not known. xii. where will be found a shortened form. See Kersal 2iOoy&amp. In an entry of 1501 it is spelt Keresley. it appears to be of Old English origin. 159.. See F. p. xlvii.. is Madesle (R.. 257). Other forms are Knuvesle (R. Ð A parish 5 miles SW. vol. p. the name McBg. p. vol. Lussley. 68). vol.. Mahal. It is also spelt Luzly. of Liverpool. xlix.. p..). however. 344For the form le as occurring in Domesday Book for lea. vol. contains a personal name Ceorra.. p.. 1030 ..P. which leads up to the Male of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries (R. O. Cyneivulf. and Knousdegh in one of 1376 (R.. xii.. A Frisian personal name is Keer (W. 114 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES see M. The first theme is the personal name McRgweald. of Bolton-leMoors. 159. xlvi.). one of the forms taken by the prolific liudi. The dialect pronunciation of the place-name is ind/i. .. Maghale... and Cnusleu in the Foundation Charter of Burscough Priory (L. of Ormskirk. pp. vols. Moudeslegh. In Domesday Book it is Chenulueslei. Mawdesley. Mahale. xxxi. col. xxxix.. and hall.)..CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 113 of the name is the un-umlauted one. which seems a not unlikely source.. vol.. Mahhale (R. An early spelling in a Pipe Roll of Henry III. p.S. xlvi.).P. Maudesiegh. for which see O. 27.. hun. 1372 (R. After this the first syllable of the word is usually diphthongal Moudesley (R. In the fourteenth century we have Made (R. Magoald. Mawdsley and Mawdisley occur in 1600 (R. vol.. 345.. O. xlvi. Ð A parish 7 miles NE. and from its being compounded in place-names with such terminations as ley. In view. 350). xlviii. Ð A hamlet 3 miles NE. 134. shaw. The form in Domesday Book is Magele.). p. xlviii. Maghull occurs with Male in the middle of the seventeenth century. 210). The thirteenth century forms are Mughal. doubt must be felt whether the termination was originally leak or healh. 340Maghull.). Meiuald in the Liber Vitae.. p. vol. of the thirteenth century forms of Magele. a genitive of Lud.. Enowsley. p. The first theme is a personal name. It still exists in the modem Manx Maughold. Eiley Green. theme seems to be the dialect word Norse hris .). 388. p. O.). vol. Osmotherlow. and Osmotherley. vol. The first theme is the personal name Osmund. either of which may be the first theme of Mearley. p.. Late forms are Osmuderley. First theme Old English Hring was by itself and in bithematic Ringley. 8). vol. vol. In the Assize Rolls it is spelt Asemunderlawe (R. miles NE. Ð A hamlet 7 word is spelt in the Risselley.. vol. 1670 (R. p.. 1709 (R. 1597 (R. McBr and Mere are elements in the formation of personal names (see O. xii. but further forms are Irwell. xlvii.. The first theme of Riley suggests the grain as in Barley. Little Merley in an Inquest of 1242 (R. Ð A parish 2 miles E. pp. col... used names. The Old Norse form is As-mundr... of Warrington. Magna Merlay occurs in early charters (L. Myerley in 1631.). genitive -mundar. Ð A municipal borough 3 miles NE. Mossley. The Assize Rolls (R. Ð A parish 2 miles NW... 302. Ð A village on the Manchester.. 376. i. low. The first theme appears to be personal : the name û. Ð A parish 4 miles W. vol. and Mierley. 345. 7). vol. p. famous.. There has been confusion in this word between the terminations leak. Ð In Leyland. of Hoghton Tower.. of Ashton-under-Lyne. also in the Liber Vitas. 156. The root of the name is maru. p. 1099. a frequent Old English name in O. of Leigh. of Colne. S. The Old Norse and not an uncommon name .. 8 miles NW. x. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 115 Pickley Green. There is a Rylegh (R.. as in O. vol. xiii. ley. Osmonderley (R. See F. Old desirable. Bisley.. a name which originated in a weapon. Osmotherley. and hlcew. half a mile S. Wheatley. p. p. 247)..Ð Two miles N. First theme doubtless descriptive of the nature of the ground.. 351). of known. of Clitheroe. See F.) Rysekgh. The first theme is descriptive j the Old English mos.Mearley. 300. xxxi.). vol.C. picco. xlix. brushwood. p. 385. of Ulverston. 387). Old Norse mosi. Early forms not known. ..P. Rough Lee Booth. a marshy place . The first rise. x. pp. 32) in Ashton-underLyne. col.. Mearley occurs in the list of freeholders in 1600 (R.. xlviii. Early forms not personal. No early records known. which recalls the Old Norse nickname Skakkif meaning the lame one. Smedley. Staveley. and the river Leven.). ii6 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES The first theme is a personal name.. of Cartmel. 1315). The word is the first part of Stayley-Bridge. xii. xxxix. or the English to. of Manchester..).Seedley. sidu (F... col. Shakerley. If we could accept the phonetic change or corruption of th to V (we have th to / in Bickerstaffe). Thornythek. 416). This is the Tunky and Thunkye of the Inquests (R.. of Preston.). under the north side of Longridge Fell. 1246. Thornnedel. or i'th. vol. mentions the Old English Sccecca. at. Ð A railway station in Pendleton NW.. xlvii. vol. The first theme is the Old English thorn. vol.) are Tornelay.. Those of the Assize Rolls (R. 1303. of Leigh. Shakerley is in the list of freeholders. Forms in the volume of Inquests (R. First theme probably as in Smithdown.).) are Thorndeley. TO miles NE.). Ð A hamlet 4 miles NE. and Thomdekghe. xxxi. Towneley. · Tyldesley.. Ð An estate in Cheetham N. and Schakerky. Thorndek. and so accept stath.). the middle theme is the French de. Stavelay occur in the Assize Rolls (R. In the Subsidies volume (R. The word takes the forms Schakeslegh. vol. vol. in the Assize Rolls (R. and in one of 1262 as Thornedelegh (R. xlviii. 1600 (R. the word side. Root.. Siavele. Ð An estate in the parish of Whalley. vol. xxxix. the Old English adjective smethe. 1284. xlviii.. vol. Ð An urban district 3 miles NE. used in personal names (O. and Stavelay in a Final Concord of 1301 (R. thorn . 1258. First theme. of Leigh. I can suggest nothing better. vol. Ð A parish 6 miles N. Thornelay. Thornideky. the Old English word for bank. xlvii.. col.. xlviii. O. vol. land bordering on water. custom. . 1302. and they possibly relate to the place under consideration. Ð This place forms a parish with Wheatky. vol.). Thornley. p. gives SccBcca. Early records not known. near Liverpool.) are the forms Thorndekgh and Thornky. xlvii. shore. F. of Manchester.. the word would have a suitable meaning : the meadow by the shore of Windermere. Tildesk is found in the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R. It occurs in a Final Concord of 1202 as Thorenteleg. later spellings are Tyldesky and Tildisky. The word explains itself. under Scakka.. as the first theme. After which the normal form is only subject to such variations as Thornky. smooth. xlix. vol. xlviii.). 1099. or remains of a supposed rampart.. Walmesley Ð are found in the seventeenth century (R. 3 miles N. The d of the word is intrusive. xxxix. and seems to signify an elongated height " (Aasen's Norsk Ordbog). But having to Ii8 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES deal with the first syllable of hwcelleage. Wallay. The first theme is the personal name Tilli.). For the roots vald. 158). A common dialect pronunciation is Tinsley. of Bury. If it were not for the spellings of the Chronicle Ð that is. good. The root of the name is the Old English til. in a Pipe Roll of 1218 (R. xlviii. or say. xlix. Walkga. p. The name Walmesley occurs in a list of fines paid of the year 1406 (R. vols. of Bolton-le-Moors..)) and Westkigh in 1600 (R. famous.. a rampart.. xlix. p.. Walelega (L.. Westkgh. Walmesley. of Clitheroe. xii. vol. now a village and small parish 4 miles S. Walmersley.P. and again as Walmersley in an Inquest of 1300 (R. It is the HwcBlleage. vol. if we had only to deal with the Domesday and later forms. Other forms of the same century are Westelegh. the first letter. The first theme is the personal name Wealdmcer.).. Whalley (R. cols. maru.. Of these the personal form for the first theme would be preferred. brought by the Vikings. HweallcBge of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.)... xlix. 480). vol. Both forms Ð Walmisley. Quallay.CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 117 Tildesleye occurs in a Final Concord of 1301 (R.C.). O. xii. as we have no historical record. rule.). 257). Westley occurs in a Final Concord of 1509 (R. see F. vol. Ð A joint parish with Shuttleworth. but remaining as Kval in Scandinavia.). xlvii. The first theme appears to be a somewhat more abraded form than the preceding of the same Old English personal name. 1496... 1. rather. and the Wallet of Domesday Book. " Kval is found in place-names. and the English form of the Latin vallum. I am inclined to think that it represents a foreign dialect word. Ð A township adjoining Leigh on the NWThe earliest form is Westle... Ð An ecclesiastical district 4 miles N. Ð Formerly an extensive parish. vol. In early Pipe Rolls the forms found are Wallebi. The word Walmeresley occurs in a Patent Roll of 1262 (R. Walleye.. 1.).. vols. West Leigh. vol. Westleye Westel (R. 480. we should have to choose between the personal name Wealh (O. and now lost in this country. vol xlix. The first theme . Thirteenth century forms from the Assize Rolls are Whalegh. p. p. Whalley..). which is found in the Liber Vitse (see S. C. 500. Winke. The first theme is the Old English personal name Witiemmr. of Wigan... 1.. Wynstan (O. Ð A joint parish with Thornley... Ð An urban district 7 miles NW.). Ð Â parish 2 miles NW. p. xlviii. and later in the century Wynmerley. In an early Pipe Roll the form is Werkesleia. 1608. in the Great Inquest. The first theme is the personal name. In the Assize Rolls there occurs Wymmerk (R. vol. i. Ð A parish 3 miles SW. friend. Wheteky (R. Wetek. 1608. xlviii. pp. Winstanley. At the beginning of the seventeenth century occurs Worsky (R. The forms in the Pipe Rolls are Unstanesle. vol. F. xlvii. vol. Wyrkedek. Wynermerisle. 499. maru...). pp. Worsley. stone. vol. 1. xxxix. in vol. and in one of 1501 Workeslegh (R.)..). Queteky (R..) occuf in the thirteenth century. For the k diminu- .. cols.. vol. Roots are vtni. The d is the Norman de. 500. It appears as Waielei in Domesday Book. of Garstang. p. Wyld and Hirst).C. Winkedley.. xlviii. Wheatley. Wynstanley occurs in a Final Concord of 141 1 (R. Wheatley Booth. 474. 375(5 (see Win.. Winstaneslege. 12 12 (R..seems to be a note of position (see Astley). Wine. it is identified by Mr. 475. 1560. 1. 444.). ■ Among the various forms in the Assize Rolls are Wirkithileg. wheat.. 1099. Wheatky in the seventeenth century. 1 195 (L. See O.. Forms from the Great Inquest. The forms Whettkgh. Wynmerlee. vol. see O.. 1212 (R. In a Final Concord of 1300 there occurs Workesleye (R. Wetelay.H. xlvii. Q. for name Wibald of Wigbeald. 483. vol. vol. see CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 119 Winioarleigh. though it may be a theme of personal names.. of the V. under the north side of Longridge Fell.). friend. are Wynomerislega. Warr. XJnstaneslega (L.) in a Final Concord of 1425 .P.P.). famous. 8 miles NE.. Ð Four miles and a half W. of Colne : see Barley Booth. p. 524. xlvii. cols. vol.). as in F. vol. see Chapter V.C. Ð A place mentioned in the Plac. Farrer with Much Woolton.). xlii. For the personal name see O. Ð A manor mentioned in Domesday Book . and in the Great Inquest. together they form one parish and village. Wibaldeslei. For the roots of the name vini.). Winstanislegh. of Manchester. 12 12 (R. vol.).. see F. For the diminutive W. 1359).. of Preston. 487. staina.. xlix. O. in one of 1408 Worseley. The first theme is the Old English hwmte. The personal form at the foundation of this name is wer . Workedeley (R. col. Kearsley. LOW.C. see W. 3 miles E. The de is Norman of (see Chapter V. both mean slope. Barlow Moor. hlaw. and a Wrigley Head. fidelity.). Ð Â part of Liverpool. Werke. 120 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES LITH The Old English Mt/t. Ð A manor on the Mersey 4 miles S. vol. 266. p. cols. Stajmerlith. In the Assize Rolls (R. 432. The root is the Old English war. See Adgarley. Old Norse MtiA. 140 Mr. and in a Final Record of 1336 (R. Kyerkelith occurs in L.P. The first theme is the personal name Stanhere or Starter. of Bury. Low Hill adjoins Brownlow Hill on the east.. Early forms not known of either. mountainside. vol. 297). a funeral mound. The first theme is perhaps here barley.Ð There is a Wrigky Brook. See Barlow. On p.tive. see under theme Hope. appear to have given rise to the place-termination liiA or letA. and apparently belongs to the north of the county.. 4 miles NE. Brownlow Hill. It was not a common theme. Ð A mountain 7 miles N... of Manchester. an eyebrow. the edge of a fell or moor. vol. See F. though both ber and bar are themes used in the formation of personal names. xlvi.. under their respective second themes. p. the name appears as Berlawe.. 246.. Both forms. p.. Ð This word occurs in R. a rising ground. and had it replaced by others.) Barlowe. Oglet. Farrer interprets it to mean Kirkby Ireleth. with different vowel quantity. a hamlet in Heywood. a hamlet in Failsworth. p. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 121 Coupe Law. of Bury. xlix. 48. Wrigley. indifferently.131. LAW This word represents the Old English hloew. For Coupe. with Old Norse influence in the spelling of Stan (O. and some of the words in which it appeared lost it. 429). p. First theme seems to be the Old Norse briin. of Manchester. .. Mediaeval lawe appears as ancestor both of low and ley. xlvii. 30). of Kirkham. with the plural of leak as given in Dr. pp. Ð A township 2 miles E. and Spellawe in one of 1321 (R. the same person.. xxxix. Stratmann's Middle English Diet.Ð The NE. a William de S. Tetta. there is a confusion between these place-name terminations. of Liverpool. vol.. As stated already. vol. In 1542 we find Breghtmete (R.. Spellow. vol. point. Werlows are from the thirteenth century (R. Totta... In R. xxxix. Tetlawe.. 458. gives both the names Spila and Spileman. The first theme seems to be personal. MiddendorfFs Alteng. The first theme is the Old English pic.. or Wcer. Tetlowe. x. xii. of Bolton-le-Moors.).. An example of this confusion will be found by comparing the plural of lawe in Dr. Early spellings (from the V. Tetlow.). 1302. The first theme is personal. vol. in 1600. and Brightmete in one of 1322 (R.. Ð A manor to the north of Manchester in Broughton and Cheetham. suggests the word Wer. xlviii. meadow. Brightmet. Appears as Brihtmede in an entry of the year 1257 (R. Land on which hay is grown ..). Other earlier appearances are rare. 1617 (R.. 473. 442. at another the plural of low. 64. Ð Formerly a manor N. mcedwa. Flurnam. are all to be found in O. . vol. The forms Quarlous.. Tettelagh. xxxv. pike. Ð A joint parish 3 miles NE. vol. Wharlowes occur in the seventeenth century Ð 1629. vol. Wharles. pastures on the sides of rivers. Wharles. corner of Pendk Hill. p.Pike Law. vol. p. 1368. xlii. Tela. we find Tettlow. through its various forms. and lastly.). used here descriptively. iv.) are Tottelawe. pp. 576.H.). xlvi. being meant in both. 87).C. 122 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES MEAD This termination is the Old English meed. vol. pi. and is found several times uncompounded in the Liber Vitae...). Warlawes. It appears as Spellowe in a Final Concord of 1306 (R. by its variations of spelling. Those of the latter theme suggest at one period the plural of ley. The first theme. points to the Old English adjective beorht. in Walton. O. But it is also a common personal name (see O.. Tetlow. Brightmet (R. vol. xlvi. bright.). p. the common theme of many personal names in O. Tola... of the dates 1616-1617. The first theme. 432) is mentioned in a charter of Richard I. 102.C. Cartmel. in a Final Concord of 1246 (R.P... see O. Ð An ancient manor 1 2 miles N.. According to Mr. Ð A parish and market-town in Lonsdale North of the Sands.. 378). P.P.. (L.MEL The origin of this termination appears to be the Old Norse melr. and is identified by Mr. Uht is the dawn. either overgrown with the grass called melr (Elymus arenarius) or bare. See Watson's Place-names in Ross and Cromarty.H. 15 miles NW. Bavensmeols. Ð Now North Meols. Cart. of Liverpool. p. The spelling is Argarmelis in 1243 (R.. varied occasionally by Kerfmel and Kertemel (R.. Two very early variants are Curtmel.. vol. Farrer (V. 66). and Carmel. a sandhill .C.P.C. Ð Occurs in Domesday Book as Erengermeles. In Domesday Book the forms Otegrimele and Otringemele represent the modern North Meols. Argaxmeols. 301. is not uncommon in place-names in Iceland. according to Mr..H. The first theme is a river name. the Norse Arngeirr. a bank of sand or gravel . the Old Norse hrafn. 12. 213. The first theme is a patronymic of Ohthere (see O. First theme is personal.365)1 which name is found in King Alfred's Orosius. i. Ravenesmeks (L. The predominant form in the middle ages is Cartme/ {1.). and mel. pp. xlviii.P. xxxix. is a common personal name. melar. For Old English form hraban.. p.. pp. and Ravenmeks in one of 1468 (R.). vol. Farrer as part of the modern CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 123 Birkdale. it is the Mele of Domesday Book.). pp.C.). a large portion of which town hes in the parish of North Meols. 1 168. p. the E^rngmr of O. vol. 67). a raven. p. a village and parish N. Farrer in the V. Sandbanks in the north of Norfolk are called meals. of Southport. of Lancaster. now almost if not entirely destroyed by sandhills. The compound word Normalas occurs in a charter of King Richard I. MEBE Comes into the series of terminations from two sources : Ð . Celtic or pre-Celtic. vol. 1.C.. 1187 (L. 239. xlviii.C-. 36.). The first theme is personal. Meols. vol. of Rochdale. lake. its qualifying word being a full place-name. uncultivated ground.. See O. spelt Gunnolvesmores in the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R. Ð A lake. 43. pp. Ellesmere Park. Martin Mere. xlviii. Oonnolfsmoors. near Blackpool. that formerly lay 7 miles N. The first part seems composed of the Celtic elements signifying rock. partly in Westmorland. i6). p. The first theme of Ellesmere is a personal name. beann. Ð Surrounding Worsley Hall. moor. Lordsmere. Mere is perhaps boundary here. and. Marton Mere. The word is usually employed as a subsidiary theme. of Manchester. Gunnolfr is a common Old . The first theme in these compound place-names appears formed from the lake. MOOR From the Old English mor. 310. and is spelt Winendem^re. now drained. vol. Wynandrem^r (L. Mere occurs in the names of the four parts into which Saddleworth is divided. First theme is personal. 40. of Ormskirk.(1) The Old English gemmre. denoting waste.. a pool. Quickmere. Farrer (R.C. (2) The Old English Mere. Windermere. aindi. The Domesday Book Merretun.. became absorbed in Burscough.. Ð Â lake 2 miles SW.. 33-61.). vol.).P. or standing water. and Old Norse mxrr. 6 miles W. generally high and mountainous. Ð A lake in the NW. a boundary. according to Mr. Marland Mere. The noble title of Ellesmere appears to have been originally a Cheshire one. used by itself and in very many compound names. 312). Shawmere. pp. mere. Friarmere.. borderland. In the latter reference are given instances of the mutation into /and w of the b in beann. Ð A lake in Marion.. vol. 124 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES afterwards Marion (R. xlviii. Mere is here borderland or district. xxxix. The name occurs in a charter of Henry II. pp. of the county. for /Eihel. lay near it. often swampy. See K.. Ð Old name of the high moorland district lying between Chorley and Blackburn. Moor. Crompton Moor. as subsidiary theme. Ð Â parish 3 miles SE. and in many others. the name of which appears to be lost. pp. xlvii. Probably the later Blazemoss on the moorlands NE. Graygarth Moor. Preston Moor. Ð An extensive moss. of which the component parts are iatf/e and wo//. 274.. 144) it is spelt Catemosse.C. see K. Tatham Moor. or a relic of the time when wolves existed there.). vol. in the perambulation of which the word appears as Quernemore (L. Occurs in a Final Concord of 1202 (R. Kvernberg is Old Norse for a mill-stone quarry. p.. Cockey Moor. MOSS This termination seems to have arisen from the Danish mos. Hawkshead Moor. as in the Icelandic bla-skoga-heithi. mose are common in place-names. the remains of old forests. 420). occurs in Newton Moor. The first theme is the Old English cweorn. 126 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES p. or Bleadale Moss Ordnance Maps. in the parish of Eccles. Chatmoss. used dark-wood-heath. or a weak form Caii of Cat. The first theme is personal.) mention is made of a place Querneberg.P. Turton Moor.. which Mr.C. In Lancashire it is specially applied to the numerous swampy peaty grounds. dark blue. See The first theme is the Old Norse Mdr. p. Swallow Myre. For Querne as a river name. Quemmore. Orrell Moor. Smithells Moor. In an entry of the date 1277 (R. being the name Catta (see O.. xxxix.. p. Lobden Moor.. vol. 58. AspuU Moor. Formerly the name of a great forest. Haslingden Moor. Farrer places in Urswick. Rivington Moor. rather than to the natural development of the Old English mos.. 94. Satterthwaite Moor. of Garstang. north of Thingvellir. Sholver Moor. 7 miles W. Holcome Moor. a handmill. xxxix. Calder Moor.. vol. is Guthwulf. Ð Occurs in a perambulation of 1228 (L. The first theme may be a personal name. The moor possibly furnished mill-stones. In a Final Concord of 1227 (R. of Lancaster. Ð An estate in or near Rainford. . Bleasdale Moor. of Manchester. 126). Wolvemor. In Denmark and Scandinavia mos.. Siddall Moor.P. Halshaw Moor. Anlezark Moor. Fulwood Moor. Old Norse mosi. 421). p. The Old English form of it in O. Blomos.CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 125 Norse man's name. xxxi. or promontory. of South- . Blaze Moss. Accrington Moss. White Moss.). 435). Page Moss. Ð Ecclesiastical district 3 miles N. Gully CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 127 Nab. vol. Rainford Moss. NESS Under the word ncess. which is used in the Sturlunga Saga as a nickname. means a promontory or headland jutting into the sea or a lake.Wirplesmos. old form Agemund or Agmund. For Whalley Nab. Ð A central hundred of the county.. lying N. CSrossens. Old Norse nahbi.C. at Freckleton.C. vol. First theme seems to be the Old Norse verpill.H.g. Winmarleigh Moss. p. a barrel or cask. 468. ii. Blandfoot Moss. we read : " The word ness.. p. Ð Occurs in the Charter of Foundation of Burscough Priory (L. of the Ribble. NAB The projecting part of a hill or rock.. Glazebrook Moss. vi. Leyland Moss. Duckworth Moss. Bryn Moss. Hesketh Moss.C. Cockerham Moss.. The first theme is the Old Norse personal name Ogmund.. . North Moss. . Farington Moss. in B. Whalley Nab. is mostly of Scandinavian origin". Ashton Moss. p. Stalmine Moss. Norwegian dialect nalb. see V.P. Pilling Moss. White Moss.P. Naze. Amounderness. Wait Moss. Healy Nab. Raw Moss. Rawcliffe Moss. Hoddlesden Moss. is Agmund.-T. 63. Wardley Moss. p. Narrow Moss. The word is the Norwegian ncBs. Risley Moss. and the word is in the genitive case. The Old Norse nes. Kirkby Moss. Edgerton Moss. Horscar Moss. found in English local names. Agmundernesse that of an early charter of Richard I.. The spelling in O. is a spelling of the thirteenth century (R. See vol. Moss is in common use as a subsidiary theme. Charters Moss. Agemundrenesse is the Domesday Book spelling..).. Hoop Moss. 349). 326. Augm ... Ð A promontory jutting into the Ribble from the north side. Renacres Moss. Reeds Moss. Black Moss. of the Oxford edition. Used as a subsidiary theme : e. but instances are also given of its use in charters older than the Danish incursions. Big Moss. xlviii. (L... p. of the fourteenth and afterwards (R. a peak. a knob. King's Moss. vol. Thurnham Moss. the Old English nces. as in the following and many others : Ð Simonswood Moss. Am . the Old Norse nes. Bickerstaffe Moss. The roots of this word ax&amp. Apparently a Mercian word of Scandinavian origin.). compare the Old Norse knukr. in which place Searle considers the word as an abbreviated form of Folth-here. 302. see F.P. Furness. on the Mersey. Wido (see O. Ð A hamlet 2 miles W. pp. as the above cases show. Black Hey Nook. The first theme is Irish-Scandinavian.. 104). Barrow Nook. and in charters of thirty years later are the words Abbas Fomesii and Furnesiam. somewhat inaccessible. vols. Wid is found as a component of several personal names. vol. xlviii. or for worship. of Oldham. Wednes (R. meaning a mound or elevation. In place-names the word denotes an out-of-the-way spot.P. p. the island being adjacent to Furness.port. of Morecambe Bay. and the frequent mention of a family " de Furnellis. and marks the position of an early rood. vol. See O. folk and host. p. the word appears as Crosnes.. Ð A hamlet in Bickerstaffe. 552. Nook. 1127 (L. JVitnes. is a subsidiary theme.. The same first theme explains the Pile of Foudrey.C. The first theme is the personal name Wid. 486).. Often applied to places on the borders of mosses.fulca. xlix. and here. 1562. of Ormskirk. Ð A peninsula to the W. In an early reference to the place. wide. a bend. Ð A borough 12 miles SE. 204). of Dobcross. 1327 (R. In the second half of 128 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES the twelfth century and afterwards we meet with such forms as Abbas de Furnellis (L.. 485. 307. 251." The first theme is personal: Fulder. Moss Nook.C. Widnes.. .). the root being the Old English wid. or Bleak Hey Nook. xxxi. of Liverpool. xlvii.. ample.. SE.. Nimble Nook. col. Wydenes and Widnes occur in the thirteenth century (R. a knoll or peak.. 2 miles N. col. For the angularity denoted by the word. and later forms are Widnesse. The Charter of the Foundation of Furness Abbey speaks of Forestam de Fudernesio. F. also gives other explanations of the root. 312).. pp. Ð A hamlet in Rainford. p. NOOK A corner. Barrow is the north country word. as a landmark perhaps. White Pike.CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 129 So also in the following: Ð Maggot Nook. Crokispool occurs in a charter of Henry IL (L. See 0. 1259 (R. Blacke Pull is found in 1661.. the Blacke poole in 1626. This pool formed the oldest harbour of Liverpool.C. Blackpool. xlviii. Green Nook. of Preston. much in use in the Middle Ages. p. The form Litherpole. 424. iv. 393). and has its origin in the personal name Croc. 328).. of which Searle there gives an abbreviated form. Crabtree Nook. and Pipe Roll of 1207 (L. 1836.. Two variants are Litherpol. 1207. a pool .. The pool in Liverpool is not the estuary of the Mersey.. p. The first theme is the personal name Leqfhere (see O. from the Old English pu. First theme descriptive. 130 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES 432.).. Twitch Hill Nook. WNW. and was the site of the first dock. generally with the article " the. PIKE A pointed eminence.. pp. vol. 144. Liverpool is spelt Liuerpul in the document known as the Charter of King John. 1190-1194. Hale Nook. is due to the same influence which produced Litherland out of Liderlant (see the word Litherland)." In R. and others. point. see Baines's History of Lancashire. 128). p. Blackpool occurs many times in the Bispham Registers from 1602 onwards. Lifere. vol. 1222 (R. xlix. pike. and a sixteenth-century form in Leland's Itinerary is Lyrpook. Clougha Pike. Cabus Nook. .. The pool was inland. POOL From the Old EngUsh poi. pp. X. Holme Nook. p. Rivington Pike. Used as a subsidiary theme in Parlick Pike.P.. Close Nook. 16. a town on the seacoast.P. and Livrepol. but of a small stream which falls into it near the present Custom House. p. Moor Nook. at the mouth of the Lune. Brown Pike.. used also to denote the estuary of a small stream as it widens into the sea. vol.C. came into existence as a sea-bathing place in the eighteenth century. Thieveley Pike. 14. Higham Nook. 220). also in an earlier charter. Crook is on the coast. vol. Folrig. 3 miles S. Ð In Gressingham. of Liverpool. Foulridge. p. Lickle. xxxix. Langrig is mentioned in a Final Concord of 1246 (R.. difficult. Leek. 8 miles NE. a bird.. Foulrigg. 235). Spelt Folrigge. vol. 432. Ohthere in O. p. Steers Pool. as in Great Close Ridge. vol. Keer. The first theme is descriptive. EIVEES The names of the most important rivers are the following : Ð Duddon. of Colne... Eea. See O. liv. Otterspool. The spelling Fowlerigge seems to imply that in 1600 the theme was supposed to hefugel. Fowkrigge. Hazle Rigg. i. Winster. Russland Pool. First theme the Old English cBsc. Eccles Riggs. Eskrigg or Eskrick. From the Old English hrycg.. The first theme is probably personal .). BIDGE. Styrespol occurs in a Final Concord of 1235 (R. Mans Riggs. 1650 (R. situated apparently near Broughton-in-Furness. Birk Riggs.. 1332 (R. back. Greta. The first theme is the personal name Styr.The history of the place-name Liverpool' was first very fully given by Professor Wyld in an article published in the Liverpool Courier in the spring of 1 910.). of Lancaster. vol. Hirst's Lancashire Place-names.). xxxix. Crake. Ð A parish on the Yorkshire border. vol. Blake Rigg. The first theme is the Old English y«/. p. ugly. xlvii. Brathay. 1600 (R. vol. Leven. xlix. . xii.. Hazel Ridge. 365There is another similar name in North Meols : Otrepol. Pilling Ridge.). Bidge is frequently used as a subsidiary theme. and thus to Scandinavian influence is probably due the form Rigg found in the north of the county. ridge.. The Old Norse form is hryggr. vol. vol. 1261 (R. foul. vol. 2 miles N. of Preston. The urban district of Longridge is at the western extremity of the ridge. 1246 (R. Preesall Ridge. and afterwards reproduced in his and Dr. Folrige. Ð NE.) . BIGG A range of hills. near the Lune. 87)... Ð On the Mersey. Longridge Fell. p. the ash-tree. 1 31 1 (R. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 131 xxxi.)... Bailrig. p. Tame. Heyrod. The hall dates from the six- . First theme personal. Gorbrook. obscure. Cocker. Croal. rjothr. and Blakrode. 1337 (R. Calder. Ð Part of the town of Todmorden. Glazebrook. familiar for Robert.). Cornbrook. Tarbock Brook. Ð An urban district 6 miles W. First theme may be personal. rivulet. Brock. I am induced to assign this vitality to religious or superstitious causes. vol. Irwell. living through the German and Scandinavian colonisations.Hindburn. of Ashton-under-Lyne. torrent. a hedge. Very few of these words have a meaning in the English or Scandinavian tongues. Loud. xlvi. Blackrod. rain. meaning fenced in or enclosed. open space in a wood. Sankey Brook. Lune. and have survived linguistic changes around them. of Padiham. Ribble. And the other is that they should be Celtic at all. Irk. Grizedale Beck. not uncommon in Germany under the form Rode. The name Dobbe occurs several times in the Assize Rolls of the thirteenth century (R. ROD. Hodder. 1414 (R. vol. either in these islands or on the Continent. In a few cases where a name is preserved in that of a village or town situated near it. Wyre. until there occurs Blakerod. 1. a clearing. flow.. In England it is mostly found in the mountainous districts of the West Riding and East Lancashire. there are many instances of the name in mediaeval times j or it may be descriptive.. First theme is descriptive Ð black. from Middle English hei. Early forms not known. Dobroyd. 1201 (L. and the like. Wenning. of Colne. Ð ^Village and hall in the township of Simonstone NW. Ð A village i mile E.). Yarrow.C. of Bolton-leMoors. Douglas. Roch. Blakerode. ROYD This is the Old Norse ruiA. Darwen. and in Denmark and Norway under the forms Ryd. Ð A village 3 miles NE. Conder.). 127). is the usual spelling. Lostock. Mersey. Rud. vol. I have illustrated the word by quoting other river names. Huntroyde. Calder. Heyroyd.P. which contain the same element. See preceding word. Medlock. Two facts are interesting about these names. I must leave those that are supposed to have a meaning in the more ancient tongues of these islands to Celtic scholars. Roeburn. Alt. Many of them contain an 132 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES element which means wafer in some form : stream.. xlvii.. and also by such information as Krausse's little book furnished. Rod. Goyt. Henburn. Cf. Ð An estate in Foulridge beyond Colne. Monkroyd. it had its origin in the reign of Henry II. 1332 (R. First theme descriptive. 58. p. Blundell Sands forms with Great Crosby an urban district. The first theme is in all probability the river name.C.teenth century originally (see V. p. a shelter or cover. and Wurm. The first theme is the well-known personal Norse name Orntr. See also K.. the Gaelic Caochan. The town was named after the chief owner of the land on which it was built. p. 83).. SAND Old English Sand. of Colne. 501). 370. vol. Ð The abbey at the mouth of the Cocker .. SCOWLBS.. SOOLES North country words. Monkerode.H. the Yorkshire Ecroyd. is found in R. First theme descriptive. and the river Kochtr. First theme probably due to the original clearing. Cockersand. This termination occurs in Cockersand. Ormerod in Cliviger. Two Old Norse words seem to meet in these place-terminations: the Old Norse sAd/i. attributed to the monks of Pontefract. a rivulet. Blundell is a Norman-French name and denotes in its origin the complexion. vi. of which the primary meaning is kui or sked . O. denoting temporary huts put up for the protection of the watchers of cattle. half a mile from Rochdale. Oakenrod. xxxi. Ð A coast-town of suburban residences. Ð An estate i mile N.. vol. a tributary of the Neckar.. 134 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES SCALES. inhabited chiefly by Liverpool merchants and tradesmen. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 133 The first theme I take to be descriptive of the early use of the wood-clearing. Blimdell Sands. the French blond. For the English form. p. and the Old Norse skjol. The principal church was built in 1874.. Orm. see O. and remained till the dissolution of the monasteries. a word which is still used in the sense of a shed or pent-house in the South of Norway (Aasen's . Langroyd. 13 11. vol. liv. Cf. Ð A village in the township of Spotland. Ormerode. p. or for the care of peat. 522.. Scholes. 2 miles NW. The two words appear to have become CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 135 confused in the word scar. i. The Old Norse skarth.H. in 1309 (V. Scar is used as a subsidiary theme in Bigland Scar. vol. a wood. 1382 (R. Scales. to the north.. 288) Fenniscoles . A not unusual termination of place-names in Denmark...).). such as that of being isolated by the sea. Ð A suburb of Wigan. vol.. Feniscowles... p. of Blackburn. which is used with the general meaning of c/if without any limitation. The first theme is the Old English adjective fennig. x. under the form skov. is used to denote a mountain pass (as in Scarf Gap. EUiscales. a shaw. vol. vi. 78) and Scalk (R. There is a Scales i mile SE. Ð Ecclesiastical district in Pleasington. p. of Kirkham.. North Scale.) Feniscoll. SCOUGH. The word is found in Bigland Scar.Norsk Ordbog.C. vol. vol. Ð By Dalton-in-Furness. under skj'ol).. Later forms are Scalles (R. fenny. a skerry. vol.). on the NE. Cumberland). a hill 2 miles W. vol. xlvii. It appears as Alynscales.. Cf. Barker Scar. Scarth Hill is an isolated elevation 1 mile SE. xlix. The first theme is a doubtful personal name . 146) there occurs Adam de Feinycholes . . Walney Scar. 1. It occurs in Patent Rolls of Henry III. muddy. of Blackburn. Also in Billinge Scar. of Ulverston. a notch. Scarisbrick. p. Thus the English word points to Danish occupation. of Cartmel. (R. Ð A hamlet 4 miles S. to the SW. In 1235 (R.. Ð A village in the island of Walney^ opposite Barrow-in-Furness. it may be Ella or Aelle. a rock. of Ormskirk. under the theme Breck. The Old Norse sker denotes an isolated rock in the sea. xii. SCOW This is the Old Norse skogr. SCAR A cliff. in 1600 (R. and others. Mirescogh 1637. it appears as Burschehou. and Miresco. And in 1322 (R.) Cunscogh and Konscogh. a valley. xxxix. xlvii. It is spelt Burscogh in the charter of the foundation of the priory... p. a precipice. sceter in Aasen's Ordbog . p. xxxiii.Burscough. S. In an entry of the year 1241 (R. See these words above. p. The first theme is the personal name burra. of Ormskirk. Thorvald. The usual mediaeval spelling is Burscogh. Hawkeshead. which originally appeared in Cadishead.. 49. p. of Burscough Bridge. 1265. col. to the termination head. Searle gives it in O. liv. Myerscow in 1615. Ð A chapelry 3 miles S. bog. in R. which may be found in the Liber Vitae.. vol. connects with the Old Norse burr. xlviii. First theme denu. the form is Cunnescok. sate. and Bruscogh is found in a clerical subsidy of about 1538 (R. connects it with the Anglo-Saxon cyn. p. of which English forms in O. The word appears as Mirscho. 349). The first theme is an abraded form of a common Norse name. under the root cunt. the Old Norse skut is given in Aasen's Norsk Ordbog as "an overhanging rock... Ð A parish 2 miles NE. A Scandinavian word." Compare the Old Norse word sMta.).. . of Garstang. 122. a son. in the Forest of Rossendale. Turold. Ð A mountain half-way between Todmorden and Burnley. (L. 378. 1246. In the Assize Rolls (R.C. vol. of Ormskirk. Dean Scout. The first theme is the Old Norse myrr. are Thurweald. 1262. Ð A hamlet \\ mile NW. Thorald. vol.. or residence. Tharleseogh appears in the Foundation Charter of Burscough Priory (L. 451. This termination. the origin of the English mire.C. 163..P. to jut out so as to form a hollow or cave. Cunscough. vol. SEAT The Old Norse setr ... 32). 136 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Myerscough. Swainshead. race.. overlooking the Vale of Cliviger. which occurs in the Liber Vitas. Ð A parish 5 miles S. 1297... vol. in the growth of time.. S. x. Ð meaning a seat. 350). p. 160. p. vol.. The modern spelling appears in 1600 (R. xii.). Old English {ge)sete . has given place. F. vol. Tarlscough. in the reign of Richard I. Myerscough 1574. a moor. and later Mirescowe. The first theme is the personal name Cuna.). swamp . p.P. SCOUT High rock. farm. In R. and which Mu.. projecting ridge.. C. Ð A village 3 miles N. which appears in a charter of Cynewulf. 1. Other combinations with Shaw.). (See this word under the termination Sblm. Audenshaw. The word occurs in charters of Kings John and Henry III. Shaw. 34. 300.. as in Ballatn. Ð Seven miles S. The first theme is the Old English brad. and Bradshagh in 1505 (R.. For the stem of the word bic. Balshaw Laoie. O.. occur in SE. 3 miles SE. p. Bradshaw. 154... pp. .. col. broad. or Shaw Chapel. Ð A village near Abram.C. In some place-names it appears to CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 137 haye arisen from the termination Aaui (from kaga enclosure). also O.. Ð Urban district and parish 3 miles SW.P. S. i66. Aldeneshawe. xlvi. It is spelt Aldenshade (? Aldenshahe). . as Shaw Edge. as here. 1. of Bolton-le-moors. 427 . 35).). however. p. The first theme is the personal name Bica. 778 (see S.SHAW This is the Old English sceaga. p. of Preston. see F... of somewhat later but uncertain date. Two other forms.. vol. are given in L. any small group of rees. In a Final Concord of 1395 (R. and occurs in S. p.. Bicca. who seems disposed to see in it a reference to some weapon. 106). vol. p. Lancashire. Aldeneshagh.P. of Wigan. Aldwynshawe. The first theme of Balshaw is personal. The word is spelt Bradeshagh in an entry of 131 2 (R.. of Oldham. (L. 1199. The 138 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES personal name brada. col. by attaching the genitival s of the first theme to the second theme of the place-name. or merely an extension or " erweiterung. occurs in the Liber Vitse.) it occurs as Bykersha . Apparently the s belongs to the first theme. which is the proper name Ealduini. thicket. The final r of the word Bicker is either intrusive or the remains of a syllabic ending of the word. Bike is a Low German name (see W. of Ashton-under-Lyne. vol.). ." See F. Aldwynshay.) Bickershaw. Ð A village 3 miles NE. copse. Shaw Clough. 201. Cronk. under Pendle Hill. 1323 (V. xii. 173.H... is Godeshagh. is probably a personal name of which the first theme is cu. p.). being taken from the birds.H.. though Dunnoc may be a personal name. 172. however. Crawshaw Booth. 1422. and Grymeshagh. the word cranky.. from the birds . is frequent in Manx place-names in the sense of hiU.). 514). vol.. vol. xxiii. p. See 0. and Dunnokschaw. 2 miles NE. Goodshaw Booth and Goodshaw Fold. 433).. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 139 The first theme may be descriptive. Dunnockshaw.. though Crawe is an old personal name. vol. from the birds . 1284 (R. 433. Ð A parish 4 miles NW.H. Ð Of the Higher Booths.). The earlier forms of the word are given in the V. meaning twisted or crooked. Spelt Cowlyshawe in 1600 (R. It is spelt Dunnockschae in I2g6. 1441 (R. 260. 3 miles NE. Ð A village 2 miles N.... In 1323 it appears as Croweshagh (V. cow. See O. vol. Grimshaw. under the theme Hill . p. Goldea. Goldshaw Booth. of Blackburn. of Rochdale. of Hashngden. found in Berredseige ( == Bardsea) which developed into eye and ea. and in O. xUx. a Domesday suflSx. vi. The first theme is probably descriptive. See O. 144. The spelling in V.C. in Rossendale. p.C. Dunnockschaghe in 1305.. of Burnley. vol. p. 1323. and Collyhurst. Goldeshagh.. 425) as near Chipping. a diminutive oi Dunn. p. (vol. is the equivalent of the Norse holm.C.p. The change to shaiv has been assisted by the insertion of the genitival x. though duuua is a personal name. vi. in Rossendale. 1. for Cowley.Cowlisliaw. No earlier records. Doveshaw is mentioned in an early forest perambulation (see L. 266).C. vi. of Haslingden. First theme probably descriptive.. The first theme is probably descriptive. under the theme Hurst. Ð A village i mile N. 514) as Goldiaue. Ð A parish in Rossendale 4 miles NE.. 1459.. p. referring to natural appearance or colour. But the word mayhave had more than one origin. p. but it may also be a personal name (see O. Crankeyshaw. we find God a personal name. This suffix meaning an island meadow. vi. 13231324. See Cowley Hill. Douueshagh.H. pp. The first theme may be descriptive.C..P. Ð A hamlet and estate 5 miles SE. . vol. The word Cowly. of Oldham. The original second theme appears to have been eige. No early records of the word. of Haslingden.. The word appears as Grymeschawe. It is spelt Hardshaye in 1600 (R. No early records of the name. The heued is head. of which there are many examples in O. Wetshaw. Richard-of-the-Wetschawe.). No early record.P... Ð A hamlet in Tottington Lower End. Helens.C. xii. Ð A hamlet in Tottington Lower End. Ashtonunder-Lyne. p. Marschashheued occurs in a perambulation given in L. meaning free? Smallshaw. side of Manchester.. a mediaeval name. of Oldham. would mean enclosure. in the district of Knott Lanes. The first theme is probably the Old English mare.. First theme. 278) or be referred to the Old English healh. Early forms not known. a stud of horses. p. 427. vols. an adjacent height. Ð This word appears in personal names in the Assize Rolls and in Final Concords (R. so that it is doubtful whether the first theme of Halshaw should be regarded as the personal name Hal. First theme probably the personal name heard (see O. Grimshaw is found in other parts of Lancashire : Grimshav) in Cliviger . Bury. suggested by the 1600 form. 285). Grimshaw Delph in Skelmersdale. Studshaw or Stoodshaw. Halshaw Moor by Famworth. from Old English haga. iv. 476) or the Old English weall. Hale (see O. 140 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Higginshaw in Royton. diminutive of Higg. along the Ashton road. 268..H. Grimshaw Green in Croston . First theme descriptive.. a wall.. Hardshaw. Ð A district on the SE. Openshaw. First theme may be the Old English stod. Richard de Wetes- . a supposed familiar shortening of Richard. 287). xlix. of Boltonle-Moors. Perhaps the word should be divided Hardshaw. Bury. p.C.. vol. See Halgh among the list of terminations. Walshaw. Ð A hamlet near the sources of the river Wyre. First theme probably from the bird.).. boundary. First theme may be the personal name Wala (see O. 1. No early records known. First theme descriptive. p. of Rochdale. vol.. xlvii. 2 miles N. Haw. Ð A hamlet now forming a part of St.. Hawkshaw. p. p. Ð A village i^ mile NE.The first theme is the personal name Grim. was Openshawe in 1296 (V. Marshaw. 3 miles SE. vol.. a famiHar contracted form of the scriptural Philip. vols. on the mountain road (Watling Street) which forms the NE. of Rawcliffe Hall. No early records. p. of Daltonin-Furness. First theme the Old English adjective wat. Hoskinshire.. iii. The/ is intrusive. Ð Hamlet in the district of Bradshaw. In Final Concords of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries we find Wylpshire. p. Denmark.hagh. in which side has developed out of another place-theme. shire. SHIRE The origin is the Old English word scir. Wlypsire. and Iceland. of St. half a mile E. see under the termination Hill. See W. Wilpshire. generally marking proximity to water. shortened form of the Norse name Hrafn.). on the coast. The first theme is a personal name. 1508 (R. First theme. The thirteenth century forms are Wlipschire. Middle English side. Wlyppeschyre (R. of Blackburn. where the termination was originally head. Ð An old ruin. There are cases. It is now pronounced Lip locally.. as in the Westmorland Arnside. Ð Ecclesiastical district 6 miles S. Ayside. boundary of the district. First theme seems to be the name of some early owner. formerly an Abbey. It is the Old Norse sitha. vol. doubtless. Willipshire. Affeside or AflEetside. or parish. of Dalton-in-Furness. 236. . xlvii. a district.. Helens. the personal name Ram. Early records uncertain. but also a sloping district near a mountain range. Ð Apparently the name of a farm or estate CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 141 lying to the north of the river Wyre. It occurs in Norway.). diocese. as in Ramsbottom. William de Wetteshagh. Later records point to first theme being the river. No records known. 1396. xlviii. see Baines's History of Lancashire. moist. of Cartmel. Ð A village 4 miles N.. 1. Ð Village 5 miles S. 1 mile N. Windleshaw. wet. and the first theme is doubtful. Sweden. Tarlside. Ð A parish 3 miles N. SIDE The use of this word in place-names to denote a border district seems to be Scandinavian. situated in the valley of the river Eea. For Windle. Bampside. 360. 421). Carrside.. 117. p... Landside. trench. 241. a low-lying hollow. p. The names Beckside. doubtless of Scandinavian origin. The word is still used in a similar sense in parts of the South of Norway. Moss-side explain themselves.. Keerside. SIKE..). Slangerup. Bradelaysyke occurs in a Final Concord of 1262 (R. For Bradley. Lakeside. Ð Mentioned in the boundaries of Toxteth Forest (L. Slangethorp.142 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES First theme the Old English personal name Gerolf (see O. and in Hurlingham. ditch. Yarlside. Side is used as a subsidiary theme in many cases besides the above : Ð Saddleside. Old Norse.C. Harlesike. which is a component part of several names (see O. near Ormskirk. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 143 SLACK A north country dialect word denoting a fall in the surface of the ground. meaning ditch . See Madsen. p. The d of the unstressed land has disappeared. of Burnley. Also Aasen's Ordbog. First theme perhaps the personal name brum. Harrow Side. Heyside. The first theme is the Old Enghsh stocc. trunk.). Brumlansic. of Rochdale. and others. Moorside. xxxix. compounded with place-names that have mostly gone out of use. Stocsiche is found in a Final Concord of 1256 (R. Ð A village i| mile N. log of wood. Higham Side. . Brackenside.P. First theme as in preceding. Syke. Crakeside. refer to the respective rivers Crake and Keer. It is the Old English sic. The first theme appears to be the personal name Herle. of Tunstall. vol. Ridding Side. slk. 295) and is found in Harleton or Hurleton. The corresponding Danish siank is used as first theme.Ð Village 2 miles W. siki. for which see O. There are at least 8 places of the last named in Lancashire. Now altogether lost. xxxix. see under the theme Ley. 257) as in Ireleth.. Ð A village 3 miles NE. p. SYKE An old word for a water-course found in records and charters. Early records unknown. vol. p. used occasionally in place-names....D. Ð A hamlet in the township of Scarisbrick. near the sea. and others.." We get no assistance from foreign place-names. O. snead. of Lancaster.\n. a. SLADE This word. It is used chiefly. In several of the words which follow. Lane End Slack. Ð The name of a close in Habergham Eaves (V. StratmannBradley. except that Murray has found snad in Old 144 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Flemish to mean a point of land. a bird's beak. to the N. 456).. Ash Slack. Burn Slack. and croft. interprets it by winter pasture. a breadth of green sward between two woods. snabe . The Slack in Balderstone. snape appears almost synonymous with croft. as employed in the South of Norway.Slack. No early records known. in N.E.p. It seems to me probable that the Danes in their settlements brought with them the dialect word snab (older form. is the Old English sl(zd. 78.E. where the word does not seem to occur. pla. SpeUing of second theme. Ð E. Ð In the north of the parish of Mailing. see Falk and Torp's Ordbog). Eccles. Snab Green. a stump. In Iceland snop denotes scanty growth of grass for sheep. of Cartmel. flat marshy ground. The Slack in Monton. Rochdale. Cross Slack. Thus the word in place-names is a congener of thwaite. Ð A village and moor in Spotland. a level field.H. Ð In the valley of the . vi. however. Bagslate. but adds that in south-western dialects it denotes a spring or boggy place in a field. of which the meaning in Aasen. NE. attaching a mark of interrogation. by the Old Norse s/effa. west of Rochdale.C. influenced perhaps. SNAPE A puzzling word. p. a bit. First theme is the personal name Bacga. Water Slack. thus connecting it with the German schnabel. a " nip. is a small piece. of Ormskirk. as in Billinge Slack. Snape. as a subsidiary second theme. Snape and Snaps Green. Snab House and Higher Snab. Murray. considers the meaning doubtful. vol. in M. \\ mile NE... xlvii. Does it refer to the dew-rounds or early walks of hunters ? See Ring-walk. of Irlam.-T.. xlvii. Higher Fairsnape and Lower Fairsnape are 7 miles to the E.. 117. Farrer identifies with Boysnope. of Garstang. S. to cut Ð ^possibly implying the cutting of marks on trees and stones to testify to boundaries. vol. of Prescot. No early records. Halsnead. but without enclosures.Lune. of Preston. See iv.D. Kidsnape. Beedysnape. vol. 278). Ð places about theme refers N. of Longridge Fell. See Bulsnape. xxxix. of Preston. in the parish of Ribchester. (R. as in Halsall. of Blackburn. (after Leo) defines as a "piece of land within defined limits.. p. also a fishing-ground or place for catching fish. Ð A manor in Goosnargh to the NE. Halsnad and Uallesnad (R. p. Bulsnape. The first theme is the personal name Hale (see O. STALL The Old English steall denotes place or stead generally. vol. p. which B. Ð In a Final Concord of 1235 (R. Ð In Button. 5 miles SE. The second theme is hope. for which see O.E. xxxix. 29) are forms of the word in the Assize Rolls of 1247 .. Blacksnape.. referring to the place mentioned in the preceding paragraph. to the NE. The first theme of the word is the personal name Brun. SNBAD This is the Old English smed. p. there occurs the word Boyhnape.) appears the mill of Bruneshop. in the N. First theme descriptive... Halsnade and Hohnade (R. opposite Hornby." Connected with the Old English smdan. which Mr.).. Possibly may mean a farm cut off a large estate.. In R. 15. a place in the parish of Eccles. . xlix.D. First theme the animal. Ð Â manor in Goosnargh.E. pp.) somewhat later. First theme the animal Ð bull. vol. Ð A hamlet in Over Darwen. vol. vol. then a stall or place for cattle . CATALOGUE OF PLAC^-NAMBS 145 Fairsnape. First theme descriptive. Dewysnape occurs in a Final Concord. The first probably to roebucks in their fifth year. in the personal name of Benedict de D. First theme probably descriptive. Boysnape or Boysnope. 144. 26. Ð A hamlet 2 miles S. 146 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Rawtenstall. p. The Old Norse form of the word is stathr. Bowstead Gates. seems to have originated in the compound word iun-steall. we read Bickersteth alias Bickerstaffe.. bbl being cognate to the English bold. Tunstall. See F. vol. above. and Dr.) the original vaccary is spelt Routonstall.. The ^spelling in personal names is as early as the reign of James the First (R. p. liv. Ð A village in Blatchingworth. Ð A township in the extreme NE. The occurrence in R. vol. of Rochdale..'s grant to General Monck (V. In the difficulty of choice we take Rou to be the Middle English rug. Bicca (see O. of Ormskirk.. of Bacup. of Ulverston. is found as a termination in place-names. through a very extended region from Hanover in the south to Iceland in the north. In an Inquest of 1323 (R. in what may have been a bitheraatic name.. of the year 1267. and tonstall to be the same word as the next.. B..-T. Ð A parish 3 miles S.. 233) it is called Rottanstall. In Charles II. p. See the Anglo-Saxon Dictionaries.. ridge. xxxix. Bolstathr is the Old Norse for a farmstead. vol. er. The first theme of the name is the personal Bica. beginning with an entry of 1226. This place-name. xii. It appears in a Final Concord of 1202 (R. Sweet's.H. col. Other forms led to Rawtenstall.. Bickerstaffe. The spelling Btkerstatk... Chapter II. alias Rounstallhey.). also paragraph 4. place or occupied spot.Featherstall. In R.. can only be a scribe's error. xi. vol. with such variations as Bykerstath. point of the county : the Tunestalle of Domesday Book. 4 miles W. is either a remnant of a second theme. xlix. or a simple intensive CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 147 extension. vol. NE. 1199 . like here.). p. STEAD The Old English stede. of which an example is given in O. First theme the personal name Feader. Ð A village 2 miles N. xlviii. vi. meaning a farmstead or farmyard. 242. Bykarstath. The second syllable of the first theme. in R. vol. 106)..C. 240. lasts apparently to the beginning of the eighteenth century. See Featherston below. which occurs in several parts of England. Ð A borough in Rossendale. . interpret the word as village j and so Tunstead. xlviii. 14. and the Loud. originally. In a Pipe Roll of King John it is Tokestat (L. 217). and in the Great Inquest Tokestath (R. vol.. both themes in the former are Anglo-Saxon.). of which English forms are found in O. but rare in the north. and the old river name of the stream which is now the Lostock.. A common place-name theme in the south. in a perambulation of Henry III. STOCK This is the Old English word stocc. vol.).). 1204 (R. in the later forms the first theme is personal . Toxstake (L. vol. 144).P. in the latter Norse. trunk. xxxix. See Altcar. on the south. Lostock.. stock.. Ð A park and mansion 4 miles NE. vol. p. as in other counties. In Domesday Book it appears as Stochestede. STY . III.. Lostock. like Tunstall. of Bolton-le-Moors. The first theme is the personal name Croc (see O. p. voL xlviii.). Tunstead.. changing them into forms which had an evident meaning in their own language. Spelt Crocstad and Croxstath in the thirteenth century (R. Sweet's. Stokkr is not used either in Norway or Denmark as a first theme . xlviii. xii. vol.. Ð An ancient park or forest. tree-stump. It appears in the Great Inquest of 1212 as Lostoc (R. 455. and Dr. B. and Lostocke. Toxteth. 60. meaning log. log of wood.. The change from Stochestede to Tokestath is a case in point .' of Liverpool. The first theme is probably Celtic or pre-Celtic.. 38) and spelt 148 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES S TunsUde is in Skelmersdale. xxxix... was used as a nickname (see the Landnama.C. Ð There are several places of this name in Lancashire. p. Lathom. and other words. The Old Norse krokr. Toki is a frequent Norse name. afterwards as Lostok. the Lune. The first theme in the Domesday form is the Old English stocc.P.Croxteth..). and very rare in the districts of the Danish settlements. 1622 (R. Toki is common in the place-names of both. a crook or anything bent. See K. p. The one mentioned in a Final Concord of 1202 (R. The Anglo-Saxon Diction^ aries. trunk . became a place-name.-T. 10).C. p. Ð A village 4 miles E. Stock probably denotes a stockaded place. Various streams in the north have the same theme : Lodore. now a suburb of Liverpool.). I have on various occasions pointed out how the Norse settlers in Lancashire sometimes modified the AngloSaxon names of places. the other.. p. Geyrsfang. Variants occur : Geersteng.. 71). 446). tongue Ð do not seem to be so clearly separate in their application as the Old Norse. is sometimes used. compounded with other themes. apparently.Y XI. The first theme is the personal name Gar (Old Norse geirr. and one of its tributaries. It is spelt Tange in the Great Inquest. pp. Cumb. Hardesty. a thornbush. Gerstang i^. For root gairu. . col. which meet and form a tributary of the Irwell. and tunge..C. Tonge. Gaxstang. THOEN This Old English word is found in place-names in all parts of England The umlauted form. In early charters we find Gairstang.. 571. 192). Farrer's L. xlviii. vol. of Preston. The Old Norse is frequently an uncompounded name.. 442). Ð A market-town 11 miles N. thyrne... GarrAiw^ appears early in the seventeenth century (R. and there is a form Toung in the Assize Rolls (R.). appears as Cherestanc in Domesday Book. Tonge is the district between two brooks. 1208. a spit of land projecting into the sea or a river. the Tonge Brook and Bradshaw Brook. applied to land included in the angle between two rivers which meet. First theme the Norse name Thorfinn (see 0. a spear). 1256 (R.C. of which examples may be seen in O. pp. ThorpMnsty. of Middleton. and many of the words in which it appeared in early times have gone out of use. p. the Wince Brook. vol. The Old Norse corresponding words are Thorn and Thyrnir. tunga. and in the Pipe Rolls Gerstan. xlviii. The corresponding words in Old English Ð tatige. TONG In Old Norse there are two words : one.P.)..This is the Old English stig. are such words i Hulvesty. 1212 (R.P. also applied to a CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 149 piece of high land projecting into a moss. of which the first themes are Ulf. 178. The district lies between the river Irk.. Ð A township i mile NE. Geirstan (L.). Gayerstang. near the Winster.. In the Index to Mr. Heard. see F. xxxix. a path. a tongue. vol. vol. vol.. xlviii. p. of Cartmel. or even into other land. tangi. TANG. Spelt in Teesdale's map Thorpingsty. Ð Hall and hamlets 7 miles NE. and soon afterwards Tonge. 1246. The forms in the early Lancashire Inquests are Tonge Tong (R. Ð A township i mile SE. tongs. xii. Coumstiis.). 252. of Bolton-le-Moors. 361. Tonse. Henthom. The first theme is a personal name: the name given in O... 285.&lt.). Worsthorn. col. in the valley of the Ribble.. wurth. vol. The first theme is a personal name. xlvii. Forstemann. Hane. 337)In the same Final Concord occurs another Norse word. Earncytd. vol. The Norse names having Ketill for second theme shorten that theme in the nominative to Kelt (see C. of Burnley. xlviii. the forms of the word are Worthesthorn. it is usually thorp or thorpe. . Ð A parish 2 miles E. home. 746. p. Wrthisthorn. suggests that the root han is related to the Old English hana.. gives several names beginning with hean and ean (pp. Ð This place-name occurs in a Final Concord of 1228 (R. 211) of which roots nothing certain can be said. 522. xxxix. he refers hen in Henricus (col.) takes the forms weorth. 54).. estate. of Clitheroe. pp. 734) to the root haimi. 18).. a homestead. of which Low German furnishes the forms Hen. O. See W. In the Assize Rolls (R.). and Henthorn (R. 1242. xlvii. xxxix. a cock. Wurta. On the other hand. wyrth. pp. 158. 22. It is a personal name from worth. Saudhusthom. In the Lancashire Inquests Wrdeston. Henne. vol.. especially Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Winkler regards them and other similar forms as abridged forms of the Biblical Johannes. p. Ð A hamlet 2 miles SW. The personal name has given rise to a patronymic. xxxi. and from Lancashire has almost disappeared. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 151 THORP A common termination of German and Danish placenames under the forms -dorp -trup. and in the Lay Subsidies Henthern. vol. meaning sheep-pens.). village^ In the Danish parts of England. In the northern counties the word is rare. vol. which in Old English (see B.. of which O. as shown below. gives the forms Arcytel.) it appears as Hennethyrne. The Assize Rolls have Wurthesthorn (R. 1. The first part of this is sauthhus. p. vol. 143. Wrdestorn (R. The first theme is personal.V. 1258 (R. The Old English tkorp or throp means farm.). 1332. Arkil.. In Final Concords of 1202..ISO HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Arkillesthom.-T. and in a Final Concord of 1397 is the form Worsthorn (R.. Han. vol. worth. The Old Norse form is Arnkell. In early Pipe Rolls (L.H. Madsen considers its primitive meaning to be watershed. THWAITE From the Old Norse thveit. but the name is now lost.. where there is a Gawthorpe near Huddersfield. of Oldham. xxxi. xlvi.).) Thorp. Biggethwayt. 1247.. Bigthwaite. Westmorland. There is. but its meaning is held to be doubtful. in the Great Inquest (R. xlviii. 9 miles SW. The first theme is personal : the v in the 1332 form seems to show it to be the Norse name Olaf . Though in these words also Trub may mean village apparently.In the Subsidies.. Trub Smithy. vol.).Thorp. vol. vol.C. The first theme may be the Old Norse word for barley. to cut. vol. of Middleton. Gawthorpe Hall. vol. Ð A hamlet 3 miles SE. and North-west Yorkshire. a paddock.. Trub seems to be a form of Thorp as the Danish trup .). and another near Dewsbury. p. of Cartmel. 1247. of Preston. There seem to be no records of the name older than the sixteenth century. of Broughton-in- . however. It is found in the northern counties. a parcel of land. 1277. a personal name biga in O.. so that it may primarily mean a small part !52 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES of an estate cut off from a larger. Ð An old manor in the township of Bretherton. The oldest forms of the word are Alithweit. 1332 (R. Jellinghaus that it may be a clearing. to which conjecture the words Trubley.). Cumberland. near Burnley. hamlets 2 miles NW. Trubshaw lend support. they are Alyvtwait and Alithwait. it may be a personal name.P.) and Final Concords (R. Beanthwaite. the others suggest the common diminutive form Oli.. North Lancashire. Allithwaite. xlvii. Thorpe Green. Ð This word is found in the Assize Rolls (R. Ð In Habergham Eaves. vol.C. Thorpe and Lower Thorpe.) it is Torp . Ð One mile SW. xxxix. Ð A parish 2 miles S. A hamlet 3 miles NE. and Alythwayt. of the same name. It is frequent in Norway and Denmark. so possibly it may have come from Yorkshire. xlvii. but in view of the late origin of the word in this place-name. 106. Connected with the Old English word thwitan. formerly Smithy Ford (V. of Brindle. bygg. to shave off.) as Bigetwayt. in the Assize Rolls (R. The place appears to have been near Lancaster.. ^"d in a Final Concord of 1323 (R. NE. No early records.P.Furness.Ð The water is a small lake lying to the SE. of Ulverston. English examples of the name may be found in O. of the foot of Windermere. Ð A hamlet 5 miles N. p. The first theme is probably personal . Westmorland dialect. The first theme is personal. the earhest example of the use of Bracken is dated 1325. there is a Beancroft half-a-mile from Broughton. Ð Hall 3 miles N. 241. 349). No early records. Ð Hamlet. Grawthwaite. but the name is now lost. First theme descriptive. The first appearance of the name is in the fourteenth century. Esthwaite Water and Hall. in the Parish of Coulton. Teesdale's map has Booth Nook. Ð Village and moor 4 miles N. Mr. The burbkk is a local. First theme probably the vegetable . The first theme is the north . on the SE.D. of Newby Bridge. of Ulverston. Hall. Farrer gives to the Burscough charter the date 1 189-1 196. See Bardsley's Diet. 2 miles NE. The first theme is personal. Finsthwaate. and it does not seem to have undergone any change. near the river Keer. Gnnnerthwaite. and Green. in the N. First theme descriptive. First theme of the word descriptive of position. See Bardsley's Dictionary.E. First theme descriptive and plural. The second syllable is leek. It CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 153 was near Ormskirk. (Furness Coucher Book). First theme probably personal. of Newby Bridge. see O..C.. Burblethwaite. For Old English examples. Brackenthwaite. No early records available. Ð A hamletnear Broughton-in-Furness. of Carnforth. Brakenesthweit is found in the Charter of the Foundation of Burscough Priory (see L. near the Winster. Boothwaite Nook.. the Old Norse name Gunnarr. Petasites vulgaris. p. and the Hall is on its west side. Ð Village in Melling. Finn is a fairly common Scandinavian name of race origin. name for the butter-bur. First theme probably personal. Ð Ecclesiastical district near the river Leven. Ð A hamlet 2 miles W. Havertbwaite. No early forms known. of Surnames. of Hawkshead. Gray occurs as a personal name in the thirteentR century. Gouk appears amongst the earliest of Lincolnshire surnames. Graythwaite. Geac is Old English for cuckoo. on the border of Westmorland. p. gaukr Old Norse. 271. the name may have originated in a nickname. the English name Booth is found in the fourteenth century. Icornthwait. wild oats. R. p. enclosure. which seems to be the Howthait of R. 157)... No early records. 316. and the Hmtthwaite of p. No early records. Ð A hamlet 2 miles N. the Norwegian dialect word for a squirrel from the Old Norse. x. pp. The first theme may be the Early English word launde. First theme may be heath. vol.. Seventeenth-century records spell the word Icornethwait.. 147. p. Ð A hamlet in the parish of Coulton. 131. found in R. No early records. Ð A hamlet 6 miles SE. Ð A hamlet 3 miles E. as in Teesdale's map it is marked Higher Hathwaite. X. p. A form Haversthwate occurs in R. First theme descriptive. There is another Heathwaite between Torver and Church Coniston. Ð A hamlet 2 miles SE. First theme is thus descriptive... vol. First theme personal... an abraded form of such a word as Ingjald or Ingolf. of Garstang. White is one of the several corruptions of thwaite. and 3 miles E... but very possibly it may be the first theme of Hawthwaite above. Ð A hamlet i mile NE. x. For the first theme I can suggest only ikorni. First theme descriptive..154 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES country dialect word kaver {havre in Aasen's Norsk Ordbog). probably from Old English haga. p. x. 3 18.. with genitival s. 264. x. See R. First theme descriptive. Longthwaite. as if the first theme were a personal name. Langthwaite. Heathwaite. liv. of the foot of Coniston Water. and elsewhere. O. vol. vol. 2. of Hawkshead. luglewMte. See Icornhurst above. Ð North of Ulverston. Ickenthwaite. the Avenafatua. of Lancaster. of Broughton-inFurness. It is described as a vaccary and is spelt Haghthornthayt m. Hawthwaite (Lower). Kirktbwaite. 7 CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 155 miles NE. pp. The forms Louthwait and Launthwaite occur (seventeenth century) in R. 127. probably of ownership. under the Old Man. meaning an open space among . contains among others Ingeld and Ingolf. Hawthomthwaite. of Broughton-in-Furness. of Ulverstorv.. Ð A hamlet in Wyresdale. Launthwaite. under the north side of Catshaw Fell. Ingeld is a name in the Liber Vitae (S. vol. 52. vol. Thornebuthwait. First theme is the Old Norse Areysi. The corresponding Low German name is Jios or Hose (see W. of Broughton-in- 156 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Fumess.. Ð Villages south of Coniston Water. 96.. 12 miles NE. The root of Hos is probably hros. Nebthwayt is found in R. p. W. Nibthwaite. Satterthwaite. Saterwhate (R.323). of Coniston Water. of Ulverston. 230. High and Low. 92). and Wlfthwayt in a Final Concord of 1312 (R. Ð A parish 4 miles SW... as in the Danish Thornby (Madsen). of Cartmel. a heap of stones. or peak). vol. which Mr. 93). under the word Haise. The " thwaite of the farm Thornebu. First theme may be the Old Norse scar or skarth (see Scar above). Ð A hamlet 2 miles SW. There is another Outhwaite in Torver.. see O.woods. 255. Saterthait. 184. vol.. First theme is the personal name JVu^{see O. For the names of which it forms a part.. mountain pastures. Thornebye (Rygh. . No early records. vol. 289). may have facilitated the curtailment of the original word. a cairn. In the Ordnance Survey maps the word appears as Scarthwaite. p. loi) are found at the beginning of the seventeenth century. p. vol. p.. 404.. Scarthwaite. from one of which comes the Norse Tomby. Ð A village in Roeburndale. Outhwaite. vol. i. and the form Scowthwaite occurs in R. xlviii.. The first theme may be the Norse sater. 263). Raisthwaite. vol.). Ð A hamlet 3 miles NE. pp. No early records. by its appropriateness (meaning a nose.. xiii. pp. and Outhwaite at the beginning of the eighteenth (R. x. X. 13). The word is a shortened form of one which has lost its first part. 1282. point. or a personal name as Thorny or Thorbjorn. p. pp.. First theme is personal." The first theme of this word may be either the bush.. p.. In the Commonwealth Church Survey (R. Owthwait and Outwhett (R. xlvi. as if from scough. Old records not known. x. Farrer considers to be the early form (see R.) it is Saturthwaite. p. a glade. of Lancaster.. 506). p. a horse. in the valley of the Crake... vol. 318... vol. Wluetheit and Wluesihet occur in a charter of King John (R. vol. a pasture. Sixteenth-century forms are Satterthwhat. see F. col. See Professor Wright's English Dialect Diet.. See Aasen. of Hawkshead. Ð Hamlets 4 miles N. X. xxxix.. High and Low. It is possible that neb or nib. No early notice found. Rosthwaite. Siggi. Seathet is the form in the Lancashire Church Survey. 406) or the Old Norse Sig. Ð Occurs of the date 1283. east and west of the river Weser. x. Ð A parish 6 miles N. 476. 311.. p. also other names in which Til forms a part. p.. and as Tillesburc. to the mouth of the Elbe and the German Ocean.. Ecghere. The woman's name. mire. Old forms are Akerynton. First theme personal. TON The Old English tun. a word common to the Germanic races. Seatwhat (R. of Broughton-inFurness. gives. are Eckiheri. of Ulverston. p. 1277 (R. xlvii. afterwards to the enclosed land and buildings. Post-Reformation spellings are Seathwhate. xxxix. Ð A town 4 miles E. Aerinton... L. a side or slope. for which see O. p. of Ulverston. The termination ton points to a colonisation by the Saxons. Winstirthwaytes.. vol.Ð A hamlet 3 miles N.Toller Diet. col. First theme descriptive. p. Ð A parish 6 miles N.. xxxix.. 4) as Tildesburgthwait.Ð A hamlet 3 miles NE.. 22. Tilberthwaite. Tilburh. but earlier forms might point to a personal name such as See (O.. of Broughtonin-Fumess. and flows into Morecambe Bay. Early forms desirable. in R. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 157 Thomthwaite. It was applied originally to the hedge or fence (compare the Modern German zaun) with which a settler surrounded his habitation.. is given in O. Subberthwaite.C. p. Accrington. Walthwaite. vol. 121).. 88). 454. the Old Norse dialect word subba. of Blackburn. without statement as to whether it is in Lancashire or Westmorland. vol. First theme descriptive. p. The corresponding word. see Chapter II.. No early records. The full forms which F.Seathwaite. does not appear in O. The first theme may be the Old Norse sitha. xlviii. of Coniston. 256. vol. . The river Winster separates the two counties. consult the Bosworth.). p. in the valley of the Duddon. Seathwhat.. who at the time of the Teutonic settlements in England occupied North-west Germany. ro. It appears in a Final Concord of 11 96 (R. p.. For er. Ð A hamlet 2 miles W. First theme probably the personal name. First theme is a patronymic from a personal name which appears as Aero in W. For the further development of the word.P. Akihari. an enclosure . which has the meaning of mud. 1258 (R. vol. of Middleton.).. vol. Adelinton and Athelington occur in the Assize Rolls.158 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES though there are many similarly compounded forms on pp. of Chorley. vol. of the date 1313. 382). p. xlviii. Aighton making its appearance at the end of her reign (R.. ..) . an edge . Ð An urban district 4 miles S. vol. Alkrington. Early forms of the word are Adelvenion.... In first theme aire is an oblique case of the Old English alor. xxxix. 1212...C. A common spelling from the twelfth century to the time of Queen Elizabeth in Aghton. the form is Alcheri. 218-21. of Chorley. Anderton. vol.H. xxxix. Ð A joint parish with Chaigley and Bailey 5 miles W. vol. The first theme is probably the scriptural name Andreas. see this word under termination Ing above. friend. vol. Other forms are Aiton (L. in a document of the year 1332. 1332 (R.. 1202 (R. 16. but the last of the above forms seems to me to refer to Over Hacking in Aighton . of Clitheroe.. xlvi... 289). vol. It is probably a pet form oi Aelfivine (see O. p.Ð A village i mile S. i. Hacton (R. p. and F.C. the word appears as Alkeryngton. 164. 46). Ð A parish 4 miles SE. 70 . of which examples may be seen in O..). W. xxxi. p. xii. and as Alston in a Final Concord of 1313 (R. Anderton. It appears as Alleston in the Assize Rolls (R. 288).P.).. air. Aightou. 6 miles NE.. 30.P. oak. The early forms ax&amp. xlvii. Achinton (L. Andirton. and wine. xlvi. and is there spelt Alretune. Adlington. Ecceard. p. The first theme is a patronymic.. and Adelyngton in a Final Concord of 1322 (R.. 59). In a Final Concord of R. 95). of which the origin is the personal name Ealh-fiere. of Preston.. p. vol. AUerton. the alder-tree. p. and AUerton in R. in an entry of the date 1 24 1. The first theme is the common Old English personal name Mthelwine (see O. an army. among which are EcgJieard.. First theme is the Old English word ac. vol. 385).). The form Halston is also found (R. The roots of the name are ecg..). The roots of the name are ceihele.. Ð A parish 3 miles S. of Liverpool. col. 28). See O. xxxi.. 106. p. Alreton is the form in R.. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 159 Alston..C. Andreton. vol. The form of the word in Domesday Book is Actun (V. The first theme is a personal name ^lle. p.. S. It occurs in Domesday Book. xlviii. vol. xxxix. In the Liber Vitse. Ð A parish in the valley of the Ribble. noble.. p. vol. here... 1282 (R. pp. 1265 (p. xxxix.).). vol.. The Domesday form of the word is Estun.. 1246 (R. The "Marsh of Angerton" is mentioned in an inquisition of 1299 (R. Esshton and Asshton. (L. For investigation into the meaning of the element ean in Saxon personal names. and Asshton. 147. 99). See the preceding entry for first theme.C.). p.Lyme. 49) show the forms Apelton. 1293 (p. and Asshton. The Pipe Rolls of Henry II.. Old forms are Eston. of Prescot. xlviii. Ð A parish 3 miles S.. Haistune. 75). 32. 276). Examples of the name Ead- .) in an entry of the year 1332. Ð A township in Lonsdale. xlviii. used maybe for the tree. xlviii.). 147) and Aserton. Ashton. 104. 3 miles S.). First theme personal.P. vol. of Leigh... Atherton occurs in (R. p. see the word under the theme Field. 5) . the tree Ð Old English cBsc. The first theme is the personal name Eangeard (see O. perhaps it was used to designate spear and ship. of Lancaster. vol.). p.. of Broughton-in-Furness. Miiller suggests that it means wealth. vol. xxxi. p. 1212 (R. xlviii. 1289 (R. col. xxxix. 1332 (R. xlviii. vol. on the Duddon estuary. 1332 (R.. p. Asshton. Athirton.).. vol.. pp.. Ð A town 4 miles S. 232). First theme doubtless the fruit. of the county. Appleton. 31. vol. xlvi..).. xxxi... p. Early forms of this word are Aderton (R.." both of which are found in the fourteenth century. Ð A village near the Mersey 6 miles SE. Ð An urban district 2 miles N. vol. Appelton. 34). of Preston. The first theme of the word is ash. vol. vol. vol. Alston are found in the thirteenth century (R. ash. 207. For lime. Ð A borough in the extreme SE. It was used as a personal name.P.. see the N.Angerton. in this and following words. The qualifications " under-Lyne. 1332 (R. refer to the position of Ashton as within the boundary line of the county. Ashton-under-Lyne. Eston. 12 12 (R.C. For Makerfield. The estates of the Duchy of Lancaster in other counties are described as "without the Lime" (R. xxxi.. Esseton. consult F. a limit.)..E. See O. The earliest forms of this name are Estun in Domesday Book . vol.. 209). Old forms are Eston. xxxi.. Ð An ecclesiastical district 2 miles W." " under. vol. p.. 12 12 (R. and F. Ashton-on-Ribble.. both being made of Ashwood. Aston..D. Aystone. Eston. 1162 (L. Ashton-in-Makerfieid. 47. 1332 (R. of Wigan. and Miiller. where it may be seen that the ash was i6o HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES frequently so employed . vol. Atherton. both by itself and as first theme in compound names. col. xlviii. xlviii. which appears in Domesday Book as Bartune. 1499 (^-i vl. That form is Boertun. of which early mention is made in R. of Preston. It is also given in S. vol. or a farmyard.here are found in O. according to Prof.. one near Bury. There are two other places named Balderstone in South Lancashire. of Manchester. 4 miles N.. . With very rare and occasional variations to Berton. Barton. Acton. p. vol.d.. and the Liber Vitae. vol. Aghton of the same and subsequent dates .The first theme is the CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES i6i Old English ac. 155). The common local pronunciation of the word is qfion. of Ormskirk. xxxix.. but as the change of pronunciation implied in passing from Bertun to Barton must be several centuries after the Norman Invasion. 1246 (R. the fairly common name baldhere (see O. The Domesday form of the word must date. xxxix. 4 miles W. a township in Amounderness.. these three places have preserved to the present their original form Barton. Ð A parish 2 miles S. In Domesday Book it appears as Achetun.is an early syncopated form of the pre-umlauted root bariz. a host. The parent of most of the English Bartons is the Old English Beretun or Bertun.). p... is in Domesday Book spelt Bartun . not later than the seventh century a. The roots of the name are beald. Aughton.D. The name is probably old and a corruption of Bebbington. a village in West Derby. 1282 (R. xlvii..E. Skeat is a demesne farm. 6 miles N. and Aughton. where Dr. It appears as Baldreston. Barton. for which see Professor Wyld's Placenames of Lancashire. 85. the other near Rochdale. Later forms of the word are Hacton. vol. The first theme is personal. 615. of the date 1235. S. of Blackburn.) . therefore. and Barton-on-Irwell. p. a village on the other side i62 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES of the Mersey. See Barley in the N. Balderston. Bebbington is a patronymic genitive of the personal name Bebba in O. Ð A parish in the valley of the Ribble.. 83. of Ormskirk. bold . Barton. Ð A part of Liverpool which includes Bevington Bush and Bevington Hill. Ð Three Bartons are mentioned in Lancashire. 1256 (R. p. p. a village 6 miles W. Murray suggests that barr. here. Bevington.). The name element ead in Germanic names means wealth.. 182.I-). The Barton. the Domesday spelling comes from another form.. oak. Burton. xxxix. occurring as a proper name (see O. and Bolton in one of 1432 (R. See Bottom among the terminations. xxxix. vol.. . xlviii. Bylyngton. Bolton. 407).D.3i7&gt. vol.). 23). x.) .... of Manchester. 4 miles SW. of Preston.. are Low German mediaeval names (W.. the usual form to modern times. 10 miles NE.. and Boitne as late as 1600 (R. 298). 1. In Domesday Book it is spelt Bodeltone. Billing. and contemporary charter it appears as Boelton. 1208 (R. used as a personal name (see O. xxxix. 107.Billington. Bilinton. Early forms are Btllinion. R.. xlvi. 131) the word is Brotheton. xxxi. In a Pipe Roll of Henry II. 1.P. Ð A parish 9 miles SW. in a charter of Richard I. Botton and Batten are both found before 1600 (R. It is Bowolfon in an entry of the year 1235 (R.. First theme as in preceding. the stem is Ml.. Bolton on the Moors. in 141 7. 303.. vol.. 1332 (R. Bile. Bothelton (L. of Blackburn.. vol.. F. and Bolton in 1332 (R. xlvi.) there appears Botnebek. firth. col. brother. of Lancaster. p. and in Old English bill means a sword. x. Boeltune (L. namely brether. John (L. for which consult the N. vol. vol..). The first theme is the Old Enghsh brothar. in R. is a patronymic.C.. and S. known as Bolton-le-Sands. Ð Joint parish with Wray.P. is a parish 4 miles N.. of Ulverston.. Botton. p. 116. In an entry of the year 1235 (R.P. building. p.. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 163 PP. in the parish of Mailing. vol. p. 323).. xxxix... known as Bolton-le-Moors. of Lancaster.. vol. Bille.). Ð A village in the parish of Urswick.) we find Bretherton. p. vol. house. is a town 10 miles NW. and containing the two townships Great Bolton and Little Bolton. 337. vol. with an occasional variation Brethirton (R. Domesday Book spells the name Bodeltun. we find Great Boulton on the Moors. The form Bretherton is from the Northern English plural of brothar. Bolton. a dwelling.. Bretherton. First theme as in preceding. but in 1246 (R.C. 156).. 1241 . Bolton. bili in F.. Old Norse botn. The first theme... pp. 33). In 1332. under the word Brother. bottom. vol. 52). p. col. xxxi...C. xlvi. used to denote the head of a dale. 55.). vol. The word is the Old English dotm. p. vol. or the like.). The first theme is the Old English botl. In an early Pipe Roll of K.E. 35). in an entry of the date 1310 Boultone (R. Ð A parish 5 miles NE.). Boulton in one of 1299 (R. p.. p. xxxix. vol. and W. In O. of Cartmel. in 1490 (R.P. of Blackpool. vol. xlviii. 56... Old Irish (see Falk and Torp). Broghion and Browhton.. First theme personal. 125). In Liber Vitse. Early forms Caton and Catton (L. First theme descriptive. vol. 1332 in R. 1322 (R. xxxi. pp.) Broughton. a brook... Early Pipe Rolls have it Burton (L. 132). vol. xxxix. vols. Karleton. 1.. vols.. xxxix. there is the form Karlus. 1235 (R.. two of which seem to have developed from a first theme broc.. Brocton.. Ð A parish 3 miles NE. borg. Caton. Carleton. of Lancaster.. the Old English Castel. Broughton-in-Fumess. and their form in Domesday is Broctun. xlviii.. a fortified place.C. p. . pp. 36.C.Broughton. 1286 (R. The first theme in this word is broc.P. the latter. 1. vol. vol.. Ð A township forming part of the town of Rochdale. p. The form Brocton is found in an Assize Roll of 1276 (R. a brook. This word has the form Broctun in Domesday Book and in the Pipe Roll of 1206 (L. is 1 64 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES a market-town 9 miles NW. 1256 in R.. Burghton. and the other two from burh.). 131). a brook. In 1262 (R.) it is Broghton . p.). First theme is apparently the Old English burk.P. vol. of Ulverston. 60). 154.. xxxi. gradually gives place to the former (R. xlvi. First theme as in preceding. From the theme broc. is a parish 2 miles N. meaning man (O. Ð A suburb of Manchester. Broughton. Ð There are four Broughtons in the county of Lancaster. xlvii.) the form is Broucton . 1. borg. Ð A parish 5 miles NE. Broghton is the usual form afterwards (R. p... the word cat. xlvi. and Carleton. Broughton. Ð A parish 4 miles N.. The Domesday Book has the name in its weak form. Broughton.). in 1332 (R. however. Appears as Borch in Domesday Book .C). 1352. vol. xxxix.. brog under the word borg.). vol. xxxi. S.).. in the valley of the Lune. genitive case. a brook. Other forms are Borton. Broghton. of Preston. 126.. there are examples of its use as a theme in compound names.. In Domesday Book it is Carlentun. most of the English Broughtons come. First theme is brdc. Castleton. xlvi. 1257 (R. called also East Broughton and Field Broughton. vol. The first theme is the personal name Carl..). vol. called also West Broughton. xxxix. and also of the weak form Catta. unless it represents an abraded syllable here.) . and in Chorlton-cum-Hardy.. of Oldham. p... vol. x.) being variations. 137). vol. 3. vol. First theme descriptive.. See W..).) . xlviii. xlvi. vol. C lay ton-le. 1208 (R. vol. in the valley . xxxix. a part of Manchester. xxxi. 212. 1241. Chaderton (R. See the preceding word. Claghton. of Chorley . It appears in Domesday Book as Cladun. A spelling Chollerton.) are thirteenth century forms. Ceadda (see O. Chadderton. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 165 xxxix. 4 miles N. Early forms are Cherleton. 80). vol. xxxix. p. vol. pp. Variations as above. 1177 (L. 210.C. The modern form Claughton is a sixteenth century form (R. Cherlton. The . ix. Possibly first used as a nickname.) and Chadreton (R. and later forms are Clahton. a C/a/ra family is mentioned in Landnama (IV. used in composite bithematic names. Catte. vol. a lengthened form being Cadda.. a husbandman.. Clagton. Claughton. p.. which word. Clayton-le-dale. Cad. The first theme is the personal name Cead.. 126)." "to chatter. Ð Places of this name. It is of Scandinavian origin.. Chorlton. 1278 (R. are 1 66 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Clay ton-le. 2). Clayton. of Garstang . The first theme is the personal name Clac (see O. 99). Kette occur.P. of Blackburn.. Chatherton (R. Chatterton {R..). just as the wolf and the bear have given rise to personal names. p. 7 miles NE. x. of Lancaster. a parish 4 miles SW. Ð A parish in the valley of the Lune. all in S. xlviii. Ð A parish 3 miles SE. xxxix. where the forms Katte." Claughton. 1. xlvi. vol. p. 1255 (R.) . of Manchester. it is Clactune in Domesday Book. 1332 (R.). 133).. vol. II.. genitive plural ceorla of ceorl..Ð An urban district 3 miles NW.. xlviii..Moors. 1332 (R. Lancashire... vol. Chathirton (R.. vol. Ð This word occurs in Chorlton-upon-Medlock. is also a personal name (see O. however. as in Atherton. vol. Chorleton. and 1202 (R.Woods. Chaterfon. Clauton.)..).). Kottr (cat) is a byname in the Landnama. S miles NE. of which the first is the usual one for three centuries. It is a personal name taken from the animal. is found in 1336 (R. interesting on account of the r-metathesis. for the word means "to twitter. xxxi.^ is apparently an intrusion.. vol. 163. Clei.). 1247 (R. SE. 1904. Farrer (L. The reading in Domesday Book is generally supposed to be Clistun (see V. clay. and is probably a personal name of nickname character. The first theme is the Old English crump.. With the other form. Ð A village 5 miles W.). From 12 12 (R. in conjunction with I?os. xlvii. Kollr is used in Scandinavia as a pet name. vol.. Coulton is found before the close of the sixteenth century (R.. Coniston is a sixteenth century form varied by Cuniston (R. 146 . Kole is the mediaeval Low German form (see W.P. 17).).. and the nickname Krumr is found in the Landnama (II. to climb. vol. 6). The first theme is the Old English clif. If this is the true form. NW.C. x. overhanging the Nith at Kirkcudbright. The " Old Man.. xlix. xxxix. p. Ð An urban district 3 miles N.. of Ulverston.V. In Domesday Book it takes the form Clivertun. and implied doubtless a dark complexion. xxxix. p.. of Oldham. a granitic ridge. vol. vol. 142). under these words). E. 53). vol. Coultou or Colton. Ð This word appears in early charters concerning Furness Abbey. stooping. and gave rise to a patronymic.. 33) onwards the first theme is variously spelt Clai..C. Clifton. which occurs also occasionally in the seventeenth century. occasionally Clyfton. pp. Cromton.." as a Welsh philologist has suggested.P. of Preston. is probably the Celtic alt maen. rock. It is the Old English dag. Bartholomew's Gazetteer.. vol.) and in an Assize Roll of 1257 (R.. 1278 (R. Cley. Colton (R. See also Coniskead sho\e.. and Monk Coniston. The early forms of the word are Coleton (R. Coningeston appears in an early charter of King Henry II. x. and Clayton.. 224). a paw . vol. p. of Barrow-in-Furness. 219).H. p. 112.C. p. the word recalls criffel. pp. of Blackburn . S. and also in composite names (see O. 6. The word is the same as the Old English col.of the Ribble. Subsequent forms are uniformly Clifton. Ð A parish 6 miles NE. pp. Furness.. Coniston. p. it has the meaning of Aead. (L.. Crompton.. Early forms are Crumpton. summit. 308) says it is now Newton in Yarlside. bent. of Manchester. i. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 167 Crivelton. 4. the family . p. examples of which are given in O. Coll is used as a personal name independently. the first theme may be connected with klif. Hôl is also in common use (see the C. found also in the Liber Vitae. Mr. high rock. coal. xlviii. Crompton. and the Old Norse word klifra. The first theme is a patronymic of the name Cuna..). xxxi. vol. The Old Norse krumma is used of a crooked band. 52.. a part of the parish of Hawkeshead. Clay. Ð A parish at the head of Coniston Water. 96).. It is found in early records (R. Croston. The n is the mark of the genitive case Crawan. Ditgthon. It is hardly possible to suppose the many English Daltons to have arisen from the personal name. near the river Tame. 400). The thirteenth century forms are Crohinton. be that of some Dentons. or Old Norse dalr. col. p. vol. 1 68 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Dalton-in-Fumess. p.. For first theme. p. In the Assize Rolls (R. Also the word is found both independently and in composite names in O. The first theme is the Irish-Scandinavian eras.). 164. vol. The personal name Dene is found in Liber Vitae (see S. xlvii. xlviii. Helens. The Scandinavian word for a crow is krdka.. and also the patronymic Dealing.. of Manchester. 5). it is spelt Dithon.. originally doubtless of nickname character (see O. and vol. 10. First theme is personal. vol. 161). as in the Somersetshire old place-name Crawancumb in Kemble's Codex Diplomaticus. Ð This name occurs three times in Lancashire. Ð An urban district 6 miles SE. as an ordinary name (IV. Somewhat later Ditton occurs 1332 (R. the Old English dcBl. vol. Ð A parish 3 miles SE. The Domesday form is Daltone. p. xlvi. 163.). They must many of them have a descriptive first theme.). See O. In Domesday Book it is Daltune.. Crouington (R. First theme the personal name crawe. xxxi. vol. of Carnforth. xlvi. xlvii.. The word is originally a race-name (see F. of Wigan. and in the fifteenth Cronton (R. Ð A parish 9 miles SE. vol.. .. Dalton.Krymlingar. 144). 1. Dillon. of Preston. which also was used as a nickname (see the C. so may denu... For first theme. near St. a dale. see above. Dalton. a valley. dalr.). Crouwenton (R. But as dcBl.). Ð A township 7 miles NE.. the termination-theme above. see above. Dalton. for which see Cross.V.. A markettown 6 miles NE. in the Parish of Prescot. vol. a crow.). of Liverpool. Dillon. Ð A parish 5 miles NW. of Prescot. Denton. Ditton. may be the origin of the first theme of some Daltons. Ð A parish 9 miles SW. Growynton (R. of the modern town of Barrow.. for this name. xxxi.). a dale. There is also a Denton's Green.)..). the Old English name Dealla. vol. Cronton. Ð An urban district. In the fourteenth century we find Croynton (R. xxxix. The first theme is probably the Old English die, dike or ditch for marsh-draining. There is a Ditchfield adjacent, the old Dychefeld, 1332 (R., vol. xxxi.). Dumplington. Ð A hamlet in the t<)wnship of Barton, 5 miles WSW. of Manchester. Dumplinton occurs in 1229, and again in 1253 (R., vol. xxxix.). CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 169 I have no satisfying opinion concerning the first theme. In one of the Yorkshire dialects, it means a short, fat person, and the N.E.D. gives an extract of the date 1617, in which dumpling is synonymous with dwarf, and is a diminutive of the word dump in such compounds as willow-dump, a pollard willow. It may thus have had a use as a nickname, but authentic instances are wanting. Button. Ð A township in the parish of Ribchester, 7 miles NW. of Blackburn. The word appears in charters of K. John (L.P.C., pp. 380, 381). Bud, Duda, Dudd are Old English names (see O., p. 170, and S., p. 168). For the root, which is of doubtful origin, consult F., col. 412. Eccleston. Ð There are several place-names in Lancashire, with the first theme Ecdes. The Celtic church was strong in Lancashire in early times, and where early records point to the existence of churches in such places, then doubtless the first theme is from ecclesia, the Greek-Latin word for church, which early found a home in Celtic lands. In other words, where the theme has no apparent connection with an existing church, the theme may be personal, an abraded form of Ecghild ox Ecgweald {O., p. 220, 221) or a diminutive of Ecca (p. 217). The personal name Ekele is found in W., p. 86. Eccleston. Ð Great Eccleston and Little Eccleston are parishes on the river Wyre, 6 miles N. of Kirkham. The Domesday Book form is Eglestun. Great Ecleston is found in 1285, Great Eccleston in 1296 (R., vol. xxxix.)* It is in the parish of St. Michael's-on-Wyre, and Little Eccleston in Kirkham. The first theme is probably ecclesia, church. Eccleston. Ð A parish and township 9 miles S. of Preston. Early forms of the word are Aycleton in a charter of William II. (L.P.C., p. 290), and Etcheleston in one of Richard I. (p. 298). Ekeleston is found in an entry of 1203 I70 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES (R., vol. xxxix.), Eccleston in 131 1 (R., vol. xlvi.). The Charter of William II. shows it to have then been the site of a church. Eccleston. Ð A parish lying between Prescot and St. Helens. Eckston appears in 1248 (R., vol. xlix., p. 229), and Eccleston in 1332 (R., vol. xlvi.). The first theme is perhaps personal (see above). I have not found any trace of a connection with Prescot, though it is in the parish. Egton. Ð A joint parish with Newland, 3 miles N. of Ulverston. In an entry of the Assize Rolls, the place appears as Eggetane (R., vol. xlvii., p. 147). The first theme is the Old English personal name Ecga (see O., 217, and the Liber Vitse, S., p. 156). The root is ecg, a sword. Elston. Ð A parish in the valley of the Ribble, 4 miles NE. of Preston. The early forms of the word are Ethiliston, 12 12 (L.P.C.); Etheleston, 1301 (R., vol. xxxix.); and Etheliston, 1332 (R., vol. xxxi.). Contracted forms are Elkston, 1446, and Elston, 1505 (R., vol. 1.). The first theme is the personal name CRthel, noble, a part of many composite names (O., p. 33). ^thel is an independent man's name in O., and Ethilu a woman's name in the Liber Vitae, S., p. 155. Elton. Ð A township adjoining Bury on the W. and included in the borough. The first theme is the personal name, Ella, Aelle (see O., p. 226). Euxton. Ð A township 7 miles S. of Preston. Early forms are Eueceston, 1187 (L.P.C.); Eukeston, 1292, 1497 (R., vols, xxxix., 1.); Euxton, 1555 (R., vol. xxxiii.). The first theme is a ^ Eowa (see O., p. 233), in S., p. 170. See the and for the root aiva, diminutive of the personal name of which a patropymic Eowing is Low German forms in W., p. 78; consult F., col. 49. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 171 Everton. Ð A suburb of Liverpool. In an early Pipe Roll (R., vol. xlviii.), 1226, the word is spelt Overton. Euerton appears shortly after, 1257, and undergoes no subsequent change. The first theme is the Old English ofer, above, over, and denotes position, the iicn being situated on a ridge. The second form of the word, containing the Old Norse efri, upper, is probably a Norse settler's modification of the earlier name. Farington. Ð A parish 3 miles S. of Preston. Early form is Farinton in a charter of King Stephen (L.P.C., p. 320), and 12 12 (R., vol. xlviii.). The same form is found in a Final Concord of 1242 (R., vol. xxxix.). Farington is the spelling in 1246 (R., vol. xxxix.), and in 1288 (R., vol. xlviii.). Farrington appears about the middle of the sixteenth century (R., vol. ix.). The personal Old English name Fara (O., p. 240) is the first theme, Faran being a genitive form. F., col. 496, gives the root fara as in the Old English faru, com- panions. The Low German form of the name is Fare (W., p. 95)Farleton. Ð A parish in the valley of the Lune, 8 miles NE. of Lancaster. The spelling in Domesday Book is Fareltun. Other early forms are Farletone (L.P.C., p. 400); in a charter of Richard I. Farelton, 121 2 (R., vol. xlviii.); and Farlton, 1242 (R., vol. xlviii.). The first theme is the Old English name Fara, as in the preceding (O., p. 240). Faranton is an ^-extension (genitival) ; Farelton is an /-extension (diminutive). The el in the latter, though, may be an abraded form of the second theme in a bithemathic name, such as Fat^lf{0., p. 239). Flixton. Ð Â parish 7 miles SW. of Manchester. A Pipe Roll spelling of 1176 (L.P.C., p. 36) gives Flixton, and variants are Flyxton, 1262 (R., vol. xlix.), and Flixston, 1308 (R., vol. xlvi.). 172 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES The first theme is a component part of personal names in O., p. 553, Fili, of which Filica, given also in O., is a k diminutive. The root \%filu, many. See F., col. 504. Featherston. Ð A village in Blatchingworth 3 miles NE. of Rochdale. Is it not the same place as Featherstall? and the second theme is in all probability stone. See R., vol. xlvii., p. 135, where the word appears to be Fayrstan. Forton. Ð A parish 4 miles N. of Garstang. It is a Domesday Book word, Fortune. First theme doubtful; it may be the word forth, a common personal name element (see O., p. 244), or it may be descriptive, an abraded form oiford. Freckleton. Ð A parish on the Northern bank of the Kibble, 8 miles W. of Preston. Frecheltun is the Domesday form ; Frekelton, that of a charter of K. John ; Freketon and Frekenton of the same date, from a Pipe Roll (L.P.C., pp. 436, 132, 134). First theme is personal Ð the form Frekulfus in O., p. 246. Old English Free, greedy, bold, gives rise to the poetic worA freca, a warrior; and Old 'iHotse frekr, greedy, gives rise to the poetic viordfreki, a wolf. Garston. Ð An urban district 6 miles SE. of Liverpool, on the Mersey. The early form of the word in the charters of the eleventh and twelfth centuries is Gerstan (L.P.C., pp. 270, 272, 286), variants being Gerhstan and Grestan. The form lasts fairly continuous into the sixteenth century (R., vols, xlvi., xxxi., 1.). The modern Garston being found in the Commonwealth Church Survey, 1650 (R.^ vol. i.). The first theme is the personal name Geirr, found uncompounded in Scandinavian forms. The Old English form is gar, spear, which is found in composite names, O., p. 254. Composite names, compounded with gar are confused CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 173 at times with those derived from the root garva, cognate with the Old English gearo, ready. See F., col. 601. The second part of the word is not ton but stone. Gleaston. Ð A village 3 miles SE. of Dalton-in-Furness. The V.C.H., vol. i., identifies with this place the Domesday Glasserton. Apart from this the early forms s.re Cleyston, Clesdon, Cleston (R., vol. xlvii., p. 100), Gkston, Gkseton (R., vol. xlix., p. 243, 247). Gleaston is found in 1627 (R., vol. X., p. 7). The first theme appears to be a personal name, of which a patronymic is seen in Glastonbury, Glestingabyrig (see B.-T.), but in O. I find no trace. W. connects the Low German name Glase with the ecclesiastical name Gelasius. Gorton. Ð An urban district 3 miles SE. of Manchester. It is mentioned in an inquisition, 1282 (R., vol. xlviii.), and Gorbroke, Gordbroke occurs as a boundary in a charter of K. Henry III. (L.P.C., p. 332). The first theme is a river name of Celtic origin (see K., p. 58). Hambleton. Ð A parish 3 miles NE. of Poulton-le-Fylde, on the other side of the estuary of the Wyre. It appears in Domesday Book as Hameltune. In early records the form is Hamelton (L.P.C.). Hambleton appears in the second half of the sixteenth century, 1577 (R., vol. x., p. 121). First theme is the personal name Hama (see O., p. 279), with el diminutive, as in O., p. xxiii. The usual form of the word is as in p. 290, Hetnele (see also W., p. 143). The root is hama ; Old Norse hamr, a dress or covering. See ham, F., col. 743. Hapton. Ð A parish 4 miles W. of Burnley. It occurs in the Assize Rolls, 1 247 (R., vol. xlvii., p. 24), and in the Lay Subsidy of 1332 (R., vol. xxxi.). Variants, Apton and perhaps Upton, occur in the inquests (R., vol. xlviii.). Ape and Appe are both Old English personal names, either 174 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES of which might be accepted as first theme (O., p. 72). See, for root a6a man, F., col. 11. If the initial A be accepted, the personal name which the first theme involves is Happe. It does not occur in O., but in W., p. 144. For the root, see F., col. 748. It appears in the English happy, and the Old Norse happ, good luck. see preceding entries. Halehton.). x.164) . is Halghton (R. whose developments were similar . vol.). Westhalton occurs in 1302 (R. Halton." B.) the form is Westhaughton. vol. Westhoughton. 185). of which Kemble says : Ð " Originally a point of land formed like a heel or boot. 1296 (R. 268.C.P. xlviii.)... a hamlet in CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 175 the parish of Worsley. 183). It is Halghton in 1276 and afterwards (V. is found Halgton. Haughton. The following have a different origin : Ð Hoghton. xii. p. perhaps even into the sea. 188). xxxix. For first theme. xlii. In the freeholders' list of 1600 (R. 1249 (p. vol. 1257. A parish 3 miles NE. and later forms are Aulton (L. xlvii... and stretching into the plain. of Manchester. Ð An ecclesiastical district 3 miles S. Ð Known as Little Houghton. the form is Haughton (R..vols. 176) . vol. 1251 (p. Haighton.-T. Haughton. See the word in the list of terminations. Ð A town 5 miles SW. pp. Ð A parish 4 miles NE. vol.. 1245 (P. 1563. . In early charters the forms are Hbctoun.There is placed here a group of words which came into existence having the same form apparently. First theme as in preceding.C.) the spelling is Halghton. vol. of Ashton-under-Lyne. pp.). Hochton.. In a Final Concord of 1307 (R. Hoghton. Halcton.. and afterwards. by the river Tame. vol. vol. For first theme..Halicton (R.). 179) .C.. The form in Domesday is Halton. but which did not all end alike. 250). 1252 (p. Houghton. xlviii. vol. 1249.). 130). xlviii. xlviii. Halton. of Bolton-leMoors. xii.H. and Haighton. of Preston. vol. First theme as in preceding. 51.) . x. Halgton... Westhoughton is found in 1635 (R. in the Wapentake of Lonsdale. iv. The spelling in the Subsidy Roll. vol. The first theme is the Old English word hbh... Halicton. First theme halgh.63 et seq^. A frequent spelling of the seventeenth century is Heighten (R. Houton. see preceding entries. In the early part of the seventeenth century. Halghton. vol.. Halghton. 1614 (R. West is a note of position.... Halehton (R. 1251 (p.. of Preston.). In Domesday Book it is Halctun. 1332. 6 miles NW. xxxi.. under hbh. Halcghton. of Lancaster. Hodona (L. Halheton. Ð A parish 6 miles SE..P. in the parish of Manchester. xii. and again in a Subsidy Roll of 1541 (R. a heel. pp. 390). In the Assize Rolls are the various forms Halgton. xlix. In R.. Heetun. Ð Name belonging to three or four hamlets 4 miles SW.. The first theme. Heaton. Heiton. xlviii. containing the hamlet of Heaton Mersey in the south-west. vol.C. 1364.H. are Heton. and the forms given in V.ffeApw. of Warrington. now included in Scarisbrick.). vol. Heaton Norris. is Hietun in 176 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Domesday Book. vol. xxxix. xxxi.). of Bolton-le-Moors. vol. 1212. Heaton.Houghton. Ð There are several places in Lancashire of this name. It appears as Heton in an entry of the year 1332 (R. xlvii. 1319.H. the Old English gehaeg..). Hoton. Heyton. Ð Part of a joint township with Middleton and Arburg. 1331 . xlviii.). They appear all to have the same first theme Ð namely. xlviii. xlvi. 1196. is Old English hyll. 1447 . xxxix. suggested by these forms..). in the parish of Winwick.H. vol.. Ð An ancient manor 3 miles NW. Heton. Afterwards Houghton. and again 1420 (V. Little Heton is mentioned in an entry of 1235 (R. 1212. and an urban district in the parish of Manchester. of Lancaster. of Bolton-le-Moors. and called Heton in Lonsdale in an entry of 1283 (R. Heethon. are Hetton. 1226.Ð Townships in the parish of Prestwich with Oldham. Hetun. it is spelt Hilton in the Assize Roll of 1247 (R. Heaton Norreys. Hulton.C.). Heaton. and Hulton in the Subsidy Rolls of 1332 (R.. vol. Great and Little. The dialect pronunciation of Heaton is Yetton. and known as Heaton-under-Horwich. Heyton. First theme as in preceding. Ð A joint parish 3 miles SW. Heaton. Heaton-in-Fumess. of Ormskirk. and is mentioned in (R.C. 68). 1250..H. see the Glossary to E... it is Hylton and Hilton in a Final Concord of 1256 (R. the Hietune of Domesday Book. xxxix. Ð Part of the borough of Stockport on the north. are .. Theformsin V. 3 miles W. Heyton and Heaton Norres. of Manchester. The word appears as Hoghton (R.). where it is translated enclosure. Hurleton. hill. Hulton is mentioned in the Great Inquest of 1212 (R. N. p. The forms of the word in V.. In Domesday Book it . Heaton. p. in the parish of Dalton. vol. 84). vol. and the district of Heaton Chapel and Heaton Moor in the centre... sixteenth century. vol. 4 miles NW. 1302 . sixteenth century. Ð An ecclesiastical district in the parish of Deane.). sixteenth century.C. Holton. ). of Carnforth. xlix. Hutton... Ð A parish 3 miles SW... Hutton. situated in Bulk.). Ð An urbarj district 6 miles E. xlvi. Name is now apparently lost. col. Ð Known as Priest Hutton. and Hitton once (R. After the Reformation. col. xlvii.C. heel. appear to be founded on hbh. it is spelt Hotun (L. Hutton is the form in the freeholders' list of 1600 (R.. The personal name Hugh is from the same root. p. mind (F. 932).) of the Subsidy Rolls. an element of many compound names (see O. vol.P. Huyton occur. and in the Foundation Charter of Burscough Priory Urltona (L.. In Domesday Book the word is Hitune. p. The first theme is the personal name Hyge. p.. From the time of the foundation of Burscough Priory to the middle of the .C. Hurling in Hurlingham is apparently a patronymic.P.. The first theme is the name element Herle. In the fourteenth century the usual spelling is Huyton (R. Ð A parish 3 miles NE. xii. 350).. xlviii. a sword. xxxi. xxxi. the root of which F.. Ð A former hamlet near the town of Lancaster. The element is an lextension (O. xii. In the Foundation Charter of Burscough it is Hutona (L. xxiii. In Domesday Book it is Latune. Heyton. 289). xxxi. Huyton. it is Horulton.. The modern spelling varies : in the earlier Ordnance Survey. xlviii. and Hoton (R. p. Hyton. Hutton. See R. xlvi. p. p.is Hirleton.. 310).. vols. connects with Old English heoru.. 409). The Huttons. Lathom.). there are variants Ð Hyton. vol.P. In the next century Huton. It was Hotun in Domesday Book. of Liverpool. and then at various times Hoton. In a charter of King Henry II. vol.)..). The root is M 178 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES hugu. of Ormskirk. xlvii.. 845. 167).. vol. 295. 350). Helton (R.. 94.) of the Low German name hire (W. A parish 4 miles NE. of Preston. which appears in names in O. 1842.. p. 1332. in the latter Harkton.C. which is also that of the Subsidy Rolls and throughout the fourteenth century (R.. p. like the Hoghtons and Howick. vols. vol. though Huyton is general.. It is the Hotune of Domesday Book. In the Assize Rolls the CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 177 form is Hurleton (R... vols. and would be more readily significant than the name they heard around them. lad.. Parva Latun is found in 1284 (R.P.P. The corruption to Lathum I imagine to be due to Norse settlers in Western Lancashire. kod{0. 212).. 227. p. It appears as Langeton in an early Pipe Roll of 11 77. They are the Meretun of Domesday Book. xlvii. vol.C. 350).. vol. 323..). vol. in 0. ascribes their origin to familiar forms of iMurentius. The early forms from 1201 (L. xlviii. whether or not it may have equally described it in the twelfth century.). of which the first theme is the personal element. vol. 41).) in 1354. The first theme is the personal element lad. Zaweton and Zawton occur at the beginning of the sixteenth century and Zowton in the middle of the seventeenth. Ð Forms with Warbreck a joint township near Blackpool on the E.P. and still earlier as Longetuna and Langetuna (L.. are usually Za«fo«. variants being Zaiiton (L. Marton is general from the latter half of the sixteenth (R. The usual spelling in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries is Merton (R. 31. to whom the word Lathum. Mereton. p. vol.C.. the element lag (O. 995).. xlix. 38. p.P. Great and Zittle Morton. But the Low German names Zau..fifteenth century. xlvi. The usual early form is Laton (L.. 283). p. and W. xxxix.323Longton. p. vol.. (R-. but the term long is fairly descriptive of the straggling village of the present day. Ð A parish 7 miles N. xxxi..C. p.. the usual spelling of the word is Lafhum (L. 46). vol. pp.... Latham (R. p. 133). lead. p. 14) only begins to appear at the end of the fifteenth century. 323).. the word is Mertona. Latton (R. The probable root is lagu.. Langeton occurs in a Final Concord of 1303 (R. 141). and Longeton in the Lay Subsidies (R. The first theme is apparently personal. Layton. vol. 114). with variants. xlvii. law (F.. xii. Lattune (L. Mareton (L. 34. The first theme of the word may be a personal name (O... xlvii. Ð Two townships.C. p.).C.. 1. Lathom (R. vol.vol. xlix. 131.. Little Laton and Great Laton (R. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 179 p. P. 323).C. vol.. It is the Latun of Domesday Book. 23). An . Ð A parish 5 miles SW. x.P. with variations such as Ladhum. "at the barns.C.. xii..P. of Preston. vol.. 324).. of Warrington.. xxxi. 136). p.). The Domesday Book seems to represent the original placename.. col. p. near Blackpool. Ladun (R.. Zaw also occur.P.. In Pipe Rolls of Henry II. Marton. Layton at the beginning of the sixteenth century (R... 276). 564) being found. p..). and Zation (R. 152). pp. pp. vols." appealed as the name of an old earl's residence near Trondhjem. Lowton. vol. gives a plausible meaning to the first theme of Mitton..P. The situation of Great Mitton^ in the " tong " between Ribble and Hodder.. Monton. xlii. The first theme is probably personal. 1618. xlix.). of Lancaster. There is a Middkton 4 miles SW... 233. The early forms Mawynton. and one near Warrington. Netherton. vol. middle. vol..). vol. of Dalton-in-Furness. Marton Mere. moss.. vol. Middleton. lake.). Merretun. xxxix.. in R. the town lies midway between Rochdale and Manchester. afterwards Marton (R. The first theme of the manor doubtless is the Old English mere. Ð A village in the parish of Sefton. p. 5 miles W. Ð A hamlet in Barton-on-Irwell. col. 329). 236. of Manchester. the Middeltun of Domesday Book. vol.. Marton. of Clitheroe .. Great Mitton is on the other side of the Ribble in Yorkshire. The word occurs in an early Plantagenet Roll (L. 1 1 22. The variant Little Mutton occurs in a Final Concord of 1283 (R. suggests that the first theme may be the Old English mere. of Manchester. The later Mannton. in early charters (L. became absorbed in Burscough (R.). vol. The first theme is the Old English mid. 355). Ð An ecclesiastical district 4 miles NE. Ð A hamlet 2 miles N.). Mostoa. Ð A lake. the woman's name Mawa is found in O. Mawenton. xlviii.). lake. p. formerly 7 miles N. Martin Mere. xlviii. 354.. The first theme is the word mos. occur in R. Mr. p. vol. and again in a Patent Roll of 1235 (R. 1261. Ð A town and parish 6 miles N.adjacent lake. and in a Final Concord of 1259 (R.. i8o HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES The first theme is probably a mark of position.C.Ð Z«V//if Mitton is a parish 3 miles SW.. now drained. xxxix. gives personal names in which mid is the first theme. moor. 1332 (R. Middilton.. Middelton. :!txxix.C. Farrer tells us. a manor mentioned in Domesday Book. xxxi. vol. Mitton.. xlix. Little Mitton occurs in a Lancashire Inquest of 1242 (R. Maunton. and. of Manchester. pp. pp.P. lay near it.. and later. Forstemann. 16).. 350. of Ormskirk. On the other hand. 7 miles . The word occurs as Midelt . which see in its place among the terminations. p.N. and appears in Bede's History (S. Ð A hamlet 5 miles SW. John it is Penberton. over. on the river Lostock. Ð A parish 4 miles NW. the Middle English nithere. There are several places named Newton or Newtown in Lancashire. air. Ð A borough 5 miles N. vol. of Blackburn. Femberton.). p. which occurs in the Liber Vitse. Ð An ecclesiastical district in the township of Pendleton. Ollerton. see under the termination theme J^te/d above. Overton. Overton occurs frequently in the Pipe Rolls (L.). cols.). In the Pipe Roll of 3 K. Osbaldeston. in the valley of the Ribble. of Wigan. The Old English words which form the name are Os. of Blackburn. xxxix.. It appears to be the Alreton in a Final Concord of 1282 (R. voL xlviii. The first theme is the personal name Pen. For the roots ansi. Ð A township 2 miles SW. alder-tree. The first theme is the Old English word ofer. and Osbaldeston in an Assize Roll of 1247 (R.. Ð A parish 5 miles SW. For Makerfield.. xxxix. 385). vol. xxxix. First theme descriptive of position.)... The name suggests importation. p. Paddington. p.. In Domesday Book it appears as Ouretun. Newton-in-Makerfield. it is Ntweton in Domesday Book. Osbaldiston occurs in an inquest of 1258 (R. new. the form in a Final Concord of 1241 (R.C.P. the Old Norse nethri. vol. See S. consult F. Pemberton is. confident. beald. 156. 120. The first theme is the Old English personal name Osbald. 371.. of Liverpool. possibly from London. part of the borough of Salford. First theme CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES i8l descriptive j the Old English niwe. and Penbreton in a Final Concord of the same date 1202 (R.). 143). vol. The first theme is the Old English alor. of Warrington .) and other old documents. divinity. in an oblique case. O.. which may i82 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES . 233. balda.. of Lancaster. Padda is an Old English name (see O.. xlvii. pp.C. Pennington. See preceding entries..P. The first theme is personal. The variant Penyngton occurs in a Final Concord of 1372 (R. Pyle. 63. gives the diminutives Pylk. The name element Pin of personal names is found in O. of Clitheroe. The name Pil is probably the same as Bil. Pyl.).) is the spelling in the Church Survey of 1650. 5 miles SE. Ð A parish 2 miles W.. xxiii... Ð A township i mile S.... Ð A parish 3 miles NW. Pennulton and Penhulton occur in the Patent Rolls. Penel being an / diminutive of Pen (see last entry and O. vol. pp... I'en and jPin are possibly different forms of the same original. xii. xxxix.. 362). consult F. Pilketon (L.. vol. Ð Formerly a large township. p. p. Pennington. vol.. vol. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 183 p.). The first theme is a patronymic of the name element Pen. now subdivided. and of an early charter Penigtun. see Barton above. 27. In the Assize Rolls the word is Pyninton. 303. Penhulton in a Final Concord of 1357. Pynington (R. and W. vol... of Ulverston . xlix. 388 ..). 1272 (R. It is Fenilton in the Assize Roll of 1246 (R. xxiii. col. xlvi. of Manchester. p. under Pemberton above. 257.be seen as an element in O. of Bolton-le-Moors. xxxi. p. The Low German forms Pene.) occurs in a Final Concord of 1320. and is also given in several forms Pil. 287. The first theme is personal. 36). Penyngton (R. for which root see F. In . xlvii. i...). Ð An ecclesiastical district 2 miles S. vol. Pleasington.. For the root ben.c. Filkington. xlvi..C. 183). vol. The d which appears in later forms is epenthetic. vol..) is the spelling in the Subsidy Rolls. p. &amp. W. Pendleton. It is the Peniltune of Domesday Book. Ð A parish 3 miles SW. 387. vol. cols.). 1262. of Leigh. The spelling of an early Pipe Roll is Peninton (L.). The remaining portion of the word is Berton .C. From Pil'xs formed the k diminutive /'///^ (see O. 290. of Blackburn. Penulton in one of 1423. See I'en. Pinington and Pininton in early Final Concords (R.. and the Penelton of early Ripe Rolls (L.. 388. xlvii. 68). Pendleton (R.P. p. in Domesday Book it is Pennegetun. Pil is a name element of several proper names in O. and Pendulton in the Subsidy Roll of 1541 (R.C. Early Pipe Rolls have the word Pulkinton. 256..). From the k diminutive the patronymic follows regularly. p. and the latter form is frequent in the following centuries. Pendleton. p. Pile. Penne gave rise to the patronymic Feninga. Pylke.P. Pilkyngton (R. See Pemberton above. in W. For first theme.P. Penitun (L. Pilkenton.). a plum-tree. xii. of Preston. xxxi. with an occasional Polton (R. In early charters (L. the Prestune of Domesday Book. Puiton. xxxix.. William II. Called Ees in Cheshire. It is Poltun of Domesday Book.P. apparently from Old English plume. On the other hand. being a genitival or perhaps patronymic formation from the Old English //«« (see O. favours this origin. xii. yields to Poulton. The situation of the place on the coast of Morecambe Bay has probably been favourable to the origin of the name. a pool. of Kirkham.C). and Plessington in a Final Concord of 1296 (R. xlviii. vol...).) . and Plumpton.). 364. we find Plesington. Afterwards Pulton. enclosing marshy pastures. vol. See Kemble's Saxons. the identification being due to Jacob Grimm. The boundary of the parish on the south is the river Mersey. 240).. a pool. In early charters the word is Pultonam and Poltonam (L... First theme descriptive.). p. a variant Polton is occasionally found. Foulton. It is the Poltune of Domesday Book. the situation of the place.the Lancashire Inquests (R. vol. i. the word is Pultonam (L. xxxix. Poulton-le-Sands.).... Ð A parish and market-town 15 miles NW. After the Reformation Foulton becomes general (R. to the middle of the seventeenth century. First theme Old English pol.P. is then the ordinary form. Pulton is the general form to Reformation times. In O. of Lancaster. . of Warrington. 390).). Wodeplumpton occurs in a Lay Subsidy of 1327 (R. 1297.. vol. as in the preceding cases. p. Pol may be a personal name. Pol is a suggested synonym of Balder. Here also the situation may have suggested the first theme. vol.P. The word is Pluntun in Domesday Book.. Plesinton. on the Ribble. See this word above. vol.. 390.. In a charter of K. It is possibly another form of the first theme of Bleasedale. Preston.C. Filde-plumpton in a Final Concord of 1359 (R. 4 miles W. vol. Ð A town in the centre of the county. Plumpton. xlvi.). are in the Lancashire Inquests (R. Plumton. when Poulton takes its place (R. The first theme is the Old English pol. The first theme is personal. xlviii.). It is Prtstona.) we find Pulton. Poulton-le-Fylde. Ð Joint parish with Fearnhead 2 miles NE.C. Ð An ecclesiastical district 3 miles N. until the form. i84 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES p. near the estuary of the Wyre. Ð Two hamlets forming a joint parish with Westby. and the river forms a large horse-shoe. 1226. vol. Plesington. . I can only suggest that the first theme is the name element war (see O. xlviii. and Rovinton. see Down. Quarlton.) the word Quordone occurs. xxxi. Riston.. vol. In the index to the Assize Rolls (R. The place is now absorbed in Edgeworth. pp.. Risshton.) are the forms in the Subsidy Rolls. 1212. Rovyngton (R.. with /diminutive (O. of Preston. 116). xlvi.) we find Russeton. iii. of Blackburn. 1.). vol. xxiii... where the word Quelton occurs.C. vols.. xii. Ð A township 5 miles NNE. In a Final Concord of 1309 (R. 1297.. and Mr. xlix. Presteton and Prestun being rare variants. a rush. the Old English rysc.. vol. a handmill. Ruhwinton. Rowinton and Revington. Eibbleton. vol. occur in Final Concords of the same year. xlvii. The first theme is the river which in Domesday Book is Ripa. 12..). 1202 (R. pp. Riviton. the Subsidy Rolls. xlvi. Early forms are Ribelton.). Bishton. p.. xxxix. are found in R. Rysshton (R. vols. 1332. a priest. p. First theme of Querndon is the Old English cweorn. for second theme. In the Assize Rolls (R.Preston in Pipe Rolls (L. vol. Rqynton..P. Early Final Concords (R. vol. The first theme is descriptive .. xxxi.C. vol. Ruyston. Ribbill.). The word Quarlton occurs in the seventeenth century if not earlier Ð 1614 (R. The name Quarlton is probably old. of Chorley. ii.. Ð A parish 4 miles SE. p.) there are sixteen forms of the word. The first theme is the Old English preost. Rouynton (R. Two forms of this word. See Baines's History of Lancashire. Ribla. Ribbik. Rtbba. vol.) is the spelling in Final Concords of 1344. 1320. used as personal name de Quernedon and de Querndoun.P. It occurs twice in the Lay Subsidy of 1332 CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 185 (R... 1226. 31). i86 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Through this multiplicity of forms it is difficult to follow ...). Bivington. vols. 473). xlix. Ribleton. and the place-name suggests a hill producing mill-stones . and in early Pipe Rolls and Charters (L. xxxi. Farrer identifies it with Quarlton. xxxix. of Bolton-leMoors. Ð An urban district 3 miles NE. vol. 1332. Ð A parish i mile NE. Ribbelton. Ryston.) have Ryston.. 1448. and Rivington in the Freeholders' List of 1600 (R.) Riba. 92. Russhton. xlvi.. xviii. commonly Riht. vols.). 401. and Liber Vitse. Ð An ecclesiastical district 3 miles N. 411...P. 41 2. vol.. seems to be possibly the original form. xlix. powerful. The first theme is the personal name Ric. Early forms are Ceffton. vols. of Liverpool. sef.. xxxix. used to form compound names. The Norse settlers.. The first theme is a personal name of tribal origin. vol. of Warrington. First theme may be scar (see this word as a second theme). which began in the latter half of the CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 187 sixteenth century through the influence of the clergy was a common spelling in the seventeenth century and afterwards (R. Sefton (R.. Old English rice. 1250. S¹ p. is the first element in several names.. in a document of 1226 (R.C..)..). In Old English the word set:g is both a sword and a sedge.). xxxix. An early form of the word is Ritton. vol. Riston.) is the usual form. p. 302. col.). but Sephton. See O. varied occasionally by Riton (R.. a component of many names. more comprehensible to them.). pp. Scorton. Shafton. with variants in the Assize and Patent Rolls Schefton..). in the Subsidy Rolls Rixton. See the root forms hrothi. Ryht. Early . xxxi.. col.. Ð Joint parish with Glazebrook. Sefton.. i. vol. See O. xlviii. xxxi. Sefton is the usual form in the following centuries (R. and F. It is the Sextone of Domesday book.. as Seax. Ð An urban district 2 miles N. vol. Safton (R. of Garstang. The Old English name Hroethwine. vols. xlvii. Ryckeston are found (R. 6 miles NE.. 400. Ð A parish 4 miles NW. 399. right... vol. Royton. p. vini. and Royton (R.).. xlix. and. p.) in the Commonwealth Church Survey. in the Assize Rolls the forms Eicheston. 495. a knife.. xxxi. Ruyion occurs in the Subsidy Rolls (R. of Wigan.). Ryxton (R. See O. The first theme is personal . Rixton. vol.the traces of any one personal name in particular. 158. but early forms are desirable. and S. xii. xlix. i288. For the root saAs. Shevington. afterwards Ryton (R. changed it into the Old Norse form. 1650. which occurs in O. i. The word occurs in an early Pipe Roll of K.) . p. vol. Ð A parish 6 miles N. to decide between scar and scorra. John (L.. Cefton. under root rehta. see F. xlviii. 405. of Oldham. or the personal name Scrot of O. in F. p. taking the theme in the placename to be the latter.. however. . Schyngelton. Stmund (O. And this is apparently the origin of the many places of the same name in England. Skerton.).. 421. 425. and Sotton in one of 1265. Sindulfus. vol. Ð Â suburb forming a district separated from the county town Lancaster by the river Lune. Simonstone.. a shard. p. p. of Manchester. Seveton (R. is given on p. Ð A parish 5 miles NW... The Germanic Singulfus occurs in F. in O... are found with others in the Assize Rolls (R. the n and ing marking the genitive case. in the thirteenth century. vol. p. Shyngdton. vol. p.. xlix. vol.). Sengelton. being the Old English suth. Symoundeston. Helens. of which there are several examples in O..). 433 . Ð Great and Little Singleton. of Burnley. xlvi. Shevinton (R. Sutton occurs in an inquest of 1252 (R. Sude and the patronymic Sudinga. in W...). on the south. Simondiston occurs in an inquest of 1258. 1338. The form in Domesday Book is Singktun. are the forms in the Subsidy Rolls (R. It is Schertune in the Domesday Book. piece broken oif from the main part. formerly in the township of Worsley. xlviii. and S. xxxi. Schureneton. Swinton. Singelton.forms are Sewinton. xxxix.. xlvii. Sutton. 343. i88 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES The first theme seems to be a personal name. xlviii.).C. and may thus be the Old English sceard. vol. and Skerton in early Pipe Rolls (L. xlviii. 158). and Simonston in the freeholders' list of 1600 (R.)... Singel is found not rarely as the name of a road in Friesland . Simundistan in one of 1293 (R... p. Simoundeston. Ð A parish 3 miles NE.). The first theme is personal. xii. vol. Sude is a personal name. vol. of Prescot. Quite possibly in some of them. In the fourteenth century are found Shevynton. 372. a parish 13 miles NW. The Assize Rolls have Schurvyngton. namely the name Scewine. however.. The first theme is descriptive. The first theme appears to describe the position of the tun. vol. See W. and comprised within the borough of St. The first theme is the Old English personal name Sigemund.). 408.). vol. see W...). vols. See the genitive Sudan. but not in O. p. xxxi. 1242 (R..P. Ð A parish 4 miles N. xlix.). 1. of Preston.. col. 344. south. vols. and Schovington (R. Sutton in a Final Concord of 1422 (R. xlviii. which name doubtless became afterwards confused with the Biblical name Simon.. Sckevinion (R.) . p. Singleton. 1650 (R. 6. of Kirkham... of Poulton-le-Fylde. vol. Ð A parish 6 miles N. See Tang in second themes.. Old English thistel.. vol. Thistleton is found in 1602 (R. Thorenton in an entry of 1222 (R. of Liverpool . 100). vol. as in the Somersetshire Taunton. Thornton.. There are spellings Tongton and Tounton (R. it also is Torentun in Domesday Book. of Preston. vol. 129). p. Thistleton. xlvii. Turald. p. ix. The usual form is Swith. (R. 462. water (see K.). clever (see F. Other forms are Tkorinton. xlviii.. Ð A hamlet 4 miles N. The first theme is the Old Norse name Thorvaldr... vol.). The first theme as in the preceding. xlvi. Swin is a variant (see O. 1212 (R. and in that case the first theme is as in Tonge above. vol. The word occurs in the Assize Rolls. of which element there are many examples in the personal names of O. p.. vol. In the Subsidy Rolls the form is Thorneton (R..) and a Final Concord of 1245 (R. meaning swift. without important change. Thornton. i. II. gives the English form Thurweald. the form Tattle. of CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 189 which O. p.)..). pp. The first theme is the Old Norse thistil. Taunton. which may belong to this place. Tarleton..First theme personal. Thorneton (R. vol. i. Ð ^Village i mile NW... col. quoted from Rygh by Professor Wyld. vol. p. vol.). xlvii. which may be descriptive. of Ashton-under-Lyne. 436).. xlviii.). but Thystylton occurs in the reign of Edward IV. and in one instance.. 37. xxxix. vol. The root is svintha. xxxi.).. between the estuary of the Wyre and the Irish Channel.. and Thornton in a Final Concord of 1316 (R. Or the first theme may be the Celtic tonn. and Thisleton in the Commonwealth Church Survey. but which is used as a personal nickname or surname in the Landnama. Thistilton occurs in the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R. 1246 (R. The Old Norse adjective has the two forms svinnr and svithr. and Thornton (R. Swind. xlviii. vol.). Ð Ân urban district N.. The latter is the usual form. It is Torentun in Domesday Book. 59). vol. Ð A parish 9 miles SW. 1381). strong..). xxxix. In Norse place-names this personal name takes the form Tarald. vol. xxxix..). . The first theme is the Old English thorn. and Thistelton in a Final Concord of 12 19 (R. 1. 437. and the shortened Turold. xlvii. and other early documents.).. . Ð A parish 5 miles NE.). The first theme is the Old English twisla. 447. The Old Norse forms of the same were Ulfr. Turton. Torton. of Manchester. Tottington is late.C. Twiston occurs in a Final Concord of 1504 (R. 1. see O.. Thtir . of Bury.. Later forms are Twysilton. xii.). Toiingion. 458)... of Prescot. p. xxxix.). vol.). Ð A market-town in Low Furness. for the names in which it occurs. the word appears as Tuisleton (L. The variants Wurmesion (R.. The first theme is descriptive of position Ð the Old English up. vol. The Domesday form is Ulurestun... vol. The first theme is a patronymic of the Old English personal name Tota. It is apparently the Old Norse deity Thor. 149).. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 191 Upton.). vol. xxxi. vol. Twesilton (R. In a charter of Henry I. In the Subsidy Rolls are found Uluereston and Ullerston (R.. vols. Ð An urban district 3 miles NW. vol. pp.. 370. xlviii. Thurton occur later on in the century. vol. First theme is personal. Both Upfon and Hupton are found in the middle of the thirteenth century (R. 457. and that of the early charters of Furness Abbey. of Bolton-leMoors. xlvii. Todington. In a Pipe Roll of King Richard I. xlviii. p. See Miiller.. Totyngton (R.C. Olveston (L.. 305). 12 12. xlix.) occur. of Clitheroe. vol. 1241 (R. xxxix. p.C. of Lancaster. Wulf and Wulfhtre were common Old English names (see O. xlix.). In the opinion of Miiller. fork of a river. p... Ð A hamlet 4 miles SE. and Twysdton (R.P.).P.. vol.. p. xlix. 60..igo HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Tottington. Ð An urban district 4 miles N. of which several examples are given in O. p. 511).). xlviii. Twiston. On account of the variants the first theme appears to be the personal element TTior. bright. xlvii.).) the spelling is again Turton.). the form is Wermeston (L. Urmeston that of 1212 (R..).. In a Final Concord of 1303 (R. 1600 (R.. Ð An urban district 6 miles SW. this name is a familiar abridgement of some one of the Old English names beginning with torht. 445.) and Hurmiston (R. vol. It is found in the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R. 506. of which several are given in O.). vol... xlvii. Totta (see O.P. 22 miles NW. Ulfarr. vol. under Totta. xlvii. Spellings with and without r are equally common till the middle of the thirteenth century (R. TJlverston. Tuysilton. Ormr is a common Old Norse name.). Thirteenth century forms of the word are Totinton.. vol. vols. xlviii.. Unuston. Terton. xxxix. The Assize Rolls have a form Shurton (R. suggest a first theme Warin.The word means serpent. with the variant Queryngton. 522Walton-on-the-Hill... vol. It is the Waletune of Domesday Book. vol. such as Werineton. For first theme. 17 miles from Liverpool. p.. the component themes are Ulfr and ness. is a theme in several names. The first theme wal. regards it mainly as an extended war (" Erweiterung "). p. from an entry in the Assize Rolls (R. Werineton (L. 1513). xlix. Ð A suburb of Liverpool on the NE. vol. Thus. Walton-le-dale. 1541. wyrm. 1600 (R. a wall.C..).. Warton. Ð A parish 7 miles N. Assuming that the / in the earliest forms is a variant of Norman scribes for r. For Walton. xlix.) is the form in the Clergy List. see the preceding.might also arise from other words. See the root var.P. Forms of the word.. also O. 422). a not infrequent personal name (see O. vol. But it has been suggested that Ulnes is a miswriting for Ulues. and Warrington in the Freeholders' List. The first theme in some English Waltons is doubtless the personal name Wala (see O. Warrington. 478. forest.. 226). 476 .). a rampart.. p. This form remains unchanged generally. especially in the contracted form Wern. to the. and in a perambulation of King Henry III. pp. F. for the personal names of which the theme forms a part. if Ulnes is correct. of Chorley.).. Ð An urban district i mile SE. col. w^r. xlviii. 1531.) Vlfnes 192 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Walton is found.. xxxiii. a personal name. vol. the genitive of Ulfr.. Later forms are Werington. 1539. consult F. Werington (R. It is Waleione in Domesday Book. Wartun . a stranger.. of Lancaster.. and for the root valha. vol. see preceding. 287). Wlinton (L. xxxix.. 473-5.. In a charter of King Henry II. Ð A town on the Mersey. col.. vol. present^ except that in a Final Concord of 1320 (R. vol.P. 478). so that the place would be U7fs Walton. xxxix. 1256 (R. See O. Ð A parish 5 miles NW. 1285.).). p. p. But in most of them the first theme is the Old English weall. p. on the southern side of the Ribble. xxxix. Walton occurs in a Final Concord of 1246 (R.C. Werinton. 1293 (R.. xii. Ulnes Walton.). of Preston. The Domesday Book form is Walintune. wurm. xlvi. col. 1246 (R. F. such as weald. vol. and Walton in La Dale of a Final Concord of 1304 (R.... the first theme is a patronymic quasi-genitival of the element war. and the corresponding Old English word. wer. In the Subsidy Rolls.). craft. Wythinton. vols. 500).).). The first theme is a patronymic of the personal name Wen. p. Whystan. p.. p. of Lancaster. the word is Weltona (L.. see the preceding. 194 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES . Wennington (R.) we meet with the forms Withetun.. It is the Widetun of Domesday Book. Ð A parish 3 miles N.. xxxi... and in the Inquests (R. xxxi. vol. Wyhton. p.). In a charter of K... a friend . xlix.. xlix.. 481). Wigstan. Wide of W. vol. Norse influence is perhaps responsible for making the word more intelligible to new settlers by turning the first theme into vith.P. xii. 492)5 and is thus not a ton word.in Domesday Book and Warton in a Final Concord of 1289 (R. Wel'is the first element in several names. x. Wystam (R. Quistan is the form in the Subsidy Rolls (R. Quystan. xlviii. and in a Subsidy Roll of the seventeenth century Wheelefon (R. and the variant Quystan (R.)..C. The name is Wininctune in Domesday Book. 279). 10 miles NE.. Wenington. 1552. of Chorley. For first theme. Ð A parish i mile S. In a Pipe Roll of King John it appears as Whiteton (L. Wido of O. O. The first theme appears to be a personal name Wei. vol. WMston. Wythington. Whistan in a Final Concord of 1376 and Whiston in one of 1422 (R. Ð A parish 3 miles NW... 1332. xxxix. vol. Henry II. Weninton. Weeton. but ends in stan. Wennington Ð A parish in the valley of the Wenning. 1562. and also as helping to form many compound names (see O. xxxi. xlvii. Ven. 1. Wytheton. according to F. Wine. col. xlvi.... as in the Master Smith Weland {cf. The forms in the Inquests are Wenigton. see F. The word is a personal name. Weeton (R. A variant Qwerton occurs of the Westmorland Wharton (R.j p. 435. vol... in one of 1493 Whelton (R.) is the CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 193 common seventeenth century form. The Old Norse and Danish forms are Vinr.P.). used as a full name.). For discussion as to root md. The personal name which has given rise to the first theme is Wtd.). vol. col. vol.. Wheelton. p. vol. vols. 486. vol. 484. a withy. of Kirkham.). and Wenigton in a Final Concord of 1202 (R.). vol. 1. The thirteenth century forms of the word are Quicstan.C..). 203). of Prescot. p.. vol. 499. in a Final Concord of 1313 Quilton (R. vol.). Wistan (see O. xlviii.. the root is vela. Wetheton (R. xlviii. 1. In the next century we find Whytington. In the Assize Rolls occur the forms Wlston. 3 miles E.Whittington.). understanding.. vol. 310. the name Wita (see O..) is the ordinary form at the beginning of the seventeenth century. vol. See O.. Great Woolton.. xlvii. vol. vol.. and Quitanton is found in a Final Concord of 1259 (R. 1. of Warrington. of Manchester. vol.). which also takes the form Whit. 1212. Witington (R. xxxi. for the word and examples of its use independently and in compounds). vol. 503. its root being the Old English wilt.. xlviii. Ð An urban district 4 miles S.). xlii. But the Old English personal name Hwiia. Wulveston (R. vol. The Scandinavian form is Ulfr.C.. vol. xxxix. Withington (R.) is the form.). xxxix. xxxi. understanding. Quytinton. Wytinton (R. see O. xlvii. In Old English wiht means a creature.. 1301 (R.Ð An urban district in the valley of the Lune. 1. Witton..P. Withington...).). The first theme is a patronymic quasi-genitival case of the personal name Wiht.). vol. They appear in Domesday Book as Uveione. Vlventune. In the Assize Rolls. vol. xlvii. 1. Woolton. Forms of the word in the middle of the thirteenth century are Whitington. of Liverpool. col. also a very common element in forming compound names (see O. The first theme is a personal name Wita. possibly.) is a spelling of 1212..).). A form Wytton occurs in R. . the word is Wythinton.. In early charters the word is XJlfitona (L. Little Wolveton (R. Ð Â joint parish with Martinscroft.. p. 503. Little Woolton in one of 1509. Whitynton.. and later on in the century Wythington.. Wiiyngton. 492-5. vol. In a Final Concord of 1508 Whityngion (R. pp. vol. pp. xlviii. 1332 (R. we find Wytheton. xlviii. 1590. In the Great Inquest.. bordering on Westmorland. The first theme is probably a personal name. p. 506-22)..) is found in a Final Concord of 1398. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 195 Woolston. The first theme is the personal name Wulf. for the many names of which it forms an element. vols. Wythynton is in a Final Concord of 1384 (R.. into the same forms.. In Domesday Book it appears as Wiietune. would develop. Ð A parish adjoining Blackburn on the west. Ð Great and Little Woolton are two urban districts 6 miles SE.. and as an element in composite names. Wydinton (R. See F. Wolveston. Wolston is the common form later (R. vol.). for which see O. From the Old English root witt. for the name itself. p. Why tinton (R. . origin of the Old English . as well as the usual form Wyrhta. p. vol.. vol. F.. was used as a personal name. see this word below as a termination theme. vol. wurth. Wrightinton. vol. Wrayton. Ð A parish 4 miles N. Wurthington (R. vol. xxxix. The form Wraiton seems. pp. The first theme is usually considered to be the word Wray . vol. therefore. The first theme is the patronymic quasi-genitive of the personal name Wurta. vols. The first theme is personal.) .. vol. 196. 509). Wrightyngton is the spelling of Final Concords in 1385. given in O. 505. as in the preceding.. Wrthisin an Inquest of the year 1258 (R. 1 2 miles NE- 196 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES of Lancaster. xlix. in a Final Concord of 1229 (R. Ð A joint township with Melling. Wurta of O.. to pursue. and Worston Concord of 1502 (R. gives Wryhta. xlvii. vol. and in one of 1391 (R. Writington. worth. a homestead. X. This patronymic is now Worthing in Sussex. see Vrac.The first is the personal name Wulf.. 1.). in a Final Concord of 1227. vol. The earliest form is Wraiton.. I suspect therefore that the first theme is the personal name Wraca. 1195. The forms in the Inquests (R. p. but examples of the personal name Wrict are wanting. In the Assize Rolls and Subsidy Roll the form is Wraton (R. For the root. In the Assize 'R. Wurthington (R. Writinton. Wurtheton. The patronymic from this word... p. xlvii. xxxi. of Wigan. 189). 960 (see E..). xxxix.. For the root verca. 1.). col. 12 12.).). 1638. and this is probably the word from which the above was formed. Ð ton occurs Wurtheston in a Final A parish 2 miles NE. 1.). Worthyngton. in the Assize Rolls (R. Ð A parish 5 miles NW. wyrth. 12^2. 1.) are Worthinton. In the Great Inquest. of Wigan. Wyriingas. Worston.oWs..). is found in a Final Concord (R. xlviii.. as in the preceding. Wrayton occurs in the sixteenth century (R.. Sweet. In English place-names the Danish word Vra appears and is not found developed into Wray until the fifteenth or sixteenth century. 522. the word is Wrictington (R.). in his Students' Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon. 1506 (R. 1242. Wrictington.).. of Clitheroe. Worthington. and suggests that the word weorth. Wrstincton. In the same volume follow the forms Wrociinton. is found in a charter of King Eadgar. Wrightington. The first part of the word is a patronymic quasi-genitive. vol. vol..). vol.. to find a place too early in 1229. a worker . xlviii. Worthington. xlviii. perhaps.. and Brydestwysel.).. p. often with the idea of boundary. Langtree. vol. of the date 1296. 1200 (L. 198 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Entwistle. and is a form of beorht. Hare-Appletree. 41). Ð Hamlet at the head of Damas Gill. of Bolton-le-Moors. Lanketr. col. . Brid is given in O.P. 1258 (R. vol. 5. I imagine the first theme to be a river name (there is a Cheshire stream called the Weaver') and to refer to the stream now known as the Jordan. p. 324. 88. In early charters we have forms W auertrea. treo. see F.. xxxi.E. A variant. Ayntre. 7). vol. An early spelling of this word. First theme is personal. Wavertre (L. Ð A manor in Hapton. see the N. of Lancaster.D. of Burnley. An obscure word. which flows south-west into the Mersey.. a township 4 miles W. Possibly in particular instances it may be a personal name. this is the Old English treow. vol'. for several examples of its use.). xxxix. a branch. TWISTLE This termination arises from the Old English twisla. 4 miles SE. Ð Joined with Standish to form an urban district 4 miles NW. on p.C. 1311 (R. Agin. a fork. p. 114. The first theme is the personal CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 197 name element Aegen. Breretwysel seems to be another form (R. and in early Pipe Rolls Wavertrie. under Hoar. consult F. of Wigan. appears in R.. 1557. p. The corresponding Old Norse word is Kvisl. Early forms of the word are Briddesiwysil. col. For root. Wavertree. For Hare. p. xlvii.. See O.). Ð A village 6 miles N. vol. Wartre is modern. TREE As used in place-names. It is the Wauretreu of Domesday Book. Birtwistle... Ð An urban district now forming a part of Liverpool on the SE. is found in the Assize Roll of 1247 (R.. liv.. xlviii. Wavertree.. 36. In most of the place-names in which lang occurs.. vol. vol. and as Longetre in the Subsidy Roll of 1332 (R.P. Aintree.C. tall. long. Ð A suburb of Liverpool on the north. it is doubtless in its primitive meaning. 126)..weorc.).. xxxix.. liv. p. See G. a fork of a river. bright. which is also used in place-names.).. It occurs as Langetre in a Final Concord of 1206 (R.. and several personal names. xlviii. the land enclosed. a sword. 120.. p. vol. and is spelt Osuald in the Liber Vitse. CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 199 forms are Chilkwelk. The two spellings wall and well are often confused.. 290) it is Kydewelle. vol. wall. Oswaldestwisel and Oswaldetwisel with variants are in the Assize Rolls (R.). A variant Chaldewall occurs in 1238 (R. a spring.Early forms are Hennetwisd.. as also Cille. But it may also arise from the Old Norse vdllr. a spring.. 1260 (R. The word appears in Domesday Book as Cildeuuelle. 14. i mile SW.). 99. a field. not infrequent in Yorkshire. due to the influence of Scandinavian settlers who. 1332 (R. 1212 (R. 1191 (L. vol. Ð An urban district. and the change of well to wall. xlviii. The form Kydewelk is. xxxi. S. the root of which name may be the word ecg. After this date wdk becomes walk. 1212 (R. a fountain. p. 138)... Childwall. and power. and Entwisell.P. p.. see F.). a fountain head. 228). xlviii. vol. col. xlviii. vol. col. p. p. xlvii. for the mediaeval name Ecke. See under ag. vol.). xxxi. and Ecgi in the Liber Vitse.. Oswaldtwisil occurs in an Inquest of 1258 (R. 154. vol. Extwilk. p. 1496. into the word. Entletwisil. vol. The first theme is a personal name (see O.C. in F. For the roots ansi. see F. of Accrington. iiTj. Common in place-names in the South of England. vol xlvii. The ge{weald). vols. a divinity..). of Burnley.. p. . 1297 (R. vol.C.) . of Liverpool. and W..P. For the root an. WALL. field.). thereby making it more intelligible. Oswaldtwistle.. being a personal name in O. S. vald. mere confusion in the thirteenth century.. as in an entry Childewalk.. xlix. a wall. as well as the enclosure. but rare in Lancashire. Ð A hamlet 3 miles NE. and means. In a charter of 1094 (L.. Ð A parish 5 miles SE. and Childewtll. " did. The first theme is a personal name Enna (see O... xlviii. Early forms axQ Extwisil. Later 378). cols. 135.. WELL Wall arises from the Old English weall. and Extwisdl... and to agree with the Danish Kildevceld. 222.. 158. 1276 (R. The later forms of the twelfth century are a return to the Domesday form.). genitive plural. p. 1242 (R. Ennetwysel. Extwistle. The Domesday form of the word is " the spring of Cild . a rampart. I think. xlix. 1332 (R. 86. p. The first theme is the personal name Eche. to favour. Well is the Old English wiell. as in Thingwall and in Tinwald of the Isle of Man.. have attempted to read Kilde.). xxxix. See O..) . valla..). Old English components are os. Moulding W. In early documents the forms Haliwell. Ð A hamlet 5 miles E. O. p. and suggests Danish occupation. It is commoner in Yorkshire than Lancashire. is shown to be the origin of the Weser. Thurstan W." In the Tinwald of the Isle of Man the name has come to signify the Parliament itself. xxxi.. in the middle of the thirteenth century. p. 59. The word is the Old Norse Thingvollr. occur with the variants Alywell and Halkwdl. 298. Low W. Bridge..). xlviii.. xlviii. vol. meaning a ford.). Tarn W. WITH Wath is the Old English wcBtA. p. or even river. Wiswall.. Fold. of Clitheroe. (another name for Coniston Lake). As a variant. 93).HalliweU. where uisce.) the word is Wisewalk. Elter W. WATH. Prestwath.. and in the Assize Rolls the termination varies between wall and well. Ð A parish 3 miles S. The first theme is the Old English /r^c?j/.. It occurs rarely. The first theme is the Old English halig. p. of Hawkshead. vol.. See the L. xxxi. 1332. Tingwella in a Pipe Roll of King Henry II. Haliwall is seen in 1332 (R.Ð Village. at or near Lancaster. assimilated to uiss.P. (L. "field of meeting. 1285 (R. vol... Ð A village 2 miles NW. 3 miles N.. With is the Old Norse vifAr. and Halywell. in the Subsidy Rolls (R. The first theme seems to be a river name . of Bolton-le-Moors. It occurs in Esthwaite W. xlix. Thingwall.C. vol. the Scandinavian vaiA. The word is Skelwath.). Skelwith. xii. 105). Thyngwall. HalliweU occurs in 1600 (R. Tingwall (R... . 291.. holy. In a document of 1242 (R.C. which is a name element in several Old English names. and Brow. vol.. The wafh is apparently a ford over the Lune. vol. and others. or wading place.). 502. see K.P. pp. vol. 1288 (R.. WATER This word is used as a subsidiary theme synonymous with lake.. tarn.). Ð A word occurring in early charters. 200 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES A personal name might give rise to the first theme Ð the name Wise. a wood or forest. WatA and wifA are often confused. xlix.. priest. of Liverpool. vol. Ð A parish near the south end of Lake Coniston.. Ð A hamlet 2 miles E. Ð A suburb of Manchester. a dwelling. Ardewik. see the first theme in Afherion above. and the word the same as the Bkawick or Blowick near the south end of Ulleswater. vol. First theme is personal.The first theme is the Old Norse skjalg.. xi. as in blomos. Ð A district adjoining Manchester on the E. (R. a bracelet. two in the SE. It is the Old English sceolh. see name Beage in O. In Domesday Book it is Berewic. as in blomos.r. all end in wick. 82. Nicholas de Borwyc. and Nicholas de Berwyc. vol. For the first theme of Atheriswyke. 1259 (R. described in 1590 (R.. First theme the Old Norse bldr. WICK This termination comes into English place-names from two sources at least : the Old English wic. Blowick. 35). p. and the Old Norse vik. 1255. Ardwik. p.). 1282. Eard. seem to . with one or other of these terminations. near the north end. vol. Eard-wic in Old English means a dwelling-place." The first theme is the Old Norse bl&amp. The earliest form of this word appears to be Bexwick (see R. native soil. is a common element in the first themes of names (see O. of Carnforth.. a creek. p. of the county end in wick . dark-blue.. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 201 WICH. xxxi.. The former is probably the origin of the Lancashire wicks. Of the seventeen or more places in Lancashire. Ardwick. Berwick. Blawith. 212). of Southport. meaning wry. xli. which takes the form skjel in Norwegian place-names. Beswick. See Sholver below.).). is a frequent first element in personal names. The first theme is personal. of seven in Cheshire five end in wick . though there is a creek named Pull Wyke on the west side of Windermere. Atheriswyke. Ardewyk. xlviii.. Beag. vol. of the thirty-three in Yorkshire. xlviii..) as "Blawith at Appletreeholme. 1323 (R. is supposed to be Ardwick. oblique. Ð Â parish 2 miles NE. and the Icelandic bldskbgar. 1.. In 1332 the spelling is Berwik. xlviii. vol. xxxi.. See O. pp. and Glodyght.C.).P. 177.). xlvi. Ð An ecclesiastical district 1 mile SE. and Ceadda are other personal forms. 1474 (V. whose modern forms have been Louis and Ludwig. Ð A suburb of Preston on the E. Elleswik. vol. Ð A hamlet of Spotland W. xxxix. 241.. vol. 1332 (R. vol. a hamlet.C. in L. xxxix. p. 126). Early forms are Glothic (R. and was a favourite name-forming element (F. 1311 (R.. p. It means famous. 1650 . vol.). Fisshewyk. Horwyche. for its use in composite names.. and Elswick. Later forms are Fischwic.. for Fisc and Fisculf. vol. Elswick. xlvii.. Fyssh&amp. Cadda. col. First theme is the personal name Hloth . 1.wyke. Harwich is found in an entry of 1332 (R. 299. xii. xxxi.. Cada.). see O. vol. 1489. Horwich.). in Wigan Parish. of Kirkham. of Bolton-leMoors. Barwycke and Borwicke are both found after 1600 (R. . Harwich.). Hedthehiwic. vol. Etheliswike. of Oldham. and Berwyk in 1446 (R. 1508 (R.). Spelt Chadewyk in Final Concords of 1369 (R. p. Though the other interpretation Ð that it is a personal name Ð is not impossible. In that case wig is from the root vig. In Domesday Book it is Edekswic . xlvi. It is Fiscuic in Domesday Book. The first theme is the personal name athel.202 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES be the same person.. vol.. vol. Ð An urban district 5 miles NW... x. The first theme is Ceaden.). 1506 (R.).).). Fishwick. as in Elston : see that word. Ð A parish in the Fylde 6 miles N. signifying fight. vols. and the Latinised form Ludovicus.H. Fisshewik. xlvi. 1. vol. 11 64. Chadwick. vol. 848). xlviii.) .. There is a Chadwick Green near the southern end of the township of Billinge. 1541 (R.). CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 203 It seems not unlikely that the whole place-name has been a composite personal name Ð the name Hlothwig. The word is the Old English berewic.. with the variant Clopwayt (R. a later spelling is Glotheyk (R. noble. 179). vol. of Rochdale.).. First theme at its origin was probably descriptive of the village. apparently a weak genitive of Ceada (O.... 1326 (R..) and Glothiche (R. 1225 (R.. xlvi.. vol. Glodwick. xxxix. ix. p. Ð An old parish joined with Oldham. Howick. p.. See this word among the terminations. 1256 (R. vol.. and Sakwyk. i.) are of the seventeenth century... Leof. xxxix. 12 10 (R.P. dark coloured.. black. xxxix. The first theme is the word preost. Horre as men's names in W. vol.. The root is kuba. 173. of Manchester..(R. These are followed by Hauwyk and Hoghwyk (R.. supposed by W.. See Salford above. p.. Ð A parish 6 miles N. sala. This theme seems to be applicable when compounded with wic. 301.). Hocca. and in an early Final Concord Hacwic. and also the word Houghton.). vol. p. The first theme seems to be personal Ð Salo. Salle are Low German names.. which appears in Old English salo. col. Lowick. In early charters we have the forms Hokewike. seems to be the same word. of Ulverston. and other similar names from the same root.. Lufa. in O. such as Sekbeorht. p. xlvi. except in odd cases.). 1. and at the beginning of the sixteenth century by Haughwik and Hogwik (R. a heel.. xxxi. Frestwich..). Sekburh.). and Hare. Prestwich. and Lowyk. vol. When compounded with ford. First theme is doubtless personal. The Domesday Book form is Saleuuic.C. are later forms. 408.P. 1018. 327. to be famiUar forms of Salomon. in O.. p. 1343 (R. In . Ð A parish 3 miles SW. of Preston. tun. TIrswick.. pp. 339. Sowicke and Salwick (R. 174.C. Ð A hamlet 4 miles NW. or burh.. vol. vol. Professor Skeat derives the theme from sealh. Howicke is of the seventeenth century (R. 1327 (R. Har occurs as an element in two or three composite names in O. 300.). of Preston. See F.). under the theme Sele. 1256 (R. vol. considers these personal names to come from the root salva. vol. xii. a willow. priest. Lofe occurs in O. Ð A township 4 miles SW.. Salwick. Luffewyk. The first theme is personal. Sak. xlvii.. In an early Final Concord it appears as Lafwic. There are personal names Hoce. 214). vol. 15.. Sallewyke. dark. 1202. vol.).). 4 miles NW. but the Houghtons and Huttons are too numerous throughout the country to owe their origin to a name so rare. Selefrith. Prestewic occur 304 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES in the Pipe Rolls (L. dear. 1290. derives from this root appear in O. of Ulverston. First theme is the Old English hbh. F.. col. The personal names which F. Hacwica (L. pp. Prestwic. 137). ). Burtoneswod occuTS in a perambulation of 1228 (L. 1541 (R.. xlvi. of Lancaster.P. Besides being fairly common as a termination. it is called Ambers or Ambrose Wood. 50.early charters (L. xxxiii. 1212. For root vtni... vol. forest. Cawe in O. 20 miles NW.H. consult F. 1. First theme personal.P. vol. 69) or the name borne by the Saint. 1427 (R. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 205 which in Old English mea. i.C. col. 499).. see S. 159. Miiller. of Preston. Named after its founder.. it is used as a first or adjectival theme in some place-names. and the variant Wennewyk (R. and Little Urswyk (R. related to the Old English gd of Kemble's Saxons. Burtunwode (R. Fleetwood (1836).C. Ð A parish Winwick with Hulme 3 miles N.).. in a Final Concord of 1332 Great Ursewik (R. xlvi.. WOOD The Old English wudu. Fulwood. p. xxxi. In the absence of evidence it is impossible to decide whether the personal name is the Old English Anberht (see O. p. xlviii. p. Whynwhik.) in one of 1378.).. F. Wine (O.. Bnrtonwood. Ð A seaport at the mouth of the Wyre. vol. Wynewyc (R. p. 72. Amberswood Common. 470. Ð A hamlet 10 miles NE.C. The Subsidy Roll of 1332 (R. thinks the word may be Celtic. in the Great Inquest. connects it with the Germanic root Gavja. of Warrington. of Wigan. xxxi. Ursa (see O. It occurs in Liber Vitae.ns /Hend. p. xii. wood. Ð In the township of Ince. p. Sir P. 1.. consult F.C). Wynweke.P. 1483)Winwick. col.) and Burtonwode (R. vol. Fleetwood. 621.... vol. vol.. p. vol.) occur Ursewyk and Parva Vrswic. col. of Warrington.. and for the root Ursa. 126.) appears.) spells Ursewik . xlvii. The first theme is a composite word of burh and tun. vol. Cawood. 1608. See these words Burh and Ton in the list of terminations.. vol.). Winewick (L. p. The first theme is a personal name.) in the Assize Rolls. Early records not known. H.. meaning bear.. 2 miles SE.) occur in documents of 1332. Ð Urban district in the parliamentary borough . widu. 422). and Winwick in a document of 1635 (R. The first theme is personal. Ð A parish 4 miles NW. See the name Caua. vol. In early Pipe Rolls we read Winequic... joined with Arkholme to form a parish. In the V. Hirst. of Burnley.). xlvii... xii.). xxxix. and Hopwood in a Subsidy Roll of 1541 (R. Spelt Fulewode in the Assize Rolls. hedge.).). enclosure. 1332. Little Harwood a suburb of Blackburn. Early forms are Hirstwode. Parva Harwode in a Subsidy of 1332 (R. 1479 (R.D. In Pipe Rolls of the twelfth century (L.P. Hopwood.).of Preston. Ð Village and seat of Lord Gerard. vol. old. vol. Ð A hamlet 2 miles SE. xxxi. Garthr and its compound Gartharr were Scandinavian names.. &amp. vol. Ð A borough 3 miles E. See Glossary to E. xii. Hoppewode in an entry of the year 1292 (R. in the Freeholders' List of 1600. p. First theme is the word hop. Heghwude. Hurstwood occurs in R. In Old English composite names. The local pronunciation... 1600 (R.. 1496. Heywood. First theme the Old English /«/.) . 4 miles NE. vol. of St.E. Great Harewoode is found in a Final Concord of 1298 (R. 255). 380. 2o6 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Oarswood. It probably denotes that the wood was a boundary wood. or its derivative gehag. xxxix. of Bury. 1397 CATALOGUE OP PLACE-NAMES 207 (R. 1. 1. dirty. vol. late Old English and Old Norse. R. Harwood. First theme personal. vol. as heard by Dr. copse. Ð Great Harwood is an urban district 4 miles NE... Hurstwood.C. 1. Helpns.) we have Hewud.. xlvi. See Hope in the series of terminations. xlvi. impure.. See the N. of Middleton. xxxi. vols. enclosed place. Hewode.. it appears as Gartiswode. vol. occurs in R.) Harewuda. p. and Hawod. is jaiad. Hopwode.). vol. Hirstewod. The first theme is Old English hyrst. vol.. Little Harwood in 1503 (R. Ð A township i mile N. Hirstwode. 1285.. xlix.D. The first theme is the Old English har. vol.). gard (O. v.. Heywode. xii. vol.). it appears as geard.. a frequent . hoar. The first theme is the Old English hege..). vol. Hewode is in an entry of 1330 (R. (R.E.). In the Assize Rolls (thirteenth century. also the N. Heywood. xlix. In a Final Concord.. of Blackburn. vol. 1370 (R. Herwudesholm occur . vol.nd.. Garthr meaning also a strong... of the county.E. weorth. Simonswood. of which a thirteenth century spelling is Assewrthe (R. Ð A parish 8 miles NE. a hill. Lowwood.termination. of Rochdale. West W. used independently and in composite names. First theme descriptive. In a Pipe Roll of King John (L. Blatchinworth... and F. of Todmorden... xlvi. p.. the Sigemutid or Simund of O..).. 4 miles NE. of Rochdale. in Pilkington. and a later one Asheworth. of Bolton-le-Moors. of Liverpool. Ð An ecclesiastical district 3 miles W. pp.). Ashworth. of Cartmel.. a not infrequent element in composite names. Fir W. 158. for root Agin. vol. vol. half-way to 2o8 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Bolton. Hoscar Moss W. is from the Old High German warid. Ainsworth. Doubtless the name became confused afterwards with the Biblical name Simon. vol. the Sigmund of the Liber Vitse. xxxix. Aynesworth is found used as a personal name in 1310 (R. 36. Ð A village 2 miles S. p.. p. 1276. Enowlwood. No early records.. Holmes W. The derivation of the word. Hale W.. The form Blackenworthe. an island. 5. of Bury. col. p. 1347 (R. 31.). First theme is ^gen. 421. WORTH This termination is the O.. 40.) Simundeswude occurs. The first theme is personal. 32. according to Forstemann in Die Deutschen Ortsnamen.C. wurthe. an enclosed homestead. Wood is used with other descriptive adjectives and also as a subsidiary second theme in a few cases : Ð Cockshotts W. of which word. on the Leven. First theme apparently descriptive. ash. The first theme is personal. Snape W. now a parish. xlvi. First theme the Old English cnoll. The original signification has been enlarged so as to include lands outside the original enclosure. Ð A village 5 miles NW.. many examples are given in O. Outwood. 4 miles SE.. Ð A joint township with Calderbrook. See O. HoUin W. the word cbsc. Brand W. Ð A district. wyrth. Ð A parish 3 miles W..P. and the proportion of worths to tons is smaller than in the centre and south of England. . The Lancashire place-names in Worth are mainly in the SE. 167. vol.. and in Ceadda. which in a similar way has given rise to place-names in Friesland (see W. p. p. 1235. The first theme is the personal name BlcBcca. Early forms of the word are Buterwrth. vol. 112.). p. vol.). . p... vol. S. Botreworth. It is the Low German name Bufe. 129.. The spelling with a single t predominates in mediaeval times. a shortened form of Dacca. as a Low German name on W. 158. p. of Rochdale. Ð A former manor in Pendlebury.. the word Bu/erus. contains many names in which 6o( is an element. 107). between Blackburn and Accrington... who was converted by Paulinus. xlvii. The first theme seems to be personal. Dilke. p. p.. Early forms are Dileworth. which occurs CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 209 as an element in composite names as Ceadwalla (see O. probably a Latinised form. p. 1227 (R. F.).. vol. and Butterworth.. xxxix. Butterworthe. Supposed to be the Bileuurde of Domesday Book. The root is that of the Old English 6o( in the sense of help .. 73. xlvii... Ð A township 3 miles E. The root dil means to destroy. 122. Dille. Duckworth Hall. The root of the name is the Old English BlcBc. xxxix. 1278 (R. 173)Duke is given by W. of which as first element in personal names one or two examples are given in O. connects the root ^«^with dugan. and more in F. 108. 57). col. and the parent of dycga (see O. vol. vol... p. 1303 (R-&gt. xxxix. p.is found in R.. Ð A parish 7 miles NE. Ð In Oswaldtwistle. It is mentioned in the Great Inquest (R. Dilkworth. It is mentioned as Ducworth in 1241 (R.). col. edge of Longridge Fell. and O.. 1247 (R. 1262. given in O. as a Low German name Dile. Bil. xxxi. but the shortened form of Dacca does not appear in O...'-extension (see p. Chadeswrthe. on the SW. The first theme is the personal name Cead. lengthened form of Cad. pp. xlviii. of Preston. is a far commoner personal name element (see O. p. of which the /^-diminutive is Dylke. 431. Bede tells us. to be of use. vol. BlcRccan is a weak genitive.. 20). It is given by W. 166. First theme is a personal name. The Domesday form. is given in O. 1332 (R. xxxix. Dilworth. p. 68).. The first theme is personal . with «&gt. Butterworth. 410.). 126).. the name of the reeve of London. Dillesworth. dofa is a name in the Liber Vitae. 6 above). xlviii. 241. vol. 161 8 (R. The first theme is personal. The one is the Old English feli. For first theme. vol. xii. xlii. gives Faga as an Anglo-Saxon name . later. Famworth (R. The other is from the xooi fag. Early forms are Farnewurd. Ecg. Egwarth. 1226. vol. of Boltonle-Moors. and also independently in the form Ecga. as Eggewrthe (R. vol. But it may possibly be a personal name. xlii. 1300 (R. 1616. Appears in the Great Inquest..vol.. It is spelt Holyenworth. Famworth. Old English holen.... fern . Ð An ecclesiastical district. 493.). p. Farinworth. denoting joy.). Fayhworth (R. in R.. p.. xlviii. xlvii. 1184 (L. meaning many . vol. xxxiii. the first theme of Farington. 1. but the thirteenth century spellings suggest that this first theme has been confused with farin. First theme is the Old English fearn. In the Assize Rolls one of its forms is Eggeswarth.). The word edge here seems to mean a boundary. xlviii.. vol. Famworth. Eggeword.). vol.. vol. see the preceding word.).). 1253 (R.Edgeworth. vol. 4 miles SE. vol. and Edgwarth.). 1541. the Old Norse fjol.P. xxxix. 1277 (R.. In 1502. of Bolton-le-Moors. Ð An urban district 3 miles SE. 12 12.). and Failsworth. The first theme is the holly. xxxix.. 1505. as FeUsworde. Fernworth (R. 1. used as a first theme in a few personal names in O... Hollingworth. o 310 HANDBOOK OP LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Failsworth. xii. Fachil. xlvii. F. of Prescot..) is found in 1541. vol. See that word above. used as theme in many composite names (see O. xxxix. in a Final Concord (R. 1278. in R.... 1246 (R. Eggewarthe. Farneworth. of Manchester. and in an entry of 1292 (R. vol.. col. Farenwurth. is found in R. and also the Z-diminutive extension. p. feolu. and a ..) in 1622.C. Ð A hamlet 4 miles NE.. of Rochdale. In the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R. but the two thirteenth century forms of the word suggest quite different origins. Ð A parish 5 miles N. 146). Ð An urban district 4 miles NE.) as Egeward.. 217). in a Final Concord.) it appears as Faileswrthe .. vol. vol. Early forms of the word are Rumhworth. Ð A township 2 miles SW. col. 657) was Sadelworthe. See O. 1298. vol.). 324. p. of Bolton-leMoors. p. 303. as in Langtree. of Lancashire... Cheshire Ð the village and township being in Yorkshire. vol.. There is a personal name Holen given in O. vol. 1278 (R. though it may be a personal name as in O...). 166. and in one of 1241. vol.). vol.. S. Rum and Rom are nameelements of frequent occurrence. xlviii. of Bury. vol. 1297. Yorkshire. in the Subsidy Rolls Rotheksworth (R. Ð A township 5 miles NW.. p. of Bolton-leMoors. In the Assize Rolls it appears as Roteleswurt and Rotholveswurth (R. glory.. 883. Boddlesworth. 12 miles NE. xlii.). Ð Â township 2 miles SE. Shyotlesworth. Name belongs now to an urban district.. xxxix.). xxiii. xxxi. pp. hollen. vol. Root of first theme is hrothi. 388. O. see F. 406). 142). Rumewurth. 1242 (R. Ð The district formerly under this name lies in three counties Ð Lancashire. col. 403-5.)... pp. 20. 404. The name does not appear to have suffered change (R. true. 6 miles SW... Possibly another form of Bil. 89). xlvii. p. Rumworth. p.. fame . The first theme is personal Ð Pil Ð a name element which occurs in several composites in O. col... The root is hroma.).. xlvii. xlvii. of Manchester. See F. an ^diminutive of scBde (see O. Longworth.. Variants .. In a Final Concord of 1227 (R. of Blackburn. xlvi. Ð An old manor in the township of Withnell. of Bury. col. F. Pilsworth. The first theme is personal . It is Lungewrthe in the Assize Roll of 1276 (R. 1246 (R. 304 .. and Longeworth in a Final Concord of 1309 (R. ii. Bumwortb. and several composite names with first theme Sadal. under the root santha. which occurs in the Liber Vitse. 885. p. vol. xlvii. vol. The early form of the word (see Baines's Hist. p.. W. Saddleworth.. for which see F. The first theme is personal. 290. gives the name Sadi. pp. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 211 First theme descriptive.. 300. there is the form 212 HANDBOOK OF LANCASIflRB PLACE-NAMES SuUelesworth. the name Hrotkuulf. The first theme is personal. Shuttleworth. Ð A parish 4 miles N..dialect form. being the Sceotweald of O... The first theme is an /-diminutive extension of tola. vol. p. The first theme is a personal name. Ð A parish 3 miles SE. xlvii. given in O. Soriswrth is in an Inquest of 1242 (R. where Un is for Hunfrith. CATALOGUE OF PLACE-NAMES 213 Tottleworth. Snoddesworth. of Warrington. vol. 1. In early final Concords it appears as Schoresworth. xxxix. O. Suthewrthe is from the Inquest of 12 12 (R. south.. O. p.) Schereswurth. in O. vol. used in composite personal names. of Blackburn. NW. p. . is in an Inquest (R. F. The first theme is a personal name. of Manchester. p.Ð A hamlet 5 miles NE. 469. xlix. Suthworth. xlviii. the Sceutuald of the Liber Vitse.. vol. see Mii. p. p.. Shotilworth is in a Final Concord of 1482 (R. north of Blackburn. Sothwrth.. like the other points of the compass.). 410.). p. to grant. The name Sudan. xlviii.). vol. xii.. vol. Totlewrth. 60. 159. 1477.). p. may be from Suth. First theme. In the Assize Rolls (R. of Bury. 459 . vols. The first theme is the Old English word suth. which also appears in the Yorkshire Scoreby.. The first theme is the name Snodd. but as forming a theme in composite names (O.. given in O..). col. Southworth.. perhaps as a nickname. p. Unsworth. Also Una is a name in the Liber Vitae. 437)... xUx. 458). vols. 433... 158. is found in the weak genitive Scorran. Ð A township i mile N. p.. vol. xlvii. Skorri is a name found in the Landnama.). 427Shoresworth.. and is a composite of a root cognate with the Old English Sceotan.. 1258. p. xxxi. though not Suth. tota is used not only as an independent personal name. to shoot.. Sheresworth. Ð A joint parish with Croft 4 miles NE. gives examples of North. 358.. Ð An old manor in Billington. being the familiar contraction of some probably bithematic name. and other thirteenth century forms are Sotheworth. Shotelisworth. 1241 (R. and Shutleworth in the Freeholders' List of 1600 (R.) are Chuttesworthe. and other forms are found. root cognate with unnan. and may here denote position. Probably names in Suth have become merged with names in Swith (O.from the Assize Rolls (R. 410. tottel. xlviii. Shoreswrth. of Rochdale. But the word may also be personal. For the root. It appears in a personal name in 1332 (R.. gives one such.. being the name of a bird.). Ð An old manor in the township of Pendlebury. Wardleworth. p. S. vol.). 1246 (R.). modified by Scandinavian influence. Ð A joint parish with Botton. Kaupmanns in Old Norse being the genitive case of Kaupmathr. xlvii. p. xii. 1577 (R. 1246 (R. Ð A hamlet 8 miles NE. and in the early seventeenth Capernwraye and Caponra (R. 12 12 (R. pp. p. vrd.. p. of Lancaster. see O.. 1558 (R. In the sixteenth century we find Capenwrae. Whitworth. Whitworth. The present name has thus probably grown to its form through the influence of the neighbouring Warê. xlvi. vol. lo miles NE... xlvii. of Kirkham. Capemwray.) it is spelt Wra. rd. xviii. 214 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Wray. with the ^diminutive. Wraa in a Final Concord of 1380 (R. See this word above. vol. Werle appears to be a personal name j the word WcBr. CHAPTER IV PLACE-NAMES OF ONE THEME CHIEFLY. vol.. Caponwray. Early forms of the word are Koupemoneswra. of Lancaster in the parish of Over Kellet. 473. For the many names in which this is a name element. WBAY A corner. 310). vol. xlvii.. which appears as first element in the word Roby.. Ð A parish 4 miles N. xlix. 23s). xlviii.). Coupmunwra.) .). vols. Under the termination Hill. The first theme is possibly the personal name Hwita (O. a travelling merchant. 1319 (R.In the Assize Rolls the word occurs as Werleworth (R. white. vol. vol. xxiii. Wytewrthe. 26). xxxix. and Wray. 92). vol.. p. Wytewurth.. Later forms are Whytworfhe.. vol. 52). x. OR WHOSE SECOND THEMES DO NOT ADMIT . or out-of-the-way place. but it may also be the Old English hwit.... 1... It is Wrd. p.. of Lake Windermere.. p. The word may originally have been the Old English Ceapmannes. vol. 234. Wer. and Wray.. 1541. x. Caponwray. Also Low Wray and High Wray.). in the NW. In the Assize Rolls we find the forms Wyteleurthe. From the Old Norse.. of Rochdale. a corner or nook. The first theme is a personal name derived from trade. 1622 (R. and for Z-diminutive O. In a Final Concord of 1229 (R. There is another Wrea 2 miles W. vol. Bare. In a Final Concord of 12 19 (R. Bulk is a ft-diminutive (O.. Hanging Birch in Rainhill 4 miles SE. 121).). p. Birch is the name of a village 2 miles NW.C. of Ulverston.. The Low German forms are Bare.. Ð A township adjoining Lancaster on the NE. heath.C.H. Bircli-in-Bush. p. vol. which occurs in O. 1332 (R. Brtiche represents in Domesday Book the Old English brycg (M. 80. Also. Bulk. It is mentioned in Domesday Book.OF EASY EXPLANATION. of Prescot. vol. which occurs in composite personal names as a variant of burg (see O. p. Name perhaps shows that the land was held on particular conditions. a height. For the root bar.. v. p..) of the personal name Bui. The Scandinavian old adjective harr means vigorous. p.. though occasionally it is spelt Bar (R. but otherwise is rare in the early records. De Birkes appear frequently as surnames. vol. vol. S. is formed from burch. xii. No early records. Sonde is also a personal name of Norse origin (see O. There seems to be no mention of these places in early records. of Middleton. 246.. Ð A village 3 miles NW. afterwards Bruche (V. Bruch. of Lancaster. iii. a birch-tree. Burch. a man. p. and Bruch in i66o (R. signifying originally a yeoman-householder. p. as name element in a few names. 325).S. 25). 120. The form Birk is perhaps due to Scandinavian influences. 96). Ð A manor. and has not altered its form. It is a personal name given in O. The word occurs in the Exchequer Lay Subsidy. Ð An ecclesiastical district 3 miles S. but Del Birches. See the word Bondeland in B. 47). from which spring the patronymics Baring.) 2i6 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES it is Bruches. xxxix. of Bury. of Warrington. xxiii.. opposite Garstang. De Birches. col. The root is bol implying mate or companion (see F. of Manchester.. Ð A joint parish with Barnacre. p. No records of earlier forms. Ð A village 3 miles NE. Ill).. on Morecambe Bay. 120. pp.-T.. vol. by metathesis of r.). 88). lies on the left bank of the Wyre. "The name is said to have originated from the innkeeper about 1750" (V. Bonds. and green 4 miles NE.. Barre. . Arrad Foot.... Barrington.H. The origin of the word is the Old English beorc.. xxxi. Probably the Celtic ard. Besses o' th' Bam. Ð A village in Pilkington..ol]ne. col. see F. xxxix. Two early forms of this word are given with dates in the V. The following is an interesting passage from the abridged edition of Du Cange.H. See Prof.Cabus. 1674.." Olegg. The mediaeval spelling is Colne. vii. a clod. hence its name. plural of clif. of Garstang. Clocki Face. as PLACE-NAMES OF ONE THEME CHIEFLY 217 it seems. ut videtur. 63s : Ð " Due to cleofu. rock. Caboos. Wright's Dial. Cockey. is probably of Scandinavian dialect origin. a wicker pannier : "Cabasius. 1602. 161 2. The first theme appears to be the Celtic Creag. A village 2 miles NE. Ð A village and moor 3 miles W." "Cabasius. No early records. boulder" (Dial. in fluvio cabassiis seu nassis coarctatus piscium capiendorum gratia. it may be a nickname from Old Norse gloggr... Ð ^Village 3 miles SW. Cabess. Carraig. Ð A village and station on the St. Ð A parish on the right bank of the Wyre 2 miles N. xlviii. of Hawkshead. of Bury. the steep side of a hill. "Clegger. . p. Diet. clear-sighted. p. p. Ð A parish 2 miles SE. See Xok in Aasen's Ordbog. on the borders of Yorkshire. 74. Cabus. 125. High Cark. Claife." Does this extract throw light on the origin of the placename? Cark. p. 1^28 . Colne. which became the centre of a small village. 41. Ð Little Clegg. Low Cark. vol. x. 1550. On the other hand. I suggest cleeve. is restrained by weels or wicker baskets in order to catch iish.. Kaun. Ð A borough and market-town 18 miles NE. p. Perhaps from the Welsh clegr. i. hamlets 4 miles N. The place-name takes its origin apparently from the . Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway. i. of Cartmel. Ð Locus. Ð A place where the course of a river. of Rochdale... a rock. 102 j Caybus. is found in an entry of 124 1 (R. Originally a public-house. where he explains a Latin word formed from the Old French cabas. The moor may have been marked by heaps or mounds . i6io. 635)..). What appears to be a phonetic spelling. vol. signifying a mound. The Cabus.C. Diet. of Blackburn. a rock. No early records. of Cartmel. The following seventeenth-century forms are taken from R. 305: Cayballes. also Cockey Moor. The word cock. See Dr. iv. p. 392). is used as a nickname in the Landnama (II. Hertfordshire. 223). krumr. First theme the Old Norse krokr. The-word is a genitive case of an ^diminutive. p. found in an early document of 680 (E. lying to the S. xxxi. xxiii. vol. No records known. Name probably derived from Old English copp. Michael-le-Wyre. 6). under Colne. Kemble thus explains it : "A meadow through which a stream flows.H. PLACE-NAMES OF ONE THEME CHIEFLY 219 xxxix. Crttmles. 3 miles SE. In a charter of the middle of the twelfth century (L. Ð A village near the river Douglas. Derwynd is of the fifteenth (R. or perhaps one in the river... p. In this case a winding in the road to Shevington. crooked. a winding. This seems to me a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon word crundel. The water of Derewente is in a Final Concord of 1227 (R. probably of Celtic origin. and in the next century we meet with Crimbles.. 399 n. a summit. Crumeles.). of Garstang.. The b being an intrusive growth. 6 miles NW. Darwen...P. 4th edition. See Croxteth above. The word is a river name. which often occurs in charters. There is a Sussex place-name. Crimbles.. 71. 281).).).river on which the town is situated. 471. vol. Derwend. of which the Old Norse equivalent..). of Blackburn. Isaac Taylor's Words and Places. Crom (W. and is a puzzle to the readers. xlviii."* The root of the name is the same as of the Old English crumb. a hook. gives on p.. of Wigan. . vol.. of Garstang. 1. See K.). and Lower Darwen a village.. xxxix.C. or may be a field or fields. mention is made of Crimbles as a demesne. Darwen appear early in the seventeenth (R. Ð An ecclesiastical district in the parish of St.. Darwin. Rivers of the same name are found in Essex. which shows the name in its umlauted form. Derewmt. Ð Great Crimbles and Little Crimbles are hamlets in the valley of the Cocker. The Domesday Book form of the word is Crimeles. K. Derwent are forms belonging to the fourteenth century (R. xlvi. 133. and Gloucestershire. Crook. such as O." See E. 218 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Copp. Crumbles (R.. Crymesham. p. 4. xii. vols. Ð Over Darwen a municipal borough... 3 miles NW. vols. p..C. the form is Crimblis. p. In V. p.. of the Low German Crum. vol.. I suggest that the second syllable is the Old Norse rann.). a house.H. to be strong. Ð A hamlet in the parish of Whittington.... Delph. namely Doc. Ð A village NE. Chaplain. Ð An ecclesiastical district in the parish of Aldingham..O. Ð A parish 4 miles W. vol. Spelt Dokker in two entries belonging to the years 1505 and 1508 (R. Is it possible that the name has been superseded by a more euphonious one ? It took its rise round a publichouse with a sign of that name. in Halliwell. No early records. being the Old English efes. connected with the Old English verb dugan. 231. i. dycga (see O. 173).. Eaves. such as here. and the sign represented a girl taking them off. Ð A hamlet 7 miles NW. Dendron. of Dobcross in Saddleworth.).. Diggle Edge is a neighbouring eminence. A William de Eccles appears in an Inquest of 1242 (R. xxiii. 220 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Docker. pp. and that the word originally meant Vale House. of Manchester. vol. Ð Â hamlet 2 miles NW. Dem. of Preston in the township of Wood-Plumpton. 248. 1. 59 . the word appears as Deurim. meaning dismal. . Dum. Ð A village i mile NW. Dycga . 166. xlviii. The first theme seems an Z-diminutive of Old English diga.p. The y-extension may arise from the second theme (which has perished) of a bithematic name.. making the d an intrusion. border (of a forest). p.C. Old English cern (as in Hardhorn above). The word is a dialect word. Due. and a Roger de Ecclis. The base is the same personal name that appears in Duxbury and Duckworth. No early records. pp.. see N. and F.D. See V.. of Dobcross in Saddleworth. 247).C. of Dalton-in-Furness. The place-name is descriptive. usually supposed to be the Dene of Domesday Book. hidden. 243. lonely . vol. col. does not seem to contain the word. Eccles. 3. In the Patent Rolls. in which the first syllable seems a misreading for Den.H. and so wild. ir miles NE. secret. 3 miles S. of Lancaster. Deurum. xlix. Diggle. vol. solitary.E. Ð A hamlet close by Littleborough. Doffcocker. 1270 (R.. in an . Cockers are short stockings. iii. perhaps from the Old English derne. of which lengthened forms are Docca. The V. This is the Old English word {ge)del/. a digging. of Bolton-le-Moors. Helde... Ð An ecclesiastical district 6 miles N. in Spotland. of Cartmel. implies that Glesi may have been used as a personal name. 1402. Heald. 130) and in a Final Concord of 1339 (R. Ð A hamlet 2 miles NE. p.). ecclesia. a slope.. 788. inclined...Assize Roll of 1277 (R.) Haidoc.H. Fence. 151). Glasserton. vol. or storehouse . Ð Â village and modern seaside resort on Morecambe Bay. Helens. Spelt Fens. then a farm-house or country-house. The variant Chaydok is found in the Assize Rolls of 1247 (R. It is mentioned in the Assize Rolls (R. The name may well take its rise from the ancient church.C. Originally denoted the enclosure or barrier which separated that portion of the Forest of Pendle which was reserved. Glestingabyrig. I have found no early forms. Grange-over-Sands. xlvii. See F. In the early part of the thirteenth century. Ð Ecclesiastical district and village 3 miles N. p.. There is no certainty at present available about the group Glasson. PLACE-NAMES OP ONE THEME CHIEPLY 221 Glest. In Pipe Rolls.E. Grlasson. vol. p. The patronymic form of the name of Glastonbury in Somerset.C. and in a Final Concord of 1286 Haydok (R. Gleaston. which lies in the township of Barton-on-Irwell. 12 12 (R. vol.. Ð An urban district 5 miles E. 522. From the Old English heald. of Burnley. Consult the word hield in N. The old village lies a little way inland from the river. col. of St. See V. xxxix. the Port of Lancaster. a granary or ■ barn.. near Prescot. of Rochdale. vol.. pp. Ð Village and dock near the mouth of the Lune. dedicated of old to St. The word is Old French graunge. grange. Haydock.. This and other familiar forms of personal names compounded with heathu are given in O. the forms are found Hedoc and Heddoch. 281-8. xlviii.. 37). The word is a ^-diminutive of the personal name Hedde. vol. xlvii.. and the second theme some one of the terminations grouped under Eth.. xlvii. see Glossary to E. vi. 2 miles SE. Facit.). and can only suggest that if the name is old the first theme is that of Fazakerley (see that word). bent. fight. No early records and no satisfactory explanation of the name. Ð An old manor of Eccleston. No satisfactory explanation has been given of the word. for the root hathu. p.D. vol. 1169 (L. Mary.P. Glest. But Professor Rhys and other Celtic scholars rather connect Glastonbury with a Cornish word for oak (glastenm). of Bacup.). xlvi. vol. given in a will of the tenth century printed in E. .. There is a heald in the parish of Garstang also. Hert. Ð Manor mentioned in Domesday Book, identified by Mr. Farrer with Hart Carrs in Leece, SE. of Dalton-inFurness. The word is from heorol, a stag. The Old Norse form, Hjortr, was a personal name in the old times, as e.g. in the Landnama. 222 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Heap. Ð A township 2 miles E. of Bury. Probably a personal name as in Heapey. There is a form Heppo in O., p. 291. See Heapey above. Heskin. Ð A parish 4 miles SW. of Chorley. Heskyn, in an Inquest of 1301 (R., vol. xlviii.), is the spelling for more than two centuries. Heskin is found in an entry of 1497 (R., vol. 1.). The word is a diminutive of the personal name Has, Haso (see O., p. 280). The Low German names are Hase, Hese (see W., pp. 147, 160). The root is hasva, for which see F., col. 787, with which the Old Enghsh hasu, grey, is cognate. Haskayne. Ð A hamlet 4 miles SW. of Ormskirk, appears to be another form of the preceding word. Hest. Ð A hamlet near Morecambe Bay, 4 miles N. of Lancaster. The word occars in a Pipe Roll of 1184 (L.P.C), and suffers no modification except a rare change to Heste or Heest (R., vol. xlviii.). Probably a Domesday Book corruption of Hyrst. Compare M.S., p. 38, where several examples of such corruption will be seen. Hoole. Ð The two parishes Much Hoole and Little Hoole he about 7 miles SW. of Preston. Hoole appears as Hole in the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R., vol. xlviii.), Holes in an entry of 1223 (R., vol. xxxix.), and Hulle in one of 1241. Much Hole is mentioned 1260, Little Hoi in 1256 (R., vol. xxxix.), and Parva Hole in 1270 (R., vol. xlix.). The spelling Hoole is found in 1320 (R., vol. xlvi.). The word is the Old Norse holl, plural holar, a frequent place-name in Iceland, an occasional one in Norway. It denotes a rising ground, bank, or height, and is applied to farms on such situations. Much Hoole is situated above the river Douglas and a tributary brook; but "rising ground" is not very evident about the place, unless PLACE-NAMES OF ONE THEME CHIEFLY 223 perhaps to Wickings and other mariners sailing into the river and up into the country. Ince. Ð Known as Ince-in-Makerfield ; it adjoins Wigan on the east. Early forms are Ines, 12 12 (R., vol. xlviii.); Ynes, 1293 (R., vol. xlviii.); Ins, 1332 (R., vol. xxxi.). The name appears to be Celtic. C/. the Irish inis, an island ; the Gaelic innis, a sheltered valley, a pasture field. Ince, known as Ince Blundell, is a parish 9 miles N. of Liverpool, near the coast. It appears in Domesday Book as Hinne. Hynis occurs in 1242 (R., vol. xlviii., p. 147), Ines in 1295 (R., vol. xxxix.). Ins in 1332 (R., vol. xxxi.), Ince in 1497 (R., vol. 1.). The origin is the same as that of the previous word. Ingol. Ð A hamlet 3 miles NW. of Preston, in Ashton-on Ribble. Early forms are Yngoil, Ingool (L.P.C.). In the Assize Rolls Ingel, Ingoles, Thyncoleheued (R., vol. xlvii.), and Ingoldheved, 1323 (R., vol. liv., p. 182). The word is a personal name, Ingold, a shortened form oi Ingweald (see O., p. 317). Inskip. Ð A joint parish with Sowerby, 7 miles NW. of Preston ; it is the Domesday Book Inscip, and the variations are unimportant. It is spelt with initial h, Hinskipe, 1247, in R., vol. xlvii., p. 13, and an initial w in an entry of 1678 in R., vol. X., p. 231. The word is obscure, and when no light is to be got from Old English or Norse the tendency is to suspect Celtic words. May not the words inis-cip mean island (meadow) of the long grass ? See Dr. Joyce's Irish Names of Places, vol. ii., p. 340. The united township of Sowerby and Inskip lies low. The "poor soil" estate lies at the northeast end, the rising ground of Inskip towards the southwest. See the description in V.C.H., vol. vii., p. 279. Eenyon. Ð A parish 9 miles N. of Warrington. It is 224 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES iêm'e« in the Great Inquest of 12 12 (R.,voI. x\vni.),Kynian in an Assize Roll of 1276 (R., vol. xlvii., p. 131), Keynyan in a Final Concord of 13 10 (R., vol. xlvi.), and Kenyan in the List of Freeholders, 1600 (R., vol. xii.). The word is personal, cynian, genitive of cynia, a weak familiar form of kene or cyne. See O., p. 128, and Liber Vitse, S., p. 159. The root is the Old English cyn, family. Leagram. Ð A parish 7 miles WNW. of Clitheroe- The V.C.H., vol. vi., p. 379, gives the old forms Laihegrim, 1282, and Lythegreyns, 1297. The word is somewhat obscure ; it suggests, though, the Old English name Leodgrim, given in O., p. 325. The roots are leitdi, people, a very favourite theme ; grima, a mask, a helmet. F. gives several continental examples of the name. Leek. Ð A parish on the Westmorland border, 3 miles SE. of Kirkby Lonsdale. It is the Lech of Domesday Book, and is spelt Lecke (R., vol. xlviii.), Lee (R., vol. xxxix.). Leek (R., vol. xxxi., p. 107). The word arises probably from the adjacent stream, which seems to have had the name; for which consult F.O., p. 34, and K.,p. in. Lever. Ð The name of three places : Great Lever, an ecclesiastical district ; Little Lever, an urban district ; and Darcy Lever, a village to the S. and SE. of Bolton-leMoors. Litile Lefie occurs in the Great Inquest, 12 12 (R., vol. xlviii., p. 57) ; Magna Leure in the Assize Rolls of 1285 (R., vol. xlix.) ; Leoure in a Final Concord of 1227 (R., vol. xxxix.) ; Litile Levere in 1331 (R., vol. xlvi.) ; and Lever (R., vol. 1.) in entries of the fifteenth century. The first theme is Leqf, a common component in personal names (see O., pp. 326-36). The second theme of the name has preserved only the abraded form er. Leo/here, Li/ere are in O., p. 328. Lomaz. Ð A village 2 miles E. of Bury, in Heywood. PLACE-NAMES OP ONE THEME CHIEPLY 225 The two old forms Lummehalenges, Lomhalle are given in the V.C.H., vol. v.* p. 138, which work also suggests that the implied form Lumhalghes gave rise to Lomax (index). Lum is a dialect word. The two meanings which may give rise to place-names are : (i) That of deep hole, in which sense the word is of obscure origin (see N.E.D.) ; and (2) A small wood or grove, in which sense it is probably a corruption of the Scandinavian lundr. The latter meaning may possibly be the origin of Lom, in Lomax. For the second syllable, see the termination Halgh. Lumb. Ð An ecclesiastical district in the Forest of Rossendale, 2 miles NW. of Bacup. The name proceeds from one of the dialect meanings mentioned in the preceding Ð probably the one marked (2), a grove, in which case it is a corruption of the word Lund. The Old Norse lundr has given rise to several place-names. See the next word. Lunt. Ð A parish 7 miles N. of Liverpool. A Henry du Lund is mentioned in a Final Concord of 1292 (R., vol. xxxix.), a William de Ltmt in one of 1402 (R., vol. 1.). Lonnt and Lunt are found, one at the beginning, the other at the end of the sixteenth century (R., vol. xii.). The origin is the Old Norse Lundr, a grove, and is probably of a sacred character. The place-name occurs in a forest perambulation, near Preston, on the north side (L.P.C., p. 421). There is a Thomas del Lond of Lonesdale mentioned in 1357 (R., vol. xlvi.). There is a chapelry Lund 3 miles SE. of Kirkham. Confusion has perhaps occurred as in the word laund, from the Old English Land, 3 miles N. of Burnley. Lytham. Ð A town on the estuary of the Ribble, 13 miles W. of Preston. It is spelt Lidun in Domesday Book and appears as Zithttm in L.P.C., and Lithun in the Great p 226 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Inquest (R., vol. xlviii.). The seventeenth century forms are Lithom, Lythom, Zitham, Lytham indiscrimiiiately. The word means " at the slopes," being the dative plural of the Old English and Old Norse hlith, a slope. Morecambe. Ð Borough and watering-place 4 miles NW. of Lancaster. It took its name from the Bay, which was so called by modern writers, who believed it to be the Moricamhe of Ptolemy. Mellor. Ð A parish 3 miles NW. of Blackburn. Meluer (R., vol. xlviii.) and Meluir (R., vol. xlvii., p. 136) are thirteenth century forms, Melure (R., vols, xxxi., xlviii.) of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Mellour (R., vol. 1.) is of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and Mellore (R., vol. xii.) of the close of the sixteenth. There is a variant Melwrith (R., vol. xlvii., p. 20) in the thirteenth century. Mel is an obscure first theme, and probably arises from more sources than one. In the Leicestershire Melton, as Domesday Book shows, it arises from contraction of medal, an Old Norse word corresponding to the Old English middel. In other words, from the peculiarities of scribes, it has superseded Mil, a shortened form of mild, from root milde, which appears in many Old Enghsh names (see O., p. 352). Lastly, it may arise, as here perhaps, from the old personal name Melda (O., p. 351), of which the root is also milde, gentle. The variant form seems to show that for the second theme we have writh, a wattle, suggesting an enclosure for cattle, as the Scotch wreath. See Prof. Wright's Dialect Dictionary. Mumps. Ð A part of Oldham. No early records of name which is probably personal, in the genitive case, the p being intrusive. The Low German name Mume, Mumme, Mum (W., 264) is in full use. PLACE-NAMES OF ONE THEME CHIEFLY 227 Ð A large borough 3 miles NE.P. The place took its name from the "Lord Nelson. No satisfactory origin for this place-name has been found. pel. In a perambulation of the Lancashire forest (L. 1. Ð A hamlet in Little Hulton.H.C. vol. Ð Island and Castle at the south end of the island of Walney : Ð The Pile of Fouldrey.. 1307 (R. and Peer in the Norwegian form of the name 228 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Peter. a pear tree. which took its name from the public-house round which it grew. appearing in the Manx Perswick . 4 miles S. A second conjecture is that Par is another form of Bar. vol. Pane and Par appear in Inquests of 1298.. 6 miles E.. Peel Chapel. Parre. Bygging is a dialect word (from the Old Norse bygging) meaning a dwelling. See the word Furness above. Old Swan..) it is Neiibygging. The first theme is the Old English pirige. incorporated 1890. Helens. xii. xxxi. an enclosure." an inn which existed there nearly one hundred years ago. 421) this is spelt Pirloc. and that per is a pet form of Peter. Farlick and Farlick Pike in Chipping. of Bolton-le-Moors. Later spellings vary between Par and Parre (R. Parr. It is probably a personal name of Germanic origin. xlix. Conjectures are not wanting." The word seems to have been introduced by the Normans .). The root is the Old Norse mundr. Paar and Parre in the Subsidy Rolls (R. and the second the word loca. Piel. V. that Par has been produced from Per by the same change in pronunciation and spelling that has produced Darby from Derby. Newbiggin.C. . Nelson. p. of Garstang.. just as Pil is another form of Bit. vol. Par. 285. and O. In a Patent Roll of 1269 (R. The word Peel denotes a fortified house or small castle. One is. Skeat gives "Peel. M. Ð A hamlet 6 miles SE.In the Lincolnshire Mumby Domesday Book reads Mundeby.E. The earliest form is Par.). dowry. Ð An ecclesiastical parish now forming a part of St. Old French pel. vol. p. 1246.).. Ð Â suburb of Liverpool. vol. xlviii. gives as an Old English name Mund. of Dalton-in-Furpess. a small castle originally a stockade or wooden fortress. of Burnley. are two mediaeval forms in W.). Parr occurs at the close of the sixteenth century (R. xlviii. The variant Preses is found in an Assize Roll of 1247 (R. xlix. Winder Moor. of Kirkham. p. vol. near Bolton. so-called from the colonnade of a church built at the end of the eighteenth century. of Prescot. i mile SW. 4 miles SW.. xii.. p.). See Preesall above. of Wigan. Of Norse origin. xlviii. vol. a rough steep road on a hillside. Revid. on the south. x. Ð A hamlet i mile E. The word is a Celtic or pre-Celtic word for a grove. Thirteenth century forms of the word are Revef.). 1249 (R. Reade in the List of Freeholders. PLACE-NAMES OF ONE THEME CHIEFLY 229 a cattle path.. Ravenswinder. Portico. Preese. Reved (R. Ð A hamlet 4 miles NW. Reved (L. a dwelling. vol.). 61). Pres. xii. There is an estate near Manchester.. vol. See the termination eth above. a village.P..). 1600 (R. of Burnley. Ð An ecclesiastical district. Ð A village 2 miles SW. Prees. the Pres of Domesday Book. .. spelling possibly influenced by French plat. 22). a plot of ground . In the later Final Concords we find Rede. Ð Hamlet at Tonge.. There are other places of this name in the hundred of SaJford. xlvii. of Dobcross. occur in the Inquests. Winder Hall. and places of the same name appear in Cumberland and Westmorland. it may arise from Old English wic. The first theme is a personal name. vols. Raikes. meaning a track or path.Piatt Bridge. see Aasen's Ordbog. a sheep walk. of Cartmel (R. in the Parish of Melling. called Piatt. The word appears to be the Old English Ploti. A winder is a winnowing fan. Rhodes.. Raak. Bead.).. Prees is the form in the list of Freeholders. Rake is a dialect word. on the high ground of the left bank. 1600 (R. Ð A parish 4 miles NW. of Middleton. vol. Ð A village 2 miles S.. in local dialect. No early forms.. There is a Winder in Roeburndale. vol. The first theme is a personal name : the Rewe of O. The word is used not infrequently as a place-name. 1. 399.C. and R. and Preez somewhat later. Quick. There is nothing to show the origin of a second theme of which the t ox d is the remnant. p. xlvii. 404.. Rygh suggests that in some names it refers to a neighbouring river (see p. 1295. xlvi. ShoUerg. assigns to a root Sanja. 329. Saunky (R.. I am inclined to regard it as a river name.). Scarries. xlvii. which appears in the Enghsh Scearp. under Hross). No trace of the personal name in O. 1182 (L. 287). Thirteenth century 230 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES ones are Sanki..V.The · word seems to be a personal name. Shollers.. 21.. 1202 (R.. there are several examples in O. Sholver. Ros appears as a personal name theme in O. 222). The first theme is the Old English sceolh. oblique .. Scholgh. vol.. 154). 57). xlix. of Lancaster. xlvii. A village 2 miles to the east of Barrow-inThe word is mentioned in Domesday Book. wry. which F.. Ð A hamlet 3 miles NE. xlviii. xxiii. the word Scarpa.. W. vol. Shalgarih. the root hrothi. See col. of Oldham. of Warrington.. xlix.). xlvii.P. Sanky (L. and the modern form is one of 1278. Great Sonky occurs in Final Concords of the fourteenth century (R.P. 885. Among the Low German names are Sanke. p. p. Shalwer.. col..) several words occur.C. The the see Old first theme is the personal name which is found in Low German Searp (see W. In the Assize Rolls are the forms Scharples and Sharpies (R.). Ð Furness. These are ^-diminutives of Sanne. Sholuer.. is spelt iJosse.).. Sankey. Shonkey.. Boose.. vols..C). For the root.. a horse. Shollere. In early charters the form is Ros which is also found in 1247 (R.. An earlier form is found in a Final Concord of 1202 (R. where it (L. of which. 1305. In the Assize Rolls (R. vol. xlix. 12 12. is the Sline . vols.) in later Inquests. col. Sholwer.P. and to leave the puzzle of the second theme untouched. F. supposed to represent old forms of Sholver . p. Hross. Sancke.. Slyne.C. p.). p. Choller. vol. Sonky. vols. p. means /awe. Ð A township 3 miles N. Old Norse skfalg . xxxix. and the es is a genitival termination. Scharples (R. Schelwath. Sharpies presents an /-extension of this name (see O. Ð A parish 3 miles N. p. pp. involving the conception of beauty. in place-names Skjel.. Early forms of the word are Charples. F. of Bolton-le-Moors. xxxix. 331). was used as such a theme in personal names in the Landnama (see C. Earliest form Sonchi. Sharpies. vols. Ð Â parish 3 miles W. all belonging to the thirteenth century. 302 . 422). 1. sharp.. the theme hroth. Solhher. The " Stand " is the highest point within Knowsley Park.P. The word is supposed to be the Old English spic.). 1222 (R.).. Perhaps the word is descriptive rather than personal in its origin.).). xxxix. on the Man- 232 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Chester road. a river mouth.). vol. position. slinn. Swedish Dialect Dictionary). to stand. a flat side as of hewed timber (Aasen). vol.. Speck is ai form in the Assize Rolls (R. xlvii. the sense in which coal-miners use the word. See K. then a flat stretch (Reitz. Cf. of Bury. Dictionary we read as from Kemble: "Spic occurs in names of places where swine were fed. xlviii.. A guess may be hazarded that it is an Old Norse nickname Slinni. 1205 (L. A Middle English word meaning place.. Speke. a torrent. The Scandinavian slind. Wright's Dialect Dictionary. xlvii. of Liverpool .. flowing. bacon. vol. and Speek of the Subsidy Rolls (R. The second theme is the Old Norse minni. The word is obscure.P.). xlvi. PLACE-NAMES OF ONE THEME CHIEFLY 231 Slina. vol. and Vigfusson translates it a clownish fellow. The first theme is a river name. In the B.) occur. p. Speke occurs in a Final Concord of 1313 (R. Slin (L. Fritzner. p. of Poulton-le-Fylde. xxxi. Ð A parish and township 3 miles N. Stalmine is the Domesday Book form.. calls the word an unprepossessing epithet of a man.C. of Wigan. vol. Ð A township 5 miles NE. Ð A parish 6 miles SE.-T. and in German ones as miinde. Stand or WHtefield. the Spec of Domesday Book. vol. of the thirteenth century is Scline. and Asselinas in a charter of King William II. lard. and Stand House is a farmhouse on the highest ground within Croxteth Park. In early Pipe Rolls the forms Sline.. and Schelen is found among other variants in the Assize Rolls (R. and Welsh dylad. 94).). Has the "Stand" near Bury got its name from a similar situation within the grounds of Stand Hall? Standish. and compare the Irish tuik.C. An early spelling. in his Dictionary of Old Norse. 64. and the Great Inquest (R. 4 miles S. a word found in the form minde in Danish placenames. from the Old English standan. for which see Prof." Stalmine. Staleminne of a Final Concord of 1235 (R...of Domesday Book. Stalmin of an early Pipe Roll. . vol. xlviii. . which persists fairly through several centuries. and in 1600 (R. xii..). Norse settlers' influence is visible in the 1302 form. The word appears as Treueles in Domesday Book and other early notices (R. are found in the Assize Rolls (R. Stid is a dialect form of Stead. vols. 38).H. The word Tor denotes water (see K. and may refer to the moss which in old times must have stretched alongside the brook as far as the Mersey. 1302 (R. the second the word {ge)wcesc. as also Stanedich. The second theme is the old bocc.P. 102). Stanhedis. a grave mound. Treales in the sixteenth .C. Thorbok. 1324 (R. p.. vol. north of the cathedral. strong .. 1246 (R. See Professor Wright's Dialect Dictionary. Domesday Book has the form Torboc. Treveles and Treules in the Subsidy Rolls (R. Both parts are Celtic. Thurbeke. vol. Turbok. TorbocÐ A township 8 miles SE. The early forms of the word (V. xxxi. p.. vol.. Strangwishe.).). izo8.C. xlviii.. Ð A parochial chapelry near Ribchester. It is the Old Norse dys... 429. xlvi. of which the first seems to be the primitive form. Stanedisch. The first theme is the Old English Strang. The first theme in the earliest of these forms seems to be a personal name in the genitive case. and was bounded on two sides by these rivers. Danish dysse. vol.. iv. or disc. PLACE-NAMES OF ONE THEME CHIEFLY 233 Taxbock. seems the most trustworthy. Terbok. p. modern bog. flood.. vol. xxxi. 59.). but especially perhaps to the Irk. vol. Stan. .Stanesdis. Among the variants are Trebuch. 260) were Strongways.C. xlvii. and Stanedis. Torboc (R.. xlvii.. xlvii.. Thirteenth century forms are Thorboc. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Torbok predominates (R. vols.. 11 77 (L.P. 18). 1253. of Liverpool.). Stanediss. and one of its meanings is a farm-house. vol.) Tarbocke.C. pp. 1206. Skeat's Dictionary.. of Kirkham. xxxiii. There are several examples of this first theme in O. xlvi. Treales. Stan's grave mound.) of early charters. xli.). 1473.. on the NE. xlviii. The name refers to the two rivers. Stidd. in the sixteenth Torboke (R. 12 11 (L.. The Domesday form. under Bog).). Strangewayes. It lay in the tongue between the rivers Irk and Irwell. are forms in the Pipe Rolls. Ð An estate near the centre of Manchester. meaning sofi (see Dr.). die. xlvi. 1306. The second theme may be either dis. 1349. overflow.P. p..). Stanidis (L. cairn. Strangeways. vol. Ð A joint parish i mile NE. Manchester) are left. and a few modified forms. appear to have lost their names. The second theme is the Old Enghsh lass. Wigan. a 234 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES single variant Wygain being once found (R. xii. CHAPTER V GENERAL REMARKS A CURSORY glance at the place-names examined in the preceding pages will show a marked prevalence of Low German speech-forms among them. The towns marking Roman encampments (Lancaster. 186).C.P. See F. which must have existed at the time of the Germanic invasion. vi.. for which see O.. the root being the Old English wig. a pasture. though not always so perceptibly. . gives an early form Turuel under 1242. vol. p. vol. This suggests for the first theme the personal name Turolf. being named after the rivers.. The Germanic predominance is quite as marked in the first themes of the place-names as in the second. It is remarkable that three of the Lancashire place-names ending in les. Wigan. i8 Scandinavian. p.) are the usual forms throughout. and Treales present difficulties. Wharles. which appear before the end of the fifteenth century.. as Clitheroe. 178.H. not only in the second. The V. This may be expressed numerically by saying that of the 500 names referred to in the preface. Wiga. vol. Crimbles. The word means champion.century (R. 487. The Romano-Celtic villages and homesteads. Many are difficult to explain. Wygan (L. in which the first theme is a Celtic river name. tree. p. col. Ribchester. Others of the above forms suggest the Old English word treow. of Manchester.. The word is the genitive case of the Old English personal name Wicga. 2 Celtic. a Scandinavian of considerable amount. Ð A town 18 miles NW. and a small Celtic or pre-Celtic one. the old names of which were preserved in all parts of the county. about 80 per cent. 1577. or maybe the names have become so modified as to assume a Germanic form. xlvii. are probably of later origin. and perhaps a Walton. 119). 485. This predominance suggests that the invading German tribes in the centuries succeeding the departure of the Romans were sufficient to occupy and colonise the whole county. war. are Low German.. Danish writers find a similar difficulty in interpreting the Danish place-names ending in lose. but also in the first themes.C. Other linguistic elements are present. Words such as Golbome and Glazebury.. as in Threl/all above.. pp. the valleys of the Lune and the Ribble gave opportunity for peaceful and quiet penetration. Litherland. Such are Altcar. Grim. Ragnar Lodbrok. The Scandinavian linguistic element is to be seen in all divisions of the county. and others are obviously Scandinavian . Holme. These newcomers into Lancashire from the east were doubtless mostly Danish and Swedish. Norwegians held rule over parts of Irelandj the Orkneys. Lathom. Certain peculiarities may here be noticed : Ð (i) Some names of Low German origin have apparently been modified by later settlers of Scandinavian origin. GENERAL REMARKS 237 perhaps as late as the eleventh or twelfth century. Gunnolf. Hacon. and Norwegian influence may be seen in Cumberland in some of the later Runic inscriptions. Beck. between the two themes . connected with the names of Sigurd. or an equivalent. the coast parts of Lancashire show in their place-names considerable traces of Norwegian settlers (see the termination Breck). One of the most surprising results of the investigation into these place-names is the conviction of the completeness with which the county was Germanised after the Romans left. Sefton. Carr. as has been shown individually. leaving behind large numbers of settlers occurred in the ninth century. Thorweald. Thora. Some second themes as By.236 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES and opinions may well differ about them . are mainly personal nameSj can be found in Searle's Onomasticon. which. (ii) Five names appear to have undergone a curious development in mediaeval times. though perhaps it is somewhat more pronounced in Amounderness and the coast of West Derby than elsewhere. over Northumbria. but the bulk of the first themes. Thwaite. Childwall. If the invading hordes of the east coast did not penetrate in great force into Lancashire. Where no traces can be found in Searle. Stainall. but at the time of their incoming. also first themes such as Anlaf. and Lodbrok's descendants. and then under English rule. and the Isle of Man. As might be expected. the Hebrides. The stories of Scandinavian rule at York in the eighth century. This consisted in the intrusion of de. Orm. are perhaps largely mythical. reference to Winkler's Naamlijst will almost always confirm their Low German origin. Everton. and in the tenth there seems to be good historical evidence that Eric Bloodaxe ruled at York. but invasions. Howe. and their etymology seen in Forstemann's Namenbuch. In the thirteenth century the Isle of Man came first under Scottish. Toxteth. but such doubles are not usually found in the same county. 20. Perhaps these pairs come from comparatively modern times. whatever it may be. and not in the other. again. 134. INDEX TO PRIMARY WORDS AND ELEMENTS A.of the place-name. the second theme being ley. This de did not remain as a rule. Meols. and did not always leave traces. Dalton and Dalby. Ashton and Ashby. Worsley. Such are Breck. oak. Dinkley. The de left its trace in the d of Cuerdley. Silverdale. or both. 8. 95. This may be due to emigration or sentiment. (iii) Some Lancashire place-names are found repeated in Wirral. 161 Mcer. eU. 35. agin. i8. Thornton. Several exceptions are seen in such names as Glazebury and Gorton. There are others. ecg. 62 ^g. 41. aelle. where a first theme is found with two diflferent second themes of different linguistic stock. The histories of Childwall. vir. 48. lo Aba. 66. man. (iv) It will in most cases be found that the first and second themes of a place-name come from the same linguistic stock. Thingwall. In most cases the etymological meaning: of each of these place-names. 69 ^lla. 158. where the first theme is a river name. river. Ince. 159. Thornley. 197. Roby (Raby). 238 HANDBOOK OF LANCASHIRE PLACE-NAMES Examples are Croston and Crosby. Allerton and AUerby. I. 174 Ac. Appleton and Appleby. on the other side of the Mersey. may be descriptive of its history or position in one place. 170 . 208 Îf. Others are found in which the word as left by an early settler was modified in spelling or otherwise by a later one. and Cockerham record such modification. acre. Poulton. perhaps also in Silverdale. Windle. 20 ^gen. The five names are Cuerdley. when the original definite signification of the second themes had become somewhat obscured. Skelmersdale. 43 Alva. ash. 181 Austr. 79 ^thele. 124 Airidh. time. 73 Base. 159 Anlaf. a brook. 89 Bsek. back. 130. erg. appe. 12 . 170 ^thelgar. beck. 215 Arngeirr. 208 /Espe. ane. 198 Aindi.^rn. 33. 32 Ansi. Olaf . 219 ^sc. 170 Akrar. 181 Ambrose. 43 Anna. 69. man. noble. 205 An. 26 Alda. egger. 158. a height. 32 Andreas. OS. 72 AUt. 103 Baca. old. aspen. divinity. arable land. bag. 18 Ard. rock. 198 Ape. Ona. apa. ealda. 143 Badu. 198 An. house. fight. 39 Bacga. a divinity. 90. 158. 32. I2j As. 26 Air. east. alder-tree. 60 Ag. 7. 159. Basrr, barley, 161 Baga, strife, 39, 108 Bald, beald, bold, 86, 161, 181 Balder, 184 Ban, command, 18 Banke, bank, 10 Bar, man, 215 Bared, berred, 50, 108 Baun, bean, 59 Beach, 89 Beag, bracelet, 201 Beagan, beag, 92 Beal, 86 Beam, a tree, 55 Bean, 59 Beann, 124 Bebba, 162 Beda, 55 Ben, wound, 22, 182 Beorard, 50, 108 Beorc, birch, 35, 79, 215 Beorht, bright, 122, 197 Beorn, bern, 8 Berchta, 79 Bere, barley, 118 Berewic, hamlet, 202 Berht, beorht, bright, 205 Bernhard, 50 Berton, Barton, 182 Bic, bicca, 137, 146 Bigg, bygg, 103, 152 Bil, sword, 4, 21, 97, 162 Bill, gentleness, 162 Bior, fior, water, 39 Biork, bjarkar, birk, birki, birch, 35, 79, log Biscop, bishop, 6g Btec, black, 14, 109, 132 Blaes, blees, 35, 183 Blar, dark blue, 35, 126, 200, 201 Blasius, 35 Blsecca, 208 Blond, 40, 133 Bod, both, booth, 16 Bod, command, 55 Bog, soft, 233 240 INDEX TO PRIMARY WORDS Bokki, 109 Bol, mate, 97, 216 BoUe, bulla, 97 Bolstathr, 147 Bonifacius, 112 Bot, help, 208 Botl, bold, dwelling, 15, log, 162 Botm, botn, valley, 16, 163 Brad, broad, 10, 56, 100, 137 Brandulf, 86 Breithr, broad, 10, ico Brekka, brink, 17 Brer, briar, 28 Brereton, 28 Brether, 28, 163 Brid, bright, 197 Broc, 85, 163 Broca, trousers, 85 Brothar, 85 Bm, brun, eyebrow, 20, 120 Brum, 92 Brun, brynja, breastplate, 98 Brun, brown, 98 Brunnr, well, 12 Bu, dwelling, 63, 103 Buca, bucca, log Bugered, buered, 79 Burh, burg, byrig, 20, g8, 163, 204, 216 Burn, 80, 110 Burne, well, 12 Burr, a son, 13s Bute, 208 Butb, booth, 16 Byr, 23 C-DIMINUTIVE, 6 Cabasius, 216 Cad, Cadda, no Csedwalla, 74 Calder, 12 Caocb, 70 Caochan, a rivulet , 133 Caor, a stream, 13, 56, 63 Carl, man, 164 Castra, 26 Cat, Catta, no, 126, 164 Catte, Cath, Kette, 65, 164 Catto, £6 Cead, Ceadda, 165, 202, 208 Ceald, cold, 32 Ceap, kaupa, buy, 214 Ceatta, 14, 56, 70 Cec, cecce, 15 Ceol, keel, 15 Ceorl, Ceorla, in, 165 Ceorra, 67 Chad, no Cherno, 77 Ciar, dark brown, 67 Ciarach, swarthy, 67 Cild Cille, igg Cip, Cibe, 223 Cirice, 100 Clac, Claca, 165 Clag, clay, 165 Clais, a rivulet, 13 Claudus, lame, 38, 116 Clegr, a rock, 217 Cleof, clif, cliff, 27, 62, in, 166, 217 Cloh, Clough, 29 Clydvfr, shelter, 93 Cnaep, 46 Cnoc, hill, 102 CnoU, hill, loi, 207 Cnut, 81 Col, coal, 95 Col, Kole, 47, 166 CoUen, hazel, 95 Cone, 75 Coorn, so Copp, a summit, 80, 218 Coppild, Copt, pointed, 96 Cornelius, 50 Cot, Cote, house, 31, 70 Crawe, crow, 138, 167 Creag, rock, 32, 217 Criffel, 167 Croc, Crook, 85, 129 Crom, Crum, 65, 218 Cronk, hill, 138 Cros, cross, 23 Crump, bent, 167 Crundel, 218 Cu, cow, 80, 89, 138 168 Diora.Cul. 65 De. 219 Deor. 21 Dede. Culingas. Cutbert. 168 Deda. beloved. 21. 87 . 21 Daeg. Duke. 13s Cuthbert. 35. 47 Cumb. ai Dene. valley. day. 113. destroy. iig. 125. III. 185 Cwm. 135. 42. 209 Dolfinus. 168. 224 Cyping. 237 AND ELEMENTS 241 Dealla. 31 Cuna. 168 Denu. 24 Deore. 87 Dasl. 31 Cyne. g8 D^D. market. 132 Docoa. 52. dedi. i65 Cuni. handmill. 62 Dasgfinn. 168 Dank. 209 Dob. 60 Cweorn. Dunkin. dedis. 75. 135. wild beast. iii Dil. 116. 62 Dseg. 24 Die. Dak. cyn family. Didde. 34. Dobbe. Daegmar. action. 38. iiS. 136. of. valley. 39. 75. dugan. 159 Eard. river. 170. 123 East. 158. 138 Dunnere. riches. Eginolf. 52 Eald. 10 Ead. riches. to be strong. 6g. Eik. 36 Dunn. as ead. 219. old. 158 Ean. 201 Earn. in. brown. 28. church. 171 Egg. 198. in Dys. 69. 220 Dynne.Dryllr. 8. 138 Dycga. 13. 160 Kadanan. Down. Dude. 60 Eghe. 49. 87 Dunum. 43. 169 Dug. 81. 64. border. 21. eagle. 35 . 19. worthy. 36. 169. sword. 20 Eige. 81 Egger. 81 Ecclesia. upper. 22. native country. 81 Efes. 169 Dun. 52. 19. edge. 40 Dud. 232 Ea. oak. 185 Dun-er. Ecci. 71 Efri. 108 Ealh. 209 Ecgweald. temple. Egera. 70 Duuua. 139 Einulf. 220 Ecg. 67. 2og Dump. cairn. 45. 108 Ecca. many. 205 Fulca. 137. Frekr. farel. fearn. 134. 24 Forth. 146. old man. folk. Slica. 169 Ella. ongu. 128 Forn. 51 Fern. companion. 99 Fag. fallows. 171 Feld. faga. 131 Ful. 17 Faes. 86 Erweiterungen. 210 Floki.Eke. 128 . 112. Finn. old. 220 Fselging. filu. 156 Ergum. 210 Fald. foul. 24 Forni. narrow. 6. East. 131. 51 Fjol. elder. 13 Enge. 97 Er. 172 Finn. Eng. 210 Fili. 170 Ellen. bird. 54 Fara. meadow. 22 Folth-here. 52 Engl. fell. 66. 93. 172 Free. 87 Fjall. 172. 81. Ekele. 172 Fugel. 6 Est. cuckoo. 206 Gata. gerse. 36 Garthr. 12 Gelasius. boundary.Fyrhthe. n Gaukr. 36 Gairu. ig8 Gil. plantation. digging. 96 Geat. 102. 206 Geitr. Goth. 36. spear. 11. 221 . 219 Geersinga. 36. 112. 173 Gemoere. 19. 136 Gewassc. road. ger. geac. old. 62 Gars. gar. a goat. gers. 232 Geweald. 36 Gaerheard. 36. spear. 71 Gehseg. 173 Geat.gate. 71 Geset. 206 Gearo. 205 Geard. 175. 61. 13 Gade. 69 Gara. ready. gers. rivulet. gA. 172 Gamli. loi Glaise. 13 Glastenen. gesete. overflow. 19 Gaersingas. 8. 123 Gere. 87 Gayja. 8 Gedelf. power. 60 Gser. 78. grima. 90. 62 Q 242 INDEX TO PRIMARY WORDS Gras. 199 Ham. 150 Hap. graefa. Jacob. 32 Hana. hen. holy. grove. han.God. 197. 44 Golde. 125 Guthsvin. 139 Hardr. 99 Hale. 99 Hakon. 139. hoar. hawk. 93. 24 Grim. 104 . 139 Godsfriend. hero. guda. 44 Graef. enclosiire. 174 Har. 221 Greot. henne. 78 Haki. 51. 44. 206 Hard. haele. 184 Gud. Godsfriend. 44 Hafoc. heard. pasture. hord. hamr. 62 Graf. hacun. gun. 224 Grimm. battle. 75 Haga. 36 Graunge. banne. hard. gres. 154 Hagi. 14 Goswine. luck. 173 Han. little stream. sandstone. 12 Gund. 12. hane. 66. 28. 145 Halig. trench. hare. 68 Hama. battle. hamm. a bam. 226 Hloth. 81. heppe. 177. hase. fight. cairn. knoll. 120 Hlath. at the barns. 78. 84. 64 Hean. 47. 40. 93. 202 Hnukr. 128. 66. 96 Heafod. 64. hall. 107. a mound. 108. shelf. hese. 108 Has. 91 Hofud. a height. hofen. 34. heppo. 33. halas. slope. hodde. henne. hart. 221 Hlaew. 178 Hlid-geat. gi Haukr. 105 Hlithum. a slope. 106. 154 Hazel. army. bofud. 221 Healh. 221 Haugr. 51 Here. 104 . terrace. 67 Hoc. heale. 104 Hoi. 46. 31. 120 Hlith. 12. 62. 52 Hege. hedge. famous. head. 32 Haver. hasva. a sword. 14. 30. Hocca. 17s. nut. 206 Heim. 225 Heall. 61 Hlinc. lucky. 106 Hjortr. at the slopes. 71 Hen. 178 Hlathum. 46 Hjalli. 158 Hesse. 106 Hjellendt. 222 Heppin. hasu. 105 Hlithar. 30. 90. 74 Heald. 89 Hlith. hollow. 177 Hepe. 38 Hob.Harja. 71 Heuch. 222 Hatha. 50. 48. 48. sloping. 203 Hoi. 203 Hod. 40 Hof. 130 Heoru. 128 Hnutu. 89 Hou. Ikorni. mind. island. brushwood. 82. 154 Ingi. hofen. 32 Husum. I94. 81 Hugu. 85 Hop. 115 Hroma. 79 Hyrst. ring. 222 HoUen. 16 Holmr. 213 Hyll. raven. hoop. 94. 211. 88. 96. 178 Hun. 9. 203 Hordr. 37. 83 Hwita. 91. raven. obey. 91 Hwsete. 92 Hraban. 68. 211 Hros. 9. 210 HoUin. 222 Ieg. 229 Hroth. fame. 206 Hor. 17. a stone heap. 25.Holl. 63. 63. Hugh. 82 Horgr. 130 Hue. white. ridge. wheat. 123 Hrafn. hundr. glory. hurst. 53. 97 . 156 Hring. horse. holly. 90 Hore. S4. 115 Hris. holar. 229 Hryggr. 17. horulf. 32 Hundi. 186. 118 Hwit. squirrel. holly. holm. 43 Horn. 9. 156. 49 Ikorn. horling. r23 Hreysi. hunni. 113 Huna. 24. 29. 74. hrothi. 25. 199 Kilshaw. church. 70 Ketill. kell. 113 Keld. 47 Korni. crest. 48 Kerne. head. 166 Kooltjes. 164 Keer. 47 Kok. 47 Kirkja. a ball. kette. 46 Johannes. 81 Koelke. spring. spring. cauldron. s6 . climb. 36. 9. 72 Kjarr. 167 Knott. 6. 81 Knottr. 24 Ithi. island. a rocky peak.Inis. 217 Kollr. Kell. 26 Klifra. 76. kier. 223 Ira. 52 Kambr. 170. rso K-DIMINUTIVE. 47. 67. 77 Kete. 33 Kilde. Kjerr. Irra. 49. 50/ Kottr. 80. 183 Kaenta. 31 AND ELEMENTS 243 Karlus. 218 Kval. 123. 29 Launde. 140 Mserr. 102 Lad. 36 Lind. 8. 113. 6. 48. 106. 218 Krumr. 123 .Kraka. 178 Lass. lime tree. 179 Lambert. 113 Msere. lau. 225 Laurentius. 153 Leof. 225 Lundr. 130 Loca. 104. Leah. Leas. krumma. xois Lud. 147. 203 Leudi. 107 Lease. people. 76 Land-splott. Leage. 179 Lea. 113 Lum. 27 Lucus. 167 Krokr. 185. 40. boy. croc. loo. 53 Leccan. flax. crook. 224 Lin. 102 Leir. 105. beloved. 17 Lek. 213 Lacu. 104. 225 Machair. 118 L-DIMINUTIVE. 53. 53 Maeg. 96 Lither. 233 Laga. ridge. crow. 50. stream. 177. krummi. wet. 105 Lann. 227 Lob. 106 Lon. grove. 155. leek. 96. loin. Lohe. loam. lonne. 36. 65. 94. 224 Leuba. leod. field. people. 104. 167. Leages. nithere. 226 Melr. S3 Mam. 114. Nato. mind. 25 Nath. 41 Mel. nabb. mosi. mid. 126 Nsess. 123. sandgrass. 227 Myrr. dowry. 179 Mersham. rock. 42. 127 Nat. 180 Nicholas. peak. 80 Niwe. a jutting crag. 89. 41 Martin. 105. Marchel. 22 Mos. 41 Muli. 27 Minde. mil. 187. neowe. 25 Natbanael. 231 Mith. 117. 180 Mod. swampy moor. mild.Mass. 136 Nabei. middel. 180 Mearculf. 17 Mundr. knob. man. 125 Mul. 33 Mam. i8i Nor. 114. 119 Mawa. 155 Netbri. go. 45. north. 99. new. 27 Marckelif. 25 Neb. nib. favour. miinde. 122 Mere. 17 . field. 22 Moda. 67 Orm. castle. 16. penne. 73 Palnatoki. pear. Pyn. penel. 129 Pil. 59 Pecht. peose. 89. 228 Pen. Orta. 141 244 INDEX TO PRIMARY WORDS Pic. 73. 82 Pega. sword point. 121. 183 . 211 Pinne. 85 Patrick. s6 Ora. loo. Wurm. 115. padgate. bank. pend. 181 Pease. 34. Pict. 94 Ord. Peter. 82 Pel. padda. oddr. 130 Olaf. 22. 227 Philip. 152 Or. 73. 73 Pere. peak. pese. Ottarr. 66. i8i Ohthere. loi Pad. Oli. 16. 227 Petrus. 67 Ofer. 33 Peadda.Oddi. 49. oil. plot. 49. 61 Pada. 182 Plat. 228 Plesa. 183. 181 Pene. sword. 29 Rode. 37 Rug. 211 Sje. 9 Ret. 219 Rauthr. 105. 23 Samuel. 125 Raak. 37. 115 Rod. 184 Preas. 132 Ros. Regin. 186 Riotbr. rush. 17. Retsch. 37 Reyn. 23 Sanja. Sale. 136 Sahs. 23. red. 76. 228 Preost. 32. house. 43. 187 Saetr. 132 Ripam. 211 . 75. 183 Pol. Ryht. sea. salo. 42 Sade. 204 QUERNE. 68 Roscyn. sadal. 57 Rei. grove. rodan. 29 Roda. sheep walk. 185 Ric. a clearing. 90. 94. 184. 57. 230 Santha. 67 Regen. beauty. rough. a clearing.Plume. priest. 22 Salu. Rein. 27. 141 Rann. 146 Ruh. 57 Ruth. Rice. 42 Rode. ssete. red. plum tree. 204 Sama. Rud. 129. Ripa. 185 Sab. prys. red. Rod. Hreithar. S7. 29. brushwood. right. 82 Ram. 132 Rysc. pool. ridge. 29 Read. same. 187 Sal. 63. 185 Rise. 41. 82 Ribble. 228 Ragan. 186 Riht. true. 23 Samcke. 136 Sceard. 25 Sauthr. a division. 115 Sig. 212 . 212 Scir. 142 Sidu. 38. 116 Skali . sharp. 187 Sef. wry. 116 Scarpa. 188 Sitha. 102. victory. 25 Saurr.Saurbaer. 57 Seax. side. 141 Skakkr. 140 Scrot. 30. wry. shaw. claudus. 38. a ditch. to shoot. 76. knife. 187 Simon. 134 Skogr. 188 Sceolh. scarth. 82 Skelmir. 134 Skarthr. 187 Setr. skakki. 18. 76 Sic. sedge. wood. custom. mud. 7S. Skjalg. 38 Skjel. 13s Skorri. shed. secg. 43. 12. sheep. sherd. Scorra. 200 Skjol. 207 Singel. 230 Sceotan. 187. 150 Scsecca. s. 186 Sealh. 230 Sceaga. 116 Staina. 14s Stede. 156 Suth. 143 Slind. snab. 98. 143 Sletta. 22. 143 Slank. log. 188. 135 Skut. 148 Stod. stir. 68. black. 53. 145 Snape. small piece. flat side. 11 Svintha. 188 . 204 Spotti. path.Skov. 120 Stanhere. 17. 146 Steinarr. Salomon. 148 Stocc. 147. 17 Steinn. swift. stud. mud. 9. 83. 120 Stathr. 78 Strset. stone. 58 Stubbi. 115 Snsed. overhanging rock. 212 Svartr. 68 Stig. south. stub. 43. 143 Solomon. snop. 105 Stastb. 146 Steall. 130 Subba. 58. wood. 34 Styr. 231 Smethe. 136 Slaed. 119 Stan. 8s Tolle. 70 Tjom. isi Tun. 90. 148 Teitr. IS7 Tjette. 42. 73 AND ELEMENTS 245 Theod. 45 Thorn. 19. 73 Tange. 117. tjet. tota. Tim. 190 Thora. Turolf. tolke. 9 Toki. Tata. 42 Tbeuda. 14. 149 Til. 78 Theodmaer. Thistil. 146. 49 Tonn. 49. 189 Thor. village. bright. 199 Thistel. 9 Trog. I2i. 58 Tnip. tarn. Thyme. 149. water. S9 Tros. 136 Thurwulf. boughs. troh. Turold. 189 Torht. 73 Thorvaldr. people. 116. totta. 189 Thorunn. S3. 147. a meeting. snout. 74. 74. 233 Thyrnir. IS7 . 213 Trani. joyous. 19. 88.Taita. 190 Tot. tangi. 42 Thing. 190. field. Ulfarr. Wser. a dwelling. 196. win. forest. 18. 2H Una. foreigner. 83 Weland. tiinge. Unnan. craft. 228 . 213 Vrac. a bear. 78. IS7. 117. 117 Vartha. 83 Uht. foreigner. the master-smith. rule. 196 Wagan. so Wal. 140. beacon. comer. 25. 117 Weall. 119 Vith. 198 Valha. 198 Weard. 190. wale. trast. si. 149 Twisla. 213 Warid. 68 Vik. 204 Vaccarw. 140. watchman. a creek. river fork. thwaite. 119. Warin. 201. 193 Vollr. 193. rampart. ford. 191 Walse. 201 Vini. 25 White. 204 Wern. 126 Vicus. 42. 84. 42 War. 83.Tunga. 191 Wealh. iii. island. 190. 196 Verpill. wealh. 200 Weald. dawn. 193 Verca. Wer. 198 Vra. 16. 35. 40. cask. 154 Wic. 193 Wen. 191 Vallum. 103 Vald. a wall. 114. 192. 192 West. 121. 66. 197 Ualch. 48. Withig. 199 Ulfr. wine. foreigner. friend. 213 Ursa. 49. 207 Wath. i8s. Wagn. 84.. so Vela. 22 Vegan. 119. 118. 81 Uisce. pursue. 159 Alt. 194 Worth. 61. 26 Altbam. Orm. 141 Aigburtli. 205 Amounderness. 8 Adgarley. ISO. 191 Wurta. 207 Aintree.Wid. 43 Appleton. wood. 69 Allcrington. 150. 152 Alston. 158 Ainsdale. 31 Anderton. loi. 193 Wiell. 24 II. 84 Witt. wight. wattle. 157 Ackhurst. fight. 200 Withen. 193. yewtree. 203. 19s. 26 Altcar. 205 Wulfstan. 95 Acre. 159 Anfield. 81. 128. 20 Aighton. 198 Wig. 159 Anglezark. 158 Affeside. well. 48. 194 With. 118 Wise. 207 Wrid. 69 Amberswood. 28 Aldingham. 159 . S4 Wurm. S4. hazel-clump. winnowing fan. wide. 67 Writh. 195 Ye. 6g Accrington. vithr. wit. 158 AUithwaite. 196 Aldcliffe. 229 Winke. 196 Wudu. 194 Wind. 84 Winder. 226 Wryhta. 158 AUerton. 107 Adlington. 127 Ancoats. INDEX TO PLACE-NAMES AND SECOND THEMES Abram. 200 Wita. 51 Angerton. 234 Wiht. 35 Ainsworth. 141 Backbarrow. 88 Bagslate. 161 Baycliff. 108 Arnside. 11 Barnacre.Appley Bridge. 10 Banks. 11 Barrow Nook. 137 Bamber Bridge. 79 Astley. 11 Barrowford. II Bacup. 159 Ashton-in-Makerfield. 143 Bailey. 120 Barn. 160 Audenshaw. 160 Ashton-on-Ribble. 215 Barley Booth. 108 Barlow Moor. 160 Ashurst. 86 Arkillesthorn. 64 Ballam. 128 Bartle. 215 Ashton-in-Lonsdale. 33 AspuU. 28 Baxenden. 152 Becconsall. 201 Argarmeols. 39 Beanthwaite. 49 Bardsley. 55 Barrow-in-Furness. 160 Ashton-under-Lyne. 21 Ardwick. 9 Arbury. 160 Austerlands. 150 Arley Hall. 10 Bardsea. 108 Aughton. 18 Arbour. 92 . 137 Audley. 79 Barton. 55 Bamfurlong. 108 Bare. 18 Bamford. 208 Askelscross. 8 Barrow. 161 Baldwines healh. 141 Arrad Foot. 108 Atherton. 103 Ay. 95 Ashworth. 122 Arkholme. 108 Balderston. 59 Bank. 10 Ayside. 86 Balsbaw Lane. 161 Biokershaw. 15 Bentley. 97.Beck. 31 Blackford Bridge. 79 Bispham. 12 Bedford. 109 Birdtwistle. 55 246 INDEX TO PLACE-NAMES 247 Bent. 6g Blackburn. 137 Bickerstaffe. 55 . 35 Birtle. 103. 14 Black Combe. 135 Bigthwaite. 146 Bigland. 86 Birch-in-Rusholipe. 152 Billinge. 162 Bilsborough. 135 Billington. 197 Birkdale. 201 Bevington. 215 Beswick. 21 Bircheholm. log Besses o' th' barn. 215 Birchley. 16 Booths. 201 Blundell Sands. 126 Blatchinworth. 95 Boggarthole Clough. Burgh. 200 Bleasdale. 20 .Black Hey Nook. 216 Booth. IS Bolton 162 Bolton-le-Moors. 16 Booth Fold. 162 Bolton-le-Sands. 109 Blackpool. 133 Boarshurst. Bury. 109 Borough. Borrow. 208 Blawith. 145 Blackstane Clohbum . 3. 16 Boothstown. 129 Blackrod. 29 Blackstone Edge. 162 Bonds. 29 Bold. 35 Blomos. 152 Bootle. 102 Blackley. 125 Blowick. 54 Booth Hollins. 16 Boothwaite Nook. 45 Blaskogaheithi. 132 Blacksnape. Upper and Lower. 128 Blacklache. Borwick. 103 Bradford. 18 Briercliffe. 103 Bowstead. 62 BowUnd. 86 Brathay. 152 Bradelay Syke. 162 Bourne Hall. 147 Boysnape. 10 Breck. 163 Bridge. 144 Brackenthwaite. 122 Bretherton. 142 Bradelond. 17 Botton. 109 Brockholes. 152 Brandlesholme. 95 Broadley. 28 Brindle. 14 Bowgrave. 201 Bottom. 16 Bottoms. 84 . Brightmet. 65 Broadhurst. 109 Bradshaw 137 Brakenesthweit. 100 Bradley Hall. 79 Broadhalgh. 17 Breigbtmet. 56 Bradkirk. 12 Broughton. 12 Bumage. 20 Butterwortb. 23 C'ABUS. 20 Brownlow Hill. 12 Calderbrook. 40 Burn Edge. 152 Burch. 109 Buersill. 144 Burblethwaite. East. 142 Brummesho. 216 Bulsnape. 135 Burtonwood.Brook. 163 Brougbton-in-Furness. 163 Brow. 205 Bury. 92 Brun. 79 Bulk. 21 Burscough. 12 . 215 Burn. no Bruning. 208 By. 120 Brumlansic. 109 Burrow with Burrow. 98 Buckley Hill. 46 Burnley. 216 Cadeley Moor. Bryning. 74 Calder. 46 Burnden. no Cadishead. 164 Broughton. 163. 69 Chequerbent. 165 Clegg. 94 Cleveley. Chester. 29. 164 Catforth. 123 Caster. 70. 165 Clayton. 164 Catterall. 93 Clough Fold. 65 Cawood. 167 Cliviger. 166 Clitheroe. 165 Chowbent. 70 Cocker. 217 Claughton. 2o3 Chadwick. 217 Clough. no Caton. 77 Chatburn. 92 Cliverton. 62 Clock Face.248 INDEX TO PLACE-NAMES Cantsfield. 100 Claife. 126 Cbeetham. 15 Childwall. 198 Chipping. 205 Cerne. 217 Carleton. 26 Cart. 214 Cark. 164 Caraforth. 15 Church. 202 Chaigley. 217 Clerk Hill. 56 Carr. III Choriey. 98 Cher. 52 Caponwray. in Cliff. 56 Cbadderton. 14 Chatmoss. no Cborlton. 164 Cbadeswrtbe. 54 Cock. no Chamock Richard. 27 Clifton. 56 Catley Lane. 123 Cartmel. 29 Clougha Pike. 26 Castleton. 133 . 31 Cottam. 139 Crompton. 138 Crimbles. 19 Cowhill. 121 Coupe Lench. 166 Coniston (Monk). 47 Cunliffe. 31 Conishead. 60 Daisy Hill. Corner Row. 133 Cockey Moor. 218 Crivelton. 142 Crana. 127 Croston. 217 Coldcoats. $6 Crankeyshaw. 89 Cowen Bridge. 13s Cutgate. 21S CoppuU. 95 Cornbrook. in Culcheth. 50 Cot.Cockerham. 23 Cross. 32 Collyhurst. 147 Crumpsall. 167 Crochurst. 33 Crossens. 28 Cunscough. So Cowhill Fold. 65 Cuerdale. 13 Corney. 70 Coulton. 138 Crawshaw Booth. 80 Copthurst. 56 Crane. 167 Crook. 31 Common. 80 Cowlishaw. 166 Coupe Law. 167 Croxteth. 75 Coniston. 85 Crosby. 96 Croft. 35 Cuerden. 80 Cowley Hill. 167 Cronton. 32 Crakeside. 218 Crookells. 138 Crag. i65 Copp. 39 Cuerdley. 8g. 95 Colne. 80 . 33 Crokispool. Colton. 217 Combe. 166 Coniston Water. 70 Cockersand. 43 Downham. m Ditch. 42 Ditton. West. 87 Dean. 33. 168 Damas Gill. 209 Dinkley. 23 Dern. Dyke. 218 Davyhulme. 87 Douueshaw. 219 AND SECOND THEMES 249 Dendron. 37. 54 Dobcross. 219 Dilworth. 62 Darwen. 144 Didsbury. 39. 40 Dean Scout. 219 Denton. 219 Dewysnape.Dale. 34 Dobroyd. 21 Diggle. 136 Dearnley. 220 ' Doffcocker. 138 Down. 168 Dixon Fold. 219 Dolphinholme. in Delpb. 34 Dalton. 70 . 168 Dalton-in-Furness. 168 Derby. den. 132 Docker. 141 Eagley Bridge. 168 Duncombe. 40 Duckworth Hall. 209 Dukinfield. 169 Eccleston. Great and Little. 4S Edge Hill. 12 EUesmere Park. 52 Dumplington. 124 . 8 Eggergarth. 80 Eccleston. 81 Edgeworth. 138 Dutton. 66 EUenbrook. 36 Dunnerhohn. zi Eea.Down Holland. 220 Eccleshill. 59 Egton. 87 Dunnockshaw. 52 Edge. 169 Duxbury. 19 Eastham. 31 Dunkenhalgh. 169 Edenfield. 103 Droyesden. 87 Eaves. 65 Dunnerdale. 170 EUel. 209 Egacres. 220 Eccles. 145 Featherston. 202 Fleetwood. 145 Falinge. 171 Flookburgb. 49 Eyes. 102 Field. 171 Farleton. 56 Formby. 24 . 55 Ford. 220 Failsworth. 52 Eng. 66 Ferny Knoll. 43 Escowbrook. 55 Ford. 75 Featherstall. 13 Eskrick. 171 1 Evesbroke. 22 Fold. 97 Entwistle. Fowl. 17 Esthwaite Water. 210 Fairfield. 99 Farington.Elliscales. Arrow. 130 Espiholl. 220 Feniscowles. 210 Fazakerley. forth. 134 Fernyhalgh. 153 Eth. ees. 171 Famworth. 170 Everton. 52 Fairsnape. 46 Enfield. 63 Fishwick. 46 Euxton. 172 Fell. 79 Esprick. 19S Erg. et. 2. in Feamhead. 51 Finsthwaite. 170 Elswick. 54. 198 Eye. 134 Elston. 49 Facit. 170 End. 205 Flbtton. 153 Firgrove. 51 Fence. Arg. 12 Extwistle. 202 Elton. Forton. 220 Glazebroolc. 153 Gerard's Bridge. 138 Goodshaw Booth. 60 Gathurst. 62 Graythwaite. 172 Fouldrey. 13 Fulwood. 11 Golboume. 124 Frithbrook. 149 Garston. 173 Grange-over-Sands. 172 Friarmere. Yate. 13 Gore. 63 Greenacres. 173 Glest. 127 Fylde. 6o Garstang. 206 Garth. grove. 59 Garthscohlac. 8 . 153 Green. 221 Grasscroft. 14 Goldshaw Booth. 221 Glodwick. greave. ger. 19 Gill. 60 Freckleton. 61 Gilnow. 139 Goosnargh. 96 Gauxholme. 202 Goadsbarrow. 52 GALLGATE. 102 Gateacre. loi Glasserton. 87 Gawthorpe Hall. 33 Grassendale. 62 Gorton. 8 Gate. 205 Furlong. 173 Glasson. 44 Gorbrook. 151 Gawthwaite. 172 250 INDEX TO PLACE-NAMES Garswood. 128 Foulridge. 36 Grave. 13 Gleaston. 130 Four Yates. 59 Fumess. 199 Halsall. 139 Hare-Appletree. 66 Green Hill. All. 78 Hartbarrow.Greenhalgh. 63 Harlesike. Hall. 68 Hambleton. 145 Halton. 75 Harumcar. 26 Harwood. 174 Ham. 71 Hackensall. 142 Harpurhey. 78 Haighton. 124 Habergham Eaves. 54 Hapton. 70 Grimsargh. 10 Halewood. 89 Hardshaw. 173 Hamer Fold. 26 Halliwell. 81 Gressingham. 139 Grittebi. 24 Ground. 12 Hartshead. 66 Halshaw Moor. 12 Hardhom. 173 Hardbarrow. 206 . 93 Hacking Hall. 139 Halsnead. 64 Halebank. 93 Gunnerthwaite. 64 Gunnershow. 99 Haigh. 64 Hall Carr. 44 Grimshaw. 10 Halgh. 174 Hale. 153 Gunnolfsmoors. 197 Hargreave Mill. 139 Hawkshead. 176 . 75 Havfthornthwaite. 6s Haughton. 32 Hawkshaw. 154 Heaton. 176 Heaton Mersey. 153 Haw. 222 Haslingden. 174 Haulgh. 65 Haverthwaite. Hey. 139 Hawcoat. 96 Haskayne. 175 Heaton Chapel. 40 Haugh.Hasellenhirste. 221 Head. 77 Heath Charnock. 175 Heaton. 221 Healey. 222 Heapey. 154 Hay Chapel. 176 Heaton-in-Fumess. 50 Heath. 77 Heathwaite. 78 Haydock. Great and Little. 137. 74 Heald. 112 Heap. 78 Hay. 176 Heaton-in-Deane. 154 Hawthwaite. HuU. 79 Higher Fold. 132 Heyshara. 132 Heyroyd. 76 Henthom. 71 AND SECOND THEMES 251 Heywood. 72 HiU. 112 Hodder. 13 Heyhouses. 175 Holcombe. 222 Heybrook. 150 Hert. 140 High Knowl. 222 Hest. go Heyrod. 31 Hole. le. 33 . 221 Hesketh.Heaton Norris. 54 Hindley. Holes. 102 Higham Booth. ell. 176 Henheads. 40 Hoghton. 180 Hoddlesden. 84 Holecroft. 206 Higginshaw. 47 Heskin. Holme. Hulme. 32 Hundersfield. 86 Hoole. 24 Horwich. 88 Hopwood. 89 Hornby. 203 Hoskinshire. 175 House. 103 HoUeth. 91 Howarth Cross. 66 Hough End Clough. 26 Holland. 92 Houghton (Little^. 176 . 63 HoUingworth. 85 Holme in Cliviger. 34 Howick. 206 Horn.Holker. 222 Hooley HiU. 86 Hulton. Hough. 81 Hope. Haugh. 210 Holm. 48 Hollingrove. 203 Hulme. 132 Hurleton. 174 Houghton (Wamngton). Howe. 140 Hothersall. 46 Hough Green. 30. 90 How. 176 Huncoat. S3 Huntroyde. 48 Irk. . 161. 206 Hutton (in Bulk).Hurlingham. 36 Kirkham. 177 Hurst. 56 Keerside. 154 Ingol. 177 Hutton (Priest). 72 . 154 Icornhurst. 177 Hutton (Preston). 100 Kirkby. 72 Irwell. 48 Kirkdale. 142 Kellamergh. 232 Jordan. 67 Ketlescaroft. 81 Ince Blundell. 24 Ireleth. ii Inglewhite. 232 Irlam. 177 ICKENTHWAITE. 72 Irlams o' th' Height. 48 Kenyon. 113 Keer. 223 Ireby. 95 Hurstwood. 44 ^ Kellet. 145 Kilgrimol. 97 Ingleborough. 96 Ighten Hill. 45 Kirk. 177 Huyton. 33 Kidsnape. 223 Kersal. 94. 197 Kearslky. 223 Ing.223 Inskip. 223 Ince-in-Makerfield. 25 Kirkby Ireleth. 103 Lane Ends. 102 Ladyhouses. 224 Lee. 96 Linacre. 125 Kyerkelith. 88 Lever. 27 Land. 106 Leyland.Kirkland. 93 Langroyd. 133 Kvernberg. 2. 133 Langtree. 46 Langho. 8 Lindale. 104 Kirkmanshuhne. 76 Lancaster. 178 Lea English. 155 Lann Clohhum. 81 Knowlwood. leigh. 113 Kocher. 120 Litherland. 70. 107 Leven. Lindal. 90 Lake Side. 120 Lacke. 154 Knob End. 104 Limehurst. 29 Larbrick. 106 Leagram. 107 Leesfield. 87 Kirkthwaite. loi Knotshill. 107 Lees. 77 Lamberhead Green. 107 Leece. French. ley. leach. 107 Lea. letch. 197 Langthwaite. 207 Knowsley. 36 Lindeth. 178 Laimthwaite. 116 Levenshulme. 224 Ley. 155 Layton. 53 Leigh. 48 Lith. 17 Lathom. 46 Knoll. 104 . 224 252 INDEX TO PLACE-NAMES Leek. 225 Maghull. 131 Longton. 56 Middleton. 89 Mitton. 225 Lussley. 124 Moorhouse. 180 Monkroyd. 203 Lowton. 122 Mearley. 30 Low Gill. 133 Monton. 105. 61 Low. 120 Lowick. 114 Medlar. 179 Lowwood. 113 Lydgate. 140 Martin Mere. 37 Lordsmere. 27 Middleford Green. 179 Midhop. 45 Mel. 114 Mead. 17S Longworth. 105 Longridge Fell. 124 Mawdesley. 226 . 90 Morecambe. 27 Marland Mere. 60 Lydiate. 41 Marshall's Cross. 123. Law. 148 Love Clough. 129 Livesey. 39 Longlands.Littledale. 122 Mere. 60 Lytham. 113 Makerfield. 226 Meols. 123 Marsden. 224 Longdendale. 179 Martinscroft. 99 Mellor. 207 Lumb. 37 Lunt. 210 Lonsdale. 34 Marsbaw. 179 Marton Mere. 180 Moor. 53 Manchester. 27. 124 Lostock. 30 Mersey. 123 Mere Clough. 33 Marton. 36 Liverpool. 122 Melling. 50 Lomax. 225 Lune. 166 Old Swan. 226 Musbury. 22 Myerscough. 15 Newburgh. 41 Mowbrick. 134 Nuttall. 180 Newton. 136 Mykeldiche. 133 Ogden. 90 Newton-in-Makerfield. 127 Nelson. 25 Naze. 21 Netherton. 126 Nateby. 128 Nook. 22 Newchurch. loi Newland. 127 Netherburrow. 181 Nibthwaite. loj New Laund Booth. 67 Oakbnbottom. 16 Oakenrod. 125 Moss Bank. 114 Moston. 17 Mumps. 227 Ness. 180 Moulden Water. 128 Mossborough. 128 Norbreck. 227 OUerton. 43 Mythorpe. 155 Nimble Nook. 72 Old Man. 67 . 227 Newbold. 41 AND SECOND THEMES 253 Oglet. 48 Oldham. 17 North Meols. 140 Ordsall. 61 Moss. 22 Mossley. 105 Newsham. 180 Newbiggin.Moses Gate. 181 Openshaw. 122 North Scale. 89 Nab. 10 Moss Nook. 61 Padibam. 34 Peel Chapel. 72 Parbold. 48 Pennington (Leigh). 82 Pendleton (Clitheroe). 59 Peasley Cross. 182 Pendleton(Manchester). 89 Peasfurlong. 63 Ormerod. 182 Penketh. 56 Orgreave. 15 Parkbouses. i8i Padgate. 207 Overburrow. 133 Ormskirk. 73 . 33 Peak. 181 Osmotherley. gg Overton. 155 Outwood. 102 Otterspool. 228 Pemberton. 81 Osbaldeston. 182 Penvrortham. 56 Orford. 181 Oxcliffe. 34. 28 Paddington. 21 Over Hacking.Ore. 18 1 Pendlebury. 227 Parr 227 Patricroft. 130 Outhwaite. 22 Pendle Hill. loi Orrell. 114 Oswaldtwistle. 182 Pennington (Lonsdale). 91 Parlick Pike. 198 Osueluslache. 228 Poulton. 183 Poulton-le-Sands. 146 . 183 Plumpton. 124 Radclifpe. 129 Portico. 30 Rampside. 228 Rainford. 57 Randle. 185 Quernmore. 76 Ravensmeols. 228 Pike. 141 Ramsbottom. 29 Rawtenstall. 63 Ranee. 32 Preston.Pex Hill. 82 Pickley Green. 56 Rainhill. 184 Quemdon. 184 Preesall. 94 Preese. 123 Ravenswinder. 211 Piatt Bridge. 184 Prestwath. 28 Raikes. 228 Quickmere. 229 Rawcliffe. 155 Rammescloucke. 228 Pleasington. 121 Pilkington. 228 Prescot. 184 Poulton-le-Fylde. 129 Pike Low. 115 Pickup Bank. 57 Ravenhead. 8g Piel. 183 Pilling. 16 Ramsgrave. 11. 125 Quick. 82 Raisthwaite. 100 Pilsworth. 200 Prestwich. 183 Pool. 203 QUARLTON. 37 Roeburndale. SS Rochdale. 229 Ribble. 27 Ribblesdale. 156 Roughlee Booth. 37 Rosthwaite. 37 254 INDEX TO PLACE-NAMES Rod. 25 Ribchester. 41 Roose. 130 Ridehalgh. Rigg. 57 Rhodes. 37 Ribbleton. 211 Roe. 37 Reedysnape. 229 Reddish. 132 Roddlesworth. Royd. 105 Saale. 229 Roseacre. 185 Rixton.Read. 185 Ribby. 211 . 185 Risley. 8 Rossall. 37 Roer. 42 Saddleworth. 27 Ridge. 68 Rossendale. 115 Rojrton. 37. 67 Ree. 211 Rusholme. 88 Rusland. 115 Rishton. 57 Sabden. 186 Rufford. 115 Rivers. 37 Rooden Lane. 67 Riley Green. i85 Roby. S7 Rumwortt. 145 Rhine. 115 Ringley. 42 Redvales. 25 Roch. 311 Rivington. Michael-on-Wyre. 53 Salwick. Scartb. Helens. 186 Scotforth. 136 Seathwaite. 134 Scarbarrow. 22 Salford. 18. 204 Samlesbury. 40 St. 82. 39. Scowles. 57 Salmonfields. 135 Scarthwaite. 134 Scorton. 150 Scakeresdalehefd. 229 Satterthwaite. 134 Scales. 82 Scarisbrick. Scow. 53 Scholes. 58 Seat. 57 Scough. 18 Scartb Hill. 134 Scarf Gap. 156 . 136 Seaforth. 12 Scar. 23 Sand. loi Salesbury. Mariden. 133 Sankey. loi St. 13s Scout.St. 156 Schofield Hall. 37 Scales. 156 Saudhusthorn. 30 Shawforth. 115 Smithdown. 82 Sraithybrook. 232 Stanleygate. 230 Smallshaw. 230 Shoresworth. 141 Sike. 230 Shaiiir. 143 Slyne. 200 Skerton. ig. 115 Sharpies. 212 Sowerby. 140 Smedley. 38 Skelwith. 142 Silverdale. 137 Shaw Clough. 187 Simonswood. 143. 43 Smithills. 76 Sholver. 105 Stainall. 58 Shawmere. 61 Staveley. 25 Speke. 116 . 231 Spellow. 144 Snape. 144 Snape Green. 188 Slack. 187 Shire. 231 Standj 231 Standish. 115 Sefton. 14s Stalmine. 144 Snead. 124 Shevington. 207 Singleton. Syke. 143 Slade. 39 Skelmersdale. 186 Shakerley. 187 Skalmardalr. 14 Snab Green. 212 Southworth. 38 Simonstone. 211 Side. 136. 145 Snellshowe.Seedley. 212 Shuttleworth. 140 Shireshead. 94 Snoddesworth. 68 Staining. 100 Stall. 121 Spotland. 148 Threl&amp. 14S Tarbock. 26 Tatham. 76 Swartebonke. 58 Studshaw. 102 Thatto Heath 77 Thetwall. 58 Stocsiche. 142 Stodday. 53 Thurnham. 126. 130 Subberthwaite. 148 Styrespol. 120 Stead. 199 ThisUeton. 148 Stockport. i8g Tetlow. 188 Swainshead. 233 Tarleton. 74 Thwaite. i88 Tarlscough. 34 Sty. 146 Steinor Bottom. 140 Stubshaw Cross. 97 Strangeways. 156 Sunderland.Jl. 189 Thorn. 77 Thingvellir. Swansett. 78 Stonyhurst. 17 Stidd. 136 Tarnacre. 151 .Stayley Bridge. 232 Stirzaker. 73 Thornley. 188 Tang Tong. igg Thingwall. 151 Thorphinsty. ig Staynerlith. 189 Thorp. 116 Thornthwaite. 9 Stock. 121 Thatchleach. 157 Thornton. 10 Swinton. 73 Taunton. 105 Sutton. 9. Tamicar. 232 AND SECOND THEMES 255 Stretford. 149 Thomham. 140 Walthwaite. 42 Walshaw. 146 Tunstead. 88 Torver. Well. 213 Townley. 117 Walmesley. 157 Tinwald. 149 Tootle Bridge. 18 Wardle. 116 Ulnes Walton. 147 Trafford. 45 Tottington. 50 Walsden. igo Tyldesley. igi Warbreck. 157 Walton-on-the-Hill. 3g. 91 Wath. igS Wahnersley. 157 Tonge. 196 Trosford. 85 Todmorden. 117 Walney. 147 Turton. 11. 103 Upton. 233 Tree. 197 . 2. 190 Twistle. 197 Twiston. 76 Waterhouses. 213 UphoUand. town. 42 Ton. 151 Tulketh. 83 Wardleworth. igo Tottleworth. 192 Warton Crag. 213 Wargrave. 192 Warton. 199 Tockholes. igi Urswiok. 63 Warrington. 200 Waterhead. n6 Toxteth. igi Urmston. 58 Trawden.Thwaithead. 32 Water. 42 Treales. 19 Torrisholme. 77 Tilberthwaite. 49 Tunstall. 200 Wavertree. 198. 58 Trub Smithy. 190 Unsworth. 204 Wall. igi Ulveiston. 191 Walton-le-dale. 141 Winder. Z13 Wibaldeslei. 175 West Leigh. 192 Wheatley. 119 Winster. 74 Whittington. 192 Wennington. 194 . 193 Wemeth. 124 Windle. Whitworth. 118 Winmarleigh. 229 Windermere. 49 Weser. 76 Westhoughton. 197 Weeton. 118 Wick.Weakey. 157 Winstirthwaytes . 83 Whittle-le-woods. 51 Weaver. 233 Wilpshire. 121 Wharton. 83 Windleshaw. Wich. 140 Windy Arbour. n8 Wetshaw. 61 Winkedly. 117 Wharles. 193 Whiston. 193 Whitaker. 204 Wirplesmos. 126 Wiswall. 9 Whitefield. 54 256 INDEX TO PLACE-NAMES Whittingham. 194 Whittle. 201 Widnes. 140 Whalley. 199 With. 128 Wigan. 61 Winstanley. Winwick. 25 Westhead. 199 Wesham. g Wingate. 118 Wheelton. 119 Winnats. 91 Westby. 200 Withington. 118 Wheatley Booth. 205 Woodhouses. delete the words as in Pemberton. 150 Worston. P. This notice has been inserted by an oversight. 106 Yewdale. Scarth Hill. 39 Yarlside. II Yelland. for Steinall. 141. 84 Witton. 142 Yate. read Peasfurlong. 48. 39 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA P. read Ashurst Beacon. P. for/. P. 39 Wyresdale. P. . S9i fo' Pesfurlong. P. 207 Worthington. for Aelfweard. 88. 19. P. 198. 195 Wrightington. 77 1 for Ashurst's Beacon. 195 Worth. 82. read Aelfweald. line 4. 88 Wolvemor. Woolstenholme Fold. 54. 119 Worsthorn. 48 in Baines. 195 Woolton. 19s Wray. 196. P. 213. for ge(weald) read (ge)weald. 135. read Stainall. 68. 214 Wrayton. 69. igs Worsley. A previous one will be found on p. 42 Wolstenholrae Fold. 39 Wyre. 54. read/. P. 125 Wood. 196 Wrigley. 40. 60 Yate Bank. 91 Woolston.83 IS7 Withnell. 119 Wuerdale. 194 Wolfenden. A previous notice has appeared on p. at the cost. Printed by Ballantynb. Eccleston. Edinburgh &amp. An instance may be seen under the words Eccleshill. that repetition of opinions has seemed necessary. Hanson 6^ Co. This might have been avoided by a larger use of cross-references.fi London </pre> </div> </div> .It has occasionally happened when words of similar origin in different parts of the text have been under discussion. of more labour to the reader. perhaps. Documents Similar To A Handbook Of Lancashire Placenames.txtSkip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextRootsList of English MorphemesLesson 1 - Theorya man’s car_2CThe Listening Part a and B QuestionsKnees and Fawns in the New SaphoEnough Vs. TooComplete First for Schools WordlistWhat Are AdjectivesBBM_3_Rev10_Tabel_3.2.1&3.2.2AdjectivesAdjectives.docWriting Unit Plan FinalGrade 9 VocabularyXES.pdfLessons for Beginner StudentsAdverbsA Few, Few, A Lot, Lots, A LittleSBIWriter's ToolboxUnwritten Cool and Obscure WordsHow to Teach Adverb of MannerSymbols Note Takingcp_an2_sem1_bratuWords to Eliminate From Your VocabularyScheme of Work Form 4anuala XB09 Abr Grammar II - Adverbsadjectives With AnswersHandbook EcNgu Phap Tieng Anh on Thi Vao Lop 10More From ja_mufc_scribdSkip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextPSPLOT Manual - GrmanLondon Gazette - 31 October 1924 p.7809 - St Oswalds Catholic Chapel - Temporary for Worship (Presumeably Linked to Church Rebuild)Fortran Code Indenting 1aLondon Gazette - Stopping Up Gas Street 1997 - Notice (Ref. From MR-flikr)(14!07!16) 10 - 3-D Overall Views of Development (Massing Studies 28-08-2013)Economics 10001542 NOT FULLBob Marley and the Wailers Discography - Wikipedia (31!01!2016)Brian Meeks Fortran SagaAccount of Bryn Hall Colliery Court Case - The Wigan Observer and District Advertiser May 8th 1920New SFR TV Channel Numbering From 22Aug ! - PDS-TV-By-SFRLondon Gazette 7 December 1962 p.9571 - Lancashire County Dev Plan 1951 - AinM map added.pdf6 - 3 Kimberley538cbf4c0f3b1TheGuardsCameThrough_10148616London Gazette - Iss. 24156 p.5864 - 27 November 1874 - AinM Gas & Water Wotks Creation and expansion.pdfLondon Gazette - 27 November 1874 p.5866 - Gas and Water works - AinM -1c.pdfLondon Gazette - 27 November 1874 p.5864 - Gas and Water works - AinM -1a.pdfLondon Gazette - 27 November 1874 p.5866 - Gas and Water works - AinM -1c.pdfLondon Gazette - 2nd August 1993 p.12865 - Weight restrictions WMBC incl. AinM -1a.pdfLondon Gazette - 27 November 1874 p.5865 - Gas and Water works - AinM -1b.pdfVentilation in MinesLondon Gazette - 27 November 1874 p.5865 - Gas and Water works - AinM -1b.pdfLondon Gazette 2 September 1966 p.9705 - Lancashire County Town & County Planning Act 1962 - AinM Map AddedIMAT Brochure_FEA_Print Quality.pdfLondon Gazette - 27 November 1874 p.5864 - Gas and Water works - AinM -1a.pdfLondon Gazette 7 December 1962 p.9571 - Lancashire County Dev Plan 1951 - AinM map added.pdfLondon Gazette -November 24 1882 p.5353 - Lancashire Plateways (Tramways) (Incl. AinM) -1eLondon Gazette -November 24 1882 p.5349 - Lancashire Plateways (Tramways) (Incl. AinM) -1aLondon Gazette 11 October 1968 p.10943 - Trunk Road Prohibition of Waiting (Parking) - AinM.pdfSpirit of Wigan Lights Up 26-09-2006 - Wigan TodayFooter MenuBack To TopAboutAbout ScribdPressOur blogJoin our team!Contact UsJoin todayInvite FriendsGiftsLegalTermsPrivacyCopyrightSupportHelp / FAQAccessibilityPurchase helpAdChoicesPublishersSocial MediaCopyright © 2018 Scribd Inc. .Browse Books.Site Directory.Site Language: English中文EspañolالعربيةPortuguês日本語DeutschFrançaisTurkceРусский языкTiếng việtJęzyk polskiBahasa indonesiaSign up to vote on this titleUsefulNot usefulYou're Reading a Free PreviewDownloadClose DialogAre you sure?This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?CANCELOK

A Handbook Of Lancashire Placenames.txt

Comments

Description