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www.maxpapers.com SYLLABUS Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 For examination in June and November 2014 www.maxpapers.com University of Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 www.maxpapers.com Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Why choose Cambridge? Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level? Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics? Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma How can I find out more? 2. Assessment at a glance .................................................................................................. 5 3. Syllabus aims and objectives .......................................................................................... 8 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Aims Assessment objectives Weighting of assessment objectives Additional information 4. Syllabus content ............................................................................................................ 11 4.1 Structure of the syllabus 4.2 Subject content 5. Practical assessment .................................................................................................... 37 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Paper 3 – Advanced Practical Skills 1/2 5.3 Paper 5 6. Appendix....................................................................................................................... 50 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Safety in the laboratory Mathematical requirements Glossary of terms used in Physics papers Summary of key quantities, symbols and units Data and formulae IT usage in Cambridge International A Level Physics 7. Additional information ...................................................................................................63 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Guided learning hours Recommended prior learning Progression Component codes Grading and reporting Access Resources 1. Recognition A Cambridge International AS or A Level is recognised around the world by schools. expert advice and learner-support materials.uk/recognition Excellence in education We understand education. responsive to and respectful of others innovative and equipped for new and future challenges engaged intellectually and socially. 2 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . University course credit and advanced standing is often available for Cambridge International A/AS Levels in countries such as the USA and Canada. trusted for excellence in education. We invest constantly in research and development to improve our programmes and qualifications.cie. and we are pleased that 98 % of Cambridge schools say they would recommend us to other schools. We work with over 9000 schools in over 160 countries who offer our programmes and qualifications. Cambridge International A Levels typically take two years to complete and offer a flexible course of study that gives students the freedom to select subjects that are right for them.cie.Introduction www. They are accepted in all UK universities and carry half the weighting of an A Level. innovative and engaged. personal support from our customer services.org. Learn more at www. efficient administration of exams entry and excellent.1 Introduction Why choose Cambridge? University of Cambridge International Examinations is the world’s largest provider of international education programmes and qualifications for 5 to 19 year olds. a department of the University of Cambridge and a not-for-profit organisation. universities and employers. Exams officers can trust in reliable.uk/teachers Not-for-profit. and our vision is that Cambridge learners become confident. Understanding learners’ needs around the world means listening carefully to our community of schools. plus teacher training (online and face-to-face). Support in the classroom We provide a world-class support service for Cambridge teachers and exams officers. though some courses do require specific subjects. The qualifications are accepted as proof of academic ability for entry to universities worldwide. Cambridge programmes and qualifications help Cambridge learners to become: • • • • confident in working with information and ideas – their own and those of others responsible for themselves.org. ready to make a difference. We are part of the University of Cambridge. responsible. Our mission is to provide excellence in education. Cambridge International AS Levels often represent the first half of an A Level course but may also be taken as a freestanding qualification. part of the University of Cambridge We are a part of Cambridge Assessment. We offer a wide range of teacher materials to Cambridge schools.maxpapers. Our qualifications are recognised by the world’s universities and employers. Learn more at www.com 1. employment and life. objectivity. The syllabuses are international in outlook. Giving students the power to choose helps motivate them throughout their studies. understanding implications and communicating them clearly and logically working and communicating in English.com Introduction 1. They have been created specifically for an international student body with content to suit a wide variety of schools and avoid cultural bias. ensuring breadth.org.cie. initiative and inventiveness to emphasise the understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This syllabus is designed: • • • • • to give a thorough introduction to the study of Physics and scientific methods to develop skills and abilities that are relevant to the safe practice of science and to everyday life: concern for accuracy and precision. Physics is one of a number of science syllabuses that Cambridge offers – for details of other syllabuses at Cambridge IGCSE. Cambridge O Level and Cambridge International AS and A Level visit the Cambridge website at www. They help develop the in-depth subject knowledge and understanding which are so important to universities and employers. 1. integrity. recommendations and decisions presenting reasoned explanations.maxpapers.2 Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level? Cambridge International AS and A Levels have a proven reputation for preparing students well for university.3 Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics? Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics qualifications are accepted by universities and employers as proof of essential knowledge and ability. the skills of enquiry. Students can specialise or study a range of subjects.www. Cambridge International AS and A Level gives you building blocks to build an individualised curriculum that develops your learners’ knowledge.uk Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 3 . rather than the recall of factual material to enable candidates to become confident citizens in a technological world and to take an informed interest in matters of scientific importance to promote the use of IT as an aid to experiments and as a tool for the interpretation of experimental and theoretical results. but retain a local relevance. You can offer almost any combination of 55 subjects. understanding and skills in: • • • • • • • • in-depth subject content independent thinking applying knowledge and understanding to new as well as familiar situations handling and evaluating different types of information sources thinking logically and presenting ordered and coherent arguments making judgements. Arts and Humanities. To be considered for an AICE Diploma. The AICE Diploma is comprised of examinations administered in May/June and October/November series each year.5 How can I find out more? If you are already a Cambridge school You can make entries for this qualification through your usual channels.cie.uk/startcambridge.uk to find out how your organisation can become a Cambridge school. 4 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . Cambridge AICE Diploma involves the selection of subjects from three curriculum groups – Mathematics and Science. Mathematics and Science.Introduction www.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/aice 1. with at least one course coming from each of the three curriculum areas. If you have any questions.org. Languages.cie. Learn more about the AICE Diploma at http://www. A Cambridge International A Level counts as a double-credit qualification and a Cambridge International AS Level as a single-credit qualification within the Cambridge AICE Diploma award framework.4 Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma is the group award of Cambridge International AS and A Level.org.org.org.maxpapers.com 1.uk If you are not yet a Cambridge school Learn about the benefits of becoming a Cambridge school at www. a candidate must earn the equivalent of six credits by passing a combination of examinations at either double credit or single credit. Physics (9702) falls into Group 1. please contact us at international@cie. Email us at international@cie. Paper Type of Paper Duration Marks Weighting AS Level A Level 15% 23% 12% 1 2 3 Multiple Choice AS Structured Questions Advanced Practical Skills 1/2 A2 Structured Questions Planning.com Assessment at a glance 2. wish to continue their studies to the full Advanced Level qualification may carry their AS marks forward and take just Papers 4 and 5 in the examination series in which they require certification.maxpapers. • Candidates may only enter for the papers in the combinations indicated above. candidates taking the complete Advanced Level qualification at the end of their course in 2014. • • Assessment at a glance Candidates for Advanced Subsidiary (AS) certification will take Papers 1. Candidates may not enter for single papers either on the first occasion or for re-sit purposes.www. This syllabus is for: • • • candidates for AS certification only in either 2013 or 2014. Candidates who. 2 and 3 (either Advanced Practical Skills 1 or Advanced Practical Skills 2) in a single examination series. having received AS certification. Candidates taking the complete Advanced Level qualification at the end of the course take all five papers in a single examination series. Analysis and Evaluation 1 hour 1 hour 2 hours 40 60 40 31% 46% 23% 4 5 2 hours 1 hour 15 min 100 30 38% 12% Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 5 . candidates carrying forward AS marks and taking Papers 4 and 5 to certificate their full Advanced Level qualification in 2014. All questions will be based on the AS syllabus. all of the direct choice type with four options. All questions will be based on the AS syllabus.Assessment at a glance www.maxpapers. Candidates will be allowed to use the apparatus for each experiment for a maximum of 1 hour. Each of these papers will be timetabled on a different day. Candidates will answer on the question paper. These papers will be equivalent and each candidate will be required to take only one of them. See the Practical Assessment section of the syllabus for full details. Candidates will answer all questions. only Advanced Practical Skills 1 will be available. but may include material first encountered in the core (AS and A2) syllabus. Section B (30 marks) will consist of questions based on Applications of Physics. identified as Advanced Practical Skills 1 and Advanced Practical Skills 2. the other group will take Advanced Practical Skills 2. Candidates will answer on the question paper. Candidates will answer all questions. Paper 2 This paper will consist of a variable number of structured questions of variable mark value. Candidates will answer all questions. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. Candidates will answer on the question paper. but may include material first encountered in the AS syllabus. two versions of the Advanced Practical Skills paper will be available. Paper 4 This paper will consist of two sections: • • Section A (70 marks) will consist of questions based on the A2 core. Paper 5 This paper will consist of two questions of equal mark value based on the practical skills of planning. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. This is to allow large Centres to split candidates into two groups: one group will take Advanced Practical Skills 1. Candidates will answer all questions. Both sections will consist of a variable number of structured questions of variable mark value.com Paper 1 The paper will consist of 40 questions. 6 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . Paper 3 – Advanced Practical Skills 1/2 In some examination sessions. Candidates will answer on the question paper. In other sessions. Candidates will answer all questions. analysis and evaluation. Each paper will consist of two experiments drawn from different areas of Physics. Candidates will not be able to perform well in this assessment or successfully progress to further study without this necessary and important aspect of science education.org.uk for the latest information before beginning to teach this syllabus. However it is expected that private candidates learn in an environment where practical work is an integral part of the course.cie.maxpapers. This syllabus is available to private candidates. except: • • syllabuses with the same title at the same level 8780 Cambridge International AS Level Physical Science. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 7 .www.com Assessment at a glance Availability This syllabus is examined in the May/June examination series and the October/November examination series. Centres in the UK that receive government funding are advised to consult the Cambridge website www. Combining this with other syllabuses Candidates can combine this syllabus in an examination series with any other Cambridge syllabus. 3 of the importance of the use of IT for communication. develop attitudes relevant to science such as 3. Syllabus aims and objectives 3.1 that the study and practice of Physics are co-operative and cumulative activities. a worthwhile educational experience for all students.3 encourage efficient and safe practice 2. develop abilities and skills that 2.2 that the implications of Physics may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual. and limitations.2 objectivity 3. 2. 3. stimulate students and create a sustained interest in Physics so that the study of the subject is enjoyable and satisfying.com 3.5 initiative 3.4 encourage effective communication. technological. in particular.2 recognise the usefulness. and are subject to social.4 the skills of enquiry 3.3 integrity 3. provide. whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level and. 6. to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to 1. stimulate interest in.1 concern for accuracy and precision 3. 5. in Engineering or in Physics-dependent vocational courses. and care for. ethical and cultural influences and limitations 5. The aims of a course based on this syllabus should be to: 1.2 are useful in everyday life 2.6 inventiveness. 8 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .3 be suitably prepared for studies beyond Cambridge International A Level in Physics. the environment in relation to the environmental impact of Physics and its applications. the community and the environment 5. through well-designed studies of experimental and practical science.maxpapers. 4. of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life 1. as an aid to experiments and as a tool for the interpretation of experimental and theoretical results.1 Aims These are not listed in order of priority.1 are relevant to the study and practice of science 2. economic.Syllabus aims and objectives www.1 become confident citizens in a technological world and be able to take or develop an informed interest in scientific matters 1. promote an awareness 5. quantities and units) 3. definitions. demonstrate an awareness of the limitations of physical theories and models. locate.com Syllabus aims and objectives 3. state. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 9 . scientific phenomena. including principles. The syllabus content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and explain. scientific vocabulary. to new situations 8. or explain (see Glossary of terms). Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: predict. graphical and numerical forms of presentation) to: 1. make predictions and put forward hypotheses 7. candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply them in a logical. deduce. scientific and technological applications with their social.www. In answering such questions. applying and evaluating information Candidates should be able (in words or by using symbolic. translate information from one form to another 3. scientific instruments and apparatus. reasoned or deductive manner to a new situation. select.2 Assessment objectives The assessment objectives listed below reflect those parts of the Aims that will be assessed in the examination. suggest. organise and present information from a variety of sources 2. apply knowledge. use information to identify patterns.maxpapers. Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define. calculate or determine (see Glossary of terms). economic and environmental implications. A Knowledge with understanding Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: 1. present reasoned explanations for phenomena. terminology and conventions (including symbols. These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the syllabus content because questions testing such skills may be based on information that is unfamiliar to the candidate. including techniques of operation and aspects of safety 4. facts. patterns and relationships 6. laws. evaluate information and hypotheses 9. draw inferences and report conclusions 5. manipulate numerical and other data 4. concepts and theories 2. describe. B Handling. scientific quantities and their determination 5. report trends. interpret and evaluate observations and experimental data 4. decimal markers in examination papers will be a single dot on the line. 2 and 4 Papers 1. apparatus and materials safely and effectively 2. signs and abbreviations used in examination papers will follow the recommendations made in the ASE publication Signs.com C Experimental skills and investigations Candidates should be able to: 1. Teachers’ schemes of work and the sequence of learning activities should reflect this balance so that the aims of the syllabus are met and the candidates prepared for the assessment. solving problems. methods and techniques with due regard for precision. Symbols and Systematics (2000). design and plan investigations.4 Additional information Symbols. accuracy and units. experimental and investigative skills) compared to the 37% for knowledge and understanding. follow a detailed set or sequence of instructions and use techniques. practical. identify a problem. The units kW h. measurements. Candidates are expected to follow this convention in their answers. atmosphere. eV and unified atomic mass unit (u) may be used in examination papers without further explanation.Syllabus aims and objectives www. 3. Assessment objective Weighting (%) 37 40 23 Assessment components A: Knowledge with understanding B: Handling information and solving problems C: Experimental skills and investigations Papers 1. suggest possible improvement 5. make observations and measurements with due regard for precision and accuracy 3. In accordance with current ASE convention. 2 and 4 Papers 3 and 5 Teachers should note that there is a greater weighting of 63% for skills (including handling information. though the balance on each paper may vary slightly. 10 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . record observations. evaluate methods and techniques.maxpapers.3 Weighting of assessment objectives The table below gives a general idea of the allocation of marks to the assessment objectives. 3. Gravitational field III Matter 9. Motion in a circle 8. Syllabus content 4.1 Structure of the syllabus The subject content of the syllabus is divided into: • • AS and A2 Core (sections I–VI) Applications of Physics (section VII). power 7.com Syllabus content 4. Thermal properties of materials IV Oscillations and waves 14. Waves 16. Deformation of solids 11. Ideal gases 12. Phases of matter 10. Kinematics 4. Dynamics 5.maxpapers. Forces 6. Oscillations 15. Temperature 13.www. Section I General Physics 1. Superposition AS A2 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 11 . The table below shows which parts of the syllabus contain AS material and/or A2 material. Measurement techniques II Newtonian mechanics 3. Physical quantities and units 2. Work. energy. D.3 emphasises the importance of Information technology (IT) in this Physics course. circuits 21. 12 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . Quantum physics 27. Direct sensing 29. Nuclear physics VII Gathering and communicating information 28. Current of electricity 20. The table of subject content is neither intended to be used as a teaching syllabus. Candidates should make full use of IT techniques in their practical work.2 Subject content Teachers should incorporate the social. Electric fields 18. as this would merely increase the amount of factual recall required. Remote sensing 30. Aim 5. Magnetic fields 22. Some examples are included in the syllabus and candidates should be encouraged to apply the principles of these examples to other situations introduced in the course. The A2 parts of the syllabus. Teachers may also use IT in demonstrations and simulations. Capacitance 19.maxpapers. Electromagnetism 23. economic and technological aspects of Physics.C. The Applications of Physics section occupies about 12% of the full Advanced Level course. environmental. wherever possible.Syllabus content www. throughout the syllabus (see Aims 4 and 5). Electromagnetic induction 24. nor to represent a teaching order. Advice on the use of IT in Cambridge International A Level Physics is printed at the back of the syllabus. which will be examined only in the full Advanced Level qualification. are indicated in bold type throughout the subject content.com V Electricity and magnetism 17. Alternating currents VI Modern Physics 25. Further examples have not been included in the syllabus. Communicating information 4. A separate booklet covering this section is available from Cambridge Publications. Charged particles 26. 1.maxpapers. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 13 . milli (m). deci (d).012 kg of carbon-12 (i) use molar quantities where one mole of any substance is the amount containing a number of particles equal to the Avogadro constant (j) distinguish between scalar and vector quantities and give examples of each (k) add and subtract coplanar vectors (l) represent a vector as two perpendicular components. giga (G). kilo (k). tera (T) (g) make reasonable estimates of physical quantities included within the syllabus (h) show an understanding that the Avogadro constant is the number of atoms in 0. temperature (K). in terms of a magnitude and a unit. length (m). 2000) (f) use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal submultiples or multiples of both base and derived units: pico (p). centi (c).2.1 AS and A2 Core: Sections I–VI inclusive Section I: General physics Recommended prior knowledge Candidates should be aware of the nature of a physical measurement. micro (µ). They should have experience of making and recording such measurements in the laboratory. Physical quantities and units Content 1. Symbols and Systematics (The ASE Companion to 16–19 Science.4 Scalars and vectors Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit (b) recall the following SI base quantities and their units: mass (kg). mega (M). amount of substance (mol) (c) express derived units as products or quotients of the SI base units and use the named units listed in this syllabus as appropriate (d) use SI base units to check the homogeneity of physical equations (e) show an understanding of and use the conventions for labelling graph axes and table columns as set out in the ASE publication Signs.www. current (A).com Syllabus content 4.1 Physical quantities 1.3 The Avogadro constant 1. nano (n). time (s).2 SI Units 1. candidates should be able to: • • • • • • • • • measure lengths using a ruler.r. mass. vernier scale and micrometer measure weight and hence mass using spring and lever balances measure an angle using a protractor measure time intervals using clocks. temperature and electrical quantities appropriate to the ranges of magnitude implied by the relevant parts of the syllabus.) measure temperature using a thermometer as a sensor use ammeters and voltmeters with appropriate scales use a galvanometer in null methods use a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.) use a calibrated Hall probe (b) use both analogue scales and digital displays (c) use calibration curves (d) show an understanding of the distinction between systematic errors (including zero errors) and random errors (e) show an understanding of the distinction between precision and accuracy (f) assess the uncertainty in a derived quantity by simple addition of actual. time. fractional or percentage uncertainties (a rigorous statistical treatment is not required).o. stopwatches and the calibrated time-base of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c. Measurement techniques Content 2.r.Syllabus content www.maxpapers. volume.2 Errors and uncertainties Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) use techniques for the measurement of length. 14 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .1 Measurements 2.o.com 2. In particular. angle. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 15 . velocity and acceleration (b) use graphical methods to represent displacement. They should be able to use the relationship average speed = distance / time. Kinematics Content 3.1 Linear motion 3.com Syllabus content Section II: Newtonian mechanics Recommended prior knowledge Candidates should be able to describe the action of a force on a body. They should be able to describe the motion of a body and recognise acceleration and constant speed. speed. velocity and acceleration (c) find displacement from the area under a velocity-time graph (d) use the slope of a displacement-time graph to find velocity (e) use the slope of a velocity-time graph to find acceleration (f) derive.2 Non-linear motion Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) define displacement. including the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field without air resistance (h) recall that the weight of a body is equal to the product of its mass and the acceleration of free fall (i) describe an experiment to determine the acceleration of free fall using a falling body (j) describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field with air resistance (k) describe and explain motion due to a uniform velocity in one direction and a uniform acceleration in a perpendicular direction.maxpapers. 3.www. equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line (g) solve problems using equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line. speed. from the definitions of velocity and acceleration. the relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation show an understanding that.2 Equilibrium of forces 5. when there is no resultant force and no resultant torque. 16 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . some change in kinetic energy usually takes place. for a perfectly elastic collision.maxpapers. Forces Content 5. while momentum of a system is always conserved in interactions between bodies.Syllabus content www. 5.3 Centre of gravity 5.4 Turning effects of forces Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the forces on mass and charge in uniform gravitational and electric fields.2 Linear momentum and its conservation Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) state each of Newton’s laws of motion (b) show an understanding that mass is the property of a body that resists change in motion (c) describe and use the concept of weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass (d) define linear momentum as the product of mass and velocity (e) define force as rate of change of momentum (f) recall and solve problems using the relationship F = ma.1 Newton’s laws of motion 4.1 Types of force 5. a system is in equilibrium (i) apply the principle of moments. as appropriate (b) show an understanding of the origin of the upthrust acting on a body in a fluid (c) show a qualitative understanding of frictional forces and viscous forces including air resistance (no treatment of the coefficients of friction and viscosity is required) (d) use a vector triangle to represent forces in equilibrium (e) show an understanding that the weight of a body may be taken as acting at a single point known as its centre of gravity (f) show an understanding that a couple is a pair of forces that tends to produce rotation only (g) define and apply the moment of a force and the torque of a couple (h) show an understanding that. appreciating that acceleration and force are always in the same direction (g) state the principle of conservation of momentum (h) apply the principle of conservation of momentum to solve simple problems including elastic and inelastic interactions between two bodies in one dimension (knowledge of the concept of coefficient of restitution is not required) (i) (j) recognise that. Dynamics Content 4.com 4. and understand the centripetal acceleration in the case of uniform motion in a circle v2 (e) recall and use centripetal acceleration a = rω 2. its conversion and conservation.3 Centripetal force Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) express angular displacement in radians (b) understand and use the concept of angular velocity to solve problems (c) recall and use v = rω to solve problems (d) describe qualitatively motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force. a = r 2 mv (f) recall and use centripetal force F = mrω 2. kinetic energy and internal energy 6. t 7. energy.2 Centripetal acceleration 7. the formula Ep = mgh for potential energy changes near the Earth’s surface (i) recall and use the formula Ep = mgh for potential energy changes near the Earth’s surface (j) show an understanding of the concept of internal energy (k) recall and understand that the efficiency of a system is the ratio of useful work done by the system to the total energy input (l) show an appreciation for the implications of energy losses in practical devices and use the concept of efficiency to solve problems (m) define power as work done per unit time and derive power as the product of force and velocity W (n) solve problems using the relationships P = and P = Fv.www. and apply the principle of energy conservation to simple examples (b) show an understanding of the concept of work in terms of the product of a force and displacement in the direction of the force (c) calculate the work done in a number of situations including the work done by a gas that is expanding against a constant external pressure: W = p ∆V 1 (d) derive. power Content 6. the formula Ek = 2 mv 2 1 (e) recall and apply the formula Ek = 2 mv 2 (f) distinguish between gravitational potential energy. from the equations of motion.maxpapers.1 Kinematics of uniform circular motion 7. from the defining equation W = Fs.com Syllabus content 6. F = r Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 17 . Motion in a circle Content 7.1 Energy conversion and conservation 6.3 Potential energy. Work.4 Power Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) give examples of energy in different forms.2 Work 6. electric potential energy and elastic potential energy (g) show an understanding and use the relationship between force and potential energy in a uniform field to solve problems (h) derive. com 8.maxpapers.3 Field of a point mass 8.1 Gravitational field 8.5 Gravitational potential Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding of the concept of a gravitational field as an example of field of force and define gravitational field strength as force per unit mass (b) recall and use Newton’s law of gravitation in the form Gm1m 2 F= r2 (c) derive. the equation g = 2 for the r gravitational field strength of a point mass GM (d) recall and solve problems using the equation g = 2 for r the gravitational field strength of a point mass (e) show an appreciation that on the surface of the Earth g is approximately constant and is called the acceleration of free fall (f) define potential at a point as the work done in bringing unit mass from infinity to the point (g) solve problems using the equation φ = – G M for the r potential in the field of a point mass (h) recognise the analogy between certain qualitative and quantitative aspects of gravitational field and electric field (i) analyse circular orbits in inverse square law fields by relating the gravitational force to the centripetal acceleration it causes (j) show an understanding of geostationary orbits and their application.2 Force between point masses 8. 18 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . from Newton’s law of gravitation and the definition GM of gravitational field strength.4 Field near to the surface of the Earth 8.Syllabus content www. Gravitational field Content 8. 2 Solids. liquids and gases to simple ideas of the spacing. the equation p = ρgh (h) use the equation p = ρgh (i) distinguish between the processes of melting. Phases of matter Content 9. 9.1 Density 9.maxpapers.com Syllabus content Section III: Matter Recommended prior knowledge Candidates should be able to describe matter in terms of particles. with a qualitative understanding of their behaviour. liquids. liquids and gases (d) describe an experiment that demonstrates Brownian motion and appreciate the evidence for the movement of molecules provided by such an experiment (e) distinguish between the structure of crystalline and non-crystalline solids with particular reference to metals. gases 9. ordering and motion of molecules (c) describe a simple kinetic model for solids. polymers and amorphous materials (f) define the term pressure and use the kinetic model to explain the pressure exerted by gases (g) derive.3 Pressure in fluids 9. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 19 . boiling and evaporation. from the definitions of pressure and density.www.4 Change of phase Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) define the term density (b) relate the difference in the structures and densities of solids. maxpapers. extension.2 Elastic and plastic behaviour Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) appreciate that deformation is caused by a force and that. in one dimension. the deformation can be tensile or compressive (b) describe the behaviour of springs in terms of load.Syllabus content www. including an understanding of ultimate tensile stress.e.1 Equation of state 11.1 Stress. force per unit extension) (c) define and use the terms stress. 11. 20 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .3 Pressure of a gas 11. elastic limit.4 Kinetic energy of a molecule Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) recall and solve problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas expressed as pV = nRT (n = number of moles) (b) infer from a Brownian motion experiment the evidence for the movement of molecules (c) state the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases (d) explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a 1 Nm gas and hence deduce the relationship p = < c2 > 3 V (N = number of molecules) [a rigorous derivation is not required] (e) compare pV = 1 Nm < c 2 > with pV = NkT and hence deduce that the 3 average translational kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to T. strain 10. Ideal gases Content 11. strain and the Young modulus (d) describe an experiment to determine the Young modulus of a metal in the form of a wire (e) distinguish between elastic and plastic deformation of a material (f) deduce the strain energy in a deformed material from the area under the force-extension graph (g) demonstrate knowledge of the force-extension graphs for typical ductile. Hooke’s law and the spring constant (i.com 10.2 Kinetic theory of gases 11. brittle and polymeric materials. Deformation of solids Content 10. 3 Internal energy 13. the thermodynamic scale and the concept of absolute zero) (f) convert temperatures measured in kelvin to degrees Celsius and recall that T / K = T / °C + 273.3 Practical thermometers Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an appreciation that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature (b) show an understanding that regions of equal temperature are in thermal equilibrium (c) show an understanding that a physical property that varies with temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature and state examples of such properties (d) compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of resistance and thermocouple thermometers as previously calibrated instruments (e) show an understanding that there is an absolute scale of temperature that does not depend on the property of any particular substance (i. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 21 .e.2 Specific latent heat 13.1 Thermal equilibrium 12.maxpapers.1 Specific heat capacity 13. 13.www. and identify the main principles of its determination by electrical methods (c) define and use the concept of specific latent heat. and identify the main principles of its determination by electrical methods (d) relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy (e) show an understanding that internal energy is determined by the state of the system and that it can be expressed as the sum of a random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated with the molecules of a system (f) recall and use the first law of thermodynamics expressed in terms of the increase in internal energy. Temperature Content 12. Thermal properties of materials Content 13.2 Temperature scales 12.4 First law of thermodynamics • • Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) explain using a simple kinetic model for matter why • melting and boiling take place without a change in temperature the specific latent heat of vaporisation is higher than specific latent heat of fusion for the same substance a cooling effect accompanies evaporation (b) define and use the concept of specific heat capacity.15.com Syllabus content 12. the heating of the system and the work done on the system. 3 Damped and forced oscillations: resonance Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) describe simple examples of free oscillations (b) investigate the motion of an oscillator using experimental and graphical methods (c) understand and use the terms amplitude. They should be aware of the basic ideas of reflection and refraction in light.2 Energy in simple harmonic motion 14. v = ± ω ( x 0 2 − x2) (g) describe. 22 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . with graphical illustrations. velocity and acceleration during simple harmonic motion (h) describe the interchange between kinetic and potential energy during simple harmonic motion (i) describe practical examples of damped oscillations with particular reference to the effects of the degree of damping and the importance of critical damping in cases such as a car suspension system (j) describe practical examples of forced oscillations and resonance (k) describe graphically how the amplitude of a forced oscillation changes with frequency near to the natural frequency of the system. the changes in displacement. angular frequency and phase difference and express the period in terms of both frequency and angular frequency (d) recognise and use the equation a = – ω 2x as the defining equation of simple harmonic motion (e) recall and use x = x0sinωt as a solution to the equation a = – ω 2x (f) recognise and use v = v0cos ωt. Oscillations Content 14.maxpapers. and understand qualitatively the factors that determine the frequency response and sharpness of the resonance (l) show an appreciation that there are some circumstances in which resonance is useful and other circumstances in which resonance should be avoided. 14. gained through a study of optics. period.com Section IV: Oscillations and waves Recommended prior knowledge Candidates should be able to describe basic wave behaviour.Syllabus content www.1 Simple harmonic motion 14. frequency. wavelength and speed (c) deduce. the equation v = fλ (d) recall and use the equation v = fλ (e) show an understanding that energy is transferred by a progressive wave (f) recall and use the relationship intensity ∝ (amplitude)2 (g) compare transverse and longitudinal waves (h) analyse and interpret graphical representations of transverse and longitudinal waves (i) show an understanding that polarisation is a phenomenon associated with transverse waves (j) determine the frequency of sound using a calibrated c.maxpapers. frequency and wavelength 15.www. from the definitions of speed.com Syllabus content 15.r. springs and ripple tanks (b) show an understanding of and use the terms displacement. period.4 Determination of speed. amplitude. Waves Content 15. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 23 .1 Progressive waves 15. (k) determine the wavelength of sound using stationary waves (l) state that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same speed in free space and recall the orders of magnitude of the wavelengths of the principal radiations from radio waves to γ -rays.5 Electromagnetic spectrum Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes. frequency.o.3 Polarisation 15.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves 15. frequency and wavelength. phase difference. 5 Diffraction grating (d) explain the meaning of the term diffraction (e) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate diffraction including the diffraction of water waves in a ripple tank with both a wide gap and a narrow gap (f) show an understanding of the terms interference and coherence (g) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate two-source interference using water. Superposition Content 16.3 Interference Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) explain and use the principle of superposition in simple applications (b) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate stationary waves using microwaves.com 16. patterns and identify nodes and antinodes 16.maxpapers.1 Stationary waves 16.2 Diffraction 16. 24 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .Syllabus content www. stretched strings and air columns 16.4 Two-source interference (c) explain the formation of a stationary wave using a graphical method. light and microwaves (h) show an understanding of the conditions required if two-source interference fringes are to be observed ax (i) recall and solve problems using the equation λ = for double-slit D interference using light (j) recall and solve problems using the formula d sinθ = nλ and describe the use of a diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of light (the structure and use of the spectrometer are not included). They should be able to distinguish between conductors and insulators using a simple electron model. charging by friction and by induction. 17.www.com Syllabus content Section V: Electricity and magnetism Recommended prior knowledge Candidates should be aware of the two types of charge.5 Electric potential Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding of the concept of an electric field as an example of a field of force and define electric field strength as force per unit positive charge acting on a stationary point charge (b) represent an electric field by means of field lines (c) recall and use E = to calculate the field strength of the uniform field d between charged parallel plates in terms of potential difference and separation V (d) calculate the forces on charges in uniform electric fields (e) describe the effect of a uniform electric field on the motion of charged particles Q Q (f) recall and use Coulomb’s law in the form F = 1 22 for the force 4π ε 0 r between two point charges in free space or air Q (g) recall and use E = 2 for the field strength of a point charge 4π ε 0 r in free space or air (h) define potential at a point in terms of the work done in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to the point (i) state that the field strength of the field at a point is equal to the negative of potential gradient at that point (j) use the equation V = for the potential in the field of a 4 r π ε 0 point charge (k) recognise the analogy between certain qualitative and quantitative aspects of electric fields and gravitational fields.4 Electric field of a point charge 17.3 Force between point charges 17. Electric fields Content 17.maxpapers.2 Uniform electric fields 17.1 Concept of an electric field 17. Q Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 25 . Current of electricity Content 19.1 Electric current 19.m. 2 2 19.m.f. 26 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .com 18.1 Capacitors and capacitance 18.f. Capacitance Content 18.s.3 Resistance and resistivity 19.2 Potential difference 19.Syllabus content www.2 Energy stored in a capacitor Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding of the function of capacitors in simple circuits (b) define capacitance and the farad (c) recall and solve problems using C = (d) derive. in terms of energy considerations (o) show an understanding of the effects of the internal resistance of a source of e.m. in terms of the energy transferred by a source in driving unit charge round a complete circuit (n) distinguish between e. P = I 2R (g) define resistance and the ohm (h) recall and solve problems using V = IR (i) sketch and explain the I-V characteristics of a metallic conductor at constant temperature. on the terminal potential difference and output power.d.d.f. using the formula C = Q V Q . a semiconductor diode and a filament lamp (j) sketch the temperature characteristic of a thermistor (thermistors will be assumed to be of the negative temperature coefficient type) (k) state Ohm’s law (l) recall and solve problems using R = ρL A (m) define e. the 1 1 2 equation W = Q V and hence W = C V . conservation of charge and the V addition of p. from the area under a potential-charge graph. and p.maxpapers. formulae for capacitors in series and in parallel (e) solve problems using formulae for capacitors in series and in parallel (f) deduce.4 Sources of electromotive force Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding that electric current is the flow of charged particles (b) define charge and the coulomb (c) recall and solve problems using the equation Q = It (d) define potential difference and the volt W (e) recall and solve problems using V = Q (f) recall and solve problems using P = V I. maxpapers.com Syllabus content 20. and/or any other type of component referred to in the syllabus (c) recall Kirchhoff’s first law and appreciate the link to conservation of charge (d) recall Kirchhoff’s second law and appreciate the link to conservation of energy (e) derive. (k) explain the use of thermistors and light-dependent resistors in potential dividers to provide a potential difference that is dependent on temperature and illumination respectively (l) recall and solve problems using the principle of the potentiometer as a means of comparing potential differences. ammeters. switches. resistors. using Kirchhoff’s laws.d. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 27 . a formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series (f) solve problems using the formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series (g) derive.www. circuits Content 20.2 Conservation of charge and energy 20.3 Balanced potentials Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) recall and use appropriate circuit symbols as set out in the ASE publication Signs. a formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in parallel (h) solve problems using the formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in parallel (i) apply Kirchhoff’s laws to solve simple circuit problems (j) show an understanding of the use of a potential divider circuit as a source of variable p. Symbols and Systematics (b) draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources. voltmeters. using Kirchhoff’s laws.C. D.1 Practical circuits 20. electric and magnetic fields. as appropriate.Syllabus content www. a flat circular coil and a long solenoid (h) show an understanding that the field due to a solenoid may be influenced by the presence of a ferrous core (i) explain the forces between current-carrying conductors and predict the direction of the forces (j) describe and compare the forces on mass. with directions as interpreted by Fleming’s left-hand rule (c) define magnetic flux density and the tesla (d) show an understanding of how the force on a current-carrying conductor can be used to measure the flux density of a magnetic field using a current balance (e) predict the direction of the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field (f) recall and solve problems using F = BQv sinθ (g) sketch flux patterns due to a long straight wire.2 Force on a moving charge 22. 28 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . 22. the equation F = BIl sinθ. charge and current in gravitational.maxpapers.1 Concept of magnetic field Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding that a magnetic field is an example of a field of force produced either by current-carrying conductors or by permanent magnets (b) represent a magnetic field by field lines. and solve problems using.4 Force between current-carrying conductors Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an appreciation that a force might act on a currentcarrying conductor placed in a magnetic field (b) recall. Magnetic fields Content 21.1 Force on a currentcarrying conductor 22.3 Magnetic fields due to currents 22. Electromagnetism Content 22.com 21. m.f.f.1 Laws of electromagnetic induction Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) define magnetic flux and the weber (b) recall and solve problems using Φ = BA (c) define magnetic flux linkage (d) infer from appropriate experiments on electromagnetic induction: • • • that a changing magnetic flux can induce an e.f.www.maxpapers.com Syllabus content 23. in a circuit that the direction of the induced e. (e) recall and solve problems using Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law (f) explain simple applications of electromagnetic induction.m. opposes the change producing it the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 29 . Electromagnetic induction Content 23.m. 3 Transmission of electrical energy 24. frequency.1 Characteristics of alternating currents 24.4 Rectification Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding of and use the terms period. including the effect of the value of capacitance in relation to the load resistance.2 The transformer 24.Syllabus content www.maxpapers. 30 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . Alternating currents Content 24.com 24. and peak values and recall and solve I problems using the relationship I rms = 0 for the sinusoidal 2 case (e) show an understanding of the principle of operation of a simple laminated iron-cored transformer and recall and solve problems using Ns Np = Vs Vp = Ip Is for an ideal transformer (f) show an appreciation of the scientific and economic advantages of alternating current and of high voltages for the transmission of electrical energy (g) distinguish graphically between half-wave and full-wave rectification (h) explain the use of a single diode for the half-wave rectification of an alternating current (i) explain the use of four diodes (bridge rectifier) for the full-wave rectification of an alternating current (j) analyse the effect of a single capacitor in smoothing.s. peak value and root-mean-square value as applied to an alternating current or voltage (b) deduce that the mean power in a resistive load is half the maximum power for a sinusoidal alternating current (c) represent a sinusoidally alternating current or voltage by an equation of the form x = x0sinωt (d) distinguish between r.m. Charged particles Content 25.2 Beams of charged particles Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding of the main principles of determination of e by Millikan’s experiment (b) summarise and interpret the experimental evidence for quantisation of charge (c) describe and analyse qualitatively the deflection of beams of charged particles by uniform electric and uniform magnetic fields (d) explain how electric and magnetic fields can be used in velocity selection (e) explain the main principles of one method for the determination of v and e for electrons.maxpapers.com Syllabus content Section VI: Modern Physics Recommended prior knowledge Candidates should be able to describe matter in terms of atoms.1 Electrons 25. me Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 31 . 25.www. with electrons orbiting a positively charged nucleus. Candidates should have studied some of the material in Section IV. 1 Energy of a photon 26.5 Line spectra Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an appreciation of the particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation (b) recall and use E = hf (c) show an understanding that the photoelectric effect provides evidence for a particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation while phenomena such as interference and diffraction provide evidence for a wave nature (d) recall the significance of threshold frequency (e) explain photoelectric phenomena in terms of photon energy and work function energy (f) explain why the maximum photoelectric energy is independent of intensity.g.com 26. whereas the photoelectric current is proportional to intensity 2 (g) recall. Quantum physics Content 26.4 Energy levels in atoms 26. atomic hydrogen) and deduce how this leads to spectral lines (k) distinguish between emission and absorption line spectra (l) recall and solve problems using the relation hf = E1 – E 2. 32 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .maxpapers.3 Wave-particle duality 26.Syllabus content www.2 Photoelectric emission of electrons 26. use and explain the significance of hf = Φ + 1 mvma x 2 (h) describe and interpret qualitatively the evidence provided by electron diffraction for the wave nature of particles h (i) recall and use the relation for the de Broglie wavelength λ = p (j) show an understanding of the existence of discrete electron energy levels in isolated atoms (e. Nuclear physics Content 27. t1 2 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 33 .1 The nucleus 27. β . where x could represent activity.www.4 Mass excess and nuclear binding energy Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) infer from the results of the α -particle scattering experiment the existence and small size of the nucleus (b) describe a simple model for the nuclear atom to include protons. proton number. each with a different number of neutrons (e) use the usual notation for the representation of nuclides (f) appreciate that nucleon number.3 Nuclear processes 27. and mass-energy are all conserved in nuclear processes (g) represent simple nuclear reactions by nuclear equations of the form 14 7 N + 2 He→ 8 O + 1 H 4 17 1 (h) show an appreciation of the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear decay (i) show an understanding of the nature and properties of α -. number of undecayed particles or received count rate (q) define half-life (r) solve problems using the relation λ = 0.and γ radiations (β+ is not included: β -radiation will be taken to refer to β–) (j) infer the random nature of radioactive decay from the fluctuations in count rate (k) show an appreciation of the association between energy and mass as represented by E = mc 2 and recall and solve problems using this relationship (l) sketch the variation of binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number (m) explain what is meant by nuclear fusion and nuclear fission (n) explain the relevance of binding energy per nucleon to nuclear fusion and to nuclear fission (o) define the terms activity and decay constant and recall and solve problems using A = λN (p) infer and sketch the exponential nature of radioactive decay and solve problems using the relationship x = x0exp(–λt).5 Radioactive decay (d) show an understanding that an element can exist in various isotopic forms. neutrons and orbital electrons (c) distinguish between nucleon number and proton number 27.com Syllabus content 27. 693 .2 Isotopes 27.maxpapers. This is available from the Cambridge Teacher Support website and from Cambridge Publications. from the properties of an ideal operational amplifier.3 Operational amplifier circuits 28. Direct sensing Content 28.2 Applications of Physics: Section VII Teachers will find it helpful to refer to Cambridge’s Applications of Physics book when teaching this section. Section VII: Gathering and communicating information 28.2 The ideal operational amplifier 28.maxpapers. the use of an operational amplifier as a comparator (j) show an understanding of the effects of negative feedback on the gain of an operational amplifier (k) recall the circuit diagrams for both the inverting and the non-inverting amplifier for single signal input (l) show an understanding of the virtual earth approximation and derive an expression for the gain of inverting amplifiers (m) recall and use expressions for the voltage gain of inverting and of non-inverting amplifiers (n) show an understanding of the use of relays in electronic circuits (o) show an understanding of the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as devices to indicate the state of the output of electronic circuits (p) show an understanding of the need for calibration where digital or analogue meters are used as output devices.4 Output devices Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) show an understanding that an electronic sensor consists of a sensing device and a circuit that provides an output voltage (b) show an understanding of the change in resistance with light intensity of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) (c) sketch the temperature characteristic of a negative temperature coefficient thermistor (d) show an understanding of the action of a piezo-electric transducer and its application in a simple microphone (e) describe the structure of a metal-wire strain gauge (f) relate extension of a strain gauge to change in resistance of the gauge (g) show an understanding that the output from sensing devices can be registered as a voltage (h) recall the main properties of the ideal operational amplifier (op-amp) (i) deduce. The Applications of Physics section of the syllabus forms approximately one-eighth of the A Level material examined. 34 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .1 Sensing devices 28.com 4.Syllabus content www. and provides a guide to the level of detail required.2. 2 Production and use of ultrasound 29.3 Use of magnetic resonance as an imaging technique Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) explain in simple terms the need for remote sensing (non-invasive techniques of diagnosis) in medicine (b) explain the principles of the production of X-rays by electron bombardment of a metal target (c) describe the main features of a modern X-ray tube. including control of the intensity and hardness of the X-ray beam (d) show an understanding of the use of X-rays in imaging internal body structures. Remote sensing Content 29.www.com Syllabus content 29. including a simple analysis of the causes of sharpness and contrast in X-ray imaging (e) show an understanding of the purpose of computed tomography or CT scanning (f) show an understanding of the principles of CT scanning (g) show an understanding of how the image of an 8-voxel cube can be developed using CT scanning (h) explain the principles of the generation and detection of ultrasonic waves using piezo-electric transducers (i) explain the main principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic information about internal structures (j) show an understanding of the meaning of specific acoustic impedance and its importance to the intensity reflection coefficient at a boundary (k) recall and solve problems by using the equation I = I0e –µx for the attenuation of X-rays and of ultrasound in matter (l) explain the main principles behind the use of magnetic resonance to obtain diagnostic information about internal structures (m) show an understanding of the function of the non-uniform magnetic field. in diagnosis using magnetic resonance. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 35 . superimposed on the large constant magnetic field.1 Production and use of X-rays 29.maxpapers. signal attenuation. in a mobile-phone system. radio and microwave links and optic fibres (i) discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of channels of communication in terms of available bandwidth. 36 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .maxpapers. crosslinking. is equivalent to the carrier wave frequency together with two sideband frequencies (c) understand the term bandwidth (d) demonstrate an awareness of the relative advantages of AM and FM transmissions (e) recall the advantages of the transmission of data in digital form.5 The mobile-phone network Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) understand the term modulation and be able to distinguish between amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) (b) recall that a carrier wave.3 Transmission of information by digital means 30. cost and convenience (j) describe the use of satellites in communication (k) recall the relative merits of both geostationary and polar orbiting satellites for communicating information (l) recall the frequencies and wavelengths used in different channels of communication (m) understand and use signal attenuation expressed in dB and dB per unit length P1 (n) recall and use the expression number of dB = 10 lg for the P2 ratio of two powers ( ) (o) understand that.4 Different channels of communication 30. repeaters and regeneration. coaxial cables. amplitude modulated by a single audio frequency. noise. Communicating information Content 30.2 Sidebands and bandwidth 30. each cell served by a base station q) understand the role of the base station and the cellular exchange during the making of a call from a mobile phone handset (r) recall a simplified block diagram of a mobile phone handset and understand the function of each block. the public switched telephone network (PSTN) is linked to base stations via a cellular exchange (p) understand the need for an area to be divided into a number of cells.com 30. security. including wire-pairs.1 Principles of modulation 30. compared to the transmission of data in analogue form (f) understand that the digital transmission of speech or music involves analogue-to-digital conversion (ADC) on transmission and digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) on reception (g) show an understanding of the effect of the sampling rate and the number of bits in each sample on the reproduction of an input signal (h) appreciate that information may be carried by a number of different channels.Syllabus content www. contributing to the motivation of candidates Candidates’ experimental skills will be assessed in Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills 1/2) and Paper 5. candidates should spend at least 20% of their time doing practical work individually or in small groups. each of 1 hour and each of 20 marks.maxpapers. The first question will be an experiment requiring candidates to collect data. the examiners will not be strictly bound by the subject content of the syllabus in setting questions. focusing on the following experimental skills: • • • manipulation. The second question will not require the plotting of a graph. laboratory-based practical paper. identified as Advanced Practical Skills 1 and Advanced Practical Skills 2. Practical assessment 5. Where appropriate. conclusions and evaluation Each paper will consist of two questions. measurement and observation presentation of data and observations analysis. some schools may wish to divide their candidates so that some are entered for Advanced Practical Skills 1 and the others are entered for Advanced Practical Skills 2.1 Introduction Teachers should ensure that candidates practise experimental skills throughout the whole period of their course of study. but will be equivalent in the skills assessed and in the level of demand. This 20% does not include time spent observing teacher demonstrations of experiments. candidates will be told exactly what to do and how to do it: only knowledge of theory and experimental skills within the syllabus will be expected. other schools may wish to enter all of their candidates for the same paper. to plot a graph and to draw simple conclusions. In each of these papers.www. The practical work that candidates do during their course should aim to: • • • • provide learning opportunities so that candidates develop the skills they need to carry out experimental and investigative work reinforce the learning of the theoretical subject content of the syllabus instil an understanding of the interplay of experiment and theory in scientific method prove enjoyable. Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills 1/2) will be a timetabled. and candidates will be required to evaluate the method and suggest improvements. Where two versions of the paper are offered. As a guide. the experimental method to be followed will be inaccurate. These papers will contain different questions. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 37 .com Practical assessment 5.2 Paper 3 – Advanced Practical Skills 1/2 In some examination sessions. Each candidate should take one of these papers. In the second question. two versions of the Advanced Practical Skills paper will be available. 5. 2.Practical assessment www. The expectations for each mark category are listed in the sections that follow. measurement and observation Presentation of data and observations Analysis. Question 1 Skill Manipulation. conclusions and evaluation 4 marks Interpretation of graph Drawing conclusions 7 marks 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 2 marks 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 2 marks 2 marks Question 2 Skill Manipulation. No prior knowledge of the theory will be required.com The two questions will be set in different areas of Physics.maxpapers. measurement and observation 9 marks Breakdown of marks Successful collection of data Range and distribution of values Quality of data Presentation of data and observations 7 marks Table of results: layout Table of results: raw data Table of results: calculated quantities Graph: layout Graph: plotting of points Graph: trend line Analysis. 5. and may relate to A2 topics. The areas of Physics will not be confined to the AS subject content. conclusions and evaluation 7 marks Breakdown of marks Successful collection of data Quality of data 3 marks Display of calculation and reasoning 6 marks 1 mark 3 marks 10 marks Drawing conclusions Estimating uncertainties Identifying limitations Suggesting improvements 1 mark 1 mark 4 marks 4 marks 38 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .1 Mark scheme for Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills 1/2) Paper 3 will be marked using the generic mark scheme below. analogue or digital electrical meters. Candidates will be expected to be able to identify the most appropriate distribution of values. All assistance must be reported to the examiners. • Some candidates will be unable to set up their apparatus without help and may ask for assistance from the Supervisor. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 39 . For other experiments. including those involving straight-line graphs. Quality of data Candidates should be able to: • make and record accurate measurements. top-pan balances. measuring cylinders. stopwatches. In most experiments. vernier calipers. analysis or evaluation sections. protractors. In some cases. Marks will be awarded for measured data in which the values obtained are reasonable. in other cases.maxpapers.com Practical assessment 5. Supervisors will be given clear instructions on what assistance may be given to candidates. a regularly-spaced set of measurements will be appropriate. such as those requiring the peak value of a curved graph to be determined.2.www. Range and distribution of values Candidates should be able to: • • make measurements that span the largest possible range of values within the limits either of the equipment provided or of the instructions given make measurements whose values are appropriately distributed within this range.2 Expectations for each mark category (Paper 3) Manipulation. but this assistance should never go beyond the minimum necessary to enable candidates to take some readings: under no circumstances should help be given with the presentation of data. and candidates who require assistance will not be able to score full marks for the successful collection of data. micrometer screw gauges and thermometers use both analogue scales and digital displays. The examiners will only consider the extent to which the candidate has affected the quality of the data: allowances will be made where the quality of data is limited by the experimental method required or by the apparatus used. newton-meters. it may be appropriate for the measurements to be concentrated in one part of the range investigated. such as millimetre scales. the candidate’s data may be compared with information supplied by the supervisor or known to the examiners. diagrams or circuit diagrams use their apparatus to collect an appropriate quantity of data repeat readings where appropriate make measurements using common laboratory apparatus. measurement and observation Successful collection of data Candidates should be able to: • • • • • set up apparatus correctly without assistance from the Supervisor follow instructions given in the form of written instructions. the award of the mark will be based on the scatter of points on a graph. vary down a column of values for a calculated quantity.d. For example. The degree of precision used should be compatible with the measuring instrument used: it would be inappropriate to record a distance measured on a millimetre scale as ‘2 cm’. then ‘I / mA’ would be the usual way to write the column heading. For example. Except where they are produced by addition or subtraction. 40 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . if the quantity being measured is current in milliamperes. Headings such as ‘I mA’ or just ‘mA’ are not acceptable. if necessary. The quantity or the unit or both may be written in words rather than symbols.maxpapers.Practical assessment www. The number of significant figures may. Table of results: raw data Candidates should be able to: • record raw readings of a quantity to the same degree of precision. Table of results: calculated quantities Candidates should be able to: • • calculate other quantities from their raw data use the correct number of significant figures for these calculated quantities. then all the lengths in that column should be given to the nearest millimetre. calculated quantities should be given to the same number of significant figures (or one more than) the measured quantity of least accuracy.) may be used without explanation.com Presentation of data and observations Table of results: layout Candidates should be able to: • • • • present numerical data and values in a single table of results draw up the table in advance of taking readings so that they do not have to copy up their results include in the table of results columns for raw data and for values calculated from them use column headings that include both the quantity and the unit and that conform to accepted scientific conventions. Conventional symbols or abbreviations (such as p. then the corresponding resistance should be given to 2 or 3 significant figures. if values of a potential difference and of a current are measured to 2 and 4 significant figures respectively. if one measurement of length in a column of raw data is given to the nearest millimetre. As an example of accepted practice in column headings. but ‘I in mA’ or ‘I (mA)’ would be allowed. but not 1 or 4. Graph: trend line Candidates should be able to: • • • identify when the trend of a graph is linear or curved draw straight lines of best fit or curves to show the trend of a graph draw tangents to curved trend lines.www. following accepted scientific conventions choose scales for graph axes such that the data points occupy at least half of the graph grid in both x . a thick pencil blob is not.and y -directions use a false origin where appropriate choose scales for the graph axes that allow the graph to be read easily. but must still be visible.com Practical assessment Graph: layout Candidates should be able to: • • • • • • plot the independent variable on the x -axis and the dependent variable on the y -axis. except where the variables are conventionally plotted the other way around clearly label graph axes with both the quantity and the unit. and the key steps in their reasoning justify the number of significant figures in a calculated quantity. The trend line should show an even distribution of points on either side of the line along its whole length. 2 or 5 units to a 2 cm square place regularly-spaced numerical labels along the whole of each axis.maxpapers. Points should be finely drawn with a sharp pencil. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 41 . Graph: plotting of points Candidates should be able to: • plot all their data points on their graph grid to an accuracy of better than 1 mm. such as 1. Display of calculation and reasoning Candidates should be able to: • • show their working in calculations. A fine cross or an encircled dot is suitable. The accepted scientific conventions for labelling the axes of a graph are the same as for the column headings in a table of results. Lines should be finely drawn and should not contain kinks or breaks. the points on the line chosen for the calculation should be separated by at least half of the length of the line drawn. and hence to derive expressions that equate to the gradient or the y -intercept of their graphs read the co-ordinates of points on the trend line of a graph determine the gradient of a straight-line graph or of a tangent to a curve determine the y -intercept of a straight-line graph or of a tangent to a curve. Estimating uncertainties Candidates should be able to: • • estimate. Candidates’ suggestions should be realistic. fractional or percentage uncertainty. and making predictions. 42 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . so that in principle they are achievable in practice. The suggestions may relate either to the apparatus used or to the experimental procedure followed.maxpapers. including where these are on graphs with a false origin. including determining the values of constants. Identifying limitations Candidates should be able to: • • • identify and describe the limitations in an experimental procedure identify the most significant sources of uncertainty in an experiment show an understanding of the distinction between systematic errors (including zero errors) and random errors. Candidates may include improvements that they have actually made while carrying out the experiment. conclusions and evaluation Interpretation of graph Candidates should be able to: • • • • relate straight-line graphs to equations of the form y = mx + c. and translate between these forms. In cases where the y -intercept cannot be read directly from the y -axis. Suggesting improvements Candidates should be able to: • • suggest modifications to an experimental arrangement that will improve the accuracy of the experiment or to extend the investigation to answer a new question describe these modifications clearly in words or diagrams. The suggested modifications may relate to sources of uncertainty identified by the candidate. quantitatively.Practical assessment www. the uncertainty in their measurements express the uncertainty in a measurement as an actual. it is expected that the co-ordinates of a point on the line and the gradient will be substituted into y = mx + c. considering whether experimental data supports a given hypothesis. Drawing conclusions Candidates should be able to: • draw conclusions from an experiment.com Analysis. When a gradient is to be determined. 28.s. especially if there was any local difficulty with apparatus. If there is any doubt about the interpretation of Confidential Instructions document or the suitability of the apparatus available. 5.2.1 g (this item may often be shared between sets of apparatus) Bar magnet Bare copper wire: 18.s. using either e-mail ([email protected] Apparatus that is used regularly Below is a list of the items that are regularly used in the practical test. 100 mA and 1 A (digital multimeters are suitable) Cells: 1.5 V Lamp and holder: 6 V 60 mA.d.g. an electric kettle) Plastic or polystyrene cup 200 cm3 Stirrer Adhesive tape (e. 34.3 Administration of the practical test Detailed regulations on the administration of Cambridge practical examinations are contained in the Cambridge Handbook.g.www. Beaker: 100 cm3. The list is not exhaustive: other items are usually required.d.3 A Leads and crocodile clips Power supply: variable up to 12 V d.w. They will also contain sufficient details to allow testing of the apparatus. Access to the question paper itself is not permitted in advance of the examination. capable of carrying a current of at least 4A) Switch Voltmeter: (digital or analogue) f. A missing report can delay the marking process. usually about six weeks before the date of the examination. The Confidential Instructions contain a Supervisor’s Report Form. 30. It is essential that absolute confidentiality be maintained in advance of the examination date: the contents of the Confidential Instructions must not be revealed either directly or indirectly to candidates. enquiries should be sent to the Product Manager for Physics at Cambridge. Sellotape) Balance to 0. 32. 26 s. 2.w. 200 cm3 or 250 cm3 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 43 .5 V 0.g. A document called the Confidential Instructions will be despatched to Centres.2. (low resistance) Rheostat (with a maximum resistance of at least 8 Ω. The Confidential Instructions will detail the apparatus that will be required and how it should be laid out for candidates.c. 38 s. A sample set of results may also be helpful to the examiners. or metric equivalents Long stem thermometer: –10 °C to 110 °C × 1 °C Means to heat water safely to boiling (e.org.uk) or fax (+44 1223 553558) or telephone (+44 1223 553554).com Practical assessment 5. 10 V (digital multimeters are suitable) Wire: constantan 26. Centres must complete this form and enclose a copy in each envelope of scripts.g. Ammeter: (digital or analogue) f. Centres should contact the Despatch Department at Cambridge if they believe the Confidential Instructions have not been received. 36. 5 V.maxpapers. to allow for variety in the questions set. boss and clamp Stopwatch (candidates may use their wristwatches). reading to 0. 300 mm) Scissors Slotted masses (100 g. 2 cm) G-clamp Magnadur ceramic magnets Mass hanger Micrometer screw gauge (this item may often be shared between sets of apparatus) Modelling clay (e. 10 N) Pendulum bob Protractor Pulley Rule with a millimetre scale (1 m.Practical assessment www. 10 g) or alternative Spring Stand.g. 0. 25 N m –1. Plasticine) Newton-meter (1 N.maxpapers. 20 g.com Blu-Tack Card Expendable steel spring (spring constant approx.1 s or better Stout pin or round nail String/thread/twine Vernier calipers (this item may often be shared between sets of apparatus) Wire cutters Wood or metal jaws 44 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .5 m. 50 g. unstretched length approx. on a number of occasions. In particular. they are required: • • • to plan an experiment to perform the experiment according to their plan to evaluate what they have done. No question will require prior knowledge of theory or equipment that is beyond the syllabus: candidates will be given all the information that they need. in which candidates will be required to design an experimental investigation of a given problem. radioactive materials). This question also will not be highly structured: candidates will be expected to decide for themselves what they need to do in order to reach an answer. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 45 .maxpapers. either because of the cost of equipment or because of restrictions on the availability of materials (e. conclusions and evaluation question. conclusions and evaluation. candidates cannot be taught to plan experiments effectively unless. This requires many hours of laboratory-based work. and requires careful supervision from teachers to ensure that experiments are performed safely.3 Paper 5 Paper 5 will be a timetabled written paper.www. From these they will be required to find the value of a constant. It should be stressed that candidates cannot be adequately prepared for this paper without extensive laboratory work during their course of study. focusing on the following higher-order experimental skills: • • planning analysis. Paper 5 will consist of two questions each of 15 marks. They will also be required to estimate the uncertainty in their answer. The first question will be a planning question. The question will not be highly structured: candidates will be expected to answer with a diagram and an extended piece of writing. Some questions on this paper may be set in areas of Physics that are difficult to investigate experimentally in school laboratories. The second question will be an analysis.g.com Practical assessment 5. in which candidates will be given an equation and some experimental data. This examination paper will not require laboratory facilities. The expectations for each mark category are listed in the sections that follow.3.maxpapers.1 Mark scheme for Paper 5 Paper 5 will be marked using the generic mark scheme below. Question 1 Skill Planning 15 marks Breakdown of marks Defining the problem Methods of data collection Method of analysis Safety considerations Additional detail 3 marks 5 marks 2 marks 1 mark 4 marks Question 2 Skill Analysis.Practical assessment www. conclusions and evaluation 15 marks Breakdown of marks Approach to data analysis Table of results Graph Conclusion Treatment of uncertainties 1 mark 2 marks 3 marks 4 marks 5 marks 46 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .com 5. 2 The expectations for each mark category (Paper 5) Planning Defining the problem Candidates should be able to: • • • identify the independent variable in the experiment identify the dependent variable in the experiment identify the variables that are to be kept constant. the arrangement of apparatus for the experiment and the procedures to be followed. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 47 . The measuring instruments chosen should be fit for purpose. Additional detail Up to four marks will be available for additional relevant detail. Safety considerations Candidates should be able to: • • assess the risks of their experiment describe precautions that should be taken to keep risks to a minimum. but they might. or for additional safety considerations. include marks for describing how additional variables are to be kept constant. Methods of data collection Candidates should be able to: • • • • describe the method to be used to vary the independent variable describe how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured describe how other variables are to be kept constant describe. Method of analysis Candidates should be able to: • describe how the data should be used in order to reach a conclusion.maxpapers.www. for example. the overall arrangement must be workable. with the aid of a clear labelled diagram. it should be possible to collect the data required without undue difficulty if the apparatus were assembled as described.com Practical assessment 5. including details of derived quantities to be calculated and graphs to be drawn as appropriate. in that they should measure the correct physical quantity to a suitable precision for the experiment. or for a diagram of a circuit needed to make a particular measurement. How these marks are awarded will depend on the experiment that is to be planned.3. For full marks to be scored in this section. that is. Conclusion Candidates should be able to: • • • determine the gradient and y -intercept of a straight-line graph derive expressions that equate to the gradient or the y -intercept of their straight lines of best fit draw the required conclusions from these expressions. ln (d / cm). conclusions and evaluation Approach to data analysis Candidates should be able to: • • • • • rearrange expressions into the forms y = mx + c. Table of results Candidates should be able to: • complete a table of results following the conventions required for Paper 3 Where logarithms are required. y = ax n and y = a ekx plot a graph of y against x and use the graph to find the constants m and c in an equation of the form y = mx + c plot a graph of log y against log x and use the graph to find the constants a and n in an equation of the form y = axn plot a graph of ln y against x and use the graph to find the constants a and k in an equation of the form y = a ekx decide what derived quantities to calculate from raw data in order to enable an appropriate graph to be plotted. Graph Candidates should be able to: • • • plot a graph following the conventions required for Paper 3 show error bars. for each point on the graph draw a straight line of best fit and a straight worst acceptable line through the points on the graph. The conclusion required will normally be the value of a constant.com Analysis. e. It should be distinguished from the line of best fit either by being drawn as a broken line or by being clearly labelled.Practical assessment www.maxpapers. units should be shown with the quantity whose logarithm is being taken. The logarithm itself does not have a unit. 48 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .g. in both directions where appropriate. The worst acceptable line should be either the steepest possible line or the shallowest possible line that passes through the error bars of all the data points. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 49 . beside every value in a table of results calculate uncertainty estimates in derived quantities show uncertainty estimates as error bars on a graph estimate the absolute uncertainty in the gradient of a graph by recalling that absolute uncertainty = gradient of line of best fit – gradient of worst acceptable line estimate the absolute uncertainty in the y -intercept of a graph by recalling that absolute uncertainty = y -intercept of line of best fit – y -intercept of worst acceptable line express a quantity as a value.com Practical assessment Treatment of uncertainties Candidates should be able to: • • • • • • • convert absolute uncertainty estimates into fractional or percentage uncertainty estimates and vice versa show uncertainty estimates. in absolute terms.maxpapers.www. an uncertainty estimate and a unit. • • 50 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .com 6. multiplication and division. 1988 (f) Hazcards. π2 ≈ 10) and use such approximations to check the magnitude of calculated results. cosines. ASE. Bretherick. 9th edition. 1976 (d) Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory. 2. Brunel University. powers (including reciprocals and square roots). 1986 (e) Safeguards in the School Laboratory. UK Parliament. Uxbridge UB8 3PH 6.Appendix www. Appendix 6. as published by CLEAPSS Development Group. HMSO. Attention is drawn to the following UK publications: (a) The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations. subtraction. Find arithmetic means. The Royal Society of Chemistry.1 Safety in the laboratory Responsibility for safety matters rests with Centres. Royal Society of Chemistry. sines. L. ed. 2002 (b) Safe Practices in Chemical Laboratories.2 Mathematical requirements Expectations shown in bold type are not required for the AS qualification. exponentials and logarithms (lg and ln) take account of accuracy in numerical work and handle calculations so that significant figures are neither lost unnecessarily nor carried beyond what is justified make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions (e.maxpapers. 1989 (c) Safety in Science Laboratories.g. DES Safety Series. Arithmetic Candidates should be able to: • • • recognise and use expressions in decimal and standard form (scientific) notation recognise and use binary notation use appropriate calculating aids (electronic calculator or tables) for addition.. tangents (and the inverse functions). 4th ed. a/b. /. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 understand the relationship between degrees and radians (defined as arc/radius). >. Linear simultaneous equations and the use of the formula to obtain the solutions of quadratic equations are included substitute physical quantities into physical equations using consistent units and check the dimensional consistency of such equations formulate simple algebraic equations as mathematical models of physical situations. 90°). translate from one to the other and use the appropriate system in context. [. the angle sum of a triangle use sines. ekx and understand the use of logarithms in relation to quantities with values that range over several orders of magnitude express small changes or uncertainties as percentages and vice versa – ). ≈. and identify inadequacies of such models recognise and use the logarithmic forms of expressions like ab. 30°. xn . %. recognising situations where vector addition is appropriate obtain expressions for components of a vector in perpendicular directions. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 51 . Σ . Most relevant equations are linear but some may involve inverse and inverse square relationships. δx. Y. Vectors Candidates should be able to: • • find the resultant of two coplanar vectors. ∝. cosines and tangents (especially for 0°. 45°. Use the trigonometric relationships for triangles: a sinA • • = b sinB = c sinC a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A use sinθ ≈ tanθ ≈ θ and cosθ ≈ 1 for small θ . Most relevant equations involve only the simpler operations but may include positive and negative indices and square roots solve simple algebraic equations. similarity of triangles. recognising situations where vector resolution is appropriate. 60°. cylinders and spheres use Pythagoras’ theorem. ∆x. &. <x > ( = x • • • • • Geometry and trigonometry Candidates should be able to: • • • calculate areas of right-angled and isosceles triangles.www. circumference and area of circles.com Appendix Algebra Candidates should be able to: • • change the subject of an equation. areas and volumes of rectangular blocks.maxpapers. √ comprehend and use the symbols <. Appendix www.maxpapers.com Graphs Candidates should be able to: • • • • • • • • • • translate information between graphical, numerical, algebraic and verbal forms select appropriate variables and scales for graph plotting for linear graphs, determine the slope, intercept and intersection choose, by inspection, a straight line which will serve as the line of best fit through a set of data points presented graphically draw a curved trend line through a set of data points presented graphically, when the arrangement of these data points is clearly indicative of a non-linear relationship recall standard linear form y = mx + c and rearrange relationships into linear form where appropriate sketch and recognise the forms of plots of common simple expressions like 1/x, x 2, 1/x 2, sin x, cos x, e –x use logarithmic plots to test exponential and power law variations understand, draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve as a means to obtain the gradient, and use notation in the form dy/dx for a rate of change understand and use the area below a curve where the area has physical significance. 52 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 www.maxpapers.com Appendix 6.3 Glossary of terms used in Physics papers This glossary should prove helpful to candidates as a guide, although it is not exhaustive and it has deliberately been kept brief. Candidates should understand that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context. The number of marks allocated for any part of a question is a guide to the depth required for the answer. 1. Define (the term(s) ...) is intended literally. Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase, such as the defining equation with symbols identified, is required. 2. What is meant by ... normally implies that a definition should be given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms are included in the question. The number of marks indicated will suggest the amount of supplementary comment required. 3. Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context. 4. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can be obtained ‘by inspection’. 5. List requires a number of points with no elaboration. If a specific number of points is requested, this number should not be exceeded. 6. Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. For particular phenomena, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena. The amount of description intended is suggested by the indicated mark value. 7. Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic. 8. Deduce/Predict implies that candidates are not expected to produce the required answer by recall, but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the question, or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part of the question. 9. Suggest is used in two main contexts. It may either imply that there is no unique answer or that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a new situation (one that may not, formally, be in the syllabus.) 10. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown. 11. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor. 12. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly, but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula, e.g. the Young modulus, relative molecular mass. 13. Show is used where a candidate is expected to derive a given result. It is important that the terms being used by candidates are stated explicitly and that all stages in the derivation are stated clearly. 14. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned. Candidates should make any necessary simplifying assumptions about points of principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the question. 15. Sketch (applied to graph work) implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be qualitatively correct. However, candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value. On a sketch graph it is essential that candidates clearly indicate what is being plotted on each axis. 16. Sketch (applied to diagrams) implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable, though care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details. 17. Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 53 Appendix www.maxpapers.com 6.4 Summary of key quantities, symbols and units The following list illustrates the symbols and units that will be used in question papers. This list is for both AS and full A Level qualifications. Quantity Base Quantities mass length time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance m l t I T n kg m s A K mol Usual symbols Usual unit Other Quantities distance displacement area volume density speed velocity acceleration acceleration of free fall force weight momentum work energy potential energy kinetic energy heating change of internal energy power pressure torque gravitational constant gravitational field strength gravitational potential d s, x A V, v ρ u, v, w, c u, v, w, c a g F W p w, W E, U, W Ep Ek q, Q ∆U P p T G g m m m2 m3 kg m –3 m s –1 m s –1 m s –2 m s –2 N N Ns J J J J J J W Pa Nm N kg –2 m2 N kg –1 J kg –1 φ 54 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 m n h Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 55 . Q e V V E R ρ E ε0 C Φ B µ0 σ ε k E θ c Cm L R k NA N.www. n. rad rad s –1 rad s –1 s Hz rad s –1 m °. rad °.com Appendix angle angular displacement angular speed angular velocity period frequency angular frequency wavelength phase difference speed of electromagnetic waves electric charge elementary charge electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force resistance resistivity electric field strength permittivity of free space capacitance magnetic flux magnetic flux density permeability of free space stress strain spring constant Young modulus Celsius temperature specific heat capacity molar heat capacity specific latent heat molar gas constant Boltzmann constant Avogadro constant number number density (number per unit volume) Planck constant θ θ ω ω T f ω λ °.maxpapers. V m –1 F m –1 F Wb T H m –1 Pa N m –1 Pa °C J kg –1 K–1 J mol –1 K–1 J kg –1 J mol –1 K–1 J K–1 mol –1 m –3 Js φ c q. rad m s –1 C C V V V Ω Ωm N C –1. u kg.99 × 10 9 m F –1) 1.00 × 10 8 m s –1 4 π × 10 –7 H m –1 8.67 × 10 –27 kg 8.85 × 10 –12 F m –1 8.81 m s –2 ε0 1 4 ε0 e h u me mp R NA k G g 56 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . Data speed of light in free space permeability of free space permittivity of free space ( elementary charge the Planck constant unified atomic mass constant rest mass of electron rest mass of proton molar gas constant the Avogadro constant the Boltzmann constant gravitational constant acceleration of free fall c µ0 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 3.11 × 10 –31 kg 1.com work function energy activity of radioactive source decay constant half-life relative atomic mass relative molecular mass atomic mass electron mass neutron mass proton mass molar mass proton number nucleon number neutron number Φ A λ t1 2 J Bq s –1 s Ar Mr ma me mn mp M Z A N kg. u kg. u kg.67 × 10 –11 N m2 kg –2 9.02 × 1023 mol –1 1.31 J K–1 mol –1 6.maxpapers. u kg mol –1 6. Those in bold type are not required for the AS qualification.60 × 10 –19 C 6.5 Data and formulae The following data and formulae will appear as pages 2 and 3 in Papers 1.63 × 10 –34 J s 1. 2 and 4.38 × 10 –23 J K–1 6.Appendix www.66 × 10 –27 kg 9. maxpapers. 1 QV 2 (x0 2 − x2) electric potential capacitors in series capacitors in parallel energy of charged capacitor resistors in series resistors in parallel alternating current/voltage radioactive decay decay constant V 1/C = C W R 1/R x x λ = = = = = = = R1 + R 2 + ..www. 1/R1 + 1/R 2 + .. C1 + C 2 + .m.. 693 t1 2 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 57 ....h.... 2 = = = = = = = = = = ut + 1 at 2 2 u + 2as p ∆V – Gm r 2 W φ p p a v v ρgh 1 Nm < c 2 > 3 V −ω 2x v0 cos ω t ±ω Q 4 πε 0r 1/C1 + 1/C 2 + .com Appendix Formulae uniformly accelerated motion s v work done on/by a gas gravitational potential hydrostatic pressure pressure of an ideal gas simple harmonic motion velocity of particle in s... x0 sin ω t x0 exp (−λt) 0. light/ sound intensity. the data points are so close together that the physical quantity appears to vary continuously over the timescale of the experiment. The sensor usually converts the quantity (e. The use of IT is now an important factor in Physics education.g.6 IT usage in Cambridge International A Level Physics Information Technology (IT) is a term used to cover a number of processes which have become an indispensable part of modern life. Although most suppliers of sensors and data loggers will indicate the type of experiment in which they may be used.maxpapers. from a few microseconds to a few hours depending on the duration of the ‘experiment’. This large number has the effect that. magnetic flux density) into a voltage and the data logger samples this voltage at regular intervals.Appendix www. 58 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . in a coil as a magnet falls through it the variation of count rate in radioactive half-life measurement the variation of the position of an oscillator in simple harmonic motion. Each sample is converted into a binary/digital number and then stored in memory. and all Cambridge International A Level candidates should have the opportunity to experience each of the following five processes: 1. These processes are almost all based on the ability of the microprocessor chip to handle and manipulate large volumes of binary data in a short time. The number of samples that are taken and stored depends on the particular data logger in use.f. when the stored data is subsequently plotted graphically.g. Data Capture (Hardware) Sensors and data loggers can be used in any experiment to measure and store a number of physical quantities which vary with time.com 6. but it is usually several hundred.g. count rate. the following are some examples of their use in standard Cambridge International A Level Physics experiments: • • • • • the variation of voltage in capacitor charge/discharge circuits the variation of temperature in a latent heat demonstration the variation of induced e. position. temperature.m. the microphone signal of a handclap). the variation of temperature over several days) or very short (e. Sensors and data loggers are invaluable where the timescale of the experiment is either very long (e. d.www. a student might investigate the behaviour of a filament lamp by recording the current through the lamp when different potential differences (p. many educational suppliers produce videos (on VHS. Numerical values may be entered into a spreadsheet using either data entry or with the aid of a data logger. by searching for particular topics of interest. a column could be created containing R 4 and a scatter graph then plotted to look for a linear relationship. time and resources do not always make this feasible. These can help to inspire students to think of ways in which their knowledge may be used outside education. These positions can then be plotted and extrapolated to reveal the ball's trajectory. the positions of the ball after successive increments of time would be calculated algebraically and added to successive cells in the spreadsheet.maxpapers. Lastly. Further examples may be found elsewhere on the Internet. For example. may also introduce students to applications of Physics that they had not previously considered. by the current. a line graph could be plotted to show the variation with resistance of power dissipated in the lamp. Here. Another column might calculate the resistance R of the lamp by dividing the p.d. Examples of these websites and software packages are given in the Resource List. Data Analysis (Software) Large collections of data may be easily stored and analysed using a spreadsheet program. This data could be recorded in a spreadsheet. For example. Spreadsheets also typically allow for the presentation of data in graphical form. such as Microsoft Excel.org Calc.d. which can help to illustrate concepts from throughout the syllabus content. to test that P varies linearly with R 4. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 59 . where Internet access is not available. and the current. the dynamic model for the two-dimensional flight of a ball subject to air resistance may be examined without resorting to the calculus of differential equations. For example. or the free online Google Docs service. A third column might contain a formula that determines the power P dissipated by the lamp by multiplying the p. Relationships may be tested easily by graphical methods. Science programmes and podcasts.) are applied. There also exist interactive demonstrations on the Internet — many of which may be used free of charge.com Appendix 2. with the first two columns containing the p. by students and teachers alike. available on the Teacher Support Site. in the simple experiment outlined above. on DVD and online) of examples of Physics being used in the real world — from nuclear power stations to bridge-building. the free-of-charge OpenOffice. there are many software packages available on CD-ROM or DVD-ROM. The spreadsheet program would be able to determine a straight line of best fit and give its gradient and intercept. For example. produced both by national radio stations and international channels such as the BBC World Service. In addition. 3. Teaching Aids and Resources (Software) Although classroom demonstrations and practicals are often the most engaging and effective ways to teach scientific concepts to students.d. A spreadsheet may also be used to build mathematical models of physical situations by calculating and plotting the necessary data. and current. is an important skill. many online communities of teachers exist to share lesson plans. students should be encouraged to use software packages such as OpenOffice. Further information can be found on our Teacher Support Site.maxpapers. World Wide Web (WWW) The 'World Wide Web' allows teachers and students to share and interact with content created by users from across the world. 60 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 .org. For the teacher. practical ideas and test questions. video clips.cie. both to other scientists and to people unfamiliar with science. photographs and encyclopaedic information that can support students in their learning. Cambridge also encourages Physics teachers and heads of department to join our discussion group for people teaching Cambridge Physics syllabuses.com 4. Presentation Technologies The communication of scientific concepts. demonstrations.uk/ 5. For both student and teacher alike.org or Microsoft Office in order to produce clear and engaging written or oral presentations.Appendix www. at http://teachers. students may find these and other technologies an engaging way to interact with a wide audience. podcasts or video clips. Information may also be communicated through websites. Many websites contain tutorials. discussion forums and e-mail provide ways to share ideas and consult with peers and subject experts. Where possible. Examples of the application of Newton’s second law may be presented through computer simulations. students must develop an awareness of the many possible applications and limitations of IT.www. The relations between acceleration. The concepts of force. Students must be aware of the need to be critical of information produced using IT and that the results may be affected by the use of inaccurate data or careless entry. Likewise. power 7. Experimental investigations of collisions lend themselves to data-capture techniques. Data-capture techniques may be used in the measurement of magnetic flux density. 3. In some cases. They should be able to judge when to use IT to collect. Temperature 14. collision problems may be presented very effectively using IT simulations. Gravitational field 12. software is available commercially. energy and power may be demonstrated using simulation methods. Work. Teaching of this section offers an opportunity to use computer programs to simulate particle motion. Most importantly. velocity and displacement in simple harmonic motion and in damped and forced oscillation may be demonstrated using computer simulations. energy. Data capture may be applied in the measurement of the frequency and wavelength of sound. in the process. The graphical representation of transverse and longitudinal waves may be illustrated using computer simulations. The treatment of uncertainties may be illustrated using IT simulation methods. handle and analyse scientific investigation.maxpapers. Motion in a circle 8. Kinematics 4. Oscillations 15. Data-capture techniques may also be used in practical work on kinematics. teachers may be able to develop their own. Waves Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 61 . Data-capture methods may be used with certain types of thermometer. and to demonstrate how quantities such as displacement. Information on the orbits of planets in the Solar System could be stored on a spreadsheet. velocity and acceleration are related.com Appendix Learning Outcomes Finally. learn to adopt a critical and creative approach to problem solving that would enable them to meet the challenges of the new knowledge-based economy. Theoretical predictions from Newton’s law of gravitation and the concept of gravitational potential may be presented through computer simulations. Measurement techniques IT application Learning outcomes in this section introduce candidates to the presentation of data in analogue and digital forms. in others. Computer simulation techniques may be used effectively in the analysis of circular orbits. students will. A brief commentary follows on some parts of the syllabus where IT can be applied. Dynamics 6. Syllabus section 2. Computer simulations. Simple models of the nuclear atom may be presented using computer simulations. Computer simulations may be used to illustrate the phenomena of electromagnetic induction.maxpapers. Current of electricity 20. The classic experiments on the determination of e and e/me may be presented through computer simulations. Theoretical predictions of the motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields may also be presented in this way. Superposition Computer simulations may be used to help students to model the concept of superposition and to investigate stationary waves. The characteristics of thermistors and light-dependent resistors may be presented using computer simulation techniques and data-capture. Quantum physics 27. Charged particles 26. Important concepts of the quantum theory may be presented using simulation techniques. or demonstrations using a cathode-ray oscilloscope. 17. are powerful methods of demonstrating alternating currents. and theoretical predictions may be demonstrated.Appendix www. The current-voltage characteristics of a number of devices may be presented through computer simulations and data-capture.com 16. Data-capture methods may be used in experiments on radioactive decay. The relation of spectral lines to systems of discrete electron energy levels may also be presented in this way. circuits 23. Electromagnetic induction 24. Electric fields 19. Computer simulations of an α -particle scattering experiment may be very effective. D.C. Theoretical predictions from Coulomb’s law and the concept of electric potential may be presented through computer simulations. Alternating currents 25. Nuclear physics 62 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . in Physics or in Coordinated Science. 7. Equally it is suitable for candidates intending to pursue careers or further study in Physics or Engineering. or as part of a course of general education. Cambridge International AS Level syllabuses are designed on the assumption that candidates have about 180 guided learning hours per subject over the duration of the course.1 Additional information Guided learning hours Cambridge International A Level syllabuses are designed on the assumption that candidates have about 360 guided learning hours per subject over the duration of the course. 7.4 Component codes Because of local variations. 7. these figures are for guidance only. and the number of hours required may vary according to local curricular practice and the candidates’ prior experience of the subject. or as part of a course of general education.2 Recommended prior learning We recommend that candidates who are beginning this course should have previously completed a Cambridge O Level or Cambridge IGCSE course.www. Cambridge International AS Level Physics constitutes the first half of the Cambridge International A Level course in Physics and therefore provides a suitable foundation for the study of Physics at Cambridge International A Level and thence for related courses in higher education.maxpapers. in some cases component codes will be different in instructions about making entries for examinations and timetables from those printed in this syllabus. Depending on local university entrance requirements. it may permit or assist progression directly to university courses in Physics or some other subjects.com Additional information 7. They do not include private study by the candidate. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 63 .3 Progression Cambridge International A Level Physics provides a suitable foundation for the study of Physics or related courses in higher education.) However. but the component names will be unchanged to make identification straightforward. or the equivalent. It is also suitable for candidates intending to pursue careers or further study in Physics. (‘Guided learning hours’ include direct teaching and any other supervised or directed study time. 7. The percentage uniform mark is stated at syllabus level only. … no marks receives a percentage uniform mark of 0%. … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade D obtains a percentage uniform mark of 50%. 64 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 . Cambridge International AS Level results are shown by one of the grades a. for candidates who satisfy the conditions stated in the syllabus. ‘Ungraded’ indicates that the candidate has failed to reach the standard required for a pass at either Cambridge International AS Level or A Level. ‘Ungraded’ will be reported on the statement of results but not on the certificate. Percentage uniform marks are also provided on each candidate’s statement of results to supplement their grade for a syllabus. D or E indicating the standard achieved. b. Grade A* being the highest and Grade E the lowest. … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade C obtains a percentage uniform mark of 60%.com 7. a Cambridge International AS Level grade will be awarded if both of the following apply: • • the components taken for the Cambridge International A Level by the candidate in that series included all the components making up a Cambridge International AS Level the candidate’s performance on these components was sufficient to merit the award of a Cambridge International AS Level grade. For example. the minimum mark for obtaining a grade). … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade B obtains a percentage uniform mark of 70%. Grade a being the highest and Grade e the lowest.maxpapers. … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade E obtains a percentage uniform mark of 40%. ‘Ungraded’ indicates that the candidate has failed to reach the standard required for a pass at Cambridge International AS Level. Cambridge also reports separate speaking endorsement grades (Distinction. If a candidate takes a Cambridge International A Level and fails to achieve grade E or higher. Merit and Pass).Additional information www. It is not the same as the ‘raw’ mark obtained by the candidate. For languages other than English. c. They are determined in this way: • A candidate who obtains… … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade A* obtains a percentage uniform mark of 90%.5 Grading and reporting Cambridge International A Level results are shown by one of the grades A*. The content and difficulty of a Cambridge International AS Level examination is equivalent to the first half of a corresponding Cambridge International A Level. since it depends on the position of the grade thresholds (which may vary from one series to another and from one subject to another) and it has been turned into a percentage. … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade A obtains a percentage uniform mark of 80%. Merit and Pass) for candidates who satisfy the conditions stated in the syllabus. Cambridge will also report separate speaking endorsement grades (Distinction. Candidates whose mark is none of the above receive a percentage mark in between those stated according to the position of their mark in relation to the grade ‘thresholds’ (i. For languages other than English. B. C. a candidate whose mark is halfway between the minimum for a Grade C and the minimum for a Grade D (and whose grade is therefore D) receives a percentage uniform mark of 55%. ‘Ungraded’ will be reported on the statement of results but not on the certificate.e. A. d or e indicating the standard achieved. com Additional information Percentage uniform marks are also provided on each candidate’s statement of results to supplement their grade for a syllabus.6 Access Reasonable adjustments are made for disabled candidates in order to enable them to access the assessments and to demonstrate what they know and what they can do. … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade e obtains a percentage uniform mark of 40%. It is not the same as the ‘raw’ mark obtained by the candidate. even after exploring all possibilities through reasonable adjustments.cie.uk Candidates who are unable to access part of the assessment.org. … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade d obtains a percentage uniform mark of 50%. For example. It provides past question papers and examiner reports on previous examinations. The percentage uniform mark is stated at syllabus level only. which we send to all Cambridge International Schools. click ‘Resource List’. Additional syllabus-specific support is available from our secure Teacher Support website http://teachers. as well as any extra resources such as schemes of work or examples of candidate responses. where Cambridge teachers can share their own materials and join discussion groups. They have been through a detailed quality-assurance process.7 Resources Copies of syllabuses. They are also on our public website – go to www. may still be able to receive an award based on the parts of the assessment they have taken. As new resources are published. They are determined in this way: • A candidate who obtains… … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade a obtains a percentage uniform mark of 80%. … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade b obtains a percentage uniform mark of 70%.uk/alevel.org. For resources. the most recent question papers and Principal Examiners’ reports for teachers are on the Syllabus and Support Materials CD-ROM. a candidate whose mark is halfway between the minimum for a Grade c and the minimum for a Grade d (and whose grade is therefore d) receives a percentage uniform mark of 55%. Endorsed resources are written to align closely with the syllabus they support. the minimum mark for obtaining a grade).uk which is available to teachers at registered Cambridge schools. 7.e. 7. You can also find a range of subject communities on the Teacher Support website.maxpapers.cie. we review them against the syllabus and publish their details on the relevant resource list section of the website. since it depends on the position of the grade thresholds (which may vary from one series to another and from one subject to another) and it has been turned into a percentage.org. … no marks receives a percentage uniform mark of 0%. You can use the ‘Filter by’ list to show all resources or only resources categorised as ‘Endorsed by Cambridge’. Candidates whose mark is none of the above receive a percentage mark in between those stated according to the position of their mark in relation to the grade ‘thresholds’ (i. very few candidates will have a complete barrier to the assessment.cie.www. Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702 65 . Information on reasonable adjustments is found in the Cambridge Handbook which can be downloaded from the website www. For this reason. … the minimum mark necessary for a Grade c obtains a percentage uniform mark of 60%. Click the Subjects tab and choose your subject. Cambridge.maxpapers.cie.org.com University of Cambridge International Examinations 1 Hills Road. CB1 2EU.org.uk © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 *4541388396* .uk www.www. United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1223 553554 Fax: +44 (0)1223 553558 Email: international@cie.