74852947-Anime-and-Manga.pdf

Anime and MangaPDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 05 Dec 2011 02:50:22 UTC Contents Articles Manga 1 Dōjinshi 1 History of manga 6 List of manga series by volume count 17 Manga 29 Manga outside Japan 41 Scanlation 49 Manga Companies 54 Chuang Yi 54 Funimation Entertainment 59 Hakusensha 63 Kodansha 67 Shogakukan 69 Shueisha 73 Tokyopop 79 Viz Media 87 Anime 101 Anime 101 Fandub 109 Fansub 110 History of anime 119 List of anime companies 127 List of anime series by episode count 131 Demographic groups 135 Josei manga 135 Kodomo anime and manga 138 Seinen manga 138 Shōjo manga 139 Shōnen manga 146 Genre 147 Harem 147 Magical girl 148 Magical girlfriend 151 Mecha anime 154 Sentai 155 Yaoi 156 Yuri 172 Selected biographies 182 Go Nagai 182 Hayao Miyazaki 192 Katsuji Matsumoto 203 Kōichi Mashimo 209 Leiji Matsumoto 213 Osamu Tezuka 216 Rakuten Kitazawa 222 Shotaro Ishinomori 225 Toshio Suzuki 227 Year 24 Group 229 Year 24 Group 229 Keiko Takemiya 230 Minori Kimura 232 Moto Hagio 235 Riyoko Ikeda 239 Ryoko Yamagishi 241 Shio Satō 242 Toshie Kihara 245 Yasuko Aoike 246 Yasuko Sakata 248 Yumiko Ōshima 249 Fandom 251 Anime and manga fandom 251 Anime club 255 Anime convention 257 Anime music video 259 Cosplay 263 Otaku 273 Yaoi fandom 276 General 282 Glossary of anime and manga 282 Omake 292 References Article Sources and Contributors 293 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 301 Article Licenses License 302 1 Manga Dōjinshi Dōjinshi (同人誌?, often transliterated as doujinshi) is the Japanese term for self-published works, usually magazines, manga or novels. Dōjinshi are often the work of amateurs, though some professional artists participate as a way to publish material outside the regular industry. The term dōjinshi is derived from dōjin (同人?, literally "same person", used to refer to a person or persons with whom one shares a common goal or interest) and shi (誌?, a suffix generally meaning "periodical publication") . Dōjinshi are part of a wider category of dōjin including, but not limited to, art collections, anime, hentai and games. Groups of dōjinshi artists refer to themselves as a sākuru (サークル?, circle) . A number of such groups actually consist of a single artist: they are sometimes called kojin sākuru (個人サークル?, personal circles) . Dōjinshi are made by artists or writers who prefer to publish their own materials. Since the 1980s, the main method of distribution has been through regular dōjinshi conventions, the largest of which is called Comiket (short for "Comic Market") held in the summer and winter in Tokyo's Big Sight. At the Convention, over 20 acres (81000 m2) of dōjinshi are bought, sold, and traded by attendees. Dōjinshi creators who based their materials on other creators' works normally publish in small numbers to maintain a low profile from litigation. This makes a talented creator's or circle's dōjinshi a coveted commodity as only the fast or the lucky will be able to get them before they sell out. History The pioneer among dōjinshi magazines was Morning Bell (明六雑志), published in the early Meiji period (since 1874). Not a literary magazine in fact, it nevertheless played a big role in spreading the idea of dōjinshi. First magazine to publish dōjinshi novels was Garakuta Bunko (我楽多文庫), founded in 1885 by writers Ozaki Kōyō and Yamada Bimyo.[1] Dōjinshi's publication reached its peak in the early Showa era, becoming a mouthpiece for the creative youth of that time. Created and distributed in small circles of authors or close friends, it contributed significantly to the emergence and development of shishosetsu genre. During the postwar years the publication of dōjinshi as representations different literary schools and new authors gradually decreased, substituted by literary journals Gunzo, Bungakukai and etc. One notable exception was Bungei Shuto (文芸首都 lit. Literary Capital), published in 1933–1969. Few dōjinshi magazines survived with the help of official literary journals. Haiku and tanka magazines remain active till nowadays. During the 1980s, the content of dōjinshi shifted from being predominantly original content to being mostly parodic of existing series.[2] This coincided with the founding of Comiket, the first event dedicated specifically to the distribution of dōjinshi. As of February 1991, there were some doujinshi creators who sold their work through supportive comic book stores. This practice came to light when three managers of such shops were arrested for having a lolicon doujinshi for sale.[3] Over the last decade, the practice of creating dōjinshi has expanded significantly, attracting thousands of creators and fans alike. Advances in personal publishing technology have also fueled this expansion by making it easier for dōjinshi creators to write, draw, promote, publish, and distribute their works. For example, some dōjinshi are now published on digital media. Furthermore, many dōjinshi creators are moving to online download and print-on-demand services, while others are beginning to distribute their works through American channels such as anime shop websites and specialized online direct distribution sites. In 2008, a white paper on the otaku industry was published, this estimated that gross revenue from sales of dōjinshi in 2007 were 277.3 billion yen, or 14.9% of total Dōjinshi 2 otaku expenditure on their hobby.[4] Perception John Oppliger of AnimeNation stated that creating dōjinshi is largely popular with Japanese fans however not with Western fans. Oppliger claimed that because Japanese natives grow up with animation and manga "as a constant companion", Japanese fans "are more intuitively inclined" to create or expand on existing manga and anime in the form of dōjinshi .[5] Because Western fans experience a "more purely" visual experience as most Western fans cannot understand the Japanese language, the original language of most anime, and are "encouraged by social pressure to grow out of cartoons and comics during the onset of adolescence", most Western fans participate in utilizing and rearranging existing work into anime music videos.[6] In Western cultures, dōjinshi is often perceived to be derivative of existing work, analogous to fan fiction and almost completely pornographic. This is partly true: dōjinshi are often, though not always, parodies or alternative storylines involving the worlds of popular manga, game or anime series, and can often feature overtly sexual material. However, there are also many non sexually explicit dōjinshi being created as well. The Touhou series for example, is notable for the large amount of dōjinshi being produced for it that are not pornographic in nature.[7] [8] Groups releasing adults only themed materials during the annual Touhou only event Reitaisai in 2008 were estimated at roughly 10%.[8] Categories of dōjinshi Like their mainstream counterparts, dōjinshi are published in a variety of genres and types. However, due to the target audience, certain themes are more prevalent, and there are a few major division points by which the publications can be classified. It can be broadly divided into original works and aniparo—works which parody existing anime and manga franchises.[9] As in fanfics, a very popular theme to explore is non-canonical pairings of characters in a given show (for dōjinshi based on mainstream publications). Many such publications contain yaoi or yuri (hentai involving two or more males resp. females) motives, either as a part of non-canon pairings, or as a more direct statement of what can be hinted by the main show. A major part of dōjinshi, whether based on mainstream publications or original, contains sexually explicit material, due to both the large demand for such publications and absence of restrictions official publishing houses have to follow. Indeed, often the main point of a given dōjinshi is to present an explicit version of a popular show's characters. Such works may be known to English speakers as "H-dōjinshi", in line with the former Japanese use of letter H to denote erotic material. The Japanese usage, however, has since moved towards the word ero,[10] and so ero manga (エロ漫画) is the term almost exclusively used to mark dōjinshi with adult themes. Sometimes they will also be termed "for adults" (成人向け seijin muke) or 18-kin (18禁) (an abbreviation of 18歳未満禁止 "forbidden to minors less than 18 years of age"). To differentiate, ippan (一般, , "general", from the general public it is suitable for) is the term used for publications absent of such content. Most dōjinshi are commercially bound and published by dōjinshi-ka (dōjinshi authors) who self-publish through various printing services. Copybooks, however, are self-made using xerox machines or other copying methods. Few are copied by drawing by hand. Not all category terms used by English-language fans of dōjinshi are derived from Japanese. For example, an AU dōjinshi is one set in an alternate universe.[11] At this time. In 2009. earning a fair amount of money with their hobby. Fujio. creator of manga such as Love Hina and Negima. . and the collection of Tsuguo Iwata. comprising 4137 boxes. creator of Bastard!!. He cited the reason as." but quoted an expert saying that due to their increasing popularity a copyright system should be set up.[17] Salil Mehra. the practice of dōjinshi can be beneficial to the commercial manga market by creating an avenue for aspiring manga artists to practice.[2] In 1982.[13] Copyright issues Despite being in direct conflict with the Japanese copyright law as many dōjinshi are derivative works and dōjinshi artists rarely secure the permission of the original creator. as well as various Capcom-related doujinshi. continues to make dōjinshi which he sells at Comiket under the pen-name Awa Mizuno. About 80% of these were female. The first CM was held in December 1975. creator of the manga Peacemaker Kurogane. "Fanzines don't usually cause many problems as long as they are sold only at one-day exhibitions. this increased to over 100. There are two notable instances of legal action over dōjinshi.[19] Notable dōjinshi artists Individuals • Yoshitoshi ABe has published some of his original works as dōjinshi. there were fewer than 10. The publisher noted at this time that dōjinshi were not usually a cause of concern for him. Many attendants come to exchange and/or sell their dōjinshi. was given a warning by the estate of author Fujiko F. Japan. Meiji University opened a dōjin manga library. such as Haibane Renmei. He ceased distribution of his dōjinshi and sent compensation to the publisher voluntarily.[14] However.[16] This practice has existed since the 1980s. not wanting to answer to anyone about his work.[18] In 2006. Comiket is still permitted to be held twice a year and holds over half-a-million people attending each time it convenes.[12] Attendance has since swelled to over half a million people. This rapid increase in attendance enabled doujinshi authors to sell thousands of copies of their works. His creation apparently looked confusingly similar to a real Doraemon manga.[20] • Nanae Chrono. but male participation in Comiket increased later.[15] and talented doujinshi creators are contacted by publishers. the law does not ban dōjinshi as the industry would suffer as a result. which was never completed. the author of an erotic Pokemon manga was prosecuted by Nintendo. hypothesizes that because dōjinshi market actually causes the manga market to be more productive. creator of Azumanga Daioh and Yotsuba& started out doing doujinshi. and his group Studio Loud in School have published popular Bastard!!-related doujinshi such as Wonderful Megadeth!. the legal analysis seemed to conclude that dōjinshi should be overlooked because they are produced by amateurs for one-day events and not sold in the commercial market.Dōjinshi 3 Comiket Comiket is the world's largest comic convention. has published multiple Naruto dōjinshi. a law professor at Temple University. especially because he saw it as so open ended. • Ken Akamatsu. • Kiyohiko Azuma. with only about 32 participating circles and an estimated 600 attendees. In 1999. It contains Yonezawa's own dōjinshi collection. This created a media furor as well as an academic analysis in Japan of the copyright issues around dōjinshi. an artist selling an imagined "final chapter" for the series Doraemon. another famous person in the sphere of dōjinshi. most of a yaoi nature. named “Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library” to honour its alumni in its Surugadai campus. • Kazushi Hagiwara. essentially. It is held twice a year (summer and winter) in Tokyo.000 attendees as of 1989. The Yomiuri Shinbun noted.000 attendees. Veruska "Guided Fan Fiction: Western "Readings" of Japanese Homosexual-Themed Texts" in Berry. • Kodaka Kazuma. jp/ GilCrows/ 20080602/ p1) [9] Sabucco. is an extremely prolific doujinshi creator who has authored numerous yaoi publications. also known as Monkey Punch. Began drawing doujinshi before being discovered. has published several parody yaoi dōjinshi as K2 Company of Prince of Tennis and Fullmetal Alchemist. ISBN . or he will contribute a work to the dōjinshi title. created Remix Gravitation AKA Rimigra and Megamix Gravitation. net/ blog/ 2003/ 09/ 08/ ask-john-why-are-anime-music-videos-so-popular/ ). • Maki Murakami. [7] 第七回博麗神社例大祭サークルリスト (http:/ / www.Dōjinshi 4 • Masaki Kajishima. Retrieved 2009-09-08. Toku. creator of the boylove manga Zetsuai. "Creativity and Constraint in Amateur Manga Production". US-Japan Women's Journal 25: 104–124. usually with limited text). He has also used these to communicate with fans about his current projects. has long used the dōjinshi format to produce additional information about the series he has created. • Rikdo Koshi.Angel and The Candidate for Goddess. author of D. creator of the manga Excel Saga.[21] • Minami Ozaki. Evangelion. primarily Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki and Tenchi Muyo! GXP. creator of Lupin III began as a dōjinshi artist. creator of Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki. takamagahara. all were gag dōjinshi. Sharalyn (2003). and Art Education: Issues of Power and Pedagogy (http:/ / www. Masami. • Yun Kouga. story notes (or short stories) giving further little details of various characters. early drafts of scripts for the series (giving fans great insight into the creative process). Fran Martin. originally started out as a dōjinshi artist. a longtime published manga artist and creator of two well-known BL series. John (2003-09-08). As of this writing. "Boys' Love. most notably featuring characters from the soccer manga. author of FAKE. . creators of both Higurashi no Naku Koro ni and Umineko no Naku Koro ni. Kajishima does two dōjinshi titles a year under the circle names "Kajishima Onsen" and "Kamidake Onsen". namely the Saint Knight's Tale spinoff anime featuring Tenchi's half-brother and the GXP novels. [2] Wilson. info/ touhou_event_archives/ circlelist. Kajishima's dōjinshi works break down into one (or more) types of works: manga-style (where he illustrates a new story. Rotten Teacher's Equation (Kusatta Kyōshi no Hōteishiki). Retrieved 2009-09-08. edu/ ~mtoku/ vc/ Articles/ toku/ Wil_Toku_BoysLove. storyboards drawn by Kajishima that ultimately were not animated. Her circle Crocodile Ave. John (2005-06-23). interviews. • Clamp started out as a dōjinshi group of 11 known as Clamp Cluster. • Nobuteru Yūki sells dōjinshi based on his animated works under his pen-name "The Man in the High Castle". These dōjinshi can either be completely filled with his work. • Sanami Matoh.. Brent. has published parody yaoi dōjinshi (mostly of One Piece) and original dōjinshi as East End Club. AnimeNation. References [1] An article "同人志" from encyclopedia 世界百科辞典. "Ask John: Why Are Anime Music Videos so Popular?" (http:/ / www. • Yoshihiro Togashi. Love Equation (Renai Hōteishiki) and Border among others. net/ blog/ 2005/ 06/ 23/ ask-john-why-hasnt-doujinshi-caught-on-outside-of-japan/ ). started as a dōjinka. which were extremely sexually graphic. [4] http:/ / www. jp/ news/ 258/ 25855. hatena. • Rumiko Takahashi. North Carolina. etc. situations." Yaoi. animenation. [6] Oppliger. • Yukiru Sugisaki. or places in Kajishima's World of Tenchi. Durham. Captain Tsubasa. inside-games.N. London: Duke University Press. as well as an original dōjinshi series called 'Hana to Ryuu' (Flower and Dragon). ne. • Hajime Ueda. and Audrey Yue (editors) (2003). She released dōjinshi about King of Fighters. html [5] Oppliger. Earthian and Loveless published dōjinshi for series such as Gundam Wing. csuchico. Chris. animenation. creator of Kizuna. creator of Gravitation and Gamers' Heaven. "Ask John: Why Hasn’t Doujinshi Caught on Outside of Japan?" (http:/ / www. the creator of Q•Ko-chan and the comic adaptation of FLCL. creator of YuYu Hakusho and Hunter x Hunter. cgi?reitaisai7) [8] Why is there not much demand for adult touhou dōjinshi? (Japanese) (http:/ / d. has authored doujinshi such as Church!. Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia. • Kazuhiko Katō. html) 2003 [3] Orbaugh. AnimeNation. Circles • 07th Expansion. . authorama. 2:00 PM). authorama. arts. [20] http:/ / www. gigazine. com/ journal/ 14820980/ ). April 2. 2009.org/): Huge user-submitted database of dōjinshi artists. deviantart.doujinshi-online.witch-hunter. au/ refractory/ 2006/ 12/ 04/ why-are-japanese-girls’-comics-full-of-boys-bonking1-mark-mclelland) Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media Vol.-Japan Women’s Journal. jp/ database/ ZHORE391. "The story is an AU Swan Lake set after the Princess Tutu anime series.com/): Reference site with circle/artist listings • Passion (http://www.com/search?s=dojin/): You can buy many Dojinshies in this site. "Princess Tutu Doujinshi" (http:/ / elfgrove. 17–19.com/2010/05/18/ nippon-fanifesto-a-tribute-to-diy-manga/)—an illustrated essay explaining dōjinshi and their diversity • Search in Flutter Scape (http://www. en. . U." [12] Mizoguchi Akiko (2003). html). html) Publishers Weekly External links • Doujinshi Online (http://www. net/ index. "Entretien avec Hisako Miyoshi" (in French). . Why are Japanese Girls' Comics full of Boys Bonking? (http:/ / blogs. php?/ news/ comments/ 20090316_yonezawa_lib/ ). publishersweekly. Mark. [14] Lessig. and books.com.S. Retrieved 2 September 2011. 2007. F. ISBN 978-2-9531781-0-4.Dōjinshi 5 0-8223-3087-3. 25: 49-75. [15] http:/ / www. html)]]. nationmultimedia.net/passion/): Popular dōjinshi fanlisting site • Doujinshi DB (http://doujinshi. com/ amwess/ papers/ copyright_comics_japan. 22.wordpress. “ Doraemon Fanzine Ignites Copyright Alarms (http:/ / www. com/ book/ free-culture.49.” Daily Yomiuri.. [17] McLelland. Lawrence (March 25. "Male-Male Romance by and for Women in Japan: A History and the Subgenres of Yaoi Fictions". Retrieved 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-05-13. html [21] Cha. 2006/2007 [18] John Ingulsrud and Kate Allen. pp. php).Q. Authorama. com/ free-culture-4.10. Editions H.flutterscape. 2004).mugimugi. Hervé. suruga-ya. Reading Japan Cool: Patterns of Manga Literacy and Discourse. "Chapter One: Creators" (http:/ / www. . 2008.net. dōjinshi site with search page listing information on several thousands dōjinshi and large • Nippon Fanifesto! A Tribute to DIY Manga (http://schulzlibrary.S. corneredangel. [19] Fukuda Makoto. . ed (2008)..com/): U.. p.70-72 [10] Article on the term "hentai" explains the differences between Japanese and English usage.A.ultimateanimeshop. See also Ingulsrud and Allen. including name translations • Ultimate Anime Doujinshi (http://www. deviantART: elfgrove's Journal: Princess Tutu Doujinshi. [[Free Culture (book)|Free Culture (http:/ / www. Homosexualité et manga : le yaoi.gigazine. [11] elfgrove (Fri May 16. What does AU mean? Alternate Universe. unimelb. pp. circles. com/ 2007/ 07/ 08/ lifestyle/ lifestyle_30039868. p. [13] "Dojin Manga Library "Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library" opening this Summer" (http:/ / en. June 17. 49. Kai-Ming (2007) Sex & Silliness: Maki Murakami’s Gravitation (http:/ / www. Manga: 10000 images. com/ article/ CA6474900. edu.. pdf [16] Brient. and cartoons (especially Disney). nor to cross-border international personal friendships. film. Manga is a Japanese term that generally means "comics" or "cartoon". Other authors report origins closer to the 18th century.[5] Another example is the transfer of hip-hop culture from the United States to Japan.S.[3] [4] An example of cultural trans-nationalism is the creation of Star Wars films in the United States.[1] [2] According to Sharon Kinsella. including U. for Tatsumi the crucible in which modern manga have developed. the booming post-war Japanese publishing industry helped create a consumer-oriented society in which publishing giants like Kodansha could shape popular taste.History of manga 6 History of manga The History of manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th century. comics brought to Japan by the GIs and by images and themes from U." Historians and writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern Image of bathers from the Hokusai manga.[1] Before World War II All writers like Takashi Murakami have also stressed events after WWII. literally "whimsical sketches.[6] Wong also sees a major role for trans-nationalism in the recent history of manga. trans-nationalism (or globalization) refers specifically to the flow of cultural and subcultural material from one nation to another.[3] [4] In their usage. and intellectual traditions influence each other across national boundaries. nor to international tourism.S. Their views differ in the relative importance they attribute to the role of cultural and historical events following World War II versus the role of pre-War. though its believed they represent the basis for the right-to-left reading style. aesthetic. in this view. Meiji. film.[3] However. the term does not refer to international corporate expansion. however whether these scrolls are actually manga is still disputed. television. The first view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. and the marketing of Star Wars manga to the United States. but Murakami sees Japan's staggering defeat and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as having created long-lasting scars on the Japanese artistic psyche. their transformation into manga by Japanese artists.S. manga.[4] For Murakami and Tatsumi. lost its previously virile confidence in itself and sought solace in harmless and cute (kawaii) images. Occupation of Japan (1945–1952). and related popular arts. and pre-Meiji Japanese culture and art. but to ways in which artistic. Takayumi Tatsumi sees a special role for a transpacific economic and cultural transnationalism that created a postmodern and shared international youth culture of cartooning. and stresses that manga was strongly shaped by United States cultural influences. music. television. which was. which.[7] . Studio Ghibli co-founder and director. when a previously militaristic and ultranationalist Japan was rebuilding its political and economic infrastructure. other writers stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions as central to the history of manga.[16] [17] Similarly. Schodt.A. Occupation censorship policies specifically prohibited art and writing that glorified war and Japanese militarism. these scholars see the history of manga as involving historical continuities and discontinuities between the aesthetic and cultural past as it interacts with post-World War II innovation and trans-nationalism.[2] Torrance has pointed to similarities between modern manga and the Osaka popular novel between the 1890s and 1940.[10] [11] Schodt points to the existence in the 13th century of illustrated picture scrolls like Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga that told stories in sequential images with humor and wit. both scrolls date back to about the same time period.[2] [19] Although U. and romantic themes. Kern points out. a form of street theater where itinerant artists displayed pictures in a light box while narrating the story to audiences in the street.[10] Although Kern does not believe that kibyoshi were a direct forerunner of manga. After World War II Modern manga originates in the Occupation (1945–1952) and post-Occupation years (1952-early 1960s). which. e. for girls' (shōjo) manga in the late 1960s and for Ladies Comics (redisu) in the 1980s.[2] . contends there in no linkage with the scrolls and modern manga.[18] Thus.[2] [8] Kinko Ito. predates Katsushika Hokusai's better known Hokusai Manga usage by several decades.S. the 1947 Japanese Constitution (Article 21) prohibited all forms of censorship. However others like Isao Takahata.[14] Schodt also sees a particularly significant role for kamishibai.S. including manga. satirical. and argues that the development of widespread literacy in Meiji and post-Meiji Japan helped create audiences for stories told in words and pictures. was stimulated by social and economic needs of Meiji and pre-War Japanese nationalism for a populace unified by a common written language.[9] Kern has suggested that kibyoshi..[20] One result was the growth of artistic creativity in this period. Both fuse in what Inoue sees as a symbiosis in manga. each pre-dating the U. whereas word-centered or "logocentric" art.[15] Kinko Ito also roots manga historically in aesthetic continuity with pre-Meiji art.[12] While there are disputes over whether Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga or Shigisan-engi was the first Japanese wood block illustration from 19th century manga. Kern.g.History of manga 7 However. In his view. Ito describes how this tradition has steadily produced new genres and markets.[11] The first recorded use of the term "manga" to mean "whimsical or impromptu pictures" comes from this tradition in 1798. illustrated picture books from the late 18th century. may have been the world's first comic books.[2] those policies did not prevent the publication of other kinds of material. occupation of Japan.[13] Whether or not these scrolls are among the first manga they are credited for being the origin of the right-to-left style of reading in manga and Japanese books. Furthermore.and word-centered elements. They include Frederik L. Japanese image-centered or "pictocentric" art ultimately derives from Japan's long history of engagement with Chinese graphic art. but she sees its post-World War II history as driven in part by consumer enthusiasm for the rich imagery and narrative of the newly developing manga tradition. like the novel. Inoue sees manga as being a mixture of image.[2] Schodt also stresses continuities of aesthetic style and vision between ukiyo-e and shunga woodblock prints and modern manga (all three fulfill Eisner's criteria for sequential art). for Kern the existence of kibyoshi nonetheless points to a Japanese willingness to mix words and pictures in a popular story-telling medium.[9] and Adam L.[10] These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous. like Astro Boy. she too is highly affiliative and is deeply involved with her immediate and extended family. and whose sword-swinging battles and romances blurred the boundaries of otherwise rigid gender roles.[2] Sarii. when many of these artists were born). and represent a Japanese sociality and community-oriented masculinity differing very much from the Emperor-worship and militaristic obedience enforced during the previous period of Japanese imperialism. These are Osamu Tezuka's Mighty Atom (Astro Boy in the United States. begun in 1951) and Machiko Hasegawa's Sazae-san (begun in 1946).[2] [21] By contrast.S. Mahōtsukai Sarii helped create the now very popular mahō shōjo or "magical girl" sub-genre of later manga. shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.[2] Hasegawa's focus on daily life and on women's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga. Sazae-san (meaning "Ms. shōjo manga was drawn primarily by adult men for young female readers.[32] came from her home in the magical lands to live on Earth. Keiko Takemiya. the main character of Bewitched. wise mother" (ryōsai kenbo.[2] [22] Thereafter.[34] but unlike Samantha.[2] More critically.[2] [33] Shōjo manga In 1969. but.[2] Ribon no Kishi dealt with the adventures of Princess Sapphire of a fantasy kingdom who had been born with male and female souls. TV sitcom Bewitched.[28] Tezuka and Hasegawa were also both stylistic innovators.[33] Both series were and still are very popular.[2] [22] Sazae-san does not face an easy or simple life. Sazae") was drawn starting in 1946 by Machiko Hasegawa. In Tezuka's "cinematographic" technique. shōjo manga would be drawn primarily by women artists for an audience of girls and young women.[2] [30] [31] ."[27] Sazae-san sold more than 62 million copies over the next half century.[20] [21] Similar themes occur in Tezuka's New World and Metropolis. and perform a variety of magical good deeds for her friends and schoolmates.[23] [24] [25] Sazae-san faces the world with cheerful resilience. a group of women manga artists later called the Year 24 Group (also known as Magnificent 24s) made their shōjo manga debut (year 24 comes from the Japanese name for 1949. Tezuka synchronised the placement of panel with the reader's viewing speed to simulate moving pictures. increasingly large audiences for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres. She is also a very strong character. a married woman with her own daughter. Astro Boy was both a superpowered robot and a naive little boy. Sarii is a pre-teenager who faces the problems of growing up and mastering the responsibilities of forthcoming adulthood. This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists.[22] [26] [29] Between 1950 and 1969. go to school. a young woman artist who made her heroine a stand-in for millions of Japanese men and especially women rendered homeless by the war.[21] Astro Boy quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere as an icon and hero of a new world of peace and the renunciation of war. and Ryoko Yamagishi[22] and they marked the first major entry of women artists into manga.[2] [31] Two very popular and influential male-authored manga for girls from this period were Tezuka's 1953-1956 Ribon no Kishi (Princess Knight or Knight in Ribbons) and Matsuteru Yokoyama's 1966 Mahōtsukai Sarii (Little Witch Sally). りょうさいけんぼ. 良妻賢母) ideal taught by the previous military regime. Yumiko Oshima. the person who decide the allocation of panels (Komawari) is credited as the author while most drawing are done by assistants. the pre-teen princess heroine of Mahōtsukai Sarii. as also seen in Article 9 of the Japanese constitution.History of manga 8 In the forefront of this period are two manga series and characters that influenced much of the future history of manga.[33] Yokoyama's Mahōtsukai Sarii was influenced by the U. Riyoko Ikeda.[21] Tezuka never explained why Astro Boy had such a highly developed social conscience nor what kind of robot programming could make him so deeply affiliative.[22] [26] what Hayao Kawai calls a "woman of endurance. Hence in manga production as in film production.[35] [36] The group included Hagio Moto.[21] Both seem innate to Astro Boy. the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots. in striking contrast to the officially sanctioned Neo-Confucianist principles of feminine meekness and obedience to the "good wife.[2] [30] Up to 1969. shōjo manga are "picture poems"[40] with delicate and complex designs that often eliminate panel borders completely to create prolonged.[43] Japanese manga/anime critic Eri Izawa defines romance as symbolizing "the emotional. whose boundaries are sometimes indistinguishable from each other and from shōnen manga. shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres. shōjo manga continued to break away from neo-Confucianist norms of female meekness and obedience.[30] [43] [45] These "coming of age" or bildungsroman themes occur in both shōjo and shōnen manga. individualistic. superheroines. Ikeda began her immensely popular shōjo manga Berusaiyu no Bara (The Rose of Versailles). coping with sexual intercourse. Yet another such device involves meeting unusual or strange people and beings.[2] [22] [37] [38] In the end. redikomi レヂィーコミ. the epic. Umi. a story of Oscar François de Jarjayes. the taste of heroism.[31] [51] Yayoi Ogawa's Tramps Like Us.[55] Yû Watase's Fushigi Yûgi: The Mysterious Play. Hagio Moto's work challenged Neo-Confucianist limits on women's roles and activities [23] [24] [25] as in her 1975 They Were Eleven. Hikaru. heroine Mahiru meets a group of supernatural beings.[60] [61] The combination proved extremely successful.[44] These romances are sometimes long narratives that can deal with distinguishing between false and true love. are magically transported to the world of Cephiro to become armed magical warriors in the service of saving Cephiro from internal and external enemies. Natsuki Takaya's Fruits Basket[57] —one of the most popular shōjo manga in the United States[58] —whose orphaned heroine Tohru must survive living in the woods in a house filled with people who can transform into the animals of the Chinese zodiac. the grand. for example. and Sailor Moon became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats. and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese. and josei 女性 じょせい). the Magic Knights in Magic Knight Rayearth.[59] With the superheroines. and passionate narrative frameworks.[64] like the Sailor Senshi in Sailor Moon. and eternal longing" set into imaginative.[8] [30] Naoko Takeuchi's Sailor Moon (Bishōjo Senshi Sēramūn: "Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon") is a sustained.[8] [22] In modern shōjo manga romance. redisu レディース. the superheroine narrative template has been widely used and parodied . finally to discover that she herself too has a supernatural ancestry when she and a young tengu demon fall in love. and Ai Yazawa's Nana. for mature readers.[47] and examples in shōjo manga of romantic conflict are common.[42] Major subgenres have included romance. non-narrative extensions of time. dutiful and ambitious. and Fuu. and the Mew Mew girls from Mia Ikumi's Tokyo Mew Mew. intense emotionality. active and emotional. and Chiho Saito's The World Exists For Me[56] ). Oscar dies as a revolutionary leading a charge of her troops against the Bastille.[60] [62] Another example is CLAMP's Magic Knight Rayearth.[63] The superheroine subgenre also extensively developed the notion of teams (sentai) of girls working together.[48] [49] Fuyumi Soryo's Mars. personal struggle.[29] [37] Shōjo manga and Ladies' Comics from 1975 to today In the following decades (1975–present). a cross-dressing woman who was a Captain in Marie Antoinette's Palace Guards in pre-Revolutionary France.[39] These women artists also created considerable stylistic innovations. and growing up in a complex world. fantastic adventure. Moyoco Anno's Happy Mania. 18-volume narrative about a group of young heroines simultaneously heroic and introspective. themes inherited by subsequent animated versions of the story. and complex design – remain characteristic of shōjo manga up to the present day.[65] By today.[52] [53] In another shōjo manga bildungsroman narrative device. love is a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self-realization. and the melancholy. Likewise.[2] [22] [30] [31] [41] All of these innovations – strong and independent female characters. the protagonist must deal with adversity and conflict. the young heroine is transported to an alien place or time where she meets strangers and must survive on her own (including Hagio Moto's They Were Eleven. In its focus on the heroine's inner experiences and feelings. In Harako Iida's Crescent Moon. a shōjo science fiction story about a young woman cadet in a future space academy.[46] [47] In the bildungsroman. They include Miwa Ueda's Peach Girl. whose three young heroines.[50] and.[54] Kyoko Hikawa's From Far Away.History of manga 9 In 1971. passionate love. .[98] Many shōnen manga have science fiction and technology themes. and in Vision of Escaflowne by Katsu Aki. fashion (oshare) manga.[99] The robot theme evolved extensively. more complex stories where the protagonist must not only defeat enemies. young man" and 成年 for "adult.to 30-years old (seinen manga). and goth subcultures in complex ways.g. Golgo and Itto remain men throughout and neither hero ever displays superpowers. and maturity.. themes of honor. costume play ("cosplay"). One is by the age of its intended audience: boys up to 18 years old (shōnen manga) and young men 18.[42] [69] [70] [71] [72] Redisu manga retains many of the narrative stylistics of shōjo manga but has been drawn by and written for adult women. austere self-discipline.[84] and Mitsukazu Mihara's DOLL.g.[100] Thus. stressing self-perfection. sexually explicit.[78] Ebine Yamaji. about a robot cat and the boy he lives with.[94] From the 1950s on. Batman.[77] in work by Erica Sakurazawa. Van not only makes war against Dornkirk’s empire but must deal with his complex feelings for Hitomi. Shōnen. as girls who had read shōjo manga as teenagers matured and entered the job market. but learn to master himself and cooperate with the mecha he controls. and friendships or love among women. including action-adventure often involving male heroes.[80] Other subgenres of shōjo-redisu manga have also developed. in Neon Genesis Evangelion by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto. like Matsuri Hino's Vampire Knight. these stories "journey into the hearts and minds of men" by remaining on the plane of human psychology and motivation.[90] [91] Japanese uses different kanji for two closely allied meanings of "seinen"—青年 for "youth. community. is a widower caring for his son Daigoro while he seeks vengeance against his wife's murderers. seinen. shōjo manga elaborated subgenres directed at women in their 20s and 30s. and friends. Nao Yazawa's Wedding Peach[66] and Hyper Rune by Tamayo Akiyama[67] ) and outside that tradition. sacrifice in the cause of duty.[89] Another approach is by content. However. e.[68] In the mid-1980s and thereafter. lone heroes occur in Takao Saito's Golgo 13 and Koike and Kojima's Lone Wolf and Cub. Boys and young men were among the earliest readers of manga after World War II.[74] Masako Watanabe's Kinpeibai[75] and the work of Shungicu Uchida[76] Another subgenre of shōjo-redisu manga deals with emotional and sexual relationships among women (akogare and yuri).[85] which interact with street fashions. e. skills. Golgo 13 is about an assassin who puts his skills to the service of world peace and other social goals. but sexuality has characteristically been set into complex narratives of pleasure and erotic arousal combined with emotional risk.[97] and Ogami Itto. which was aimed at younger boys. Instead.[79] and Chiho Saito. and sometimes explicit sexuality.[8] [69] [70] Examples include Ryō Ramiya's Luminous Girls.[42] This "Ladies Comic" or redisu-josei subgenre has dealt with themes of young adulthood: jobs.[73] Redisu manga and art has been often. and Spider-Man did not become popular as a shōnen genre. Early examples in the robot subgenre included Tezuka’s Astro Boy (see above) and Fujiko F. manga for women and girls thus represented a broad spectrum of material for pre- and early teenagers to material for adult women. However. and honorable service to society. in bishōjo comedies like Kanan's Galaxy Angel." 成人) manga. slapstick humor.[95] Shōnen and seinen manga narratives often portray challenges to the protagonist’s abilities. like Ai Yazawa's Paradise Kiss[81] [82] and horror-vampire-gothic manga.[92] [93] Shōnen. and seijin manga Manga for male readers can be characterized in different ways. seinen.[83] Kaori Yuki's Cain Saga. Shinji struggles against the enemy and against his father. the heroine.. family.S.History of manga 10 within the shōjo manga tradition (e.[94] [96] Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman. Fujio’s 1969 Doraemon. released in the U. and seijin manga share many features in common.[86] [87] [88] By the start of the 21st century.g. J-Pop music. by DC Comics and in Japan by Kodansha.[94] An exception is Kia Asamiya's Batman: Child of Dreams. the emotions and problems of sexual intercourse. majority"—the second referring to sexually overt manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin ("adult.. the swordsman-hero of Lone Wolf and Cub. and heroic action-adventure. from Mitsuteru Yokoyama's 1956 Tetsujin 28-go to later. shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypical boy: sci-tech subjects like robots and space travel. but not always. for example. by the 1980s. like Belldandy from Oh My Goddess! by Kōsuke Fujishima and Shao-lin from Guardian Angel Getten by Minene Sakurano.[94] Examples include boxing (Tetsuya Chiba’s 1968-1973 Tomorrow's Joe[101] and Rumiko Takahashi's 1987 One-Pound Gospel) and basketball (Takehiko Inoue’s 1990 Slam Dunk[102] ). men and boys played all the major roles. but she is always an object of the hero's emotional and sexual interest. like Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball. with women and girls having only auxiliary places as sisters. as in Negima by Ken Akamatsu and Hanaukyo Maid Team by Morishige. Of the nine cyborgs in Shotaro Ishinomori's 1964 Cyborg 009. about the Vietnam War told in talking animal format. as in Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata's Death Note.g. Although stories about modern war and its weapons do exist. for example. such as City Hunter by Hojo Tsukasa. Sometimes the protagonist fails. whose vampire hero Alucard battles reborn Nazis hellbent on conquering England. and manga about heroic warriors and martial artists have been extremely popular. a retelling of Joseph Conrad's story Heart of Darkness about a renegade Japanese colonel set in World War II Burma. Fist of the North Star by Tetsuo Hara. Frog (Keroro Gunso). but the hero may also be (or was) human. and in the shōjo manga From Eroica with Love by Yasuko Aoike. Nobuyuki Anzai's Flame of Recca.[94] These stories stress self-discipline.[107] Sometimes the woman is unattainable. Slump. but others contain strongly humorous elements. and. in Mine Yoshizaki's screwball comedy Sgt. and she soon vanishes from the action. girls and women began to play increasingly important roles in shōnen manga. in a shōjo manga example. remained under suspicion of glorifying Japan’s Imperial history[94] and have not become a significant part of the shōnen manga repertoire. Some recent shōnen manga virtually omit women.[103] such battle stories endlessly repeat the same mindless themes of violence.[94] Nonetheless. e. whose main character is the mischievous and powerful girl robot Arale Norimaki.[94] Examples include Seiho Takizawa's Who Fighter. where protagonist Light Yagami receives a notebook from a Death God (shinigami) that kills anyone whose name is written in it. Other battle and fight-oriented manga are complex stories of criminal and espionage conspiracies to be overcome by the protagonist. where fights follow fights like meat skewered on a stick. battling an ever-escalating series of supernatural enemies (Hiromu Arakawa's Fullmetal Alchemist. about World War II. stories about fantasy or historical military adventure were not stigmatized. and occasionally girlfriends.History of manga 11 Sports themes are also popular in manga for male readers. The role of girls and women in manga for male readers has evolved considerably since Arale. However.[109] The male protagonist does not always succeed in . for example. whose protagonist abandons his demonic kingship of Hell to live and die on earth. about a platoon of slacker alien frogs who invade the Earth and end up free-loading off the Hinata family in Tokyo. depicting not only the excitement of sports competition but also character traits the hero needs to transcend his limitations and to triumph. action. and humor (and another example of how these themes occur across genres)..[106] Sex and women's roles in manga for males In early shōnen manga. For manga critics Koji Aihara and Kentaro Takekuma.[108] In other stories. One class is the pretty girl (bishōjo). mothers. which they sardonically label the "Shonen Manga Plot Shish Kebob". they deal as much or more with the psychological and moral problems of war as they do with sheer shoot-'em-up adventure. about a Japanese nuclear submarine.[104] Other commentators suggest that fight sequences and violence in comics serve as a social outlet for otherwise dangerous impulses. like Kohta Hirano's Hellsing. the hero is surrounded by such girls and women.[94] Some are serious dramas. Supernatural settings have been another source of action-adventure plots in shõnen and some shõjo manga in which the hero must master challenges. like Sanpei Shirato's The Legend of Kamui and Rurouni Kenshin by Nobuhiro Watsuki. Toriyama's 1980 Dr. Sometimes the protagonist himself is supernatural. Kaiji Kawaguchi's The Silent Service. only one is female. and Motofumi Kobayashi's Apocalypse Meow. the martial arts story Baki the Grappler by Itagaki Keisuke and the supernatural fantasy Sand Land by Akira Toriyama.[105] Shōnen manga and its extreme warriorship have been parodied. and Tite Kubo's Bleach). Military action-adventure stories set in the modern world. a long-running crime-espionage story combining adventure. Hakase Mizuki's The Demon Ororon. Train Man in Train Man: Densha Otoko by Hidenori Hara. like Outlanders by Johji Manabe. and vengeance set on the social margins of the wealthy Ikebukuro district of Tokyo.History of manga 12 forming a relationship with the woman. a bitter story of the aftermath of the storage and possibly deliberate release of poison gas by U.[125] [126] Examples include Sampei Shirato's 1959-1962 Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments (Ninja Bugeichō). street war. Johji Manabe's Karula Olzen from Drakuun.S.and eromanga (seijin manga).[117] In some cases. an apocalyptic tale of motorcycle gangs.[93] [120] Gekiga Gekiga literally means "drama pictures" and refers to a form of aesthetic realism in manga.[127] and Hiroshi Hirata's Satsuma Gishiden. which dealt directly with oppression and class struggle. Others are human.[115] Some sentō bishōjo are battle cyborgs. and inexplicable transformations of the children of a future Tokyo. mature drama and towards the avant-garde. the story of Kagemaru. about uprisings against the Tokugawa shogunate. Heavily armed female warriors (sentō bishōjo) represent another class of girls and women in manga for male readers. and Chise from Shin Takahashi's Saikano. and Makoto in Futari Ecchi by Katsu Aki. a successful couple's sexual activities are depicted or implied. for example when Bright Honda and Aimi Komori fail to bond in Shadow Lady by Masakazu Katsura. rape and lust murder themes came to the forefront. armed forces based in Okinawa years after World War II.[121] [123] Gekiga arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left-wing student and working class political activism[121] [124] and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga.[111] [112] In poruno. often called hentai manga in the U.[121] [122] Gekiga style drawing is emotionally dark.[131] Gekiga and the social consciousness it embodies remain alive in modern-day manga..[128] As the social protest of these early years waned. a sexual relationship is taken for granted and depicted explicitly. rape. zoophilia (bestiality). and focuses on the day-in. An example is Ikebukuro West Gate Park from 2001 by Ira Ishida and Sena Aritou. Another example is Osamu Tezuka's 1976 manga MW. and rape. the initially naive and immature hero grows up to become a man by learning how to deal and live with women emotionally and sexually.[119] but these extreme themes are not commonplace in either untranslated or translated manga. sometimes very violent. like Attim M-Zak from Hiroyuki Utatane's Seraphic Feather. and Alita Forland (Falis) from Sekihiko Inui's Murder Princess. Motoko Kusanagi from Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell. like Alita from Battle Angel Alita by Yukito Kishiro. a wide variety of explicitly drawn sexual themes appeared in manga intended for male readers that correspondingly occur in English translations. often starkly realistic.[132] .[93] These depictions range from mild partial nudity through implied and explicit sexual intercourse through bondage and sadomasochism (SM). a story of street thugs. often drawn in gritty and unpretty fashions. the leader of a peasant rebellion in the 16th century.[122] [126] [129] Examples include Koike and Kojima's Lone Wolf and Cub[130] and Akira. as in work by Toshiki Yui [113] and in Were-Slut by Jiro Chiba and Slut Girl by Isutoshi. as in Urotsukidoji by Toshio Maeda[118] and Blue Catalyst from 1994 by Kei Taniguchi. gekiga shifted in meaning towards socially conscious. like Yota in Video Girl Ai by Masakazu Katsura.[116] With the relaxation of censorship in Japan after the early 1990s. incest. In other cases. day-out grim realities of life.S.[110] In still other cases.[114] The result is a range of depictions of boys and men from naive to very experienced sexually. Armonk. "Symposium: Kibyoshi: The World's First Comicbook?" International Journal of Comic Art. Berkeley. Takayumi (2006). com/ b/ 2007/ 03/ 25/ manga-101-the-pre-history-of-japanese-comics. ISBN 0-8223-3892-0 [7] Wong. New York: Japan Society. 1986. 1996. "Literacy and literature in Osaka. ISBN 1-85669-391-0. 2008-01-03. . IN: East Asian Studies Center. Schodt. William (2000). CA: Stone Bridge Press. January 5. 692-715. . Archived from the original (http:/ / www. pp. New York: Abrams. Will. ISBN 978-1558610941. [9] Ito. [6] Condry.com. ISBN 0674022661. 2007. Sharon 2000.com. Frederik L. 1996. The Japanese Psyche: Major Motifs in the Fairy Tales of Japan. Bloomington. Accessed on 2007-09-11. AnimeInfo. op. com/ eu/ lit/ comics/ news20000105. 2007." In: Timothy J. The Astro Boy Essays: Osamu Tezuka. Revised Edition" (1999. about. Machiko. NY: Harper Design. 1996. "Forward". edu/ pub/ cs/ spring_06/ feature_03. [19] This section draws primarily on the work of Frederik Schodt (1986. and Future. New York: The Feminist Press at The City University of New York. Tokyo: Kodansha International (JPN). 1993. "Pictocentrism—China as a source of Japanese modernity. edu/ login?uri=/ journals/ journal_of_japanese_studies/ v031/ 31. com/ shoujo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. html). ISBN 0-913304-57-3 [4] Tatsumi. cit. ISBN 0965328104. Web version: http:/ / muse. 6:392-401. Mechademia: an Annual Forum for Anime. Masami 1995 "The mystique of motherhood: A key to understanding social change and family problems in Japan. [12] Eisner. Hayao. Gravett. Little Boy: the Arts of Japan's Exploding Subculture. See also http:/ / www. com/ eu/ lit/ comics/ news20000105. [18] Inoue. html. Frederik L. ISBN 978-0824823184. Article 9: page 695. [28] Hasegawa. Paul." In Sumie Jones. umn. and the Fan Arts 1: 23–45. [10] Kern. 139-144. and the Manga/Anime Revolution. Hokusai: First Manga Master. ISBN 978-0765605610. edu/ Books/ L/ lunning_mechademia1. pp. [17] Kern. 2005. 2006. NC: Duke University Press. Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga. 8. 183-197. 2004. pp. ISBN 1-886226-10-5. animenewsnetwork. 1996." In: Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda (editors) Japanese Women: New Feminist Perspectives on the Past. Tokyo: Kodansha. CT: Spring Publications. p. html). Durham. [30] Toku. and Future. Fl: Poorhouse Press. ISBN 978-1558610941. Present. Kathleen S. jhu. Chapter 7. upress. ISBN 0520074750. ISBN 0-9614728-0-2. Jocelyn and Christophe Marquet. Anime News Network. [24] Ohinata. csuchico. Retrieved 2009-01-16. [20] The Japanese constitution is in the Kodansha encyclopedia "Japan: Profile of a Nation. Deb." Journal of Japanese Studies." In: Andrew Gordon (editor) Postwar Japan as History. 1torrance. Durham. Wendy Siuyi (2006). NC: Duke University Press. [25] Yoshizumi. Indiana University. html) on 2007-10-11. 293-322. [11] Kern. org/ animeu/ hist102.. article 21: page 697. editor. [13] "Yomiuri Newspaper Discusses History's First Manga" (http:/ / www. 1985. Richard. Present. About. Retrieved 2007-09-18. Imaging/Reading Eros. NY: M. pp. It does not mean "witch" or "magical girl" (which is mahō shōjo in Japanese). Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics. 2005. [2] Schodt. Full Metal Apache: Transactions between Cyberpunk Japan and Avant-Pop America. Charles Shirō. Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyoshi of Edo Japan.E. Manga. 2007) and of Paul Gravett (2004). 199-211. CA: Stone Bridge Press. "From Sazae-san to Crayon Shin-Chan. CA: Flume Press/California State University Press. com/ news/ 2008-01-03/ yomiuri-first-manga). Hip-Hop Japan: Rap and the Path of Cultural Globalization." The word mahōtsukai literally means "magic operator. Berkeley. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 125-142. Kyoko 1995 "Marriage and family: Past and present. starwars. Time-lines for manga history are available in Mechademia." someone who can use and control magic. 1996. Frank (1997-2003). because . Figure 3. "The death of 'Good Wife. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (2007). Accessed 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-09-22 [32] Sarii is the Japanese spelling and pronunciation of the English-language name "Sally. Takashi (2005). pp. [14] Aoki. htm). Berkeley. Retrieved 2009-01-20. ISBN 4-7700-2384-7. 2006. org/ web/ 20071011120029/ http:/ / starwars. StarWars. . [21] Schodt. and in articles by Go Tchiei 1998. Masami. Comics & Sequential Art. "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http:/ / matt-thorn. Kinko. Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society." http:/ / www. html. [16] Bouquillard. 2000. "Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond" (http:/ / www.History of manga 13 References [1] Kinsella. ISBN 978-0870117527. . 9:1-486. html). The Wonderful World of Sazae-San. pp. 2004. Yomiuri Shimbun." International Journal of Comic Art. Frederik L. [31] Thorn. animeinfo. Matt (July–September 2001). editor. Adam. 148-152. "Manga 101: The Pre-History of Japanese Comics" (http:/ / manga. Adam. [23] Uno. Woodstock. Retrieved 2007-09-14 [8] Schodt. archive. [15] Torrance. ISBN 0-8223-3774-6 [5] "Phantom Goes Manga" (http:/ / web. [26] Lee. Craig (editor) Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture. ISBN 978-1933330549 [22] Gravett. Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. [27] Kawai. (1997).3. "Hist 102: History of Manga. "Shojo Manga: Girl Power!" Chico. html Accessed 2007-09-16. . Sharpe. ISBN 978-1880656235. Mighty Atom. Wise Mother'. "Growing up Japanese reading manga. Ian (2006). [3] Murakami. ISBN 978-4770020758 [29] Sanchez. The Japan Quarterly 48 (3). Tamarac. Frederik L. 31(1):27-60. Tokyo: Kodansha) on pp. 1890-1940. New York: The Feminist Press at The City University of New York. CA: University of California." In: Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda (editors) Japanese Women: New Feminist Perspectives on the Past. [66] "Wedding Peach" (http:/ / www. 1996. Retrieved 2007-09-26. [36] Lent. 2:3-17. Sharpe. php?series_id=198). Craig (editor) Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture. 8. html). Retrieved 2007-09-22. . Bill. Literally. 2007. php). "From Far Away Vol. Bowling Green. pacificu. animefringe." In: Timothy J. passionate Japanese in anime: A look at the hidden Japanese soul (http:/ / www. refractory. mit. Retrieved 2007-09-22. Ludovic 2006-2007 " America vs. op. NY: M. [60] Allison. 1993. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Anne 2000. p 92.. Tokyopop. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.. 2006). edu/ afs/ athena. Berkeley. [61] Grigsby. pp. 259-278. com/ shop/ 1114/ TokyoMewMew/ 1. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-09-26. [55] King. [42] Ōgi. pp. "Bewitched by Magical Girls" (http:/ / www. edition 1996. op. au/ journalissues/ vol10/ graillat. [59] "Crescent Moon Volume 1" (http:/ / www.Series Profile and Story Summary" (http:/ / manga.. com/ product/ 1029). php3). unimelb. 36(4):780-803. Deborah. 14.S. pp. op. . ISBN 0879727802. FPS Magazine. "Sailor Moon: Japanese superheroes for global girls. Scott.78-80. 1986. Cheap. [34] Johnson. pp. U. and Sexy. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-09-26." ICv2 Guide to Manga. [62] Schodt. [41] McCloud. San Francisco: Viz Media. net:800/ mcel. 2" (http:/ / www. html). [63] "Magic Knight Rayearth I Volume 1" (http:/ / www. cit. Patrick. . Retrieved 2007-09-26. ISBN 1569310556. "Three By Moto Hagio" (http:/ / web. Accessed 2007-09-23. edu/ aspac/ home/ papers/ scholars/ yoshida/ yoshida. New York: Paradox Press. com/ reviews2/ disc_reviews/ 6116. [33] Yoshida. CA: Stone Bridge. "Female subjectivity and shōjo (girls) manga (Japanese comics): shōjo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics. pp. Chris (2007-05-14). "Nana by Ai Yazawa . [52] Aoki. 2001. in German. Go (1998). Armonk. [57] "Fruits Basket Volume 1" (http:/ / www. volume 10. Kaori (2002). about. . Anime Explosion!: the What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation. [43] Drazen. Franco 1987. ISBN 978-0765605610. Mary 1999 "The social production of gender as reflected in two Japanese culture industry products: Sailormoon and Crayon Shinchan. animeondvd. Anime Fringe. Sharpe. pp. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 6. and Fan Arts. [58] "Top 50 Manga Properties for Spring 2007: Fruits Basket. html). html). Armonk. com/ product/ 1115). [37] Tchiei. html) on 2007-08-08. OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press." From Graillat. edu/ mcel. Viz Media. com/ product/ 1017/ MagicKnightRayearthI/ ). ." In: John A. com/ magazine/ 2005/ 03/ review/ 06.History of manga 14 tsukai is not a gendered word in Japanese. fpsmagazine. Retrieved 2007-09-26." Mechademia: An Annual Forum for Anime. [40] Schodt.novel 1" (http:/ / www. Original story published 1975.E. . 2005). 2004. html). cit. pp. [53] Bertschy. . Tokyopop. 138-153. . Mad. com/ review/ nana-gn-1). This use of an English-language name with a Japanese descriptive word is an example of transnationalism in Tatsumi's sense. viz. 77-82. ISBN 978-0765605610. tokyopop. CA: Stone Bridge. . [48] Beveridge. [65] "Tokyo Mew Mew Volume 1" (http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork. Lent." In: Matt Thorn (editor) Four Shojo Stories. tokyopop. Anime on DVD. p 88. dnp. op." Journal of Popular Culture. "Peach Girl Vol. Berkeley.. Craig (editor) Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture. ISBN 1880656531.. Number 45. [39] Hagio Moto 1975/1996 "They Were Eleven. "Shojo Manga: A Unique Genre" (http:/ / www. com/ 252/ e_hagio. com/ product/ 1194/ FruitsBasket/ 1. Tokyopop. . Understanding Comics." In: Timothy J. edu/ user/ r/ e/ rei/ WWW/ manga-romanticism. archive." Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media. com/ product/ 1041). ISBN 1859842984. . php). tokyopop. . co. The Comics Journal. Gilles 2001. bildungs = education and roman = novel. [54] Randall. [45] Schodt. Patrick 2003. tcj. [56] "The World Exists for Me Volume 2" (http:/ / www. editor Themes and Issues in Asian Cartooning: Cute. tokyopop. hence a novel about the education of the protagonist in "the ways of the world. org/ web/ 20070808055442/ http:/ / www. Melissa (June 27. p. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 9-10. #1 (also w/box) (of 6)" (http:/ / www. tokyopop. Tokyopop. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Evolution of Female Heroes: Carnival Mode of Gender Representation in Anime (http:/ / journals2. . [64] Poitras. Tokyopop. [38] Shamoon. . cit. com/ product/ 1477/ TheWorldExistsforMe/ 2. . Manga. [50] "MARS Volume 1" (http:/ / www. com/ 252/ e_hagio. mit. . op. [35] Gravett. 183-210. Tokyopop.E." [47] Moretti.com. Retrieved 2007-09-26. [51] "Happy Mania Volume 1" (http:/ / www. Fusami 2004. php). The Way of the World: The Bildungsroman in European Culture. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Anime Essentials: Everything a Fan Needs to Know. Zac (December 26. Tokyopop. London: Verso. com/ od/ mangatitlesaz/ p/ nanaprofile. tokyopop. html). Western Washington University. tcj. jp/ museum/ nmp/ nmp_i/ articles/ manga/ manga6-1. com/ feature/ 060627magicalgirls. tokyopop. tokyopop. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Accessed 2007-09-23. Eri 2000 . NY: M. [49] "Peach Girl Volume 1" (http:/ / www. pacificu. About. Anime News Network. cit. . Japan: the Influence of American Comics on Manga (http:/ / www." The romantic. [46] "The transformation into a superhero is in fact an allegory of becoming an adult. Tokyopop. edu. [44] Izawa. . cit. Deb. "Revolutionary romance: The Rose of Versailles and the transformation of shojo manga. com/ product/ 1244). "NANA G. 1996. html). com/ products/ products. htm). iranscience. html Accessed 2007-11-14. cit. San Francisco. [82] Paradise Kiss: http:/ / www. p. 59. Germany: Taschen GMBH. animenewsnetwork. 3-31. op." Journal of Popular Culture. 5(2):425-436. regardless of content of the specific manga. Robots of the Imagination. This magazine-of-origin system is used by the English-language Wikipedia in its Template:Infobox animanga when assigning demographic labels to manga. cit. Timothy and Martha Cornog 2002. animefringe. Gretchen 2002. com/ books/ ga/ ga_index. and seijin manga—indeed. pp.. CT: Libraries Unlimited/Greenwood. archive. 2001.-Japan Women's Journal (English Supplement). "Japanese Ladies' Comics as agents of socialization: The lessons they teach. Even a Monkey Can Draw Manga. Deborah. [94] Schodt. com/ article/ 2006/ 12/ 15/ 1160. pp. 1986. and the Fan Arts. "Erica Sakurazawa's Nothing But Loving You" (http:/ / www. pp. chapter 3. Mechatronics." Accessed 2007-09-23. shojobeat. ISBN 0822333120. php Accessed 2007-09-26. php?series_id=411. pp. [86] Shoichi Aoki. 1996. 1988. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Kazumi (illustrator). Izumi. [79] "Fan translations of Ebine Yamaji's yuri mangas [sic]" (http:/ / gaycomicslist. [103] Aihara. Shojo Beat. op. org/ web/ 20070707125510/ http:/ / www.. 2004. Manga Design. [98] See http:/ / www. op. Köln:Taschen. nor is this approach discussed by either Thompson (2007) or Brenner (2007) cited in the previous two endnotes. 77-103. Broccoli Books. CA: Chronicle Books. [76] Schodt. Retrieved 2007-09-26. see http:/ / users. . Accessed 2007-12-28. Accessed 2007-12-25. In Inside the Robot Kingdom: Japan. com/ magazine/ 2003/ 12/ reviews/ 06/ ). cit. Accessed 2007-12-28. cit. 2005. op. Fruits. php?lng=fr& pg=437 Accessed 2007-12-25. but note that that website does not use magazine audience or demographic for classifying manga." In: Linda Williams (editor) Porn Studies. [95] Schodt. cit. Dillon.. op. cit. [92] Schodt. [70] Ito. ISBN 3822825913. php. htm) on 2007-07-07.. Koji and Kentaro Takekuma. free. Patrick. ISBN 9780811856904. [93] Perper. pp. Retrieved 2007-09-26. . [71] Jones. htm). com/ reviews/ archive. com/ books/ ga/ ga_index. [69] Ito. Accessed 2007-12-28. html). [78] Font. skynet. Number 22.. Anime Fringe. chapter. 2007. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Theresa 2006. chapter 3. Frederik L. 92-95. 1996. 84-85. cit. com/ products/ products. and the Fan Arts. 5. xxiii-xxiv. [75] Toku. and Nonaka. NC: Duke University Press.Une introduction à l'animation japonaise. 1996. cit. cit. broccolibooks. Manga. Accessed 2007-12-24. 52-73. 68-87. php?theid=215 for the quoted phrase. op.. [90] Brenner. 53-63. [72] Shamoon. Kinko 2003. op. [87] Winge. 216-220. be/ mangaguide/ magazines. Durham. all genres of manga—are defined by the intended audience or demographic of the magazine where the manga originally appeared. 1990/2002. com/ review/ golgo-13-gn-4. animenewsnetwork. . com/ manga/ vk/ ). 1:183-186. See also the opening sections of Un poil de culture . php?month=2006-10). 1:65-76. number 1. com/ shop/ 1277/ DollSoftcover/ 1. shōnen. The Gay Comics List." U. Chapter 4. San Francisco: Viz. http:/ / www. pp 124-129. 2007. [100] Schodt. and the Coming Robotopia. Koln. Westport. pages 3-126 (special issue). 31-34. cit. For a list of magazine demographics. [97] Golgo: http:/ / www. pp. [91] In another system of classification.. [102] Masanao Amano. review: http:/ / www. broccolibooks. Retrieved 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-09-26. com/ manga/ gc/ bio. Kinko 2002. 2007. op. Robin E. [81] Masanao. Understanding Manga and Anime. [101] Schodt." International Journal of Comic Art. tokyopop. Manga Design. p. [89] Thompson." Mechademia: An Annual Forum for Anime. pp. org/ essays/ symg. 1996. ISBN 0714840831. "In the Sound of the Bells: Freedom and Revolution in Revolutionary Girl Utena. [74] Ryō Ramiya (no date) "Luminous Girls. "RIGHT TURN ONLY!! Sugar Rush" (http:/ / www. .. 526-529. p.S. "'Ladies' Comics': Japan's not-so-underground market in pornography for women. Timothy & Martha Cornog 2006. Amano 2004. New York: Phaidon Press. 2004. [84] Cain by Kaori Yuki: http:/ / www. Anime News Network. darkhorse. The French Wikipedia manga article uses the terms seinen and seijin to denote manga for adult men: http:/ / fr. 1986. [77] Bando. 73-90.. pp. [68] "Galaxy Angel" (http:/ / web. cit. [80] Perper. 1986. Manga. [85] DOLL: http:/ / www. yuricon. tokyopop. fr/ pages/ blogarch. op. metalchroniques. 31. wikipedia. pp. "Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U. html." Mechademia: An Annual Forum for Anime. com/ news/ newsroom/ dunk_sj. pp. p. . shojobeat." Tokyo: France Shoin Comic House. .. Tokyo:Kodansha International. Gravett.Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno: Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook. ISBN 3-8228-2591-3. 2004. pp. [96] Brenner.. Evers. 173-177. [73] Schodt. viz. http:/ / www. 11/07/2007. editor. "Costuming the imagination: Origins of anime and manga cosplay. op." Sexuality & Culture. seinen. org/ wiki/ Manga. volume 6. Liann (November 20. pp. ISBN 4829682019. com/ product/ 1044 Accessed 2007-09-26. 2004. [99] Schodt. com/ right-turn-only/ 2004-11-20). http:/ / comipress.S. "The world of Japanese 'Ladies Comics': From romantic fantasy to lustful perversion. op.History of manga 15 [67] Cooper. [83] "Vampire Knight by Matsuri Hino" (http:/ / www. [88] Macias. 36(1):68-85. Kishiji (no date) " Shoujo Yuri Manga Guide (http:/ / www. 95. "Office slut and rebel flowers: The pleasures of Japanese pornographic comics for women. fr/ guppy/ articles. shonenjump. 2004). cgi?Category=Comics+ Erotica& SubCategory=Mangerotica& PageNo=12. "Alternative Comics Heroes: Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga. paulgravett. Accessed 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2007-12-20.. by Isutoshi.com/ hokusai/default. japantimes. 70-71. Nos. Jason. "Metamorphosis of the Japanese girl: The girl. External links • A History of Manga (http://www. The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. Hokusai Manga Vol 12 in Touch & Turn format (http://www. pp. [108] Guardian Angel Getten. pages 663-671. http:/ / www. Chapter 4. Frog: http:/ / www. http:/ / www. com/ special/ manga-zombie/ manga-zombie-preface). fantagraphics. htm. 1-3. editors. http:/ / www.. Retrieved 2007-12-20. html). [106] Sgt. "Red Comic Books: The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga". "Gekiga: The Flipside of Manga" (http:/ / www. t. Timothy and Martha Cornog." In McCarthy. Jonathan. 2004-2007. Udagawa (2007-10-15). [115] For the sentō bishōjo. July 13.. pp. op. Vols. Timothy and Martha Cornog 2003 "Sex.. Numbers 6-8. 60-63. 72. 17–18 [132] Pfaender. 68-73. Tom (2008). Honolulu. co. [107] For multiple meanings of bishōjo. Attack of the Phallic Girls: Review of Saitô Tamaki. Eros Comix. by Morishige. 1991. and the Fan Arts. Francoeur and Raymond Noonan. See also William O. com/ product/ 1214/ SgtFrog/ 2. 2003. The Erotic Anime Movie Guide.touchandturn. cit. Viz. Were-Slut. ISBN 978-0824824716 [125] Isao. angelfire. op. 2002. "IWGP. net/ artists/ y/ yui_toshiki.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/manga/manga1. Toren. Kei. "Home Manga Zombie: Manga Zombie .com. com/ shed/ .. Del Rey/Random House. by Jiro Chiba. 59. op. 2006). cit. edu/ sfs/ review_essays/ gardner88. "'Tits and Tentacles': Sex. html). html . . 147-149. php?frompage=userinput& sstring=Hirata& x=11& y=9 Accessed 2007-12-19. the hyper-girl. review: http:/ / eyeonanime. 1986. htm. illustration on p. Nos. translated as "battling beauty. Manga. com/ anime/ mangatemple/ outlanders. [113] Toshiki Yui: http:/ / lambiek. 1:162-170. "Miso Horny: Sex in Japanese Comics. tokyopop. [131] Flinn. op. 1-3. co. uk/ panda. planetebd. [111] Train Man: Densha Otoko. php. Sentō bishōjo no seishin bunseki (Fighting Beauties: A Psychoanalysis). "MW". Humor Magazines. [116] Drakuun: http:/ / web. [114] Slut Girl. html. Hidenori Hara. 2006. http:/ / www. by Sakurano Minene. and Fan Arts." Mechademia: An Annual Forum for Anime. New York: Continuum. pp. In Lent. Irma (September 24. and women in Japanese comics." Mechademia: An Annual Forum for Anime. htm). com/ Tokyo/ Towers/ 9607/ manabe/ drakuunindex. Accessed 2007-12-28. Mari. [120] Smith. love. by Ken Akamatsu.asp?lang=english) . [128] Hirata: http:/ / www. com/ articles/ 058_gekiga/ 058_gekiga. cit. [126] Nunez. Gardner. and the Overfiend. com/ BD/ IWGP-1701.. Fabien. and the battling beauty. Hanaukyo Maid Team. com/ columns/ details. 111-115. [117] Perper. . [112] Perper. 1998. 2000. [105] Berek-Lewis. com/ cart/ showcat. 2001. op. com/ cart/ showcat. No." San Antonio. 2003-2004. 1994." In Robert T. ICv2 (50): pp. 2004. brokenfrontier. Comics in an Age of Terror. 143. [124] Isao. [119] Taniguchi. op. darkhorse. Manga. Retrieved 2007-12-19 [127] Schodt. cit.dnp. Accessed 2007-12-28.History of manga 16 [104] Aihara & Takekuma. 2:201-214. Tokyo: Ôta Shuppan. [129] Takeo. . 1-8. Raijin Graphic Novels/Gutsoon! Entertainment." see Kotani. 2005. Helen & Jonathan Clements. "The education of desire: Futari etchi and the globalization of sexual tolerance." (http:/ / search. Horror. 1986.. Vols. 2007. html. archive. pp. jp/ cgi-bin/ fb20060924a1. "Blue Catalyst. Vols. php?mi=7& p=d& reviewid2=41. php?id=308 Accessed 2007-12-25. op. pp. . HI: University of Hawaii Press.1" (http:/ / www. depauw. 2001-2002. [130] Schodt. p.. 2006. Comi Press. Studio Ironcat.Preface" (http:/ / comipress. pp." The Comics Journal. fantagraphics. Shimizu (2001). 2000.co. see Perper & Cornog. John A. The Japan Times. 1990/2002. 1-6. [123] Gravett. Accessed 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2007-12-19. cgi?Category=Comics+ Erotica& SubCategory=Mangerotica& PageNo=10. geocities. [118] Clements. 38-42. 1-15. Vols.html) • A complete Hokusai Book. cit. and Picture Books. [121] Schodt. cit. [109] Negima. Accessed 2007-12-28. [110] Outlanders: http:/ / www. Accessed 2007-12-28. org/ web/ 20080206232322/ http:/ / www. cit. planetebd. at http:/ / www. Paul. Eros Comix. 58-81. 2003-2004. TX: Emblem (Antarctic Press). [122] Gravett. pp. 1998. 1986. Illustrating Asia: Comics. yui-toshiki. org/ ccies/ jp. 1-4. Section 8D in http:/ / kinseyinstitute. com/ search/ search. the author. Volumes (frequency) [1] chapter chapter Publisher Latest First volume volume 1 176 [2] Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Osamu Akimoto Weekly Shōnen Jump 1708 September Ongoing Kōen-mae Hashutsujo (weekly) [3] 1976 July 4. There are 93 manga series from which 40 series are completed and 53 series are in ongoing serialization. Ultra Jump (monthly) [19] 1987 2004 . (こちら葛飾区亀有公園前派出所) Shueisha [4] [5] July 9. 1972 Mizushima Champion (weekly) November Akita Shoten [7] 1972 3 160 Golgo 13 (ゴルゴ13) Takao Saito Big Comic Ongoing January (semimonthly) [8] 1969 Shogakukan June 21. Bessatsu Manga Ongoing ? Go Rikiya Goraku (monthly) March Nihon Bungeisha [15] 1992 7 105 Oishinbo (美味しんぼ) Tetsu Kariya. Weekly Post (weekly) ? ? Satomi Koue Shogakukan April 27. The list also notes the number of volumes and chapters. Chapters Title Author Magazine Latest First No. Ongoing series are highlighted in light green. publisher and date of release date of first and last (latest) volume of respective manga volume. [13] [14] 1981 2005 6 109 Minami no Teiou (ミナミの帝王) Dai Tennouji.present Shueisha 9 [20] [21] Baki the Grappler (グラップラー刃牙) Keisuke Itagaki Weekly Shōnen Ongoing 102 647 1991 Champion (weekly) February Akita Shoten [22] 1992 . the Japanese magazine in which it was originally serialized and its (frequency).2004 August 10. [9] 1973 4 113 [10] Cooking Papa (クッキングパパ) Tochi Ueyama Weekly Morning [11] Ongoing 1069 1984 (weekly) January 18. Big Comic Spirits Ongoing October 1983 Akira Hanasaki (monthly) November 30.List of manga series by volume count 17 List of manga series by volume count The list of manga series by volume count is a list of manga series that span at least 40 tankōbon volumes. Sr. Manga list This list is incomplete. Shogakukan [16] 1984 8 [17] [18] JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Hirohiko Araki Weekly Shōnen Jump Ongoing 102 840 1987 (ジョジョの奇妙な冒険) (weekly) 1987 . 1977 2011 2 [6] Dokaben (ドカベン) Shinji Weekly Shōnen Ongoing 165 April 24. February 28. Kodansha [12] 1986 5 110 Nijitte Monogatari (弐十手物語) Kazuo Koike. Big Comic Original Ongoing 724 1979 Kenichi Kitami (semimonthly) July 29. 1982 Ongoing 81 (daily) Soyosha. Shogakukan [23] 1974 11 98 Shizukanaru Don – Yakuza Side Story Tatsuo Nitta Weekly Manga Ongoing November 15. Kodansha [41] 1981 22 75 Zero – The Man of the Creation Kei Satomi Super Jump Ongoing 1990 (ゼロ―THE MAN OF THE (semimonthly) September 10. Shogakukan [27] 1980 14 [28] [29] Kōtarō Makaritōru! Tatsuya Hiruta Weekly Shōnen 94 78 1982 2004 (コータローまかりとおる!) Magazine (weekly) January 20. CREATION) Shueisha [42] 1991 23 75 Marugoshi Keiji (まるごし刑事) Weekly Manga ? ? Sunday (weekly) ? March 29. Hakusensha [36] 1979 18 [37] Kobo. Jitsugyo no Nihon [43] 2003 Sha 24 [44] Tough (高校鉄拳伝タフ) Tetsuya Weekly Young Jump Ongoing 74 1993 Saruwatari (weekly) March 18. Shueisha [45] 1994 . 1981 Ongoing 86 499 Takahashi Weekly Young Jump January 1982 (weekly) Shueisha 17 [34] Patalliro! (パタリロ!) Mineo Maya Hana to Yume [35] Ongoing 85 1979 (semimonthly) October 20. the Li'l Rascal Masashi Ueda Yomiuri Shimbun April 1. Shogakukan [39] 1980 20 78 747 Major (MAJOR-メジャー) Takuya Mitsuda Weekly Shōnen July 2010 1994 Sunday (weekly) January 13. Shogakukan [40] 1995 21 75 Nanto Magoroku (なんと孫六) Kei Sadayasu Monthly Shōnen Ongoing ? Magazine (monthly) August 20. Houbunsha 19 80 [38] Tsuribaka Nisshi (釣りバカ日誌) Jūzō Yamasaki.List of manga series by volume count 18 10 98 870 Abu-san (あぶさん) Shinji Big Comic Original Ongoing 1973 Mizushima (semimonthly) May 15. Shogakukan [32] 1975 16 [33] [2] Captain Tsubasa (キャプテン翼) Yōichi Weekly Shōnen Jump. October 15. Kodansha [30] [31] 1983 2004 15 92 Haguregumo (浮浪雲) George Akiyama Big Comic Original Ongoing 1973 (semimonthly) June 6. Kodansha [26] 1990 13 95 Asari-chan (あさりちゃん) Mayumi Shogakukan no Ongoing 1978 Muroyama Gakushu Zasshi (?) April 26. Sha [25] 1989 12 96 [2] Fighting Spirit Hajime no Ippo George Weekly Shōnen Ongoing 941 1989 (はじめの一歩) Morikawa Magazine (weekly) February 17. (静かなるドン) Sunday (weekly) [24] 1988 Jitsugyo no Nihon April 6. [60] [61] 1974 1988 34 60 Ginga Legend Weed Yoshihiro Weekly Manga [62] May 1999 September 18. Takahashi Goraku (weekly) [64] January 2009 Nihon Bungeisha [63] 2000 35 59 Sunset on Third Street Ryōhei Saigan Big Comic Original Ongoing 1974 (semimonthly) September 29.. Kodansha [49] [50] 1974 1983 28 [51] Ironfist Chinmi (鉄拳チンミ) Takeshi Weekly Shōnen 66 1983 2009 Maekawa Magazine (weekly) April 18. Seimaru Amagi. April 30.. Kodansha [59] 1989 33 60 Sangokushi Yokoyama Comic Tom (monthly) 1971 1986 Mitsuteru Ushio Shuppansha April 20. May 16.List of manga series by volume count 19 25 73 [2] Detective Conan (Case Closed) Gosho Aoyama Weekly Shōnen Ongoing 786 February 2. Shogakukan [54] 1987 30 64 [2] One Piece Eiichiro Oda Weekly Shōnen Jump Ongoing 640 1997 (weekly) December 24. Shogakukan [65] 1975 36 58 [2] Kindaichi Case Files Yōzaburō Weekly Shōnen [66] Ongoing 459 1992 Kanari. [46] 1994 26 67 Chie the Brat Etsumi Haruki Weekly Manga Action 1978 1997 (weekly) [47] May 1979 November Futabasha [48] 1997 27 65 Tsurikichi Sanpei Takao Yaguchi Weekly Shōnen 1973 1983 Magazine (weekly) February 18. Shueisha [55] 1997 31 62 635 Emblem Take 2 Weekly Young 1990 2004 (代紋<エンブレム>TAKE2) Magazine (weekly) July 17. November 17. Kodansha [67] 1993 Fumiya Satō 37 58 [68] GodHand Teru Kazuki Weekly Shōnen Ongoing 424 2001 Yamamoto Magazine (weekly) July 17. Kodansha [52] [53] 1984 2009 29 65 Soumubu Soumuka Yamaguchi Roppeita Big Comic Ongoing ? (総務部総務課 山口六平太) (semimonthly) January 30. Masahiro Weekly Shōnen Finished 58 1991 Itabashi. October 20. Kodansha [69] 2001 38 [70] Boys Be. Hiroyuki Kodansha [71] 1992 Tamakoshi . Magazine (weekly) January 17. Magazine (weekly) February 17. Kodansha [56] [57] 1990 2005 32 60 [58] Dear Boys Hiroki Yagami Monthly Shōnen Ongoing 240 1989 Magazine (monthly) December 16. (名探偵コナン) Sunday (weekly) 1994 (issue Shogakukan #5) June 18. Shueisha [76] 2000 41 56 [77] Dreams (ドリームス) Sanbanchi Kawa Weekly Shōnen Ongoing 387 ? Magazine (weekly) November 15. Kodansha [92] [93] 1989 2006 53 49 [94] Futari Ecchi Katsu Aki Young Animal Ongoing 454 1997 (semimonthly) August 29.List of manga series by volume count 20 39 58 242 Wataru ga Pyun! (わたるがぴゅん!) Tsuyoshi Monthly Shōnen Jump 1984 2004 Nakaima (monthly) June 10. April 6. Eiji Kazama Shogakukan [86] 1991 49 51 4P Tanaka-kun (4P田中くん) Shichi Santarou. Weekly Shōnen 1986 1996 Kawa Sanbanchi Champion (weekly) December August 1996 Akita Shoten 1986 50 51 [2] Bleach Tite Kubo Weekly Shōnen Jump [88] Ongoing 471 2001 [87] (weekly) January 5. Shogakukan [81] [82] 1997 2009 45 55 Crest of the Royal Family Chieko Princess (monthly) 1976 Ongoing Hosokawa Akita Shoten 46 [83] [84] Inochi no Utsuwa (いのちの器) For Mrs. Futabasha [91] 1992 52 50 541 Kougyou Aika Volleyboys Hiroyuki Weekly Young 1989 2006 (工業哀歌バレーボーイズ) Murada Magazine (weekly) July 17. (semimonthly) March 30. [85] 2006 48 53 Kaze no Daichi Nobuhiro Big Comic Original Ongoing 1990 Sakata. Shueisha [72] [73] 1985 2004 40 [74] [2] Naruto Masashi Weekly Shōnen Jump [75] Ongoing 58 563 1999 Kishimoto (weekly) March 3. (monthly) 1991 Ongoing 54 204 Akita Shoten 47 54 Alfheim no Kishi (妖精国の騎士) Seika Nakayama Princess (monthly) 1986 2006 Akita Shoten ? December 15. November 4. Shueisha [89] 2002 51 50 [90] Crayon Shin-chan Yoshito Usui Weekly Manga Action Finished 1126 1990 (weekly) April 11. Kodansha [78] 1996 42 56 Edomae no Shun (江戸前の旬) Weekly Manga Ongoing 1999 Goraku (weekly) February Nihon Bungeisha [79] 2000 43 56 Tenpai (天牌) Weekly Manga Ongoing ? Goraku (weekly) October Nihon Bungeisha [80] 1999 44 56 558 InuYasha Rumiko Weekly Shōnen 1996 2008 Takahashi Sunday (weekly) April 18. Futabasha [96] 1980 . February 18. Hakusensha [95] 1997 54 49 Kariage-kun (かりあげクン) Masashi Ueda Weekly Manga Action Ongoing 1980 (weekly) December 5. Kodansha [115] 1993 . Shogakukan [101] [102] 1995 2009 59 48 Dan Doh!! (ダンドー) Nobuhiro Sakata Weekly Shōnen 1995 2005 Sunday (weekly) Shogakukan 60 48 Nozomi Witches Toshio Nobe Weekly Young Jump 1986 1996 (のぞみ♡ウィッチィズ) (weekly) Shueisha 61 47 [2] The Prince of Tennis Takeshi Konomi Weekly Shōnen Jump Ongoing 431 1999 [103] (weekly). Kodansha [106] [107] 1990 2000 64 46 Glass Mask Suzue Miuchi Ongoing Hana to Yume 1976 (semimonthly). March 20. (weekly) [105] 1993 Shogakukan. Kodansha [112] 1998 68 [113] [114] Ryūrōden Yoshito Monthly Shōnen Ongoing 45 158 1993 Yamahara Magazine (monthly) December 16.List of manga series by volume count 21 55 48 Rakudai Ninja Rantarō Sōbē Amako ? ? ? Asahi Shimbun March October 29. Kodansha 63 47 429 Chameleon Atsushi Kase Weekly Shōnen 1990 1999 Magazine (weekly) August 17. [97] [98] 1993 2010 56 48 Wild 7 Mikiya Shōnen Gahō (?) September July 1979 Mochizuki Shōnen Gahōsha 1969 57 48 308 Be-Bop High School Kiyuchi Weekly Young 1983 2003 Kazuhiro Magazine (weekly) March 17. Kodansha [110] [111] 1989 2006 66 46 Kattobi Itto (かっとび一斗) Mosaki Monma Monthly Shōnen Jump 1986 1999 (monthly) June 1986 March 1999 Shueisha 67 45 Kaiouki Masatoshi Monthly Shōnen Ongoing 1998 Kawahara Magazine (monthly) August 17. February 23. Jump Square [104] 2000 (monthly) Shueisha 62 47 Wangan Midnight Michiharu Big Comic Spirits. February 27. [109] Bessatsu Hana to 1976 [108] Yume (monthly) Hakusensha 65 46 Gambling Racer (ギャンブルレーサー) Makoto Tanaka Weekly Morning 1988 2006 (weekly) May 23. Kodansha [99] [100] 1984 2004 58 48 350 Azumi Yū Koyama Big Comic Superior 1994 2008 (semimonthly) January 30. Ongoing 1990 Kusunoki Young Magazine January 8. March 16. January 6. January 7. [116] [117] 1974 1996 70 45 Hocho Mushuku (包丁無宿) Yasuyuki Weekly Manga 1982 1996 Tagawa Goraku (weekly) September July 1996 Nihon Bungeisha 1982 71 45 6477 Sazae-san Machiko Various 1946 1974 Hasegawa Asahi Sonorama September 20. Shogakukan [126] [127] 1997 2006 77 43 [128] Zipang Kaiji Kawaguchi Weekly Morning 413 2000 2009 (weekly) January 23. Square Enix . Kodansha [131] 1995 80 42 [2] Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple Syun Matsuena Weekly Shōnen Ongoing 410 2002 (史上最強の弟子ケンイチ) Sunday (weekly) August 9. [133] 1989 82 42 [134] Super Mario-kun Yukio Sawada CoroCoro Comic Ongoing 402 1990 (monthly) July 27. Kodansha [120] [121] 1991 2006 74 43 [122] Kaiji Nobuyuki Weekly Young Ongoing 423 1996 Fukumoto Magazine (weekly) September 6. April 26. Kodansha [123] 1996 75 43 [124] Karate Shoukoushi Kohinata Minoru Baba Yasushi Weekly Young Ongoing 390 2000 (空手小公子 小日向海流) Magazine (weekly) July 6. Kodansha [125] 2000 76 43 Karakuri Circus Kazuhiro Fujita Shōnen Sunday 1997 2006 (weekly) December 10. [118] [119] 1994 1994 72 45 Violence Jack Go Nagai Weekly Shōnen July 22. 1973 March 23. Magazine (weekly) 1990 Kodansha 73 44 Kaze Hikaru – Koshien Sanbanchi Kawa Monthly Shōnen 1990 2006 (風光る〜甲子園〜) Magazine (monthly) July 17. June 16. September 20. August 11. September 22. Shogakukan [132] 2002 81 42 [2] Oh My Goddess! Kōsuke Afternoon (monthly) Ongoing 264 September Fujishima Kodansha 1988 September 23. Kodansha [129] [130] 2001 2009 78 43 Osu!! Karate Bu Koji Takahashi Weekly Young Jump 1985 1996 (weekly) Shueisha 79 42 [2] Initial D (頭文字D) Shuichi Shigeno Weekly Young Ongoing 600 1995 Magazine (weekly) November 6. Fujio 1969 1996 July 31.List of manga series by volume count 22 69 45 825 Doraemon Fujiko F. Shogakukan [135] 1991 83 42 [136] Violinist of Hameln Michiaki Monthly Shōnen 1991 ongoing 141 Watanabe Gangan (monthly). Young Gangan 1991 (semi-monthly) Enix. December 22. org/ 5zyQejZMv) from the original on July 6. Amazon. . Dokaben Superstars (ドカベン スーパースターズ編). 2011. cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870234-6& mode=1) (in Japanese).. shueisha. [8] "ゴルゴ13(さいとう·プロ) [Golgo 13]" (http:/ / www. webcitation. webcitation. Saito Production. simply titled Dokaben. Retrieved July 22. . is ongoing with 39 volumes. Kodansha [149] [150] 1988 2002 Notes [1] The date for the first chapter of a series should generally be the date on the cover of the magazine issue it ran in. 2011. July 28. Shueisha. Interview. Retrieved July 11. co. saito-pro. Retrieved April 19. jp/ dp/ 4253030637) (in Japanese). June 19. co. [3] /759 "Celebrating its 30th Anniversary. February 17. 2009.jp. Kodansha [143] [144] 1997 2005 89 41 The Chef – Shinshou (ザ・シェフ Weekly Manga Finished 新章) Goraku (weekly) Nihon Bungeisha 90 40 [145] Addicted to Curry (華麗なる食卓) Kazuki Funatsu Weekly Young Jump Ongoing 409 2001 (weekly) July 19. . jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. htm) (in Japanese). Archived (http:/ / www. co. [2] This chapter count includes chapters not yet collected in a tankōbon volume. Houbunsha [147] 1999 92 [148] Circuit no Ōkami (サーキットの狼) Satoshi Ikezawa Weekly Shōnen Jump 1975 Finished 40 (weekly) Shueisha 93 40 441 3×3 Eyes Yuzo Takada Weekly Young 1987 2002 Magazine (weekly) October 17. Gakken [142] 2007 88 41 Legendary Gambler Tetsuya Fūmei Sai. 2009. the second series. ComiPress. 2011. is collected in 26 volumes. . 2009. co. com/ news/ 2006/ 09/ 19).. Shueisha. the third series. 2009." (http:/ / comipress. Dokaben Professional Baseball (ドカベン プロ野球編). Dai Kōshien (大甲子園). and the fourth series. jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. Archived (http:/ / www. Retrieved July 7. [6] Dokaben consists of four named series. amazon.List of manga series by volume count 23 84 [137] 519 Dragon Ball Akira Toriyama Weekly Shōnen Jump 42 1984 1995 (weekly) September 10. Shueisha [138] [139] 1985 1995 85 42 Ryuu – Ron (龍-RON-) Motoka Big Comic Original 1991 2006 Murakami (semimonthly) June 29. Shogakukan [140] [141] 1991 2006 86 42 Rokudenashi Blues Masanori Morita Weekly Shōnen Jump 1988 1997 (weekly) January 1989 April 1997 Shueisha 87 41 Chiisana Koi no Monogatari Chikago Manga Time 1962 2008 (小さな恋のものがたり) Mitsuhashi (monthly) May 25.co. jp/ golgo/ index. 2006. is collected in 48 volumes. August 4. [7] "ドカベン (1) (少年チャンピオン·コミックス): 水島 新司: 本 [Dokaben (1) (Shonen Champion Comics): Shinji Mizushima: Books]" (http:/ / www. org/ 5zyRnFJEZ) from the original on July 6. [5] "こちら葛飾区亀有公園前派出所 175 [Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo 175]" (http:/ / books. . The first series. Retrieved June 24. each covering specific baseball seasons played by the Meikun High School team. Shueisha [146] 2001 91 40 Kura no Yado (蔵の宿) Nishi Yuuji. is collected in 52 volumes. Weekly Shōnen 1997 2004 (哲也-雀聖と呼ばれた男) Yasushi Hoshino Magazine (weekly) December 16. [4] "こちら葛飾区亀有公園前派出所 1 [Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo 1]" (http:/ / books. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-852811-5& mode=1) (in Japanese). /759. shueisha. November 6. Weekly Manga Times Ongoing 1998 Tana Toshinobu (weekly) May 17. 2009. the second series Shin Kōtarō Makaritōru! (新・コータローまかりとおる!) is collected in 27 tankōbon volumes and the third series Kōtarō Makaritōru! L (コータローまかりとおる! L) is collected in 8 tankōbon volumes. kodansha. Japan: Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha. [21] Chapters as of volume 73. shogakukan. Retrieved July 3. 1. [27] "あさりちゃん 1 [Asari-chan 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. jp/ cgi-bin/ product_detail. html) (in Japanese). [30] "コータローまかりとおる!(1) [Kōtarō Makaritōru! (1)]" (http:/ / shop. 2009. . jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. 2009. Kodansha. . shogakukan. [13] "弐十手物語 1 [Nijitte Monogatari 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. and Baki: Son of Ogre (範馬刃牙) is on-going series with 29 volumes published. jp/ dp/ 4253053092) (in Japanese). kodansha. Retrieved August 12. Shueisha. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091866905) (in Japanese). [12] "クッキングパパ (1) [Cooking Papa (1)]" (http:/ / shop. [24] Nitta. Second arc Battle Tendency (戦闘潮流) contains 67 chapters collected in 7 tankōbon volumes. Shogakukan. Retrieved July 11. 2009. jsp?b=1728741) (in Japanese). shogakukan. co. j-n. Kodansha. jp/ books/ pages/ ISBN978-4-537-03744-9. Shogakukan. Amazon. [20] Baki the Grappler is split into 3 series. A new series started in February 2010. Nihon Bungeisha. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851126-3) (in Japanese). [22] "グラップラー刃牙 (1) (少年チャンピオン·コミックス): 板垣 恵介: 本 [Baki the Grappler (1) (Shonen Champion Comics): Keisuke Itagaki: Books]" (http:/ / www. [11] "Tomomitsu Yamaguchi becomes "Cooking Papa"" (http:/ / www. Retrieved June 24. . [19] "ジョジョの奇妙な冒険/1|荒木 飛呂彦 [JoJo's Bizarre Adventure/1|Hirohiko Araki]" (http:/ / books. Retrieved July 9. jsp?b=363440X) (in Japanese). [15] "ミナミの帝王 (1)/天王寺 大 原作/郷 力也 画 [Minami no Teiou (1)/Story by Dai Tennouji/Art by Go Rikiya]" (http:/ / www. Shogakukan. [17] JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is split into 7 number of shorter series. 2009. . [23] "あぶさん 1 [Abu-san 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. [31] "コータローまかりとおる!L(8) [Kōtarō Makaritōru! L (8)]" (http:/ / shop. [36] "パタリロ! 1 [Patalliro! 1]" (http:/ / www. kodansha. 2009. Retrieved July 3. Hakusensha. June 5. . Retrieved July 3. New Grappler Baki (バキ) contains 31 tankōbon volumes and covering 276 chapters. Fourth arc Diamond is Unbreakable (ダイヤモンドは砕けない) contains 180 chapters collected in 18 tankōbon volumes. nihonbungeisha.List of manga series by volume count 24 [9] "「ゴルゴ13 1」" (http:/ / skygarden. Retrieved September 19. . [32] "浮浪雲 1 [Haguregumo 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091404014) (in Japanese). . 2009. called Captain Tsubasa: Kaigai Gekito Hen En La Liga (キャプテン翼 海外激闘編 EN LA LIGA) which is on-going with 2 volumes and 41 chapters published. jsp?b=3115321) (in Japanese). [25] "静かなるドン(1) [Shizukanaru Don (1)]" (https:/ / www. . [16] "美味しんぼ 1 [Oishinbo 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. [35] "魔夜峰央 [Maya Mineo]" (http:/ / comich. kodansha. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view.jp. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. shogakukan. 2009. [26] "はじめの一歩(1) 森川ジョージ [Fighting Spirit (1) George Morikawa]" (http:/ / shop. . . co. jsp?b=3000044) (in Japanese). Kodansha. the 12 volume Captain Tsubasa: Golden-23 (キャプテン翼 GOLDEN-23) manga and the 2 volume covering 24 chapters Captain Tsubasa: Kaigai Gekito Hen in Calcio (キャプテン翼 海外激闘編 IN CALCIO) manga. [34] This count does not include the four spin-off series related to this series. Sixth arc Stone Ocean (ストーンオーシャン) contains 158 chapters collected in 17 tankōbon volumes and Seventh arc Steel Ball Run (スティール・ボール・ラン) is under serialization with 22 tankōbon volumes released covering 88 chapters. . Retrieved July 10. . . Shogakukan. Retrieved February 25. Retrieved July 3. shogakukan. html) (in Japanese). [14] "弐十手物語 110 [Nijitte Monogatari 110]" (http:/ / skygarden. . Kodansha. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Retrieved June 24. Retrieved June 24. [28] Kōtarō Makaritōru! manga is split into three series. 2009. Retrieved July 3. [29] Chapters as of volume 11. co. . 2009. each of which covers a specific generation of the Joestar family. . The first series Kōtarō Makaritōru! is collected in 59 tankōbon volumes. The first arc Phantom Blood (ファントムブラッド) contains First 47 chapters collected in 5 tankōbon volumes. shueisha. 静かなるドン [Shizukanaru Don]. amazon. net/ cr/ ma/ maya_mineo. co. 2009. co. ISBN 978-4-408-16034-4. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091800513) (in Japanese). net/ plsql/ slib_detail?isbn=4592111710) (in Japanese). [33] The Captain Tsubasa series includes the original 37 volume manga. 2009. co. [10] Chapters as of volume 110. co. Shogakukan. shogakukan. Fifth arc Vento Aureo (黄金の風) contains 157 chapters collected in 17 tankōbon volumes. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. com/ news/ id-3324). Retrieved August 12. s-book. The Original Grappler Baki (グラップラー刃牙) contains 42 tankōbon volumes covering 371 chapters. Comic Holmes. tokyograph. cgi?code=4-408-16034-2) (in Japanese). 2009. 2009. 2009. Retrieved July 10. . 2008. 2009. the 15 volume Captain Tsubasa: Road to 2002 (キャプテン翼 ROAD TO 2002) manga. shogakukan. 2009. [18] Chapters as of volume 102. Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091800114) (in Japanese). 2010. Retrieved July 3. Shogakukan. . jp/ skygarden/ owa/ solc_dtl?isbn=4845800012) (in Japanese). jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091803318) (in Japanese). Tatsuo (April 6. . Retrieved June 24. 1989) (in Japanese). co. Third arc Stardust Crusaders (スターダストクルセイダース) contains 141 chapters collected in 16 tankōbon volumes. the 18 volume Captain Tsubasa: World Youth Saga (キャプテン翼 ワールドユース編) manga. Shogakukan. co. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091807518) (in Japanese). Tokyograph.co. co. co. Shogakukan. . Shogakukan. co. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. p. 2010. 2010. [68] Chapters as of volume 55. kodansha.co. kodansha. 208. Kodansha.jp. 20 tankōbon volumes of the Shin Tekken Chinmi (新鉄拳チンミ) and 11 tankōbon volumes of the Tekken Chinmi Legends (鉄拳チンミLegends) which is still running. kodansha. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091802818) (in Japanese). co. Retrieved May 21. [49] "釣りキチ三平(1)" (http:/ / kc. shogakukan. Retrieved May 21. [42] "ゼロ―THE MAN OF THE CREATION 1 [Zero – The Man of the Creation 1]" (http:/ / books. Kodansha. [67] "金田一少年の事件簿(1) [Kindaichi Case Files Volume 1]" (http:/ / shop. . Shogakukan. co. Retrieved July 21. Retrieved September 19. co. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-872509-3) (in Japanese). jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Shogakukan. 2010. 2010. 銀牙伝説ウィード 60. Shueisha. co. jp/ books/ pages/ ISBN978-4-537-09891-4. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. . Retrieved June 28. . 2010. Amazon. shueisha. Retrieved March 23. [48] "じゃりン子チエ―チエちゃん奮戦記 (67) (アクション・コミックス) (コミック) [Chie the Brat – Brave Report From Chie-chan (1) (Action Comics) (Paperback)]" (http:/ / www. co. 2010. [62] Takahashi. co. 2010. kodansha. [43] "まるごし刑事(75)完結 [Marogoshi Keiji (75) Completed]" (https:/ / www. co. [40] "MAJOR(メジャー) 1 [Major (Major) 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. . kodansha. . 2010. [55] "ONE PIECE 1 [One Piece 1]" (http:/ / books. shogakukan. jp/ html/ books/ shosai. 2010. . Shueisha. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Yoshihiro (1999). 2010. ISBN 4-537-09891-0. . shogakukan. jp/ dp/ 4575812005) (in Japanese). jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091800610) (in Japanese). 2010. [58] Chapters as of volume 56. . cgi?code=4-408-16727-4) (in Japanese). Retrieved July 11. [45] "高校鉄拳伝タフ 1 [High School Exciting Story: Tough 1]" (http:/ / books. jsp?b=1736302) (in Japanese).co. Kodansha. jsp?b=3712184) (in Japanese). amazon. [57] "代紋<エンブレム>TΑKE2(62)" (http:/ / shop. jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. Retrieved May 22. . Retrieved May 21. 2010. [44] Tough manga includes the 42-volume High School Exciting Story: Tough (高校鉄拳伝タフ) and the still running sequel simply titled Tough (TOUGH—タフ—) with 32 tankōbon volumes published. Nihon Bungeisha.jp. [64] Takahashi. . Shogakukan. Kodansha. [61] "三国志 第60巻" (http:/ / www.List of manga series by volume count 25 [37] Kobo. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091234917) (in Japanese). 4. Retrieved September 19. 2010. Retrieved September 19. p. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-858621-2) (in Japanese). jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. co. Retrieved July 11. Nihon Bungeisha. 2010. jsp?b=3613267) (in Japanese). [56] "代紋<エンブレム>TΑKE2(1)" (http:/ / shop. php?book_cd=312) (in Japanese). co. the Li'l Rascal was published for 60 volumes by Soyosha and is currently being published by Houbunsha at a total of 21 volumes. shogakukan. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-875261-9) (in Japanese). shueisha. php/ 1234601781) (in Japanese). Yoshihiro (2009). Kodansha. [39] "釣りバカ日誌 1 [Tsuribaka Nisshi 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. 2010. 2009. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091812813) (in Japanese). 2010. jsp?b=1022156) (in Japanese). Retrieved April 27. php?book_cd=253) (in Japanese). co. jsp?b=3022889) (in Japanese). Retrieved September 26. . Retrieved September 26. Retrieved May 21. . . php/ 1234600388) (in Japanese). 2010. Retrieved August 30. co. Kodansha. [47] "じゃりン子チエ―チエちゃん奮戦記 (1) (アクション・コミックス) (単行本) [Chie the Brat – Brave Report From Chie-chan (1) (Action Comics) (Paperback)]" (http:/ / www. [41] "なんと孫六(1) さだやす圭 [Nanto Magoroku (1) Kei Sadayasu]" (http:/ / shop. co. [60] "三国志 第1巻" (http:/ / www. . [53] "鉄拳チンミLegends 9 [Ironfist Chinmi Legends 9]" (http:/ / shop. [52] "鉄拳チンミ1 [Ironfist Chinmi 1]" (http:/ / shop. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. . kodansha. Retrieved September 3. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. . Nihon Bungeisha. . Retrieved May 22. jsp?b=173573X) (in Japanese). co. Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. nihonbungeisha. usio. co. 銀牙伝説ウィード 1. Kodansha. . Kodansha. jp/ dp/ 4575822957) (in Japanese). Kodansha. j-n. Retrieved May 22. jp/ cgi-bin/ product_detail. amazon. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091233716) (in Japanese). co. co. . [63] "銀牙伝説ウィード (1)/高橋 よしひろ 著 [Ginga Densetsu Weed (1) / by Yoshihiro Takahashi]" (http:/ / www. jsp?b=3118746) (in Japanese). [66] "Weekly Shōnen Magazine – Kindaichi Case Files" (http:/ / kc. 2009. 2010. php/ 1000000083) (in Japanese). kodansha. jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. [38] Chapters as of volume 77. . jp/ html/ books/ shosai. Ushio Shuppansha. kodansha. 2010. [59] "DEΑR BOYS 1 [Dear Boys 1]" (http:/ / shop. Ushio Shuppansha. ISBN 978-4-537-12491-0. html). Shueisha. [65] "三丁目の夕日 夕焼けの詩 1" (http:/ / www. [51] Ironfist Chinmi manga is divided into three series which includes 35 tankōbon volumes of Tekken Chinmi (鉄拳チンミ). Amazon. jp/ product/ top. . jp/ product/ top. Retrieved February 7. shogakukan. kodansha. 2010. 2010. kodansha. . Retrieved March 23. shueisha. [50] "釣りキチ三平(65)" (http:/ / kc. 2009. [54] "総務部総務課 山口六平太 1 | ビッグ コミックス [Soumubu Soumuka Yamaguchi Roppeita 1 | Big Comics]" (http:/ / www. usio. jp/ author/ list. Retrieved August 30. Retrieved May 22. . [46] "名探偵コナン 1 [Detective Conan 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. . Kodansha. [81] "犬夜叉 1 [InuYasha 1]" (http:/ / www. webcitation. Retrieved March 24. [87] 15 chapters of Bleach were published with negative chapter numbers. jsp?b=3117510) (in Japanese). co. [86] "風の大地 1" (http:/ / www. html) (in Japanese). jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091824617) (in Japanese). . 2010.8 was published at the end of volume 12. two chapters numbered "0. . amazon. nihonbungeisha. co. these are included in this count. jsp?b=3129993) (in Japanese). after chapter 107. [99] "BE-BOP-HIGHSCHOOL(1)" (http:/ / shop. Shueisha.5. Nihon Bungeisha. Retrieved September 3. Amazon.. . Retrieved August 30. co. [94] Chapters as of volume 47. co. Shueisha. . 2010. [75] "Masashi Kishimoto" (http:/ / www. 2009. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-872840-8) (in Japanese). jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. Retrieved October 11. org/ 5fjtVYUxf) (in Japanese). Retrieved August 30. Futabasha. kodansha. viz. [85] "妖精国の騎士 第54巻" (http:/ / www. these are also included in this count. . . [89] "BLEACH―ブリーチ― 1" (http:/ / www.co. 2010. jp/ booksdb/ book/ bookview/ 4-575-93014-8. co. [82] "犬夜叉 56 [InuYasha 56]" (http:/ / www. kodansha. Retrieved August 30. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_9784091215802) (in Japanese). co. 1]" (http:/ / shop. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. 2009. 2010. kodansha. Retrieved August 30. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. chapter 88 was split into two chapters. [93] "工業哀歌バレーボーイズ(50)" (http:/ / shop. cgi?key=search& isbn=193544) (in Japanese). Shogakukan. . . . 2009. co.. 2010. [91] "クレヨンしんちゃん 1 [Crayon Shin-chan 1]" (http:/ / www. Retrieved September 3. Part I consists of 27 volumes with 244 chapters. . shogakukan.co. [96] "かりあげクン 1" (http:/ / www. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. amazon. Futabasha. [79] "江戸前の旬 (1)" (http:/ / www. . 2010. shogakukan. Hakusensha. Shueisha.co. jsp?b=1021575) (in Japanese). 2007. Viz Media. 2007. Retrieved September 23. . . kodansha. [80] "天牌 (1) [Tenpai (1)]" (http:/ / www. Retrieved September 19. 2010. jp/ booksdb/ book/ bookview/ 4-575-93292-2. a chapter 0. side-B" were published. [92] "工業哀歌バレーボーイズ(1)" (http:/ / shop. with the second numbered 88. co. shueisha. . Kodansha. Retrieved February 25. jp/ dp/ 4022750480) (in Japanese). Retrieved October 1. html?c=20101& o=date& type=t& word=かりあげクン) (in Japanese). [78] "Dreams(1)" (http:/ / shop. 2010. Retrieved September 3. . jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put.co. 2008. Shueisha. [84] Chapters as of volume 52. [71] "BOYS BE. Kodansha. [77] Chapters as of volume 51. . shogakukan. side-A" and "0. Retrieved January 1. Kodansha. org/ 5fjmj9RLV). co.. Retrieved September 19. Amazon. jp/ comics/ wataru/ #58) (in Japanese). co. . [73] "わたるがぴゅん! 58 [Wataru ga Pyun! 58]" (http:/ / mj. jp/ books/ pages/ ISBN978-4-537-09897-6. com/ products/ products. Shogakukan. Kodansha. co. [83] "Amazon. [98] "落第忍者乱太郎48 [Rakudai Ninja Rantarō 48]" (http:/ / www. futabasha. . 2009. Retrieved September 19. [74] Naruto is split into two parts by a 2 ½ year timeskip. kodansha. Nihon Bungeisha. jsp?b=3614336) (in Japanese).jp. 2009. [90] Chapters as of volume 49. Archived from the original (http:/ / books. 2010. 2010. 2010. . shueisha. and at the end of volume 23. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873213-8) on April 2. Retrieved November 14. Akita Shoten. net/ plsql/ slib_detail?isbn=4592134613) (in Japanese). 2010. co. amazon. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Shogakukan. 1 [Boys Be. Kodansha. html) (in Japanese). [70] Total includes original 32 volume series. and 6 volume L CO-OP. jp/ dp/ 4253158854) (in Japanese). jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Retrieved October 1. com/ products/ products. [76] "NARUTO―ナルト―/1" (http:/ / books. s-book. . 2010. webcitation. Kodansha. akitashoten. 2010. shueisha. php?& series_id=119& section=profiles). As of October 4. 2010. [72] "わたるがぴゅん! 1 [Wataru ga Pyun! 1]" (http:/ / mj. Viz Media. .Profiles" (http:/ / www. [95] "ふたりエッチ 1 [Futari Ecchi 1]" (http:/ / www.jp: いのちの器 45 (45) (秋田レディースコミックスデラックス): 上原 きみ子: 本" (http:/ / www. 2010. jsp?b=1020110) (in Japanese). co. after chapter 205. jp/ books/ pages/ ISBN978-4-537-09877-8. jp/ dp/ 4022750014) (in Japanese). Amazon. viz. co. kodansha. futabasha. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_409125201X) (in Japanese). [97] "落第忍者乱太郎 (1) [Rakudai Ninja Rantarō (1)]" (http:/ / www. 2008. . html) (in Japanese). 20 volume Second Season. jp/ comics/ wataru/ #01) (in Japanese). nihonbungeisha. . Retrieved October 19.jp. . Retrieved August 30.jp.List of manga series by volume count 26 [69] "ゴッドハンド輝(1)" (http:/ / shop. jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. In addition. and part II contains the remaining 28 volumes and 272 chapters. Retrieved October 19.. shueisha. Retrieved October 11. 452 properly numbered chapters and 19 negative or otherwise oddly numbered chapters have been released in total. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. . 2009. Retrieved May 27. jsp?b=3123421) (in Japanese). php?& series_id=33& section=profiles) on April 2. co. [88] "Bleach . 2010. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Retrieved May 21. [119] "（文庫）サザエさん（45）" (http:/ / publications. kodansha. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. [115] "龍狼伝(1) [Ryūrōden (1)]" (http:/ / shop. 2010. co. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. . jsp?b=3366081) (in Japanese). asahi. 2010. [108] After the publication of volume 42 of Glass Mask in 2004. . 2010. Retrieved October 27. Shueisha. jsp?b=3000540) (in Japanese). . Shogakukan. Retrieved September 26. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. co. . com/ ecs/ detail/ ?item_id=3312) (in Japanese). co. . Asahi Sonorama. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Kodansha. Retrieved September 27. 2010. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Retrieved September 24. jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. [112] "海皇紀(1) [Kaiouki (1)]" (http:/ / shop. 2010. Kodansha. kodansha. kodansha. [111] "二輪乃書 ギャンブルレーサー(7)" (http:/ / shop. jsp?b=3023354) (in Japanese). Kodansha. 2010. [125] "空手小公子 小日向海流(1)" (http:/ / shop. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. [124] Chapters as of volume 38. Kodansha. kodansha. kodansha. Retrieved August 30. Retrieved August 2. Retrieved September 26. Retrieved November 3. [113] The original Ryūrōden (龍狼伝) series has 37 volumes covering 158 chapters and the sequel Ryūrōden: Chugen Ryōran-hen (龍狼伝 中原繚乱編) with 8 volumes released is still ongoing. 2010. Retrieved August 30. [118] "（文庫）サザエさん（1）" (http:/ / publications. Asahi Sonorama. 2010. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. [121] "風光る(44) [Kaze Hikaru (44)]" (http:/ / shop. [122] Chapters as of volume 39. co. [109] "ガラスの仮面 1 [Glass no Kamen 1]" (http:/ / www. [126] "からくりサーカス 1 [Karakuri Circus 1]" (http:/ / www. 2010. jsp?b=3710467) (in Japanese). Kodansha. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. [117] "ドラえもん(TC) 45 [Doraemon 45]" (http:/ / www. . kodansha. 2010. Retrieved October 4. Retrieved August 30. Hakusensha. shogakukan. net/ plsql/ slib_detail?isbn=4592110919) (in Japanese). kodansha. [116] "ドラえもん(TC) 1 [Doraemon 1]" (http:/ / www. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091835414) (in Japanese). jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091205704) (in Japanese). jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Retrieved November 3. . shogakukan. Retrieved August 30. 2010. [101] "あずみ 1 [Asumi 1]" (http:/ / www.List of manga series by volume count 27 [100] "BE-BOP-HIGHSCHOOL(48)" (http:/ / shop. Shogakukan. 2010. . . kodansha. 2010. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Shogakukan. jsp?b=3611795) (in Japanese). [106] "カメレオン(1) [Chameleon (1)]" (http:/ / shop. [130] "ジパング(43) [Zipang (43)]" (http:/ / shop. . shogakukan. Retrieved August 30. [103] The Prince of Tennis is split into two series. Retrieved September 24. Kodansha. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091416659) (in Japanese). jsp?b=3336379) (in Japanese). Shogakukan. the series began serialization again. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_9784091823731) (in Japanese). jsp?b=3287319) (in Japanese). Retrieved August 3. jsp?b=3115925) (in Japanese). Kodansha. com/ ecs/ detail/ ?item_id=3268) (in Japanese). kodansha. Retrieved September 26. . Kodansha. 2010. jsp?b=3128229) (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved August 30. [128] Chapters as of volume 42. . . 2010. . the New Prince of Tennis has 5 volume and 52 chapters and is still ongoing. shueisha. [104] "テニスの王子様 1 [Tennis no Ōji-sama 1]" (http:/ / books. [127] "からくりサーカス 43 [Karakuri Circus 43]" (http:/ / www. jsp?b=302413X) (in Japanese). jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091253318) (in Japanese). [102] "あずみ 48 [Asumi 48]" (http:/ / www. . The original The Prince of Tennis manga has 42 volumes and 379 chapters. kodansha. . 2010. kodansha. [110] "ギャンブルレーサー(1)" (http:/ / shop. . [123] "カイジ(1) [Kaiji (1)]" (http:/ / shop. 2010. Retrieved August 30. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Retrieved October 27. Shogakukan. jsp?b=3233723) (in Japanese). . the series stopped serialization. s-book. Kodansha. . 2010. [129] "ジパング(1) [Zipang (1)]" (http:/ / shop. co. 2010. Kodansha. . co. . In the September 2008 issue of Bessatsu Hana to Yume. . jsp?b=3521354) (in Japanese). jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091400019) (in Japanese). Retrieved August 30. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. Retrieved August 30. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. shogakukan. Retrieved September 24. 2010. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-872815-7) (in Japanese). [107] "カメレオン(47) [Chameleon (47)]" (http:/ / shop. 2010. [114] Chapters as of volume 37. . . [105] "湾岸MIDNIGHT (1)" (http:/ / shop. 2010. jsp?b=3368831) (in Japanese). asahi. co. jsp?b=3728552) (in Japanese). Shogakukan. kodansha. Retrieved October 7. Kodansha. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. kodansha. kodansha. Kodansha. 2010. [120] "風光る(1) [Kaze Hikaru (1)]" (http:/ / shop. 2010. Kodansha. . shogakukan. shogakukan. and its 21-volume sequel called Circuit no Ōkami II: Modena no Tsurugi (サーキットの狼II モデナの剣). jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091805884) (in Japanese). shueisha. [150] "3×3EYES(1)" (http:/ / shop. . 2010. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. 2009. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. [132] "史上最強の弟子ケンイチ 1" (http:/ / www. co. Shogakukan. Shogakukan. . [133] "ああっ女神さまっ(1) 藤島康介" (http:/ / shop. References . Kodansha. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091825915) (in Japanese). shogakukan. Retrieved January 17. . [137] In importing Dragon Ball to the United States and Canada. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9) (in Japanese). 2009. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851831-4) (in Japanese). jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. co. jsp?b=3124932) (in Japanese). . jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. php?current=8& p=¢¤Î½É) (in Japanese). [135] "スーパーマリオくん 1 [Super Mario-kun 1]" (http:/ / skygarden. . Retrieved October 7. co. gakken. Kodansha. while Dragon Ball Z contains the remaining 26 volumes and 325 chapters. . Retrieved August 30. kodansha. Retrieved August 3. [136] Chapters as of volume 37. jsp?b=3634825) (in Japanese). kodansha. . jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091265715) (in Japanese). [141] "龍-RON-(ロン) 42" (http:/ / www. The English Dragon Ball consists of 16 volumes and 194 chapters. co. jsp?b=321009X) (in Japanese). Houbunsha. . Kodansha. [139] "DRAGON BALL 42" (http:/ / books. Retrieved September 24. Retrieved August 30. jsp?b=3610837) (in Japanese). Retrieved September 24. Shueisha. [144] "哲也 雀聖と呼ばれた男(41)" (http:/ / shop. Retrieved March 16. [134] Chapters as of volume 33. jp/ skygarden/ owa/ sol_detail?isbn=4091417612) (in Japanese). [140] "龍-RON-(ロン) 1" (http:/ / www. . jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. shueisha. jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. [143] "哲也 雀聖と呼ばれた男(1)" (http:/ / shop. kodansha. . Kodansha. 2010. .List of manga series by volume count 28 [131] "頭文字〈イニシャル〉D(1)" (http:/ / shop. 2010. Retrieved August 30. 2009. co. 2010. . co. jp/ shop/ order/ k_ok/ bookdisp. Shogakukan. Gakken. Kodansha. [142] "小さな恋のものがたり第41集" (http:/ / shop. Retrieved September 24. kodansha. 2009. shogakukan. [147] "蔵の宿 1巻" (http:/ / houbunsha. Viz Media split the series to match the split between the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime series. [146] "華麗なる食卓 1" (http:/ / books. 2010. Retrieved September 24. [148] Circuit no Ōkami manga includes the original 19 volume series. cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-876181-2) (in Japanese). with identical names. 2010. kodansha. Retrieved August 9. jp/ CGI/ search/ syousai_put. [138] "DRAGON BALL 1" (http:/ / books. 2010. co. Shueisha. . shogakukan. co. 2010. jsp?b=323567X) (in Japanese). 2010. Shogakukan. . jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. jp/ comics/ detail. kodansha. 2010. Retrieved August 30. Retrieved August 30. jp/ bc2_bc/ search_view. asp?code=1340343100) (in Japanese). Kodansha. jsp?b=1021230) (in Japanese). . co. [145] Chapters as of volume 38. shogakukan. [149] "3×3EYES(1)" (http:/ / shop. 2010. Shueisha. Retrieved September 24. shueisha. [5] representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007 (approximately $3. listen. among original works. Manga stories are typically Kitao Shigemasa.6 billion). and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai. manga-influenced comics.[6] In 2008. Etymology The Chinese characters used to write the word manga in Japanese can be translated as "whimsical drawings".g. historical drama. science fiction and fantasy.[14] Rakuten Kitazawa (1876–1955) first used the word "manga" in the modern sense. romance.Manga 29 Manga Manga (kanji: 漫画. 1798. among others. South Korea ("manhwa"). In the West. and Canadian The kanji for "manga" from Seasonal Passersby (Shiki no Yukikai). the term "manga" has been appropriated to refer specifically to comics created in Japan. or by Japanese authors.S. "la nouvelle manga" has developed as a form of bande dessinée (literally drawn strip) drawn in styles influenced by Japanese manga. horror.[9] although sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films[10] (e. English /ˈmɑːŋɡə/ or /ˈmæŋɡə/) is the Japanese word for "comics" and consists of comics and print cartoons (sometimes also called komikku コミック). In the United States. collected chapters may be republished in paperback books called tankōbon.[2] If a manga series is popular enough. Still.[15] .[1] In their modern form.[4] Since the 1950s. The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with the publication of such works as Santō Kyōden's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798). If the series is successful. sexuality. sports and games. The medium includes works in a broad range of genres: action-adventure. In Japan.[12] and China. particularly in Taiwan ("manhua"). people of all ages read manga. in the Japanese language and conforming to the style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. manga date from shortly after World War II. katakana: マンガ.[11] However. the U.[13] In France. exist in other parts of the world. printed in black-and-white. Star Wars). or original English-language manga (OEL manga). notably Hong Kong ("manhua"). complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art. manga has steadily become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry. hiragana: まんが. mystery. manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines.[2] but they have a long.[3] In Japan.[8] A manga artist (mangaka in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. by Santō Kyōden and manga market was valued at $175 million.[7] although some full-color manga exist (e. it may be animated after or even during its run.g. often containing many stories. "Manga" as a term used outside Japan refers specifically to comics originally published in Japan. Colorful). each presented in a single episode to be continued in the next issue. comedy. people refer to what they perceive as manga "styled" comics as Amerimanga. and business/commerce. world manga. the original term "manga" is primarily used in English-speaking countries solely to describe comics of Japanese origin. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience. S. Yumiko Oshima. and Adam L.[30] as well as by content. shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres. young man" and 成年 for "adult. shōjo manga saw releases such as Pink Hanamori's Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Reiko Yoshida's Tokyo Mew Mew. including U.Manga 30 History and characteristics Historians and writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. Naoko Takeuchi's Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon.[33] Popular themes include science fiction. Occupation of Japan (1945–1952).[19] and the anime adaptation of Sazae-san continues to run as of 2009. From the 1950s on. and sometimes explicit sexuality. Sailor Jupiter. Meiji. Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. and cartoons (especially Disney).S.[29] Manga for male readers sub-divides according to the age of its intended readership: boys up to 18 years old (shōnen manga) and young men 18. and Sailor Venus working together. An explosion of artistic creativity occurred in this period. and Ryoko Yamagishi. Kern stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions as central to the history of manga. and they marked the first major entry of female artists into manga. Their views differ in the relative importance they attribute to the role of cultural and historical events following World War II versus the role of pre-War. film. Kinko Ito.[21] Between 1950 and 1969. and heroic action-adventure. Hanon. Astro Boy quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere. Sailor Mercury.[16] Alternately. slapstick humor. other writers such as Frederik L. also known as Magnificent 24s) made their shōjo manga debut ("year 24" comes from the Japanese name for the year 1949. cultural influences. shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.[23] The group included Hagio Moto. while a previously militaristic and ultra-nationalist Japan rebuilt its political and economic infrastructure. Riyoko Ikeda. regularly drawing more viewers than any other anime on Japanese television. and josei 女性). redisu レディース.[27] With the superheroines. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. Sailor Mars. which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats. Batman.[18] involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka (Astro Boy) and Machiko Hasegawa (Sazae-san). Schodt. and Rina singing together.[8] Thereafter. and supernatural settings. including subjects like robots. themes of honor.[28] Groups (or sentais) of girls working together have also been popular within this genre. majority"—the second referring to sexually overt manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin ("adult" 成人) manga. redikomi レディコミ.[24] In the following decades (1975–present). comics (brought to Japan by the GIs) and images and themes from U. And.S. superheroines. Like Lucia. and seijin manga share many features in common. the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots.S. the birth-year of many of these artists). This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists. and Sailor Moon.to 30-years old (seinen manga). technology. primarily female manga artists would draw shōjo for a readership of girls and young women. including action-adventure often involving male heroes. and Spider-Man generally did not become as . shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman. space-travel.[17] Modern manga originated in the Occupation (1945–1952) and post-Occupation years (1952–early 1960s). and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese. seinen.[31] The Japanese use different kanji for two closely allied meanings of "seinen"—青年 for "youth. and stresses that manga strongly reflect U.[22] In 1969 a group of female manga artists (later called the Year 24 Group. an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres.[26] Modern shōjo manga romance features love as a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self-realization. Keiko Takemiya. sports.[20] Hasegawa's focus on daily life and on women's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga. television.[32] Shōnen. In Tezuka's "cinematographic" technique. and pre-Meiji Japanese culture and art.[25] Major subgenres include romance. Japan also has manga cafés. called tankōbon.S. Due to cross-readership. manga constituted an annual 406 billion yen (approximately $3. The Kyoto International Manga Museum maintains a very large website listing manga published in Japanese. At a manga kissa.[38] The gekiga style of drawing—emotionally dark. Manga artists sometimes start out with a few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips).[44] Magazines Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. dollar) each to compete with the used book market. consumer response is not limited by demographics. and correspondingly occur in English translations. If these are successful and receive good reviews. and sometimes stay there overnight. people drink coffee and read manga.6 billion USD) publication-industry by 2007.[45] . male readers subscribing to a series intended for girls and so on. often drawn in gritty and unpretty fashions. After a series has run for a while.[42] Recently. or groups of heavily armed female warriors (sentō bishōjo)[36] With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s. where distribution companies license and reprint manga into their native languages.[39] Gekiga such as Sampei Shirato's 1959–1962 Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments (Ninja Bugeichō) arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left-wing student and working-class political activism[40] and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga. a wide variety of explicit sexual themes appeared in manga intended for male readers. the manga industry has expanded worldwide. There has been an increase in the amount of publications of original webmanga. Other magazines such as the anime fandom magazine Newtype featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. stories where such girls and women surround the hero. trade paperbacks or graphic novels. or "anthology magazines". publishers often collect the stories together and print them in dedicated book-sized volumes. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen (about $1 U. and is intended for online viewing. Marketeers primarily classify manga by the age and gender of the target readership. sometimes very violent—focuses on the day-in. Magazines often have a short life. they are continued.S. For example. often starkly realistic. and are useful to those who want to "catch up" with a series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. It can be ordered in graphic novel form if available in print. "deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew.Manga 31 popular. Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. or manga kissa (kissa is an abbreviation of kissaten). in 2010 the Tokyo Metropolitan Government passed a bill to restrict harmful content. These volumes use higher-quality paper. It is internationally drawn by enthusiasts of all levels of experience. day-out grim realities of life.[37] However. as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"). as in Negima and Hanaukyo Maid Team. are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick. These are the equivalent of U. Other magazines like Nakayoshi feature many stories written by many different artists. these magazines. Recently.[41] Publications In Japan. books and magazines sold to boys (shōnen) and girls (shōjo) have distinctive cover art and are placed on different shelves in most bookstores.[43] In particular.[34] The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls (bishōjo)[35] such as Belldandy from Oh My Goddess!. [50] Shōnen Pakku was made and is considered the first children's manga magazine. Some dōjinshi continue with a series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters.[48] Tokyo Pakku was created and became a huge hit. It is unknown if there were any more issues besides the first one.[48] Kodomo Pakku was launched May 1924 by Tokyosha and featured high-quality art by many members of the manga artistry like Takei Takeo. Eshinbun Nipponchi had a very simple style of drawings and did not become popular with many people.[42] . and then Garakuta Chinpo in 1879. the largest comic book convention in the world with around 500. where other manga from the previous eras did not use speech balloons and were silent.[51] Dōjinshi Dōjinshi. Manga no Kuni handed its title to Sashie Manga Kenkyū in August 1940. The children's demographic was in an early stage of development in the Meiji period. much like fan fiction.[49] After Tokyo Pakku in 1905. In 2007. While they most often contain original stories. is devoted to dōjinshi. a British cartoonist. Some of the manga featured speech balloons. Takehisa Yumeji and Aso Yutaka.[46] Shōnen Sekai was the first shōnen magazine created in 1895 by Iwaya Sazanami. considered the first shōjo magazine. Shōnen Sekai had a strong focus on the First Sino-Japanese War. a famous writer of Japanese children's literature back then. founded in 1862 by Charles Wirgman. which was followed by Marumaru Chinbun in 1877. Comiket. Poten (derived from the French "potin") was published in 1908.[49] Published from May 1935 to January 1941.Manga 32 History Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyosai created the first manga magazine in 1874: Eshinbun Nipponchi. Manga no Kuni coincided with the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Eshinbun Nipponchi ended after three issues. resemble in their publishing small-press independently published comic books in the United States. The magazine Kisho Shimbun in 1875 was inspired by Eshinbun Nipponchi.000 visitors gathering over three days. In 1924.[49] During the boom. a female version of Shōnen Sekai was created and named Shōjo Sekai.73 billion yen (245 million USD). The magazine was heavily influenced by Japan Punch. Kodomo Pakku was launched as another children's manga magazine after Shōnen Pakku.[47] In 1905 the manga-magazine publishing boom started with the Russo-Japanese War. many are parodies of or include characters from popular manga and anime series. Shōnen Pakku was influenced from foreign children's magazines such as Puck which an employee of Jitsugyō no Nihon (publisher of the magazine) saw and decided to emulate. Manga no Kuni featured information on becoming a mangaka and on other comics industries around the world. dōjinshi sold for 27. All the pages were in full color with influences from Tokyo Pakku and Osaka Pakku. produced by small publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market. and later Iczer-1 (Antarctic Press.S. first in association with anime and then independently. like Akira.[56] many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain. and gets flipped. and Kamui. Traditionally. anime was initially more accessible than manga to U. In the 1980s to the mid-1990s.[59] Others soon followed. Lone Wolf and Cub from First Comics in 1987. enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills. was Keiji Nakazawa's Barefoot Gen.[52] "Influence" is used here to refer to effects on the comics markets outside of Japan and to aesthetic effects on comics artists internationally. Neon Genesis Evangelion. eliminating the need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan. an autobiographical story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by Leonard Rifas and Educomics (1980–1982). Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. if a person wears a shirt that reads "MAY" on it. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts.[57] One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U. including Akira from Marvel Comics' Epic Comics imprint and Appleseed from Eclipse Comics in 1988.[53] . so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional comics-consumers.[54] Some U. for Dark Horse and Eros Comix. The reading direction in a traditional manga United States Manga made their way only gradually into U. fans.[55] However. changing the reading direction to a more "Western" left to right.Manga 33 International markets As of 2007 the influence of manga on international comics had grown considerably over the past two decades.S. Dragon Ball. criticism suggests that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example. market initiative with their U. reproduce. and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate. made a bigger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga.[60] Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur Toren Smith founded Studio Proteus in 1986.S. fans became aware of manga in the 1970s and early 1980s. including Masamune Shirow's Appleseed and Kōsuke Fujishima's Oh My Goddess!. manga stories flow from top to bottom and from right to left. 1995).S. Area 88. and Mai the Psychic Girl. also in 1987 and all from Viz Media-Eclipse Comics. then the word is altered to "YAM"). subtitle. such as a car being depicted with the gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right.S. This practice is known as "flipping". and Pokémon. Japanese animation.[58] More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s. the Japanese publisher Shogakukan opened a U. 1994) and Ippongi Bang's F-111 Bandit (Antarctic Press.S. including Golgo 13 in 1986.[53] For the most part. Other publishers mirror the pages horizontally before printing the translation. and distribute tankōbon-style manga books. or a shirt with the buttons on the wrong side. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga. markets. subsidiary Viz.[61] Simultaneously. [63] By 1995–1998. and Manga Shi 2000 from Crusade Comics (1997). and Wired magazine.Manga 34 The U. Mixx Entertainment. and Pika Édition.[66] As of 2008. Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include Gollancz and Titan Books. manga publishers had begun to produce work by U. accounting for about one-third of comics sales in France since 2004. beginning in the mid-1990s. Vernon Grant drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s. North America and most of Europe.[79] TokyoPop is currently the largest U. with articles in The New York Times.S.C.[69] French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century (Japonisme).[68] Europe Manga has influenced European cartooning in a way somewhat different from the U. and other languages.S. launched a series of manga by U.[78] Simultaneously.[70] and has its own highly developed tradition of bande dessinée cartooning. and Canadian manga market generated $175 million in annual sales.6 million within France and Germany alone in 2006.[62] Another success of the mid-1990s was Sailor Moon.[77] In 2004 eigoMANGA launched Rumble Pak and Sakura Pakk anthology series. Entertainment. Australia.[75] Ben Dunn's 1987 Ninja High School. and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues. artists under the broad marketing label of manga. By the 21st century several U.S.S. began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics. MixxZine was renamed to Tokyopop before discontinuing in 2000. Asuka. sometimes collaborating with Japanese artists. Time magazine. Localized manga A number of artists in the United States have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga.[65] In the following years.[64] In 1997. Schodt and Toren Smith) becoming very popular among fans. Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example. manga became increasingly popular. TokyoPop introduced original English-language manga (OEL manga) later renamed Global Manga. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell (translated by Frederik L. experience.[69] European publishers marketing manga translated into French include Glénat. formerly Studio Ironcat and now out of business. Brazil. including China. Two years later. publisher of original English language manga. Hitoshi A young boy reading Black Cat in a Barnes & Iwaaki's Parasyte and Tsutomu Takahashi's Ice Blade in the monthly Noble bookstore manga magazine MixxZine. the Sailor Moon manga had been exported to over 23 countries.S. the Tanoshimi line from Random House.[71] In France. Boilet has worked in France and in Japan.S. later renamed Tokyopop. European publishers also translate manga into German. Mexico. mainstream U.[73] According to the Japan External Trade Organization. artists called Amerimanga.[72] manga has proven very popular to a wide readership. Dutch. Kana. Mixx Entertainment began publishing Sailor Moon. I.[76] In 2002. Broadcast anime in Italy and France opened the European market to manga during the 1970s.[80] Francophone artists have also developed their own versions of manga. along with CLAMP's Magic Knight Rayearth. As an early example. Italian. among others. also published manga in trade paperbacks and.S.[67] Simultaneously.[74] Others include Frank Miller's mid-1980s Ronin. Stan Sakai's 1984 Usagi Yojimbo. The Wall Street Journal. Adam Warren and Toren Smith's 1988 The Dirty Pair. like Viz. media began to discuss manga. the U. Seven Seas Entertainment followed suit with World Manga. Casterman. like Frédéric Boilet's la nouvelle manga.S.[81] . sales of manga reached $212. Kern 2007 [18] Schodt 1986. Sanchez 1997–2003 [22] Schodt 1986. Kern 2006. 78–80. pp. 68–87 [35] Perper & Cornog 2002. mostly sponsored by publishers. Schodt 1986 [17] Schodt 1986. 95. Schodt 1986 [9] Kittelson 1998 [10] Johnston-O'Neill 2007 [11] Merriam-Webster 2009 [12] Webb 2006 [13] Wong 2002 [14] Bouquillard & Marquet 2007 [15] Shimizu 1985. Schodt 2007. pp. Schodt 1986 [4] Gravett 2004. jp/ dy/ national/ T101213003771. xxiii–xxiv [31] Brenner 2007. Gravett 2004. Schodt 1996 [27] Drazen 2003 [28] Allison 2000. Gravett 2004. pp. 53–54. p. p. 8 [5] Kinsella 2000. 31–34 [32] Schodt 1996. p. 8. Examples of these awards include: • the Akatsuka Award for humorous manga • the Dengeki Comic Grand Prix for one-shot manga • the Kodansha Manga Award (multiple genre awards) • the Seiun Award for best science fiction comic of the year • the Shogakukan Manga Award (multiple genres) • the Tezuka Award for best new serial manga • the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize (multiple genres) The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has awarded the International Manga Award annually since May 2007. 9–10 [24] Schodt 1986. 8. Lent 2001. 259–278. 68–73. 8. Gravett 2004. Schodt 1996 [6] Wong 2006. htm [39] Schodt 1986. 52–73 [34] Schodt 1986. Schodt 2007 [20] Schodt 1986 [21] Gravett 2004. Thorn 2001 [25] Ōgi 2004 [26] Gravett 2004. p. p.Manga 35 Awards The Japanese manga industry grants a large number of awards. Perper & Cornog 2002 [33] Schodt 1986. Isao 2001 . Gravett 2006 [40] Schodt 1986. pp. pp. Ito 2004. pp. pp. pp. 60–63 [36] Gardner 2003 [37] Perper & Cornog 2002 [38] http:/ / www. pp. 38–42. p. pp. Schodt 1996. Lee 2000.[82] Footnotes [1] Lent 2001. pp. Toku 2006 [23] Gravett 2004. 692–715. 102–103 [16] Kinsella 2000. Schodt 1996. p. with the winning prize usually including publication of the winning stories in magazines released by the sponsoring publisher. pp. Ito 2005. 3–4. pp. Patten 2004 [7] Katzenstein & Shiraishi 1997 [8] Gravett 2004. 68–87. yomiuri. 92 [29] Poitras 2001 [30] Thompson 2007. Toku 2006. co. 8 [2] Kinsella 2000 [3] Kern 2006. Gravett 2004 [19] Kodansha 1999. pp. 68–73. Tchiei 1998. pp. "4". 475–476 [57] Patten 2004. Michelle (April 14. 95 [65] Arnold 2000. Clements & McCarthy 2006. ISBN 0521373212. ISBN 8493309346. • Arnold. xv [60] Leonard 2004. p. [59] Patten 2004. 239–256. Multiple modernities: cinemas and popular media in transcultural East Asia. Bacon 2005 [66] Schodt 1996. . Masters 2006. p. 318–321. astraldream. 305–340. Retrieved April 1. Riciputi 2007 [74] Stewart 1984 [75] Crandol 2002 [76] Tai 2007 [77] ANN 2002 [78] ANN May 10. Sharpe. Schodt 1996. pp. pp. pp. 101 [46] Eshinbun Nipponchi [47] Griffiths 2007 [48] Poten [49] Shonen Pakku [50] Lone 2007. ANN 2004. 2005). Armonk. Leonard 2004 [58] Schodt 1996. New York: M. 128. 124. • Boilet. pp. pp. Nunez 2006 [42] Cube 2007 [43] Schodt 1996 [44] Manga Museum 2009 [45] Schodt 1996.com/ magazine/00. Farago 2007.net/tokyopop. Farago 2007 [61] Schodt 1996. Retrieved December 19.06/feature/1/index.E. 308–319 [67] Reid 2009 [68] Glazer 2005.. p. Arnold 2000 [64] Schodt 1996. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 2007 References • Allison. 110. pp.. "Full Circle: The Unofficial History of MixxZine" (http://www. Timothy J. Boilet & Takahama 2004 [82] ANN 2007.html). 50. Patten 2004.. 52–73. pp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Adam (2000). 2008. 78. Bosker 2007. p. Yukiko's Spinach. 259 [56] Napier 2000. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Patten 2004. Wong 2007 [53] Farago 2007 [54] Patten 2004 [55] In 1987. p. Dark Horse Comics 2004 [62] Kwok Wah Lau. Japonisme in Western Painting from Whistler to Matisse. ISBN 978-0765605610.Manga 36 [41] Isao 2001.animefringe. 2006 [79] ANN May 5. "Tangerine Dreams: Guide to Shoujo Manga and Anime" (http://tangerine. 147–149. pp. 135. "Sailor Moon: Japanese superheroes for global girls". Thompson 2007. Castalla-Alicante. 75 [51] Manga no Kuni [52] Pink 2007. 309. Jenny (2003). Frédéric (2001). • Berger. pp.Japanese comics were more legendary than accessible to American readers". 2007. 259–260. ". In Craig. pp. Rifas adds that the original EduComics titles were Gen of Hiroshima and I SAW IT [sic]. Rifas 2004. Pink 2007 [69] Fishbein 2007 [70] Berger 1992 [71] Vollmar 2007 [72] Mahousu 2005 [73] Mahousu 2005. pp. Klaus (1992). Reid 2006 [81] Boilet 2001. 37. Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture. [63] Patten 2004. • Bacon. Anne (2000). Spain: Ponent Mon. 2006 [80] ICv2 2007.php3). (2007).Manga 37 • Boilet. • Cube (December 18. Retrieved March 4. ISBN 978-1880656723. The Journal of Popular Culture 38 (3): 456–475.1111/j. Adam (2006). (November 2003). 2008. Shimizu (2001). 2007). "Attack of the Phallic Girls" (http://www.nytimes. 2007. org/index. Profit. Bianca (August 31. Ithaca.japanfocus.com/content/bpl/jpcu/2005/00000038/00000003/art00002). "The Dirty Pair: Run from the Future" (http://www. • Bosker. Marquet. Kan (2004). • Crandol. Retrieved April 5. Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics. In Lent.php/ articles/article/gekiga/). ISBN 978-1591583325. 2007). Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. 2008. Spain: Ponent Mon. Science Fiction Studies (88). "A history of manga in the context of Japanese culture and society" (http://www. ISBN 0810993414. Anime Explosion! The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation. Japan Focus. William O. John A. • Ito. Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyōshi of Edo Japan. "Europe's Manga Mania" (http://www. Jocelyn. Retrieved March 4. • Brenner. California: Stone Bridge. "Finding the International in Comic Con International" (http://parobs. • Gravett. Westport. International Journal of Comic Art (6): 392–401. 2008. Retrieved April 5. Retrieved December 29. Honolulu.org/-Owen-Griffiths/2528). 2007). Dark Horse Comics. The Comics Journal. • Bouquillard. • Farago. 2008. php?option=com_content&task=view&id=697&Itemid=70). 2007).2005.com/globalbiz/ content/dec2007/gb20071226_346610. February 6. ISBN 84-933409-1-X.. Retrieved April 1. Understanding Manga and Anime. Network Power: Japan in Asia.depauw. Jonathan. "2007年のオタク市場規模は1866億円―メディアクリエイトが白書" (http:// www. "Interview: Jason Thompson" (http://www. "Red Comic Books: The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga". Retrieved March 4.com/index. Shiraishi. • Ito. Paul (October 15. and Children's Print Media. Revised and Expanded Edition. The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917. Humor Magazines. The San Diego Participant Observer. Berkeley.00123. Castalla-Alicante. 2008. Berkeley. Owen (September 22.. • Glazer. Retrieved March 4. Anime News Network.x.animenewsnetwork. • Clements. 2007). Takashi (1997). 2008. 2007). Mike (January 14. 2008. Takahama. • Griffiths.edu/sfs/ review_essays/gardner88. html). Christophe (June 1.php?module=article&view=279&lay_quiet=1& 8dced886a4bd24eb30fc46843fb4287a=23679635f7832235dae9949749a76f35). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. and Picture Books. • Gardner. California: Stone Bridge Press. "Manga Mania" (http://online. Peter J. 1894–1925" (http://www. 2004. Tom (August 3. "Manga for Girls" (http://www. ISBN 978-0824824716. ISBN 978-0674022669. Kinko (2005). doi:10. BusinessWeek. • Isao. Inside for All Games. Kinko (2004). Retrieved April 5. Robin E. 2008. 2005).html). 2007. • Gravett.0022-3840. Helen (2006). Paul (2004). • Fishbein.paulgravett.com/article/SB118851157811713921. com/review/the-dirty-pair/run-from-the-future). New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801483738. "Militarizing Japan: Patriotism. New York: Abrams. Patrick (2003). 2002). ISBN 1856693910. 2008. Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited/Greenwood. "Growing up Japanese reading manga". The Wall Street Journal. . Mariko Parade. Hokusai: First Manga Master. Sarah (September 18.animenewsnetwork.com/index. • "Dark Horse buys Studio Proteus" (http://www. 2007). McCarthy. • Drazen.com/press-release/2004-02-06/ dark-horse-buys-studio-proteus) (Press release). "Gekiga: The Flipside of Manga" (http://www. ISBN 1933330104. Retrieved December 18.tcj. 2006).businessweek. • Kern. Illustrating Asia: Comics.inside-games. Jennifer (December 26. • Katzenstein.com/2005/09/18/books/review/ 18glazer. ingentaconnect. Retrieved December 16.htm).wsj.jp/article/2007/12/18/25855.htm). New York: Harper Design. • Johnston-O'Neill. Frédéric. Andrew (September 30.html) (in Japanese). The New York Times. 2004). Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. In Francoeur. Retrieved September 7.html). Retrieved December 19. Sean (September 12. Raymond J.google. The Journal of Popular Culture 36 (4): 780–803. "Les editeurs des mangas" (http://home.html). "2008 Graphic Novel Sales Up 5%. International Journal of Comic Art (9): 1–486. • Napier. Marco (October 25. ISBN 0313336849. publishersweekly. ISBN 978-0812693638. com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga). 2008. Retrieved December 19. ISBN 0824824717. Timothy J. Calvin (February 6. Berkeley.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/24-comic-book-reviews/article/ 9362-2008-graphic-novel-sales-up-5--manga-off-17-..jp/cgi-bin/fb20060924a1.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828. Sharpe. Cornog. Tokyopop Ink Manga Deal" (http://www.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-columns.1111/1540-5931. • Kinsella. New York: Palgrave. 2007). Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. Westport. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Martha (2002).Manga 38 • Kern.com/?id=qmSnTIAPnoUC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=shonen+sekai). 2007. Gilles (2001). Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society. "Female subjectivity and shōjo (girls) manga (Japanese comics): shōjo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics". The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. • Reid.00045. Publishers Weekly.S. "Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U. Cornog. Myths. Retrieved December 19. 2008. • Patten. Fusami (2004). Fred (2004). (2000). ISBN 0312238630. com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent. • Kittelson.. Mary Lynn (1998). "Alternative Comics Heroes: Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga" (http:// search. Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know. doi:10. 2006). • Ōgi.publishersweekly.mit. California: Stone Bridge Press. html) (Press release). and women in Japanese comics".japantimes. and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation" (http://web. Armonk. 2007. (October 22.1007/s12119-002-1000-4.net/~mahousu/editeurs. 2009). 2006). • Lone. Susan J. ISBN 978-1880656921. Anime: From Akira to Princess Mononoke. "Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution. June 29.co.go.html). Copyright. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. Robert T. • Pink. Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Calvin (March 28. Time Magazine. (2001).comcast. Stewart (2007). ISBN 978-1880656532. California: Stone Bridge. ISBN 978-0826414885.E. • Mahousu (January 2005). 2009.wired. 2007. • Leonard.. Coco (August 10. "From Sazae-san to Crayon Shin-Chan". • Riciputi. 2007). and Monsters. Illustrating Asia: Comics.com. doi:10. • Perper. • Perper. New York: M. Cafebabel. self-published. Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex" (http://www. and Picture Books. "Japan.html).". Retrieved March 4. Honolulu. • Poitras. . New York: Continuum. 2006).cafebabel. Sexuality & Culture 6 (1): 3–126. Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War (http://books. • Reid. Berkeley. Daniel H. Noonan.mofa. 2007. Retrieved March 4. • Lent. Publishers Weekly. Wired 15 (11). ISBN 978-0824823184. Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture. In Craig. 2007. The Soul of Popular Culture: Looking at Contemporary Heroes. Chicago: Open Court. "Symposium: Kibyoshi: The World's First Comicbook?". • Nunez. Timothy. • Masters. com/pw/by-topic/book-news/comics/article/17182-harpercollins-tokyopop-ink-manga-deal. Retrieved December 19. Manga Off 17%" (http://www. Timothy. Watching Anime. • Lee. Adam (2007). "America is Drawn to Manga". Sharon (2000). John A. The Japan Times. love.pdf). "Sex. ISBN 978-0765605610. William (2000).html). Irma (September 24. Honolulu. "HarperCollins. • "First International MANGA Award" (http://www. "Komikazen: European comics go independent" (http://www. Humor Magazines. Martha (2003). icv2. November 11. 2008. Frederik L. 2006. Star Online. • Shimizu.jp/cgi-bin/ fl20060528x1. Tokyo: Kodansha International. • "I. 2008. ISBN 4385155860. Retrieved October 5. New York: Ballantine Books. Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http://matt-thorn. • "Japan's Foreign Minister Creates Foreign Manga Award" (http://www. ISBN 978-0870117527.Manga 39 • Rifas. ISBN 978-1568982694. Retrieved December 19. "Manga outside Japan" (http://thestar. "Characteristics of Japanese Manga" (http://www.com/HP/international/ english/about_genjo. 日本漫画の事典 : 全国のマンガファンに贈る (Nihon Manga no Jiten .co. Matt (July–September 2001). 2007.html).com.dnp. • Schodt.rthk. 2002. • Vollmar. c-promotes-amerimanga). "Manga by any other name is. Retrieved April 5. ISBN 1886226105. • "Correction: World Manga" (http://www. promotes AmeriManga" (http://www. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. • Tai.html). Media Digest.org/web/20080205123443/ http://www. Wendy Siuyi (2006).hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564. September 7. • Toku. • Tchiei.kyotomm. • Japan: Profile of a Nation.C. "Shojo Manga: Girl Power!" (http://www. • Webb. May 10. • Thorn. (2007). The Japan Quarterly 48 (3). 2007.com/ shoujo_manga/japan_quarterly/). "Hist 102: History of Manga" (http://web. Manga: The Complete Guide. Go (1998). 1999. Retrieved September 14.org/animeu/hist102. "Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond".animenewsnetwork. Isao (June 1985) (in Japanese)..archive.html). Anime News Network. ISBN 978-1933330549. "The Presence of Manga in Europe and North America" (http://www. Chico). . 2007. Retrieved December 19. The Astro Boy Essays: Osamu Tezuka.html) on February 5. The Japan Times.html). Leonard (2004). Anime News Network.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/ feature_03. 2008.html). Manga. Frederik L. • Sanchez. and the Fan Arts: pp. 2007. 2009. Retrieved April 5.asp?file=/ 2007/9/23/lifebookshelf/18898783&sec=lifebookshelf).org/animeu/hist102. Retrieved March 4. 2006). ISBN 4770023847.com/news/2002-11-27/i. Frederik L. • Wong. Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga. "Screaming Metal". Mighty Atom.ecnext. 2007. Kyoto Manga Museum. • "Interview with Tokyopop's Mike Kiley" (http://www.com/articles/home/11249. com/coms2/gi_0199-6318937/Frederic-Boilet-and-the-Nouvelle. (1996). California: Stone Bridge Press.japantimes. The Comics Journal (94). Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua. Anime News Network. Martin (May 28. • Schodt. Berkeley. Wendy (September 2007). • Wong. Wendy Siuyi (2002). 2009.animenewsnetwork. Berkeley. 2007). ISBN 978-1880656235. Mechademia: an Annual Forum for Anime.com/news/2006-05-10/ correction-world-manga). "Frederic Boilet and the Nouvelle Manga revolution" (http://goliath. 2008. • Stewart.animeinfo. International Journal of Comic Art 6 (2): 138–171.Dictionary of Japanese Manga).co. Retrieved September 6. • Wong. "Globalizing Comic Books from Below: How Manga Came to America". ISBN 978-0345485908. Rob (March 1. 2007. Elizabeth (September 23. org. Retrieved April 5. Jason (2007). Revised Edition.com/news/ 2007-05-22/international-manga-award). Retrieved December 19. Masami (Spring 2006). (1986). animeinfo. World Literature Today." (http://search. 2008. May 22. Retrieved April 5. Archived from the original (http://www. Tokyo: Kodansha.csuchico. California: Stone Bridge Press. Sun lexica.html). 23–45. • Schodt. 2007). and the Manga/Anime Revolution. ICv2. Bhob (October 1984). Frank (1997–2003). 2008.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/ manga/manga2. 2007. Retrieved September 11..animenewsnetwork. AnimeInfo.html). Retrieved December 19. 2007.html). • Thompson. Chico Statements (California State University. • "About Manga Museum: Current situation of manga culture" (http://www.my/lifestyle/story. Une introduction à l'animation japonaise" (http://www.animenewsnetwork.merriam-webster.kyotomm. Anime News Network. 2008.kyotomm. Retrieved December 21. • "Un poil de culture .metalchroniques. 2004. Retrieved December 19. February 4. cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY& IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV& META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3& IS_KEY_A1="GALLERY"&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0).fr/guppy/articles. php?lng=fr&pg=437) (in French). • "'Manga no Kuni': A manga magazine from the Second Sino-Japanese War period" (http://mmsearch. Retrieved September 6.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/ CsvSearch.animenewsnetwork.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY& IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary& SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1& SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1="GALLERY"&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11& IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0). • "'Poten': a manga magazine from Kyoto" (http://mmsearch.com/news/ 2006-05-05/tokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels). 2009. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY& IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary& SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1& SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1="GALLERY"&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11& IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0). Retrieved December 21. 2008. Japan's first children's manga magazine" (http://mmsearch. May 5. Further reading • "Japanese Manga Market Drops Below 500 Billion Yen" (http://comipress.Manga 40 • "manga" (http://www. External links • Manga (http://www. Kyoto International Manga Museum. 2007. Kyoto International Manga Museum.kyotomm.dmoz. Retrieved December 21. Kyoto International Manga Museum. jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch. 2007. • "'Shonen Pakku'. 2006.org/Arts/Comics/Manga/) at the Open Directory Project . Anime News Network. • "Manga-mania in France" (http://www. 2007. July 11. 2008. • "Tokyopop To Move Away from OEL and World Manga Labels" (http://www. Retrieved December 21. March 10.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY& IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary& SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1& SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=1&IS_KEY_A1="GALLERY"&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11& IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0). ComiPress.com/dictionary/manga). • "The first Japanese manga magazine: Eshinbun Nipponchi" (http://mmsearch. 2008.com/news/2004-02-04/manga-mania-in-france). 2007.com/news/2007/03/10/1622). Retrieved December 19.jp/infolib/search/ CsvSearch.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch. have appeared in translation in many different languages in different countries. manga artists draw and publish this way in Japan. due to both fan demand and the requests of creators. Many also frown upon the company for their frequent localization changes. Translated manga often includes notes on details of Japanese culture that foreign audiences may not find familiar. The critics tend to admit that their contributions to the success of manga in America have been considerable. When first translating various titles into Western languages. various creators (such as Akira Toriyama) did not approve of their work being modified this way. or Japanese comics. Left-to-right formatting has gone from the rule to the exception. where the most popular and exploited shōnen. Also. which has now become commonplace in North America. produces manga in the United States with the right-to-left format as a highly publicized point-of-difference. mainland China. so that readers could follow the books from left-to-right. and requested that foreign versions retain the right-to-left format of the originals. an exceptionally reduced number of TV channels in the 1970s and 1980s may explain the powerful impact the Japanese animation had on the audience: since viewers had little choice. manga publishing and anime broadcasting have become intertwined in France. The UK has fewer manga publishers than the U. A strong parallel backup was the emergence of Japanese video games. Soo & Il. One company. Also. such as to adult-oriented drama. Argentina. Japanese books ("manga") were naturally and readily accepted by a large juvenile public who was already familiar with the series and received the manga as part of their own culture.Manga outside Japan 41 Manga outside Japan Manga. more publishers began offering the option of right-to-left formatting. They are widely credited with starting a boom in manga sales. France. particularly amongst teenage girls. Therefore. some Japanese authors. TOKYOPOP (founded 1997). .[3] Italy. Yu-Gi-Oh!. among others. such as Jiro Taniguchi. and might be responsible for translations which many feel to be of sub-optimal quality. the sheer popularity and diversity of manga in France may result from that country having a well-established and respected comics-market of its own.[2] Spain. including additions such as American slang. Korea. Fullmetal Alchemist. However. Soon. or to experimental and avant-garde works. VIZ Media has published many popular titles such as Dragon Ball. VIZ Media. Neon Genesis Evangelion. Early editors like Tonkam have published Hong-Kong authors (Andy Seto.[1] Germany. publishers reversed the artwork and layouts in a process known as "flipping". Naruto. France "French exception" France has a particularly strong and diverse manga market. Rurouni Kenshin. excessive swearing that is not to be found in the Japanese originals of the same titles. One example of a manga publisher in the United States. and many more. Yu & Lau) or Korean authors (Kim Jae-hwan. Hong Kong. including Brazil. Some critics have complained that their aggressive publishing schedule emphasizes quantity over quality. Many works published in France belong to genres not well represented outside of Japan. Since its introduction in the 1990s. shōjo and seinen TV series were imported in their paper version. Taiwan. One Piece. Detective Conan. Wan & Weol and Hyun Se Lee) in their manga collection during 1995/1996 which is quite uncommon. In the United States.S. Bleach and the various works of Rumiko Takahashi. are relatively unknown in other western countries but received much acclaim in France. functions as the American affiliate of the Japanese publishers Shogakukan and Shueisha. Japanese animation quickly became mainstream. and joke rewrites. especially when compared to the inroads that Japanese animation has made in the USA. manga comprises a small (but growing) industry. In cultural terms. Mexico. Flipping Since written Japanese fiction usually flows from right to left. An aggressive struggle for audience. In fact. Mysterious Cities of Gold. Cécile Aubry's (1980). the Japanese animation. All of them were public and hosted shows for children.Manga outside Japan 42 Nintendo/Sega. Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors. Interesting cases are Alexandre Dumas. Hector Malot's (1977). The adaptations of these popular tales made easier the acceptance and assimiliation of semi-Japanese cultural products in countries such as France. including the Chōjū giga emaki (the true origins of manga) of Toba Sōjō (1053–1140). and Tokyo Movie Shinsha. Wanpaku Omukashi Kum Kum (1975). Also followed a wave of anime adaptations of European tales by Studio Pierrot and mostly by the Nippon Animation studio.S. had previously appeared in that country on public television-channels in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However. South Korea.g. the bite of the Cynic comes from the fact he is a dog (cyno means "dog" in Greek). Barbapapa (1977) adapted from a French novel. and the animal fables of Jean de La Fontaine (1621–1695). In 1991 French theaters showed an anime feature-film for the first time: Katsuhiro Otomo's Akira. mugs or keshi. . or Monchichi (1980) as kids don't even know they were not local animation but "Japananimation" created in Japan. Studio Pierrot and Studio Junio produced French-Japanese series. the commercial relationship between the Japanese studio and the French show producers were so good. TF1 Video edited the video (VHS) version for the French market. Changing humans to anthropomorphized dogs reflects a known form of Cynicism. Captain Future. This ploy failed. Ulysses 31 took thematic inspiration from the Greek Odyssey and graphic influence from Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey. mustard glass. most of French adults who have watched series like Calimero (1974) adapted from an Italian novel. that the French presenter was even featured in a Metal Hero Series episode as guest star. père's The Three Musketeers adapted to Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds (1981) and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes become Sherlock Hound (1984). started between the two public and the two private channels. a teen-rated. Nippon Animation era (1978 – 1986) One major reason for the success of manga in France may lie in the fact that its corollary. Italy or Spain. toys. both turned human characters into anthropomorph animals. Waldemar Bonsels's (1975). they counter-attacked with a non-Japanese lineup. or Jules Verne's Around the World with Willy Fog (1983). notable adaptation of American works were Mark Twain's Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1980) and Alexander Key's Future Boy Conan. After the private channels lost market share. Johanna Spyri's (1974). other shows produced by DiC Entertainment followed in 1982. most notably the cult Club Dorothée show (mostly dedicated to Toei anime and tokusatsu series). Japanese animation genre became massively exploited by TV shows from the late 1980s onwards. and TF1 remained pre-eminent in children's TV shows with its Japanese licenses. The localization including credits removal by Saban or DiC. etc. twenty or thirty years later.A. China or North Korea. was such that even today. Candy Candy and Captain Harlock are iconical of this era. Producer Jean Chalopin quickly contacted some Japanese studios. e. Unlike other European countries.K. later M. at this time there were only three TV channels. Such anthropomophism in tales comes from old and common storytelling traditions in both Japanese and French cultures. SF movie supported by manga publisher Glénat but poorly distributed and a limited success. such as Toei[4] (who did Grendizer). Ulysses 31 went on sale in 1981. and Akira quickly became an anime reference. Even though made completely in Japan by character-designers such as Shingo Araki.. Shōnen and Shōjo series like UFO Robot Grendizer. the European philosophy evident in many modern countries: etymologically speaking. especially on children television shows. mostly American productions such as Hanna-Barbera. Toei era (1987 – 1996) In 1986 and 1987 three new private or privatized television channels appeared on French airwaves. stickers. Such series were enough popular to allow the introduction of licensed products such as tee shirts. which were mostly based on manga and anime series. the first Chalopin production of this type. published by pioneers such as Samourai Editions or Katsumi Editions and later to magazines. and that the grown up children would be later able to buy manga and DVD boxsets (TF1 Video and others) of their favourite childhood series. Not only it created a generation of Japanophile. It too belonged to the seinen genre. "Yoko". on the TV show studio to introduce him to the French audience and award him a prize in the name of the TV show. but it did set a strong base for a durable and massive exploitation of manga publishing and anime video (DVD) in the following decade. monthly. and never has since. such as violence. Ranma 1/2 (1994) and five others. French television finally discontinued these edited series. a product dedicated to children not adults. The first hentai series magazine. It was first issued in late 1995. including the notorious. By this time. At the same time a controversy arose among some parents. "forbidden". Anime clearance and manga emergence (1996 to 1998) In Japan. animation was seen as a genre in its own right. In the mid-1990s. the show lost its phenomenal audience and stopped in 1997. Ségolène Royal even published a book. a generational conflict had arisen between the young fans of "Japanimation" (in use until anime became mainstream) and the older Japoniaiseries (a pejorative pun for Japonaiseries. the conservative association Familles de France started a media polemic about the undesirable contents. Around the same period a hardcore version of Yoko magazine Okaz was issued. The reason is most broadcast anime series were adaptations of existing manga. In 1996 the production group of Club Dorothée set up a cable/satellite channel dedicated to manga and anime. Dorothée invited Akira Toriyama (Toei Animation). This cult TV show ran from 1987 to 1997 and had unpredicted effects and a deep influence on French culture. portrayed in the Club Dorothée. Notable Toei and non-Toei anime series broadcast by that time on French TV included Captain Tsubasa. Akira. others stopped. Robotech. and was nicknamed le chouchou (the favorite") by the show presenter. Saint Seiya became the second anime series to achieve popularity in France. High School! Kimengumi and Kinnikuman. in 1990 — supported by the respected newspaper Libération and by the national TV channel Antenne 2. creator of the series. edition. The new channel changed its name to Mangas in 1998: the concepts of anime and manga have become intertwined in . She hasn't changed her position on that topic yet. which is totally different in Japan. "simpleton stuff") . Top-rank series continued the following week. This imported Japanese marketing method had never previously operated in France.than the Nippon Animation studio shōnen/shōjo series of the 1970s and 1980s. Followers included Dragon Ball (1993). In particular. literally "Japanese stuff" and "niaiseries". as in most Western countries. The same adult content controversy was applied to hentai manga. broadcast on private channel TF1. Dragon Ball Z. with different magazines in B5 size like Kameha (Glénat) and later Manga Player (MSE). the noir and ultra-violent series. Even though the French-Belgian animation studios got rid of serious competition.Manga outside Japan 43 Just as in a Japanese manga series magazine. The same year. Series were massively licensed to Toei without consideration of age ratings. a kids' TV show.directed towards an older audience . Le Ras le bol des bébés zappeurs in which Manga are described as decadent dangerous and violent. and thus showed more violence . Generational conflict around manga (1990 to 1995) Glénat published the first manga issued in France. started to replace Japanese content with European or American animation series (imitating their rival public-channel television shows) and with French sitcoms. Gunnm (aka Battle Angel Alita). featured softcore series like Yuuki's Tropical Eyes. Saint Seiya and City Hunter late at night for a teen and adult audience. The most popular series were Dragon Ball and later its sequel. As the series kept number one for several months. was serialized in a slim. An animation feature was not considered the same as a live-action film. then a hundred of series aired the show. The mistake made by the Club Dorothée producers had to do with a cultural view: in France. Dorothée. and the Club Dorothée. Shin Angel by U-Jin. which became number one. television broadcasters scheduled series such as Hokuto no ken. Appleseed (1994). both anime and manga became a social phenomenon in France. Club Dorothée audience voted by phone or minitel to select and rank their favourite series. although the publication did not prove successful. vast. Love Hina and Video Girl Ai. Brazilian manga appeared with about half the size of a tankoubon (about 100 pages of stories and two to eight pages of extras). Highschool of the Dead. The editor was criticized because of bad translation and for releasing flipped titles. Some early publishers like Glénat. probably the biggest for an anime feature. are regarded with more respect than before. In 2002. inverted. Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke became a commercial success. and less known titles like Bambi and Sade. Originally. Cultural integration and revival (1999 to 2005) In the 2000s anime feature films. having also taken over the publishing rights for Neon Genesis Evangelion in the same year. The channel broadcasts former discontinued series from the Club Dorothée both to nostalgic adults and to new and younger generations. like J'ai Lu. Vagabond. Conrad released not only trendy manga like One Piece. the new manga") in reference to the French Nouvelle Vague. and also using a quality paper standard to the Franco-Belgian comics . The Japanese manga was such an important cultural phenomenon that it quickly influenced French comics authors. and manga actually became the mainstream generic term to designate the two media. Nausicaä. paper just like in Japan. like X/1999. Since 2005. In 2003. In 2004. In 2004. In late 1999 respected newspapers such as Le Monde gave critical acclaim to Hiroyuki Okiura's Jin-Roh.. but as of 2009 most manga is released in the original format. Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle and xxxHolic. the sole two or three available channels no more exists in the new. cheap quality. As of 2009 JBC publishes Clamp titles. Full Metal Panic! and Welcome to the N. and in 2000.K. which demonstrates a radical perspective change and a social acceptance of Japanese anime/manga. adapted manga using the Western reading direction and its induced work of mirroring each panel and graphical signs. but also classic manga like Osamu Tezuka titles (including Adolf and Buddha). releasing Rurouni Kenshin. and popular titles like Negima!. Great Teacher Onizuka. Mamoru Oshii's Innocence: Ghost in the Shell 2 became the first animation finalist in the prestigious International Film Festival of Cannes. A new "French manga" genre emerged. Brazil Before the 1990s some trial marketing of manga took place in Brazil. Death Note. and Slam Dunk. Yu-Gi-Oh. the anime is doing a revival in France. with the exception of the ones published by JBC. The Brazilian comic market started in the mid-1990s with Ranma 1/2.H. Neon Genesis Evangelion. As the highly aggressive competition who raged once between.The extra sensitive girl. Fullmetal Alchemist. Akira (which was cancelled) and Lone wolf and cub. Blue Gender or Gunslinger Girl appeared on new. but since then started publishing in the original way. were faithful to the original manga culture and not only kept the original. Conrad published Saint Seiya and Dragon Ball (both titles already well known. as well as titles like Black Lagoon. Rayearth and Sakura Card Captors. analog/digital terrestrial (public) and on satellite/broadband (private) channels. Panini started publishing manga. during the Pokémon boom. since the equivalent anime had become highly successful in the 1990s). known as "La nouvelle manga" ("lit. It was followed by the Pokémon manga being released by Conrad in the late 1990s. Japanese direction reading but also used a newspaper standard. including Mai . with the release of Peach Girl and Eden. Fruits Basket. Initial D. and by extension manga. As of 2010 Panini publishes the most popular manga in Brazil: Naruto and Bleach. while others. . After the success of these titles. and segmented French TV offer.Manga outside Japan 44 France. Manga made in France A surge in the growth of manga publishing circa 1996 coincided with the Club Dorothée show losing its audience - which eventually led to the show going off the air. contemporary Japanese series such as Naruto. the Japanese-Brazilian company Japan Brazil Communication (JBC) started publishing manga. among others already licensed. it's hard to advance on the market. have been pirated.[8] [9] A strong movement of anime fans helped to spread manga. Level Comic. such as Bleach. because "in Russia comics are considered children's literature". in late 1996. Paradise Kiss.[9] A representative of Sakura Press (the licensor and publisher of Ranma ½. The first German manga magazine. Kare Kano. M&C and Gramedia. One of the most notable publisher is Seventh Heaven which publishes bootleg version of One Piece. Rose Hip Zero. many popular Japanese. Paul Malone attributes the wider distribution of manga in the late 1990s to the fledgling commercial television stations showing dubbed anime. Most of the bootlegs are also sold with the same or even higher price than the legal version. published by small presses. Angel Sanctuary and Fushigi Yuugi available in this genre until 2006. and Kingdom Hearts. as was Japan Inc. Indonesia Manga has become one of fastest-growing consumer industries. Gunslinger Girl and some other titles) noted that although this niche is perspective. Nana. Hellhounds Panzer Cops (based on the American edition of Kerberos Panzer Cops). Magister Nagi. manga account for approximately 70–75% of all comics published in Germany. Akira's first volume was not very popular. Many popular titles.[6] With a few other series like Appleseed in the following years.. Princess Princess. so they probably won't be published in Russia.[7] Russian readers traditionally considered them children's literature. which draws controversy toward manga readers in Indonesia. the first un-flipped German manga.[9] It is also impossible for publishers to predict the success or failure of any specific . The wide distribution of scanlations actually contributes to the growth of publication of bootleg manga. manga created a new boom. Gravitation. Malone also notes that the native German comics market collapsed at the end of the 1990s. A volume of Barefoot Gen was licensed in Germany in the 1980s.[10] The general director of Egmont Russia Lev Yelin commented that the most popular manga series in Japan are comics which "contain sex and violence".and Chinese-language manga and anime are distributed by Madman Entertainment. which is printed in lower quality. Russia Comics never gained high popularity in Russia. in 2006 several of shōjo manga series were started: MeruPuri. Oceania In Australia and New Zealand. but legal manga supporters argue that the bootleg releases risk the local publisher to publish the manga because the original Japanese licensor will see this as negative stance of manga market in Indonesia. Bijinzaka and Zettai Kareshi are currently being published with titles like Vampire Knight. Fruits Basket. Loki. However. Manga Power by Feest Comics. only few Marvel's titles being a moderate success. Manga in Indonesia is published by Elex Media Komputindo. which lead to the popularity of manga. and AD Police. and has greatly influenced Indonesia's original comic industry. CLAMP titles. with female readers outnumbering male manga fans. the "manga movement" picked up speed with the publication of Dragon Ball. and Indonesia is now one of the biggest manga markets outside of Japan. Acolyte. so the manga market developed late. was launched in 1996.[5] Manga began outselling other comics in 2000. Some people support the piracy because the local publishers do not publish the demanded popular titles. Today.Manga outside Japan 45 Shōjo-manga fans criticized publishing houses for ignoring shōjo manga with only Peach Girl. Germany Although the German-language areas support a relatively small comic market and usually react slowly in comparison to other European countries. The first issue featured Ranma 1/2. Vibulkij. manga slowly gained popularity as more was released for the US market. an American subsidiary of the Japanese publishers Shogakukan and Shueisha. Mai the Psychic Girl. In October 2005. Viz Comics.S.[10] On the contrary.Area 88. Many parents in Thai society are not supportive of manga. Magic Knight Rayearth and Ice Blade. The programme received many complaints and issued an apology to the audience. and only such manga "will work" on the market. Four translated volumes of Nakazawa's major work Barefoot Gen were also published in the early 1980s by New Society Publishers. this has changed and copyrights protect nearly all published manga. a division of Marvel. Viz Media. and The Legend of Kamui . Both Mixx and Viz published manga anthologies: MixxZine (1997–1999) ran serialized manga such as Sailor Moon. Singapore The company Chuang Yi publishes manga in English and Chinese in Singapore. due to copyright laws. some of Chuang Yi's English-language titles are also imported into Australia. such as Bizenghast. Shutterbox and Van Von Hunter. Banana Fish and Utena: Revolutionary Girl.[12] [13] was the first company to publish Original English-language manga (usually called "manga" or just "comics"). Viz went on to bring English translations of popular series such as Ranma ½ and Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind in the late 1980s and early 1990s. which appeared in the March 1980 issue of Heavy Metal. Thailand In Thailand. which was brought to the United States in colorized form in 1988 by Epic Comics. Thailand's prominent manga publishers include Nation Edutainment. began publishing translations of three manga series . there was a television programme broadcast about the dark side of manga with exaggerated details.[14] In December 1982 the San Francisco-based publisher Educomics released a colorized and translated version of Keiji Nakazawa's I Saw It. including Comics Factory and Comix-ART. However. in association with the American publisher Eclipse Comics. In 1987. The first manga to be published in the US with its original artwork intact was a ten-page story by Shinobu Kaze. Dark Horse and Mixx (now Tokyopop) were all significant contributors to the growing pool of translated manga.[10] The first officially licensed and published manga series in Russia was Ranma ½. the first manga to make a strong impression on American audiences was Katsuhiro Otomo's Akira.[10] Since then several legal companies appeared. almost all available manga were fast. before 1992. In 2002 Viz began publishing a monthly American edition of the famous Japanese "phone book"-style manga anthology Shōnen Jump featuring some of the most popular manga titles . Comix-ART. Some other American publishers released notable translations of Japanese comics in this period. one of the largest publishing houses in Russia. However. as only artistic talent and good story make a successful project. Rosmen's general director Mikhail Markotkin said the whole popularity of comics doesn't matter. 7 "Tokyo Raw" special. The earliest manga-derived series to be released in the United States was a redrawn American adaptation of Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy published by Gold Key Comics starting in 1965. such as First Comics' serialization of Lone Wolf and Cub which started in May 1987.in the U. Siam Inter Comics. and Bongkoch. which is working in collaboration with Eksmo. "Violence Becomes Tranquility". resulted in many manga being banned.Manga outside Japan 46 title.[16] Throughout the 1990s.[15] Short works by several Garo-affiliated artists including Yoshiharu Tsuge and Terry Yumura appeared in May 1985 in RAW's no. United States The growth of manga translation and publishing in the United States has been a slow progression over several decades. New Zealand and the Philippines. while Viz's Animerica Extra (1998–2004) featured series including Fushigi Yugi.[11] Sakura Press released the first volume in 2005. unlicensed. poor quality bootlegs. leading to what Paul Malone describes as a "home-grown shōjo boom". while Harlequin has brought its Ginger Blossom line of manga. Its circulation far surpassed that of previous American manga anthologies. Some scanlators do make edits. although none of these terms have actually been used by manga companies to describe these works on the books themselves.[6] . Jürgen Seebeck's Bloody Circus was not popular amongst German manga readers due to its European style. as manga began outselling domestic comics in 2000. MIC. Typically. German publishers began focussing on female creators. Other distribution methods Another popular form of manga distribution outside of Japan involves Internet scanlations (or scanslations). a small group of people scan the original version of a series with no current license in the language which they wish to translate it to.[18] After Tokyopop's success. original German works are flipped to read in a right-to-left style familiar to manga readers. While Antarctic Press actively refers to its works as "American Manga". Many readers prefer scanlations due to the frequent changes found in official translations. reaching 180. a successful counterpart to Shonen Jump aimed at female readers. Del Rey translated and published several Japanese series including xxxHolic. usually through the use of IRC or BitTorrent. and "more female German comics artists in print than ever before". and freely distribute it. Many of the artists working on Seven Seas Entertainment series such as Last Hope and Amazing Agent Luna are Filipino and TOKYOPOP has hired a variety of Korean and Japanese artists to work on titles such as Warcraft and Princess Ai. Manga influences Manga has proved so popular that it has led to other companies such as Antarctic Press. Several large publishers have also released. and many German manga take place in Asia. Oni Press. translate it. author's afterwords and sidebars are common. After this. Viz launched Shojo Beat. One of the first of these such works came in 1985 when Ben Dunn. most of the other manga companies switched to the smaller unflipped format and offered their titles at similar prices. However. German publishers began supporting German creators of manga-styled comics. originally released only in Japan. to seem genuinely manga-influenced. to release their own manga-inspired works that apply the same artist stylings and story pacing commonly seen in Japanese manga. Naruto. Many of these works have been classified on the Internet with titles such as OEL Manga. stylistic conventions such as sweatdrops are employed to ensure "authenticity". In Germany.Manga outside Japan 47 from Japan.[17] Also in 2005. especially compared to the official manga translation industry. Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle and. due to the popularity of shōjo manga. which greatly increased manga's visibility among the book-buying public. This allowed them be retailed at a price lower than that of comparable publications by Viz and others. including Dragon Ball Z. and World Manga. In 2002. Seven Seas Entertainment and TOKYOPOP. though scanlations are more likely to have some unintentional mistakes due to the varying degrees of skill employed by the unpaid translators. The line was also made widely available in mainstream bookstores such as Borders and Barnes & Noble. though it is a common concern that readers will continue to use these unauthorized copies. released Mangazine and Ninja High School. Tokyopop introduced its "100% Authentic Manga" line. to the United States as well. Most scanlation groups request that downloaders cease distribution and purchase official copies in the event that their projects become licensed. though it is rare. it does not source all of these manga-inspired works from the United States. which featured unflipped pages and were smaller in size than most other translated graphic novels. and other early German manga artists were affected by cancellations. As of 2010 a large number of small companies in the United States publish manga.000 in 2005. Bleach and One Piece. founder of Antarctic Press. as well as long-established publishers like Marvel and Archie Comics. Negima!: Magister Negi Magi. or expressed interest in releasing manga. Retrieved 29 May 2007. . htm). RBK Daily. html [23] http:/ / www. 1983). mangakana. April 10. 504820 [22] http:/ / www. Pagliassotti. [9] Anastasia Vasilyeva. . rbc. sakura-press. animenewsnetwork. ae/ profile. 2006. Retrieved on 2008-11-26. [13] "Top 20 Russian Publishers" (http:/ / rating. . msk. htm) (in Russian). "Viz Media Announces Anniversarry Edition of Shonen Jump" (http:/ / www. ru/ article. ru/ 2007/ 03/ 13/ media/ 268001) (in Russian). (Spanish) [4] The Attic of ITAF (http:/ / j. [18] Tokyopop (2002). RBK Daily. "Marvel/Epic Comics: Akira Coloured Comic Book" (http:/ / www. like Sinfest or Girly. . fr/ chalopin. animenewsnetwork. [12] Anastasia Vasilyeva (October 4. 23–24. Interview with Satoshi Endo (May 5. ru/ about/ ) (in Russian). like Megatokyo. RBK Daily. Dos Espadas. Sakura Press official website. com/ ). . deviantart. com/ print/ 13298972/ ?itemtypeids= [21] Nitin Nair 2009 "Manga: Qais Sedeki's graphic obsession. shtml?2006/ 04/ 10/ 12577784) (in Russian). pp. . deviantart. Glenat Spain introduced their new line of works known as Linea Gaijin[24] which showcases the works of several Spanish and Latin American comic book artists. Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics (New York: Kodansha International. (Spanish) . ISBN 9780786441952 [6] http:/ / intersections. es/ ). Манга как часть визуальной культуры» [Round table for publishers and readers. com/ arts-entertainment/ books/ manga-qais-sedeki-s-graphic-obsession-1. Kunin A. (2010). goldring. by Qais Sedeki. This is an effort on the part of Glenat to bring fresh new content and breed a new generation of manga-insipired artists that grew up reading manga. Echo of Moscow. 2007). knoertzer. Chedrik Chronicles. from 2009. "Eksmo Consolidates the Market" (http:/ / www. (Spanish) [25] Linea Gaijin released (http:/ / www. mirf. [15] http:/ / www. Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre.]" (http:/ / chedrik. Dmitry (May 2007). Retrieved 22 December 2009. . Some. The line began with tittles such as Bakemono. "From BRAVO to Animexx. htm [7] Zlotnitsky. es/ noticia. №45. echo. .[21] [22] [23] Both groups of artists use the word "manga" for their work.. but it would later introduce other works as well. [11] "About Sakura Press" (http:/ / www. edicionesglenat. Anime News Network. "Врата Миров: Фантастические комиксы [Gate of the Worlds: Science fiction comics]" (http:/ / www. follow traditional manga artwork and plotlines closely. McFarland & Company. Olga Goncharova (March 13. com/ ARG/ home. com/ [20] http:/ / www. Retrieved 14 February 2010. com/ article/ CA6287306. (May 8. [10] Olgerd. com/ comics_marvel_epic. normaeditorial. "Tokyopop manga Sells Out" (http:/ / www. [17] Viz Media LLC (2005). McHarry. [19] http:/ / amateam. also from the United Arab Emirates. "The adventures of manga in Russia: Kodansha International is looking for partners" (http:/ / www. free.com. pageflip. Retrieved 2008-11-19. ru/ 2007/ 10/ 04/ media/ 296566) (in Russian). au/ issue20/ malone. Accessed 2009-03-10 (French) [5] Malone. akira2019. publishersweekly.[19] [23] In May 2010. Retrieved 2008-11-19. 154. O. rbcdaily. Retrieved 2008-11-19. whose director is Wahid Jodar. Manga as part of visual culture. [14] Frederik Schodt. incorporate Western techniques and do not follow traditional Japanese manga story elements. The fate of the manga in Russia. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ae [24] Linea Gaijin Glenat (http:/ / www.de to Export". html [16] akira2019. [8] " Culture of manga and anime in Russia (http:/ / www. Anime News Network. ru/ up2/ content/ view/ 211/ 40/ ) (in Russian). edu. 158. (French) [2] Editorial Ivrea Argentina (http:/ / editorialivrea. akira2019. ru/ Articles/ art1956. and Lettera that were shown on the Salon de Manga de Barcelona[25] in October 2010. Dru. Тема круглого стола: «Судьба манги в России. 2007). Mark. gaijin. . Mir Fantastiki. 2008). "Круглый стол для издателей и читателей. com/ press-release/ 2005-12-06/ viz-media-announces-anniversarry-edition-of-shonen-jump). in Levi. Many Western webcomics are influenced to varying degrees by manga. htm). Paul M. com/ news/ 2002-08-01/ tokyopop-manga-sells-out). htm). ru/ programs/ razvorot/ 512241-echo/ )" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 June 2010. com/ ). rbcdaily. aspx?pId=771).com (2005).[19] [20] Another Arab language manga is Gold Ring. from the United Arab Emirates. (Spanish) [3] Norma Editorial (http:/ / www. anu. Antonia.Manga outside Japan 48 The Arabic language manga "Canary 1001" is by a group calling themselves Amateam. Retrieved 29 May 2007."http:/ / gulfnews. References [1] Kana (http:/ / www. 2010). Others. translation and editing of a graphic novel from a foreign language into a different language. Scanlations may be viewed at websites or as sets of image files downloaded via the Internet. as well as via torrents or download providers such as MegaUpload or RapidShare.mangajima. both the size of audience served as well as the methods used in both scanlation and distribution of scanlated works changed dramatically. Korean graphic novels (manhwa).com. and providing the manga unflipped.com) (French) Scanlation Scanlation (also scanslation) is the scanning. IRC also allows the groups to recruit new staff. The term is most often used for Japanese graphic novels (manga). It used authorized manga excerpts and professional translations to introduce contemporary Japanese language and culture to an English audience. The amateur press association (APA) was the first formally organized form of manga scanlation. for example.fr/AlWebSite/ desliste. Releases are often made through IRC rather via a centralized website. The word scanlation is a portmanteau of scan and translation. Mangajin was first published in 1990. With the advent of the Internet. The professional magazine Mangajin resembled scanlation efforts but went beyond that. Eventually. Scanlation is older than its anime counterpart.htm) • Mangajima.com (http://www. fansubbing. and Chinese graphic novels (manhua).[3] Current practices Many groups have their own webpage as well as an IRC channel. the popularity of postal mail APAs declined in favour of internet-based efforts. leaving in forms of address. scanlation began as small individual efforts between fans connected by telephone modems and postal mail. and Omanga. Manga fans cooperated and shared translation efforts since importing manga directly from Japan was often expensive. IRC is an important part of the community aspect. romanising sound effects and onomatopoeia instead of translating them.htm) • Japanimation? The uncredited studios list (http://xoomer.[1] As internet access became more widespread. This approach to scanlation became dominant after the year 2000. Their major period of activity occurred during the late 1970s through the early 90's. but instead serve as a .alice.net/borsino 45 italiani. scanlations retained the cultural differences. Similar to video fansubbing. Mangascreener. these efforts became more organized and coalesced into various groups of people forming their own communities. something especially important given the lack of funding of most groups. some groups do release downloads from their websites. Origins Scanlations got their start due to a lack of translated Japanese manga releases outside of Japan. as it means the burden of bandwidth is distributed among multiple users.Manga outside Japan 49 External links • 800 Anime/Sentai series broadcast in France from the 1970s up to 2000s (http://albator. Examples of the earliest organized scanlation groups are Mangaproject.siglandia. Manga-Sketchbook.php) • Anime series broadcast in Italy (http://www. Some sites also exist which do not make their own releases. as they allow for real-time interaction between the group staff and the target audience. Manga fans coordinated. and a knowledge of the language was required to understand the originals. translated and shared efforts via postal mail well before fansubs. However.[2] While early official translations of manga focussed on localising the manga to an Anglophone culture. Scanlation is done as an amateur work and is nearly always done without express permission from the copyright holder.it/fedgrame/co-productions. Imported graphic novels from the original countries' markets sometimes cost less than the commercially released version. and cultural references changed to make more sense to their target audience. It is usually the case that a project will be fully cleaned before it is translated. The reason for this change is that the Japanese language reads from right-to-left. puns. this is due to perceived or actual censorship or shortcomings in the commercial release of the graphic novel. and many are licensed for distribution by companies around the world.Scanlation 50 repository for releases from other groups: this sort of centralized. However. direct download approach is popular among users who are unfamiliar with IRC. The act of horizontally 'flipping' the pages of commercial releases has also received criticism from fans of manga. this practice has largely diminished. while many people imagine that most translators live in Japan and fit the same profile.g. After copyediting. Spanish.[5] In addition to the groups who release scanlations of graphic novels which are unreleased outside of their country of origin.[5] Localization is also a common complaint among supporters of scanlations. Most new anime series are fansubbed. despite the high cost of shipping. The cost and speed of commercial releases remains an issue with some fans. Another motivation is the quantity of new graphic novel series that are created. and Western languages such as English. This may seem easy in principle. The quality of commercial offerings is a common complaint. Commercial releases often have titles. the translated. the quantity of manga series which are released in Japan (which has the largest market for graphic novels in the world) and other markets makes this eventual commercial release unlikely for graphic novels. Ironically. Since Japanese manga magazines often use recycled paper. While every department is essential in producing a complete manga release. Therefore. In some cases. due to large-scale fan complaints that this 'flipping' has changed the finished product from the original (e. and French read from left-to-right. However. there are groups who release graphic novels which have already been made commercially available. The first step in scanlation is to obtain the "raws" (original manga) from the country of publication (typically Japan). Reason for scanlating Douglass. the "cleaner" uses image editing software to fix imperfections in the "raw" version to produce a "cleaned" version. edited and "cleaned" manga is sent to the group's proofreader. and proofreaders obviously have nothing to work with without a translation. names. this is actually rarely the case. While many cleaners are also capable of typesetting. coupled with delays in official translations lead to the formation of scanlation groups. but Hope Donovan suggests that the scanlator's goal is more along the lines of "self-promotion". translated editions often take longer to release due to the necessity of translating and repackaging the product before release. Finally. . A flipped manga image will keep the speech translations legible. it is fair to say that the release schedule of most projects rests in the hands of the translation department. the manga is finally published on the scanlation group's own website then usually on a larger manga hosting website. while any graphics such as the wording on clothes or buildings will be reversed and confusing). scanlation groups usually have a few dedicated typesetters just in case. but it can be quite difficult considering the different fonts that need to be used for specially formatted text. the speed of many projects often depends specifically on the speed of the translator. Scanlation team members are often located in different parts of the world. Huber and Manovich say that enthusiasm by fans about a particular series. Typesetting is the next step. Scanlators often release projects because they want to give it wider exposure. Process Scanlation is not an easy process. Despite weekly or monthly serialized releases in the country of origin. and argues that it is prestigious for a scanlator to have many fans.[4] Scanlators say that they scanlate to promote the series or the author in their own language. unnamed websites. Japanese publishers felt that scanlation was "an overseas phenomenon". As of August 1." — Steve Kleckner . Most.[6] In the yaoi fandom.Scanlation 51 Reasons for downloading scanlations Johanna Draper Carlson says that some readers of scanlations do not wish to spend money. Since the 1990s. this view is not necessarily shared among the industry. and no "coordinated action" had taken place against scanlation. scanlators usually feel it is relatively 'safe' to scanlate series which have not been commercially released in their country. copyright holders felt that scanlators were intruding on their sales and in 2010. Legal action According to a 2009 study.[10] Historically. On July 2010. Software such as Mangle [9] allows users to more easily read scanlations on their Amazon Kindle. or that they are choosy about which series they wish to follow. I find it kind of flattering. Also this practice is common for some manga which are given a release in a country then discontinued due to lack of popularity or sales in the target area. it would have increased their business.[8] Another possible reason is to gain access to graphic novels that would otherwise not be available outside its native country. a group of Japanese publishers and US publishers banded together into a coalition to "combat" scanlations. . copyright holders have not requested scanlators to stop distribution before a work is licensed in the translated language. fans of the manga wanting to see a conclusion or for other reasons will attempt to find translators as well as scanlators for the manga. "one of the top 1000 sites on the whole internet" announced its closure due to their respect towards the displeasure expressed by the publishers. Thus. Since most scanlations are distributed as a series of images. manga is not released in a digital format that is compatible with e-book readers. especially mentioning scanlation aggregator websites. not threatening. many e-book readers already have the capability to read scanlations without additional software. I believe that if the music industry had used downloading and file sharing properly.[7] Andrea Wood has suggested that teenage yaoi fans seek out more explicit titles using scanlations. if not all. not eaten into it. Another reason readers may prefer scanlations is that translations of the works to their native language often change terminology or names to make the works more commercially available in exchange for loss of cultural meaning. A more recent phenomenon amongst scanlation readers is the emergence of Ereaders. but also insist that more of it is shrink-wrapped and labeled for adult readers. Carlson feels that the readers of scanlations "do not care" that scanlations are illegal.[13] So far. 2010 it has officially shut down its online reader. and there is a tendency for booksellers to stock BL. former VP of sales for TOKYOPOP[11] However. or that they have limited mobility or funds.. the coalition has achieved some degree of success. To be honest. so downloading scanlations is the only way to do this. as some Japanese publishers have threatened scanlation groups with legal action. commercially published explicit titles are often restricted to readers aged 18 or above. Scanlation aggregator site OneManga. publishers have sent cease and desist letters to various scanlation groups and websites [12] Due to manga's popularity steadily increasing in the overseas market.. "Frankly. They have threatened to take legal action against at least thirty. Scanlation 52 Reception Scanlations are often viewed by fans as the only way to read graphic novels that have not been licensed for release in their area. Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives. such as the Berne Convention. Johanna Draper (2010-03-22). com/ backgrounds/ legal. 34 (1/2). com/ 11270. be/ index. Japanese comics are becoming as American as apuru pai. in Levi. Fans Get". . Dru (November 2008) 'Reading Boys' Love in the West' (http:/ / www. sfgate. 18–19. 8 March 2007. LiveJournal. "The Manga Polysystem: What Fans Want. "Japanese. Continuum. WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly. Retrieved 16 October 2010. TOKYOPOP. participations. Issue 2 Special Edition [8] Wood. such as Del Rey Manga. [12] "Legal Issues and C&D Letters" (http:/ / insidescanlation. Manga Worth Reading. Some licensing companies. [14] "FAQ: Manga Scanslations" (http:/ / www. pp. some translators feel differently: "I know from talking to many folks in the industry that scanlations DO have a negative effect. Retrieved 16 October 2010. Mangascreener. "Comment on "The Bard is right again"" (http:/ / mrcaxton." (http:/ / www. . htm) Particip@tions Volume 5. Dru. According to international copyright law. Retrieved 16 October 2010. 2010). html). McHarry. net/ ?type=site& cid=news& nav=one& top=54). html). Retrieved 2008-04-02. (Spring 2006). pp. ISBN 9780826429384. . Retrieved 2008-11-25. org/ Volume 5/ Issue 2/ 5_02_pagliassotti. The Japan Times Online (LONDON (Kyodo)). Many books that are on the tipping point will never be legally published because of scanlations. former VP of sales for TOKYOPOP[11] However. imageandnarrative. omanga. ." —Toren Smith. php). you gotta go out and get it.S." — Steve Kleckner . cgi?file=/ g/ archive/ 2004/ 06/ 14/ manganation. . japantimes. Hope (2010).' 'anime'" (http:/ / search. pp. ISBN 9780786441952 [6] Carlson. Pagliassotti. com/ faq. hey. [9] http:/ / foosoft. [13] Reid. [4] http:/ / www.[11] "And. . Antonia. Mark. Inside Scanlation. [15] Toren Smith (27 February 2006). . Translator[15] References [1] Spectrum Nexus: Mangajin [2] "Happy Belated 6th Birthday" (http:/ / www. Toni. "Legal Doesn’t Matter: More on Scanlation Sites" (http:/ / comicsworthreading. Manga Publishers Unite To Fight Scanlations" (http:/ / www. [3] James Rampant (2010). net/ mangle/ [10] "'Scanlators' freely translating 'manga. Publishers Weekly. since many scanlators stop distributing commercially licensed series[14] and advise fans to buy the official translation. livejournal. [7] Pagliassotti. com/ cgi-bin/ article. publishersweekly. have used the response to various scanlations as a factor in deciding which manga to license for translation and commercial release. com/ pw/ by-topic/ digital/ copyright/ article/ 43437-japanese-u-s-manga-publishers-unite-to-fight-scanlations. 221–232. jp/ cgi-bin/ nn20090310f2. "No longer an obscure cult art form. McFarland & Company. Calvin (June 8. "Gift Versus Capitalist Economies". 394-414.000 fans saying they want a book you've never heard of. Omanga.[14] most groups view their releases as occupying a 'gray area' of legality. php/ imagenarrative/ article/ viewFile/ 133/ 104 [5] Donovan. co. if you get 2. . Queer Texts: Boy-Love Manga and the Rise of a Global Counterpublic. SFGate. Retrieved 2008-05-05. html?thread=25350#t25350). However. com/ 2010/ 03/ 22/ legal-doesnt-matter-more-on-scanlation-sites/ ). and VIZ Media. "Straight" Women. well. In Johnson-Woods. Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre. scanlations are illegal. html). Retrieved 2008-04-02. 2009-03-10. Andrea.com. [11] Jeff Yang (14 June 2004). mangascreener. . U. DTL). tcj. pp. The Comics Journal #269. Pagliassotti. Dru. ISBN 9780786441952 • Between fan culture and copyright infringement: manga scanlation (http://mcs.com/269/n_scan. Archived from the original (http://www. Antonia. McFarland & Company.citation) .Scanlation 53 Further reading • Deppey.com/index. McHarry.com/content/31/6/ 1011. Retrieved 2007-07-11.tcj. "Gift Versus Capitalist Economies". "A Comics Reader's Guide to Manga Scanlations" (http://www. php?option=com_content&task=view&id=430&Itemid=70). Retrieved 2005-07-13. Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre.sagepub.com/269/n_scan. 11–22. archive.html) on 2006-05-05. Dirk (8 March 2005). The Comics Journal. "Scanlation Nation: Amateur Manga Translators Tell Their Stories" (http://web. in Levi.tcj. • Donovan. Mark. • Dirk Deppey.org/web/20060505014917/http://www. Hope (2010).html). com. Chuang Yi distributes all or some of its products in Singapore. and in 2006 began distribution of comics in India.[3] In 2007. Pinyin: Chuàngyì.[4] . In 2003. (Simplified Chinese: 创艺. Chuang Yi secured licensing rights to distribute its comics to Australia. Chuang Yi set up its first branch office in Kuala Lumpur. In 1998 and 1999. Malaysia. and the Philippines.[2] History Chuang Yi Publishing was founded in 1990 as a distributor of Japanese comics published in simplified Chinese. 54 Manga Companies Chuang Yi Chuang Yi 创艺 Industry Publishing Founded 1990 Headquarters Singapore Area served Singapore. Chuang Yi expanded into the English-language market in 2000 with the launch of its Pokémon series. Chuang Yi began distribution of sticker collectibles from Panini Comics and Topps UK in 2004 and 2005. Chuang Yi published its first TV-drama-to-comic adaptations of Legend of the Eight Immortals and Liang Po Po. and South Korea. and in 2004 branched into the magazine market including licensing of several Disney titles. Malaysia. Australia. New Zealand. It had early success with Dragon Ball and Slam Dunk. the company secured the rights to develop stationery merchandise for Pokémon and Disney products. Taiwan. India Products Comics Website [1] ChuangYi. and two Taiwanese comics began serialization in local newspapers. Malaysia. and soon began importing titles from Hong Kong. India. in English and simplified Chinese. Philippines.sg Chuang Yi Publishing Pte Ltd. meaning "creative arts") is a publishing company based in Singapore that specializes in producing domestic and imported comics and comics-related merchandise. Distribution to Australia and New Zealand occurs through Madman Entertainment and uses Australian English translations. and launched two Japanese comic series in Malay. In 1995. and began exclusive distribution of DC Comics and Marvel Comics products to Singapore and Malaysia. New Zealand. and the Philippines. G) • Samurai Deeper Kyo (鬼眼狂刀 Kyo) • Special A • Shaman King (通灵童子) • The Gentlemen's Alliance • To Love-Ru (To Love恋爱大麻烦) • Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle (TSUBASA翼) • Vampire Knight (吸血鬼士) .Chuang Yi 55 Manga published by Chuang Yi Publishing in Chinese • 20th Century Boys (20世纪少年) • 21st Century Boys (21世纪少年) • Absolute Boyfriend (绝对男友) • Air Gear • Blaue Rosen (搖滾下的藍色薔薇) • Bleach (死神) • Bloody Monday • D. Ōran Kōkō Hosuto Kurabu in Japan) • Placebo • Prince of Tennis (网球王子) • PSYCHO BUSTERS (超能力少年) • Saint Seiya EPISODE G (圣斗士星矢 EPISODE.Gray-Man • Death Note (死亡筆記簿) • Detective Conan (名侦探柯南) • Dragonball (七龙朱) • Eyeshield 21 • Fairy Tail • Fruits Basket (水果藍) • Fullmetal Alchemist (钢之炼金术师) • Flame of Recca (烈火之炎) • GetBackers • Hayate the Combat Butler (疾风守护者) • Hikaru no Go (棋灵王) • Katekyo Hitman Reborn (家庭教师HITMAN REBORN!) • Kekkaishi (结界师) • Kindaichi Case Files (金田一少年之事件簿) • Konjiki no Gash!! (魔童小子) • Initial D (头文字D) • Love Celeb (情迷贵公子) • MÄR • MÄR Omega • Monster Soul • Naruto (火影忍者) • NANA • Negima!: Magister Negi Magi (魔法老師) • Ninkuu (忍空) • Ninkuu SECOND STAGE • One Piece • Ouran High Host Club (Ouran High School Host Club in North America. Chuang Yi 56 • M×0 • W-change • xxxHolic (迷梦魔法屋 XXX HOLIC) • Yankee-kun to Megane-chan (不良少年与四眼妹) Manga published by Chuang Yi Publishing in English • .hack//Legend of the Twilight • Absolute Boyfriend ("Zettai Kareshi") • Astro Boy (Akira Himekawa's series) • Ballad of a Shinigami • Battle B-Daman • Beyblade • Blaue Rosen (Japanese title: Ai wo Utau yori Ore ni Oborero) • Bakegyamon • Because You Smile when I Sing • Bio Booster Armor Guyver • Bloody Monday • Boys Esté • Captive Hearts • Chrono Crusade • Crush Gear Turbo • Digimon • Doraemon • Fairy Cube • FIGHT! Crush Gear Turbo • Flunk Punk Rumble (Yankee-kun to Megane-chan) • Fruits Basket • Fullmetal Alchemist • Full Metal Panic! Sigma • Fushigi Yûgi (Including Fushigi Yûgi Genbu Kaiden) • Fushigiboshi no Futagohime • Girls Bravo • Gundam • Gundam Seed • Hamtaro Handbook • Hellsing • Hoshi wa Utau • Imadoki! • Kingdom Hearts • Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories • Kingdom Hearts II • La Corda D'Oro • Land of the Blindfolded • Love Hina • Maburaho • MÄR • Medabots . Chuang Yi 57 • The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya • Metal Fight Beyblade • Midori Days • Mirmo! • Mon Colle Knights • Monochrome Factor • My-HiME • My Fair Lady known in North America as The Wallflower and Yamato nadeshiko Shichihenge in Japan • Negima! Magister Negi Magi • Neon Genesis Evangelion • Otomen • Ouran High School Host Club • Phantom Dream • Pokémon • Pokémon: The Electric Tale of Pikachu • Pokémon Adventures • Magical Pokémon Journey • Ash & Pikachu • Phantom Thief Pokémon 7 • Pokémon Gold & Silver The Golden Boys • Pokémon Pocket Monsters • Pokémon Ruby-Sapphire • Pokémon Jirachi Wish Maker • Pokémon Destiny Deoxys • Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew • Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea • Pokémon Battle Frontier • Placebo • RahXephon • S · A: Special A • Saiyuki: Reload • Slam Dunk • Solar Boy Django • Speed Grapher • Spriggan • SuperPsychic Nanaki (Chōshinri Genshō Nōryokusha Nanaki) • Tactics • Tenchi Muyo! • There. Beyond The Beyond (Sono Mukou-no Mukougawa) • The Girl Who Leapt Through Time • The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya • The Mythical Detective Loki • The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok • Tokyo Mew Mew • Trinity Blood • Trigun • Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle . com. chuangyi. sg/ [2] "New Madman Manga for 2005" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-07-21. pl?num=1142405427/ 0#0 External links • Official website (http://www. html).com). chuangyi. chuangyi. com. archive. [3] "Japanese Manga Comics to debut in India courtesy Chuang Yi and Sterling Publishers" (http:/ / www. sg/ new/ distri. Retrieved 2008-07-19. org/ web/ 20080616200735/ http:/ / www. [4] "Distribution" (http:/ / web.com. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.Chuang Yi 58 • Tsubasa: Those with Wings • Twin Princesses of the Wonder Planet • Vagabond • Vampire Knight • Venus in Love • Wild Adapter • Wings of Desire • World Embryo • X • Young Guns • Super Yo-Yo • Zatch Bell! (Konjiki no Gash!!) [5] • Zig Zag • Zoids Other comic magazines published by Chuang Yi Publishing in English • Disney Fairies • Disney Princess • Monster Allergy • W. com/ features/ 2007/ 07/ japanese-manga-comics-to-debut-in-india-courtesy-chuang-yi-and-sterling-publishers/ ).C.T.H • Winnie the Pooh and Friends • Winx Club (up to issue #39. chuangyi. 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2008-07-21.I. [5] http:/ / www. . Mania (archived from Anime on DVD. . Tech Shout!. Chuang Yi. 2005-01-04. sg/ new/ distri. php). techshout.chuangyi. com/ new-madman-manga-for-2005_article_84761. com. sg/ board/ cgi-bin/ forum/ YaBB.sg) . MediaCorp has handled Winx from #40 onwards) Manhwa published by Chuang Yi Publishing in English • Ragnarok: Into The Abyss References [1] http:/ / www. php) on 2008-06-16. . mania. com. [4] Funimation is a portmanteau of the English words fun and animation. This led Funimation to begin licensing other anime to the U.4 million in cash and 1. Navarre sold Funimation to a group of investors including Gen Fukunaga for $24 million.S.S.[3] Funimation produces. On May 11. He proposed that if Fukunaga could start a production company and raise enough money. almost 100 million in cash and 15 million in stock in 2005) because Navarre wanted to continue distributing goods in relation to the products. The company is headquartered in Flower Mound.[2] It is speculated that FUNimation was sold at such a low cost (in comparison to how much it was originally purchased for. 2005. As part of the acquisition.Funimation Entertainment 59 Funimation Entertainment Funimation Type Private Industry multimedia entertainment Genre Anime.funimation. By 1998. Fukunaga met with co-worker Daniel Cocanougher whose family owned a feed mill in Decatur.8 million shares of Navarre stock. The company was eventually formed in Fort Worth. Texas as Funimation Productions. Texas and convinced Cocanougher's family to sell their business and serve as an investor for his company. In April 2011. markets. but not handle the publishing. Japanese cinema. transitioning to the position of CEO. it finally found success on Cartoon Network's action-oriented programming block Toonami. the company became a subsidiary of Navarre Corporation on May 11. and the Dragon Ball phenomenon quickly grew in the United States as it had elsewhere. Around the same time. and usually stylized as FUNimation) is an American entertainment company.[5] Fukunaga's uncle was one of the producers for the popular anime series Dragon Ball. and the company's name was changed from Funimation Productions to . (1994) Founder(s) Gen Fukunaga Headquarters Flower Mound. star & blue bar were dropped from it's logo as well as the word "entertainment" dropped from it's name to simply be called "Funimation". and distributes anime and other entertainment properties in the United States and international markets. Asian cinema Founded Fort Worth.S.com Funimation (formerly known as Funimation Productions and Funimation Entertainment. United States Key people Gen Fukunaga Founder/CEO Owner(s) Independent (1994-2005) Navarre Corporation (2005-2011) Funimation Communications (2011-present) Website [1] www. after two failed attempts to bring the Dragon Ball franchise to a U. 2005. Texas. U. Texas. Funimation was acquired by Navarre Corporation for US$100. audience. Toei Animation would license the rights to the show. the company's trademark ball. he approached Gen about bringing the series over to America. History The company was founded in 1994 by Japanese-born businessman Gen Fukunaga. the president Fukunaga was retained as head of the company. Originally founded in 1994 by Gen Fukunaga. Texas. Funimation's legal department served C&D letters for series that had not yet been advertised or announced as licensed.[8] According to an interview in February 2008 with Navarre Corporation CEO Cary Deacon. instead of the few minor edits the show received for its Adult Swim airings. that of changing the opening to "Ready Steady Go" (the second opening). Navarre released a statement in April 2011 confirming that Funimation has been sold to a group of investors. Black Cat. Funimation announced a partnership with Niconico. and other series cease. Foreign distribution Funimation does not directly release its properties in non-U. to form the 'Funico' brand for the licensing of anime for streaming and home video release. the standalone Flower Mound facility has double the square footage of the space Funimation occupied previous North Richland Hills facility. including Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle. and started sending "cease and desist" (C&D) letters to sites offering links to fansubs of their titles.[4] Funimation moved into the Lakeside Business District with a ten year lease. However. Ragnarok the Animation. 2011. including some that Geneon had left unfinished when they ceased operations.[9] In July 2008. and SoltyRei. Mushishi. Navarre Corporation reclassified Funimation as "discounted operations" and began preparations to sell the company. it has not been announced who has picked it up and who the intended audience is. YuYu Hakusho has also been acquired for television broadcast in the UK.Funimation Entertainment 60 Funimation Entertainment. Texas to Flower Mound.[14] Sale from Navarre In the first quarter of 2010. in the North Richland Hills facility Funimation shared the building with other tenants. This move was similar to that taken by the now-defunct ADV Films several years before with several of the major torrent sites. Fullmetal Alchemist (along with Beez Entertainment's Wolf's Rain) became one of the flagship programs on the relaunch of satellite channel Rapture TV and had only one edit. (English language-speaking) markets. with a few known series also mentioned in the letter. .[6] [7] In 2007 Funimation moved from North Richland Hills. Funimation's legal department began to pursue a more aggressive approach toward protecting their licensed properties. the English-language version of Nico Nico Douga. Towards the end of 2005.[13] Funimation revealed more licenses on 6 October 2006 when it sent letters to torrent sites demanding that distribution of xxxHolic's TV series. instead sublicensing to other companies such as Manga Entertainment in the United Kingdom and Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand.[11] On October 14.[2] Navarre will remain as exclusive distributor of Funimation's titles. Funimation announced that it had acquired over 30 titles from the Sojitz catalog that had previously been licensed by ADV Films. including Fukunaga. for $24 million.S.[12] Reaction to fansubbing In 2005. Funimation confirmed that they had acquired distribution rights to several Geneon titles.[10] At Anime Expo 2008. Funimation was in early stage negotiations to acquire some of the titles licensed through Geneon's USA division. which ceased operations in December 2007. mania. Vision's Anime Network). php?id=9625). 2008-07-03. Navarre Corporation. edu/ article@apa?navarre_sells_anime_studio_funimation_16622. com/ articles/ news/ 6036. com/ coms2/ summary_0286-30963771_ITM). funimation. com/ phoenix. 2004-11-01. 2008-07-04. [9] "Navarre/FUNimation Interested in Some Geneon Titles" (http:/ / www. cfm?page=news& id=454) (Press release). . com/ 20110404196448/ globenewswire/ Navarre-Corporation-Announces-Sale-of-FUNimation-Entertainment. . Funimation and Red Planet Media announced the launch of a mobile video-on-demand service for AT&T and Sprint mobile phone subscribers. .com. In September 2008. aspx). html). Asia Pacific Arts. OlympuSAT is the exclusive distributor and the Funimation Channel is now available to video service providers. animenewsnetwork. FUNimation Channel has expanded into more homes and continues to expand via digital cable. com/ articles/ home/ 12043. . On September 19. [14] "Funimation Sends out Cease & Desist Letters For Multiple Anime (ANN)" (http:/ / www. flower-mound. Retrieved 2006-10-14. com/ f_index. "Funimation moving headquarters to Flower Mound" (http:/ / www. and Provides Financial Update and Guidance" (http:/ / ir. Tsukuyomi: Moon Phase. Retrieved 2008-07-04.com. . navarre. html) (Press release). 2007-06-08. accessmylibrary. [7] "Navarre Completes Funimation Acquisition" (http:/ / www. html service on UHF signals . pdf). com/ econdev/ articles/ FUNimationEntertainmentscriptsHQmove.D. Another short-term service was the syndication of a FUNimation Channel block to one of OlympuSAT's affiliate networks – Colours TV [16]. GLOBE NEWSWIRE. . html). com/ news/ 2008-07-04/ funimation-picks-up-over-30-former-ad-vision-titles) (Press release). it was available to a few cities via UHF digital signals. Retrieved 2006-07-08. animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2008-07-03. . animenewsnetwork. Funimation created an official channel on YouTube where they upload advertisements for box sets. [6] "Navarre Corporation Acquires Funimation. and The Galaxy Railways. Gunslinger Girl. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 2008-02-08. [10] "FUNimation Entertainment and Geneon Entertainment Sign Exclusive Distribution Agreement for North America" (http:/ / funimation. 2006. php?id=7979). fiber optics and DBS systems. Funimation added a video section to their main website with preview episodes of various series.[18] Three titles were part of the launch. Retrieved 2008-02-08. zhtml?c=105157& p=irol-newsArticle& ID=709018& highlight=) (Press release). . co. ICv2. 2005-05-12. they began distributing full episodes of series at Hulu. 04/08/2011. Fort-Worth Star Telegram. [8] "FUNimation Entertainment scripts HQ move" (http:/ / www. com/ navarres-funimation-entertainment-announces-launch-funimation-channel-seattle_article_85177. ICv2. [15] http:/ / www. [4] Wethe. animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2008-02-08. icv2. 2005-05-11. David (2007-06-07). Dallas Business Journal. 2011-04-04. they began distributing full episodes of series at Veoh. usc. . icv2. [3] "Navarre Sells Anime Studio FUNimation" (http:/ / asiapacificarts. Alternative distribution In July 2008. [5] "Interview with Gen Fukunaga. Part 1" (http:/ / www. and DBS systems. html). In April 2009. tradershuddle. [11] "Funimation Picks Up Over 30 Former AD Vision Titles" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2011-04-04. fiber optics. Retrieved 2007-06-07.[20] [21] Full episodes are also available on the YouTube channel as well as on the PlayStation Network (PSN) Video Store and Xbox Live/Zune Marketplace. References [1] http:/ / www. uk/ news/ 2011-10-14/ funimation-niconico-to-jointly-license-anime [13] "Funimation Enforces Intellectual Property Rights (ANN)" (http:/ / www.[19] In December of the same year. . com [2] "Navarre Corporation Announces Sale Of FUNimation Entertainment" (http:/ / www. When the channel first launched. com/ article. Retrieved 2008-06-20. Since its launch in September 2005.[17] Both services were discontinued in favor for a more successful expansion on digital cable.[15] The service was temporary as the channel was trying to gain a foothold in the already crowded digital cable landscape. com/ article. [12] http:/ / www. the second 24 hour anime digital cable network in North America (the first being A. as well as clips and preview episodes of their licensed series. ICv2. funimation. . com/ articles/ news/ 6866. icv2. animenewsnetwork.Funimation Entertainment 61 Funimation Channel Funimation Entertainment with OlympuSAT launched the FUNimation Channel. . with entire seasons of each made available. Retrieved 2006-10-14. com/ news/ 2008-09-23/ hulu-website-launches-channel-for-free-legal-anime) [20] Rojas (2009-04-01). org/ [17] http:/ / www.com Launches Channel for Free.funimation. animenewsnetwork. The Funimation Update.com) • Funimation Entertainment (http://www.com/) • Funimation Films (http://www. .funimationfilms. . tv-the-new-mobile-video-on-demand-service-from-red-planet-media). Funimation Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-04-04. funimation. html syndicated block [18] "Full Seasons of the Best Anime from FUNimation Channel Launch on JumpInMobile.php?id=6515) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia . ANN News. animenewsnetwork. com/ press-release/ 2008-07-09/ full-seasons-of-the-best-anime-from-funimation-channel-launch-on-jumpinmobile. 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2009-04-04. . colourstv. [19] Hulu.com/) • Funimation Channel (http://www.com/encyclopedia/company. com/ 2009/ 04/ legal-anime-watching-on-veohcom/ ). 2009-04-02.com" (http:/ / blog. External links • Funimation (http://www.animenewsnetwork. Anime News Network. "Legal Anime Watching on Veoh. com/ news/ technology/ 648247/ navarres_funimation_entertainment_doubles_anime_programming_for_syndicated_anime_block/ index.TV – The New Mobile Video-on-Demand Service from Red Planet Media" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-07-09. animenewsnetwork. redorbit.Funimation Entertainment 62 [16] http:/ / www.funimationchannel. Anime News Network. [21] "Funimation Adds More Anime to Veoh Video Website" (http:/ / www. Legal Anime Streams (Update 2) (http:/ / www. com/ news/ 2009-04-02/ funimation-adds-anime-to-veoh-streaming-site). . a shōjo manga magazine titled as Hana to Yume (花とゆめ) and in November that year. In July 1976. musical and their animated TV series. Hakusensha's headquarters at their present they published their second manga magazine. they moved from Tōkyō-to. 1973 Headquarters 〒101-0063 Chiyoda. other type of books and drama CDs Employees [1] 91 (January 2009) Website [2] Hakusensha. Josei. Seinen. Inc. a shōjo manga magazine location. About History Hakusensha was founded on December 1. but is now a separate company although still a part of the Hitotsubashi Group together with Shueisha and Shogakukan as one of the major members of the keiretsu. the firm published their first magazine. Yaoi.Hakusensha 63 Hakusensha Hakusensha. In April 1977. the firm changed the frequency of their magazine from monthly to semi-monthly and in March. production Genre Shōnen. they created their first imprint. manga. light novels. 1973 by Shueisha. Hana to Yume Comics (花とゆめコミックス). named Hana to Yume LaLa (花とゆめ LaLa) as a sister magazine to Hana to Yume that is published bi-monthly. picture books. Shōjo. they began publishing a seasonal magazine titled Bessatsu Hana to Yume (別冊花とゆめ). Then in year 1975. original video animation. Kanda-Jinbōchō Ichi-chōme (東京都千代田区神田神保町1丁目) to Kanda-Jinbōchō San-chōme (神田神保町3丁目). Chiyoda-ku.[1] The company mainly publishes manga magazines of various genres and is involved in certain series' productions in their games. It is headquartered in Chiyoda. Tokyo Kanda-Awajichō 2-2-2 Area served Japan Key people Sei Aoki Norikazu Sakaguchi (formerly) Products Magazines. Inc. (株式会社白泉社 Kabushiki-gaisha Hakusensha) is a Japanese publishing company. After setting up the company for 5 months. 株式会社白泉社 Type Kabushiki kaisha Industry Publishing. they set up a publication editing department and in July. Tokyo. Yuri Founded December 1. they published Melody which publishes on odd-numbered months. In May that year when Moe was published. In September. Along with that. The company also began selling their drama CDs under Hakusensha CD Collection (白泉社CDコレクション) or abbreviated as HCD. In March 1994. In March 1989. specialising under the josei genre. they moved again from Kanda-Jinbōchō San-chōme (神田神保町3丁目) to Nishi-Kanda San-chōme (西神田3丁目) and in September. In January 1996. Moreover. On the same month. 3 years after Animal House. TV animation and original video animation. they created another imprint. they are also involved in the productions of games. In May 2005. they published a new magazine. 2008. theatrical movies. radio shows. Series under the company can be read through mobile phones in Japan using the following service portals. Shōsetsu HanaMaru (小説花丸) which is targeted towards the josei readers. the company released their series in Shōnen Jets under a new imprint. 2 years later on April. Hakusensha e-Comics (白泉社e-コミックス) and Hakusensha HanaMaru Bunko (白泉社花丸文庫). they created another imprint. Bessatsu Hana to Yume was changed to a monthly publication. Silky that is published bi-monthly on even-numbered months. Hakusensha e-Comics was started in September 2005 and is operated by both Hakusensha and CharaWeb. Le Paradis.Hakusensha 64 In March 1981. In July that year. they moved from Nishi-Kanda San-chōme (西神田3丁目) to Kanda-Awajichō Ni-chōme・Hakusensha Biru (神田淡路町2丁目・白泉社ビル).[6] [7] Source: . Jets Comics (ジェッツコミックス) in July 1982. they created another imprint for Shōsetsu HanaMaru (小説花丸). a magazine targeted at readers of yaoi genre started its publication on May 2008. Hana to Yume Series (花とゆめシリーズ). a manga anthology published triannually will publish its first issue on October 29. their present location. 3 years later on August. in December 1995. a monthly magazine for picture books targeted towards shōjo readers. they started publishing another magazine that was published seasonally. they created an imprint for Silky's series to be published under Ladies' Comics (レディースコミックス). TV drama. they branch out from their usual shōjo manga magazines to a shōnen genre by publishing Shōnen Jets (少年ジェッツ). LaLa Series (LaLaシリーズ). But as of January 2009. they published LaLa DX with a frequency of bi-monthly on odd-numbered months. Their latest publication. In June 2001.[3] [4] [5] Source: Media Mix Besides publishing. With that.[6] This service is available in two variations and customers will have to pay 315 yen and 512 yen respectively to access this service every month. they published Candy but as of January 2009. Moreover. This imprint are for publishing manga in the bunkoban format. In July 2006. they started publishing a seinen manga magazine called Animal House. they published Moe. HanaMaru Black (花丸BLACK). they changed their special publication of Young Animal Arashi into a monthly publication. Hakusensha Bunko (白泉社文庫). Animal House was renamed to Young Animal and was then published semi-monthly since. Bessatsu Hana to Yume Series (別冊花とゆめシリーズ). musicals. the magazine is now defunct but the imprint is still used to publish their seinen manga series serializing in Young Animal and Young Animal Arashi as well as certain series serializing in Melody. the company also release drama CDs of series under their magazines which are. the magazine has been discontinued. Young Animal Series (ヤングアニマルシリーズ) and HanaMaru Series (花丸シリーズ). HanaMaru Bunko (花丸文庫).HanaMaru Comics (花丸コミックス). Square Enix. Shogakukan. Bandai Visual and Futabasha will provide nearly 100 titles of manga to supply the service in PlayStation Store. such as Kodansha. This service is only available for Japanese PlayStation Portable consoles and will start in December 2009. • Hana to Yume Comics • Jets Comics • Hakusensha Ladies Comics • HanaMaru Comics • Hakusensha Bunko • HanaMaru Bunko • HanaMaru Novels • HanaMaru Black [11] Source: . Shueisha. together with 11 other publishing companies in Japan. Hakusensha has yet to be provide details of the supplied titles for the service. [8] [9] Sources: Publications Manga magazines • Hana to Yume • Bessatsu Hana to Yume • The Hana to Yume • LaLa • LaLa DX • Shōnen Jets (defunct) • Melody • Silky • Young Animal • Young Animal Arashi • HanaMaru Black • Le Paradis [5] [10] Source: Other publications • Shōsetsu HanaMaru • Moe [5] [10] Source: Imprints Hakusensha publishes their books and manga under these imprints.Hakusensha 65 Sony PlayStation Portable manga distribution service It was announced in the press conference in the 2009 Tokyo Game Show that Hakusensha. publishers associated with Kadokawa Shoten. jp/ corporate/ books. 子安武人. Hakusensha. [6] "携帯コミック配信サイト｢白泉社e-コミックス｣をオープン" (http:/ / plusd. Retrieved 2009-09-25. hakusensha. Amazon. html) (in Japanese). html) (in Japanese). [8] "Japan's Sony PSP Manga Distribution Service Detailed" (http:/ / www. .co. html) (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-05-04. Retrieved 2009-05-04. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2009-05-05. . Amazon. Retrieved 2009-10-02. co. . Retrieved 2009-05-05. scei. [2] http:/ / www. The radio show was compiled into 2 CDs and is sold under Hakusensha's drama CD imprint. jp/ corporate/ profile. Hakusensha. otherwise known as HCD. co. LaLa Manga Grand Prix. Hakusensha Athena Newcomers' Awards).co. These contests or awards are Hakusensha Athena Shinjin Taishō (白泉社アテナ新人大賞. co. The radio show has ended in March 2002. Retrieved 2009-10-02. 私市淳: 音楽" (http:/ / www. Anime News Network. co. . Hakusensha.jp. amazon. Hakusensha CD Collection. jp/ mangaprize) (in Japanese). animenewsnetwork. Takehito Koyasu and Atsushi Kisaichi called Koyasu☆Kisaichi no HanaYume Check ni LaLa Shimasho (子安☆私市の花ゆめチックにLaLaしましょ) that was broadcasted by Nippon Cultural Broadcasting. [5] "白泉社 会社案内 – History" (http:/ / www. LaLa Mangaka Scout Course otherwise known as LMS. Retrieved 2009-05-04. jp/ corporate/ index.co. ITMedia Inc. [10] "白泉社 会社案内 –Magazines" (http:/ / www. hakusensha. html) (in Japanese). hakusensha. abbreviated as BC. . hakusensha. [12] "白泉社 投稿作品募集中!!" (http:/ / www.jp: 花ゆめチックにLaLaしましょ: ドラマ. Hana to Yume Mangaka Course or else abbreviated as HMC. hakusensha. Comic Natalie. [11] "白泉社 会社案内 – Books" (http:/ / www. . [7] "白泉社 会社案内 – Media Mix" (http:/ / www. jp/ corporate/ history. Retrieved 2009-09-25. jp/ corporate/ release/ 090924i. itmedia. . co. [4] "新しい恋愛アンソロ｢楽園｣、執筆陣がエクスペリメンタル" (http:/ / natalie. [9] "PSP｢プレイステーション・ポータブル｣向けコミックコンテンツ配信 PlayStationStoreにて2009年12月開始 配信開始時より国内主要出版社11社によるタイトルラインアップを提供" (http:/ / www. hakusensha.Hakusensha 66 Awards Hakusensha organizes contests to offer aspiring manga artist a professional debut as well to be affiliated with their magazines. . co. 子安武人. [13] "Amazon. co. Hakusensha. html) (in Japanese). . co. . html) (in Japanese). animenewsnetwork.co.jp: HCD 子安☆私市の花ゆめチックにLaLaしましょII: ラジオ・サントラ. Hakusensha. jp/ dp/ B00005NS3C/ ) (in Japanese). . html [3] "Hakusensha to Launch Rakuen Anthology in October" (http:/ / www.. Retrieved 2009-05-04. abbreviated as LMG and Big Challenge Awards. jp/ mobile/ articles/ 0509/ 08/ news098.[13] [14] References [1] "白泉社 会社案 – Profile" (http:/ / www. jp/ corporate/ media_mix.jp. co. html) (in Japanese). amazon.. . jp/ dp/ B000063L1J/ ) (in Japanese). hakusensha. Retrieved 2009-05-04. [14] "Amazon. . Retrieved 2009-05-05. com/ news/ 2009-09-24/ japan-sony-psp-manga-distribution-service-detailed). Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. com/ news/ 2009-09-15/ hakusensha-to-launch-rakuen-anthology-in-october). Hakusensha. 私市淳: 音楽" (http:/ / www. [12] Source: Radio show There was previously a radio show hosted by voice actor. jp/ corporate/ magazines. co. mu/ comic/ news/ show/ id/ 21183) (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-05-04. . co. [2] Their American publishing house. a daily tabloid. In the 2003 financial year. and Weekly Shonen Magazine.[1] As of 2010 the Noma family—relatives of the founder—continues to own Kodansha. has done relatively better. Afternoon. The company has its headquarters in Bunkyō. The hall was demolished in November 2007. which manages subsidiary companies such as King Records and Kobunsha. Tokyo. which has run in its current form since 1977 (and since 1960 under other names).Hakusensha 67 External links • Official Website (http://www. History The head office of Kodansha Seiji Noma (Noma Seiji) founded Kodansha in 1909 as a spinoff of the Dai-Nippon Yūbenkai (Greater Japan Oratorical Society) and produced the literary magazine Yūben as its first publication. Kodansha at its peak led Shogakukan by over ¥50 billion in revenue. The company announced that it was closing its English-language publishing house.jp/corporate/index. and publishes Nikkan Gendai. as well as more literary magazines such as Gunzō. produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi. and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten.co. as compared to ¥150 billion for Shogakukan. however. and replaced with a dōjō in a new building nearby. a now defunct magazine published by the company) originated in 1911 when the publisher formally merged with the Dai-Nippon Yūbenkai. Shogakukan. Kodansha had revenues of ¥167 billion. The company has used its current legal name since 1958. will still be open.) Kodansha sponsors the prestigious Kodansha Manga Award. Evening.hakusensha. It also has close ties with The Walt Disney Company. Kodansha's headquarters in Tokyo once housed Noma Dōjō. a kendo practice-hall established by Seiji Noma in 1925. The largest publisher in Japan.com/#!/hakusensha) (Japanese) Kodansha Kodansha Limited (株式会社講談社 Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha). Shūkan Gendai.co. It uses the motto Omoshirokute tame ni naru ("To be interesting and beneficial"). The name Kodansha (taken from "Kōdan Club". .jp) (Japanese) • Corporate Website (http://www. at the end of April 2011. Kodansha International. Revenues dropped due to the 2002 recession in Japan and an accompanying downturn in the publishing industry: the company posted a loss in the 2002 financial year for the first time since the end of the World War II. Kodansha once had an annual revenue of more than ¥200 billion. Kodansha Limited owns the Otowa Group.html) (Japanese) • Official Twitter of Hakusensha (http://twitter. (The second-largest publisher. Kodansha Comics USA. and officially sponsors Tokyo Disneyland.hakusensha. the largest Japanese publisher. " Kodansha International to close doors (http:/ / search. html) External links • Kodansha Official Japanese website (http://www. Japan Times. 1994 (http:/ / www.jp/) (Japanese) • Kodansha Official English Website (http://www. xrea. japantimes. co. 4 March 2011. 1.jp/english/index. Japan" [2] Kamiya. html [4] Japan Foundation Special Prize. Honors • Japan Foundation: Japan Foundation Special Prize. Bunkyo-ku.kodansha. Tokyo 112-8001. co. and is believed to hold around 20% of the TBS Group's stock. 2011. "Address: 12-21. jp/ english/ company/ company. NHK sued Kodansha in the Tokyo District Court. Retrieved on April 5. [3] http:/ / engei. and Kodansha published a companion-magazine to the NHK children's show Okāsan to Issho. It also holds shares in Nippon Cultural Broadcasting. and to pay no damages. com/ gendai1/ 0001.html) • Kodansha USA Official Website (http://www. In the recent takeover-war for Nippon Broadcasting System between Livedoor and Fuji TV. jp/ cgi-bin/ nn20110304a1.com/) • Kodansha Comics USA Official Website (http://www. monthly literary magazine References [1] " Company Overview (http:/ / www. Otowa 2-chome. p. Kodansha appealed the decision.kodanshausa. s17.[3] Gendai's sister magazine Shūkan Gendai nonetheless published an article which probed further into the staged-footage controversy which has dogged NHK.Kodansha 68 Relationships with other organizations The Kodansha company holds ownership in various broadcasters in Japan. which ordered Kodansha to publish a retraction and to pay ¥4 million in damages. and reached a settlement where it had to issue only a partial retraction.co. Kodansha has a somewhat complicated relationship with NHK. jpf. The two companies often clash editorially." Kodansha.co.com) . html). Animation such as Cardcaptor Sakura aired in NHK's Eisei Anime Gekijō time-slot. Kodansha supported Fuji TV by selling its stock to Fuji TV. The October 2000 issue of Gendai accused NHK of staging footage used in a news report in 1997 on dynamite fishing in Indonesia. 1994. go. Many of the manga and novels published by Kodansha have spawned anime adaptations.kodansha. html)". Japan's public broadcaster. kodansha.[4] Publications • Gunzo. Setsuko and Mizuho Aoki. along with Kobunsha. jp/ e/ about/ award/ index.kodanshacomics. however. Shogakukan in the United States Shogakukan. shogakukan. one of the largest publishing groups in Japan. Shogakukan founded Shueisha which founded Hakusensha.Shogakukan 69 Shogakukan Shogakukan Inc 株式会社 小学館 Type Kabushiki gaisha Industry Publishing Founded August 8. educational books. Shogakukan's licensing arm in North America was ShoPro Entertainment. In March 2010 it was announced that Shogakukan would partner with the American comics publisher Fantagraphics to issue a line of manga to be edited by Matt Thorn. other books Employees 792(as of June 15. but are together called the Hitotsubashi Group. literature. Chiyoda. manga. along with Shueisha. reference books. 2010) Website http:/ / www. owns Viz Media. manga. it was merged into Viz Media in 2005. Chiyoda-ku Hitotsubashi 2-3-1 Area served Japan Key people Masahiro Ōga (president) Products Magazines. Tokyo. jp Shogakukan (小学館 Shōgakukan) is a Japanese publisher of dictionaries. (now Shogakukan Shueisha Productions). Shogakukan is located in the Shogakukan Building in Hitotsubashi. picture books.[2] . and other media in Japan. co. light novels. Shogakukan's production arm is Shogakukan Productions Co.. non-fiction. DVDs.[1] and the other two companies are located in the same ward. These are three separate companies. which publishes manga from both companies in the United States. 1922 Headquarters 〒101-8001 Tokyo-to.Ltd. Shogakukan 70 List of magazines published by Shogakukan Manga magazines Male oriented manga magazines Children's manga magazines • CoroCoro Comic • Bessatsu CoroCoro Comic • CoroCoro Ichiban! Shōnen manga magazines • Shōnen Sunday • Bessatsu Shōnen Sunday (discontinued) • Shōnen Sunday Super • Monthly Shōnen Sunday Seinen manga magazines • Big Comic • Big Comic Business • Big Comic Original • Big Comic Spirits • Monthly Big Comic Spirits • Big Comic Special • Big Comic Superior • IKKI • Monthly Sunday Gene-X • Weekly Young Sunday(discontinued) Female oriented manga magazines Shōjo manga magazines • Betsucomi • Cheese! • ChuChu • Ciao • Pochette • Shōjo Comic . Shogakukan 71 Josei manga magazines • flowers • Judy • Petit Comic Fashion magazines • CanCam List of manga published by Shogakukan • 7 Seeds • A Cruel God Reigns • Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! • Dengeki Daisy • Detective Conan • Doraemon • Duel Masters • Esper Mami • H3 School! (Happy Hustle High) • Happy! • Hayate the Combat Butler • In the Bathroom • InuYasha • Law of Ueki • Law of Ueki Plus • Kami nomi zo Shiru Sekai • Kare First Love • Kaze to Ki no Uta • Kekkaishi • Kikaider • Kimi no Tonari de Seishunchuu • Kiteretsu Daihyakka • Konjiki no Gash Bell! (Zatch Bell!) • Maison Ikkoku • MÄR • Midori no Hibi (Midori Days) • Mobile Police Patlabor • Monster • O~i! Ryōma • Pluto • Pocket Monsters • Pocket Monster • Pocket Monsters SPECIAL (Pokémon Adventures) • Den-Geki! Pikachu (Pokémon: The Electric Tale of Pikachu) • Pocket Monsters PiPiPi ★ Adventures (Magical Pokémon Journey) • Pokémon Fushigi no Danjon Ginji no Kyūjotai (Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Ginji's Rescue Team) • Prefectural Earth Defense Force . 2010). Journalista!. (http://www. tcj. New Manga Awards Shogakukan has awards for amateur manga artist who want to become professional.jp/) (Japanese) • Shogakukan Productions Co. php?id=1017) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia . "Journalista reputation-destroying extra: Four years’ work" (http:/ / www. html).animenewsnetwork. Dirk (March 8. shogakukan.com/encyclopedia/company.shogakukan. com/ manga/ journalista-reputation-destroying-extra-four-years-work). [2] Deppey." Shogakukan. Ltd. Retrieved on October 1. The Comics Journal.shogakukan. . 2009. It allows people to either send in their manga by mail or bring it in to an editor. External links • Shogakukan website (http://www. jp/ main/ company/ location. Retrieved 8 March 2010. co.co.co.Shogakukan 72 • RahXephon • Ranma ½ • Rekka no Honō (Flame of Recca) • Revolutionary Girl Utena • Rockman EXE (MegaMan NT Warrior) • Saikano • Selfish Fairy Mirumo de Pon (Mirmo Zibang!) • Sonic the Hedgehog • Sora wa Akai Kawa no Hotori (Red River) • SP: Security Police • Spriggan • Super Mario-Kun • Cirque du Freak • Togari • Urusei Yatsura • Yaiba • Yakitate!! Japan References [1] " 所在地 (http:/ / www.jp/english/) • Shogakukan website (http://www.. Shueisha became a separate. Type Kabushiki kaisha Industry Publishing Founded 1925 (founded) 1949 (formed) Headquarters 〒101-8050 Chiyoda. Non-no. Magazines published by Shueisha include Weekly Shōnen Jump. own Viz Media. Ltd. The company was founded in 1925 as the entertainment-related publishing division of Japanese publisher Shogakukan. which publishes manga from both companies in the United States.Shueisha 73 Shueisha Shueisha Inc. educational books. Weekly Young Jump. light novels.") is a major publisher in Japan. along with Shogakukan and Hakusensha. Tokyo. independent company. It is headquartered in Chiyoda. reference books. "Shueisha Publishing Co.jp Shueisha Inc. The following year. Shueisha-Shogakukan Productions Subsidiaries Home-sha Website [1] shueisha. and Ultra Jump.co.. 337 women) (as of July 2009) Divisions Viz Media. Tokyo Hitotsubashi 2-5-10 Area served Japan Key people Hideki Yamashita (president) Products Magazines. manga.[2] . lit. picture books. Shueisha. other books Employees 812 (475 men. (株式会社集英社 Kabushiki Kaisha Shūeisha. Shueisha was created by major publishing company Shogakukan (founded in 1922). Deluxe Margaret began publication in 1967 and the additional Maragret Comics and Ribon Comics lines. In 1955.[5] In 1966. Many other books were published including Hirosuke Yōnen Dōwa Bungaku Zenshū. two novels titled Danshi Ehon. A novel entitled Ukiyoe Hanga was released complete in 7 volumes and the picture book Sekai 100 Nin no Monogatari Zenshū was released in the usual 12. another male edition of Shōjo Book was released after Omoshiro Book ceased publication. which became an instant best-seller. The Hitotsubashi building of Shueisha became completely independent in 1952. a female version was published in 1951: Shōjo Book which featured manga aimed at adolescent girls. Omoshiro Book was made into a magazine with all the contents of the former line. the success of Shōjo Book led to the publication of currently running Ribon. In the 1960s. In the 1930s another novel called Tantei-ki Dan was launched and Gendai Yūmoa Zenshū was completed in 24 volumes. Hatachi no Sekkei. a special edition of the magazine was published under the title "Hinomaru". A compilation of many Omoshiro Book series was released as Shōnen-Shōjo Nippon Rekishi Zenshū complete in 12 volumes. Dōdō Taru Jinsei. In 1928. In September 1949.[3] After World War II. a compilation of the author's works. Gendai Yūmoa Zenshū continued 12 volumes. period. Compact Books was made and a line of manga called Televi. Kanshi Taikei was released in 24 volumes plus a reprint. The novel Joshi Yōchien Kobato began publication in 1958. Shinjin Nama Gekijō. In that year.Books ("Televi": short for "Television"). a special issue of Myōjō entitled Weekly Myōjō was released. Shueisha published a female version of Myōjō entitled Josei Myōjō and many more novels. In 1962. Another manga magazine was made entitled Young Music. The preceding year of 1933 was used to repair the Shueisha building in Hitotsubashi and moved down three addresses. some issues being Joshi Shinjidai ei Shūji Chō and Shinjidai ei Shūji Chō (新時代英習字帳). In 1964. another spin-off issue of Myōjō was released called Bessatsu Weekly Myōjō. Shueisha was hired to edit Gendai Yūmoa Zenshū (現代ユーモア全集). which became a huge hit among boys and girls in that Shueisha Jimbocho Building in Chiyoda. Shueisha continues to publish many novels. Seishun to Dokusho and Shōsetsu Junia. Danshi Yōchien and Joshi Yōchien. The first magazine published by Shueisha was Akaru ku Tanoshi i Shōnen-Shōjo Zasshi. Omoshiro Book published a picture book called Shōnen Ōja. Shueisha began publication of Weekly Playboy. In 1968 . The series of Omoshiro Book were published in bunkoban editions under the Omoshiro Manga Bunko line. A novel called Nihonbon Gaku Zenshū spawned a great 88 volumes.Shueisha 74 History In 1925. Shueisha started publishing a manga line called Omoshiro Book. The first full volume of Shōnen Ōja was released as Shōnen Japan Ōja Oitachi Hen. In 1951. Shueisha began publication of the widely successful Margaret with the additional off-shoot Bessatsu Margaret. On November 23. In addition to Omoshiro Book. and Joshi Ehon were created. Also in that year a line of novels. and Gaikoku Karakita Shingo Jiten. Shōnen Book was made and additionally Shōjo Book series were released in bunkoban editions under the Shōjo Manga Bunko imprint. In 1963. A novel called Jinjō Shōgaku Ichinen Josei (尋常小學一年女生) became the first novel published by Shueisha in collaboration with Shogakukan—the temporary home of Shueisha. In 1927. Omoshiro Book ceased publication and Myōjō began publication as a monthly magazine. two more magazines were made Cobalt and the Shōnen Book off-shoot Bessatsu Shōnen Book. In 1950.[4] A novel called Yoiko Yōchien was published and Omoshiro Book was replaced with another children's manga magazine called Yōnen Book. In 1931 two more novels were launched. In 1965. Tokyo. Several other novels were published. Later in that year Margaret launched the Seventeen magazine as a Japanese version of the English. In that year Shōnen Jump became a weekly anthology and correctly changed its title to Weekly Shōnen Jump."[7] Magazines Magazine Defunct? Medium Omoshiro Book (おもしろブック) Yes Shōnen and Shōjo manga Hinomaru (よいこのとも) Yes Shōnen and Shōjo manga Shōjo Book (少女ブック) Yes Shōjo manga Myōjō (明星) No Popular culture and music Yōnen Book (幼年ブック) Yes Children manga Ribon (りぼん) No Shōjo manga Weekly Myōjō (週刊明星) Yes Popular culture and music Shōnen Book (少年ブック) Yes Shōnen manga Bessatsu Myōjō (別冊週刊明星) Yes Popular culture and music Josei Myōjō (女性明星) Yes Women's fashion Margaret (マーガレット) No Shōjo manga Bessatsu Margaret (別冊マーガレット) Yes Shōjo manga Bessatsu Shōnen Book (別冊少年ブック) Yes Shōnen manga Weekly Playboy (週刊プレイボーイ) No Men's and Seinen manga Shōsetsu Junai (小説ジュニア) Yes Novels Nihonban Gaku Zenshū (日本文学全集) Yes Seishun to Dokusho (青春と読書) No Graphics and art Young Music (ヤングミュージック) Yes Music Deluxe Maragret (デラックス マーガレット) Yes Bessatsu Young Sense (明星ヤングセンス) Yes Weekly Seventeen (週刊セブンティーン) Yes Joker (ジョーカー) Yes Guts (guts) Yes . Also Saison de Non-no began its launch.[6] Shueisha announced that in the summer of 2011. Shōnen Jump was created in the same year as a semi-weekly magazine. In 1974 Weekly Shōnen Jump launched Akamaru Jump and Monthly Shōnen Jump was launched to follow after Bessatsu Shōnen Jump end. In 1969 the magazine Joker began publication along with guts. it will launch a new manga magazine titled "Miracle Jump. In 1972 Roadshow began publication and The Rose of Versailles begins in the Margaret Comics line gaining massive popularity. Another children's manga magazine was created in that year called Junior Comic and another Ribon spin-off called Ribon Comic. In 1973 the Playgirl magazine began publication and the novel series Zenshaku Kanbun Taikei spawning a huge 33 volumes. Bessatsu Shōnen Jump. Following up to the end of Shōnen Book a spin-off of Weekly Shōnen Jump started at the same time as it became weekly. The magazine Bessatsu Seventeen began publication. The novel series Gendai Nippon Bijutsu Zenshū spawned 18 volumes and became a huge seller. The 1970s started with the launch of the novel magazine Subaru and in 1971 the Non-no magazine began publication and the Ocean life magazine.Shueisha 75 the magazine Hoshi Young Sense began publication as spin-off to the short-lived Young Sense. Shueisha 76 Weekly Shōnen Jump (週刊少年ジャンプ) No Bessatsu Shōnen Jump (別冊少年ジャンプ) Yes Subaru (すばる) No Non-no (ノン－ノ) No Ocean life (オーシャンライフ) Yes Roadshow (ロードショー) No Monthly Seventeen (月刊セブンティーン) Yes Play Girl (プレイガール) Yes Monthly Shōnen Jump (月刊少年ジャンプ) Yes Saison de Non-no (SAISON de non・no) Yes Weekly Maragaret (週刊マーガレット) Yes Playboy (プレイボーイ)' No More (MORE) No Bessatsu Hair Catalog (明星ヘアカタログ) Yes Bouquet (ぶ～け) Yes Weekly Young Jump (週刊ヤングジャンプ) No Cosmopolitan (コスモポリタン) No Ribon Original (りぼんオリジナル) No You (ユー) No Cobalt (COBALT) No Non-no More Books (non・no MORE BOOKS) No Lee (リー) No Sumuappu (サムアップ) Yes Dunk (DUNK) Yes Office You (OFFICE YOU) No Business Jump (ビジネスジャンプ) No Men's Non-no (メンズノンノ) No Young You (ヤングユー) Yes Jōhō Chishiki Imidas (情報・知識 imidas) Yes Shōsetsu Subaru (小説すばる) No Monthly Bees Club (月刊ベアーズクラブ) Yes Monthly Tiara (月刊ティアラ) Yes Super Jump (スーパージャンプ) No Spur (SPUR) No Bart (バート) Yes Tanto (TANTO) Yes V Jump (Vジャンプ) No Fresh Jump (フレッシュジャンプ) Yes Chorus (コーラス) No . (ジャンプSQ. The first series was Chibi Maruko-chan from the shōjo manga anthology Ribon. Shueisha Original has only featured two series which both have run in the magazine for a long time. The select series in the magazine has chapters from roughly 3 volumes in every issue. .) No Shōnen manga Shueisha Kanzenban magazines The major publisher Shueisha has published many Kanzenban magazines.[9] Shueisha Original Shueisha Original (集英社オリジナル Shūeisha Orijinaru) is a multi-demographic manga magazine published by Shueisha.Shueisha 77 All Natural (モア・ナチュラル) Yes Manga Allman (マンガ・オールマン) Yes Tepee (Tepee) Yes Telekids (テレキッズ) Yes Maple (メイプル) Yes Shueisha Shinsho (集英社新書) No Ultra Jump (ウルトラジャンプ) No Cookie (クッキー) No Baila (BAILA) No Sportiva (スポルティーバ) No Maquia (MAQUIA) No Pinky (PINKY) No Yomu Ningen Dock Kenkō Hyakka (読む人間ドック 健康百科) Yes Uomo (UOMO) No Monthly Young Jump (月刊ヤングジャンプ) No Seinen manga Jump SQ. The magazine features an individual Kanzenban of a classic Shueisha manga series. unlike normal manga magazines which have a variety of series.[9] The magazine currently serializes the samurai-based Nobunaga no Kyodai Tetsu Fune: Sengoku no Umi o Seisu every month. Kanzenban magazines consist of one series being published in the magazine for roughly a year and then another and so on. Rokudenashi Blues by Masanori Morita which ran in Weekly Shōnen Jump started on March 2008 and is still currently running in Shueisha Original. Monthly Comic Tokumori Monthly Comic Tokumori (月刊コミック特盛 Gekkan Kommiku Tokumori) is a seinen Kanzenban magazine[8] published by Shueisha's subsidiary Home-sha. Chibi Maruko-chan ran in the magazine from August 2007 to January 2008. Each issue is a continuation of the last Kanzenban. jp/ history/ history2. Shueisha. co. [6] "集英社 小史｜成長期" (http:/ / www. . aspx). [9] "月刊コミック特盛" (http:/ / www. jp/ home-sha/ manga/ tokumori/ ). 05/06/2011. html?key=detail& zashimei=tokumori& janru=menc). Shueisha Remix magazines are split into four lines: Shueisha Jump Remix. edu/ article@apa?manga_powerhouse_shuseisha_announces_new_magazine_16705. [3] "集英社 小史｜草創期" (http:/ / www. co.co. Shueisha. shueisha. usc.shueisha. Retrieved 2008-11-26. . co. jp/ CGI/ magazine/ rack.jp/) (Japanese) . shueisha. Shueisha. shueisha. . Shueisha. Retrieved on October 1. co. jp/ [2] " 会社案内 (http:/ / www. co. shueisha. jp/ history/ history3. . [8] "月刊コミック特盛" (http:/ / www. jp/ history/ history1. shueisha. . co. Shueisha Girls Remix. shueisha. html). Retrieved 2008-08-12. Retrieved 2008-11-26. . Shueisha Home Remix and Shueisha International Remix. shueisha. html). External links • Official Shueisha website (http://www." Shueisha.Shueisha 78 Shueisha Remix Shueisha Remix (集英社リミックス Shūeisha Rimikkusu) is a one of many Kanzenban magazines published by Shueisha. [5] "集英社 小史｜成長期" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-12-25. References [1] http:/ / www. jp/ company_info/ ). co. [7] "Manga powerhouse Shueisha announces new magazine" (http:/ / asiapacificarts. cgi/ magazine/ tokumori. Shueisha. html). . Asia Pacific Arts. shueisha. Shueisha. html). Retrieved 2008-12-25. jp/ history/ history4. 2009. co. [4] "集英社 小史｜草創期" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-12-12. original English-language manga Fate Active (Germany publishing division only) Founded Los Angeles. United States (1997) Founder(s) Stuart J. licensor.[5] Company president Stu Levy posted a farewell letter[6] on the American Tokyopop website. graphic novels.[8] Tokyopop's official twitter account has recently stated that its "ultimate goal is to start publishing manga again". Japan (previously) Key people Stuart J. California. Tokyopop's defunct US publishing division previously published works in English and Japanese. Publisher Revenue [2] $35 million (2003) Parent Mixx Entertainment Website [3] German division: tokyopop. Levy. The Variety Building.de Tokyopop. Levy Defunct 2011 (US publishing division) Headquarters Los Angeles. CEO.[9] .[4] and branches in the United Kingdom and Germany. Tokyopop products are available internationally. 2011. manhwa. General Counsel & Vice President. California. Tokyopop formerly had its US headquarters in the Variety Building in Los Angeles. styled TOKYOPOP. United States. is a distributor. On April 15.Tokyopop 79 Tokyopop Tokyopop Former type Private Industry Publication Genre Manga. and publisher of anime. the location of the however. this site was redirected to the Tokyopop Facebook page[7] Tokyopop headquarters beginning in May. and formerly known as Mixx. 2011. the German branch of the company would continue to publish for the international market. manga. 2011 the ComicsBeat website announced that US publishing operations at Tokyopop would be shutting down on May 31. as well as original German-language manga. Vice President of Inventory Control Bill Josey. Japanese light novels. Business and Legal Affairs [1] Mike Kiley. The existing German publishing division produces German translations of licensed Japanese properties and original English-language manga. With this Stu Levy implies that they might restart publishing manga. United States Number of locations 2 Area served Germany (active). President & COO Victor Chin. & CCO John Parker. California. Founder. and Western manga-style works. which permitted Tokyopop to undercut other companies. The agreement also enabled Tokyopop to produce original English-language manga (OEL) adaptations of HarperCollins' books.[18] They released the first volume of a series based on the Hellgate: London video game in April 2008. citing "dramatically low sales" in the publishing industry as a whole. Inc. The existing Tokyopop operations in the United States would be split into two subsidiaries: Tokyopop. such as Warcraft. was scaled back. authors of The Essential Guide to World Comics.[23] In response to Tokyopop's restructuring.[12] In 2005. to an average of 20–22 volumes per month. and Jim Henson films. and Tokyopop Media. would be transferred to HarperCollins in mid-June 2006. The goals in each company are different and the achievement of those goals is more realistic. it sold MixxZine. Inc.[21] [22] [23] Tokyopop's Japan division was also to be split. more possible if everyone working in each of those companies is very clearly focused. In 2002. laid off eight more employees. Tokyopop laid off 39 positions. Levy.. free publication called Manga (originally Takuhai) to feature their latest releases. declining sales. along with the Warriors series by Erin Hunter.[14] The first line of Tokyopop-HarperCollins OEL manga was released in 2007 with the goal of publishing up to 24 titles each year. and losing 20% of its manga market share. and characters.[24] In December 2008.[10] When the company was known as Mixx. and the Gothic vampire tale Model by Lee So-young are both Korean. Tokyopop began a new. Tokyopop is one of the biggest manga publishers outside of Japan and as such has been attributed with popularizing manhwa in the United States.. a holding group for several new subsidiaries. Tokyopop."[21] During the restructure.Tokyopop 80 History Tokyopop was originally founded in 1997 by Stuart J."[13] In March 2006. under this co-publishing license. Series like King of Hell by Kim Jae-hwan and Ra In-soo. Mixxzine later became Tokyopop before it was discontinued. Most of the positions cut were those involved in the direct publication of its books.[19] 2008 restructuring In June 2008. Brad Brooks and Tim Pilcher. Tokyopop began selling "unflopped" manga. which will continue to promote its publications.[2] In the late 1990s the company headquarters were in Los Angeles. and says that this has spread to other US manga publishing companies. including three editors.. cheap enough for children to buy.. equating to 35–40% of its total American workforce. but could easily be mistaken for manga. with one unit operating under Tokyopop Media and the other becoming a subsidiary under the overall Tokyopop Group. possibly without Western fans even realizing the strips don't come from Japan. London.[20] [21] The publication output from Tokyopop. branding it as "100% Authentic Manga”. Tokyopop UK cut its publication release schedule from approximately 25 volumes a month to 20. Tokyopop. Meg Cabot's books were the first to be adapted into the manga format. said that Tokyopop "published many Korean artists' work. a manga magazine.[11] Matt Thorn characterises Tokyopop as "cutting corners on everything" in order to bring the price of manga below $10 per volume. Tokyopop and HarperCollins Publishers announced a co-publishing agreement in which the sale and distribution rights of some Tokyopop manga and books. and noted that the company would have to rearrange some of its . Mixx also sold the shōjo manga anthology Smile. films. while Tokyopop Media focuses on the company's digital and comics-to-film works.[15] Tokyopop has released several series based on American games.[20] Tokyopop Media will also manage the Tokypop website.[16] [17] the Kingdom Hearts video game series. Inc. Tokyopop reported that it would be cutting the volumes released per year by approximately 50%. with its name being changed to Tokyopop Group. consists of the company's existing publications business. the division into two companies would allow the company to "set things up in ways that would very clearly and definitively allow those businesses to focus on what they need to do to succeed. Inc.[21] According to Tokyopop representative Mike Kiley. the company announced that it was being restructured. Chobits. 2009. Tokyopop announced that Japanese manga publisher Kodansha was allowing all of its licensing agreements with both the North American and German divisions of Tokyopop to expire for reasons unknown. Vice President of Inventory."[30] Resignations and layoffs In February 2011. resigned from the company and took the position of Vice President of Business Development for Diamond. GetBackers. including popular series Rave Master. Stuart Levy. were reacquired by Dark Horse Comics. Publisher. stating. that doesn't make sense to us.[28] Several other titles licensed and published by Tokyopop. including best sellers Cardcaptor Sakura. From a fan and collector's perspective. such as Samurai Deeper Kyo and Rave Master. filing bankruptcy in March 2011. more or less."[27] On August 31. John Parker. Tokyopop's largest customer. On March 1. you kinda sensed that things weren't quite the same as they used to be. Mike Kiley. Tokypop Marketing Manager Kasia Piekarz noted that the company was not entirely surprised by the move. In the years leading up to 2009. the number of Kodansha titles licensed by Tokyopop decreased. Tokyopop continued layoffs. and Magic Knight Rayearth. Deb Aoki of About. The final new Kodansha title was Tokko by Tohru Fujisawa. which published the remaining volumes of the series. Due to this loss in licensing.[25] [26] Loss of Kodansha licenses Licenses from the Japanese manga publisher Kodansha historically were a large part of Tokyopop's catalog. Tokyopop's management also eliminated the position of Director of Sales Operations. This came shortly after Diamond became Tokyopop's new distributor. rendering all Kodansha-owned Tokyopop releases out-of-print. a division of Random House. and that Kodansha appeared to be planning to publish its own titles through its partnership with Random House. the President and Chief Operating Officer. You get the idea. "It wasn't completely unexpected as we haven't licensed anything new from Kodansha in quite some time.[29] In an interview with the website Anime Vice. and not paying debts that the company owed to Tokyopop. Clover. It also would be unable to reprint any previously published volumes. Parker's departure left only three remaining executives: the founder and CEO. Tokyopop did not name a replacement for Parker. If you're the type who reads the tea leaves of the manga publishing biz. and Life. and the final batch of volumes of Kodansha titles appeared around March 2009. Initial D.[28] Tokyopop said that it expected the loss of the licenses to have minimal impact on the company economically due to its diversification of their holdings over the last few years. What surprised us most was that they canceled licenses for series that were almost finished.Tokyopop 81 upcoming publication schedules.com said "Well. [31] . ICv2 reported that Tokyopop would continue to publish light novels from Kodansha. though two other titles Kodansha licensed to Dark Horse had since transferred to Random House. and Victor Chin. taking the business from Harper Collins. removing many high-profile employees such as long-time manga editors Lilian Diaz-Przyhyl and Troy Lewter. no longer carrying Tokyopop stock. In an interview with ICv2. though they acknowledged the loss would hurt fans of the ongoing series who face uncertainty about the completion of those titles from other companies. Stuart Levy revealed that the layoffs were due to Borders Group. Around that time Kodansha began to consistently give licenses to its manga to Del Rey Manga. Tokyopop was forced to leave several Kodansha series unfinished.[27] [28] Samurai Deeper Kyo was relicensed by competitor Del Rey Manga. S. Tokyopop set up a London. including Gothic Sports. Tokyopop's film and television projects. and the first anime in the fall of 2005. the UK branch will become defunct. Tokyopop stated that the manga they licensed would revert to their original respective owners. including titles such as Initial D and Great Teacher Onizuka.[40] [41] Blu Manga consider that they have "non-girly" branding which has enabled the imprint. out of fear there would be backlashes and hate mail from "moral crusaders.Tokyopop 82 North American publishing shutdown On April 15.[34] Foreign markets Tokyopop Germany In the summer of 2004. In Greece. allowing them to publish popular titles such as Death Note. office that mainly imports books from the U. Vampire Princess Miyu was released on DVD by MVM Entertainment. who may license the titles to other companies. Tokyopop GmbH entered a "strategic partnership" with the Japanese publisher Shueisha. According to the release. and distributes them to bookstores in the United Kingdom. winner of a 2007 Sondermann award. in a genre stereotypically by women for women. Levy also mentioned that the only branch left open would be the German office.[37] Tokyopop GmbH continues to operate as a publisher of German-language manga for the international market after the closure of the US publishing office. the company denied that it owned Blu. 2011. Tokyopop-owned properties are licensed by Anubis Comics. The company also released no editor names nor company contact info.[35] According to then-sales manager Vincent Lampert. However. Tokyopop announced that it would close its Los Angeles. it was later announced via the Tokyopop facebook pages that the UK branch would cease to operate after May 31st due to their reliance on the importing of the North American branch's product. to reach out to a male or gay audience. as well as European publishing operations and global rights sales. [32] Stuart Levy. CA-based North American publishing operations on May 31. and Shinobu Kokoro. [38] [39] Tokyopop also distributes some of their titles to Australia and New Zealand through Funtastic. The imprint was launched in 2005.[33] On May 24. the company confirmed Blu was their own imprint. and the Toonami television channel aired the first half of Rave Master in early 2005. Imprints Blu Manga Blu Manga is an imprint under which Tokyopop publishes shōnen-ai and yaoi manga titles. In 2006. 2011. Other overseas markets Also in 2004. also released a personal statement reaffirming Tokyopop's role in introducing manga to the mainstream North American audience and thanking fans. Tokyopop's founder. and employees for their dedication. The first manga and manhwa by Tokyopop Germany were published in November 2004. incorporated as Tokyopop GmbH and headquartered in Hamburg. and Bleach.[43] . Tokyopop GmbH was the second-largest manga publisher in Germany in 2010. who recently acquired Madman Entertainment. Love Mode. stating that it was only distributing for another company. creators. Initially.[36] The company has also released a number of original German-language manga. will not be closing.[42] Early titles published by BLU were Earthian. Tokyopop founded its first foreign branch in Germany. It was announced via the official Tokyopop facebook page that because the UK branch mainly imported the North American branch's translated titles. UK. Tokyopop released an anime collection in the United Kingdom market in late 2006."[40] In 2006. The show was filmed in summer of 2010 documenting various "otaku" culture hotspots from July 1. Louisville.. Los Angeles. NY. noting that they felt the edits were necessary because they were marketing the series to a younger target audience than it was originally designed for in Japan. to August 25. Denver. Stu Levy. subtitled. The show was advertised as also a competition. AK One of the Otaku Six [59] [60] 4.[44] [45] In a letter sent to Anime News Network. Stephan Cho[63] [64] from New York. It was to feature a group of Tokyopop Interns. One of the Otaku Six [53] 2.[47] The Otaku Six cast mates involved in the web-based documentary series include:'[48] [49] [50] 1. Charles. New Orleans.S in hopes of gaining the title "America's Greatest Otaku" and to win a trip to Japan. Baltimore. Indianapolis. Meera Marie[61] [62] from St. They also felt that the series would reach a larger audience if it had a broader American appeal. We are passionate about anime and manga.. which was accidentally printed before the editing decisions were made. a practice in Japan where younger women are paid to provide older men with companionship. Dominique Therese Kruse[57] [58] from Anchorage. Anime News Network[44] The company alleviated some of the concerns by noting that the anime series would receive an "unedited. Dallas. MO.[44] Tokyopop Tour The Tokyopop Tour is a web-based documentary series created to search for "America's Greatest Otaku. Andre Jeanjacques [51] [52] from San Antonio. The manga series remained edited except for the first volume. San Diego. Filming them as they traveled across America. Nashville. So. WA. and Chicago. Louis.C. Atlanta. One of the Otaku Six [68] . One of the Otaku Six [65] 6. TX. William Sullivan Brown[66] [67] from Seattle. IL.[46] Filming in over twenty-cities. 2010. One of the Otaku Six 5.[44] The changes included renaming of several characters and the removal of one character's involvement in enjo kōsai. Phoenix.. Philadelphia. Kansas City.Tokyopop 83 Criticism Americanization Fans critical of possible mishandling of the Initial D property voiced concerns regarding "editorial changes" in the language localization of the manga and anime. New York City. Albuquerque. One of the Otaku Six [56] 3. Oklahoma. Japanese language" DVD release. 2010. called the "Otaku Six" and Tokyopop's CEO. we start having lots of late night sessions about how to present Initial D to the widest possible audience and yet still retain its core essence. —Tokyopop Staff." The company developed the idea for the Tour back in 2009. Applicants were filmed all over the U. Diana Hsu [54] [55] from St. Tokyopop responded to the criticisms. San Francisco. and we believe in helping spread the word to as many people as we can. in order of travel. Washington D.[44] We also know that we have a responsibility to be true to the spirit of the original Japanese version of Initial D. Salt Lake City. com/ wordpress/ ?p=495 [13] Brooks. de [4] " Contact Us (http:/ / www. com/ footer/ release. 1999. . "Comic Book Publisher Switches a Deal to HarperCollins" (http:/ / www. com/ news/ 2008-06-04/ tokyopop-to-restructure-update). 2011. com/ shop/ 2244/ HellgateLondon/ 1). com/ TOKYOPOP/ ). "Tokyopop Publishing More Warcraft. Anime Vice. Retrieved 20090-09-01. Pilcher. Retrieved 26 September 2011. CA 90089-7727" [11] http:/ / academinist. 9. html). [29] "No More Kodansha Manga for Tokyopop" (http:/ / www. . 9& desc=Metropolis+ / + Chat+ Room. [7] "TOKYOPOP" (http:/ / www. [28] "Tokyopop Confirms Its Kodansha Manga Licenses Will End" (http:/ / www. Deb (2009-09-01). animevice. . tokyopop. . com/ news/ 2011-10-12/ tokyopop-confirms-intent-to-publish-manga-again). 2008-06-12. com/ 2006/ 03/ 28/ business/ media/ 28comics. Mike (2008-04-17). [15] Crum. London: Collins & Brown. . Retrieved 2008-06-03. html). com/ news/ 2008-06-03/ tokyopop-to-restructure). [10] " MIXX'S SAILOR MOON MANGA IS THE NUMBER 1 GRAPHIC NOVEL OR TRADE PAPERBACK IN AMERICA! (http:/ / web. mixxonline. Anime News Network. com/ articles/ news/ 19870. Retrieved on April 17. com/ news/ tokyopop-talks-kodansha/ 2288/ )." Tokyopop. html?dids=430966331:430966331& FMT=ABS& FMTS=ABS:FT& type=current& date=Oct+ 26. Retrieved 2007-12-25. Retrieved 2008-06-12. [25] "Manga Publisher Tokyopop Lays Off Eight More Staffers" (http:/ / www. . com/ news/ 2008-06-12/ tokyopop-to-cut-manga-output-in-united-kingdom). . [19] "Book Info: Hellgate: London Volume 1" (http:/ / www. [17] Patty. [14] Wyatt.Tokyopop 84 References [1] "Executive Team: Introduction" (http:/ / www. "Mixx Entertainment. html)" Mixx Entertainment. comicsbulletin. Retrieved 2008-06-04. . tokyopop.)" [5] "End of an era: Tokyopop shutting down" (http:/ / www. 2009-08-31. The Internet Archive. . [2] Jarvis. 2008-12-12. [9] "http:/ / animenewsnetwork" (http:/ / www. Tim (2005-10-28). comicsbeat. com/ articles/ news/ 12707. animenewsnetwork. About. animenewsnetwork. [20] "Tokyopop to Restructure Update" (http:/ / www. . com/ latimes/ access/ 430966331. publishersweekly. Retrieved 12 October 2011. tokyopop. [26] McDonald. [6] Levy. org/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2010/ 06/ MP03_02_02Noonan_Child. com/ mixxonline/ company/ press_releases/ pr_990618_sailor_tops. [27] Aoki. "The Kodansha-TokyoPop Split: Which Manga Are Left in Limbo?" (http:/ / manga. Publishers Weekly. [16] Fahey. . Retrieved 26 September 2011. [21] "Inside the Tokyopop Restructuring" (http:/ / icv2. Retrieved 2008-06-09. com/ corporate/ contact_us). Michael (2003-10-26). Gia (2009-09-01). com/ ). nytimes. 2011. . Erin (2006-03-27). org/ web/ */ http:/ / www. Adams Blvd. 2009-09-01. ComicsBulletin. htm). "More layoffs at Tokyopop" (http:/ / pwbeat. .+ The+ Godzilla-Sized+ Appeal+ of+ Japan's+ Pop+ Culture). 2008-06-03. Stu (15 April 2011). Retrieved 2009-09-01.+ 2003& author=MICHAEL+ T. com/ news/ 2009-08-31/ tokyopop-confirms-its-kodansha-manga-licenses-will-end). animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2010-05-25. . html?scp=3& sq=meg+ cabot& st=nyt). 746 W. Tokyopop. com/ news/ 109173264226099. tokyopop. com/ news/ 2008-12-12/ manga-publisher-tokyopop-lays-off-eight-more-staffers). com" (http:/ / wayback. . Brad. Retrieved 2009-09-01. [8] "http:/ / www. [22] "Tokyopop to Restructure" (http:/ / www. Edward (2006-03-28). . [24] "Tokyopop to Cut Manga Output in United Kingdom" (http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork. CA 90036-5020" and "(One block east of Fairfax and across the street from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. facebook. [3] http:/ / www. harpercollins. htm). html). Retrieved 26 September 2011. . [30] Manry. org/ web/ 20001029221527/ http:/ / www. 2008-06-08. 2008-06-04. . Tokyopop. Los Angeles. The Essential Guide to World Comics. StarCraft Manga" (http:/ / kotaku. Anime News Network. com/ corporate/ about_us/ exec. tokyopop. 2008-06-03. HarperCollins Publishers. com/ articles/ news/ 12677. "Stu Levy's Personal Message: On Tokyopop's Closing" (http:/ / www. . "TOKYOPOP Variety Building 5900 Wilshire Boulevard 20th Floor Los Angeles. com/ blog/ 2008/ 12/ 12/ more-layoffs-at-tokyopop/ ). about. archive. ICv2. Facebook. + JARVIS& pub=Los+ Angeles+ Times& edition=& startpage=I. tokyopop. Inc. archive. aspx?id=423& b=& year=2006). Retrieved April 15. _team). "HarperCollins Publishers and Tokyopop Announce Innovative Co-Publishing. The Beat. "The Godzilla-Sized Appeal of Japan's Pop Culture" (http:/ / pqasb. 2011. . pqarchiver.com. Anime News Network. . com/ product/ 1712). The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-12. Sales. Anime News Network. com/ 380931/ tokyopop-publishing-more-warcraft-starcraft-manga). . June 18. Retrieved 2006-04-10. Retrieved on August 21. pdf [12] http:/ / matt-thorn. Tokyopop. and Distribution Agreement" (http:/ / www. icv2. ISBN 1-84340-300-5. ICv2. com/ b/ 2009/ 09/ 01/ the-kodansha-tokyopop-split-which-manga-are-left-in-limbo. icv2. Kotaku. Retrieved 2008-12-12. com/ articles/ news/ 15747. . Retrieved 2009-09-01. tokyopop. "TokyoPop to Produce Warcraft Manga Trilogy" (http:/ / www. "Tokyopop Talks Kodansha" (http:/ / www. . Heidi (2008-12-12). ICv2. html). Shawn (2004-08-05). Retrieved 2008-06-03. . Los Angeles Times: p. animenewsnetwork. ICv2. Anime News Network. com/ 2011/ 04/ 15/ end-of-an-era-tokyopop-shutting-down/ ). [18] "Book Info: Return to Labyrinth Volume 1" (http:/ / www. The Beat: The News Blog of Comics Culture. animenewsnetwork. [23] "Tokyopop Splits into Two Companies" (http:/ / www. icv2. com/ watch?v=Ib3kCv7TSxU& feature=fvst) [50] Commercial 3 (http:/ / www. Goethe-Institut Kanada. facebook. php?story_fbid=215105081835987& id=144756362204193 [40] Brill. 03/07/2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011. [36] Alt. html) [47] Tokyopop Tour 2010 Official site (http:/ / tokyopoptour. com/ ) [48] Commercial 1 (http:/ / www. htm [43] http:/ / books. 2002-07-13. com/ permalink. AnimeNation. Andreas. imdb. youtube. com/ profile/ DianaHsu) [56] Diana Hsu Cast in Commercial 1 (http:/ / www. com/ watch?v=H_qBZPVayUI) [60] Dominqiue Kruse Commercial 3 (http:/ / www. youtube. titel-magazin. com/ profile/ MeeraMarieJogani) [63] Stephan Cho IMBd (http:/ / www. youtube. Asia Pacific Arts. net/ blog/ 2003/ 08/ 29/ ask-john-is-edited-anime-on-american-tv-a-good-thing/ ). "Der Verlag" (http:/ / www. Anime News Network. com/ watch?v=H_qBZPVayUI) [54] Diana Hsu IMBd (http:/ / www. com/ watch?v=H_qBZPVayUI) . com/ watch?v=plRNjbFhp9c) [61] Meera Marie IMBd (http:/ / www. youtube. publishersweekly. ning. animenewsnetwork. com/ watch?v=H_qBZPVayUI) [49] Commercial 2 (http:/ / www. Anime News Network. . 2005-06-08. . com/ watch?v=H_qBZPVayUI) [66] William Sullivan Brown IMBd (http:/ / www. 2003-08-29. com/ name/ nm4310615/ ) [52] Andre Jeanjacques (http:/ / tokyopoptour. Ian. com/ profile/ StephanCho2010) [65] Stephan Cho Cast in Commercial 1 (http:/ / www. htm). ning. youtube. 04/15/2011. youtube. php) (in German). com/ 2011/ 04/ 15/ end-of-an-era-tokyopop-shutting-down/ ). aspx). google. imdb. [45] "Ask John: Is Edited Anime on American TV a Good Thing?" (http:/ / www. com/ news/ 2002-07-13/ tokyopop-open-letter-regarding-initial-d). Retrieved 2009-03-11. html). com/ name/ nm4311090/ ) [67] Sullivan Brown (http:/ / americasgreatestotaku. edu/ article@apa?tokyopop_discusses_the_consequence_of_borders_bankruptcy_on_publishers_16492. imdb. goethe. "Zwischen Schwindsucht und Publikumsansturm" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 6 May 2011. . Tokyopop GmbH. Valerie. youtube. de/ ins/ ca/ lp/ prj/ grn/ mat/ son/ enindex. html) (in German). . . youtube. AnimeNation Blog. [41] "Tokyopop Confirms Blu Label" (http:/ / www. com/ watch?v=plRNjbFhp9c) [51] Andre JeanJacques IMBd (http:/ / www. facebook. . com/ permalink. PW Comics Week (Publishers Weekly). au/ books?id=PGUEAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA84& lpg=PA84& dq=%22The+ Advocate%22+ blu+ manga& source=bl& ots=_RAFeuzVGi& sig=j6wudDi4T1RzGtTcE4hUV0SycGo& hl=en& ei=nBu2TZGSB4PevQPz0qTFDw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false [44] "Tokyopop Open Letter Regarding Initial D" (http:/ / www. com/ TOKYOPOP?sk=wall& filter=2 [39] http:/ / www. [42] http:/ / intersections. [37] Ponel. php?story_fbid=215312715148557& id=144756362204193 [33] "End of an era: Tokyopop shutting down" (http:/ / www. com/ profile/ DominiqueTKruse) [59] Dominique Kruse Voice/Cast in Commercial 1 (http:/ / www. Kai-Ming (2006-10-24). ning. facebook. de/ artikel/ 35/ 8055/ comics-auf-der-frankfurter-buchmesse. "Sondermann Award 2007" (http:/ / www. "New Publishers. Retrieved 2009-03-11. [46] Publishers Weekly (http:/ / www. . ning. [34] Tokyopop: Japanese manga licenses to revert to owners (http:/ / www. com/ profile/ AndreJeanjacques) [53] Andrew Jeanjacques Cast in Commercial 1 (http:/ / www. ning.Tokyopop 85 [31] "Tokyopop discusses the consequence of Borders' bankruptcy on publishers" (http:/ / asiapacificarts. Retrieved 2008-04-14. de/ ueberuns/ db_ueberuns_impressum. animenewsnetwork. publishersweekly. tokyopop. com. [38] http:/ / www. com/ name/ nm4310238/ ) [64] Stephan Cho (http:/ / tokyopoptour. Cha. imdb. com/ name/ nm4309821/ ) [55] Diana Hsu (http:/ / tokyopoptour. [32] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ name/ nm4310411/ ) [62] Meera Marie (http:/ / tokyopoptour. comicsbeat. com/ news/ 2005-06-08/ tokyopop-confirms-blu-label). au/ issue20/ pagliassotti. More Titles at Yaoi-Con 2006" (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ pw/ by-topic/ book-news/ comics/ article/ 43131-tokyopop-s-america-s-greatest-otaku-goes-on-the-road. edu. Retrieved 2008-04-14. com/ profile/ WilliamSullivanBrownWilliam) [68] William Brown Cast in Commercial 1 (http:/ / www. com/ name/ nm4311319/ ) [58] Dominique Therese Kruse (http:/ / tokyopoptour. . anu. Titel Kulturmagazin. . usc. animenewsnetwork. Comics Beat. animenation. com/ article/ CA6384211. ning. com/ watch?v=H_qBZPVayUI) [57] Dominique Kruse IMBd (http:/ / www. Retrieved 6 May 2011. com/ news/ 2011-05-24/ tokyopop/ japanese-manga-licenses-to-revert-to-owners) [35] Tokyopop GmbH. imdb. com) Official site (Archive) .de/) (German) • America's Greatest Otaku (http://americasgreatestotaku.com/TOKYOPOP) at Facebook • Official website (http://tokyopop.archive.com) (Archive) • Blu Manga imprint (http://web.Tokyopop 86 External links • TOKYOPOP (http://www.org/*/http://blumanga.archive.tokyopop.org/web/*/http://www.archive.com/) (Archive) • Mixx Entertainment (http://wayback.mixxonline.facebook.org/*/http://www.com/) • Official website (http://web. calling them graphic novels so they would be carried by mainstream bookstores. The plan Viz Media headquarters in San Francisco worked and after several years. VIZ began making the push to move into the European and South . however sales were mediocre due to the specialist comic market being adverse to venturing into new territory. Sales also picked up when VIZ Communications acquired the license for the comedy series Ranma ½. His idea came to fruition after he met Masahiro Ohga.com VIZ Media. In the late 1990s. in 1985 and shared his vision. which Horibuichi used in 1986 to found VIZ Communications. Horibuchi began publishing manga. CEO) Owner(s) Shogakukan.[2] History Early history Seiji Horibuchi.[3] The company continued to see success when it expanded into the anime distribution market. VIZ LLC and ShoPro Entertainment merged to form the current VIZ Media LLC. moved to California in 1975. where he started a business exporting American cultural items to Japan.Viz Media 87 Viz Media VIZ Media Type Private Industry publication Founded San Francisco. manga. originally from Tokushima Prefecture in Shikoku. InuYasha. In 2005.000 in startup capital. LLC. which included Legend of Kamui. he moved to San Francisco. an English adaptation of the popular Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump. headquartered in San Francisco. which is jointly owned by Japanese publishers Shogakukan and Shueisha. then managing director of Shogakukan. Europe. South America Key people Hidemi Fukuhara (Vice-president. Into these titles. California (1986) Founder(s) Seiji Horibuchi Headquarters San Francisco. To counteract this problem. It also acquired another huge selling title. Shogakukan Productions Divisions VIZ Pictures. and became a writer of cultural information. CA. United States Area served North America. J-Pop Center Website [1] vizmedia. leading booksellers began to have dedicated shelves for manga titles. He also became interested in publishing Japanese manga in the United States. and Shogakukan's licensing division Shogakukan Productions (ShoPro Japan). Shogakukan provided Horibuchi with $200. which became an instant hit. VIZ expanded into the general publishing business and began publishing various art related books in 1992. After living in the mountains for almost two years. It was founded in 1986 as VIZ LLC. though he himself was not a fan of Japanese comics until a visit to Japan in 1985 exposed him to Katsuhiro Otomo's single-volume title Domu: A Child's Dream.[3] VIZ Communications released its first titles in 1987. and Japanese entertainment company. began publishing Shonen Jump. is an anime. Shueisha. VIZ itself is still the licensor and will do all production.[4] both Shogakukan and Shueisha began to release manga exclusively through VIZ. 2008. VIZ Communications was merged with ShoPro Entertainment. The Death Note. Gate 7. In 2003. . The Pokémon and Dragon Ball Z manga carry this rating. InuYasha and D. Contains material suitable for ages 16 or older. and Cartoon Network. 13 years or older. Some exceptions to this exclusivity exist.[10] Manga ratings VIZ also has "manga ratings" for their products. Lady Snowblood. and permitted Seven Seas Entertainment to license Hayate X Blade. The Dragon Ball.Mature readers. again in order to try and become more streamlined.Gray-man manga have this rating. Warner Home Video would be handling the distribution of both its new and existing catalog releases. permitted Dark Horse Comics to license Gantz. One Piece. M . T+ . however: Shueisha permitted DC Comics's subsidiary CMX Manga to license Tenjho Tenge (although it was later re-licensed and re-released by VIZ Media) and Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne. funding company Shogakukan's American distribution division. Marmalade Boy and Digimon Next along with Disney Publishing.[5] In 2004. possibly in response to Shogakukan and Shueisha's co-ownership of VIZ. taking their properties with them.[6] On December 17. Shadow Lady and The Monkey King. U . 2009. The Vagabond and Black Lagoon manga have this rating. for releasing selected live-action films in the US to theaters and DVD.[7] On February 20. Contains material suitable for ages 18 or older. Horibuchi became the new company's chairman. Shueisha also permitted Tokyopop to license Kodocha.Viz Media 88 American markets. T .All Ages. National Geographic.[8] On May 11. May contain material some people may find inappropriate.Teen.[3] Shueisha co-ownership and mergers: 2000 to present When Shueisha became a joint owner of VIZ Media in 2002. A .Unknown. and permitted Hachette Book Group's subsidary Yen Press to license Azumanga Daioh and Cirque du Freak. In 2005.[9] This time they released a press release claiming that none of their current product lines would be affected. while tapping the distribution powerhouse that distributes the works of other major companies such as BBC. Viz President and CEO Hidemi Fukuhara stated that he believes the partnership will help the company grow its anime holdings more effectively. Japanese publisher Kodansha formed a co-venture with Del Rey. 60 this time. VIZ Media laid off an unknown number of employees in order to help be more streamlined to face the current economic climate. Naruto. Horibuchi started a related division. 2009. Similar to the Rating Pending rating. Shogakukan permitted Dark Horse Comics to license Crying Freeman (even though it was previously licensed by VIZ). Shueisha's deal with VIZ may have been prompted by competition with Raijin Comics. VIZ Pictures. VIZ Media again laid off a number of workers. Rating coming soon.Older teens. 2010. VIZ Media announced that starting on April 1. a rival manga publisher created in 2002 by editors and artists who had split off from Shueisha. Bleach and Yu-Gi-Oh! manga have this rating. Suitable for all ages. the division released seven films to theaters. Animerica Animerica is a quarterly anime and manga digest that initially started as a monthly magazine featuring reviews of anime and manga titles.[11] Publication style By 2002 VIZ Communications kept some publications in the original right-to-left format. Some titles. the magazine's first issue was released in February 1993 with a March 1992 cover date. and clothing stores offering Japanese clothing items. see the Viz Media category.Viz Media 89 Reception VIZ Media was awarded the Manga Publisher of the Year Gem Award by Diamond Comic Distributors in 2007. Vagabond was printed in right-to-left to preserve historical accuracy."[6] In 2007. After a preview issue was released in November 1992. the senior marketing manager of VIZ. VIZ changed the magazine's format in April 2005. including Train Man: Densha Otoko and Honey and Clover. the company will focus on films that focus on the "Japanese 'kawaii (cute) and cool' pop culture.[12] VIZ has censored some of its titles. were published in both censored and uncensored forms. For manga titles released. It was canceled in 2004. as well as manga preview chapters. it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures and VIZ Pictures would be making a film adaption of the Tuxedo Gin manga. a store selling anime and manga related items. as well as related works.[6] On August 4th. VIZ opened a three-story entertainment complex in San Francisco called New People. VIZ Media.[16] The magazine originally featured articles and reviews on manga. labeled as Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z in the VIZ versions. DVD releases for all VIZ Pictures films are distributed exclusively by its parent. The center piece of the complex is a 143-seat movie theater that screens anime and Japanese live action films.[14] Viz Pictures was officially formed as the company's division for releasing live-action Japanese films as theatrical releases in selected markets. be published in the original right-to-left format. anime." Akira Toriyama. see the Viz Media manga category. One is advertising-oriented and created specially for distribution at anime and manga conventions while . During that year Dallas Middaugh. with the new magazine really being two free publications of the same name. and related media. such as Dragon Ball. while in other publications it mirrored pages from Japan's right-to-left reading format to fit the Western left-to-right reading style. In 1998. VIZ also received an award for Manga Trade Paperback of the Year for its release of the fourteenth volume of the Naruto series. 2011. Middaugh concluded that readers wanted "an easy reading experience.[13] Divisions VIZ Pictures In November 2005. Middaugh said that younger readers of Dragon Ball adapted to the right to left format more easily than their parents. According to Horibuchi.[6] [15] Publications For a list of anime and Japanese films released by VIZ. The center also has a cafe. Animerica Extra was launched as a manga anthology that eventually focused specifically on shōjo titles. stated that the left-to-right version of Neon Genesis Evangelion outsold the right-to-left version of Neon Genesis Evangelion on a three to one basis. requested that his work. J-Pop Center In August 2009. creator of Dragon Ball. It is believed to be the first manga anthology published in the United States. The magazine had news and reviews and other articles about classic fighting games like Street Fighter. and figurines. Both versions have fewer and briefer articles and a lower page count. This includes two new manga imprints. Samurai Crusader: The Kumomaru Chronicles.000 copies sold. It ran for four years until it was canceled in 1999. It was published in May 1996 and ran for 7 monthly issues before being discontinued that same year in November. and other shōnen works. It was awarded the ICv2 "Comic Product of the Year" award in December 2002. a label for fan and data books. anime. is a manga anthology introduced by VIZ in 1995. Prior to the magazine's launch.[17] The last monthly issue of the original format Animerica had a cover date of June 2005 (Volume 13. and Ogre Slayer. an anime DVD imprint. sometimes misspelled Manga Vision. Samurai Shodown and Virtua Fighter. Two video game-based manga series. Based on the popular Japanese anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump.000 readers. with a January 2003 cover date. 6). In 2004. and has continued to enjoy high sales with a monthly circulation of 215. illustrated by the game's character designer Tsukasa Kotobuki was published in the magazine as well.[19] Game On! USA Game On! USA was a gaming magazine focused on Fighting games and RPGs with a secondary focus on any anime themed games. Shonen Jump is retooled for English readers and the American audience and is published monthly. The magazine featured more mature titles. A one shot story based on Battle Arena Toshinden. Viz launched new imprints for releasing media related to the series presented in the magazine. In conjunction with the magazine. It features serialized chapters from seven manga series. it had a circulation of 45. a fiction line for releasing light novels.000 in 2008. but low sales and high competition from NewType USA resulted in the essential cancellation of the original magazine and its reformatting as a free digest.[22] and Cartoon Network. video games. as well as manga.[20] Shonen Jump Shonen Jump is a shōnen manga anthology that debuted in November 2002. published by Shueisha. No. marketed at adults rather than teenage readers. Suncoast.[21] The first issue required three printings to meet demand. and articles on Japanese language and culture. The magazine was canceled in 2002. VIZ launched an extensive marketing campaign to promote the magazine and help it succeed where other manga anthologies in North America have failed. with over 300. and a label for the release of art books. were serialized in the magazine. . and Diamond Distributors became promotional partners in the magazine. instead of weekly.[21] Shueisha purchased an equity interest in Viz to help fund the venture.[18] Animerica was one of the first professional anime and manga magazines released in the United States. Pulp Pulp was a monthly manga anthology introduced by VIZ in 1997. and one of the most popular in the 1990s. The premiere issue was dated March 1995 and featured three series: The Tragedy of P. and Samurai Shodown by Kyoichi Nanatsuki and Yuki Miyoshi. and Dance Till Tomorrow. Manga Vizion Manga Vizion. Banana Fish.Viz Media 90 the other is more general in scope and distributed through retail stores. Some of titles serialized in the magazine included: Uzumaki. Super Street Fighter II: Cammy by Masahiko Nakahira. and Usuper of the Sun by Hōsuke Nojiri.[23] [24] It featured serialized chapters from six manga series as well as articles on Japanese culture. Dick Award. which later won a Special Citation Philip K. and that it would continue releasing the magazine's titles.[31] In addition. Half of its circulation came from subscriptions rather than store sales.B. the imprint release Project Itoh's novel Harmony.000 copies.[24] [25] Viz launched related "Shojo Beat" imprints in its manga.[29] Viz stated the "difficult economic climate" was behind the magazine's cancellation.000 copies. the imprint will potentially offer titles from other Japanese publishers in the future. [33] Filmography Manga The following are licensed by VIZ Media: • 2001 Nights • 20th Century Boys • A. manga. VIZ Media announced plans to launch a Japanese science fiction novel line called Haikasoru. using the "Shojo Beat" imprint.[24] [28] By 2007. [33] VIZ Media's Vice President of Publishing Leyla Aker stated that SuBLime is not an imprint of VIZ but a partnership between VIZ and Animate. A Prime • A. with the July 2009 issue being the last released. and anime divisions to coordinate with the magazine's contents. Police: Dead End City • Absolute Boyfriend • Adolf (manga) • Afterschool Charisma • Aishiteruze Baby • Alice 19th • All My Darling Daughters (manga) • The All-New Tenchi Muyo! (manga) • Angel Sanctuary • Aqua Knight • Arata: The Legend • Area 88 • Ashen Victor • B. VIZ Media launched the yaoi imprint SuBLime in collaboration with the Japanese yaoi publisher Libre and its parent company Animate to publish English-language yaoi manga for the print and worldwide digital market.[30] Haikasoru In January 2009. average circulation was approximately 38. ZOO by Otsuichi. The first novels were scheduled to be released in the summer of the same year.[32] [33] Although the first slate of books announced under SuBLime are Libre titles. with four novels: The Lord of the Sands of Time by Issui Ogawa.[28] In May 2009. anime. Business partnerships In October 2011.Viz Media 91 Shojo Beat Shojo Beat was a shōjo manga magazine VIZ launched in June 2005 as a sister magazine for Shonen Jump. In 2010.[26] [27] Targeted at women ages 16–18. the imprint released an expanded edition of Kōshun Takami's Battle Royale. Explosion . the first issue of Shojo Beat launched with a circulation of 20.D. fashion and beauty. All You Need is Kill by Hiroshi Sakurazaka. the magazine was discontinued after 49 issues. light novel. as well as others. Gray-man .D.O. Flowers • Cactus's Secret • Captive Hearts • Case Closed • Ceres.Y.Viz Media 92 • B. (manga) • Baby and Me • Backstage Prince • Bakegyamon • Bakuman • Banana Fish • Baoh • Baron: The Cat Returns • Basara (manga) • Bastard!! • Battle Angel Alita • Battle Angel Alita: Last Order • Beast Master (manga) • Beauty is the Beast • Beauty Pop • Beet the Vandel Buster • Benkei in New York • Beyblade • The Big O • Bio Booster Armor Guyver • Biomega (manga) • Black Bird (manga) • Black Cat (manga) • Black Jack (manga) • Black Lagoon • Bleach (manga) • Blood: The Last Vampire 2002 • Blue Exorcist • Blue Spring (manga) • Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo • Bokurano: Ours • Boys Over Flowers • Buso Renkin • Butterflies. Celestial Legend • Cheeky Angel • Chicago (manga) • Children of the Sea (manga) • Claymore (manga) • La Corda d'Oro • Earl Cain • Crimson Hero • Cross Game • D. Slump • Dragon Ball • Dragon Ball Z • Dragon Drive • The Drifting Classroom • Eagle: The Making of an Asian-American President • Eat-Man • El-Hazard • Excel Saga • Eyeshield 21 • Fairy Cube • Fall in Love Like a Comic! • Firefighter! Daigo of Fire Company M • Fist of the North Star • Flame of Recca • From Far Away • Full Moon o Sagashite • Fullmetal Alchemist • Fushigi Yûgi • Gaba Kawa • Galaxy Express 999 • The Gentlemen's Alliance Cross • Gestalt (manga) • Getter Robo Go • Gimmick! • Gin Tama • Golgo 13 • Grand Guignol Orchestra • Grey (manga) • Gun Blaze West • Hana-Kimi • Haou Airen • Happy Happy Clover • Happy Hustle High • Haruka: Beyond the Stream of Time • Hayate the Combat Butler • Heaven's Will (manga) • Here is Greenwood .Viz Media 93 • Dance till Tomorrow • Death Note • Dengeki Daisy • Descendants of Darkness • Detroit Metal City • Di Gi Charat • Dogs (manga) • Dorohedoro • Doubt!! • Dr. Viz Media 94 • High School Debut • Hikaru no Go • Honey and Clover • Honey Hunt • Hoshin Engi • Hot Gimmick • House of Five Leaves • Hunter x Hunter • I''s • I. the Psychic Girl • Maison Ikkoku • MÄR • Marionette Generation • Medabots • MegaMan NT Warrior • Mermaid Saga • MeruPuri • Midori Days • Millennium Snow • Mixed Vegetables • Mobile Suit Gundam .N • Ikigami: The Ultimate Limit • Imadoki! • Inubaka: Crazy for Dogs • InuYasha • Itsuwaribito • JoJo's Bizarre Adventure • Jormungand (manga) • Kamikaze Girls • Kamisama Kiss • Karakuri Dôji Ultimo • Kare First Love • Kaze Hikaru • Kekkaishi • Kimi ni Todoke • Kingyo Used Books • Kirby (manga) • Kurohime (manga) • Kurozakuro • The Law of Ueki • The Legend of Kamui • The Legend of Zelda (manga) • Legendz • Love Com • Macross II • Magical Pokemon Journey • Mai.O. Viz Media 95 • Mobile Suit Gundam Wing • Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin • Monkey High! • Monster (manga) • Muhyo & Roji's Bureau of Supernatural Investigation • Nana (manga) • Naruto • Natsume's Book of Friends • Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga) • Neon Genesis Evangelion (manga) • No Need for Tenchi • Nora: The Last Chronicle of Devildom • Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan • O-Parts Hunter • Ogre Slayer • Oishinbo • One Piece • One-Pound Gospel • Ōoku: The Inner Chambers • Oresama Teacher • Otomen • Ouran High School Host Club • Patlabor • Phoenix (manga) • Please Save My Earth • Pluto (manga) • Pokémon (manga) • Pokémon Adventures • Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure! • Pretty Face • The Prince of Tennis • Project ARMS • RahXephon • Ral Grad • Ranma ½ • Read or Die • Read or Dream • Real (manga) • Reborn! • The Record of a Fallen Vampire • Red River (manga) • Revolutionary Girl Utena • Rin-ne • Ristorante Paradiso • Rosario + Vampire • Rumic Theater • Rurouni Kenshin . Viz Media 96 • S • A: Special A • Saikano • Saint Seiya • Sakura Hime: The Legend of Princess Sakura • Samurai Crusader • Sanctuary (manga) • Sand Chronicles • Sand Land • Saturn Apartments • Sensual Phrase • Sexy Voice and Robo • Shakugan no Shana • Shaman King • Short Cuts (manga) • Short Program (manga) • Short-Tempered Melancholic • Silent Möbius • Skip Beat! • Slam Dunk (manga) • Socrates in Love • Solanin • Spriggan (manga) • St. Dragon Girl • Steam Detectives • Stepping on Roses • The Story of Saiunkoku • Strain (manga) • Strawberry 100% • Street Fighter II (manga) • Sugar Princess • Switch (manga) • Tail of the Moon • Tegami Bachi • Tekkonkinkreet • Tenjho Tenge • Time Stranger Kyoko • Togari (manga) • Tokyo Boys & Girls • Toriko • Toshokan Senso • Tough (manga) • Train Man: Densha Otoko • Tuxedo Gin • Ultimate Muscle • Ultra Maniac • Urusei Yatsura • Uzumaki . Viz Media 97 • Vagabond • Vampire Knight • Video Girl Ai • W Juliet • Wanted (manga) • Wāqwāq • We Were There (manga) • Wedding Peach • Whistle! • Wild Ones (manga) • Wolf's Rain • X (manga) • Xenon (manga) • Yakitate!! Japan • Yumekui Kenbun • YuYu Hakusho • Yu-Gi-Oh! • Yu-Gi-Oh! Duelist • Yu-Gi-Oh! GX • Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's • Yu-Gi-Oh! Millennium World • Yu-Gi-Oh! R • Yume Kira Dream Shoppe • Yurara • Zatch Bell! • Zoids: Chaotic Century • Zombiepowder. Anime The following are licensed by VIZ Media: • Bleach • Blue Dragon • Boys Over Flowers • Buso Renkin • Ceres. Celestial Legend • Corrector Yui • Cross Game • Death Note • Deko Boko Friends • Flame of Recca • Full Moon o Sagashite • Grandpa Danger • Great Dangaioh • Hikaru no Go • Honey and Clover • Honey and Clover II • Hunter x Hunter . Viz Media 98 • Hyde & Closer • I"s • I"s Pure • InuYasha • InuYasha: The Final Act • Kekkaishi • Key the Metal Idol • Maison Ikkoku • MÄR • MegaMan NT Warrior • Mega Man Star Force (anime) • Mermaid Saga • Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory • Monster • Nana • Naruto • Naruto Shippuden • Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge • Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan • Ogre Slayer • One-Pound Gospel • Please Save My Earth • The Prince of Tennis • Project ARMS • Ranma ½ • Reborn! • Saikano • Sanctuary • Strawberry 100% • Trouble Chocolate • Vampire Knight • Vampire Knight Guilty • Zatch Bell! • Zoids: Chaotic Century • Zoids: Genesis Films The following are licensed by VIZ Media: • Bleach: Memories of Nobody • Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion • Bleach: Fade to Black • The Cat Returns • Death Note • Death Note: The Last Name • Densha Otoko • Detroit Metal City • Fatal Fury: Legend of the Hungry Wolf . Anime News Network. ICv2.000 members. .[34] The service allowed users to use stationery and letterheads decorated with characters from VIZ Media properties. com/ about/ jobs/ ).Viz Media 99 • Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle • Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture • Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence • Grey: Digital Target • Honey and Clover • InuYasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time • InuYasha the Movie: The Castle Beyond the Looking Glass • InuYasha the Movie: Swords of an Honorable Ruler • InuYasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island • Kamikaze Girls • L: Change the World • Love*Com • Nana • Nana 2 • Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow • Naruto the Movie 2: Legend of the Stone of Gelel • Naruto the Movie 3: Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom • Naruto: Shippūden the Movie • Naruto Shippūden 2: Bonds • Ping Pong • Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea • Pokémon: Giratina and the Sky Warrior • Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew • Ranma ½: Big Trouble in Nekonron. Retrieved 2008-03-12. com/ articles/ news/ 10739. Asahi Shimbun Company. Retrieved 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2006-09-30. ICv2. html). [10] "News: Viz: No Product or Business Line Cancellations Planned (Updated)" (http:/ / www. . com/ [2] "About Our Company" (http:/ / www. Tomohiro (2007-09-01). vizmedia. [5] "Random House Preps Manga Releases" (http:/ / www. . "Weekend Beat: Cashing in on over-the-counter culture" (http:/ / web. icv2. vizmedia. ICv2. com/ articles/ news/ 2941. com/ news/ 2009-02-23/ viz-media-restructures-with-some-employee-layoffs). asahi. Retrieved 2008-03-12. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. icv2. [9] "News: PW: Viz Media Lays Off Up to 60. [3] Oikawa. animenewsnetwork. . In the first two weeks of service it had 1. ICv2. 2004-06-23. Asahi Weekly. html). [4] "Shueisha Buys Equity Interest in Viz" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2006-09-30. asahi. Anime News Network. html). Anime News Network. [6] "Interview With Viz Media's Seiji Horibuchi On Viz Media's Live Action Initiative" (http:/ / www. com/ articles/ news/ 13941. . archive. html). 2002-08-02. . icv2. [7] "WHV to Distribute Viz Media Anime" (http:/ / icv2. Closes NY Branch (Updated)" (http:/ / www. com/ news/ 2010-05-13/ viz/ no-product-or-business-line-cancellations-planned). html). .[35] References [1] http:/ / www. com/ articles/ news/ 1679. 2007-06-13. animenewsnetwork. Viz Media. org/ web/ 20080316125943/ http:/ / www. com/ english/ Herald-asahi/ TKY200709010077. 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-03-12. [8] "News: Viz Media Restructures with Some Employee Layoffs" (http:/ / www. . animenewsnetwork. html) on 2008-03-16. . . com/ news/ 2010-05-11/ pw/ viz-media-lays-off-up-to-60-closes-ny-branch). com/ english/ Herald-asahi/ TKY200709010077. China • Ranma ½: Nihao My Concubine • Sanctuary Web site For a period VIZ offered an e-mail service called VIZ Mail. com/ articles/ news/ 1189. com/ interview/ 2007-05-07/ seiji-horibuchi-chairman-of-viz-media). Retrieved 2008-10-15. "Fifteen Years of Japanese Animation Fandom". animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2008-04-07. 2002. com/ news/ 2005-02-17/ animerica-to-radically-change-distribution). . 2009-01-29. com/ news/ 2005-02-08/ shojo-beat-details). html). Retrieved 2008-03-07. animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2008-03-07. . com/ archives/ vizin811. 2009. 2002-03-08. External links • Official website (http://www. [20] VIZ Media . Retrieved 2008-03-07. com/ doc/ 1G1-57825898. html). . animenewsservice. com/ articles/ news/ 216. 2002. Retrieved 24 October 2011. Viz Media at Anime News Network. viz. [29] "Shojo Beat Magazine No Longer Accepting Subscriptions" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-03-07. . Watching Anime. . 2000.animenewsnetwork. html). Retrieved 2008-03-07.Viz Media 100 [11] "Viz Wins Two 2007 Gem Manga Awards from Diamond" (http:/ / www. . com/ [16] Patten. com/ news/ 2009-05-19/ viz-confirms-shojo-beat-manga-magazine-end-in-june). Retrieved July 7.com/encyclopedia/company. Viz Media. January 2008. Reading Manga. . pdf) (PDF) (Press release). Retrieved 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2009-05-19.com/company/co0077046/) at the Internet Movie Database . html). 1999). icv2. 2005-06-04. 2001-03-11. com/ press-release/ 2007-05-14/ viz-media-happy-birthday-shojo-beat-magazine).vizmedia. [32] http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork.facebook. com/ articles/ news/ 1679. 2009-05-19. 2005-04-12. Anime News Network. php). Mikhail (2005-01-26). com/ mediakit/ SB_Media_Kit_2008. . 2009-05-19. .com/OfficialVIZMedia) • Viz Media (http://www. Crunchyroll. Anime News Network. Retrieved July 7. com/ news/ 2005-04-12/ animerica-to-change-format). [22] "Shueisha Buys Equity Interest in Viz" (http:/ / www. com/ news/ 2011-10-22/ viz-launches-sublime-boys-love-manga-line-with-love-pistols [33] Balistrieri. Anime News Network. ICv2 News. com/ inthemagazine/ 33. com/ news/ 2005-06-04/ viz-to-publish-novels). Viz Media. Anime News Network. 2008. ICv2. Retrieved July 7. August 11. 2005-02-17. [23] "Shojo Beat Details" (http:/ / www. . [27] "Viz Launches New Fiction Imprints" (http:/ / www. [12] "What Manga Right to Left — Will It Fly?" (http:/ / www. html). . August 2. animenewsnetwork. com/ articles/ news/ 1494. press room . "SuBLime: Everything We Know About VIZ's New Boys' Love Line" (http:/ / www. com/ articles/ news/ 6985.php?id=4552) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Viz Video (http://www. Emily. shojobeat. com/ news/ newsroom/ ?id=196) (Press release). 2002 press releases (http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork. com/ feature/ 2005-01-26/ 8). Retrieved 2009-06-14. Retrieved 2006-09-30. [13] "Viz Unleashes Uncensored Dragon Ball" (http:/ / www. [24] "Viz Media Happy Birthday Shojo Beat Magazine" (http:/ / www. highbeam. shojobeat. 1999. [25] "In the Magazine" (http:/ / www. . . animenewsnetwork. Chairman of Viz Media" (http:/ / www. . p. . txt). . 2007-05-14. [15] http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork. PR Newswire. 2009. 2005-06-06. Retrieved 2008-10-15. Shojo Beat Online. [18] "Animerica to Radically Change Distribution" (http:/ / www. ICv2. [35] "Viz This Week" (http:/ / www. com/ news/ newsroom/ 2002/ 04_pulpcancelled. icv2. Viz Media. [34] "Viz Relaunches 4 Anime and Manga Websites" (http:/ / www. 2008-04-07. animenewsnetwork. Zac (November 30. November 30. [14] Bertschy. Retrieved July 1. 43. 2009. ICv2. [26] "Viz to Publish Novels" (http:/ / www. June 10. animenewsnetwork. 2005-02-08. Retrieved 2009-05-19. . com/ anime-feature/ 2011/ 10/ 22/ sublime-everything-we-know-about-vizs-new-boys-love-line). com/ news/ 2008-04-07/ viz-wins-two-2007-gem-manga-awards-from-diamond).com) • Official VIZ Media Facebook Fan Page (https://www. newpeopleworld. . Anime News Network. crunchyroll. icv2. [31] "Viz Media Launches Landmark Imprint Haika Soru to Published Acclaimed Japanese Science Fiction Novels" (http:/ / viz. ICv2. Retrieved June 30. . Retrieved 2008-10-15. [28] "Shojo Beat Media Kit (January 2008)" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-03-07. icv2. com/ news/ 2009-05-19/ shojo-beat-magazine-no-longer-accepting-subscriptions). animenewsnetwork. . ISBN 1880656922. php) [21] "Viz and Shueisha To Launch Mass Market Boys Magazine in US" (http:/ / www. [17] "Animerica to Change Format" (http:/ / www. [30] "Viz Confirms Shojo Beat Manga Magazine's End in June (Updated)" (http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork. .imdb. icv2. Stone Bridge Press. html). Anime News Network. news . "2004 Year in Review: Anime Magazines" (http:/ / www. Anime News Network. Anime News Network. Fred. Anime News Network. "Seiji Horibuchi. [19] Koulikov. 2008. and Seitarō Kitayama. developed . The work of Osamu Tezuka drew particular attention: he has been called a "legend"[13] and the "god of manga". like manga. Anime. nonetheless made great strides in animation technique. The definition sometimes changes depending on the context. such as Noburō Ōfuji and film Yasuji Murata still worked in cheaper cutout not cel animation. as well as online.[2] While the earliest known Japanese animation dates to 1917. genres of fiction. or theatrically. Distributors can release anime via television broadcasts.[11] The success of The Walt Disney Company's 1937 feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs influenced Japanese animators. English: /ˈænɨmeɪ/ ( listen) or English pronunciation: /ˈɑːnɨmeɪ/) is the Japanese abbreviated pronunciation of "animation". It is used in television series. when Japanese filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques also pioneered in France.[7] Other creators. has a large audience in Japan and recognition throughout the world.[4] [5] Early pioneers included Shimokawa Oten. Both hand-drawn and computer-animated anime exist. the characteristic anime style developed in the 1960s—notably with the work of Osamu Tezuka—and became known outside Japan in the 1980s. History Anime began at the start of the 20th century.[9] [10] The first feature length animated film was Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors directed by Seo in 1945 with sponsorship by the Imperial Japanese Navy. especially with increasing help from a government using animation in education and propaganda. it also gained popularity in East and Southeast Asia. directly to video.[14] [15] His work – and that of other pioneers in the field – inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime today. and many original Japanese cartoons were produced in the ensuing decades.[12] In the 1960s. the first feature-length anime foreign producers and many animators. if not all. He intended this as a temporary measure to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced animation-staff. and Russia. video games. only to suffer defeat. and represents most. 101 Anime Anime Anime (アニメ. Japanese pronunciation: [anime] ( listen). although with masterful results. and internet-based releases.[1] In English-speaking countries. Jun'ichi Kouchi. produced by Masaoka in 1933. But it suffered competition from Warriors (1944). films. took shape under Tezuka. The 1970s saw a surge of growth in the popularity of manga – many of them later animated. for instance. manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified many Disney animation-techniques to reduce costs and to limit the number of frames in productions. Anime is currently popular in many different regions around the world. The giant robot genre (known as "Mecha" outside Japan). the United States.[3] The oldest known anime in existence first screened in 1917 – a two-minute clip of a samurai trying to test a new sword on his target.[6] By the 1930s animation became an alternative format of storytelling to Screenshot from Momotaro's Divine Sea the live-action industry in Japan. such as Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo. Germany. the term most commonly refers to Japanese animated cartoons. video. commercials. As the market for anime increased in Japan.[8] The first talkie anime was Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka. [anime]. "manga" has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics". in parallel to the usage of "anime" in and outside of Japan.) As with a few other Japanese words such as saké. different viewers may or may not consider these anime. In the 1980s.[21] However. normally functions as a mass noun (for example: "Do you watch anime?". "manga" can refer to both animation and comics. it serves as a blanket term to refer to all forms of animation from around the world. and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by Yoshiyuki Tomino who developed the Real Robot genre. differs significantly from the Standard English English pronunciation: /ˈænɪmeɪ/. in casual usage the word also appears as a count noun. Anime can also be used as a suppletive adjective or classifier noun ("The anime Guyver is different from the movie Guyver"). anime. "Japanimation" is used to distinguish Japanese work from that of the rest of the world.[22] In Japan.[22] Since "anime" does not identify the country of origin in Japanese usage. Among English speakers. such as most of the traditionally animated Rankin/Bass works. the Cartoon Network and Production I. and the robot genre of anime is still one of the most common in Japan and worldwide today.[17] [18] English-language dictionaries define anime as "a Japanese style of motion-picture animation" or as "a style of animation developed in Japan". pronounced Japanese pronunciation: [anime] ( listen) in [16] Japanese) emerged in the 1970s as an abbreviation. The term "ani-manga" is used to describe comics produced from animation cels. when used as a common noun. the term anime does not specify an animation's nation of origin or style. but this term has fallen into disuse. pronounced Japanese pronunciation: [animeːɕoɴ]).[22] In general. "Japanimation" saw the most usage during the 1970s and 1980s. and experienced a boom in production. Some works result from co-productions with non-Japanese companies. to cue the reader to pronounce the letter. Following a few successful adaptations of anime in overseas markets in the 1980s. "How much anime have you collected?"). Synonyms English-speakers occasionally refer to anime as "Japanimation". anime gained increased acceptance in those markets in the 1990s and even more at the turn of the 21st century. instead. The pronunciation of anime in Japanese. Others claim that the word derives from the French phrase dessin animé.[3] Japanese-speakers use both the original and abbreviated forms interchangeably. Pokémon. Robot anime like the Gundam and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross series became instant classics in the 1980s. which has different vowels and stress. but the term "anime" supplanted it in the mid-1990s as the material became more widely known in English-speaking countries. anime became more accepted in the mainstream in Japan (although less than manga).Anime 102 into the Super Robot genre under Go Nagai and others.[23] . and Kobo Abé. the term now only appears in nostalgic contexts. and the term アニメ (anime. not to leave it silent as English orthography might suggest. (In Japanese each mora carries equal stress.G series IGPX or Ōban Star-Racers.[19] [20] Non-Japanese works that borrow stylization from anime are commonly referred to as "anime-influenced animation" but it is not unusual for a viewer who does not know the country of origin of such material to refer to it as simply "anime". Terminology Japanese write the English term "animation" in katakana as アニメーション (animēshon. but the shorter form occurs more commonly. Word usage In Japan. with an acute accent over the final e. English-language texts sometimes spell anime as animé (as in French). In English. [24] As a visual medium. and a dark shade is used."[26] The influences of Japanese calligraphy and Japanese painting also characterize linear qualities of the anime style. an opening may employ manga panels to tell the story. Most super deformed characters are two to four heads tall. who is believed to have been the first to use this technique..[29] [30] Cultural anthropologist Matt Thorn argues that Japanese animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized eyes as inherently more or less foreign. common art-style. has a reputation for wild. produces a stroke of widely varying thickness. and dramatically shaped speech bubbles. When Tezuka began drawing Ribbon no Kishi. particularly to the cornea. For example. some of the work of Hayao Miyazaki and Toshiro Kawamoto are known for having realistically proportioned eyes. Anime also tends to borrow many elements from manga. such that they resemble Western cartoons. featuring few stylistic exaggerations. Some anime works like Crayon Shin-chan completely disregard these proportions. the tone color.[25] While different titles and different artists have their own artistic styles. yet fans still use the word "anime" to refer to these titles. Generally. it can emphasize visual styles. many stylistic elements have become so common that describe them as definitive of anime in general.[27] Variations to proportion can be modified by the artist. Some titles make extensive use of common stylization: FLCL. including text in the background and panel layouts.[32] . through Ribbon no Kishi. Character design Proportions Body proportions emulated in anime come from proportions of the human body. and extreme heights are set around nine heads tall.[27] Eye styles Many anime and manga characters feature large eyes. big hair and elongated limbs. exaggerated stylization. Super-deformed characters feature a non-proportionally small body compared to the head. Tezuka set a stylistic template that later shōjo artists tended to follow. The height of the head is considered by the artist as the base unit of proportion. and Disney's Bambi. Osamu Tezuka. Indeed. For example. Other titles use different methods: Only Yesterday or Jin-Roh take much more realistic approaches. the most common form of anime drawings include "exaggerated physical features such as large eyes. certain body features are increased in proportion. Sometimes specific body parts. this does not mean that all modern anime share one strict. However. some depth.Anime 103 Visual characteristics Many commentators refer to anime as an art form. Head heights can vary as long as the remainder of the body remains proportional. See for example the anime Kare Kano. The round ink brush traditionally used for writing kanji and for painting. Mickey Mouse. as well as realistic hair colors on their characters. for example. The styles can vary from artist to artist or from studio to studio. are shortened or elongated for added emphasis. like legs. or to dramatize a point for humorous effect. Most anime characters are about seven to eight heads tall. For exaggeration. Tezuka further exaggerated the size of the characters' eyes. speed lines and onomatopoeic. exclamatory typography.[31] However. The depth is accomplished by applying variable color shading. Coloring is added to give eyes.. a mixture of a light shade. not all anime have large eyes. the first manga specifically targeted at young girls. Many anime have a very different art style from what would commonly be called "anime style". Generally. Pokémon uses drawings which specifically do not distinguish the nationality of characters. was inspired by the exaggerated features of American cartoon characters such as Betty Boop.[3] [28] Tezuka found that large eyes style allowed his characters to show emotions distinctly. Backgrounds depict the scenes' atmosphere. non-reflecting eyes can be used to indicate a state of semi-consciousness. That means that stylistically.[3] For example.[35] Camera angles.[3] Many of the techniques that are used comprise cost-cutting measures while working under a set budget. camera angles show perspective. computer animation increased the efficiency of the whole production process.[39] examples of which are the silhouette and other cutout animation of Noburō Ōfuji.Anime 104 Facial expressions Anime characters may employ a variety of predetermined facial expressions to denote moods and thoughts. voice acting.[33] These techniques are often different in form than their counterparts in western animation.[36] Directors can also choose camera effects within cinematography. as can be seen in numerous anime. pose to pose approach and checking of drawings before they are shot – practices favored by the anime industry. Animation technique Like all animation. even in bigger productions the conventions of limited animation are used to fool the eye into thinking there is more movement than there is. which better allows for division of labor.[44] . Sometimes actual settings have been duplicated into an anime.[34] There are a number of other stylistic elements that are common to conventional anime as well but more often used in comedies. especially as a manifestation of repressed romantic feelings. facial closeup.[37] The large majority of anime uses traditional animation. The backgrounds for the Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya are based on various locations within the suburb of Nishinomiya. Japan. such as panning. even illness.[38] Other mediums are mostly limited to independently made short films. in which they display an extremely exaggerated expression. particularly regarding backgrounds. cel production and so on still apply. Male characters will develop a bloody nose around their female love interests (typically to indicate arousal. camera movement. anime often puts emphasis on changing seasons. and they include a fixed iconography that's used as shorthand for certain emotions and moods. mainly for the sake of slapstick comedy. which is a play on an old wives' tale). and panoramic. Kihachirō Kawamoto[41] and Tomoyasu Murata[42] and the computer animation of Satoshi Tomioka[43] (most famously Usavich). Characters may also have large "X" eyes to show a knockout. character design. In addition. Hyogo. Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views. such as Tenchi Muyo!. With improvements in computer technology. Vacant. This is typically used for comedic purposes. zooming. Angry women will sometimes summon a mallet from nowhere and strike another character with it. and lighting play an important role in scenes. Characters who want to childishly taunt someone may pull an akanbe face (by pulling an eyelid down with a finger to expose the red underside). Angry characters may exhibit a "vein" or "stress mark" effect. the production processes of storyboarding. Directors often have the discretion of determining viewing angles for scenes.[34] Embarrassed or stressed characters either produce a massive sweat-drop (which has become one of the most widely recognized motifs of conventional anime) or produce a visibly red blush or set of parallel (sometimes squiggly) lines beneath the eyes. where lines representing bulging veins will appear on their forehead. or in some cases. Anime is often considered a form of limited animation.[38] [40] the stop motion puppet animation of Tadahito Mochinaga. Characters that are shocked or surprised will perform a "face fault". Once the series has been licensed outside of Japan. Much of the fandom of anime grew through the Internet. Some editing of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture. They are sourced from Japanese history. The "light touch" approach also applies to DVD releases as they often include both the dubbed audio and the original Japanese audio with subtitles. the Saint Seiya video game was released in Europe due to the popularity of the show even years after the series has been off-air. so did interest in anime.[47] Certain companies may remove any objectionable content. This was not the case with VHS cassette. For example.[51] . most anime are intended for an older audience. classical literature.[45] Distribution While anime had entered markets beyond Japan in the 1960s. fansub groups often cease distribution of their work. complying with domestic law.6 billion yen to over 180 billion yen between 1995 and 2005. in which separate VHS media were used and with each VHS cassette priced the same as a single DVD. The combination of internet communities and increasing amounts of anime material. where anime has become more mainstream than in the United States. Internet advertising revenues grew from 1. With the advent of DVD.35 billion.Anime 105 Story themes A wide variety of stories have been adapted into anime. Europe and Latin America. with all scenes intact. In one case.[48] As the Internet gained more widespread use. Voltron). This editing process was far more prevalent in the past (e. helped spur the growth of fandom.[50] In another instance. as the popularity of the Internet grew. Bandai specifically thanked fansubbers for their role in helping to make The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya popular in the English speaking world. This "light touch" approach to localization has favored viewers formerly unfamiliar with anime. it grew as a major cultural export during its market expansion during the 1980s and 1990s. and even adult-oriented themes. While animation for children exists. The ethical implications of distributing or watching fansubs are topics of much controversy even when fansub groups do not profit from their activities. Robotech and Star Blazers were the earliest attempts to present anime (albeit still modified) to North American television audiences without harsh censoring for violence and mature themes. which violates copyright laws in many countries. fansubbing used VHS as a means of distribution. These are known as fansubs. Before the popularity of the Internet. people will collect these fansubs and upload them to websites which they also put advertisements on so as to earn money. Prior to the 1990s. but its use has declined because of the demand for anime in its original form. The anime market for the United States alone is "worth approximately $4. Media Factory Incorporated requested that no fansubs of their material be made. Often. Anime edited for television is usually released on DVD "uncut". typically unedited. it became possible to include multiple language tracks into a simple product. Anime distribution companies handled the licensing and distribution of anime outside Japan.[49] Some fan groups add subtitles to anime on their own and distribute the episodes. from video to images. according to the Japan External Trade Organization".[46] Anime has also had commercial success in Asia. anime had limited exposure beyond Japan's borders. Licensed anime is modified by distributors through dubbing into the language of the country and adding language subtitles to the Japanese language track.g. which was respected by the fansub community. The Internet has played a significant role in the exposure of anime beyond Japan. Using a similar global distribution pattern as Hollywood. the world is divided into five regions. Coincidentally. where they dress up as anime characters.[63] Viewers may also pick up on Japanese terms either within or related to anime.[62] Many attendees participate in cosplay. In 1984. guests from Japan ranging from artists. as in the case of Avatar: The Last Airbender.[61] Some American animated television-series have singled out anime styling with satirical intent. during the Anime boom.[55] Even domestic animation industries had made attempts at emulating anime. In the United States. where it instead connotes the pride of the fans. South Park has a notable drawing style. such as the Anime Network and the FUNimation Channel. a Nicktoons Network original cartoon. For instance. In doing so. and non-Japanese Asia. the number of people studying Japanese increased. Smaller regional stations broadcast anime under the UHF. Syfy. the Japanese term otaku is used as a term for anime fans beyond Japan. and community centers as a way to publicly exhibit anime as well as broadening Japanese cultural understanding.[54] Worldwide.Anime 106 Broadcasting TV networks regularly broadcast anime programming. the fifth episode of the anime FLCL.[57] Some creators cite anime as a source of inspiration with their own series. and music groups are invited. though at times those words may take on different connotations. major national TV networks. starting with Anime Expo. released several months after "Chinpokomon" aired. Anime conventions began to appear in the early 1990s. cable TV channels such as Cartoon Network. a French production team for Ōban Star-Racers moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team from Hal Film Maker. In Japan. Anime dramatically exposed more Westerners to the culture of Japan. Asia. and gags described in anime physics. first broadcast in the late 1990s. Also.[56] Most of these works are created by studios in the United States. Animethon. many Westerners have expressed a particular interest towards Japan.[58] [59] Furthermore. and others dedicate some of their timeslots to anime. Aside from anime.[60] Critics and the general anime fanbase do not consider them as anime. Even clichés normally found in anime are parodied in some series. have revealed. Sony-based Animax and Disney's Jetix channel broadcast anime within many countries in the world. anime has made significant impacts upon Western culture. and Europe. In addition to anime conventions. such as TV Tokyo broadcast anime regularly. Anime-influenced animation refers to non-Japanese works of animation that emulate the visual style of anime. itself parodied in "Brittle Bullet". methods. the Japanese Language Proficiency Test was devised to meet increasing demand. The negative connotations associated with the word in Japan have lessened in foreign context. This intent on satirizing anime is the springboard for the basic premise of Kappa Mikey. Some. Disney. for example South Park (with "Chinpokomon" and with "Good Times with Weapons"). anime clubs have become prevalent in colleges. Influence on world culture Anime has become commercially profitable in western countries. specifically show anime. as early commercially successful western adaptations of anime. . other facets of Japanese culture increased in popularity. AnimeCentral solely broadcasts anime in the UK. more particularly the obsessive ones. high schools. and JACON. Often. such as Perfect Hair Forever. Since the 19th century. directors. Otakon. is still running worldwide to this day. such as Astro Boy.[52] The phenomenal success of Nintendo's multi-billion dollar Pokémon franchise[53] was helped greatly by the spin-off anime series that. and they generally incorporate stylizations. Europe. production crews either are fans of anime or are required to view anime. Currently anime conventions are held annually in various cities across the Americas. html). pp. archive. "How to color anime eye" (http:/ / www.com Unabridged (v 1. com/ english/ Herald-asahi/ TKY200605110157. midnighteye. Retrieved 2007-09-11. Retrieved 11 December 2009. net/ blog/ 2006/ 04/ 07/ ask-john-do-japanese-viewers-treat-anime-shows-as-fads/ ). org/ web/ 20060517194357sh_re_/ www. Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon. Watching Anime.com. html). huitula. . [32] Poitras. Etymonline. Joseph Jay (2004). Japan: Kodansha. p.com. The Anime Encyclopedia. . paulgravett. Retrieved 2006-10-09. Massimiliano. Quebec. au/ __data/ page/ 9842/ Tezuka_Kit_1. php). Retrieved 2008-05-12. [7] Sharp. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. biorust. "Emotional Iconography in Animae" (http:/ / www.Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary" (http:/ / www. Animecornerstore. pp. Atsushi (2006-05-11). com/ mangagaku/ faceoftheother. com/ articles/ 006_tezuka/ 006_tezuka. [3] Schodt." (http:/ / web. DVD. jp/ print/ fl20060528x1. p. 1997)). gov. com/ tutorials/ detail/ 141/ en/ ). 7 [2] "anime . nsw.com. [26] "Japan Times" (http:/ / search. edu/ ~anime/ info_emotions. japantimes. ISBN 0-822-33287-6. . Nihon animēshon eigashi. [30] Carlus (2007-06-06). com/ ency/ t/ tezuka_osamu. Retrieved 2007-01-25. com/ browse/ anime). [10] Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. archive. [13] Ohara. Berkeley. abcb. paulgravett. 2008-03-30. youtube. ISBN 1880656922. nsw. 2006. Lesley Aeschliman. . . Tokyo. [8] Yamaguchi. ISBN 1-880656-32-9. Nihon animēshon eigashi. 26–37. Sabrina (December 2000). 1999. Jasper (September 23. html). Merriam-webster. au/ __data/ page/ 9842/ Tezuka_Kit_1. Gilles (1998). [5] "Historic 91-year-old anime discovered in Osaka" (http:/ / web. [33] "Manga Tutorials: Emotional Expressions" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2005-12-11. merriam-webster. 2004). [4] "Japan’s oldest animation films" (http:/ / imprinttalk. html). . 8–11. com/ tut/ expressions. html). archive. Frederik L. htm). asp). Anime Companion. Retrieved 2008-08-22. . hdrjapan. [35] "Reference pictures to actual places" (http:/ / www.G. Merriam-Webster. rinku. Michael O'Connell. org/ web/ 20071231013227/ http:/ / www. The Anime Café. 1993. htm) on 2007-12-31. bellaonline. Andrea. . Tunesi. Fred (2004). . com/ features/ pioneers-of-anime. Katsunori. . HDR Japan. Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. California: Stone Bridge Press. Dictionary. Palgrave Macmillan. . html). Japan: Kodansha International. artgallery. . com/ dictionary/ anime). AnimeNation. Berkeley. p. Rio. Asahi Shimbun. [27] "Body Proportion" (http:/ / animeworld. Retrieved 2006-08-29. [25] Tobin. com/ howtodraw/ bodies1. ISBN 1-8806562-3-X. [11] Official booklet.. Osamu Tezuka" (http:/ / www. "Pioneers of Japanese Animation (Part 1)" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2010-11-01. [6] Yamaguchi. [23] "Inu Yasha Ani-MangaGraphic Novels" (http:/ / www. Steven T. YouTube.Education Kit" (http:/ / web. 2010-08-13. html). [16] "Etymology Dictionary Reference: Anime accessdate=2007-09-13" (http:/ / www. . 4th ed. Ask John. (1996). 2008-03-31. Katsunori. Andrea. com/ index. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. php?term=anime). org/ web/ 20080402012234/ http:/ / www. Bellaonline. pdf) on 2007-08-30. ISBN 9784062064897. [9] Baricordi. Paul (2003). Retrieved 2009-08-08. Barbara. . Retrieved 2007-08-27. [14] "Dr. [17] "What is Anime?" (http:/ / www. asahi. Art Gallery New South Wales. htm). com/ articles/ art4260. .Anime 107 References [1] Brown. com/ amwess/ papers/ history. archive. Dictionary. . Centi. Retrieved 2007-08-22. com/ dictionary/ anime). org/ web/ 20060520053910/ http:/ / www.1). html). Zakka Films. archive. ne. 12. Retrieved 2007-08-16. [34] University of Michigan Animae Project (Current). mangatutorials. etymonline. Tokyo. Yūbunsha. [24] "Ask John: Do Japanese Viewers Treat Anime Shows as Fads?" (http:/ / www. . reference. org/ web/ 20070830033821/ http:/ / artgallery. [12] "A Brief History of Anime" (http:/ / www. The Roots of Japanese Anime. 2009. Retrieved 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2006-08-29. . . matt-thorn. [22] Patten. ISBN 2-9805759-0-9. Cinema Anime. Otakon 1999 Program Book.. . [18] "Tezuka: The Marvel of Manga . animecornerstore. Retrieved 2008-01-23. 2006-04-07. umich. shtml). 2000. com/ articles/ 006_tezuka/ 006_tezuka. Midnight Eye. hdrjapan. html) on 2006-05-20. merriam-webster. com/ japan/ japan-news/ historic-91yearold-anime-discovered-in-osaka/ ). com/ inuyaanno. Rossi. com/ ?p=1557). com/ watch?v=VyJ9yfYl_Fc). Canada: Protoculture Inc. Yasushi Watanabe (1977). de Giovanni. 88. corneredangel. Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga. . [15] Gravett. . .com. gov.S. . pdf) (PDF). [19] "Anime Dictionary Definition" (http:/ / dictionary. Retrieved 2010-11-18. Anime: A Guide to Japanese Animation (1958-1988). [29] "Basic Anime Eye Tutorial" (http:/ / www. [21] American Heritage Dictionary. zaq. Akemi's Anime World. [20] "Merriam-Webster:anime" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2006-08-29. "Osamu Tezuka: The God of Manga" (http:/ / web. Yasushi Watanabe (1977). Retrieved 2007-10-28. 1999-11-01. Pietroni. 2007. ImprintTALK. California: Stone Bridge Press. Manga! Manga!: The World of Japanese Comics. Stone Bridge Press. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-87011-752-1. jp/ p_v/ haruhi. [28] Schodt. [36] "Anime production process .feature film" (http:/ / www. [31] "Do Manga Characters Look "White"?" (http:/ / web. . Biorust. Retrieved 2007-08-22. Montreal. com/ productionIG2_page2. Retrieved 2010-11-01. com/ english/ Herald-asahi/ TKY200605110157. 2000-03-14. (Reprint edition (August 18. co. "5 missing manga pieces by Osamu Tezuka found in U. animenation. Yūbunsha. Frederik L. PRODUCTION I. com/ japan/ japan-news/ historic-91yearold-anime-discovered-in-osaka/ ) on 2008-04-02. asahi. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2007-10-28. htm). Retrieved 2007-08-29. [59] "Ten Minutes with "Megas XLR"" (http:/ / www. [46] "Manga Mania" (http:/ / online. Retrieved 2008-09-26. 2008. com/ cinematography. cnet. 805/ student-papers/ fall03-papers/ Progress_Against_the_Law. Retrieved 2007-08-17. W3.Anime 108 [37] "Cinematography: Looping and Animetion Techniques" (http:/ / web. Retrieved 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2009-08-08. com/ cinematography. Retrieved 2011-10-04. salemstate. org/ web/ 20071021222201/ http:/ / daily. 2002-07-26. [53] "Pokemon Franchise Approaches 150 Million Games Sold" (http:/ / www2. html). Midnight Eye. com/ sfw/ anime/ sfw12366. . . com/ 2005/ 12/ 21000171. Cinémathèque québécoise. . 1999. html). com/ ac2/ wp-dyn/ A33261-2003Dec26?language=printer). html?mod=googlenews_wsj). Retrieved 2008-07-21. 2005-12-21. wsj. Retrieved 2008-07-21. Genoa: Le Mani. mtvjapan. [48] "100 Questions About Anime & Manga Overseas" (http:/ / comipress. Helen (2004). edu/ mac/ classes/ 6. csail. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. html). jlpt. [52] "Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution. [44] "Works" (http:/ / www. . . heeza. html).The Boondocks Interview" (http:/ / www. CNet. 2008-10-09. washingtonpost. 2006-05-15. 2005-02-01. midnighteye. . University of Texas-Austin. Retrieved 2007-08-31. . qc. To the Source of Anime: Japanese Animation. edu/ article/ 2002/ 5/ 21/ animeAchievesGrowingPopularityAmongStanfordStudents) on 2007-10-21. com/ usavich/ about. .org/Arts/Animation/Anime/) at the Open Directory Project . 4 October 2005. com/ Anxious-times-in-the-cartoon-underground/ 2100-1026_3-5557177. [57] "SciFi Channel Anime Review" (http:/ / web. Retrieved 2007-09-06. net/ blog/ 2006/ 05/ 15/ ask-john-how-should-the-word-anime-be-defined/ ).edu. shtml). Pierre. Jasper (2004). . . AnimeCons. [43] Walters. ISBN 18-5669-346-5. Troy Rogers. midnighteye. org/ web/ 20080117145951/ http:/ / www. fr/ description. . Retrieved 2008-07-21. uk/ record=b2662684). Nintendo. com/ interviews/ kihachiro_kawamoto. com/ events/ ). "Japan's Empire of Cool" (http:/ / www. "Tomoyasu Murata and Company" (http:/ / www. Bianca Bosker (Wall Street Journal). g4tv. animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2006-05-01. html). html). [42] Munroe Hotes. . archive. [56] "What is anime?" (http:/ / www. London: Laurence King. [62] "Convention Schedule" (http:/ / www. com/ features/ tomoyasu-murata-and-company. Retrieved 2007-10-14. com/ features/ beyond_anime. Clare Kitson (translator) (2004). . Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940 (http:/ / lib. utexas. [49] "Free Anime: Providers Bear Losses to Build Business" (http:/ / en. [45] "An Anime Explosion" (http:/ / www. . [63] "Anime achieves growing popularity among Stanford students" (http:/ / web. prnewswire. The Silhouette Film (http:/ / www. com/ screensavers/ features/ 49962/ Ten_Minutes_with_Megas_XLR. animenation. com/ article/ 2006/ 07/ 20/ 489). and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation" (http:/ / groups. [51] "Adventures of the ASOS Brigade Episode 00: Made by Fans for Fans" (http:/ / asosbrigade. stanford. scifi. pdf) (PDF). UnderGroundOnline. Retrieved 2009-08-08. archive. . . shtml). scifi. pl?ACCT=104& STORY=/ www/ story/ 10-04-2005/ 0004159206& EDATE=). KANABAN-Web. 2006-07-20. . . edu/ article/ 2002/ 5/ 21/ animeAchievesGrowingPopularityAmongStanfordStudents). . 2007-08-31. [47] "Pokemon Case Study" (http:/ / w3. Retrieved 2006-12-23. html). leeds. Retrieved 2007-09-06. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. com/ eng/ company. html) on 2008-01-17. animecons. [38] Jouvanceau. J-Cast Business News. edu/ features/ archive/ 2004/ anime. The Washington Post (Washington Post Company): p. org/ web/ 20080613154025/ http:/ / www. ISBN 88-8012-299-1.salemstate. php) on 2008-06-13. [55] "Introduction" (http:/ / www. understandinganime. Midnight Eye. Retrieved 2008-07-21. . [39] Sharp. 103. Retrieved 2007-08-27. midnighteye. understandinganime. . cinematheque. edu/ ~poehlkers/ Emerson/ Pokemon. p. . php?lang=2& path=64& sort=Article& page=0& id=296). Retrieved 2006-10-16. Copyright. Retrieved 2009-05-01. stanford. mit. . savtheworld. PR Newswire. [50] "Anxious times in the cartoon underground" (http:/ / news. php). ca/ animation_japonaise. com/ sfw/ anime/ sfw12366. Jasper (2003). Anthony (2003-12-27). Retrieved 2008-07-21. [54] Faiola. [61] "How should the word Anime be defined?" (http:/ / www. 2008. 2004-10-13. Midnight Eye. Catherine (2008). com/ article/ SB118851157811713921. j-cast. AnimeNation. . The Japan Foundation. com/ cgi-bin/ stories. [60] "STW company background summary" (http:/ / www. External links • Anime (http://www. html). jp/ e/ about/ index. . shtml). archive. SciFi. "Interview with Kihachirō Kawamoto" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2010-11-01. com/ ugo/ html/ article/ ?id=17924). "Beyond Anime: A Brief Guide to Experimental Japanese Animation" (http:/ / www. . Comipress. Archived from the original (http:/ / daily. com/ editorial/ 2002-07-26). Understanding Anime. html). A1. com/ ). ANN. . [58] "Aaron McGruder . Kanaban Graphics. ugo. php).dmoz. [40] "Tribute to Noburō Ōfuji" (http:/ / www. ac. [41] Sharp. However. Fans use copyrighted material and heavily modify the original content to create a new version of material. Mark's fandub prompted many others to produce similar productions of their favorite shows. Dragon Ball Z Abridged. such as Yu-Gi-Oh! Abridged. Copyright implications for fandubs are very similar to fansubs except the difference of scale (see Fansub for a detailed explanation of the legal and ethical issues with this type of distribution). Despite this. and Sailor Moon Abridged are tagged by the Japanese production company for copyright use of their material. and copies were circulating only among a smaller group of people due to the technical limitations of the media. While fansubbing is a highly-popular means by which various Internet-downloaded visual media can be understood by other language markets. [2] "web site on SiW" (http:/ / www. php?path=content/ content. except redubbing. Polish Fandub Communities • Fandub community (http://insomniadub. fandubbing as a practice has not gained similar momentum as a means of translation by lay Internet users. parody dubs are often popular among the fan community of a particular series. There have been cases when popular fandubs. de/ include. History Amateur voice acting began simultaneously and independently from each other in a small number of developed countries. Fandubbing. . receiving international publicity on the Sailor Moon News Group. the fandub gained enormous popularity among the German audience[2] . With digitalisation. The recordings were distributed on VHS. References [1] "SiW . sinnlosimweltraum. de/ ). php& contentid=1). and are sometimes tagged again.history (in German)" (http:/ / www. is "Sinnlos im Weltraum" ("Senseless in Space"). though fandubs sometimes make attempt at actually making a legit full series dub of a series or movie (usually for a series that has not received an official dub. starting in 1998. . the first commonly noticed fandub can be regarded as Mark Sprague's Sailor Moon S 1997 video fandub. typically completely altering dialogues. The majority of fandub projects are arranged for short-form video clips and are often posted to video hosting services such as YouTube.com) • Fandub community (http://nanokarrin. is most commonly done with Japanese animation. or has had a poorly received dub). One of the first recorded projects. These productions are usually later re-uploaded to a new channel.Fandub 109 Fandub A fandub (not to be confused with a fansub) is a fan-made dub or redub of a production.com) . These projects are rarely completed past a few episodes. story plots and personalities of protagonists in a funny way (frequently referred to as “fundub” or "Abridged Series"). a German redub of Star Trek: The Next Generation. sinnlos-im-weltraum. dating from 1994[1] . Fans could purchase fansubs at a modest cost or could contact clubs who would record the material on their own blank video cassettes. romaji and English. Some fans. recent research by the Yale Economic Review has shown that people who download movies are no less likely to buy movies than those who do not. expensive to produce (over US$4000 in 1986)[1] and difficult to find. The first distribution media of fansubbed material was VHS and Betamax tapes. modeling fansub filesizes after optical media constraints has become largely unimportant. Fansubs using HDTV broadcast video sources require a higher bit rate to maintain quality. As the price of Hard disk drives have decreased while their storage capacity has increased. fansubs done from television video sources do not have the high quality video of official releases. Similar to karaoke. These advancements in fansubbing quality mean that fansubs are now of such quality and free accessibility that the incentive to upgrade (or in some cases downgrade. This results in most fansubs having similar file sizes: 175 MB.[2] Economic instabilities in both the US and Japan have made it hard to gauge the precise consequences of digisubs on the commercial industry. as from an HD fansub to an SD DVD) to a legitimate copy once a title is domestically licensed may be severely diminished. This made it difficult for anime fans to obtain new Note the use of katakana. A limited number of copies were made and then mailed out or distributed at local anime clubs. Due to the relatively low quality of television broadcasts (when compared with a DVD or Blu-ray release of the same show). desktop video editing. filesizes can be several gigabytes. and the different colours used. began producing amateur subtitled copies of new anime programs so that they could share them with their fellow fans who did not understand Japanese. Relatively few titles were licensed for distribution outside of Japan. time consuming to make. intended to be from an opening song. DVD and Blu-ray Disc ripping. and TV capturing. the original process has largely been abandoned in favor of digital fansubbing (digisubbing) and electronic distribution of the resulting digisubs. Thus it is often the case that downloading a fansub sourced from HDTV will offer much higher video quality than purchasing an official DVD. However. There are certain "standards" that many fansub groups adhere to. Such copies were notoriously low quality. This has allowed fansubbing to transform from a slow and tedious task that generates a low quality preview of an attractive show to a cheap. resulting in certain codecs being used and certain target filesizes for encoded fansubs. For episodes sourced from Blu-ray discs. the lyrics that are currently being titles. and 350 MB are generally treated as the "standard" sizes for a fansub file because they divide evenly into 700 MB. generally those with some Japanese sung are bolded in each of the respective languages. with the advent of widespread high-speed Internet access.[3] though several Japanese and North American anime studios and distribution companies have pointed to fansubbing as drawing a large amount of profit . due to the difference in resolution.Fansub 110 Fansub A fansub (short for fan-subtitled) is a version of a foreign film or foreign television program which has been translated by fans and subtitled into a language other than that of the original. calling this conclusion into serious question. the size of a typical CD-R. However. easy. file sizes for HD fansub encodes can range from 200MB to 800MB even using the latest H264 codecs. History Fansubs originated during the explosion of anime production during the 1980s in Japan. 233 MB. language experience. Some anime series which are broadcast in high definition do not go on to be released on Blu-ray. and in combination with varying amounts of motion between episodes (large amounts of motion require high bit rates to maintain quality). as well. A mocked-up fansub image. and quick way to create a high quality and high availability alternative to official DVD or Blu-ray releases. Once the script was prepared and timed. and the number of fansubbing groups has decreased as many people do not feel a need for fansubs when they can stream these shows legally and for free. a commercial VHS tape or even a homemade recording could be used as well. syncing them to HDTV video sources. and many cost more than $100. The master was most often recorded onto S-VHS tape in an attempt to maximize quality. The video script was then timed. two Gonzo titles began free. but at a low price which was intended to be exactly enough to cover the cost of blank cassettes and shipping. This style of fansubbing was quite cost-intensive for the fansubber and the distributor. It would not be uncommon for a $50 Laserdisc to contain just 30 minutes of video. The most common raw source was a commercial laserdisc. and BOST. The person performing the timing would watch the source video and would assign the appearance. though in some cases the streaming video is released days after the Japanese airing and in very low quality. this determines how long a given subtitle would remain on the screen. viewers may pay any price they wish (greater than zero) to download a higher-quality version of the shows. The distributor would then record copies onto the "customer's" blank cassettes. changing. The raw usually was purchased at a high price. though that would entail a lower quality finished product. nearly all Anime Laserdiscs (or tapes) cost more than $50. fansubs were usually not "sold". the apparent increase in support from Japanese animation studios for this new distribution model would suggest that it is working quite well. along with a modest payment for shipping expenses. In April. Timing is the process of assigning a "start time" (Synch-Point) and "end time" for each line of subtitling. called a raw was obtained. and then releasing them for free. a large number of new anime are being distributed using this same model through Crunchyroll. a copy of the original source material. 2008. The final output of this arrangement was then recorded. a fansub distributor might sell copied tapes outright. The fansubber would play back the raw video through a computer equipped with a genlock in order to generate the subtitles and then overlay them on the raw signal. who did translations and produced masters. Obtaining quality raws for a . and removal of the subtitle text using a computer. First. A master was a high quality copy of the finished fansub from which many distribution copies could be made. The general reaction from the fansub community has been to not subtitle these shows. Crunchyroll. the master copy was then sent to a distributor. As of October. Once completed. The hardware of choice was an Amiga PC as most professional genlocks were extraordinarily expensive. subtitled releases simultaneously with their Japanese TV-airing counterparts on streaming websites YouTube. Timing a script was usually done in conjunction with computer software designed specifically for that purpose. The two most popular programs used in this process were JACOsub (on the Commodore Amiga) and Substation Alpha (on MS Windows). Early fansubs Early or "traditional" fansubs were produced using analog video editing equipment. Typically. and ship them back. a fan who wanted copies of a given program would mail blank VHS or Betamax tapes to a fansub distributor.Fansub 111 away from them. leading fansubs to still be done of such shows. Several "fansub groups" have taken to ripping the subtitles from these Crunchyroll releases. A VHS tape from an internet fansub distributor Alternatively. though some fansubbers were forced to use inferior but less expensive VHS or Beta. the next step was to produce one or more masters. Fansub distributors (who delivered videos to fans) were usually separate from fansubbers. However.[4] In addition to the streaming video. A translated script was then made to match the dialog of the raw video. 2009. Since most members of the fansub community did not want to profit from their activities. That said. To account for this. This can sometimes lead to mistakes or unclear spellings of names. but unlike the fansubbers who relied on laser discs. Thus. and recording deck for producing the master. Professional grade video hardware such as players. While TV recordings are now the primary type of raw used today. Many groups have translation checkers to reduce the chances of letting translation errors slip through. most raw sources comes directly from recordings off Japanese TV. Winly and Rinry by different groups due to the equivalence of the alveolar approximant and alveolar lateral approximant in Japanese. China. fansubbers have to translate by ear. PC. English-subbed series can be retranslated into other languages. Various factors made it difficult for fansubbing groups to make releases with good video quality. Translations for most shows are between 200 and 300 lines. expensive video equipment was required: Laserdisc player. and were not made on professional equipment. one of the groups that worked on the show. the final fansub was at best a third-generation copy. One alternative to using the raw Japanese file for audio translation is the use of video that has been subtitled in Chinese. though some dialogue-heavy shows may reach over 500 lines. notably Russian. although this inherently reduces the accuracy of the translation because of the fact it has gone through two translations. A famous example is Winry Rockbell from Fullmetal Alchemist. Share. Hong Kong and Taiwan have their own fansub groups that also release to the Internet.[5] While commercial releases will often have access to the scripts. Because of ambiguities resulting from Japanese pronunciation and transcription of English names. recorders. without the need for expensive and complex devices such as editing decks and a genlock. some modern fansubbers use computers equipped with video capture hardware to get digital copies of older analog media (laserdisc or tape) to work with. In a similar way. In reality. The latter is most common with shows that use Western names. Then. fansub groups using Chinese subs often have one or more Japanese translation checkers to minimize the loss of original meaning. a majority of the encoding formats used generally cause some loss of quality versus the original broadcast or DVD. Once the video is in the computer it can be edited and subtitles applied with minimal or no loss of quality. and/or to give an alternative wording/meaning of a certain line to aid in editing an ambiguous translation. rips of region 2 DVDs are also used. This can lead to different fansubbing groups using different spellings. names like Alice can sound or be spelled like "Arisu" . genlock. Even when a high quality LD source and professional grade hardware could be used. easily into the thousands of dollars. translators are not experienced with fansub technology and only provide a translation. in practice quality was usually very poor. which are widely available via Japanese peer-to-peer programs such as Winny. used two native Chinese speakers for the project.[5] .Fansub 112 series of moderate length could cost over $1000. Doremi. or Perfect Dark. Mostly. Modern fansub techniques Modern fansubs are produced entirely on computers. although several translation checkers were on hand to verify against the original Japanese. A recent example of a show that was fansubbed entirely using Chinese subs is My-Otome. Translation is usually done solely by listening to the recording. A relatively inexpensive PC can perform all of the manipulation necessary. compared to the playback-recording cycle required in traditional fansubbing. many fansubbing groups paid professional translators in order to generate the script. For older shows not available on DVD. who was variously spelled as Winry. and editing decks was extremely expensive. A raw is still required. Several fansubbers are known to translate into English from the Chinese translations of the original Japanese. However.which can be misheard as any number of Alice alternatives. Some larger fansubbing groups have cappers in Japan that supply them with an MPEG transport stream. The high cost of equipment forced most fansubbing groups to use less expensive but inferior quality consumer grade electronics. most fansubs in circulation were fourth or fifth generation copies. As well. subsequently two or more video decks were then needed for producing distribution copies. though the actual localization and translation were closer to a professional level than those found in modern fansubs. ). Fansub editors on the whole do not require high-level English education. resulting in some lines starting before or after a scene change. then encode the episode. announcements (e. more recent. for example." which occur when every line has the same lead-in or lead-out time. as some raw providers remove the captions.Fansub 113 Another. The closed captions can be exported from the . are encoded into the footage. Soft subs can also be rendered at higher resolutions. Due to the limitations of softsubs. Different groups have different guidelines for editing. The next process is to typeset both the text or other parts of the video which have been translated (signs.). or hard subs. etc. In this way. Many groups will "pre-time" before the translation is done. softsubs are superimposed on the footage and appear indistinguishable from hardsubs. then upon completion of the translation. or QC. yet still fairly accurate translation due to greater ease of translating text to text. and any errors are then fixed.ts raw for a show. in which case the editor often rewrites/rewords lines in their entirety. "Hard" subtitles. are subtitles applied at playback time from a subtitle datafile. either muxed directly into the video file (.g. then do what is called a "hard QC. while at the same time doing what is called "fine timing. viewers can differentiate between.g. or any other conditions which may require differentiation.ts raw into various formats. or in a separate file (. . which is the process of typesetting signs or other on-screen text onto the video such that they blend in seamlessly with or on top of the original Japanese ones. Editing takes place any time after the translation has been completed. however. as well as an eye for spotting various errors. alternative with the growing availability and usage of . In addition.ts raws is translation from Japanese closed captions. is not as widespread. etc. speech by an off-screen character. This prevents "scene bleeds. encoding errors.ssa. and most fansub groups use a program called C-Cats [6] to accomplish it. while still retaining as much of the original meaning as possible. . and currently Aegisub is the most popular program for this process. not all . or have some overall knowledge of the fansubbing process. editing. in the case of hard QC. Many groups use AFX. as it cannot be guaranteed that the closed captions are flawless. "Sign: John's Pub"). rather than audio to text. train boarding notices). as it is still not commonplace to have a . thus the editor would merely fix spelling and grammar mistakes. It is the editor's job to make the subtitles as easily understandable to a native English speaker as the Japanese audio would be to a native Japanese speaker. "Soft" subtitles. Timing can take place before or after translation." The goal of quality checking an episode is to catch any typesetting.ogm. Many groups who either do not have skilled typesetters or are attempting to release as fast as possible will often just put up another subtitle line (usually at the top of the screen) with the translation of the on-screen text (e. Many groups do what is called a "soft QC". Quality checkers often are capable of doing other fansub jobs. Most translators are more proficient in Japanese than they are in English. Some insist upon keeping as literal subtitles as possible. Groups that use closed captions from a ." which is a process whereby a line's start or end point is made to correspond with a nearby scene change. apply the translation to the timed lines. or soft subs. thoughts. etc. each of whom compiles a report of errors in the episode and submits it.ts raws have the closed captions in them. Hard subs have traditionally been more popular .mkv." Fine timing often involves applying "scene timing. speech by an on-screen character.ts raw use the audio to verify the closed caption translation. while other groups are more liberal with their editing. Many groups make viewing easier and more organized by utilizing different colors and/or styles for different conditions that the current line is under. Many groups have the translator or translation checker view the episode with the edited subtitles to ensure that the editor has not accidentally changed the meaning of a line. and thus become hard to remove from the video without losing video quality (this can be done with a VirtualDub Filter). and some Japanese broadcasting stations do not broadcast with closed captions. This method. With the correct media player or an auxiliary program. cellphone screens. and as such their translations are often ambiguous or grammatically incorrect. timing. which can make for easier reading if the viewer is upscaling the file. This method often results in a fast. Most groups have multiple QCers. The subtitles are then encoded using VirtualDub or a similar program.[7] is one of the final stages of fansubbing.[5] There are several methods of subbing currently used. and.srt. Quality control.). AFX is usually encoded directly into the video. as the dialogue lines are of course not extremely complex. and individual fansub groups often use their own websites to inform fans of new releases. the line between speedsubs and quality subs is gradually becoming blurred. most fansubs were distributed through IRC channels. DDL. the individual files can be altered (for example. One main benefit of using Ogg or Matroska multimedia containers is the ability to create a single file that has DVD-like features such as chapter support and multiple audio and/or subtitle tracks. the groups that favor speed in determent of quality are known as "speedsub" groups and tend to release low-quality fansubs (in terms of subtitle accuracy. however the complete package often now comes in a suitable media container such as Matroska. The internet allows for highly collaborative fansubbing. file size standards are less frequently followed. BitTorrent and by file-sharing bots on IRC. but is most often distributed using online file-sharing protocols such as viral video. combined with larger fansub groups tending to have a large staff capable of performing tasks in parallel. Many of the early electronic fansubs were made from regular tape subs. Many fans did not have high speed Internet and were unable to download large files. The resulting fansub is a computer video file. file hosting services and BitTorrent. or even months to release each episode after its initial airing. and each member of a fansub team may only complete one task. "Quality" groups often take several days. This allows modern anime fans to download the finished product at little or no cost to themselves or to distributors. fixing a misspelling in the subtitles). but most fansub groups now release a softsub version of their releases. In the case of hard subtitles a video editor (commonly VirtualDub) uses an AVISynth script to load the raw video file and the subtitle file (created by the translators) then the video software applies the subtitles on the video and captures video with the subtitles "burned" in. In the mid-2000s. It can be copied to CD or DVD media for physical distribution. as the distro team usually uses servers that are not dedicated to fansub releases. some groups release fansubs with several translations into different languages. thus this method is not yet widespread. or differently styled subtitles to fit different preferences. While this kind of speed is possible. Because of an almost complete de-emphasis on CD-R and DVD-R distribution. and other aspects). In addition. or that are paid for through donations to their respective fansub group. BitTorrent trackers dedicated to anime fansub releases allow fans to easily find the latest releases. or "distro" team. as well as additional remarks and translations of signs)[8] within 24 hours of an episode's debut in Japan. and then remuxed back together. fansubs in electronic form were primarily distributed like VHS and Beta tapes: via mailed CD-Rs. However. and kanji for songs. composed of one or more individuals with a server or very high upload speed. kana. In recent years most groups have shifted from using IRC to being primarily BitTorrent. An appropriate video and audio playback codec needs to be installed on the computer for proper playback. these multimedia containers can be easily demuxed into their individual files. . weeks. In the case of soft subs. At the same time.Fansub 114 than softsubs. Since modern video media can contain multiple softsubs. such as CCCP.[5] This distribution is usually handled by a distribution team. as well as support for separate opening/ending animation files. video quality. Many fansub groups recommend using a codec pack. with the advent of new techniques and technology. many of the video files use alternate multimedia container formats such as OGM and Matroska. the companion sub data can be supplied as a separate file. Some groups have begun to release the opening and ending animations as separate files in order to reduce the size of each individual episode. Special decoders need to be acquired for these formats as well. though this introduces conflicts with player support. to allow for relatively simple playback of these formats. due to a lack of player support and worries over plagiarism. such as softsubs and modern hardware capable of encoding high quality video quickly.[5] Online fansubbing communities are able to release a fully subtitled episode (including elaborate karaoke[5] with translation. Distribution and playback In the late 1990s and early 2000s. 4Kids attempted an uncut bilingual release of Shaman King and Yu-Gi-Oh in the mid 2000s. only part of the series is available. A company can successfully dub over 100 episodes in as little as a two year period. the commercial subtitles of the first two seasons appeared. rent. Supporters of fansubbing point[10] to an alleged positive impact it has had on the anime industry through its function as publicity. An older example is Sailor Moon. Due to 4Kids' heavy editing of their properties and refusal to release untouched versions on DVD. which fansubs can play a part in. only to be picked up later when fansubs helped create a buzz about the franchise. and Pioneer successfully release the Sailor Moon Movies in a subtitled VHS format in 1999. In the promotional video announcing the American license of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya. fansubbers have traditionally held themselves to a common code of ethics and do not commonly see themselves as pirates. Kadokawa Pictures USA and Bandai Entertainment specifically thanked fansub watchers and asked them to purchase the official release. In 2003. a length of time that has confused some fan groups due to the speed that fansubs can provide the same material (considering that the fanbase desires the unaltered Japanese show. However. But companies are starting to address this issue.[11] releasing earlier season sections alongside boxsets more recent episodes in attempt to meet fan demand. followed by dubbed versions and bilingual DVDs.Fansub 115 Legal and ethical issues In countries subscribing to the Berne Convention.[12] Past market reactions have shown that time might be better spent petitioning 4Kids for a bilingual release. releasing a handful of volumes of each title in the format. Funimation is working to release their uncut. and supporting the uncut release of former 4Kids licenses like One Piece. or auction" that pops up during eyecatches. completing the uncut release that many fans never believed would be possible.[8] Marketing concerns for distribution companies create a gray operating zone for fansubbers." pointing out that their sales might not have met 4Kids' needs or expectations to continue them.[9] Many fansubs contain subtitle text that reads "This is a free fansub: not for sale. which was initially licensed by DiC. However. While on the one hand it is true that products like Fist of the North Star are released and licensed in America. uncut. for example. The costs of licensing more of the series might not be possible without a successful release of the initial offering. unedited versions of the show. . One Piece. but in an interview with ANN Alfred Kahn stated that "The market for them just isn't as large as the one for the cut version. fansubbing is illegal as it constitutes copyright infringement. the lack of support of these products. After fan demand showed there was a market for the title. released by ADV Films under license by DIC. The role fansubs have played in popularizing anime titles received official recognition by at least two major distributors. some fansubbing groups continue to subtitle and release popular shows owned by the company such as Tokyo Mew Mew. to show them there is a market for such titles. simply with their native language subtitles). is often a factor in the decision to not continue releasing a series. unedited episodes of One Piece in multiple formats. This was quickly followed by the release of Sailor Moon S and Sailor Moon Supers. VIZ's boxset format releases for Naruto and Prince of Tennis also attempt to deliver larger chunks of a series to fans in a quick and efficient manner. which both received complete unedited releases on VHS and DVD from Geneon. There have been several shows that were at first overlooked for US distribution. A fan willing to buy the whole series would find it impossible. and Yu-Gi-Oh!. Samurai. During the early days of the Internet. especially during the primitive days of internet security. subtitle. not eaten into it. hey. 2004. Many anime shows make their debut outside of Japan's shores in electronic format.[9] AnimeSuki and Lunar Anime complied. a Japanese copyright holder.[15] To date.[13] It has been argued that this prompted fans to ignore official releases altogether. And. Despite the request. This is due to the shift from traditional fansubbing using VHS tape to modern digisubs that are circulated on the internet. well.. it would have increased their business. and Kimi ga Nozomu Eien were licensed in the US. Kamen Rider. this has also applied to the tokusatsu fandom due to the fact fansubs are actually being done for Super Sentai. and it is rare that a popular anime will go without fansubs. and since then numerous other companies such as Nippon TV have followed suit in the wake of the appearance of fansubs on YouTube. They argue that by cutting off this means of "free advertisement. and had little competition from such amateur groups. J-Horror and J-Drama. Steve Kleckner of Tokyopop noted: Frankly. The lack of buzz that surrounded these titles has been linked by fansub supporters to MFI's suppression of fan distribution. Many people in the general public were not willing to trust relatively unknown internet businesses. Most of the American and UK anime distribution companies were formed during the early 1990s. MFI's other major projects. The advent of BitTorrent as opposed to IRC has been pointed to as a key ingredient in the current fansubbing scene. Of special note. However. and their sales. other fansub groups such as Solar and Shining Fansubs followed suit. directly requested that their works be removed from download sites. fansub groups were able to host and distribute fansubs online easily.[13] Recently. Even during the early to mid 1990s. After MFI's request was made public.. whose fansubs had been completed before the notifications.Fansub 116 Dynamics of fansubbing Although executives of domestic anime distributors have been vocal about their objection to fansubs. it was difficult for fansubbing groups to get the attention of their target audience. groups still had to charge a nominal fee (usually $5 to $10 at most) for a VHS and shipping charges to get the anime to its destination. a Tokyo law firm representing Media Factory sent letters and e-mails to the anime BitTorrent directory AnimeSuki and fansub groups Lunar Anime and Wannabe Fansubs requesting that they halt the fansubbing and hosting of all current and future fansubbing productions. and play back fansubs. distribute.] To be honest. In addition. "[14] This belief was challenged when in December 2004 Media Factory (MFI). Recent legal action There is a belief among some fans that an "unspoken agreement" exists between the fansubbers and Japanese copyright holders that fansubs help promote a product. Giant Monsters films that so many people were familiar with prior to fansubbing. were not picked up by American distributors. including Pugyuru and Akane Maniax. this has been one of the few legal actions taken by a Japanese anime company against fansubbing. and some websites started charging for easier downloading rates. On December 7. and shortly after. not threatening[. as the internet grew in availability and speed.000 fans saying they want a book you've never heard of. and various Daikaiju Movies which most fans didn't appreciate the dubbing. only Genshiken." MFI has alienated fans who would normally buy their products after they were licensed and kept the . as well as other Asian Shows have been fansubbed as many people are becoming more and more curious about Asian Cinema and breaking away from the Kung Fu. most do not want to gain an image as being hostile to their fans. Some companies even formed out of fansubbing circles. I believe that if the music industry had used downloading and file sharing properly. Wannabe Fansubs and a handful of other fansubbing groups continued to produce fansubs of MFI anime series. Ultraman. you gotta go out and get it. cutting into what DVDs offer. if you get 2. I find it kind of flattering. although fansubbing as they knew it then has become profoundly different from fansubbing as it is known today. many in the anime industry started as VHS fansubbers themselves. The development of new software and its newfound availability made it very simple to copy. Recently.'"[18] In Singapore. com/ issues/ fall2005/ downloads. html [7] "Of Otakus and Fansubs" (http:/ / web. . which has frequently taken YouTube to task for providing content which domestic Japanese viewers often use. Since MFI's legal action against fansubbers. The anime series based on Emma and Aria were both licensed in 2008. which is normal for anime licenses around 2002.Fansub 117 shows from being as widely exposed as they might otherwise be. [3] "Tokyo Anime Center Posts "Stop! Fan-Subtitle" Notice" (http:/ / www. php). the youngest person being only 9 years old. in August. Court orders on ISPs to reveal subscribers' personal information have been ruled in Odex's favour. some fansubbing of such titles still occurs. Anime News Network. org/ issue06/ art_diaz_munoz. jostrans. 8: pp. jp/ ccats/ pages/ 13. Jie. ed. Gankutsuou. "Fansubs: Audiovisual Translation in an Amateur Environment" (http:/ / www. atwiki. as they are seen by fans as heavy-handed. Progress against the law: Anime and fandom. 2009. a copyright holders rights company. Sean. leading to several downloaders receiving letters of legal threat from Odex and subsequently pursuing out-of-court settlements for at least S$3. MFI's actions are sometimes used as an example in the fansub debate as a reason why other Japanese companies should not pursue similar injunctions. archive. 2008. animenewsnetwork. Indeed. say fansub supporters. their number of licenses secured is below the industry average.[21] References [1] Leonard. . and has to find ways to work around it. 2008. 2008. uk/ ahrc/ SCRIPT-ed/ vol2-4/ hatcher. uk/ ahrc/ SCRIPT-ed/ vol2-4/ hatcher. sagepub. Shura no Toki. in an effort to negate the need for fansubs. March 21. their titles are still being licensed. It took the series over 2 years to be licensed. Law. Retrieved September 24. Pablo Muñoz Sánchez. . animenewsnetwork. March 29. [5] Cintas. as seen on their official site. 2009. ac. meaning that they were released simultaneously in Japan and North America. However. as seen in Geneon and ADV's comments at the State of the Industry Panel at Anime Boston. and UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie were all licensed after the legal action in 2004. Retrieved May 7. Kurau Phantom Memory. as some people prefer fansubs over commercial releases. archive. Retrieved September 24. [2] Zhou. com/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 8/ 3/ 281) International Journal of Cultural Studies. Matt answered that while fan subtitling is hurting the industry both in the US and in Japan.[17] as well as recent comments by Matt Greenfield of ADV Films at Anime Central: "Answering a fan question on how ADV perceives the threat and challenge presented by fansubbers. asp#Quality). org/ web/ 20071011231757/ http:/ / yaleeconomicreview. php) on 2007-10-11.ed. . and Area 88. 2009. as evidenced by the Western market's sharp drop in new acquisitions in 2005. These users have allegedly downloaded fansubbed anime via the BitTorrent protocol. "The Economics of Movie Downloads in the Film Industry" (http:/ / web. Fansub opposers claim that Japanese licensers have reportedly grown discontent with fansubbers because the ease of access with which their works are obtained has begun to affect foreign licensers' willingness to license a series. com/ news/ 2008-03-29/ tokyo-anime-center-posts-stop-fan-subtitle-notice). pdf) (PDF). 2006. The end result.[19] [20] These actions were considered controversial by the local anime community and have attracted criticisms towards the company. is a reduced interest from American anime companies and a loss of revenue for the studio. org/ web/ 20080217024839/ http:/ / www. with the key to the globalization of culture (http:/ / ics. [4] "Gonzo Works to be Streamed Simultaneously with Airing" (http:/ / www. ed. . They also suggest that anime fans in Japan have reportedly begun to turn to English fansubs which often appear days after a show's release. Noein. a few titles such as Street Fighter Generations were prelicensed. School Rumble was finally licensed by Funimation thanks to popularity of the series garnered from its manga release by Del Rey.000) per person. Archived from the original (http:/ / yaleeconomicreview. anime distributor Odex has been actively tracking down and sending legal threats against internet users in Singapore since 2007. Anime News Network. Retrieved September 24. com/ news/ 2008-03-21/ gonzo-works-to-be-streamed-simultaneously-with-airing). [6] http:/ / www29. 'the industry has to learn and adapt to new technology. 281–305. law. 9 2005. .[16] A growing anti-fansub stance has been taken by US distributors. ac. However.000 (US$2. 2009. law. Jorge Díaz.uk. vol. affecting sales in their home market. Japanese companies have banded together to form JASRAC. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. 2006. com/ issues/ fall2005/ downloads. which includes fansubs.ac. Yale Economic Review. However. Retrieved September 24. asp#Quality) on February 17. cnet.00. Script-ed. Archived from the original (http:/ / animeondvd. . com. [19] Hanqing. Kahn" (http:/ / www. asiamedia. . org/ web/ 20070927200506/ http:/ / animeondvd. • Leonard. reason. Further reading • . uk/ ahrc/ script-ed/ vol2-4/ otaku_appendix.com/sol3/papers. [13] "Interview With The Fansubber" (http:/ / www. com/ blogs/ rehashplus/ post. . org/ web/ 20070930224936/ http:/ / newpaper. . com/ doc. "Anime firm boss gets online death threats" (http:/ / www. Jordan. com/ forum/ showtopic. com/ feature/ 2008-03-11). Works" (http:/ / www. ac. "Celebrating Two Decades of Unlawful Progress: Fan Distribution. Vol. Mikhail (May 12.Fansub 118 [8] Hatcher. php?tid/ 19708/ tp/ 12/ ). 2009. 2007). com. 2. nytimes.137645. . archive. UCLA Entertainment Law Review.ssrn. . Archived from the original (http:/ / newpaper. com/ convention/ 2007/ anime-central/ advfilms). 2005. Chua Hian (August 16. Anime News Network. CNet Asia. asia1. animesuki. html). com/ 2005/ 08/ 21/ arts/ 21solo.Fansub Samples" (http:/ / www. Anime News Network. [15] "Removal of Media Factory Inc. Charles (August 21. [18] Koulikov. htm?id=63000177). Jordan S. [16] "Press release" (http:/ / www.jp. ed.. Sean. "Parents get shock letter" (http:/ / web. New York Times. jp/ release/ 06/ 12_2. html?ex=1282276800& en=91a6bf6f3813c78f& ei=5090& partner=geartest& emc=rss). AnimeonDVD. 2005). "Of Otakus and Fansubs" (http:/ / www. com/ forum/ showtopic. Retrieved September 24. . uk/ ahrc/ script-ed/ vol2-4/ hatcher. Retrieved 2009-09-24. com/ news/ show/ 116788. Retrieved September 24. and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation" (http://papers. AnimeOnDVD. 4. com/ forum/ showtopic. [10] Jenkins. . 2007.. sg/ printfriendly/ 0. [21] Hou. animenewsnetwork. Henry (December 2006). 2008.0002. Reason Magazine. animenewsnetwork.com. April 24. Anime News Network.00. "Of Otaku and Fansubs. asp#sdendnote175anc). [11] "One Piece Release Polls" (http:/ / www. 2007). [12] "Alfred R. "Kicking kids for profit?" (http:/ / asia. Retrieved September 24. jasrac. php?tid/ 19708/ tp/ 12/ ) on 2007-09-27. html). law. "When Piracy becomes Promotion" (http:/ / www. The Straits Times. [9] Solomon. p.2010. doi:10. Retrieved April 24. Retrieved July 19.4139.or. or. 2009. . Spring 2005. . Appendix . animenewsnetwork. The New Paper. 2007. pdf) (PDF). ed. 2006. [14] Hatcher. No. com/ interview/ 2005-04-24/ alfred-r-kahn). 2007). "File Share and Share Alike" (http:/ / www. cfm?abstract_id=696402).ADV Films" (http:/ / www. archive. Liew (August 2. asp?parentid=76054). . law. html). ucla. Retrieved 2009-09-24. [20] Tan. [17] "Why do R1 companies suddenly hate us?" (http:/ / web. Retrieved July 19. . 2009. . 2009. html) on 2007-09-30. . Retrieved September 24.137645. 2007. .1353/mec. Michael (August 16.4139. edu/ article-southeastasia. ac. AnimeSuki. 2007). 2009. 2005. asia1. Retrieved September 24. University of Edinburgh. "Anime Central 2007 . 4. Jasrac. php/ legal/ mediafactory. Proselytization Commons. Retrieved September 24. animeondvd.com. php?tid/ 19349/ tp/ 4/ ). 2009. March 11. Retrieved July 19. html). sg/ printfriendly/ 0. He is viewed as the most technically advanced Japanese animator of the 1910s. The reasons vary. anime was accepted in the mainstream in Japan.History of anime 119 History of anime The history of anime began at the start of the 20th century. while Innocence: Ghost in the Shell was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. Due to medical reasons. especially Hayao Miyazaki and Mamoru Oshii. and later paper animation. Ōten Shimokawa was a political caricaturist and cartoonist who worked for the magazine Tokyo Puck. The Super Dimension Fortress Macross also became a worldwide success after being adapted as part of Robotech. released in 1917. The creator's identity is unknown. removing his hat. which was later closed due to lack of commercial success. perhaps as experimentation. who also had studied watercolor painting. He was hired by Tenkatsu to do an animation for them. while a date of circa 1915 is possible. in 2004. After the clips had their run. During this period several filmmakers became famous. including Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki (1917). 1917) and a 1918 film Urashima Tarō which were discovered together at an antique market in 2007. the Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo. has speculated that it could be "up to 10 years older" than the previously first known Japanese animation. before he returned to his previous work as a cartoonist. The film Akira set records in 1988 for the production costs of an anime film and went on to become a success worldwide. The rise of Gundam.[2] It depicts a young boy in a sailor suit writing the kanji "活動写真" (katsudō shashin. Spirited Away shared the first prize at the 2002 Berlin Film Festival and won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. rather than for public release. The discoverer. the same creators produced Steamboy. but it is thought that it was made for private viewing. I internet also led to the rise of fansub anime. His works include around 15 movies. he was only able to do five movies. He utilized the chalkboard technique. . with and without pre-printed backgrounds. Another prominent animator in this period was Jun'ichi Kōuchi. and Megazone 23 also gained recognition in the West after it was adapted as Robotech: The Movie. and later took over as the most expensive anime film. He was a caricaturist and painter. In 1912 he also entered the cartoonist sector and was hired for an animation by Kobayashi Shokai later in 1916. Seitaro Kitayama was an early animator who made animations on his own. Real Robot. and developing distinct genres such as mecha and its Super Robot sub-genre. Typical shows from this period include Lupin III and Mazinger Z. an old animation film was found in Kyoto. Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki. and experienced a boom in production. anime developed further. and Space Opera set a boom as well. This undated 3 seconds film. not hired by larger corporations. there is no actual basis for this extreme speculation. for "moving pictures") on a board. First generation of Japanese animators Few complete animations made during the beginnings of Japanese animation have survived. consists of fifty frames drawn directly onto a strip of celluloid. Katsudō Shashin?). and offering a salute. The works of these two pioneers include Namakura Gatana (An Obtuse Sword. Macross. Later. then turning towards the viewer. Dragon Ball.[1] In July 2005. During the 1970s. when Japanese filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques that were being explored in the West. In the 1980s. He even founded his own animation studio. plainly titled Moving Picture (活動写真. reels (being property of the cinemas) were sold to smaller cinemas in the country and then disassembled and sold as strips or single frames. Naoki Matsumoto. but many are of commercial nature. However. separating itself from its Western roots. Due to economic factors.[6] [7] and the first anime made entirely using cel animation. Since foreign films had already made a profit abroad.[9] During this time. This proved important for producers that had experienced a hard time releasing their work in regular theaters. they could be sold for even less than the price domestic producers need to charge in order to break even. political and industrial use. Geijutsu Eigasha produced Mitsuyo Seo's Momotaro's Sea Eagles with help from the Navy. which were influential on both audiences and producers. Kenzō Masaoka. it was then hard to compete in terms of quality with foreign product that was in color. Hakuzan Kimura. however. Some movies were shown in newsreel theaters.[4] This resulted in animation that could seem derivative. censorship and school regulations discouraged film-viewing by children. another important animator. worked at a smaller animation studio. Seo's Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors in 1945. especially after the Film Law of 1939 promoted documentary and other educational films. as animators often concentrated on making PR films for companies. generally used cutout animation instead of cel animation because the celluloid was too expensive.[8] Seo was the first to use the multiplane camera in Ari-chan in 1941. Shochiku then made Japan's first real feature length animated film. Such support helped boost the industry. however. Such innovations. During the Second World War In the 1930s the Japanese government began enforcing cultural nationalism. educational films for the government. First.[10] It was at Shochiku that such masterworks as Kenzō Masaoka's Kumo to Chūrippu were produced. Sanae Yamamoto and Noburō Ōfuji were students of Kitayama Seitaro and worked at his film studio. they had a hard time competing with foreign producers such as Disney. released in 1933. as bigger companies formed through mergers. In 1941 Princess Iron Fan had become the first Asian animation of notable length ever made in China. so prewar animation depended considerably on sponsorship.[11] showing the sly. Japanese animation until the mid-1930s. did attempt to bring Japanese animation up to the level of foreign work by introducing cel animation. More animated films were commissioned by the military. Many animators were urged to produce animations which enforced the Japanese spirit and national affiliation. so masters such as Yasuji Murata and Noburō Ōfuji were able to do wonders in cutout animation. and made by much bigger companies. quick Japanese people winning against enemy forces. again with the help of the Navy. however. In 1923. Masaoka created the first talkie anime. flat (since motion forward and backward was difficult) and without detail. were hard to support purely commercially.[5] But just as postwar Japanese animators were able to turn limited animation into a plus. merged the feature film studios into just three big companies. Animators such as Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo. but that could make matters worse: given costs. with sound. sound. The Dance of the Chagamas (1934). This also lead to a strict censorship and control of published media. it would be Japan which later emerged long after the war with the most readily available resources to continue expanding the industry.History of anime 120 Second generation of Japanese animators Yasuji Murata. In 1943. Animation had found a place in scholastic. the Great Kantō earthquake destroyed most of the Kitayama studio and the residing animators spread out and founded studios of their own. Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka. . and prompted major live-action studios such as Shochiku to begin producing animation. so anime that offered educational value were supported and encouraged by the Monbusho (the Ministry of Education).[3] Japanese animators thus had to work cheaply. in small companies with only a handful of employees. and eventually works of propaganda for the military. for instance. and technology such as the multiplane camera. Wartime reorganization of the industry. Prewar animators faced several difficulties. This cost-cutting method of animation allows for emphasis to be placed on important shots by animating them with more detail than the rest of the work (which would often be limited animation). Hakujaden (The Tale of the White Serpent. First Native language name English name Released Type Broadcast First anime series おとぎマンガカレンダー Otogi Manga Calendar May 1. One of the earliest successful television productions in the early 1970s was Tomorrow's Joe (1970). 1983 OVA no First adult (hentai) anime ロリータアニメ Lolita Anime February 21. This film was more Disney in tone than modern anime with musical numbers and animal sidekicks. Toei animator Yasuo Ōtsuka began to experiment with this style and developed it further as he went into television. DiC Entertainment. many young animators were thrust into the position of director before they would have been promoted to it. However. The most extreme example of this is Isao Takahata's film Hols: Prince of the Sun (1968). Toei continued to release these Disney-like films and eventually also produced two of the most well known anime series. in the modern sense. . 1974 series yes First real robot anime series 機動戦士ガンダム Mobile Suit Gundam April 7. As a result. its former employees founding studios such as Madhouse Production and Sunrise. 1961 series yes First super robot anime series 鉄人28号 Tetsujin 28-go October 20. 1984 OVA yes 1970s During the 1970s. This injection of young talent allowed for a wide variety of experimentation. which lead to Asian studios being used more often to animate foreign productions. Other studios like TMS Entertainment. it is widely considered to be the first "anime" ever. were also being used in the 80's. in the 1980s Toei would later lend it's talent to companies like Sunbow Productions. This increased competition from television reduced Toei animation's staff and many animators went to studios such as A Pro and Telecom animation. Hols is often seen as the first major break from the normal anime style and the beginning of a later movement of "auteuristic" or "progressive anime" which would eventually involve directors such as Hayao Miyazaki (creator of Spirited Away) and Mamoru Oshii. From 1958 to the mid-1960s. Mushi Productions went bankrupt (only to be revived 4 years later). It was released in the US in 1961 as Panda and the Magic Serpent. Murakami-Wolf-Swenson. 1963 series yes First anime space opera series 宇宙戦艦ヤマト Space Battleship Yamato October 6.History of anime 121 Toei Animation and Mushi Productions In 1948. Ruby Spears and Hanna Barbera with producing several animated cartoons for America during this period. Toei Animation was founded and produced the first color anime feature film in 1958. a boxing anime which has become iconic in Japan. 1958). 1979 series yes First OVA ダロス Dallos December 12. Marvel Productions. but the companies involved still produced anime for their native Japan. the Japanese film market shrunk due to competition from television. Toei's style was also characterized by an emphasis on each animator bringing his own ideas to the production. Dragon Ball in 1986 and Sailor Moon in 1992. Japanese movie poster for the first color anime feature film The Tale of the White Serpent (1958) A major contribution of Toei's style to modern anime was the development of the "money shot". 1980s This shift towards space operas became more pronounced with the commercial success of Star Wars (1977). Space Battleship Yamato was reworked and edited into Star Blazers in 1979. Yatsura made Takahashi a household name and Oshii would break away from fan culture and take a more auteuristic approach with his 1984 film Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer. Some early works include Mazinger Z (1972–74). two other events happened at this time. In Japan it was so successful that it allowed for Hayao Miyazaki and Takahata to start up a series of literary based anime (World Masterpiece Theater). Science Ninja Team Gatchaman (1972–74).History of anime 122 Another example of this experimentation is with Isao Takahata's 1974 television series Heidi. Space Battleship Yamato (1974–75) and Mobile Suit Gundam (1979–80). where it managed an average television rating of 6. Girl of the Alps. Gatchaman was reworked and edited into Battle of the Planets in 1978 and again as G-Force in 1986. Most TV networks thought the TV show wouldn't be successful because children needed something more fantastic to draw them in. The Macross series began with The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982). These magazines popped up in response to the overwhelming fandom that developed around shows such as Yamato and Gundam in the late 1970s and early 1980s. effect on the development of anime. as seen in the Super Robot genre. Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985). as shows shifted from more superhero-oriented. Kanada's animation was inspiration for Takashi Murakami and his Superflat art movement. The success of the theatrical versions of Yamato and Gundam are seen as the beginning of the anime boom of the 1980s. In addition. This break with the otaku culture would allow Oshii to experiment further. In the United States the already mentioned popularity of Star Wars had a similar. became the most successful Real Robot space opera in Japan. Mobile Suit Gundam (1979).[12] While the Mecha genre shifted from superhero giant robots (the Super Robot genre of the 1970s) to elaborate space operas (the Real Robot genre of the 1980s). began to develop around animation magazines such as Animage or later Newtype. These titles showed a progression in the science fiction genre in anime. the first Real Robot anime. but much smaller. In many more "auteuristic" anime this formed the basis of an individualist animation style unique to Japanese commercial animation. Royal Space Force: The Wings of . This anime boom also marked the beginning of "Japanese Cinema's Second Golden Age". Two of Miyazaki's critically acclaimed productions during the 1970s were Future Boy Conan (1978) and Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro (1979). The otaku subculture had some effect on people who were entering the industry around this time. which was created from three separate anime titles: The Super Dimension Fortress Macross. who later called themselves otaku. Gainax began by making films for the Daicon science fiction conventions and were so popular in the otaku community that they were given a chance to helm the biggest budgeted (to that point) anime film. A subculture in Japan. as seen in the Real Robot genre. Yamato animator Yoshinori Kanada allowed individual key animators working under him to put their own style of movement as a means to save money. This show was originally a hard sell because it was a simple realistic drama aimed at children. which was adapted into English as the first arc of Robotech (1985). was also initially unsuccessful but was revived as a theatrical film in 1982. The most famous of these people were the amateur production group Daicon Films which would become Gainax.6% and a peak of 11. fantastical plots found. This allowed for the space opera Space Battleship Yamato (1974) to be revived as a theatrical film. Another genre known as Mecha came into being at this time. Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Genesis Climber Mospeada.[13] The otaku culture became more pronounced with Mamoru Oshii's adaptation of Rumiko Takahashi's popular manga Urusei Yatsura (1981).7%. which many consider the beginning of the "golden age of anime". The sequel to Mobile Suit Gundam. to somewhat more realistic space operas with increasingly complex plots and fuzzier definitions of right and wrong. Heidi wound up being an international success being picked up in many European countries and becoming popular there. which would last until around the beginning of the 2000s. Miyazaki and Takahata left Nippon Animation in the late 1970s. Most of these films did not make back the costs to produce them. This period of lavish budgeting and experimentation would reach its zenith with two of the most expensive anime film productions ever: Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honneamise (1987) and Akira (1988). also released in 1984. The first hentai OVA was actually the little-known Wonder Kids Lolita Anime. Despite the failure of Akira in Japan. Night on the Galactic Railroad (1985). Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984). following the release of Nausicaä. The domestic failure and international success of Akira. One of the most influential anime of all time. Tale of Genji (1986). The 1980s brought anime to the home video market in the form of Original Video Animation (OVA). but 1985's Megazone 23 was a success. Sports anime as now known made its debut in 1983 with an anime adaptation Yoichi Takahashi's soccer manga Captain Tsubasa. The first OVA was Mamoru Oshii's Moon Base Dallos (1983–1984). Prince of Tennis and Eyeshield 21. a symbol of the medium for the West. and Grave of the Fireflies (1988) were all ambitious films based on important literary works in Japan. was made during this time period.History of anime 123 Honneamise (1987). combined with the bursting of the bubble economy and Osamu Tezuka's death in 1989. This show became popular in Japan among anime fans and became known to the general public through mainstream media attention. and Naruto (1999). but midway through production he also made it into a heavy critique of the culture eventually culminating in the controversial. Theatrical releases became more ambitious. In 1985 Toshio Suzuki helped put together funding for Oshii's experimental film Angel's Egg (1985). one of Miyazaki's most ambitious films. but quite successful film The End of Evangelion (1997) which grossed over $10 million. The late 1980s. the film became a cult hit and. Neither Akira nor Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honneamise were box office successes in Japan. which became the first worldwide successful sports anime leading its way to create themes and stories that would create the formula that would later then be used in many sports series that soon followed such as Slam Dunk. and Robot Carnival (all three 1987). eventually. As a result. it brought with it a much larger international fan base for anime. This studio would become known as Studio Ghibli and its first film was Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986). One Piece (1997). Dallos was a flop. It is believed that Anno originally wanted the show to be the ultimate otaku anime designed to revive the declining anime industry. Neo Tokyo. Shows such as Patlabor had their beginnings in this market and it proved to be a way to test less marketable animation against audiences. Only Studio Ghibli was to survive a winner of the many ambitious productions of the late 1980s with its film Kiki's Delivery Service (1989) being the top grossing film for that year earning over $40 million at the box office. When shown overseas. each film trying to outclass or outspend the other film. Many scenes in the Evangelion TV show were so . Neon Genesis Evangelion. The film gave extra prestige to anime allowing for many experimental and ambitious projects to be funded shortly after its release. Hideaki Anno wrote and directed the controversial anime. The success of Dragon Ball (1984) introduced the martial arts genre and became incredibly influential in the Japanese Animation industry. The OVA allowed for the release of pornographic anime such as Cream Lemon (1984). 1990s In 1995. It also allowed director Hayao Miyazaki and his long time colleague Isao Takahata to set up their own studio under the supervision of former Animage editor Toshio Suzuki. The OVA market allowed for short experimental pieces such as Take the X Train. and many experimental productions began to be favored less over "tried and true" formulas. saw an increasing number of high budget and/or experimental films. It influenced many more martial arts anime and manga series' including Yu Yu Hakusho (1990). Films such as Char's Counterattack (1988) and Arion (1986) were lavishly budgeted spectacles. brought a close to the 1980s era of anime. all taking cues from Nausicaä's popular and critical success. Anno would eventually go on to produce live action films. large numbers of anime studios closed down. His desire is also to get rid of the categories of 'high' and 'low' art making a flat continuum.[18] and is estimated to have redrawn parts of 80. As a result when Cowboy Bebop (1998) was first broadcast it was shown heavily edited and only half the episodes were aired. Paranoia Agent (2004) and Gantz (2004). Other 1990s anime series which gained international success were Dragon Ball Z. The only Gundam shows in the 1990s which managed an average television rating over 4% in Japan were Mobile Fighter G Gundam (1994) and New Mobile Report Gundam Wing (1995). These include RahXephon. Though several Gundam shows were produced during this decade. Starting with Serial Experiments Lain (1998) late night Japanese television became a forum for experimental anime with other shows following it such as Boogiepop Phantom (2000). Dragon Ball Z was dubbed into more than a dozen languages worldwide. Pokémon. It continued well into the 2000s.[13] The 1990s also saw the popular video game series. hence the term 'superflat'. 2000s An art movement started by Takashi Murakami that combined Japanese pop-culture with postmodern art called Superflat began around this time. Experimental anime films were also released in the 1990s. starting with Gokusen.RahXephon was also intended to help revive 1970s-style mecha designs. and Digimon. the magical girl genre.000 cels in the film. which alongside Megazone 23 (1985). Evangelion started up a series of so-called "post-Evangelion" shows. Manga Author Mia Ikumi made the Tokyo Mew Mew and Only One Wish books along with the Magical Girl genre. The experimental late night anime trend popularized by Serial Experiments Lain also continued into the 2000s with experimental anime such as Boogiepop Phantom (2000).[15] [16] [17] The late 1990s also saw a brief revival of the Super Robot genre that was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but had become rare due to the popularity of Real Robot shows such as the Gundam and Macross series in the 1980s and psychological Mecha shows such as Neon Genesis Evangelion in the 1990s.[14] had a strong influence on The Matrix. Texhnolyze (2003) and Paranoia Agent (2004). In addition. costing $20 million to produce. and Gasaraki. The "Evangelion-era" trend continued into the 2000s with Evangelion-inspired mecha anime such as RahXephon (2002) and Zegapain (2006) . the Real Robot genre was also declining during the 1990s.000 of them. It wasn't until Mobile Suit Gundam SEED in 2002 that the Real Robot genre regained its popularity. Murakami asserts that the movement is an analysis of post-war Japanese culture through the eyes of the otaku subculture. most notably Ghost in the Shell (1995). and much more. Brain Powerd. The censorship crackdown has relaxed a bit. The revival of the Super Robot genre began with GaoGaiGar in 1997 in response to "post-Evangelion" trends. Alongside its Super Robot counterpart. until Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann in 2007. Jigoku Shōjo (2006) and Nodame Cantabile among them. and the action adventure genre respectively. Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke became the most expensive animated film up until that time. Sailor Moon. toys. very few of them were successful. with Hana Yori Dango (2005). In particular. Great Teacher Onizuka (1999). but there were very few popular Super Robot shows produced after this.History of anime 124 controversial that it forced TV Tokyo to clamp down with censorship of violence and sexuality in anime. but Evangelion had a major effect on the television anime industry as a whole. Most of these were giant robot shows with some kind of religious or difficult plot. In 1997. Texhnolyze (2003). Miyazaki personally checked each of the 144. . Another series of these are late night experimental TV shows.[19] The late 1990s also saw anime crossing the borders into live action. several anime movies. the success of these shows marked the beginning of the martial arts superhero. spawn an anime television show which is still running. a trading card game. His art exhibitions are very popular and have an influence on some anime creators particularly those from Studio 4°C. Anime based on eroge and visual novels increased in popularity in the 2000s. The 2000's also saw the revival of earlier series in the forms of Fist of the North Star: The Legends of the True Savior (2006) and Dragon Ball Z Kai (2009). Joe: Sigma 6'. which had declined during the 1990s. massively multiplayer online games and multi-level marketing. an anime adaptation of the G.[22] . Examples of such works include Green Green (2003). A notable critique of this otaku subculture is found in the 2006 anime Welcome to the N. In addition to these experimental trends. continued into the 2000s. The presence and popularity of genres such as romance. Gurren Lagann received both the "best television production" and "best character design" awards from the Tokyo International Anime Fair in 2008. SHUFFLE! (2006). Many shows are being adapted from manga and light novels as well including popular titles such as Fullmetal Alchemist (2005). Rozen Maiden 2005. peaking at a 5% TV rating in Kantou. the Japanese government created the position of Anime Ambassador and appointed Doraemon as the first Anime Ambassador to promote anime worldwide in diplomacy. Transformers: Micron Legend in 2003. The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (2006). Ef: A Tale of Memories (2007). The resurgence of Real Robot anime can be seen in a top 20 anime poll published in the April 2008 issue of Newtype magazine. which features a hikikomori protagonist and explores the effects and consequences of various Japanese sub-cultures. internet suicide. Kanon (2002 and 2006). Lucky Star (2007). Transformers: Car Robots in 2000. The 2000s also mark a trend of emphasis of the otaku subculture. Eureka Seven (2005). building on a trend started in the late 90s by such works as Sentimental Journey (1998) and To Heart (1999). alongside Code Geass at #2 and Gundam SEED at #9. a full-length revival of the first Super Robot series. Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (2006). True Tears (2008). There have been revivals of American cartoons such as Transformers which spawned four new series.. Mushishi (2006). Higurashi no Naku Koro ni (2006). lolicon. The block has been running uninterrupted since April 2005 and has yielded many successful productions unique in the modern anime market. and Clannad (2008 and 2009). Macross Frontier (2008) and Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 (2008).History of anime 125 The Real Robot genre (including the Gundam and Macross franchises). Pani Poni Dash! (2005).I. The first concentrated effort came from Fuji TV's Noitamina block. Aria the Animation (2005). Shakugan no Shana (2005). Mazinger Z. In addition. harem and slice of life story has risen. Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (2007). the 2000s has also been characterized by the increase of the moe-style art and the bishōjo and bishōnen character design.[21] This eventually culminated in the release of Shin Mazinger in 2009.I Joe series was produced titled 'G. In particular. a demographic that watches very little anime. In 2008. Gurren Lagann combined the genre with elements from 1980s Real Robot shows as well as 1990s "post-Evangelion" shows. The first production 'Honey and Clover' was a particular success. with several remakes of classic series such as Getter Robo and Dancougar as well as original properties created in the Super Robot mold like Godannar and Gurren Lagann. The 30 minute late Thursday timeframe was created to showcase productions for young women of college age. and Transformers: Galaxy Force in 2005. was revived in 2002 with the success of shows such as Mobile Suit Gundam SEED (2002). The 2000s also saw the revival of high-budget feature-length anime films. such as Millennium Actress (2001). original anime titles are still being created which reach success. Nevertheless.[20] The 1970s-style Super Robot genre revival started by GaoGaiGar (1997). Appleseed (2001).H. Sola (2007). Death Note (2006). such as otaku. In contrast to the above mentioned phenomenon. there have been more productions of late night anime for a non-otaku audience as well. very strong for late night anime. Paprika (2006). where Japanese readers voted for Gundam 00 as the #1 top anime. Toradora! (2008–09). Transformers: Superlink in 2004.K. Fate/Stay Night (2006). K-On! (2009) and Bakemonogatari (2009). and the most expensive of all being Steamboy (2004) which cost $26 million to produce. interviewed in "Making The Matrix" featurette on The Matrix DVD. Toshio et al. Anime Explosion!: The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation.nausicaa. 20–21. Jasper "Pioneers of Japanese Animation at PIFan" Midnight Eye 9/25/2004 (http://www. Quebec. [11] Yamaguchi. com/ features/ pioneers-of-anime. DVD. "Pioneers of Japanese Animation (Part 1)" (http:/ / www.net/miyazaki/ interviews/aboutanime.0 Wins Tokyo Anime Fair's Animation of the Year" (http:/ / www. Benjamin "Karisuma Animators" (http://www. 2004). Retrieved 2008-02-26.History of anime 126 2010s The romance and comedy genres have continued into the 2010s. [16] Joel Silver. co. net/ ?p=220) [21] "Eva 1. advfilms. Anime News Network. [8] Sharp. . de Giovanni. Pietroni. princess-mononoke. ISBN 1-880656-72-8. . com/ disneyvideos/ animatedfilms/ studioghibli/ princessnews. Japan Society and Yale University Press. . blogspot. Tokyo. Official film site. ISBN 1-880656-64-7.shtml/) • Richie. Yūbunsha. com/ page. Katsunori (1977). Retrieved 10 December 2009. shtml). • Drazen. Takashi Murakami. • Miyazaki. asp?partid=2701) [18] "Transcript on Miyazaki interview" (http:/ / www. com/features/pioneers-of-anime. 0-wins-tokyo-anime-fair-animation-of-the-year). The New York Times. Little Boy: The Arts of Japan's Exploding Subculture. Nihon animēshon eigashi. com/ gst/ fullpage. [5] Yamaguchi. ISBN 0-913304-57-3. [9] The Roots of Japanese Anime. episode broadcast 19 February 2006 (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2007-03-05. [6] Baricordi. html). Japanese Cinema's Second Golden Age (http:/ / query. htm). Kodansha America. zuiken. pp. DVD.pelleas. 2002. Donald (2005). Nihon animēshon eigashi. • Sharp. pp.php?p=67&more=1&c=1&tb=1& pb=1#comments)) Anipages Daily. • Ettinger. Jasper (September 23. pp.php?p=66&more=1&c=1&tb=1& pb=1#comments) ( Part 2 (http://www. itv. . Ryoko Toyama "About Japanese Animation" (http://www. . official booklet. html). with a Selective Guide to DVDs and Videos. com/ titles/ megazone). Montreal. 26–27. [22] Doraemon sworn in as anime ambassador (http:/ / www. cn/ 2005/ 08/ 01/ jp20050801_52250. Rossi. Retrieved 2008-05-05. Nihon animēshon eigashi. [10] Yamaguchi. Barbara. Jonathan and Helen McCarthy (2001). Vision.midnighteye. Katsunori (1977).D. com/ html/ chats/ dp_991104_transcript. Canada: Protoculture Inc. Nihon animēshon eigashi. Super Flat. midnighteye. (2005). html#110060731014068978) [14] "Megazone 23" (http:/ / www25. . 12. Midnight Eye. 38–44.. jp/ dy/ features/ culture/ 20080321TDY02306. Jasper (2009). A. go. html). [13] All Gundam TV series ratings (http:/ / aeug. Japan: Kodansha. 2008. "Otaku Talk". [15] Joel Silver. [3] Yamaguchi. 1993. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 4-944079-20-6. . 34–37. Takashi (2003). A Hundred Years of Japanese Film: A Concise History. ISBN 9784062064897. March 21. Last Gasp. 7/25/2004 and 7/26/2004. com/ news/ 2008-02-26/ eva-1. Massimiliano. yomiuri. Yasushi Watanabe (1977). html?res=9507E5D71238F933A15752C0A9649C8B63). • Okada. Anime. pp. [4] Sharp. Tunesi. ISBN 2-9805759-0-9.pelleas. [19] "Mononoke DVD Website" (http:/ / disney. Yūbunsha. Ed. cartoonbrew. Andrea. [7] Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. com/ anime/ earliest-anime-found) [2] "China People's Daily Online (Japanese Edition): 日本最古？明治時代のアニメフィルム、京都で発" (http:/ / j.pelleas. interviewed in "Scrolls to Screen: A Brief History of Anime" featurette on The Animatrix DVD. "The First Frames of Anime. [20] Newtype April 2008 Issue Poll (http:/ / reira. Katsunori. Stone Bridge Press. January 20. Yasushi Watanabe (1977). [12] Dave Kehr. 2008. com/ 2004_11_01_aeug_archive.net/aniTOP/index. Yūbunsha.net/animators/) • Ettinger Benjamin "Toei Doga" (http://www.net/aniTOP/index. animenewsnetwork. References [1] Earliest Anime found (http:/ / www. Anime: A Guide to Japanese Animation (1958-1988)." The Roots of Japanese Anime.html) • Murakami. Yūbunsha. ISBN 4-7700-2995-0. Daily Yomiuri. February 26. Andrea. nytimes. Patrick (2003). Sabrina (December 2000). official booklet. peopledaily. com. Disney. Katsunori. Hayao trans. The anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917. [17] Mitsuhisa Ishikawa. p. interviewed in The South Bank Show. Works cited • Clements. Japan-based companies Animation studios • A-1 Pictures • AIC (Anime International Company) • Artland • Ashi Productions • A.5/articles/patten1.History of anime 127 • Kime.html) List of anime companies This is a list of anime industry companies involved in the production or distribution of anime.Staff • Kyoto Animation • Madhouse • Magic Bus • Manglobe • Mushi Productions • Nippon Animation • Ordet • Oriental Light and Magic (OLM) • P. (Another Push Pin Planning Company) • Bee Train • Bones • Daiei Co.html) External links • HISTORY OF ANIME: Osamu Tezuka (http://www.G • Radix .P. 3/14-column_riap.tapanime.awn.php) • A Capsule History of Anime (http://www.5.P.org/3. • Daume • David Production • Dogakobo • Eiken • Gainax • Gonzo • Group TAC • Hal Film Maker • Imagin (studio) • Japan Vistec • J.. Chad.P. Works • Polygon Pictures • Production I. Ltd.ex.C. "American Anime: Blend or Bastardization?" EX Online Anime Magazine (http://www.com/mag/issue1.com/General-Info/historyanime.A. also known as TMS Entertainment • Topcraft • Triangle Staff • Ufotable • White Fox • XEBEC • Zexcs Producers • Animax • Aniplex (Sony's anime distribution unit) • Avex • Bandai Visual • BROCCOLI • Dentsu • Geneon Universal Entertainment (Formerly Pioneer LDC) • Genco • Hakuhodo DY Media Partners • Japan Home Video (JHV) • KSS • Nihon Ad Systems .List of anime companies 128 • Satelight • Seven Arcs • Shaft • Studio 4°C • Studio Comet • Studio Deen • Studio Donguri • Studio Dub • Studio Egg • Studio Fantasia • Studio Gallop • Studio Ghibli • Studio Hibari • Studio Junio • Studio Mook • Studio Nue • Studio Orphee • Studio Pierrot • Studio Wombat • Sunrise • SynergySP • Tatsunoko Production • Telecom Animation Film • Tezuka Productions • TNK (studio) • Toei Animation • Tokyo Movie Shinsha . S. "Seraphim Studios" handles new English dubs.) • Disney (U.S.: bought by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 2005) • Media Blasters (U. of Japan. and "Valkyrie Media Productions" handles The Anime Network). owned by Namco Bandai[1] ) • Bandai Visual USA (U. U.S. "Sentai Filmworks" handles license acquisition.) • NIS America (U. usually hold the release rights to everywhere except for Japan itself.S.) • 4Kids Entertainment (U.S.) • Manga Entertainment (UK. for many years through the 2000s controlling approximately 90% of all sales) • Siren Visual (Australia) .S.S. owned by Bandai) • MVM Films (UK) • Optimum Releasing (UK) Australia Australia is not part of the normal global anime release system.) • Miramax Films (U.List of anime companies 129 • Pony Canyon • Soft On Demand (SOD) • Toho • VAP • Victor Entertainment • Viz Media Non-Japanese companies Distributors North America & other regions • AnimEigo (U..S. owned by Disney) • Funimation Entertainment (U..S. "Aesir Holdings" inherited ADV's old library of titles. and Australia • AkaHana (Australia) • Madman Entertainment (Australia: Madman overwhelmingly dominates the Australian anime market.S.. • The Right Stuf International (U.S. now folded into Bandai Entertainment[2] ) • Crunchyroll (U. previously a subsidiary of Bandai Visual Japan and not affiliated with Bandai Entertainment..) (the successor company to ADV films.S.) • Bandai Entertainment (U.. "Section 23" handles distribution. Major worldwide anime distributors.. owned jointly by Shogakukan and Shueisha.S. American subsidiary of Nippon Ichi Software software company) • Section 23 (U. which split into several companies in 2009. such as for example ADV or FUNimation.S. but it is run independently) Europe exclusive • Manga Entertainment UK (the main branch of "Manga Entertainment") • Beez Entertainment (EU. main distribution subdivision rebranded "Nozomi Entertainment" in 2007) • Viz Media (U. November 12. Retrieved May 22. 2009. Media Blasters. • Geneon Entertainment (U.. animenewsnetwork. in 1997.K. Retrieved 2009-02-22.S. com/ news/ 2008-11-12/ geneon-to-merge-with-universal-pictures-japan).S. • Central Park Media (de facto defunct since mid-2007 when new DVD releases ceased. stopped releasing new anime in the late 1980s and virtually dormant in the 1990s. . animenewsnetwork. animenewsnetwork. 2009. producer of Oban Star-Racers with Bandai Visual and HAL Film Maker) • Harmony Gold USA (U.[4] Several of their titles have been acquired by other anime distributing companies prior to and following Central Park Media's bankruptcy and liquidation.S..List of anime companies 130 Defunct • ADV Films (U. Anime News Network. Parent company "Geneon Entertainment" then sold off its own ownership to NBC Universal subsidiary UPI. they entered a state of limbo. even though they continued to license their titles for TV and VOD. Retrieved May 22. 2008. Canada: stopped producing new anime releases in 1996. • Synch-Point (U. such as Section 23 (see above)). Nozomi Entertainment. . defunct mid-1990s) • Tokyopop (U.S. com/ news/ 2008-07-03/ funimation-agrees-to-distribute-select-geneon-titles).) (shut down in 2009. com/ news/ 2009-04-28/ central-park-media-files-for-chapter-7-bankruptcy). branch "Geneon USA" (formerly "Pioneer Entertainment") defunct September 2007. . selling off its assets and intellectual properties to four other Houston-based companies. jp/ ) (in Japanese). animenewsnetwork.) • US Manga Corps (U. Retrieved November 13. 2008. such as ADV Films. . com/ news/ 2008-12-30/ funimation-to-distribute-gungrave-anime-for-geneon). com/ news/ 2008-05-23/ bandai-visual-usa-to-be-liquidated-by-september).S. .. [5] "Funimation Agrees to Distribute Select Geneon Titles" (http:/ / www. renamed Artisan Entertainment) in the 1990s. . .[7] [8] • Streamline Pictures (U.. folding into Orion Pictures. renaming the new company "Geneon Universal Entertainment Japan").S. [8] "Geneon Universal Entertainment Japan Official Website" (http:/ / www. part of Central Park Media) • Family Home Entertainment (U. U. etc. December 30. The Streamline brand name officially went defunct in 2002). Anime News Network.S. 2009.S. then acquired by Lions Gate Entertainment in 2003). com/ [2] "Bandai Visual USA to be Liquidated by September" (http:/ / www. 2009. April 28. A subsidiary of Books Nippan. Anime News Network. Bandai Entertainment. Anime News Network.) Producers • Sav! The World Productions (Fr. which in turn folded into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer one year later. 2008accessdate=May 22. animenewsnetwork. defunct when parent company Broccoli International USA shut down their operations in 2007) • U. Renditions (U. Funimation Entertainment. 2008. [7] "Geneon to Merge with Universal Pictures Japan" (http:/ / www. the company technically still exists and issues re-releases) References [1] http:/ / www.S. 2009.. com/ press-release/ 2006-01-12/ musicland-files-for-bankruptcy) [4] "Central Park Media Files for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy (Update 2)" (http:/ / www. namcobandai. geneonuniversal.S. May 23. [3] Musicland files for bankruptcy (http:/ / www. produced the seminal Robotech series in 1985. animenewsnetwork. which then merged Geneon with its own "Universal Pictures Japan" division on February 1. July 3. Retrieved May 22. [6] "Funimation to Distribute Gungrave Anime for Geneon" (http:/ / www. 2008. A subsidiary of Broccoli (company)..[3] Officially declared bankruptcy and assets liquidated in mid-2009. many of which have been re-licensed by Funimation[5] [6] and Sentai Filmworks. Parent Japanese company ceased in-house distribution of its own titles.. Anime News Network. 2009. Slump Arale-chan No 26 236 25 Naruto: Shippuden Yes 27 231 25 Gin Tama Yes 28 224 25 Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters No 29 220 25 Naruto No . Frog No 16 [1] 25 Bleach Yes 350 17 349 25 Kiteretsu Daihyakka No 18 330 25 Atashin'chi No 19 312 3 Otogi Manga Calendar No 20 300 3 Hyppo and Thomas No 21 296 25 Hamtaro No 22 296 30 Ikkyū-san No 23 291 25 Dragon Ball Z No 24 276 25 Pokémon (original series) No 25 243 25 Dr. then 8~25 at 2005 Doraemon (ドラえもん) Yes 3 [4] [5] Nintama Rantarō (忍たま乱太郎) Yes 1483 4 [6] 5 Hoka Hoka Kazoku (ほかほか家族) No 1428 5 1068 30 Soreike! Anpanman (それいけ！アンパンマン) Yes 6 1066 10 Prince Mackaroo Yes 7 [1] 25 Chibi Maruko-chan (ちびまる子ちゃん) Yes 793 8 726 25 Shima Shima Tora no Shimajirō (しましまとらのしまじろう) No 9 [1] 7 Crayon Shin-chan Yes 815 10 694 Ninja Hattori-kun No 11 [1] 25 Case Closed/Detective Conan Yes 635 12 638 15-30 Perman No 13 525 25 One Piece Yes 14 524 20 Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo No 15 358 25 Sgt. Note that anime franchises with multiple television series (e. Pokémon) will not be listed on this page.List of anime series by episode count 131 List of anime series by episode count This is a list of anime series by episode count. No # Episodes Episode length (approx.g.) Series title In Current (in minutes) production? 1 [1] [2] [3] 6 Sazae-san (サザエさん) Yes 6429+ 2 2189 6 at 1979. Sailor Moon. Television This is a list of television anime series by episode count for series with a minimum of 150 episodes. Minimum count for each section is listed above each table. Slump No 165 46 163 25 Dokaben No 47 161 25 Ranma ½ No 48 155 25 Lupin III Part II No 49 [10] 7 Chō Tokkyū Hikarian No 154 50 [11] 25 Major No 154 51 154 25 Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's No 52 153 25 Dragon Ball No 53 151 25 Cooking Papa No 54 150 25 Zatch Bell! No OVA and ONA This is a list of original video animation (OVA) and original net animation (ONA) series by episode count for series with a minimum of 12 episodes.List of anime series by episode count 132 30 203 25 Reborn! No 31 200 10 Holly the Ghost No 32 200 25 Parasol Henbee No 33 195 5 Tamagon the Counselor No 34 195 25 Urusei Yatsura No 35 193 25 Astro Boy (1963 Series) No 36 192 25 Pokémon: Advanced Generation No 37 [7] 25 Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl No 191 38 188 25 Kaibutsu-kun No 39 [8] 20 Star of the Giants No 182 40 180 25 Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX No 41 178 25 The Prince of Tennis Yes 42 172 25 Mirmo! No 43 170 10 Yadamon No 44 167 25 InuYasha No 45 [9] Dr. . Retrieved 2011-07-30. This list. Retrieved 2011-07-17. NHK. [10] "HIKARIAN Great Railroad Protector" (http:/ / www. . nhk. [8] This count consists of the original 182-episode Star of the Giants series. [6] "ほかほか家族" (http:/ / www. htm). [4] "忍たま乱太郎 これまでのおはなし" (http:/ / www3. Retrieved October 20. html) (in Japanese). [9] Dr. Japan: Tokuma Shoten) 375: 157–164. [3] Each episode of Sazae-san consists of 3 separate stories. or. are combined into 165 25-minute-long episodes. [11] "NHKアニメワールド メジャー MAJOR" (http:/ / www3. enokifilmsusa. fujitv. . [5] There are 18 "series" which are part of the overall Nintama Rantarō series. only counts those episodes that have been aired or otherwise officially released as of today. .) production? (min) 110 25 OVA Legend of the Galactic Heroes No 103 5 ONA Hetalia: Axis Powers Yes 52 25 OVA Legend of the Galactic Heroes Side Stories No 30 23 OVA Hunter × Hunter No 26 24 ONA Xam'd: Lost Memories No 26 11 ONA Starry Sky Yes 25 5 ONA The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya-chan No 24 3 ONA Petit Eva: Evangelion@School Yes 24 9-10 ONA Psychic Academy No 22 ONA Magical Play No 22 ONA Penguin Musume Heart No 22 25 OVA Supernatural: The Animation No 21 20 OVA Case Closed Yes 20 30 OVA Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki No 16 OVA Cream Lemon No 16 ONA Eagle Talon No 16 OVA Mobile Police Patlabor P-Series No 15 OVA Key the Metal Idol No 15 OVA Cosmo Warrior Zero No 15 OVA Gundam Evolve No 13 OVA Record of Lodoss War No 13 OVA Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory No 12 OVA Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team No References [1] "Animation World 8月11日〜9月10日" (in Japanese). or. eiken-anime. Fuji TV. 10 September 2009.List of anime series by episode count 133 # Episodes Episode length Type Series title In current (approx. jp/ b_hp/ sazaesan/ index. co. Animage (Tokyo. jp/ anime/ major/ ). This page lists all the episode titles. . jp/ works/ works025. [2] "『サザエさん』原作からアニメへの歴史" (http:/ / www. nhk. html) (in Japanese). however. when aired. Eiken. NHK. Slump consists of 243 short episodes which. Retrieved 2008-11-14. com/ library/ hikarian. html) (in Japanese). Enoki Films. 2010. Retrieved 2008-08-04. . jp/ anime/ nintama/ story/ series01/ index. [7] The Pokémon episode list contains episodes which have not aired yet. . List of anime series by episode count 134 Notes . the word josei means simply "woman". "feminine". A famous example of a josei is Honey and Clover.[1] In Japanese. keeping some of the wispy features and getting rid of the very large sparkly eyes.333 Kiss 167. realistic version of shōjo manga. but what defines josei is some degree of stylistic continuity of comics within this particular demographic (the same is true with different demographics that have different stylistic tendencies). comics for women.000 Dessert 149.333 The Dessert 141. although that is not always true either.000 For Mrs. 150. here are the circulations for the top-selling magazines in other categories for 2007. as opposed to the mostly idealized romance of shōjo manga. and the award-winning works of Erica Sakurazawa.791 Be-Love 194. which was animated.000 Romance White Paper Pastel 150.916 Elegance Eve 150. "LadyComi"). 135 Demographic groups Josei manga Josei manga (女性漫画. The style also tends to be a more restrained. Though there are some that cover high school. Ai Yazawa's Paradise Kiss. Circulations The reported average circulations for some of the top-selling josei manga magazines in 2007 are as follows: Magazine title Reported circulation You 194.916 For comparison. "womanhood" and has no manga-related connotations at all. .600 Chorus 162. but it does not always have to be. Some other famously popular josei series include Yun Kouga's Loveless. It is also not unusual for themes such as NTR and rape to occur in josei manga target specifically towards more mature audiences. lit. The stories tend to be about everyday experiences of women living in Japan. which is unusual for josei comics.664 Office You 117. Readers range from 15-44. pronounced [dʑosei]) also known as "ladies" (レディース redīsu) or "ladies' comics" (レディコミ redikomi. is a term that refers to the target demographic of manga created mostly by women for late teenage and adult female audiences. Josei tends to be both more sexually explicit and contain more mature storytelling. Josei comics can portray realistic romance. There are exceptions in the style described above. most cover the lives of adult women. "female". lit. At the end of 1980 there were two ladies comics magazines. and "dirty". and the comics became more and more sexually extreme until the early 1990s. or Redikomi) began to appear in the 1980s.[5] Examples [6] • Angel Nest [6] • The Aromatic Bitters [7] • Be With You • Between The Sheets [8] • Blue [8] • Happy Mania • Happy Marriage!? • Honey and Clover • Kuragehime [7] • Make Love and Peace [9] • Nodame Cantabile [7] • Object of Desire • Paradise Kiss [10] • Suppli [11] • Sweet Cream and Red Strawberries [9] • Tramps Like Us • Usagi Drop [10] • Walkin' Butterfly [10] • With the Light • Love in the mask .229 Top-selling shōjo manga magazine Ciao 982. was printed in 1980. when the girls who had read shoujo manga in the 1950s and 60s wanted manga for adult women.750 Top-selling seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Magazine 981.[4] Early ladies comics were sexually free.778. and the term josei was created to move away from that image. during a boom period in manga.Josei manga 136 Category Magazine title Reported circulation Top-selling shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump 2. at the end of 1989 there were over fifty.834 Top-selling non-manga magazine Monthly The Television 1. Be-Love.[3] The first ladies comic magazine.919 (Source for all circulation figures: Japan Magazine Publishers Association[2] ) History Josei manga (then called Ladies Comics.018.[1] Manga branded as "Ladies' Comics" has acquired a reputation for being low-brow. . sequentialtart. (April 25. about. Linda Williams. but Shueisha's "S-MANGA. Bad Girls Like to Watch: Writing and Reading Ladies' Comics. Deb. Issue 4. pages 780–803 • Gretchen Jones. Retrieved 2009-10-15. ISBN 9781591583325 [10] Aoki.NET" site (http:/ / www. categorizes the magazine Cookie (with a reported circulation of 200. About. The Journal of Popular Culture 36 (1): 68–85. [7] Aoki. jp/ data_001/ index. com/ article/ CA6327715. "Josei Manga — Ladies Comics" (http:/ / manga. Retrieved 2009-10-13. com/ od/ recommendedreading/ tp/ 2007NewJoseiPoll. — pp. Retrieved 2009-10-15.00031." International Journal of Comic Art. j-magazine. htm). htm). . pages 3-30 • Deborah Shamoon. 5(2):425-436. [9] Brenner. html) [6] O'Connell. about. net/ ) clearly categorizes that magazine as shōjo.000) as josei.com. html). "Kind of Blue: The Josei Manga of Nananan" (http:/ / www. or.Josei manga 137 References [1] Ito. ed. imageandnarrative. [2] Japan Magazine Publishers Association Magazine Data 2007 (http:/ / www. Kinko 2003. .1111/1540-5931. About. 2005 . Retrieved 2009-10-15. Kinko (2003). Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley. US-Japan Women's Journal English Supplement. 2003: "Ladies' Comics": Japan's Not-So-Underground Market in Pornography for Women. Volume 36. "Japanese Ladies' Comics as agents of socialization: The lessons they teach. Volume 22. com/ shoujo_manga/ whatisandisnt. php/ imagenarrative/ article/ viewFile/ 124/ 95 [5] Matt Thorn What Shôjo Manga Are and Are Not (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2009-10-13. s-manga. 36. 2008). "Comics for Grown-Up Women. Sequential Tart. be/ index. php?id=1101). . ed. [4] http:/ / www. htm). . and it is therefore not included here.com. 2006). Deb. Margaret (September 8. html). com/ od/ glossary/ g/ josei.com. "The World of Japanese Ladies' Comics: from Romantic Fantasy to Lustful Perversion". [3] Ito. [11] Kai-Ming Cha. 2004 • Gretchen Jones. The publication. "2008 Readers Poll: Best New Josei Manga" (http:/ / manga. publishersweekly. [8] Aoki. Understanding manga and anime. Part 1" (http:/ / www. com/ article. which relies on information provided by publishers. Robin E. about. Deb. in: Porn Studies. Further reading • Fusami Ogi. Office Sluts and Rebel Flowers: The Pleasures of Japanese Pornographic Comics for Women. doi:10. "2007 Readers Poll: Best New Josei Manga" (http:/ / manga. com/ od/ recommendedreading/ tp/ 2008NewJoseiPoll. matt-thorn. Publishers Weekly. About. in: Bad girls of Japan. 2003: Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga (Japanese Comics): Shoujo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics. and are directed towards a toddler audience. respectively) directed towards children". Seinen manga is distinguished from shōnen. Because of the emphasis on storyline and character development instead of action. html#003 . teaching children how to behave as good and considerate people and helping them to stay on the right path in life. Berserk. Blame!. Akira. although this is disputed by some fans. are Japanese terms which literally mean "manga (or "anime". Rumiko Takahashi's Maison Ikkoku is sometimes classified as seinen. These works are noted for stories that are often very moralistic. some seinen series are often confused with shōjo. Usually Japanese manga magazines with the word "young" in the title (Weekly Young Jump for instance) are seinen. Battle Angel Alita. They are very fun to read. Other popular seinen manga magazines include Ultra Jump. Afternoon. Ghost in the Shell. the word Seinen means "young man" or "young men" and is not suggestive of sexual matters. or "child". jp/ data_001/ main_b. and Chi's Sweet Home.) It has a wide variety of art styles and more variation in subject matter. or girls' manga. (The female equivalent to seinen manga is josei manga. Other examples of seinen manga include: Gantz. or seinen drama such as Twin Spica. by having a stronger emphasis on realism. In Japanese. but the audience can be older with some manga aimed at businessmen well into their 40s. 20th Century Boys. the title is generally aimed at a younger audience. j-magazine. Seinen manga Seinen manga (青年漫画) is a subset of manga that is generally targeted at a 20–30 year old male audience. Drifters and Elfen Lied. This is especially true of seinen comedy series such as Chobits.Kodomo anime and manga 138 Kodomo anime and manga Children's manga (子供向け漫画 Kodomomuke manga) and children's anime (子供向けアニメ kodomomuke anime). Fujio is one of the most notable examples for this manga/anime genres. Children's manga are also known by the word "Kodomo". Doraemon by Fujiko F. ranging from the avant-garde to the pornographic. The episodes are generally stand alone and non-episodic in order to appeal to a child. and Big Comic. Battle Royale. The title of the magazine it was published in is also an important indicator. A common way to tell if a manga is seinen is by looking at whether or not furigana is used over the original kanji text: if there are furigana on all kanji. Monster. or boys' manga. List of seinen manga Main category: Seinen manga External links • Japanese Magazine Publishers Association [1] (Japanese) References [1] http:/ / www. or. Sailor Moon. Ouran High School Host Club. perhaps regarded as frivolous. Katsuji Matsumoto's Kurukuru Kurumi-chan (くるくるクルミちゃん). Chiba asked his wife about girls' feelings for research for his manga. or shoujo manga (少女漫画 shōjo manga) refers to manga marketed to a female audience roughly between the ages of 10-18. Shōjo manga covers many subjects in a variety of narrative and graphic styles. Girls' World) . shōjo manga does not comprise a style or a genre per se. Fushigi Yuugi. History Japanese magazines specifically for girls. Pretty Cure. But Osamu Tezuka's postwar revolution.[4] [5] Simple. debuted on the pages of Shōjo no tomo (少女の友) in 1938. Vampire Knight and Watashi Ni XX Shinasai.[7] Postwar shōjo manga. however. Yoshiko Nishitani. known as shōjo magazines.[6] As World War II progressed. Shugo Chara!. waiting for an opportunity to move over to shōnen (少年 "boys'") manga. These manga featured sweet. romantic love for the heroine remained essentially taboo. Masako Watanabe. torn from the safety of family and tossed from one perilous circumstance to another. until finally rescued (usually by a kind. The name romanizes the Japanese 少女 (shōjo). Romeo x Juliet. single-page manga had begun to appear in these magazines by 1910. Revolutionary Girl Utena. and continued with others such as Shōjo A simple four-panel manga from the November 1910 Sekai (少女世界?. and Miyako Maki) amongst the artists working on shōjo manga. such as Tetsuya Chiba. According to Thorn: While some chose to simply create longer humor-strips.[11] These early shōjo manga almost invariably had pre-adolescent girls as both heroines and readers. innocent pre-teen heroines. and its interests changed.[1] Strictly speaking. spread quickly to shōjo manga.[7] Until the mid-1960s males vastly outnumbered the handful of females (for example: Toshiko Ueda. At this time.[2] [3] Examples include Cardcaptor Sakura. introducing intense drama and serious themes to children's manga. but rather indicates a target demographic. Princess Ai. Unless they used a fantastic setting (as in Princess Knight) or a backdrop of a distant time or place. But the average age of the readership rose. literally: "little female".[9] functioned as rookies. from historical drama to science fiction — often with a strong focus on human and romantic relationships and emotions. and by the 1930s more sophisticated humor-strips had become an essential feature of most girls' magazines. In the mid-1960s one of the few female artists in the field. "comics. shojo.[10] Adapting Tezuka's dynamic style to shōjo manga (which had always been domestic in nature) proved challenging. Hideko Mizuno. particularly after the enormous success of his seminal Ribon no kishi (リボンの騎士 Princess Knight). Girls' Friend) (1908). first appeared in 1903 with the founding of Shōjo kai (少女界?. Skip Beat.[8] initially followed the pre-war pattern of simple humor-strips. began to draw stories featuring contemporary Japanese . Many. Tokyo Mew Mew.Shōjo manga 139 Shōjo manga The term shōjo. began to disappear". handsome young man) and re-united with their families. Princess Tutu. conventional job-opportunities for females did not include becoming a manga artist. The most popular manga. others turned to popular girls' novels of the day as a model for melodramatic shōjo manga. Fruits Basket. such as Shosuke Kurakane's popular Anmitsu Hime. Girls' World) (1906) and the long-running issue of Shōjo (artist unknown) Shōjo no tomo (少女の友?. It has been proven true that Boys' Love (yaoi) and "shojo . science fiction. seinen. publishers may transcribe 少女 (written しょうじょ in hiragana) in a wide variety of ways. transliteraters may use Nihon-shiki-type mirroring of the kana spelling: syôjyo. Though the terminology originates with the Japanese publishers. Some. sometimes with an attempt to assign it by degrees.Shōjo manga 140 teenagers in love. and earning the long-maligned shōjo manga unprecedented critical praise. shoujo. "Designer"). gory. preserves the spelling.[18] Major sub-genres include romance. Year 24 Group. or 1949). Many English-language texts just ignore long vowels. and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese. Due to vagaries in the romanization of Japanese. This signaled a dramatic transformation of the genre. This has led to western fans classifying a wide variety of titles as shōjo. with similar qualification. yaoi. however the strong stylistic and thematic similarities between a sector of shōjo works has led to regarding them as a genre or style. This loosely-defined group experimented with content and form. potentially leading to confusion with 処女 (shojo. "Aim for the Ace!"). and Sumika Yamamoto. She feels that the shoujo manga of the 1990s showed emotional bonds between women that were stronger than bonds between a man and a woman. such as Riyoko Ikeda. became known as the hana no nijū yon nen gumi (花の24年組. using shojo.[12] [13] Between 1950 and 1969. literally: "virgin") as well as other possible meanings. fantasy. such as Red River. Anything non-offensive and featuring female characters may class as shōjo. In addition Westerners often declare that particularly violent. such as the light shōnen comedy manga and anime Azumanga Daioh. or sexually explicit works "cannot possibly" be shōjo. with the types often confused and mis-applied. and josei also occur in the categorisation of manga and anime. and requires only ASCII input. Magic Knight Rayearth. garnered unprecedented popular support with such hits (respectively) as Berusaiyu no bara (ベルサイユのばら. The Hepburn romanization shōjo uses a macron for the long vowel. She feels the Gulf War influenced the development of "girls who fight to protect the destiny of a community". the equivalent of the western usage will generally include the medium: girls' manga (少女漫画 shōjo manga). although both of these claims are false. including Hagio Moto. By far the most common form. and Sailor Moon. Yukari Ichijo. as romance has become a common element of many shōjo works. cultural differences with the West mean that labelling in English tends to vary wildly. redisu レディース.[1] [14] Between roughly 1969 and 1971 a flood of young female manga artists transformed the genre again. "The Rose of Versailles").[21] Similarly. though the prevalence of Latin-1 fonts often results in a circumflex instead.[1] [4] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] Since the mid-1970s.notable exceptions include Mineo Maya and Shinji Wada). Yumiko Oshima. so named from the approximate year of birth many of them shared:Shōwa 24. or anime for girls (少女向けアニメ shōjo-muke anime). increasingly large audiences for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres.[19] [20] Meaning and spelling As shōjo literally means "girl" in Japanese. shoujo manga became concerned with self-fulfillment. From 1975 to 2009 shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously branching out into different but overlapping subgenres. and the reason for them was most likely due to uneven translation of Japanese anime terminology. or disbelieve that the producers of yaoi titles target a market of girls rather than homosexual men. even though their Japanese creators would label them differently. Other female artists of the same generation. and josei 女性). Basara. as in shôjo. women have created the vast majority of shōjo manga . shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls. Western adoption Fans in the West have adopted a wide range of Japanese anime and manga terminology. The parallel terms shōnen. magical girls. any title with romance. follows English phonology. such as the shōnen Love Hina[22] or the seinen Oh My Goddess! tend to get mislabeled. inventing such new sub-genres as Shōnen-ai. Dezainaa (デザイナー. redikomi レディコミ. and Eesu wo nerae! (エースをねらえ!. or syoujyo. and Keiko Takemiya.[17] Yukari Fujimoto feels that during the 1990s. Finally. particularly male ones. Licensees such as Dark Horse Comics have misidentified several of the seinen titles.one of the few girls' manga a red-blooded Japanese male adult could admit to reading without blushing. action scenes. — Grimwood. It has Takahashi's usual and highly-successful mix of teenagers and romance. German and other translated editions. Schodt identifies Banana Fish by Akimi Yoshida as: .[3] Publishers and stores have problems retailing shōjo: unsure of the "right" way to spell the word. one of the best known of all 'shôjo' writers. Matt Thorn. while adhering to the conventions of girls' comics in her emphasis on gay male love. Manga appealing to both female and male readers. seems largely driven by fear of putting off potential new readers. Books Quarterly.[23] In this way licensees often either voluntarily censor titles or re-market them towards an older audience. — [24] Such successful "crossover" titles remain the exception rather than the rule. and in particular manga and anime aimed at a younger audience in Japan is often considered "inappropriate" for minors in the US. — Nasu Yukie . Connecting the heart and mind through real human relationships. made this possible by eschewing flowers and bug eyes in favor of tight bold strokes. "girl". publisher VIZ Media attempt a re-appropriation of the term.. 1. 2. and some titles gain a following outside the traditional audience.[26] .. Jon Courtenay Grimwood writes: 'Maison Ikkoku' comes from Rumiko Takahashi. In their shōjo manga range.. California: [1996] 2004. Here is Greenwood 1 . targeted at teenage girls. but Maison Ikkoku. however: the archetypal shōjo manga magazine Hana to Yume has a readership 95% female.[25] The popularity of romantic shōjo manga in America has encouraged Harlequin to release manga-styled romantic comics. This confusion also extends beyond the fan community. 3. In the less conservative European markets. Yoshida. content that might be heavily edited or cut in an English-language release is often present in French." . Exciting stories with true-to-life characters and the thrill of exotic locales. is indeed. "Every Picture. and speed lines. As one effect of these variations. San Francisco. p. VIZ LLC. who has made a career out of studying girls' comics.Shōjo manga 141 smut" manga. 42 Takahashi has become a famed shōnen manga artist. one of her few seinen titles and serialised in Big Comic Spirits. with a majority aged 17 or under. Frederik L. (Issue 19. 2006). US companies have moved to use the borrowed words that have gained name-value in fan communities. but separate them from the Japanese meaning. In an introduction to anime and manga. Jon Courtenay . aimed at males in their 20s. providing the definition: shô·jo (sho'jo) n. For instance. with darker clouds of adolescence hovering. attempts to clarify the matter by explaining that "shôjo manga are manga published in shôjo magazines (as defined by their publishers)". articles aimed at the mainstream also widely misrepresent the terms. Imagine a very Japanese equivalent of 'Sweet Valley High' or 'Melrose Place'.. Manga and anime labeled as "shōjo" need not interest only young girls. ISBN 1-59116-604-7 The desire to disassociate the word from its meaning. 833 1976 Cheese! 144. Bessatsu Friend. The list below contains past and current Japanese shōjo manga magazines.000 1954 Ribon 376. LaLa). including bi-weekly (Margaret. and quarterly (Cookie BOX. monthly (Ribon.000 1964 Hana to Yume 226. common in the 1960s and 1970s. bi-monthly (Deluxe Margaret. 1963.826 1974 Cookie 200. Such magazines can appear on a variety of schedules.) • Bessatsu Margaret (monthly) • The Margaret • Deluxe Margaret (bi-monthly) .666 1955 Bessatsu Margaret 320.666 1967 Margaret 177. circulations for the top-selling magazines in other categories for 2007 included: Category Magazine Title Reported Circulation Top-selling shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump 2. Weekly shōjo magazines.000 1999 Deluxe Margaret 181.750 Top-selling seinen manga magazine Young Magazine 981. shōjo manga refers to a story serialized in a shōjo manga magazine (a magazine marketed to girls and young women). grouped according to their publishers. 1955. had disappeared by the early 1980s.229 Top-selling josei manga magazine YOU 194.919 (Source for all circulation figures: Japan Magazine Publishers Association[27] ) Shōjo magazines in Japan In a strict sense. LaLa DX. Shōjo Comic).916 1963 LaLa 170.834 1977 Nakayoshi 400.791 Top-selling non-manga magazine Monthly The Television 1.018.750 1996 For comparison. The Dessert).Shōjo manga 142 Circulation figures The reported average circulations for some of the top-selling shōjo manga magazines in 2007 included: Title Reported Circulation First Published Ciao 982.778. Shueisha • Ribon (monthly. Unpoko). Hana to Yume.) • Ribon Original • Cobalt • Cookie • Cookie BOX (quarterly) • Margaret (bi-weekly. Bessatsu Margaret. Shōjo manga 143 Kodansha • Nakayoshi • Aria • Shōjo Friend • Bessatsu Friend • Dessert • The Dessert Shogakukan • Ciao • Chu Chu • Shōjo Comic • Betsucomi • Petit Comic • Cheese! • Pochette Hakusensha • Hana to Yume • Bessatsu Hana to Yume • LaLa • LaLa DX • Melody Akita Shoten • Princess • Princess Gold • Petit Princess • Mystery Bonita • Susperia Mystery • Renai MAX . editor." International Journal of Comic Art 3 (2): 151-161. ME Sharpe. Matt (July–September 2001). ed.6. Further reading • Ogi. Deborah "Revolutionary Romance: The Rose of Versailles and the Transformation of Shojo Manga" [32] Mechademia Vol. Anime: From Akira to Howl's Moving Castle (Palgrave Macmillan. 48.Shōwa shōjo zasshi no goshōkai (明治〜昭和 少女雑誌のご紹介[[Help:Installing Japanese character sets|? (http:/ / www. "Meiji . Fusami (Autumn 2001) "Beyond Shoujo. Yoshihiro. 2005. Vol. 2. kikuyo-lib. Retrieved 2007-09-22 [5] The Kikuyō Town Library 菊陽町図書館[[Category:Articles containing Japanese language text (http:/ / www. Matt (2004) What Shôjo Manga Are and Are Not: A Quick Guide for the Confused (http:/ / matt-thorn. Masami. 2008. Blending Gender: Subverting the Homogendered World in Shoujo Manga (Japanese Comics for Girls). last modified February 14. article by Shaenon K. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. edu/ pub/ cs/ spring_06/ feature_03.com [7] Schodt. Jennifer S. intimacy. (1983) Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. ISBN 978-0-8248-3528-6. . Meiji . "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http:/ / matt-thorn. [6] Thorn. "Shojo Manga: Girl Power!" Chico. html).. 2004 • Shojo Anime List [29]. and the cultural production of shōjo manga. html). com/ shōjo_manga/ prewar_shōjo/ index. CA: Flume Press/California State University Press. Accessed 2007-09-22.Shōwa: An Introduction to Girls' Magazines") ] Retrieved on 2008-09-15. jp/ top. 3 [3] Thorn. 1995 • Napier. Mark MacWilliams. Matt (2006) " Pre-World War II Shōjo Manga and Illustrations (http:/ / matt-thorn. jp/ 08_menu. html. 2006 [4] Thorn. Vol.. . com/ shōjo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. 48. htm)]. (1991)Kodomo no Shōwa-shi: Shōjo manga no sekai I. com/ shoujo_manga/ whatisandisnt. html)]]. last modified December 18. The Japan Quarterly. ISBN 1-886226-10-5. last modified July 31. Frederik L. • Prough. a shōjo manga magazine published in North America from 2005 to 2009 References • Ultimate Manga Guide [28] (zip). com/ shoujo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. Matt (2001) "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http:/ / matt-thorn. html). Shōwa 20 nen . 2005) • Thorn.Shōjo manga 144 Kadokawa Shoten • Asuka Web magazine • Manga Airport Shinshokan • Unpoko Shōjo magazines outside Japan Viz Media • Shojo Beat. See also http:/ / www. Straight from the heart : gender. No. References [1] Toku. 2007 • Takahashi Mizuki "Opening the Closed World of Shojo Manga" [33] Japanese Visual Culture Ed. No. The Japan Quarterly 48 (3).37 nen (子供の昭和史──少女マンガの世界 I 昭和20年〜37年 "A Children's History of Showa-Era Japan: The World of Shōjo Manga I. html)" matt-thorn. version 13. Susan J. Garrity • Shamoon. Kodansha International [8] Yonezawa. kikuyo-lib. The Japan Quarterly. 3 • The Boys of Shojo Manga [31]. [2] Thorn. Matt (2001) "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" [30]. csuchico. [12] Yonezawa. 60 ans après. j-magazine. ed. March 15. html [33] http:/ / www. but Shueisha's "S-MANGA. html)" Mechademia 2 pp. The publication. NY: Harper Design. j-magazine. [18] http:/ / www. Matt (2008) " The Multi-Faceted Universe of Shōjo Manga (http:/ / matt-thorn. edu/ Books/ L/ lunning_mechademia2. pp. com/ shoujo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. ISBN 978-1880656235. net/ ) clearly categorizes that magazine as shōjo.. Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga. 36(4):780-803. [26] Harlequin Ginger Blossom manga (http:/ / www. 8. com/ shoujo_manga/ hagio_interview. mcjp.Japanese Comics for Otaku. Frederik L. umn. [10] Toku.NET" site (http:/ / www. last modified August 19. categorizes the magazine Cookie as josei. [14] Schodt. be/ mangaguide/ mgguide. Fusami 2004. (1991)Kodomo no Shōwa-shi: Shōjo manga no sekai II. asso. . umn. Berkeley. 1963-1989") Bessatsu Taiyō series. mit. pages 78-80 ISBN 1-85669-391-0. ISBN 1-880656-23-X [25] "Hana to Yume Readers Data" (http:/ / www. mesharpe. 1996. html). Matt (2005) "The Magnificent Forty-Niners" The Comics Journal #269." Journal of Popular Culture. com/ articles/ 52/ The-Boys-of-Shojo-Manga [32] http:/ / www. 2009. s-manga. CA: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-0870117527. zip [29] http:/ / www. html [31] http:/ / www. jpf. [16] Lent. Paul. upress. Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics.64 nen (子供の昭和史──少女マンガの世界 II 昭和38年〜64年 "A Children's History of Showa-Era Japan: The World of Shōjo Manga II.. op. Tokyo: Heibonsha [9] Thorn. pdf [19] Gravett. 2004. jp/ data_001/ index.. 2004 [22] Chobot. [20] Schodt. ISBN 1-85669-391-0. edu/ anime/ www/ Showings/ Azumanga_Daioh. 2001 [24] Schodt. Yoshihiro. com/ ~hbv/ anime/ shouanim. August 23. Masami (2007) " Shojo Manga! Girls' Comics! A Mirror of Girls’ Dreams (http:/ / www. hence its categorization here. [15] Gravett. jp/ JF_Contents/ GetImage/ img_pdf/ JBN56. go. Paul. jp/ data_002/ pdf/ d_hakus_hanat. darkhorse. Berkeley. com/ articles/ 675/ 675434p1. com/ Press-Releases/ 1208/ Harlequin-Ginger-Blossom-manga) [27] Japan Magazine Publishers Association Magazine Data 2007 (http:/ / www. upress. html). New York: Harper Design. com/ mall/ resultsa. ICV2. Tokyo: Kodansha. skynet. Jessica Shojo Showdown (http:/ / comics. pdf) (in Japanese) (PDF). html). Frederik L. Retrieved October 29. Shōwa 38 nen . ign. December 2.Shōjo manga 145 1945-1962") Bessatsu Taiyō series. Tokyo: Heibonsha [13] Thorn. [17] Ōgi. shtml) on the MIT Anime Club website. California: Stone Bridge Press. "Female subjectivity and shōjo (girls) manga (Japanese comics): shōjo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics. The Japanese Magazine Publishers Association. Frederik L. rawbw. icv2. 2005 [23] Shojo Update:Your Comments and Our Answers (http:/ / www. Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics. htm)" The Comics Journal #269. which relies on information provided by publishers. com/ articles/ news/ 654. 9-10. 2004. [28] http:/ / users. or. asp?Title=Japanese+ Visual+ Culture%3A+ Explorations+ in+ the+ World+ of+ + Manga+ and+ Anime . Paris. cit. or. fr/ pjanv2008/ conferences/ manga/ index. pdf?ContentNo=9& SubsystemNo=1& FileName=img_pdf/ JBN56. edu/ Books/ L/ lunning_mechademia2. html).22-23 [11] Thorn. (http:/ / www. 1986. com/ shoujo_manga/ colloque/ index. 2001. [21] Azumanga Daioh mistakenly identified as 'shōjo comedy' (http:/ / web. html)". Matt (2005) " The Moto Hagio Interview (http:/ / matt-thorn. IGN. (1996) Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga . txt [30] http:/ / matt-thorn. p. presented at Le manga. comixology. defending choice of Love Hina as #5 in the 'Top Ten Shōjo Manga'. Fullmetal Alchemist and D. The camaraderie between boys or men on sports teams.go. fighting squads and the like is often emphasized. Dragon Ball creator Akira Toriyama is credited for shaping the shōnen genre we see today. many Western fans do not make a distinction between shōnen manga and seinen manga. has only a few such characters. In Japan. YuYu Hakusho. anime*magazine (3): 36. Shōnen (少年) manga (漫画) is typically characterized by high-action.html). One Piece. many older men read shōnen magazines because of their ease in reading during commutes to and from work on trains. The Prince of Tennis. edu. Eiichiro Oda. Tite Kubo and Yusuke Murata paying homage to his impact and influence on their work. This may be because very few seinen manga have been published outside of Japan. it/ english/ info/ guide/ tributes. Dragon Ball. InuYasha. although this varies greatly from artist to artist. Masashi Kishimoto. anu. for example. Fairy Tail. and some artists draw both shōnen and shōjo manga. Detective Conan.[3] List of shōnen manga Main category: Shōnen manga References [1] "Short anime glossary [Краткий анимешно-русский разговорник]" (in Russian). Consequently. Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle.Gray-man. reformatory (Ministry of Justice site) (Japanese) . ISSN 1810–8644. [2] http:/ / intersections." [3] http:/ / dragonballarena. depictions of violence and sexual matters became more highly regulated in manga in general. respectively. but are not a requirement.jp/KYOUSEI/kyouse04. Hunter × Hunter. or shounen manga (少年漫画 shōnen manga) refers to manga marketed to a male audience aged roughly 10 and up. htm "One result was a new regime of self-regulation among manga producers and distributors who began to reign in the more violent and sexual images that characterised some genres. After the case of Tsutomu Miyazaki. php External links • Anime for boys (Japanese) • Anime for men (Japanese) • Shōnen-in (http://www. with notable authors of other shōnen manga such as Yoshihiro Togashi. 2004. gamesurf. Attractive female characters with exaggerated features are also common (see fan service). Naruto. but especially in shonen manga. Reborn!. shonen.moj. Yu-Gi-Oh!. Soul Eater. Despite a number of significant differences. in Japan. Gosho Aoyama. particularly manga directed at shōnen (male youth). where the characters (漫画) generally mean "comic". Beyond shōnen manga. Slam Dunk.[1] often humorous plots featuring male protagonists. manga for men (university age and older) is called seinen manga. The Kanji characters (少年) literally mean "few" and "year". The complete phrase literally means "young person's comic" or simply "boys comic" Examples include Dragon Ball. Saint Seiya.Shōnen manga 146 Shōnen manga The term shōnen. shōnen manga magazines are the most popular manga magazines. Fist of the North Star. au/ issue20/ mclelland. Bleach.[2] The art style of shōnen is generally less flowery than that of shōjo manga. Urban Dictionary. . John (April 17. comedyvideoscentral. Common criticisms also stem from the tendency to portray female characters very negatively often having little depth beyond their attachment to the male lead and their tendency towards unnecessary violence and jealousy which is often seen as repetitive and sexist.[1] The most common and practically tantamount scenario is a male surrounded by a group of females. 2005). The most distinguishable trait is arguably the group of girls who accompany. "Reverse Harem" (http:/ / www. . originally defined as a private sanctum for women where men were forbidden but. known colloquially as fan service. many can exist as long as they are given less attention or the story calls for an unusually obscure sex ratio. . [4] Harem is also criticized for often excessive use of clichés and stock characters as well as obvious use of wish-fulfillment fantasies. Retrieved 2009-11-16. com/ browse/ harem). [5] http:/ / www. [4] Oppliger. urbandictionary. and in some instances cohabitate with the boy. com/ define. Retrieved 2009-11-16.[5] Notes a. References [1] Oppliger. Retrieved 2009-11-17. when it is present. it is never necessary.[a] the genre is often criticized in the West for its almost inviting but unnecessary sexual references. by three or more members of the opposite sex. usually amorously. Anime Nation. animenation. and while intimacy is just about customary. .[2] More recent variants include removing the protagonist's opposing sex to allow for yuri harems and yaoi harems (as with Gakuen Heaven). Dictionary. "Ask John: What Distinguishes Harem Anime?" (http:/ / www. is a loose subgenre of anime and manga characterized by a protagonist surrounded.[3] Structure Because romance is rarely the main focus of an entire series. when this is reversed it is informally referred to as a reverse harem gyakuhāremu (逆ハーレム). html . 147 Genre Harem Harem. Retrieved April 25. hāremumono (ハーレムもの). modernly defined outside its original meaning as "a group of women associated in any way with one man or household". The unrest has been seen particularly in the United States. php?term=Reverse Harem). [2] "DarkSeraphim" (December 2006). it is not essential for there to be one exclusive boy. John (May 20. broadly speaking. net/ blog/ 2005/ 05/ 20/ ask-john-why-do-americans-hate-harem-anime/ ). harem structure is ambiguous.net. 2009). Additionally. reference.com.[1] Controversy Given the archetypical ratio and content of harems. The term is derived from the Arabic "harem". "Ask John: Why Do Americans Hate Harem Anime?" (http:/ / www. [3] "Harem definition" (http:/ / dictionary. animenation.   "Series" implies any that are designated as a harem. com/ Harem_anime. 2008. AnimeNation. otherwise two is a love triangle. net/ blog/ 2009/ 04/ 17/ ask-john-what-distinguishes-harem-anime/ ). there must be a minimum of three girls who express it. and animators wanted to produce a series aimed at young girls. or a catgirl could have some form of magical powers. and Shugo Chara!.N. and becomes involved in a quest for various magical objects. Examples of conventional magical girls include the protagonists of: Princess Tutu. In feminine guise (with aid of a blonde wig) she romances a prince. a normal girl who gains magical powers. Angela (2010) "What Boys Will Be: A Study of Shonen Manga" in Johnson-Woods. but a witch in the same vein as Bewitched's Samantha: a witch who looked just like a normal person and used her magic for everyday tasks and the good of others around her.) Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives Continuum International Publishing Group pp.Angel and Mei no Naisho). but its plot differs from the standard as the girls use magic for friendship. behavior and achieving goals. Magical girl stories feature young girls with superhuman abilities. The Japanese language identifies magical girls as majokko (魔女っ子.[1] Magical boys occur much more rarely. one of a girl and one of a boy. the magical girl may have cat-ears and -tail as part of her costume. but one can readily identify them: they operate along similar lines (as with D. Robin E. 297.S. 82. A magical girl and a magical girlfriend typically differ in that the magical girlfriend is not the protagonist. (2007). forced to fight evil and [1] to protect the Earth. literally "witch girl"). Sailor Moon. Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited. or (rarely) of psychics (such as Hailey from Queen Bee). 89. Understanding Manga and Anime. although the name can just refer to young girls who follow a plotline involving magic and a transformation (such as Full Moon o Sagashite and Sailor Moon). Sally. also known as mahou shoujo or majokko) belong to a sub-genre of Japanese fantasy anime and manga. Ojamajo Doremi features magical girls as protagonists. pp.[2] Paul Gravett regards Princess Sapphire as a prototype for magical girls. This inspired Mitsuteru Yokoyama — best known in the U. though this term does not generally apply to modern magical-girl anime.[3] The Japanese dub of the American TV series Bewitched became popular among young Japanese girls in the 1960s. since the target audience approved of Bewitched. 69-70. animators decided to make a series about a witch — not a witch in the usual Western sense of the word. rather than for attacking antagonists. General examples A general example of a magical girl is Sakura Kinomoto from the series Cardcaptor Sakura. the Witch (1966) counts as the first magical girl anime. 112. Westport.Harem 148 Further reading • Brenner. Toni (e. Born with two hearts. resembling the evil witch in Hansel and Gretel. she must pass as a boy in order to save her kingdom from falling into the clutches of her evil uncle. Magical girls generally differ from catgirls and from magical girlfriends. Other magical-girl subjects may appear in the guise of witches.[4] This occurred in the formative years of Japanese animation as a genre. ISBN 9780826429384 Magical girl Magical girls (魔法少女 mahō shōjo. . ISBN 978-1-59158-332-5. Genre history In 1962 Secret Akko-chan introduced the convention that the magical girl gets her powers from a "special object".d. • Drummond-Mathews. They often possess a secret identity. Sometimes the catgirl and magical girl character types cross over. Examples of these include Tokyo Mew Mew and Hyper Police. Another magical girl includes Lucia Nanami from Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch whose true identity as a mermaid princess prevents her from declaring love to a young surfer. she battles enemies using the power of her voice and songs with the help from the other mermaid princesses. OCLC 85898238. magical girls are generally peaceful and they tend to prefer the normal way of life. Common themes and features Magical girls generally obtain their powers from some sort of enchanted object: such as a pendant. These pets rarely participate in combat. but at other times they show romantic interest in one of the girls. According to the analyst John Oppliger of AnimeNation. martial arts. However. as the prototype for the transforming magical-girl genre. forcing them to transform and fight. though. Magical girls' power potential is generally inestimable. coinciding with the rise of moe-genre popularity. a girl undergoes an intricate transformation sequence and changes to her fully powered form. or they might have learned some ordinary acrobatics. Unlike shōnen characters. a wand. realizing what they must protect and the fact that they are the ones to protect. as they tend to learn how to cope with opponents in their powerless form. so they tend to develop combat awareness along the way and experience an emotional upheaval during an epic battle. While their powers evidently have a source behind them. which began in 1973.[7] As a prime example of this. and their ability to summon powers depends on their mind state. because the function of magical girls is generally to unleash and harness such mystical powers. such transforming sequences involve pirouetting. and in some cases by speaking a special phrase or command. although they do need to use their power against whatever villains they have to fight. However.Magical girl 149 as the creator of Tetsujin 28-go — to invent Sally the Witch. despite their best attempts to keep their normal and supernatural lives separate. They occasionally receive the help of mysterious. By concentrating on this object. .[8] Magical girls do not operate alone in their adventures. usually by extensive training). However. after 2003 magical girl anime—marketed (at least partially) to male audiences—has become a prolific trend alongside the traditional female-oriented works. since magical girls tend to harness their power using their mind and might even fuel their power with their mindful indomitability. Thus a magical girl may summon extraordinary new magical powers—powers previously unavailable to her—in the last moments of an epic battle. whereas magical girl series tend to leave these factors ambiguous. These boys sometimes disdain their female counterparts. who tend to have an affection in adventuring and heroism. they may simply feel embarrassed.[9] strange events tend to occur to magical girls in normal life with alarming regularity. this seems to differ from shōnen in that shōnen tends to define a hero's powers specifically and to indicate what those powers can achieve (in most cases said powers increase as time goes by. later popularized the genre. magical boys. Such powers can serve as a deus ex machina to resolve the major conflict in a climactic fashion. instead. which began in 1992.[2] Commentators regard Cutie Honey. the extra powers can generally be attributed to a power source from their mind or the power sources' response to their mind. many related video games ware made too. and sometimes they have even received severe warnings not to let their friends and family know about their secret powers.[5] which aired on television in serial form in 1966. and so forth. resulting in a dramatic power increase that might be repeatable only when the situation calls for it. Sailor Moon. or a ribbon. a compact. the extent and exact nature of those powers usually remains unknown or unclear. loss of normal clothes (usually censored) and the sudden appearance of a magical girl uniform and weapon. or vice versa. depends on various emotional factors such as combat awareness. Powers or no powers. To some extent. Another common theme involves some sort of talking-animal sidekick with magical powers of its own. or other offensive or defensive actions to supplement their supernatural talents. At the same time. note Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha. and instead allow her powers to be more free-flowing and open to change based on the situation. magical girls rarely suffer defeat even in normal form. The reasons for this vary: they may wish to avoid capture by the enemy. in turn. they offer advice and help train the girls in the use of their abilities. A major theme of magical girl stories involves learning to harness these powers and develop them fully. which. Magical girls spend much of their time trying to keep their powers and their normal identities secret.[6] Typically. sense of duty. Teams of magical girls often learn to combine their powers to perform massive. super-charged attacks. which also makes their abilities vaguely defined. [8] Magical girls appearing as fighters often obtain fighting powers after transforming into a warrior form. The characters fight for idealistic causes such as love. . sees the heroine. Magical girl in Japan Until the appearance of Sailor Moon. 77. a Japanese mahō shōjo manga. use her magic not only to fight villains but also to deal with everyday situations (such as teaching her younger brother to swim). the original term mahō shōjo in Japan referred primarily to girls who did not transform themselves and who used magic for acts of mercy and succor rather than for heroism against evil. Berkeley. or between helplessness and power. "Vampires. portrayed the adventures of the protagonist Chacha and her friends. Western Washington University. In fact. not for the sake of fighting evil. uvlist. Even the magical girls' enemies leave them alone most of the time. both shows featuring an emphasis on combat alongside magical girl based powers. AnimeNation. (1998) [1998]. In Martinez. net/ groups/ info/ magicalgirl). John (2007-10-22). hope. Kaori (2002).Magical girl 150 Magical girl stories tend to be emotion-oriented. [3] Gravett.edu/aspac/home/papers/scholars/yoshida/ yoshida. Harper Design. When Nihon Ad Systems and Studio Gallop adapted the manga into anime. Shifting Boundaries and Global Culture. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Dolores P. p. ISBN 1-85669-391-0. 281. .pacificu. Chacha became a "Magical Princess" in order to battle with villains. Japanese girl's life where she is free from adult responsibility and submission. but for the sake of adventure. Further reading • Yoshida. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2007-09-22. ISBN 1-880656-72-8 [2] Gravett. ISSN 1810–8644. [5] Boren. the Witch and Minky Momo are hardly known in the United States although they are popular works of magical girl series in Japan. However. animenation. the heroines learn the values of friendship and co-operation. peace. Paul (2004). magical girl series such as Himitsu no Akko-chan and Fushigi na Merumo existed in which the heroines received the power to transform themselves into whatever they wished. OCLC 50898281. and they tend to become more agile and situation-aware as the story proceeds. for example. By forming teams. upbeat and cheerful. ISBN 1-85669-391-0. Paul (2004). Evolution of Female Heroes: Carnival Mode of Gender Representation in Anime (http:// journals2. Magical girls often represent that special time in a young. net/ blog/ 2007/ 10/ 22/ ask-john-is-magical-girl-anime-for-male-viewers-a-new-trend/ ).pacificu. One series transcended these two cases: Akazukin Chacha. 1974–75).net:800/mcel. ISBN 0521631289.. 2004. caught up as they are between the childish and the mature. [4] Drazen. Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics. The genre can be intriguing due to the contrasts and conflicts the magical girls represent. p. the term is generally used in the west to refer only to evil-fighting magical girls. Megu. [6] "Magical Girl" (http:/ / www. Mako of Mahō no Mako-chan. Flying Women and Sailor Scouts". pp. Anime Explosion!: The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation. "The Making of a Magical Girl". 78. Retrieved July 13. UVL. Psychic Girls. Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics. Pretty Cure and Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha premiered. The series Sally. . ISBN 1-880656-72-8. 2010. • Napier. The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender. "Ask John: Is Magical Girl Anime for Male Viewers a New Trend?" (http:/ / www. [9] "Short anime glossary [Краткий анимешно-русский разговорник]" (in Russian). In 2004. James (September 2003). Animerica (Viz Media) 11 (9): 31. Majokko Megu-chan (Toei. Another genre-crossing series. Susan J. Patrick (October 2002). anime*magazine (3): 36. [7] Oppliger. Anime Explosion! The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation. References [1] Patrick Drazen.iranscience. the girls need to pursue the enemies and to attempt to thwart their plans.php3). California: Stone Bridge Press. and beauty—rarely for revenge.edu/mcel. p 123. but they generally live an ordinary normal life without having explicitly learned fighting techniques outside of battles. Harper Design. or nonhuman woman[1] ) is a female character often associated with romantic comedy anime series. In many cases. Negi Springfield in Mahou Sensei Negima!) or otherwise have a more rational. often creating complicated "love polygons". In parodies. Oh My Goddess starts with Belldandy contractually bound to Keiichi and the other goddesses trying to separate them. magical girlfriend comedies are often conflated with harem comedies. For example. Action plotlines are often introduced through some sort of threat from the magical girlfriends origins or through other means. who is simply uninterested in monogamous relationships despite the fact few women besides his romantically-aggressive alien girlfriend find him attractive.Magical girlfriend 151 Magical girlfriend A magical girlfriend (also referred to as exotic girlfriend. relatives. This situation often prevents the relationship from advancing beyond a platonic level throughout most of the series.[3] or as the leading lady of the "fantastic romance" genre. rivals or even enemies). Another feature is that soon after the male and female leads begin to live together. or that possess extra-human powers of some kind or another (from cyborg enhancements to magical or psychic abilities). Sometimes a character from the male lead's origin will appear. this situation is repeated with other characters (Tenchi Muyo!). and often is. other (usually female) characters from the female (or male) lead's origin appear (friends. These can vary from being from mundane characters such as men who fight for the affection of the female (and rarely male) lead. which is almost always resolved in some way that doesn't fundamentally alter that relationship. "Anime fans become familiar with a whole range of female figures that are either not really human (robots. where Kaoru's half-brother tries to take Aoi for himself. but chooses to stay with Keiichi. as an ideal girlfriend doesn't come on strong herself and is generally passive in the relationship. which combines the fantasy and romance genres. various rivals always threaten the relationship between the lead characters. and Omamori Himari."[1] Magical girlfriends can be one or many in a single anime (always attached to the male lead). where demonslayer Kuesu Jinguuji appears in volume 3 to claim Yuuto Amakawa as her betrothed. cohabitors. Even when there is one female lead. or rivals from the female lead's origins. or even moving in with the lead couple. Belldandy is no longer bound. often forcing a situation of cohabitation. either becoming frequent visitors. However the male lead is often inexperienced with women despite typically being a "nice guy". the male lead or the girlfriends' desire to get closer). animals).e. supernatural lover. the character may be too young (i. Characteristics of the genre Often series in the genre start with the male lead encountering the female lead either by pure chance or by an unusual event.[2] As Thomas LaMarre states. Because of the tendency for rivals to appear even when there is one female lead and because of the unnatural gender balance among the cast. The romantic relationship(s) in magical girlfriend comedies tend to remain static and platonic throughout the series. Commonly episodes involve some sort of superficial threat to the static nature of the relationship (which could. it is very slow. and the other goddesses admit that Keiichi is worthy of a goddess' love. Examples include Ai Yori Aoshi. after which the female lead somehow becomes bound or otherwise dependent upon him.[2] and is sometimes considered a genre of its own. If the romantic relationship(s) do move. deities. After more than 100 chapters. A famous early reversal of the cliche occurs with the overtly lecherous Ataru Moroboshi of Urusei Yatsura). overlapping with the harem genre of anime. aliens. . ambivalent attitude towards women. siblings. Nakahito Kagura in Steel Angel Kurumi. A good example of this conflation is Oh My Goddess![4] which is "one of the prototypical “harem” anime titles"[5] despite the short-lived nature of most of the romantic rivalries. which take them beyond the merely human woman. or generally causing a disruption. " provider. while others." "fiancé. Ideal women have absolute dedication to whatever work they do and for whomever they have great affection. Paradoxically. Some "ideal" magical girlfriends may seem weak and emotionally needy. Belldandy of Oh My Goddess! is more naive than even her kid sister). Love You[9] • Haruko of FLCL[9] • Shaorin of Mamotte Shugogetten[10] • Night of Absolute Boyfriend[6] (male equivalent of magical girlfriend) • Sun Seto of My Bride is a Mermaid • Valkyrie of UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie • Phryne of Fractale . except in a delicate or indirect manner (Aoi's romantic behavior might be considered clingy. where some Japanese women were seeking out sexual relationships with non-Japanese men. numerous characters are so innocent as to not understand the nature of their actions. Susan J. Belldandy and Ai to be a backlash against the "yellow cab" social phenomenon. for example. Ideal women are emotionally insightful.I. ideal girlfriends are not overly independent. Ideal girlfriends are not necessarily magical in nature. such as Belldandy of Oh My Goddess!. master.Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network states: "let's just call it 'mildly interesting. Shōjo writers put more emphasis on the girl. in which a Middle School girl meets and becomes best friends with a magical girlfriend. other characters of the girlfriend's origin tend not to be as naive (e.Magical girlfriend 152 The "ideal woman" personality. the yamato nadeshiko. followed by their misadventures at finding boyfriends. is similar to that found in The Tale of Genji. may possess a godly power stemming from their feminine traits. creator. gentle and demure personalities. Kurumi in Steel Angel Kurumi or Hazuki in Tsukuyomi -Moon Phase-. They usually have calm. Ideal women are always naive or innocent. While the male lead usually has some sort of hold over his girlfriend (as "husband. They generally suppress selfish desires in favor of desiring good for others. However. competently made magical girlfriend show'"[11] . or even owner) the parody of the ideal girlfriend either succeeds in inverting the power balance of relationship or simply reverses roles. sometimes explained by the girlfriends origins which do not allow for much experience with mainstream life. in which an ordinary girl gets a magical boyfriend.g.[6] and Ultra Maniac. This model of the ideal Japanese woman. Aoi of Ai Yori Aoshi is an example of an ideal woman and girlfriend but is of mundane origin. or yamato nadeshiko Many magical girlfriends are considered by both fans and critics of the genre to be idealizations of woman-kind. Parodies of the ideal woman are often selfish and become involved with the male lead because of their own selfish desires which are not (initially) shared by their mate. but is still done in a delicate manner. client. contract holder. seeing the good in others when most wouldn't and forgiving their shortcomings. even desperate at times. Examples include Absolute Boyfriend. Napier has described the popularity of the ideal magical girlfriend. Ideal women are examples of moe girls in anime. They are proper Japanese women who typically will not initiate romantic action themselves. As such. except in ecchi dream sequences). although depending on the character's actual talents this can make for anything from 'quite capable' to 'well-meaning klutz'. Shōjo artists have written another sort of parody of magical girlfriends.[2] Examples of "magical girlfriend" characters • Belldandy of Oh My Goddess! • Lum Invader of Urusei Yatsura[7] (a parody of the ideal girlfriend) • Chi of Chobits[1] [8] [9] • Saati Nanba of A. Independence and aggression (especially in sexual matters) is a trait of parodies of the ideal girlfriend such as Lum Invader in Urusei Yatsura. . and spend the rest of their lives happy ever after. com/ articles/ 873/ 873178p1. com/ ?id=T7WhxNhF6vAC). gain public acceptance. New York: Palgrave. com/ ?id=CMYwUzMCj-gC& pg=PA28& dq="magical+ girlfriend"). [4] Fujishima. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2011-11-14. p. Baltimore City Paper. "Mannequin & Mannequin 2: On the Move" (http:/ / www. Jason. She’s always cute. Oh My Goddess! (manga. in her review of the Mannequin movies." References [1] Lamarre. If you are. classifies magical girlfriend movies with this template:[12] • Main protagonist is a loser who has no luck with girls or has a real girlfriend who doesn’t understand him. Hideki ponders: “You hear about it all the time. ISBN 0-312-23863-0.Magical girlfriend 153 Magical girlfriends in Western media Tiffany White of Pop Matters. Chobits (manga) Volume 1. . [7] Napier. in reviewing Mamotte Shugogetten. Tiffany (2008-05-14). also relates magical girlfriends shows to their western counterparts:[10] "She's completely devoted to protecting her new "master" from any misfortune. 142–151. IGN. then think "Oh! My Goddess!". I’ve seen it on TV. html). .E. like I Dream of Jeannie!” [9] Harvell. Theron (2005-10-06). ign. google. Zac (2011-01-04). Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke (1st ed. ISBN 9780816649457. Mechademia 1: 28. "Shojo Beat Review – Absolute Boyfriend" (http:/ / www. . com/ ?id=T7WhxNhF6vAC). Retrieved 2011-10-17. Thomas (July 2006). [3] Wong. . "The Winter 2011 Anime Preview Guide" (http:/ / www. If you're not completely immersed in the world of manga yet. Either one works if you're looking for a comparison. com/ news/ story. . New York: Palgrave. mermaid. 139–156. Kosuke. Susan (May 2001).). "Mamotte Shugogetten: Volume 1 Review" (http:/ / comics.E.). unflopped) Volume 3. Happens all the time. A. [8] CLAMP. . "Boys Life: Sometimes a Giant Robot Isn't Just a Giant Robot in the World of Japanese Comics" (http:/ / www2. A guy finds a nice girl.1177/1746847706065841. takes her home. Pop Matters. "Anime News Network review of Ah! My Goddess DVD 1" (http:/ / www. think "I Dream of Jeannie". "Carnival and Conservatism in Romantic Comedy" (http:/ / books. Retrieved 2011-11-14. the protagonist and the magical girlfriend escape persecution. pp. • An antagonist lurks about. A. Retrieved 2008-01-03. playback:stl. Retrieved 2008-01-03. utterly oblivious to the ways of the modern world. Sparrow of IGN. asp?id=12770). animenewsnetwork. . Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke (1st ed. popmatters. (2008-05-13). com/ index. . com/ pm/ review/ mannequin-mannequin-2-on-the-move). "Globalizing Manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and Beyond" (http:/ / books. 187 [5] Martin. Anime News Network. Susan (May 2001). [10] Sparrow. "Platonic Sex: Perversion and Shôjo Anime (Part One)". and (in cute girl manga terms) a total knockout. Chapter 2. Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1 (1): 45–59. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=2628& Itemid=31). . Jess (2006-10-11). [12] White. com/ feature/ 2011-01-04/ zac). "Carnival and Conservatism in Romantic Comedy" (http:/ / books. google. • Main guy finds magical girlfriend (usually an angel. Retrieved 2009-05-11. and she’ll fall madly in love with the guy. google. doi:10. Retrieved 2011-10-17. Wendy Siuyi (2006). Then it turns out she’s got some sort of special powers. [11] Bertschy. • In the end. playbackstl. com/ review/ ah-my-goddess/ dvd-1). ISBN 0-312-23863-0. citypaper. pp. and its sole purpose is exposing the magical girlfriend. [6] Green. [2] Napier. Retrieved 2007-08-09. animenewsnetwork. or science experiment) and they fall in love. Considered by many to be the spiritual successor to Space Runaway Ideon. introduce variant concepts to the mecha genre. The tripods featured in The War of the Worlds. for its part. which acted as a homage to the light-hearted and courage-focused stories of the 80s in a time of mostly dramatic mecha series. that were (and still are) very popular with children and collectors. Other notable series include but are by no means limited to The Super Dimension Fortress Macross. with advanced weaponry and dedicated piloting stations. as the robot was controlled by remote instead of a cockpit in the machine. in which the mecha are shown as tools rather than semi-mystical creations. History The genre started with Mitsuteru Yokoyama's 1956 manga Tetsujin 28-go (which was later animated in 1963 and also released abroad as Gigantor). Another series. ranging from the infantry Spartan MBR-07-II to the jet fighter VF-1 Valkyrie and artillery Monster HWR-00-II. The introduction of Mobile Suit Gundam in 1979 introduced a sort of plot paradox that would be revisited frequently in subsecuent Real Mecha anime productions: a war show about giant war machines that was in fact anti-war at heart.. which focused on ultratech mecha that often had elements of mysticism and tend to use a "monster of the week" format. was not only the first successful Super Robot anime series. a recent remake of the 1975 hit series Brave Raideen. was the first combining robot. . Hideaki Anno's Gunbuster. Evangelion was highly successful and quite controversial. One anime series that drew from the tradition of both super robot and Real Robot genres while being unique was Hideaki Anno's Neon Genesis Evangelion. with manga and video game adaptations. something that became a frequent design theme and was aggressively imitated in similar mecha shows. which along with Macross and Gundam is considered the pinnacle of mecha anime in the 1980s. similar to its would-be predecessor. but also the pioneer of the genre staples like weapons that were activated by the hero calling out their names ("Rocket Punch!"). Mazinkaiser and Gurren Lagann from the Super Robot tradition. which is broken down into two subcategories of Super Robot and Real Robot. and Reideen. Diebuster. the concept of piloted mecha goes back decades before Tetsujin-28.Mecha anime 154 Mecha anime Mecha anime cover all series that revolve around the use of piloted robotic armors in battle. is less well known outside Japan. Kishin Heidan. Macross was especially noteworthy as it showed mecha fighting under combined arms tactics. the police-focused Patlabor. his most famous creation. More recent anime titles. the Gundam Seed. Arguably. and the Real Robot show. The mecha genre in anime is still alive and well as the new millennium came. Mazinger Z.S. Mecha series cover a wide variety of genres from comedy to drama. which in its modified Robotech form led to one of the breakthroughs of anime in the USA. are perhaps the forerunners of modern mecha. such as Escaflowne and ZOIDS. and as examples of older shows. with revival OVAs like Getter Robo: the Last Day. and has also contributed to the popularity of scale model robots. Not long after that the genre was largely defined by author Go Nagai. The appearance of Yoshiyuki Tomino's Gundam in 1979 is considered to have broken the mecha genre into two subsets: the Super Robot show. Mecha anime has contributed to a greater popularity of mecha and has expanded into other media. Go Lion (Voltron) and Giant Robo as well as Full Metal Panic. Code Geass and Macross Frontier series from the Real Robot side. It was also a pioneer in die-cast metal toys such as the Chogokin series in Japan and the Shogun Warriors in the U. Getter Robo. Gundam 00. though are always fantastical and larger-than-life in nature and feature large-scale battles and/or action sequences. such as organic mecha and upscaled mechanical animals and vehicles. Its inclusion is debatable however. and the focus is less on the machines and more on the pilots. into something considerably more fantastical. for Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF) and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) military aviation units equivalent to a group or wing in other air forces. In 2006. net/ Sentai Sentai (戦隊) in Japanese language is a word for a military unit and may be literally translated as "squadron". a sentai was a larger unit: a kōkūtai was the equivalent of an IJAAF sentai. However. are also used to refer to larger formations. while sometimes used as translations of Sentai. gearsonline. com/ cgi-bin/ customview. foreign fans can acquire them through comic book shops or online retailers that cater to imports. the term had slightly different meanings in the IJAAF and the IJNAS. more advanced kits require much more intricate assembly. and aesthetic appeal can be difficult to manage. . In the later stages of World War II. An IJAAF Sentai was made up of two to four squadrons (chūtai). The terms "regiment" and "flotilla". net [3] http:/ / www. World War II It is perhaps best known as a term used during World War II by the military of the Empire of Japan. the balancing act between a high range of motion. whether to reproduce existing designs or create their very own. com/ [2] http:/ / www. "group" or "wing". References [1] http:/ / www.Mecha anime 155 Scale models Assembling and painting mecha scale model kits is a popular pastime among mecha enthusiasts. mahq. A sentai commander (sentaichō) was generally a Lieutenant Colonel. Several sentai made up a kantai (air fleet). the IJAAF abolished chūtai and divided its sentai into hikōtai (flying units) and seibitai (maintenance units). mechahub. In the IJNAS. two or more Sentai comprised a hikōdan (air brigade). Like other models such as cars or airplanes. the Lego Group released their own somewhat manga-inspired mecha line with the Exo-Force series. a Sentaichō was usually a Naval Captain. Others enjoy building Lego mecha [1]. In the IJAAF. While many model kits are not produced for distribution to the West. External links • Gears Online [2] • Brickshelf Lego mecha galleries [3] • Mecha Anime HQ [4]: Extensive coverage on Gundams and other mecha. In the IJNAS. cgi?include=Mecha [4] http:/ / www. good structural stability. Lego mecha construction can present unique engineering challenges. brickshelf. "task force". such as Captain Tsubasa and Saint Seiya. "attacker") who pursues the uke (受け lit. 1997-98. however manga aimed at a gay male audience is considered a separate genre. Originally referring to a specific type of dōjinshi (self-published works) parody of mainstream anime and manga works. novels and dōjinshi featuring idealized homosexual male relationships. usually created by female authors. com/ japaneseaviation/ jaafstructure. and commercial as well as dōjinshi works. au/ ~dunn/ jnaf/ jnaf.[4] Yuri is a wider blanket term than yaoi. warbirdforum. yaoi came to be used as a generic term for female-oriented manga. is a Japanese popular term for female-oriented fictional media that focus on homoerotic or homoromantic male relationships. including "gay manga". 2004-05. because it refers to comics with lesbian relationships. Works featuring prepubescent Example of shōnen-ai artwork. "Japanese Navy Air Force (JNAF) Operating in the Australian Area During WW2" [4] (ozatwar. which subsumes both parodies and original works. net. yaoi were parodies of popular shōnen anime and manga. com/ jaaf. In Japan. "East Asian/Pacific Area" [3] (self-published) • Peter Dunn. Although the genre is called Boys' Love (commonly abbreviated as "BL"). some male manga creators have produced BL works. BL creators and fans are careful to distinguish the genre from bara. std. The main characters in yaoi usually conform to the formula of the seme (攻め lit. htm [2] http:/ / markkaiser. 2002. com/ ~Ted7/ minorafp. which may be . the males featured are pubescent or older. Yaoi began in the dōjinshi markets of Japan in the late 1970s/early 1980s as an outgrowth of shōnen-ai (少年愛) (also known as "Juné" or "tanbi"). dating sims. html [3] http:/ / world. References • Dan Ford. "receiver"). anime.com) • Mark Kaiser. which are created by and for gay men.Sentai 156 Super Sentai The Super Sentai Series (スーパー戦隊シリーズ Sūpā Sentai Shirīzu) is a franchise of Japanese tokusatsu television dramas that uses the word sentai to describe a group of three or more costumed superheroes (whose core team generally consists of five members) who often pilot mecha.[2] [3] However. but whereas shōnen-ai (both commercial and dōjinshi) were original works. As these depict males. regardless of the target audience. st. 2001. continues to be known among English-speaking fans) has spread beyond Japan: both translated and original yaoi is now available in many countries and languages. the term has largely been replaced by the rubric Boys' Love (ボーイズラブ Bōizu Rabu).com) References [1] http:/ / www. htm [4] http:/ / home. "An introduction to the Japanese Army Air Force" [1] (warbirdforum. htm Yaoi Yaoi (やおい)[1] also known as Boys' Love. and seen as a distinct genre. Yaoi (as it published at Animexx. originally boys are labeled shotacon. "Unit structure of IJA Air Force" [2] (self-published) • Mitch Schwartz. there is an androphilic male audience as well. This phrase was first used as a "euphemism for the content"[9] and refers to how yaoi. as opposed to the "difficult to understand" shōnen-ai of the Year 24 Group. "Stop. the mascot of a Japanese shopping centre.[] Another term for yaoi is 801. yaoi is used to describe titles that contain largely sex scenes and other sexually explicit themes and shōnen-ai is used to describe titles that focus more on romance and do not include explicit sexual content.[16] Eventually the term "june" died out in favour of "BL.[6] Yaoi is an acronym created in the dōjinshi market of the late 1970s by Yasuko Sakata and Akiko Hatsu[7] and popularized in the 1980s[8] standing for Yama nashi. and this was appropriated by the early yaoi authors. since both are targeted at the opposite sex and are not about realistic homosexual relationships. no point. oshiri ga itai (やめて お尻が 痛い?.[19] The actual name of the genre aimed toward women in Japan is called 'BL' or 'Boy's Love'.[5] there is conflicting information on their usage. ochi nashi. while the Gravitation Remix and Megamix dōjinshi by the same author.[14] and it is the term preferentially used by American manga publishers. Sometimes the word hentai is used as an additional modifier with yaoi – "hentai yaoi" – to denote the most explicit titles. much BL material was called june (ジュネ). an Internet manga called Tonari no 801-chan.[14] a name derived from June. Yaoi can be used by fans as a label for anime or manga-based . although they may include implicit sexual content.[2] Kubota Mitsuyoshi says that Osamu Tezuka used yama nashi. is used in the manga.[10] focused on "the yummy parts". BL is aimed at the shōjo and josei demographics. 0 can be read as "o" – a western influence.[18] Yaoi has become an umbrella term in the West for women's manga or Japanese-influenced comics with male-male relationships. with "june" being a play on the Japanese pronunciation of his name. a magazine that published male/male tanbi (耽美 "aesthetic") romances.[14] and does not include gei comi." which remains the most common name. In this case.[17] "801" can be read as "yaoi"[9] in the following form: the "short" reading of the number 8 is "ya". For example. the term yaoi was considered "common knowledge to manga fans".[26] The use of yaoi to denote those works with explicit scenes sometimes clashes with use of the word to describe the genre as a whole. about a male otaku who dates a fujoshi. no meaning".[11] The phrase also parodies a classical style of plot structure. ochi nashi.[2] [14] The terms yaoi and shōnen-ai are sometimes used by western fans to differentiate between the contents of the genre. but became depreciated in the 1990s when the manga featured a broader range of protagonists than adolescent boys.[] June magazine was named after the French author Jean Genet.[14] [20] Yaoi is used in Japan to include dōjinshi and sex scenes. imi nashi to dismiss poor quality manga. Gravitation is considered to be shōnen-ai due to its focus on the characters' careers rather than their love life. while men's yuri manga is more like yaoi manga. my ass hurts!") . imi nashi (ヤマなし、オチなし、意味なし) "No climax.[23] However. while the short reading for 1 is "i" (see Japanese wordplay). which emphasize the characters' sexual relationships. would be considered yaoi.[4] [13] Originally in Japan.[14] Mizoguchi suggests that publishers wishing to get a foothold in the June market coined the term BL to disassociate the genre with the publisher of June. Terminology Usage Although different meanings are often ascribed to the terms yaoi and Boy's Love (with yaoi generally said to be more explicit and BL generally said to being less so).[7] The term "bishōnen manga" was used in the 1970s. Yuri made by and for lesbians tends to resemble a distaff counterpart of bara.[9] As of 1998. heterosexual women.[12] A joking alternative acronym among fujoshi (female yaoi fans) for yaoi is Yamete.[21] [22] [] When using the terms in this way.[15] Kaoru Kurimoto had also written shōnen ai mono stories in the late 1970s that have been described as "the precursors of yaoi". or lesbian women. which is by and for gay men. spurring the development of the Boys Love genre in shōjo manga.[25] and the development of sexually explicit amateur comics. has been adapted into a serialized shōjo manga and a live-action film. Kaze to Ki no Uta[24] was groundbreaking in its depictions of "openly sexual relationships". 801-chan.Yaoi 157 (presumptively heterosexual) men. but is considered a separate category. smaller eyes. ML. is used as a genre's name and refers to all titles regardless of sexual content or the ages of characters in the story (with the exception of titles featuring prepubescent boys. Recently a subgenre of BL has been introduced in Japan.[27] While shōnen-ai literally means boy's love.[38] demeanour than the uke.[36] blending both masculine and feminine qualities. Seme and uke The two participants in a yaoi relationship (sometimes also in yuri[34] ) are often referred to as seme (攻め or せめ) and uke (受け or うけ). even "macho". and is often physically weaker than the seme. Although still marketed primarily to women. These terms originated in martial arts and uke is used in Japanese gay slang to mean the receptive partner in anal sex. which are categorized as shotacon.[37] with a stronger chin. and/or protective. The seme usually pursues the uke. The yaoi OVA Legend of the Blue Wolves is considered the first OVA for bara fans. shorter hair. on the other hand. androgynous. and in scholarly contexts still is. portrayed in yaoi and BL." The seme and uke are often drawn in the bishōnen style and are "highly idealised".[30] it is also thought to attract a large crossover gay male audience.[31] This material has been referred to as "bara" among English-speaking fans.[30] which offers more masculine body types and is more likely to have gay male authors and artists.[5] Seme derives from the ichidan verb semeru (攻める to attack) and uke from the verb ukeru (受ける or うける to receive). physically powerful. feminine features with bigger eyes and a smaller build.[19] [35] [39] Zanghellini feels that these stereotypes come from shōjo manga conventions of depicting heroines and her female rival.[5] The seme is often depicted as the stereotypical male of anime and manga culture: restrained.[29] Considered a subgenre of seijin (成人 adult) (men's erotica) for gay males.[35] Aleardo Zanghellini suggests that the martial arts terms have special significance to a Japanese audience. where the heroine would be portrayed as kawaii and . gay manga (ゲイコミ gei comi) (also called "Mens' Love" (メンズラブ Menzu Rabu). Boy's Love. Seme and uke are analogous to "top" and "bottom. none has been licensed in English and not much has been scanlated into English. in Japan and "bara" in English) caters to a gay male audience rather than a female one and tends to be made primarily by homosexual and bisexual male artists (such as Gengoroh Tagame) and serialized in gay men's magazines. In Japan. and should not be confused with gei comi proper.Yaoi 158 slash fiction. The seme is generally older and taller.[28] It is an even smaller niche genre in Japan than yaoi manga.[12] Zanghellini suggests that the samurai archetype is responsible for "the Artwork depicting a seme (left) and uke (right) 'hierarchical' structure and age difference" of some relationships couple. and a more stereotypically masculine. hence the name. The uke usually has softer. The term was originally used to describe ephebophilia. as an "archetype" of male same-sex relationships are those between samurai and their companions. the two terms are not synonymous. shōnen-ai used to refer to a now obsolete subgenre of shōjo manga about prepubescent boys in relationships ranging from the platonic to the romantic and sexual. bara resembles comics for men (seinen) rather than comics for female readers (shōjo/josei).[32] [33] but it is distinct in publishing terms (and often in content and style).[14] Gei comi/Bara Although sometimes conflated with "yaoi" by Anglophone commentators. a distinct genre with only peripheral connections to BL). so-called gachi muchi (ガチムチ) or "muscley-chubby" BL. [46] Sometimes the bottom character will be the aggressor in the relationship. and yaoi dōjinshi was becoming more popular. whichever of the two who is ordinarily in charge will take the "passive role" in the bedroom. In this view.[6] [39] Mark McLelland says that authors are "interested in exploring.[10] saying that they required "knowledge of classic literature.[11] In recent years. In this case. This combination of penetration and phallic pleasure reinforces depictions of sex in yaoi as challenging the idea that there is an active. history and science"[51] and were replete with "philosophical and abstract musings".[5] Readers may identify with the seme.[41] Zanghellini notes that anal sex is almost always in a position so that the characters face each other.[40] Anal sex is a prevalent theme in yaoi. or instead become a voyeur.[51] Suzuki describes shōnen-ai as being "pedantic" and "difficult to understand". was used to describe a new genre of shōjo manga. Zanghellini also notes that the uke rarely fellates the seme.Yaoi 159 her rival would be portrayed as a sophisticated and adult beauty. not all works adhere to them.[4] Criticism of the stereotypically "girly" behavior of the uke has also been prominent. but instead receives the sexual and romantic attentions of the seme. Yaoi has been used to describe titles that contain largely sex scenes and other sexually explicit themes and shōnen-ai is used to describe titles that focus more on romance and do not include explicit sexual content. which has been said to show that the genre is aware of the "performative nature" of the roles. the popularity of professionally published shōnen-ai was declining.[21] [22] [] .[35] The storyline where an uke is reluctant to have anal sex with a seme is considered to be similar to the reader's reluctance to have sexual contact with someone for the first time.[3] [35] This is said to heighten the theme of all-conquering love. the uke character may be said to represent a "'vagina/anus' to be penetrated".[5] One stereotype that is criticized is when the protagonists do not identify as gay.[49] In another common mode of characters. but from the early 1970s to the late 1980s. although they may include implicit sexual content. primarily by the Year 24 Group. the terms yaoi and shōnen-ai have sometimes been used by western fans to differentiate between the contents of the genre. as nearly all stories feature it in some way. newer yaoi stories have characters that identify as gay. but even as he is penetrated.[19] [43] Additionally.[47] or the pair will switch their sexual roles. or both at the same time.[3] In recent years. due to the masculine seme and feminine uke stereotypes. male sexuality as opposed to a passive.[19] When the seme and uke roles are more closely adhered to. "the readers' attention became focused on the figure of the male protagonist" and how he navigated his sexual relationships.[48] Riba. for example. female sexuality. Characteristics of shōnen-ai include that they were exotic.[38] Shōnen-ai Shōnen-ai originally connoted ephebophilia or pederasty in Japan. リバ (a contraction of the English word "reversible") is used to describe a couple that yaoi fans think is still plausible when the partners switch their seme/uke roles. as a seme simultaneously fellates and digitally penetrates his partner in Play Boy Blues.[52] By the late 1980s. In the meantime. not in the doggy style Zanghelli states is portrayed by gay pornography.[52] She says that this challenged the young readers and expanded their minds. these characteristics remained in the seme and uke characters. but rather are simply in love with that particular person. or the uke. readers identify with the uke. his phallus is not forgotten. the author will forego the stylisations of the seme and uke.[44] Though these stereotypes are common.[50] and idealistic. penetrating.[45] The possibility of switching roles is often a source of playful teasing and sexual excitement for the characters. about beautiful boys in love. penetrated. yaoi stories are often told from the uke's perspective. as they grew older they would come to understand the works more. not repudiating" the dynamics between the insertive partner and the receptive partner. When the characters were changed from female to male.[42] but is also pointed to as avoiding having to address prejudices against people who consider themselves to have been born homosexual. and will portray both lovers as "equally attractive handsome men".[39] It has been questioned if yaoi is heteronormative. Although they could not understand the works at first reading. often taking place in Europe. [21] [35] such as Biblos hiring Youka Nitta. the stories were by teens for other teens and they were based on famous characters who were in their teens or early twenties. yaoi dōjinshi was known as “Captain Tsubasa”.[55] Important characteristics of the early yaoi dōjinshi were that they were amateur publications not controlled by media restrictions. From Eroica with Love is more popular with slash fans than it has been with dōjinshi artists.[53] For a time.[8] Saint Seiya was particularly popular as it had a large cast of characters. most of them male. earning a fair amount of money.[41] yaoi fans may ship any male-male pairing. for example. especially as they both do not have typical "narrative structure". with the seme being first. the same age as the yaoi fans.[61] for example. or creating a story about two men and fitting existing characters into the story.[11] such as with Captain Tsubasa[2] and Saint Seiya. Patrick W.[53] However. and the uke being second. Much of the material derives from male-oriented (shōnen and seinen) works which contained male-male close friendships and are perceived by fans to imply homosexual attraction.[8] [21] Typical yaoi dōjinshi features male-male pairings from non-romantic. exploring "ideal relationships". a canonical homoerotic element "takes away the fun" of creating yaoi for that series.[2] Matt Thorn notes that unlike in slash fandom. doe eyes and the most feminine armour of the group".[64] . Mizoguchi points out that June paid a small honorarium and only published stories which suited their less-explicit style. long hair. science fiction works are particularly popular in both. published manga and anime.[8] The rapid expansion of Comiket during the 1980s (less than 10. two titles which popularised yaoi in the 1980s.[11] Kazuko Suzuki outlines the thematic development of the yaoi fandom. dōjinshi played a part in popularising yaoi. drawing Saint Seiya yaoi. as he was presented in the original series as "fragile and sensible. Galbraith sums this up by saying "Among fujoshi. leading to some authors of yaoi choosing not to try to publish in June.[58] [59] real people such as politicians. such as Kodaka Kazuma create dōjinshi as well. any male character may become the subject of a yaoi dōjinshi. to a feminist protest.[57] or video games such as Kingdom Hearts and Final Fantasy.[63] Convention when labelling stories differs between Japanese fandom and slash-influenced fandoms. the labelling is to put the two names of the characters separated by a multiplication sign.000 attendees in 1989) permitted many doujinshi authors to sell thousands of copies of their works. and lastly.Yaoi 160 Dōjinshi The dōjinshi subculture has been considered the Japanese equivalent of the English-language slash fandom. although Andromeda Shun was one of the more popular characters to parody in yaoi. the group CLAMP began as an amateur dōjinshi circle.[54] Dōjinshi has been described by Comiket's co-founder Yoshihiro Yonezawa as being "girls playing with dolls". or personifications such as Hetalia: Axis Powers. or complementary items such as salt and pepper or peanut butter and jelly.[36] Yaoi dōjinshi has been compared to the Plot. from curiosity about sexuality."[60] Most dōjinshi are created by amateurs who often work in "circles". In Japan. to taking a parodic revenge against men. sometimes pairing off a favourite character.[] During the early 1990s. even characters from non-manga titles such as Harry Potter or The Lord of the Rings.[12] and they both originated in the 1970s. with fine traits. what Plot? subgenre of fan fiction.000 attendees in 1982-over 100. which allowed "an incredible number" of pairings between characters. some professional artists.[56] Though collectors often focus on dōjinshi based on particular manga. there seems no limit to the potential of transgressive intimacy imagined in yaoi relationships in pursuit of moe.[62] Some publishing companies have used dōjinshi published in the 1980s to spot talented amateurs. [78] Former publishers include Iris Print. and so the term Global BL was used.[89] Publishing Mizoguchi divides BL publication into two eras – the first era from the time of June to 2004.[90] The earliest magazine about Boy's Love was June. terms like 'Original English Language yaoi'[67] shortened to 'Global Yaoi'. manga generating 400 million yen per month.[79] [80] Prolific GloBL creators include Yayoi Neko.[81] Dany & Dany. with novel sales generating 250 million yen per month.[84] and Studio Kosen." Essays about the characteristics of the June genre were published with the manga in June. Shōsetsu June ("Novel June").[32] [71] Current North American publishers of 'Global BL' are Yaoi Press.[91] Nagaike believes that the true "revolution" in BL culture was when it began to be commercially published en masse in the 1990s. a few American artists began creating original English-language manga for female readers featuring beautiful male-male couples. Schodt describes June as "a kind of 'readers' magazine. CEO Tran Nguyen indicated RUSH would return in a new format in 2011. the term "American Yaoi" fell out of use.[73] RUSH ceased publishing when the company experienced financial issues and were uncommunicative with the creators involved in the project.[64] Other factors was the rising popularity of depictions of bishōnen in the dōjinshi market and ambiguous musicians such as David Bowie and Books on display at a San Francisco Kinokuniya Queen.[65] Since approximately 2004.[8] [7] referred to as "American yaoi.S. from the original English content. as new publishers began producing female-oriented male/male erotic comics and manga from creators outside Japan.[93] although the target audience's ages have widened and the style of stories has changed from being "soft love" to more overtly pornographic.[86] Some publishers of German GloBL are traditional manga publishers like Carlsen Manga. which debuted its 'Global BL' quarterly anthology RUSH in 2006.[64] The magazine Allan (アラン Aran) (1980–1984) which was more text-based than June was influential in cultivating a lesbian culture. "cultish.[87] and small press publishers specialising in GloBL like The Wild Side[88] and Fireangels Verlag. Shōsetsu June outsold June. Its content is text-only stories with male romance.[92] As of the mid-1990s. created by and for the readers. a sister magazine to June began publication.[82] [83] Tina Anderson. and video games generating 160 million yen .[77] and on their forums. June was still running. CDs generating 180 million yen per month. what started as a small subculture in North America has become a burgeoning market.. In 1982.[96] A 2006 breakdown of the Japanese commercial BL market estimated it grosses approximately 12 billion yen annually.[85] The most recent publishing boom in GloBL is happening in Germany. Moto Hagio and Yumiko Ōshima. bookstore guerilla-style" feeling – most of its manga artists were new talent.[95] Most of their titles were picked up by Libre. and a second era from 2004 onwards.[74] [75] [76] Dramaqueen began publishing again in 2010. with a handful of original German titles gaining popularity for being set in Asia.[94] The Japanese publisher Biblos was a BL publisher established in 1988 but their bankruptcy due to failure of their parent company[35] caused them to fold in April 2006.[69] [70] "Global BL" was shortened by comics author Tina Anderson in interviews and on her blog to the acronym 'GloBL'.[66] Because creators from all parts of the globe are published in these "original English language" works.Yaoi 161 Global BL As Japanese yaoi gained popularity in the U. June was meant to have an underground.[91] As of 2008." The first known original English-language BL comic is Sexual Espionage #1 by Daria McGrain.[68] The term Global BL was coined by creators and newsgroups that wanted to distinguish the Asian specific content known as 'yaoi'. which began in 1978 as a response to the success of commercially published manga such as the works of Keiko Takemiya. Frederik L.[72] and publisher DramaQueen. published in May 2002. Yaoi 162 per month. are portrayed badly. Aurora Publishing under their imprint Deux Press. leading to books being shrink wrapped and rated for over 18s which previously would have garnered an over 16 rating.[115] the female's role is either minimised or the character is killed off. and do not "really follow through on the [adult content] promise. BLU reported that although bookshops are becoming more willing to stock BL titles. a yaoi author. the only BL-type manga available in print in English were the barely-suggestive Banana Fish and X/1999.[101] In 2007 following Biblos' bankruptcy. shota mono about young adolescents.[42] [112] Suzuki notes that mothers.[111] Female characters Female characters often have very minor roles in yaoi.[97] Japanese BL works are sold to English-speaking countries by companies that translate and print them in English. Central Park Media's Be Beautiful.[98] In 2001. Broccoli under their Boysenberry imprint.[19] Tokyopop under their imprint BLU.[113] Nariko Enomoto.[106] Tokyopop and its imprint BLU folded in May 2011. about salarymen. Viz Media launched the BL imprint SuBLime in collaboration with the Japanese BL publisher Libre and the Japanese retailer Animate to publish English-language BL for the print and worldwide digital market. or are absent altogether. companies such as Digital Manga Publishing with their imprints 801 Media (for explicit BL) and June (for "romantic and sweet" BL).[114] When yaoi fan works are created from a series which originally contained females (such as Gundam Wing). the yaoi fandom is also viewed as a "refuge" from mainstream culture. Media Blasters stopped selling shōnen manga and increased their yaoi lines. anticipating to publish one or two titles per month that year. which released two volumes of shōnen-ai manga as e-books in January 2000.[4] Alternatively. but Lunsing detects a decrease in misogynistic comments from characters and regards the development of the yuri genre as reflecting a reduction of internal misogyny. several exploring adolescent romance and the "interiority of the characters. the earliest officially translated BL manga in print appeared in 2003.[100] According to McLelland.[110] Sometimes. where the younger partner penetrates the older.[112] Early shōnen-ai and yaoi has been regarded as misogynistic. in particular.[8] Fumi Yoshinaga is regarded as a . specifically naming CPM's releases as "illegal". Libre published an open letter on their website which said that English-language publishers had to renegotiate publishing rights for Biblos' former series with Libre. In October 2011.3 billion yen in both 2009 and 2010. and gakuen mono."[7] In 2010.[105] In 2008. Kitty Media. commercially translated BL was "not common". "it can't help but become weirdly real". The first publisher of BL in translation may be ComicsOne.[102] [103] Diamond Comic Distributors estimated the U. and 47% was rated for readers 18 years or older. riiman mono."[109] Nagaike identifies common narratives as being toshishita zeme.[99] and in 2002. and found that 14% was rated at 13 years or over. Suzuki suggests this is because the character and the reader are attempting to replace a mother's lacking "unconditional love" with the "forbidden" all-consuming love presented in yaoi.[44] Common characters in yaoi are schoolboys and yakuza. Libre Publishing sent cease and desist letters to English language BL scanlation groups. they are conservative about how the books are labelled. says she feels that when women are shown.[92] A 2010 report estimated that the Boys Love market was worth approximately 21. who killed her husband in front of her young son. schoolboys are depicted in sexual situations. such as Takuto's mother from Zetsuai 1989.[35] In March 2007. 39% was rated for readers aged 15 years or over. which is controversial when these titles are licensed in countries where underage sexuality and its depiction is taboo. and as of 2006 there were about 130 English-translated works commercially available.S. which in this paradigm is viewed as inherently misogynistic.[104] Mark McLelland surveyed 135 yaoi books published in North America between 2003 and 2006. and Yaoi Generation.[107] [108] Thematic elements BL has similar themes to heterosexual shōjo manga.[21] as well as DramaQueen. sales of yaoi manga as being approximately $US 6 million in 2007. In English-speaking countries explicit stories are either sold online or displayed in shrink wrap. stories set on a campus. a subgenre of BL has been introduced in Japan. she is stigmatised by society.[4] Several female yaoi authors who have done BDSM-themed yaoi have been recruited to contribute stories to BDSM-themed bara anthologies or special issues.[119] Homophobia.[120] or to show the purity of the leads’ love. to be together". as in dojinshi representations of Captain Tsubasa. there are many female characters in Yaoi who are Fujoshi themselves. has said that she feels that boys love manga has become less realist. but instead are a signifier of the "uncontrollable love" felt by a seme for an uke.[90] Idealism Most BL manga have been said to "foster an aesthetic of purity."[122] Makoto Tateno has said that she feels that BL with a focus on realistic gay issues "won't become a trend. Suzuki elaborates that when a woman is raped.[126] According to Nagaike. a yaoi anthology magazine which had a number of openly male contributors. when it is presented as an issue at all."[121] Hisako Miyoshi."[124] Sandra Buckley felt that the characters have equality in their relationships. BL is including more coming out stories which portray a gradual acceptance from the wider community.[11] Yaoi narratives show characters "overcoming obstacles.[118] Gay rights Many BL manga have fantastic. boys who are loved by their rapists are still "imbued with innocence". even when depicting hard-core sex acts. possibilities. which gives the men freedom to bond with each other and to pursue shared goals together. Prior to the development of gachi muchi.[116] Also. The theme of the victory of the protagonists in yaoi has been compared favourably to Western fairy tales. artists and art styles cross over between the two genres). which she regards as activism. and "apparent violence" in sex is a "measure of passion". This spiritual bond and equal partnership shown overcomes the male-female power hierarchy. because girls like fiction more than realism. rape scenes in yaoi are rarely presented as crimes with an assaulter and a victim. rape scenes can be a plot device used to make the uke see the seme as more . so-called "muscley-chubby BL" or gachi muchi (from gacchiri (がっちり muscular) and muchimuchi (ムチムチ chubby))[30] which offers more masculine body types and is more likely to have gay male authors and artists. Although still marketed primarily to women. which were "free of domination and exploitation". but yaoi is "about desire" and seeks "to explore. vice editor-in-chief for Libre Publishing.[117] Although this type of material has also been referred to as "bara" among English-speaking fans. but in yaoi narratives. as in Haru wo Daiteita. sexual intercourse in yaoi is a way of expressing commitment to a partner. She thinks that earlier BL focused "more on the homosexual way of life with a realist perspective. as writers. Instead of being depicted as a crime.[44] Rape According to Suzuki.[30] it is also thought to attract a large crossover gay male audience. having strong political themes may be a "turn off" to the readers. the greatest overlap between yaoi and bara authors has been in BDSM-themed publications[118] such as Zettai Reido. with more comedic elements or being "simply for entertainment". Mizoguchi feels that BL is showing far more gay-friendly depictions of Japanese society.Yaoi 163 creator who usually includes at least one sympathetic female character in her works. Gachi muchi Recently.[125] Yaoi stories are often strongly homosocial.[] Matt Thorn has suggested that as BL is a romance narrative. as the latter intends to enforce the status quo. Nagaike feels that scenes where a seme rapes an uke are not symptomatic of the seme's "disruptive sexual/violent desires". not circumscribe.[32] [33] it is not equivalent to gei comi proper (although there is considerable overlap. often internal. or to rival each other. historic or futuristic settings. a theme she attributes to Kaze to Ki no Uta."[123] Akiko Mizoguchi feels that while depictions of homosexuality as "shameful" to heighten dramatic tension are still shown. and many fans consider BL to be an "escapist fantasy".[6] is used as a plot device to "heighten the drama". [11] Different critics and commentators have had very different views of BL. much like in science fiction."[129] Critical attention Boys' Love manga has received considerable critical attention.[91] as was "watching men suffer". BL is not as far removed from reality as heterosexual female readers like to claim.[4] [] In May 1992.[138] For Sandra Buckley. not education for gay men. and co-opted gay men as masturbation fantasies.[11] By the mid 1990s the fashion was for happy endings. most notably in the yaoi ronsō or "yaoi debate" of 1992–1997. Matt Thorn pointed to the complexity of these phenomena. but from gender dualism and heteronormativity. set in a men's prison. a science fiction writer. feels that BL is a "female-gendered space". where "the protagonist takes responsibility for his own sexuality".[44] Rape fantasy themes have been said to free the protagonist of responsibility in sex."[] As internet resources for gay men developed in the 1990s. writing in 2003. and that she had found a "limitless freedom" in yaoi.[136] Mariko Ōhara. promoted a destructive image of gay men as wealthy. has said that she wrote yaoi Kirk/Spock fiction as a teen because she could not enjoy "conventional pornography. Schodt observed that “aesthetically” depicted male-male homosexual relationships had become popular among female readers as an extension of bisexual themes already present in shōjo manga. which had been made for men".[6] [143] [144] [145] In 1993 and 2004.[134] Mizoguchi. and well-educated. especially after translations of BL became commercially available outside of Japan in the 21st century. the yaoi debate waned[141] but has had later echoes.[4] [] Satō said that yaoi failed to provide accurate information about gay men. and suggested that yaoi and slash fiction fans are discontented with “the .[35] [41] and yaoi has been called a form of "female fetishism".[140] Dru Pagliassotti sees this and the yaoi ronsō as indicating that for Japanese gay and lesbian readers."[140] Some gay and lesbian commentators have criticized how gay identity is portrayed in BL. Shihomi Sakakibara (1998) argued that yaoi fans. and that yaoi characters are not meant to represent "real gay men.[132] and as rejecting “socially mandated” gender roles as a “first step toward feminism. leading to the narrative climax of the story. handsome. but "the cruel and intrusive demands of an uncompromising outside world.[91] When tragic endings are shown.[130] Japanese critics have seen BL as allowing girls to distance sex from their own bodies. gay activist Masaki Satō criticized yaoi fans and artists in an open letter to the feminist zine (or minikomi in Japanese) Choisir. bishōnen narratives champion “the imagined potentialities of alternative [gender] differentiations"[139] and James Welker described the bishōnen character as "queer".Yaoi 164 than just a good friend.[111] The 2003-2005 Under Grand Hotel.[] An extensive debate ensued. Kazuko Suzuki sees BL manga emerging from girls' contempt and dislike for masculine heterosexism and from an effort to define "ideal relationships" among men.[128] Matt Thorn theorises that depicting abuse in yaoi is a coping mechanism for some yaoi fans. observing that manga critic Akiko Mizoguchi saw shōnen-ai as playing a role in how she herself had become a lesbian. resulting in the uke falling in love with the seme. has been praised for showing a more realistic depiction of rape. were homosexually oriented female-to-male transsexuals.[37] [120] Parallels have also been noted in the popularity of lesbianism in pornography. for example when Mizoguchi in 2003 characterised stereotypes in modern BL as being "unrealistic and homophobic". Frederik L. artists and most of the editors of BL are female.”[133] In more elaborate theorizing.[131] as allowing girls to avoid adult female sexuality while simultaneously creating greater fluidity in perceptions of gender and sexuality.[142] There has been similar criticism to the Japanese yaoi debate in the English-speaking fandom. readers. ignored prejudice and discrimination against gay men in society.[135] BL has been compared to romance novels by English-speaking librarians.[7] Welker added that shōnen-ai liberates readers "not just from patriarchy. as the writers. the cause is not infidelity.[137] Other commentators have suggested that more radical gender-political issues underlie BL. In 1983. with yaoi fans and artists arguing that yaoi is entertainment for women. including herself.[127] Tragedy June stories with suicide endings were popular. com/ Print/ 2008/ 1/ yaoi?) AfterElton. upress. illustrating that yaoi and other pornography exploiting men is subject to traditional criticisms. edu. all three vowels are pronounced separately. Social & Legal Studies 18 (2): 159–177.. csuchico. foreword to Saitō Tamaki (2007) "Otaku Sexuality" in Christopher Bolton. and Takayuki Tatsumi ed. creating unrealistic expectations and negative body images.1177/0964663909103623. [6] Masaki. pdf) (PDF). "Underage Sex and Romance in Japanese Homoerotic Manga and Anime". Mark McLelland suggests that BL may become "a major battlefront for proponents and detractors of 'gender free' policies in employment. in reality most of the titles were likely illegally published without permission from the original Japanese publishers. (6 January 2008) “Yowie!”: The Stateside appeal of boy-meets-boy YAOI comics (http:/ / www. Gay Comics and Gay Pornography (http:/ / intersections. Debate ensued on Mixi. In August 2008. Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr. anu. The Thai girls felt too embarrassed to read heterosexual stories. com/ study/ yaoi_eng. Japanese pronunciation: [ja. the library decided to stop buying more BL. a controversy erupted in Thailand regarding homosexual male comics. The shōnen ai comics provided profits for the comic shops. focusing on the challenge it posed to "heterosexual hegemony". edu/ ~mtoku/ vc/ Articles/ toku/ Wil_Toku_BoysLove. Lyle. regarding it as "a form of sexual discrimination". the library was contacted by people who protested against the removal.com [7] Kotani Mari. The moral panic regarding the male homosexual comics subsided. and to keep its existing BL in a collection restricted to adult readers. Publishing and distributing BL is illegal in mainland China. "Boys' Love. such as sexual objectification. Wim.but the tables have turned. [4] Lunsing. Aleardo (2009). Sueen (2002). Yaoi Ronsō: Discussing Depictions of Male Homosexuality in Japanese Girls' Comics. Chp 2 of an Arabian Nights themed shōnen-ai work.[147] Zanghellini notes that due to the "characteristics of the yaoi/BL genre" of showing characters who are often underage engaging in romantic and sexual situations." He jokes that after researching oil wrestling. and emphasised that this sexual material had been loaned out to minors. In China. "Men are now marketable. That November. 5. Masami.." Yaoi.i]. History and Culture in the Asian Context Issue 12. Television reports labeled the comics as negative influences. January 2006 Accessed 12 August 2008.[149] Although in Japan. and Art Education: Issues of Power and Pedagogy (http:/ / www. while a newspaper falsely stated that most of the comics were not copyrighted as the publishers feared arrest for posting the content. It's also a time where women are big consumers and can buy almost anything they desire."[148] Youka Nitta has said that "even in Japan. Korean manhwa writer Jin Seok Jeon wrote in a commentary to Vol. reading boys' love isn't something that parents encourage" and encouraged any parents who had concerns about her works to read them. The English equivalent is yah-oy.”[11] [146] As women have greater economic power. html) 2003 [3] Noh. in 2006. which became negative. . A Night of a Thousand Dreams. which sold between 30 to 50 such comics per day. He notes that in the UK. html) Intersections: Gender. which they saw as "unthreatening. and I like the fact that men are just as commercialized now. education and elsewhere. a Japanese social networking site. for a three-mora word. commercial demand for the sexualization of men may correlate. edu/ Books/ B/ bolton_robot. BL became very popular in the late 1990s. afterelton. and eventually the library returned its BL to the public collection. html) University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978-0-8166-4974-7 . doi:10. which requires extreme physical fitness. umn. Some men think this is degrading.[5] In 2001.. Toku. [2] Wilson.. child pornography laws in Australia and Canada "may lend themselves to targeting yaoi/BL work". The Japanese media ran stories on how much BL was in public libraries.o. attracting media attention. "Reading YAOI Comics: An Analysis of Korean Girls' Fandom" (http:/ / moongsil. cartoons are exempt from child pornography laws unless they are used for child grooming. he does not feel as marketable. page 223 Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams (http:/ / www. [5] Zanghellini. Brent."[150] Notes [1] In careful Japanese enunciation. au/ issue12/ lunsing.Yaoi 165 standards of femininity to which they are expected to adhere and a social environment that does not validate or sympathize with that discontent. concern about manga has been mostly directed to shōnen manga. so they read homosexual male-themed josei and shōjo stories. an email campaign was launched against the availability of BL manga in Sakai City's public library. Keith (2007) " A Japanese Electra and Her Queer Progeny (http:/ / www. edu/ Books/ L/ lunning_mechademia2. "Yaoi: Redrawing Male Love" (http:/ / classic-web. Journalista – the news weblog of The Comics Journal » Blog Archive » Mar. jstor. V. [29] Dirk Deppey. Issue 2 Special Edition used such unusual kanji for her characters' names that she converted to spelling their names in katakana.Tcj. David (8 September 2003) Hello boys (http:/ / www. ISBN 4-313-84042-7. com/ journalista/ ?p=321). and that Takemiya first thought of Kaze nine years before it was approved for publication. Kazuko. com/ shoujo_manga/ whatisandisnt. matt-thorn. participations. Mark (2000).E. ISBN 0739127535. John E. Mizuta. com/ pw/ print/ 20050307/ 29621-yaoi-manga-what-girls-like-. com/ 2006-10-31/ news/ drawn-together/ full) The Village Voice. com/ shoujo_manga/ outofhand/ index. . Accessed August 12. 1999. org/ Volume 5/ Issue 2/ 5_02_pagliassotti. boston. Tomoko (April 2009). [22] Cha. New Feminism Review. com/ ae/ books/ articles/ 2005/ 04/ 25/ he_loves_him_she_loves_them/ ). 2008. com/ index. No. org/ 20090605111837/ http:/ / www. com/ news/ 2007-11-15/ tonari-no-801-chan-fujoshi-manga-adapted-for-shojo-mag). . Masami (2007) " Shojo Manga! Girls’ Comics! A Mirror of Girls’ Dreams (http:/ / www. 289–316 [13] Fujimoto. upress. because my butt hurts" [14] "Definitions From Japan: BL. Boston.Pagliassotti. (eds. "Eureka Discovers Culture Girls. "やめ て、お尻が、いたいから" – "Stop. com/ shoujo_manga/ fujimoto. [20] Thorn. but notes "it was the most commonly used term in the early 1990s. anu. archive." in Gunew. umn. php (in Japanese). Yukari (1991) "Shōjo manga ni okeru 'shōnen ai' no imi" ("The Meaning of 'Boys' Love' in Shōjo Manga"). ISBN 0-8476-9137-3. . Tokyo: Gakuyō Shobō. Kai-Ming (7 March 2005) Yaoi Manga: What Girls Like? (http:/ / www. html) Publishers Weekly [23] Thompson. Kaze has been called "the first commercially published boys' love story". In N. U. the styles of Yukio Mishima and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki. [17] Aoyama. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". Akiko Mizoguchi describes its application to male-male stories as "misleading". considered "the first work of BL per se". The Guide.252 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5. http:/ / matt-thorn. org/ web/ 20080417001927/ http:/ / www. upress. tcj. publishersweekly. ISBN 070071300X. p. (2004) “Girls And Women Getting Out Of Hand: The Pleasure And Politics Of Japan's Amateur Comics Community. 47. "Male-Male Romance by and for Women in Japan: A History and the Subgenres of Yaoi Fictions". "That Damn Bara Article!" (http:/ / ggymeta. [27] Aquila. guidemag. [15] Tanbi was used for stories written for and about the worship of beauty. (1993) "Little girls were little boys: Displaced Femininity in the representation of homosexuality in Japanese girls' comics. edu/ Books/ L/ lunning_mechademia2.com. and Yeatman. Rowman & Littlefield. [9] Ingulsrud. html). 2 (Summer. "He Loves Him. Guns. com/ temp/ yaoi/ a/ mcharry_yaoi. htm). for example. 27 [26] Matsui. also by Keiko Takemiya. html). newstatesman. Yaoi. pp. htm) Particip@tions Volume 5. net/ archives/ 2009/ 02/ weeklyakibawords_gachi_muchi." (http:/ / www. Tina (date unknown). 169–186. umn. . Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific 20. Retrieved 2007-07-11. villagevoice. as the first male-male kiss was in the 1970 In the Sunroom.-Japan Women’s Journal. ed.) Feminism and The Politics of Difference. Kate (2009). . p. com/ popular-gay-manga-posts/ that-bara-article/ ). edu.com. ISBN 0-7914-6032-0."Mizoguchi Akiko (2003). com/ 200309080034) New Statesman [24] First serialised in Shōjo Comic in January 1976. Retrieved 4/5/09. 2: Onna to hyōgen ("Women and Expression"). pp. Retrieved 4/5/09.. html)" Mechademia 2 pp. Guys & Yaoi. aestheticism. 2007: The first draft of history (some revisions may be necessary) (http:/ / archives. Reading Japan Cool: Patterns of Manga Literacy and Discourse. Dru (November 2008) 'Reading Boys' Love in the West' (http:/ / www. [12] Kinsella. html)" Mechademia 2 p. and BL: Essay Review of Three Issues of the Japanese Literary magazine. S. 1998). 25: 49-75. Retrieved on 2008-12-23 Matt Thorn says that Kaze was "the first shōjo manga to portray romantic and sexual relationships between boys". . php) pp. Mori Mari in Koibito tachi no mori (恋人たちの森?. Allen. Matthew. [30] "WeeklyAkibaWords: Gachi Muchi (ガチムチ)" (http:/ / en. tcj. au/ issue20/ aoyama. [31] Anderson. akibablog. [16] "Digital Manga Names New Yaoi Imprint: A Tribute to Jean Genet" (http:/ / www. aestheticism. Mark (November 2003). 24. upress. Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. but this claim has been challenged. Vol. A Lovers' Forest) . London: Rowman & Littlefield. umn. The Comics Journal. 2006.S. 177–196. wordpress. Midori. Routledge. WeeklyAkibaWords. icv2. Elizabeth. April 2005. Sharon Japanese Subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the Amateur Manga Movement (http:/ / www. Yuriika (Eureka)" (http:/ / intersections. ed. [25] Toku. In Sherrie Inness. 64–79 The word was originally used to describe an author's distinctive style.” (http:/ / matt-thorn. com/ visitors/ reference/ jpnse_def/ index. She Loves Them: Japanese comics about gay men are increasingly popular among women" (http:/ / www. Vol. edu/ Books/ L/ lunning_mechademia2.Vincent. Meredith (2007) " Ranma 1/2 Fan Fiction Writers: New Narrative Themes or the Same Old Story? (http:/ / www. William W. 131 and ff.com. pp. A. Fujoshi.. html)" Mechademia 2 p. Matt What Shôjo Manga Are and Are Not – A Quick Guide for the Confused (http:/ / www. Takemiya attributes the gap between the idea and its publication to the sexual elements of the story. In Fanning the Flames: Fans and Consumer Culture in Contemporary Japan. animenewsnetwork. [10] Suzuki. November 2. org/ pss/ 133236) Journal of Japanese Studies. 2009-02-27. Kelly. [19] Jones. com/ articles/ news/ 8191. 27. State University of New York Press. ed.39 [28] McLelland. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=430& Itemid=70& limit=1& limitstart=0). [11] Thorn.. Retrieved 12 August 2008. . web. [18] "Tonari no 801 chan Fujoshi Manga Adapted for Shōjo Mag" (http:/ / www. June" (http:/ / replay. . and romance between older men and beautiful youths using particularly flowery language and unusual kanji. . Male homosexuality in modern Japan. htm). "A Comics Reader's Guide to Manga Scanlations" (http:/ / archives. html). archive. "Drawn Together. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing. php) [21] Strickland.Yaoi 166 [8] McHarry. akibaangels. edu. 1999. aestheticism. escapistmagazine. Mark. htm) "Because the dynamic of the seme / uke is so well known.. (2006). jp/ fujyoshi_kouza0). . I'm going to say no. In Sherrie Inness. Retrieved 2009-09-08. page 842. "Straight" Women. be/ index. anu. "Unlikely Explorers: Alternative Narratives of Love. Matt. Perverse Desires: Representations of Female Fantasies and Yaoi Manga as Pornography Directed at Women. [56] McLelland. Andrea. yaoi911. ISBN 0-8476-9137-3.260 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5. it's bound to show up in yuri. M. org/ Women-s-Review-of-Books-May/ June-2006/ Yaoi-101-Girls-Love-Boys-Love) [38] Suzuki. 1999. [55] Suzuki. com/ od/ mangaartistswriters/ a/ EFriedman_2. unimelb.253 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5. shtml). Yaoi 911. pdf#page=33 [62] Lees. akibaangels. no. James.1086/498987 [51] Suzuki. [47] This character has been called an "Osoi uke" (襲い受け. php/ imagenarrative/ article/ viewFile/ 130/ 101 [41] Avila. 1999. arts. "Perverse Sexualities. (31 October 2009) Moe: Exploring Virtual Potential in Post-Millennial Japan (http:/ / www. abstract). php?id=99). wcwonline. ed. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". "attacking uke"). com/ how-to-find-bara-in-english/ ). History and Culture in the Asian Context Issue 3.com [58] Kingdom Hearts (http:/ / replay. ISBN 0-8476-9137-3.. com/ articles/ view/ issues/ issue_145/ 4629-It-s-A-Yaoi-Thing) The Escapist [49] "fujyoshi. Cathy (2006) Yaoi 101: Girls Love "Boys' Love. web. [43] Linderström. and Friendship in Japanese "Girls'" Comics" (http:/ / www. com/ politics/ law/ commentary/ circuitcourt/ 2006/ 08/ 71597?currentPage=all) Wired. New York: Routledge. archive. Gia. com/ article. Sharon (June 2006). Katherine Seme and Uke? Make Me Puke (http:/ / www. 3. sagepub. Mark. wired. [33] "How To Find Bara In English" (http:/ / www. 394–414. Hervé (in French). html). php). php?id=864) Sequential Tart February 2008 [40] http:/ / www.Yaoi 167 [32] "GloBL and Gay Comics – Chicks On Anime" (http:/ / www. sequentialtart. 849–851. ed. 113–115. lit. In Sherrie Inness. 25: 76-103 [45] McLelland. 34 (1/2). p. ed. Queer Texts: Boy-Love Manga and the Rise of a Global Counterpublic.10. [39] Keller. [42] Lees. Akiba Angels. London: Rowman & Littlefield. japanesestudies. "Boy's Love and Yaoi Revisited" (http:/ / www. Homosexualité et manga: le yaoi. London: Rowman & Littlefield. In Sherrie Inness. London: Rowman & Littlefield. php).com [59] "Heavy Hero or Digital Dummy? Multimodal Player–Avatar Relations in Final Fantasy 7" (http:/ / vcj. Anime News Network. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". imageandnarrative. osaka-cu.. ISBN 0-8476-9137-3. about. There is much less obsession with pursued/pursuer in yuri manga than there is in yaoi. com/ shoujo_manga/ sexual_ambiguity/ index. html). ISBN 0-8476-9137-3. pp. Censorship and the Global “Boys’ Love” Fandom (http:/ / ro. 2008-09-07.jp" (http:/ / fujyoshi. [46] Wood. org/ smash/ record. com/ archive/ jan05/ art_0105_1. Retrieved 2009-09-08. " Male homosexuality and modern culture in modern Japan (http:/ / intersections. [34] Aoki. Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature. London: Rowman & Littlefield.S. Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. (16 April 2008) It's A Yaoi Thing: Boys Who Love Boys and the Women Who Love Them (http:/ / www. . The World of Yaoi: The Internet. Editions H. [48] Manry.250 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5. Mark.-Japan Women’s Journal. Sex. 2005. [50] Welker. Patrick W. com/ article. In general. "Be Beautiful: Yaoi Publishers Interviews Part 3" (http:/ / www. jp/ ~ggp/ nakami/ 2008/ Comparative%20Studies%20on%20Urban%20Cultures02. ISBN 978-2-9531781-0-4. "Ces mangas qui utilisent le yaoi pour doper leurs ventes". sequentialtart. diva-portal. Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". Sébastien (2008). [57] Granick. jsf?pid=diva2:15266) [44] Nagaike Kazumi (2003)." [35] McLelland. Jenny Boys' Love: En studie av maskuliniteter och maktrelationer i yaoi manga (http:/ / sh. matt-thorn. "Beautiful. . com/ content/ 3/ 2/ 213. [63] O’Connell. html) [61] http:/ / educa. January 2005. . uk/ articles/ 2009/ Galbraith. Kazuko. ed.). 2008-11-25. Kazuko. Retrieved 2007-12-05. Sequential Tart. ac. Borrowed. Why are Japanese Girls' Comics full of Boys Bonking? (http:/ / blogs.251 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5. Sequential Tart. org/ 20090112160819/ http:/ / www. htm) aestheticism. . com/ chicks-on-anime/ 2008-11-25). WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly. Kazuko. pp. au/ refractory/ 2006/ 12/ 04/ why-are-japanese-girls’-comics-full-of-boys-bonking1-mark-mclelland/ ) Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media Vol. doi:10. Gender. Akiba Angels. [54] Thorn." (http:/ / www. com/ articles/ 07_2006/ bebeautiful. pp.. and Bent: 'Boys' Love' as Girls' Love in Shôjo Manga' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society vol. "Yaoi and Boys Love" (http:/ / www. "wimpy seme"). [53] Kimbergt. January 2000 [37] Camper. 2006.. uow. Deb (3 March 2007) Interview: Erica Friedman – Page 2 (http:/ / manga. 31. Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. 2006/2007 [36] McLelland. In Brient. [52] Suzuki. 1999. p. . April 2006. "Embracing Yaoi Manga: Youka Nitta" (http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork. com/ visitors/ gaming/ kingdom_hearts/ index. Manga: 10000 images. (Spring 2006). edu. cgi?article=1152& context=artspapers) Australian Feminist Law Journal. p. [60] Galbraith. sequentialtart.. org. In Sherrie Inness. Kazuko. edu. "Manga" In Gaëtan Brulotte and John Phillips (eds. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". Jennifer (16 August 2006) Harry Potter Loves Malfoy (http:/ / www. U. Mark." Intersections: Gender. p. au/ cgi/ viewcontent. com/ articles/ 06_2006/ yaoiandBL. au/ issue3/ mclelland2. . He is usually paired with a "Hetare seme" (ヘタレ攻め. Sharon (July 2006). K. . Retrieved July 2009. au/ issue20/ nagaike. Retrieved 2007-07-13. com/ news/ 2010-10-14/ yano-research-reports-on-japan-2009-10-otaku-market [98] Thompson. publishersweekly. html) [100] Perper. Retrieved July 2009. [93] "June. . com/ 2007/ 09/ 17/ globl-previews-and-other-stuff/ ). ISBN 9780252075070. . Yamila (April 2007). Masami (6 June 2002) Interview with Mr. animenewsnetwork. 3–126 [101] Cha. au/ issue20/ malone. Sagawa (http:/ / www. . [68] Abraham. Very. [99] ICv2 – Viz Builds Strong Shojo Slate (http:/ / www. edu. Timothy and Cornog. [77] "DramaQueen returns from near death state" (http:/ / robot6. pp. Paul M. edu. . [70] "German Publisher Licenses Global BL Titles" (http:/ / comipress. onedramaqueen. . amazon. Retrieved 2007-03-13. mangablog. html) Publishers Weekly [97] http:/ / www. june-net. com/ articles/ news/ 12751. Retrieved July 2009. (http:/ / classic-web. com/ 2008/ 08/ rush-seeks-new-home/ ). Were. com/ Tina-Anderson/ e/ B002BML3ZG). [71] "GloBL Previews and Other Stuff" (http:/ / ggymeta. Kyoto. Chris (June 2006). wordpress. jp/ 2010/ 09/ 26/ 20100924Comics Worlds and the World of Comics. . Retrieved 2008-07-14. pp. org/ web/ 20071218111942/ http:/ / publishersweekly. "Theorizing comics/manga genre as a productive forum: yaoi and beyond" (http:/ / imrc. "Home-grown Shōjo Manga and the Rise of Boys' Love among Germany's 'Forty-Niners'" (http:/ / intersections. org/ web/ 20080624064813/ http:/ / ashenwings. com/ marks/ 2008/ 06/ 02/ yaoi-timeline-spread-through-us/ ) [66] "The Growth of Yaoi" (http:/ / sequentialtart. Retrieved May 2010. [73] "DramaQueen Announces New Yaoi & Manhwa Titles" (http:/ / www. Adds Yaoi (http:/ / www. Del Rey. 46–66. com/ s/ ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8& sort=relevancerank& search-alias=books& field-author=KOSEN). comicbookresources. php?f=14& t=31). com/ news/ 2006-04-05/ biblos-bankrupt). [87] "Anne Delseit.net Site" (http:/ / fireangels. anu. Manga: The Complete Guide. com/ ). 145–170. September 2007. html). AsiaPacifQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities. [67] Arrant. Jaqueline. . Akiko (September 2010). [89] "Fireangels. Retrieved 2010-08-04. [95] "Biblos Bankrupt" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2007-07-13. html) Publishers Weekly . htm). [84] "Amazon Listings" (http:/ / www. net/ ?p=1766). com/ boysnextdoor/ blog/ ?p=65). April 2008. [75] "RUSH Looking for a New Publisher" (http:/ / www. net/ ). Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific (Australian National University) (20). Kyoto Seika University. . Kai-Ming and Reid. de/ web/ manga/ buecher_von?aid=158478). Dru (2 June 2008) Yaoi Timeline: Spread Through U. "Publisher Yaoi Press 'Global Yaoi' Amazon Listings" (http:/ / www. [78] "Publisher announcement on forum" (http:/ / www. [76] "Random News Bits" (http:/ / discarnate. amazon. html). com/ article/ CA6428918. com/ s/ ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias=aps& field-keywords=yayoi+ neko). Retrieved 2007-07-13. Retrieved May 2010. com/ pw/ by-topic/ new-titles/ adult-announcements/ article/ 1634-a-year-of-yaoi-at-iris-print-. amazon. Frederik L. 417. Retrieved 2010-02-04. Retrieved 29 October 2010. Retrieved 2009-09-08. October 2007. In Fran Martin. [81] "Amazon listings" (http:/ / www. (http:/ / www. icv2. . . [90] Mizoguchi. 6 (1) pp. com/ article/ CA6341172. anu. com/ wp_web/ ?p=938). . Have" (http:/ / www. . [72] "Yaoi Press Moves Stores and Opens Doors" (http:/ / www. (April 2009).net" (http:/ / www. . htm). [79] "A Year of Yaoi At Iris Print" (http:/ / www. . Comics Worlds and the World of Comics: Towards Scholarship on a Global Scale. Retrieved May 2010. Retrieved 2008-08-05. publishersweekly. Calvin (29 March 2006) Japanese Publisher Claims CPM Infringes (http:/ / classic-web.S. . activeanime. Audrey Yue. Kai-Ming (13 March 2007) Media Blasters Drops Shonen. Jason (2007). . . 2008-06-17. . archive. Retrieved July 2009. com/ ). animenewsnetwork. archive. [94] Welker. p. amazon. . com/ s/ ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias=stripbooks& field-keywords=Dany+ & + Dany+ yaoi& x=0& y=0). com/ article. Peter Jackson. Home-Grown Boys' Love from Yaoi Press (http:/ / www. . icv2. html) [65] Pagliassotti. Retrieved 2008-12-09. [91] Schodt. com/ press-release/ 2007-01-08/ yaoi-press-moves-stores-and-opens-doors). University of Illinois Press. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific 20. com/ 2010/ 04/ dramaqueen-returns-from-near-death-state/ ). [69] "Links to Yaoi-Con coverage" (http:/ / www. "Lilies of the Margin: Beautiful Boys and Queer Female Identities in Japan". csuchico. "Elegant Caucasians. com/ Yaoi-Press-Global/ lm/ R1JLG7ZSK38CGK). James (2008). [80] "Iris Print Wilts" (http:/ / www. carlsen. . kuri-ousity. com/ news/ 2008/ 04/ 18/ 3508). [88] "The Wildside Verlag Blog" (http:/ / wildsideverlag. (1996) Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga pages 120–123 [92] Nagaike. . wordpress. ICv2. com/ content/ 30p8x1878nbjlrax/ ) Sexuality & Culture. [74] "RUSH Seeks New Home" (http:/ / www. [83] "Active Anime Interviews Famous Italian Manga-Ka Duo Dany&Dany | Manga.S. Yaoi. [85] "Amazon Listings" (http:/ / www. php?id=408). Japan: International Manga Research Center. . html). In Berndt. [86] Malone. [96] Cha. Retrieved 2008-08-07. . com/ forum/ viewtopic. Martina Peters" (http:/ / www. ISBN 0345485904. publishersweekly. Amorous Arabs. com/ articles/ news/ 685. edu/ ~mtoku/ vc/ interviews_full/ Interview wi_ Sagawa. Kazumi (April 2009). and Invisible Others: Signs and Images of Foreigners in Japanese BL Manga" (http:/ / intersections. pdf). . com/ press-release/ 2006-08-07/ dramaqueen-announces-new-yaoi-and-manhwa-titles). animenewsnetwork. . animenewsnetwork. 2008-08-17. com/ html/ content/ view/ 3727/ 36/ ). [82] "Amazon listings" (http:/ / www. ISBN 978-4-905187-01-1.com. amazon. icaruscomics. Martha (March 2002) Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U. . com/ pw/ by-topic/ new-titles/ adult-announcements/ article/ 1918-media-blasters-drops-shonen-adds-yaoi-.Yaoi 168 [64] Toku. springerlink. activeanime. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". Retrieved 2009-04-05. Chizuko (1989) "Jendaaresu waarudo no <ai> no jikken" ("Experimenting with <love> in a Genderless World"). Johnson (http:/ / www." [116] Mayerson. Emily. html). In Brient. New York: Routledge. "Entretien avec Hisako Miyoshi". Mark. tcj. DTL& type=books) San Francisco Chronicle [105] McLelland. 17–19. (1983) Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. Deborah (July 2004) “Office Sluts and Rebel Flowers: The Pleasures of Japanese Pornographic Comics for Women” in Linda Williams ed.Libre-pub. Surrey: Curzon Press ISBN 0-7007-1425-1 [130] Schodt. ISBN 0-8476-9137-3. edu. com/ archive/ may02/ johnson. p. [114] Saitō Tamaki (2007) "Otaku Sexuality" in Christopher Bolton. doi:10. In Sherrie Inness. com/ content/ yaoi-love-interview-makoto-tateno-interview) [124] Shamoon. com/ 269/ e_yaoi. sequentialtart. London: Rowman & Littlefield. com/ reports. Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC. Patrick (October 2002). In Kikan Toshi II ("Quarterly City II"). Hadrien (2008). Mark (2000) "The love between 'beautiful boys' in women's comics" page 69 Male Homosexuality in Modern Japan: Cultural Myths and Social Realities Richmond. com/ under-grand-hotel-vol-01_article_123833.. eds. "'Stop. [106] Publisher Libre Confirms Notices to Manga Scan Groups – Anime News Network (http:/ / www. Porn Studies. Guys on Guys for Girls – Yaoi and Shounen Ai (http:/ / www. html) [121] McHarry. upress.1525/srsp. Frederik L. In Sherrie Inness. ISBN 4-309-90222-7. com/ cgi-bin/ article. libre-pub. au/ artspapers/ 192/ ). ISBN 0-8476-9137-3. Why & Wow of Japanese Animation Berkeley.com. Ginger (1 April 2007). 175. "That Damn Bara Article!" (http:/ / ggymeta. shtml) Sequential Tart [111] Valenti. sequentialtart. jp/ info17. 259–260 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5. Retrieved on 2008-12-23 [103] CPM Speaks on Manga License Dispute with Libre – Anime News Network (http:/ / www. [127] http:/ / www. 1. London: Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved 11 May 2011. Retrieved on 2008-12-23 [104] Cha.1. California: Stone Bridge Press p. Kai-Ming (10 August 2008) Brokeback comics craze (http:/ / www. The Comics Journal. Robyn Romance by Any Other Name (http:/ / www. com/ ?q=node/ 1670). co. cgi?f=/ c/ a/ 2008/ 08/ 08/ RVR110R7D9. 1999.jp. html [128] Gravett. "The five pilots of Gundam Wing (1995) have female counterparts. Guys & Yaoi. Paul (2004) Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics (Harper Design ISBN 1-85669-391-0) pages 80–81 [129] McLelland. shtml). Homosexualité et manga: le yaoi. issue 269. uow. . com/ news/ 2010-09-25/ publisher-libre-confirms-notices-to-manga-scan-groups) [107] http:/ / www. 4. Retrieved 24 October 2011. Deborah (July 2004) “Office Sluts and Rebel Flowers: The Pleasures of Japanese Pornographic Comics for Women” in Linda Williams ed. libraryjournal.co. [118] Simona (2009-05-13). . . pages 93–104. 257–258 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5. Inaki Matsumoto" (http:/ / www.85 [110] Lee. animenewsnetwork. Sandra (1991) "'Penguin in Bondage': A Graphic Tale of Japanese Comic Books". Kazuko. Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. [117] Anderson. Sequential Tart. No. Ross. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha. C. '"A Very Pure Thing": Gay and Pseudo-Gay Themes' in Anime Explosion! The What. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr. com/ archive/ may02/ ao_0502_1. Porn Studies.Animenewsnetwork. My Butt Hurts!' – The Yaoi Invasion" (http:/ / archives. crunchyroll. ed. pp. "Simona's BL Research Lab: Reibun Ike. html). ISBN 978-2-9531781-0-4. Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota ISBN 0-8166-1932-8 [126] Suzuki. Yoo. Sequential Tart. "SuBLime: Everything We Know About VIZ's New Boys' Love Line" (http:/ / www.93. pp. Mark. Dani (May 2002). Retrieved 2009-08-29. php?ID=5222& issue=2007-04-01). [109] Shamoon. Hyogo Kijima. pp. Porn Studies. Duke University Press p. "Ichigenme Volume 1" (http:/ / www. pp. com/ news/ 2011-10-22/ viz-launches-sublime-boys-love-manga-line-with-love-pistols [108] Balistrieri. 1445–1447. 1999. Duke University Press p. 86 [120] Brenner. akibanana. umn. yet a lot of fan sites are produced as if these girls never existed. html) University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978-0-8166-4974-7 [115] Drazen.Yaoi 169 [102] BE-BOY (http:/ / classic-web. . [123] Yaoi Love: An Interview with Makoto Tateno | Graphic Novel Reporter (http:/ / graphicnovelreporter. archive.). Crunchyroll. pages 100–101 Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International. Cited and translated in Thorn. com/ news/ 2007-12-09/ cpm-speaks-on-manga-license-dispute-with-libre). ed. Tina (date unknown). Manga: 10000 images. animenewsnetwork. com/ popular-gay-manga-posts/ that-bara-article/ ). . mania.95 ISBN 1-880656-72-8. "The International Yaoi Boys' Love Fandom and the Regulation of Virtual Child Pornography: The Implications of Current Legislation" (http:/ / ro. (2005). [113] Suzuki. sfgate..4. Akibanana.. Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. Deborah (July 2004) “Office Sluts and Rebel Flowers: The Pleasures of Japanese Pornographic Comics for Women” in Linda Williams ed. com/ anime-feature/ 2011/ 10/ 22/ sublime-everything-we-know-about-vizs-new-boys-love-line). [112] Fletcher. page 231 Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams (http:/ / www. The Report Card. edu/ Books/ B/ bolton_robot. [122] de Bats. Editions H. Kazuko. Kristy L. 2004. In Technoculture.97 [125] Buckley. Duke University Press p. Seunghyun (March 2007). Vol. org/ web/ 20080714224359/ http:/ / www. Tammy (May 2001) Tantalizing Translations – M. sequentialtart. com/ article/ CA6477427.J.2007. wordpress.. ISBN 0-87011-752-1 [131] Ueno. and Takayuki Tatsumi ed. [119] Shamoon. animenewsnetwork. Penley and A. Guns. (2006) "Yaoi" in Gaëtan Brulotte and John Phillips (eds. Hervé (in French). Queer Popular Culture: Literature. au/ issue20/ mclelland. . ISBN 0-521-34515-4. aasianst. ISBN 4-313-84042-7. • Cooper. htm). Christopher (18 August 2006). doi:10.com • Butcher.ca/public/viewstory. In Sherrie Inness.com/ BRIENZA_MANHWA. Mizuta." New York Conference on Asian Studies. In Technoculture. 2005. 2: Onna to hyōgen ("Women and Expression"). New Feminism Review. June. http:/ / matt-thorn. [139] Buckley. Borrowed. Kotani.edu. pdf) Intercultural Communication Studies XVI: 1 2007 pp.d. ISSN 1534-9845. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. and Friendship in Japanese Girls' Comics. In N. 31. "Transgender: Female Hermaphrodites and Male Androgynes". (1993) "Josei wa gei ga suki!?" (Women Like Gays!?) Bungei shunjū. Akiko. Retrieved 2009-09-08. 2008. Gavan McCormack. Xtra!. London: Rowman & Littlefield. com/ archive/ may02/ ao_0502_4. Intersections. New Paltz. Cambridge University Press. (May 2002). Larry. Tomoko (1988) "Male homosexuality as treated by Japanese women writers" in The Japanese Trajectory: Modernization and Beyond. ed. Mari. archive. Tokyo: Natsume Shobo. org/ 20080918083027/ http:/ / www. Mark. 2008) "A Follow-Up To the Yaoi Debate" http:/ / blackarmor. "A Brief History of Yaoi" (http:/ / www. (1993) "Unlikely Explorers: Alternative Narratives of Love. Film. au/ cgi/ viewcontent. Accessed August 12. eds. 2003. and Queer Lesbians: Yaoi as a Conflicting Site of Homo/ Hetero-Sexual Female Sexual Fantasy". "Queer love manga style" (http://www. aspx?AFF_TYPE=3&STORY_ID=4057&PUB_TEMPLATE_ID=1). Gender. web. Vol.) The Twister of Imagination: An Interview with Mariko Ohara (http:/ / web.anu. Cathy (2006).jp/jicpas/usjwj/) 27: 76. archive. Shihomi (1998) Yaoi genron: yaoi kara mieta mono (An Elusive Theory of Yaoi: The view from Yaoi). publishersweekly. exblog. Giant Robot (42): 60–63. htm). sequentialtart. March 27–30. ISBN 4-931391-42-7. no. ISBN 1-4039-7490-X.josai. p. shtml) [144] Johnson... [149] Embracing Youka Nitta – 5/9/2006 – Publishers Weekly (http:/ / replay. "Identity Unmoored: Yaoi in the West". Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. New York. A Few Comments About The Gay/Yaoi Divide – Strong enough for a man. Gregory. [146] Thorn. anu. net/ older/ 2006_08_01_archive. In Thomas Peele. Sandra (1991) "'Penguin in Bondage': A Graphic Tale of Japanese Comic Books". org/ absts/ 2003abst/ Japan/ sessions. C. org/ review/ 02_2_inter/ interview_Ohara. cgi?article=1229& context=artspapers [136] Hashimoto. 2007.xtra. pp. html) [138] Sakakibara. 124-125. . com/ shoujo_manga/ fujimoto. [134] Suzuki. org/ web/ 20080209112923/ http:/ / www. [145] McHarry. ed. Sinda. Tim and Brad Brooks. • Brienza. pp. [135] http:/ / ro. [143] Butcher. Miyuki Visual Kei Otaku Identity—An Intercultural Analysis (http:/ / www. Keiko. Boys. [147] "Intersections: Conflicting Discourses on Boys' Love and Subcultural Tactics in Mainland China and Hong Kong" (http:/ / intersections.) Accessed August 14. "Boys. ed. http:/ / www. uow. (1999) "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". edu.1086/498987 [141] Blackarmor (February 19. [148] Pilcher. anu. php (in Japanese). Matt. Boys: Kazuma Kodaka Interview". htm Accessed August 12. 2008. "Beautiful. ISBN 0-8476-9137-3. Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting. "An Introduction to Korean Manhwa" (http://caseybrienza. New York. Media. edu. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota ISBN 0-8166-1932-8 [140] Welker. [142] Mizoguchi.. Penley and A. pp. but made for a woman.edu. U. com/ article/ CA6332853. Yoshio Sugimoto eds. uri. Takayuki. Lisa "Laugh it up" Newtype USA. (2003) "Homophobic Homos. 1993. .Yaoi 170 [132] Fujimoto. Rapes of Love. and Television. 82–83. Collins & Brown. and Bent: 'Boys' Love' as Girls' Love in Shôjo Manga' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society vol. Session 187. Christopher (11 December 2007).anu. 87–99 [137] McCaffery. 3. October 2007 (Volume 6 Number 10) • Fujimoto Yukari (2004). centerforbookculture. References Further reading • Aoyama.S. jp/ 7508722/ (In Japanese. 163–196. page 843. shtml).pdf) Aestheticism.J.-Japan Women’s Journal (http://www. Retrieved 2009-09-08. M. Kazuko..au. Sex. Yukari (1991) "Shōjo manga ni okeru 'shōnen ai' no imi" ("The Meaning of 'Boys' Love' in Shōjo Manga"). (http:/ / comics212. 2008.246 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5. Casey (6 February 2004). Tatsumi (n. 187–188. au/ issue20/ liu. James. html) [150] "Intersections: (A)cute Confusion: The Unpredictable Journey of Japanese Popular Culture" (http:/ / intersections. [133] Takemiya. • Camper. Sequential Tart. Tokyo: Gakuyō Shobō. Ross. 2006. edu.au. Intersections. edu/ iaics/ content/ 2007v16n1/ 10 Miyuki Hashimoto. October 16. The Essential Guide to World Comics. ISBN 4-89367-323-8 • KUCI Subversities 18 October 2010 (http://www. Chris (2007) " Introduction to yaoi. "Australia's 'Child-Abuse Materials' legislation. Mark. 109 • Ogi.org/ web/20110713220702/http://khyungbird. Mark (2011). • Kakinuma Eiko. Masculinity and Sexual Identities. ISBN 1-56025-910-8. Erotic Comics 2: A Graphic History from the Liberated '70s to the Internet.com/2007/03/ introduction-to-yaoi-part-1. • Nishimura Mari (2001) Aniparo to Yaoi Ohta Publishing ISBN 978-4-87233-643-6 • Newtype USA. James. eds (2010). • van de Goor. Jonathan Clements The Erotic Anime Movie Guide pub Titan (London) 1998 ISBN 1852869461 • McHarry. • PiQ.com/12890.) Mangatopia: Essays on Anime and Manga in the Modern World.mos. part 1 (http://panelsandpixels. Kannenberg. McFarland & Company. Charles (30 June 2004) Young men in love (http://articles.shtml) Sequential Tart • Solomon.livejournal." In Perper. and Women’s Male-Male Homoerotic Parodies in Contemporary Japan" in Mechademia 6. Gay-Bungaku Book Guide. • Mautner.com/archive/june05/allaccess_0605.html) livejournal.com/ articles/07_2006/bebeautiful. "Be Beautiful: Yaoi Publishers Interviews Part 3" (http://www. Pagliassotti. • Levi." International Journal of Comic Art 3 (2): 151-161.com archive (http://web. Philadelphia: Running Press. internet regulation and the juridification of the imagination". June 2008 (Volume 1 Number 3) • PiQ.org/podcastfiles/600/Sv101018.htm) • Haggerty.Yaoi 171 • Galbraith. (2011). (2011) "Flower Tribes and Female Desire: Complicating Early Female Consumption of Male Homosexuality in Shôjo Manga" in Mechademia 6. Fandom. Mark (2011). Sharon (July 2006). Dru.html) • Welker. ISBN 9781591589082 • McLelland. Tim. "Fujoshi: Fantasy Play and Transgressive Intimacy among "Rotten Girls" in Contemporary Japan". Marilyn Jaye (editor). Taylor & Francis. Gene Jr. Antonia (1996) Samurai from Outer Space: Understanding Japanese Animation • Levi.mp3) • Lees.com/12890. New York: ABC-Clio. Kumiko (2011) "Desire in Subtext: Gender. Zowie! It's Yaoi!: Western Girls Write Hot Stories of Boys' Love. Moore.archive. August 2007 (Volume 6 Number 8) "Why we like it" • Newtype USA. International Journal of Cultural Studies. Kurihara Chiyo et al. Abrams ComicArts. ISBN 9780786441952 • Lewis.akibaangels.1086/660182. George E. Signs 37 (1): 211–232.). Patrick W. Encyclopedia of Gay Histories and Cultures. (2009). Tanbi-Shosetsu. (2000).livejournal. Fusami (Autumn 2001) "Beyond Shoujo. McHarry. • Salek. Timothy and Martha Cornog (Eds. doi:10. 6 No. Akiba Angels. .kuci.php). November 2007 (Vol. ISBN 978-0-8153-1880-4. • Pilcher. ISBN 9780810972773. Jason (31 July 2006) Boku no Shonen Ai (or "Jason overanalyzes something and takes all the fun out of it") (http://khyungbird.com/2004/jun/30/entertainment/ et-solomon30) Los Angeles Times • Thompson. doi:10. (eds. Alan. Blending Gender: Subverting the Homogendered World in Shoujo Manga (Japanese Comics for Girls). Sophie (2010) Slashing Japan: the self-depathology of the female fan (http://www.se/ forskning/cyberekon/symposiumabstracts.html)" • McCarthy.blogspot.latimes.sequentialtart. "Girls Doing Boys Doing Boys: Boys' Love. Antonia. 1993. Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre. July 2008 (Volume 1 Number 4) • Saito. Rebecca (June 2005) More Than Just Mommy and Daddy: "Nontraditional" Families in Comics (http:// www.umu.1177/1367877911421082. Helen. 2006. 11) "Favorite authors" p. is also used with this meaning.[8] In 2003 the first manga magazine specifically dedicated to yuri was launched under the name Yuri Shimai.[9] [10] Although yuri originated in female-targeted (shōjo.[13] Along the way. launched after the former was discontinued in 2004. or the emotional aspects of the relationship. and is a relatively common Japanese feminine name. many dōjinshi circles incorporated the name "Yuri" or "Yuriko" into lesbian-themed hentai (pornographic) dōjinshi. followed by its revival Comic Yuri Hime. western fans coined the term shōjo-ai to describe yuri without explicit sex. on the other hand. the spiritual. as well as those from Comic Yuri Hime's male-targeted sister magazine. it is not until the 1970s that lesbian-themed works began to appear in manga. lily tribe) in reference to female readers in the title of a column of letters called Yurizoku no heya (百合族の部屋.[14] Japanese vs. along with more acceptance for this kind of content. anime. a term already in use in North America to describe content involving non-sexual relationships between men. which was launched in 2007. "Lily Communication") personal ad column in July 1983 for "lesbiennes" to communicate.Yuri 172 Yuri Yuri (百合).[12] It is unclear whether this was the first instance of this usage of the term. or romantic.[11] Definition and semantic drift Etymology The word yuri (百合) literally means "lily". deemed primarily as a variety of hentai. spiritual. lit. by the hand of artists such as Ryoko Yamagishi and Riyoko Ikeda. western usage As of 2009.[2] In 1976.[1] is a Japanese jargon term for content and a genre involving love between women in manga. picking up connotations from the Japanese .[4] and instead tends to denote pedophilia (actual or perceived). with a similar meaning to the term lolicon (Lolita complex). as well as in dōjinshi productions. occasionally spelled "Girl's Love" or "Girls' Love".[1] [3] The term "Girls Love". or the intimate emotional connections between women. and related entertainment media.[7] Nevertheless. lit. also known by the wasei-eigo construction Girls' Love (ガールズラブ gāruzu rabu).[1] [14] Yuri is generally a form of fanspeak amongst fans.[16] Still. lit. the western use of yuri has broadened in the 2000s. lily tribe's room). Itō Bungaku. Not all women whose letters appeared in this short-lived column were necessarily lesbians. rose tribe). the tanbi magazine Allan (アラン Aran) began running a Yuri Tsūshin (百合通信?. yuri has initially been used to denote only the most explicit end of the spectrum.[14] [15] In North America. first used the term yurizoku (百合族.[4] The themes yuri deals with have their roots in the Japanese lesbian literature of early twentieth century. josei) works. explicit or implied) in manga. sex. and the "zoku" or "tribe" portion of this word was subsequently dropped. but its usage by authors and publishers has increased since 2005. Comic Yuri Hime S.[4] Since then. editor of Barazoku (薔薇族.[6] Yuri manga from male-targeted magazines include titles such as Kannazuki no Miko and Strawberry Panic!. seinen) ones as well. the latter two sometimes being called shōjo-ai by western fans. lit. a magazine geared primarily towards gay men. anime. and related Japanese media. For example.[2] [3] Yuri can focus either on the sexual.[5] [6] with pieces such as Yaneura no Nishojo by Nobuko Yoshiya. girl love) is not used with this meaning. or abbreviated as "GL". is primarily used by the publishers.[3] [14] The wasei-eigo construction "Girls Love" (ガールズラブ gāruzu rabu). but some were and gradually an association developed.[4] Following the pattern of shōnen-ai. the meaning has drifted from its mostly pornographic connotation to describe the portrayal of intimate love.[4] In Japan the term shōjo-ai (少女愛.[] The 1990s brought new trends in manga and anime. today it is featured in male-targeted (shōnen. the term yuri is used in Japan to mean the depiction of attraction between women (whether sexual. as well as the genre of stories primarily dealing with this content. The outcome is a tragedy.[25] sometimes depicting female characters as manly looking.[] being a prime example. but these are mostly depicted as fanservice and comic relief.[32] Male-targeted works such as the Devilman Lady anime series.[40] [41] sometimes in combination with other themes.[30] This stand side-by-side with dōjinshi works. like those portrayed in Class S.[33] The first magazines specifically targeted towards lesbians appeared around this period.[31] the first mainstream manga and anime series featuring a "positive" portrayal of an openly lesbian couple.[9] [10] containing stories dealing with a wide range of themes: from intense emotional connections such as that depicted in Voiceful. which at the time were largely influenced by the immense popularity of Sailor Moon. featuring different degrees of sexual content. which was inspired by the women playing male roles in the Takarazuka Revue.[36] This story revisits what was being written at the time of Nobuko Yoshiya:[37] strong emotional bonds between females.[26] These traits are most prominent in Riyoko Ikeda's works. marriage.[19] Yoshiya pioneered in Japanese lesbian literature. with the more sophisticated girl somehow dying at the end.[20] These kinds of stories depict lesbian attachments as emotionally intense yet platonic relationships. based on a homonym seinen manga by Go Nagai. with works involving love stories among lesbians.[19] The root of this genre is in part the contemporary understanding that same-sex love was a transitory and normal part of female development leading into heterosexuality and motherhood. the yuri manga of this time could not avoid a tragic ending.[29] Some of these formulas began to weaken during the 1990s:[8] manga stories such as Jukkai me no Jukkai by Wakuni Akisato.[37] Another prominent author of this period is Kaho Nakayama.[11] . containing sections featuring yuri manga.[7] a novelist active in the Taishō and Shōwa periods of Japan.[17] [18] Thematic history Among the first Japanese authors to produce works about love between women was Nobuko Yoshiya. and Claudine. a shōjo anime series where the main storyline focuses on a yuri relationship.[5] In general.. and Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl. including the early twentieth century Class S genre. began to move away from the tragic outcomes and stereotyped dynamics.[] presenting some of the characteristics found in the lesbian literature of the early twentieth century.[34] [35] It is at this point (the mid 1990s) that lesbian-themed works began to be acceptable.!..[20] Around the 1970s yuri began to appear in shōjo manga. and a younger. more awkward admirer.[34] These stories range from high school crush to lesbian life and love.[36] It is around this point (the early 2000s) that the first magazines specifically dedicated to yuri manga were launched. Oniisama e.[28] Some shōnen works of this period feature lesbian characters too. a mutual crush between an upperclassman and an underclassman.[38] passing by realistic tales about love between adult women such as those seen in Rakuen no Jōken.[21] Class S stories in particular tell about strong emotional bonds between schoolgirls. they are received as a scandal. more sophisticated woman. published in 1992.[27] including The Rose of Versailles. or death. mostly revolving around the school upperclassman-underclassman dynamic. the first manga involving a lesbian relationship. including mecha and science fiction. The two deal with some sort of unfortunate schism between their families.[39] Some of these subjects are seen in male-targeted works of this period as well. and when rumors of their lesbian relationship spread.[5] This early yuri generally features an older looking. many of the people behind this show went on to make Revolutionary Girl Utena.[14] American publishing companies such as ALC Publishing and Seven Seas Entertainment have also adopted the Japanese usage of the term to classify their yuri manga publications.[6] [27] Furthermore.[27] The later 1990s brought Oyuki Konno's Maria-sama ga Miteru. as it was "prototypical" for many yuri stories of the 1970s and 1980s. destined to be curtailed by graduation from school. began to deal with lesbian themes in a more "mature manner" too. which is widely regarded today as a masterpiece.. to more explicit school-girl romances like those portrayed in First Love Sisters.[42] [43] Examples include series such as Kannazuki no Miko..Yuri 173 use.[22] [23] Ryoko Yamagishi's Shiroi Heya no Futari. In addition. Blue Drop. active since the early 1990s. male-targeted stories tend to make extensive use of moe and bishōjo characterizations.[24] It is also in the 1970s that shōjo manga began to deal with transsexualism and transvestism. which by 2004 was a bestseller among yuri novels. [10] Like its predecessor.[45] Some Japanese lesbian lifestyle magazines contain manga sections. contained sexually explicit yuri Maria-sama ga Miteru. manga as part of a section dedicated to lesbian-interest topics.[48] [49] and their annual yuri manga anthology Yuri Monogatari. The second list contains stories in which the same subjects are used mostly for comic relief. as fanservice.[18] On October 24. these are generally recognized by the fandom as to contain prevalent elements of yuri (even if the series is not marketed as such). which in 2006 was course material for Professor Kerridwen Luis' Anthropology 166B course at Brandeis University.[44] Unlike either Yuri Shimai or Comic Yuri Hime.[10] A sister magazine to Comic Yuri Hime named Comic Yuri Hime S was launched as a quarterly publication by Ichijinsha in June 2007. Comic Yuri Hime S is targeted towards a male audience.[3] containing manga by many of the authors who had had work serialized in Yuri Shimai. Comic Yuri Hime was launched by Ichijinsha in July 2005 as a revival of the magazine.[34] Carmilla. European and Japanese creators. Althea Keaton. or for character development in a larger. most of which are labeled by publishers as yuri.[50] [51] These works range from fantasy stories to more realistic tales dealing with themes such as coming out and sexual orientation. . Kristina Kolhi. 2008. the illustrator for the yuri light novel series comic manga magazine.[47] The latter collects stories by American. both first released in 2003. Tomomi Nakasora and Eriko Tadeno. scheduled to begin on July 19. which includes works such as the Strawberry Panic! manga. The first list shows series in which attraction between females and/or lesbian themes play a central role in their storylines. the Los Angeles-based Seven Seas Entertainment has also incurred in the genre. including the now-defunct magazines Anise (1996–97.[34] The first company to release lesbian-themed manga in North America was Yuricon's publishing arm ALC Publishing.[18] and Comic Yuri Hime's compilations such as Voiceful and First Love Sisters. a ladies' Cover of the autumn 2004 issue of Yuri Shimai.Yuri 174 Publications Sun Magazine published the yuri manga anthology magazine Yuri Shimai between June 2003 and November 2004 in quarterly installments.[34] released an anthology of yuri manga called Girl's Only.[46] Additionally. ending with only five issues. illustrated by Reine Hibiki. The Last Uniform.[38] Yuri series These lists display stories according to the role yuri plays in them.[47] Their works include Rica Takashima's Rica 'tte Kanji!?. Seven Seas announced the launch of their specialized yuri manga line. sometimes unrelated context.[11] Ichijinsha will start to publish light novel adaptations from Comic Yuri Hime works and original yuri novels under their shōjo light novel line Ichijinsha Bunko Iris. including Akiko Morishima. Mist (1996–99). 2001–03) and Phryné (1995).[9] After the magazine's discontinuation. 2006. with the English version of well known titles such as the Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl manga and the Strawberry Panic! light novels.[51] Besides ALC Publishing. Comic Yuri Hime is also published quarterly. an erotic lesbian publication. subtext. ! • Love My Life • Stray Little Devil [32] [67] [18] • Devil Lady • Maka-Maka • Tetragrammaton Labyrinth [68] [69] [18] • El Cazador de la Bruja • Maria-sama ga Miteru • The Last Uniform [38] [30] [70] • First Love Sisters • Miyuki-chan in Wonderland • The Sword of Paros [71] [30] [38] • Girl Friends • Oniisama e.O.S..hack//Sign • I My Me Strawberry Eggs • R. • Voiceful [53] [72] [73] • Girls' Life • Pietà • Yami to Bōshi to Hon no Tabibito Yuri as an additional element [74] [75] [32] [76] • . Astro [81] [30] [30] • Agent Aika • Kaguyahime • Sailor Moon [82] [83] [84] • Air Master • Kaleido Star • Saki [30] [84] [85] • Angel/Dust • Kanamemo • Sakura no Sono [72] [86] [87] • Azumanga Daioh • Koihime Musō • Sasami: Magical Girls Club [88] [89] [90] • Battle Athletes Victory • Lady Snowblood • Seraphim Call [91] [92] [93] • Best Student Council • Loveless • Shattered Angels [94] [95] [32] • Bubblegum Crisis • Madlax • Stellvia of the Universe [96] [97] [98] • Burst Angel • Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha • Steel Angel Kurumi [30] [99] [100] • Cardcaptor Sakura • Maria Holic • Stratos 4 [101] [102] [32] • Choir! • Maze • Strawberry Marshmallow [103] [104] [105] • Confidential Confessions • Mnemosyne • Strike Witches [106] [32] [107] • Cosplay Complex • My-HiME • Sukeban Deka [108] [32] [109] • Cutie Honey • My-Otome • Tactical Roar [110] [111] [112] • Doki Doki School Hours • Najica Blitz Tactics • The Rose of Versailles [113] [114] [84] • El-Hazard • Negima!: Magister Negi Magi • Toaru Kagaku no Railgun [115] [114] [116] • Excel Saga • Negima!? • Touka Gettan [117] [118] [119] • Family Complex • Ninja Nonsense • Ultimate Girls [120] [72] [121] • Fight! Iczer One • Noir • Uta Kata ...D the TV [77] [78] [79] [80] • Ace o Nerae! • Ikki Tousen • S.Yuri 175 Yuri as a central element [52] [53] [32] • 12 Days • Girls' Revolution • Read or Dream [54] [53] [55] • Akai Ito • Hayate X Blade • Revolutionary Girl Utena [53] • Hen [56] • Akatsuki-iro no Senpuku Majo • Sasameki Koto [30] [43] [24] • Anata to Scandal • Ice • Shiroi Heya no Futari [57] [58] [59] • Aoi Hana • Iono-sama Fanatics • Shōjo Sect [60] [53] [32] • Blue • Kanamemo • Simoun [61] [42] [62] • Blue Drop • Kannazuki no Miko • Steel Angel Kurumi 2 [63] [18] [32] [18] • Candy Boy • Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl • Strawberry Panic! [64] [65] [65] • Chirality • Kuchibiru Tameiki Sakurairo • Strawberry Shake Sweet [30] [28] [66] • Claudine.. Kagami (April 4. "Drawing Out Lesbians: Blurred Representations of Lesbian Desire in Shōjo Manga". cyzo. org/ absts/ 2000abst/ Japan/ J-12. James (2006).1525/ae. Retrieved 2008-01-19. Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga.com. "YurixYuri Kenbunroku" (in Japanese). com/ essays/ yuri-fandom-on-the-internet/ ) Bibalex Wayback (http:/ / web. . php?url=http:/ / www. . The Journal of Asian Studies 65 (3): 575. archive. Retrieved 2008-01-13. com/ news/ press_027. htm). [21] Dollase.jsessionid=419D6C9B25191554B1DBD61007F71527. ComiPedia. html). and Yorinuki Dokusho Sōdanshitsu (ISBN 978-4860110345). ISSN 00223840. [4] Friedman. ISBN 4861820316. Sakuhinsha. ISBN 81-8424-075-9. Retrieved 2008-02-24. ISBN 4313870113. American Ethnologist 19 (3): 427. Retrieved 2008-01-19. yuricon. . Retrieved 2008-01-23. ichijinsha. Ichijinsha. com/ od/ mangaartistswriters/ a/ EFriedman_2. jp/ kaien/ 20060828/ p1) (in Japanese). . yuricon. ISBN 978-1880656235. ASIN B00120LP56. co. Retrieved 2008-01-03. "What is Yuri?" (http:/ / www. Yuricon and ALC Publishing. [14] "Interview: Erica Friedman (page 1)" (http:/ / manga. [5] Fujimoto. . CA: Stone Bridge Press. htm). . Retrieved 2008-02-19. "Early Twentieth Century Japanese Girls' Magazine Stories: Examining Shōjo Voice in Hanamonogatari (Flower Tales)". Retrieved 2008-01-19. Tokyo: Gakuyo Shobo. com/ cache/ ?url=http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-02-16. .After this first column.00043. Hiromi (2003).1017/S0021911806001148. yuricon. doi:10. [12] "Yurizoku no heya (lily tribe's room)" (in Japanese). org/ web/ */ http:/ / www. [7] Tsuchiya. php). org/ web/ */ http:/ / www. com/ essays/ yuri-fandom-on-the-internet/ ). Berkeley. about. Watashi no Ibasho wa Doko ni Aruno? (Where do I belong?). bibalex. In Chandra. com/ essays/ yuri-fandom-on-the-internet/ ) Wikiwix (http:/ / wikiwix. [19] Suzuki. Retrieved 2007-11-20. Yuricon. . ISBN 9780252075070. [13] Welker. Barazoku (Rose tribe): 66–70. Retrieved 2008-05-17. org/ query. Retrieved 20 May 2005. pp. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. [8] "Maria-sama ga Miteru to Yuri Sakuhin no Rekishi" (http:/ / d. [9] "Yuri Shimai" (http:/ / comipedia. org/ alc. Seven Seas Entertainment. archive. "Yoshiya Nobuko’s Yaneura no nishojo (Two Virgins in the Attic): Female-Female Desire and Feminism" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-03-06. org/ essays/ whatisyuri. [20] Robertson. Audrey Yue. tomcat1?fromPage=online& aid=857000). jp/ ad/ ) (in Japanese). The Journal of Popular Culture 36 (4): 724–755. November 1976. cambridge. Frederik (1996). Jennifer (August 1992). What are Yuri and Shoujoai.19. com/ od/ mangaartistswriters/ a/ EFriedman. [24] Welker. [22] Natsume.3. Manga. co. JSTOR 645194. James (2008). Erica. . yuricon. htm). yuricon. doi:10. Lesbian Voices: Canada and the World: Theory. . danshi kinsei no "Yuri būmu" gayattekuru!?" (http:/ / www. "Writing Same-Sex Love: Sexology and Literary Representation in Yoshiya Nobuko's Early Fiction" (http:/ / journals. Tokyo: Takarajimasha. OCLC 1754751. Shōjo-ai. [15] "Comic Yuri Hime official website" (http:/ / www. Yurizoku no heya appeared sporadically through the mid-1980s. . Manga. hatena. jp/ yurihime/ ) (in Japanese). gomanga. ComiPedia. Fusanosuke (1999). Comic Yuri Hime (11). html). [3] "Joseidōshi no LOVE wo egaita. [6] "Interview: Erica Friedman (page 2)" (http:/ / manga. Cinema. "The Politics of Androgyny in Japan: Sexuality and Subversion in the Theater and Beyond". com/ essays/ yuri-fandom-on-the-internet/ ) WebCite (http:/ / www. . com/ magazine/ yuri-shimai). aasianst. About. com/ 2008/ 02/ post_350. Literature. com/ magazine/ comic-yurihime). [10] "Comic Yuri Hime" (http:/ / comipedia. [2] Charlton. "Lilies of the Margin: Beautiful Boys and Queer Female Identities in Japan". yuricon. 2000). about. html) (in Japanese).1992. . [11] "Ichijinsha's info about Comic Yuri Hime S" (http:/ / www. University of Illinois Press.Yuri 176 [122] [123] [124] • Futari wa Pretty Cure • Project A-ko • Vampire Princess Miyu [125] [126] [127] • Girls Bravo • Puni Puni Poemy • Venus Versus Virus [128] [129] [30] • Godannar • Queen's Blade • X/1999 [130] [131] [72] • Hanaukyo Maid Team: La Verite • Rakka Ryūsui • Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō [132] [133] • He Is My Master • Red Garden [134] [30] • High School Girls' • RG Veda Notes and references [1] Morishima. Ichijinsha.1111/1540-5931. Sabdha. [18] "Yuri on the Seven Seas!" (http:/ / www. Manga no Yomikata (How to read manga). [16] Miyajima. In Fran Martin.com. Sources: Watashi no Ibasho wa Doko ni Aruno? by Yukari Fujimoto (ISBN 4313870113). 46–66. Michiko (August 2006). Retrieved 2008-03-21. Yukari (1998) (in Japanese). . [17] "ALC Publishing" (http:/ / www. webcitation. . ichijinsha. AsiaPacifQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities. anyway?. Akiko (January 2008). [23] Schodt. org/ action/ displayAbstract. Yuricon. CA: Abstracts of the 2000 AAS Annual Meeting). Hiromi (March 9–12. com/ essays/ yuri-fandom-on-the-internet/ ). Otoko Rashisa to Iu Byōki? Pop-Culture no Shin Danseigaku by Kazuo Kumada (ISBN 4833110679). ne. Cyzo. doi:10. Peter Jackson. About. Subhash. yuricon. "Yuri Fandom on the Internet" (http:/ / www. 2005) (in Japanese). Query Wayback (http:/ / wayback.02a00010. Ichijinsha classifies their yuri manga publication Comic Yuri Hime as a "Girls Love" comic magazine. Homosexual/Homosocial Subtexts in Early 20th-Century Japanese Culture (San Diego. [40] Rasmussen. "Kannazuki No Miko Review" (http:/ / www. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. [36] Azuma. co. [32] Friedman. doi:10. Yuricon. archive. David. com/ O_manga.jp" (http:/ / www. Comic Yuri Hime (8). ichijinsha. . Chris. akibaangels. OtakuUSA. Retrieved 2007-05-01. [27] Subramian. Kerridwen (December 20. Editor of Japanese Lesbian Erotic Lifestyle Magazine Carmilla" (http:/ / wwwsshe. Retrieved 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2008-02-24. + ANTH+ 166b. ANTH 166b. . com/ articles/ 747/ 747771p1. "Japan's Feminist Fabulation: Reading Marginal with Unisex Reproduction as a Key Concept" (http:/ / www. com/ Print/ 2007/ 7/ ericafriedmanguidetoyuri). Anime News Network. Erica (2007). Borrowed. org/ web/ 20080609184148/ http:/ / www. Akiba Angels. [33] Huxley. Retrieved 2007-11-21. php?series=10227). [37] "Esu toiu kankei" (http:/ / media. . html). .com. [52] Sparrow. [34] Welker. com/ essays/ shoujo-yuri-manga-guide/ ). matt-thorn. pdf) on 2008-06-09. org/ web/ 20080212201602/ http:/ / www. Torakichi. . com/ shoujo_manga/ sexual_ambiguity/ index. jp/ book/ news/ topics/ 012/ p02. org/ essays/ women_loving_women. Hon no Zasshisha. com/ pn/ index. [48] "Yuri Manga in Anthropology Course" (http:/ / www. Anime Boredom. afterellen. AfterEllen. otakuusamagazine. html). au/ intersections/ issue12/ welker2. [51] Thompson. Ichijinsha. edu. Ichijinsha. Retrieved 2008-01-30. "YurixYuri Kenbunroku" (in Japanese). co. brandeis. Retrieved 2008-04-05. Intersections: Gender. 2011. Akiko (2002). Akiko (April 2007). . 2005). Erika (June 2004) (in Japanese). php?gc=YCK0023& page=0& sc=3& sb=& sg=& sp=& sw=) (in Japanese). html). animenewsnetwork. ichijinsha. Katsuhiko (January 2006). Erin. animefringe. Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-02-28. . genders. "What is Doujin?" (http:/ / www. Carlo (2008-02-05). activeanime. [50] "ALC Publishing Presents Yuri Manga Anthology Yuri Monogatari 4" (http:/ / comipress. [53] "Comic-Con International 2007: Seven Seas" (http:/ / www. . . [28] Corson. [29] Ebiharai. jp/ gp/ switch-language/ product/ 4780801079/ ref=dp_change_lang/ 250-5804878-2152241?ie=UTF8& language=en_JP) (in Japanese). com/ reviews/ seriespage. php). "Falling for Manga! Part 1: A Quick-hit Guide to Autumn 2007's Hottest Manga" (http:/ / www. php?name=News& file=article& sid=3135) on 2008-06-11. php?name=News& file=article& sid=3135). Retrieved 2008-03-05. [49] Luis. animeondvd. php). "Yuricon Celebrates Lesbian Anime and Manga" (http:/ / www. brandeis. jp/ iris/ ) (in Japanese). Suganuma. Retrieved June 2.. "Right Turn Only!!" (http:/ / www. ASIN B000PAAJN8. Unbounded Desires: A Cross-Cultural Look at Non-Heteronormative Sexualities Anth 166B (Brandeis University). "Beautiful. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 31 (3): 841. 1" (http:/ / www. com/ convention/ 2007/ comic-con-international/ seven-seas). Retrieved 2007-11-20. jp/ goods/ goods_detail. ComiPress. Suzanne (2007). animeboredom. . "The Devil Lady Review" (http:/ / www. html) (in Japanese).com. [26] Welker.Yuri 177 [25] Thorn. pdf) (PDF).co. Yuricon. com/ right-turn-only/ 2008-02-05). "Pro Amateur Comics . [35] "ALC Publishing announces yuri manga Works by Eriko Tadeno" (http:/ / web.Yuri Doujinshi Rica 'tte Kanji!?" (http:/ / www. html). . yuricon. co. Retrieved 2008-02-26. com/ news/ reviews_018. Sex. . . com/ magazine/ comic-yurihime-s). edu/ wgs/ pdfs/ Spring 2006 Syllabi and Booklists/ Syllabus. E. IGN. archive. Jason. . edu/ wgs/ pdfs/ Spring+ 2006+ Syllabi+ and+ Booklists/ Syllabus. shop. Retrieved 2008-02-21. John. A. "Syllabus Draft" (http:/ / web. James (2006). . James. Retrieved 2008-02-20. . Excite.co. html) on 2008-02-12. "Women-loving Women in Modern Japan" (http:/ / www. [42] Beveridge. Bishōjo gaippai! Wakamono ga hamaru Marimite world no himitsu.1086/498987. Retrieved 2007-11-20. ISBN 978-4860110345. [45] "Ichijinsha Bunko Iris" (http:/ / www. com/ press-release/ 2006/ 11/ 13/ 1008). AnimeOnDVD. Retrieved 2008-02-28. Genders Journal (36). com/ news/ 2006-02-14/ yuri-manga-in-anthropology-course). [39] "Rakuen no Jōken" (http:/ / www. "12 Days Review" (http:/ / comics. Retrieved 2008-01-19. uk/ anime-reviews/ the-devil-lady/ 67/ ). . Anise and Mist magazines. Yorinuki Dokusho Sōdanshitsu. activeanime. archive. Retrieved 2008-01-27. Retrieved 2008-01-24. Retrieved 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-01-30. "Erica Friedman's Guide to Yuri" (http:/ / origin. ComiPedia. html). . History and Culture in the Asian Context (12). Anime News Network. afterellen. gomanga.jp. . . . com/ pn/ index. uk/ manga-reviews/ kashimashi/ 322/ ). Matt. com/ doujin. Retrieved 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2007-11-20. Animefringe. Anime Boredom. yuricon. Retrieved 2008-01-23. . Retrieved 2008-02-23. [41] Santos. html). animenewsnetwork. Anime News Network. Dillon. [38] "Newtype USA Reviews Voiceful and First Love Sisters Vol. . co. murdoch. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Gender. [54] Morishima. September 2007. matt-thorn. com/ people/ 2007/ 5/ friedman). [47] Font. and Bent: "Boys' Love" as Girls' Love in Shōjo Manga". Archived from the original (http:/ / www. [43] "Yuri anime & gemu daitokushū" (in Japanese). ASIN B000VWRJGU. and Friendship in Japanese "Girls'" Comics" (http:/ / web.com. ign. .Works by Eriko Tadeno is an anthology of four stories and three short gag comics that were originally published in Phryné. "Celebrating Lesbian Sexuality: An Interview with Inoue Meimy. com/ magazine/ 2003/ 07/ feature/ 07/ ). animenewsnetwork. org/ g36/ g36_ebihara. [31] Hayama. www. com/ shoujo_manga/ sexual_ambiguity/ index. Amazon. Retrieved 2008-02-17. org/ web/ 20080611052019/ http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-02-28. . excite. co. "Unlikely Explorers: Alternative Narratives of Love. AfterEllen. amazon. [44] "Comic Yuri Hime S" (http:/ / comipedia. Comic Yuri Hime S (2). [46] "Girl's Only listing at Amazon. . "Kashimashi Review" (http:/ / animeboredom. . Active Anime. [30] "Shōjo Yuri Manga Guide" (http:/ / www. co. [61] "Yuri anime & gemu tokushū" (in Japanese). and the Fan Arts 1: 177–180. Retrieved 2007-11-15. html). html) on 2008-01-05. themanime. Erica. Subaru does still seem to have feelings for him/her. 2011). [80] "S. Retrieved 2007-11-22. Anime News Network. [59] Friedman. "Yuri Manga: Girl Friends.S. php?manga_view=2851). [69] Hairston. . moonphase. [79] Jones.D the TV Review" (http:/ / www. com/ html/ 2007/ 10/ 04/ ikki-tousen-the-complete-thinpak-collection/ ) Bibalex Wayback (http:/ / web. dvdvisionjapan. AnimeOnDVD.Yuri 178 [55] Friedman. [68] Friedman.com. archive. animeondvd. webcitation. com/ 2011/ 05/ revolutionary-girl-utena-anime-box-set_30.hack//Sign Review" (http:/ / www. [81] "Agent Aika Final Battle Review" (http:/ / www. org/ viewreview. . moonphase. [83] Friedman. com/ 2004/ 11/ yuri-animei-my-me-strawberry-egg. Okazu. blogspot. Retrieved 2007-11-14. php?id=745). animenewsnetwork. php?display=90). themanime. 98–100. Enoch. "We do get two pairs of women kissing. . "Yami to Bōshi to Hon no Tabibito Review" (http:/ / www. blogspot. . [78] Beveridge. org/ essays/ Yuri_101. ASTRO: Asashio Sogo Teachers’ ROom by Negi Banno" (http:/ / yenpress. html). "Air Master Review" (http:/ / www. com/ html/ 2007/ 10/ 04/ ikki-tousen-the-complete-thinpak-collection/ ) Wikiwix (http:/ / wikiwix. blogspot. [70] Drazen. com/ html/ 2007/ 10/ 04/ ikki-tousen-the-complete-thinpak-collection/ ). edu/ Books/ L/ lunning_mechademia1. "Yuri Manga: Chirality" (http:/ / okazu. pp. [58] "Iono the Fanatics" (http:/ / web. Retrieved 2007-12-05. 2009-03-06. .. Okazu. . Berkeley. "Air Master Review" (http:/ / www. [65] Yuri Hime editorial department. DVD Vision Japan. . com/ 2004/ 09/ yuri-manga-chirality. Davey C. Retrieved 2007-12-04. com/ aika2. html). php?url=http:/ / activeanime. php?id=528). Retrieved 2007-11-21. . com/ search/ label/ Shoujo Sect). Retrieved 2009-07-28. themanime. com/ search/ label/ Aim for the Ace). "Stray Little Devil Vol 4 Review" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-01-27. Retrieved 2007-11-21. Yuricon. . OCLC 50898281. Anime News Network. . com/ 2007/ 10/ yuri-anime-el-cazador-end-of-season. "Yuri Anime: El Cazador. . blogspot. com/ search/ label/ Kaleido Star). "Yuri Works Catalog" (in Japanese). Erica. July 2007. Anime Explosion! The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation. us/ ?page_id=416).Disk 1 (English)" (http:/ / okazu. . [60] "Blue Review" (http:/ / www. blogspot. Retrieved 2008-09-26. html) (in Japanese). com/ reviews2/ manga/ manga. The other is Aika kissing a woman she thinks is a man. Chris. . archive. php). California: Stone Bridge Press. . . org/ viewreview. bibalex. net/ reviews_anime. Retrieved 2008-01-07. #3 Review" (http:/ / www. "Ikki Tousen The Complete Thinpack Collection" (http:/ / activeanime. Erica. "Steel Angel Kurumi 2 Review" (http:/ / www. Retrieved June 2. [77] Friedman. animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2007-11-29. THEM Anime Reviews. THEM Anime Reviews. . html). Eduardo M. . "Ikki Tosen Vol. ed (2008). Tokyo: Ichijinsha. [71] Friedman. Anime-Planet. (. com/ bluemanga. jp/ iono." [75] Friedman. html). Okazu. . MooNPhase. Derrick L. themanime. ASIN B000TCTTCY.. org/ web/ */ http:/ / activeanime. . Erica. animenewsnetwork. CAA: Christian Anime Alliance. ISBN 978-4-7580-7015-7. php?id=750). Retrieved 2007-11-21. blogspot. html). Manga. [64] Friedman. Erica (May 30. org/ viewreview. christiananime. anime-planet. Retrieved 2007-11-28. One kiss between the two Delmo leaders is almost all off camera. "Yuri Anime:I My Me Strawberry Egg" (http:/ / okazu. dvdvisionjapan. . . Mechademia: An Annual Forum for Anime.. blogspot. Erica. com/ 2008/ 02/ yuri-manga-girl-friends-volume-1. html). . Retrieved 2008-04-06. Okazu. Retrieved 2010-12-27.. org/ query. . . com/ cache/ ?url=http:/ / activeanime. Query Wayback (http:/ / wayback. Volume 1" (http:/ / okazu. but it's not what you are hoping for.) Later on in the series it’s learned that Tsukasa is a girl ([at first] Tsukasa doesn't even know this because his memory was fragmented ever since he was confined in the world). Retrieved 2007-11-21. ISBN 1-880656-72-8. "Kaleido Star" (http:/ / okazu. org/ viewreview." [67] "Media Blasters Adds Kishi's Maka-Maka Color Yuri Manga" (http:/ / www. Patrick (October 2002).O. Jeremy A. jp/ iono. "SLD is unorthodox in the way it almost has created a yuri story in the realm of knight and wizard filled fantasy. htm). 2011. AnimeOnDVD. umn. Okazu. Retrieved 2009-03-18. com/ reviews2/ disc_reviews/ 3409. [66] Chavez. Diane. . . archive. ASIN B0015S8XLO. Retrieved 2008-04-23. Comic Yuri Hime (9). animeondvd. org/ web/ 20080105054511/ http:/ / www. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-06-23. March 2008. com/ news/ 2009-03-17/ sasameki-koto-yuri-manga-gets-tv-anime-green-lit).. Yen Press. Retrieved 2008-04-23. THEM Anime Reviews. Erica. 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2007-11-28. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. .. Yuri Works File. "Shōjo Sect" (http:/ / okazu. DVD Vision Japan. End of Season Review" (http:/ / okazu. [76] "R. org/ web/ */ http:/ / activeanime. Active Anime. com/ html/ 2007/ 10/ 04/ ikki-tousen-the-complete-thinpak-collection/ ).. com/ news/ 2008-06-23/ media-blasters-adds-kishi-maka-maka-color-yuri-manga). [56] "Sasameki Koto Yuri Manga Gets TV Anime Green-Lit" (http:/ / www. htm). com/ news/ 2009-03-06/ takako-shimura-aoi-hana-school-manga-gets-tv-anime). Tucker. Retrieved 2009-03-18. Marc (2006). THEM Anime Reviews.com. yuricon. But when they do find out. [57] "Takako Shimura's Aoi Hana Yuri Manga Gets TV Anime" (http:/ / www. upress. "Aim for the Ace" (http:/ / okazu. [62] Lau. com/ reviews/ a69. com/ html/ 2007/ 10/ 04/ ikki-tousen-the-complete-thinpak-collection/ ) WebCite (http:/ / www. php?id=674). [74] ". html). [63] "Yuri Hime Scoop Land" (in Japanese). [73] Tiu. blogspot. "The Yin and Yang of Schoolgirl Experiences: Maria-sama ga miteru and Azumanga Daioh" (http:/ / www. Erica. Retrieved 2009-03-25." [82] Beard. [72] "Yuri 101" (http:/ / www. "Revolutionary Girl Utena Anime Box Set . Retrieved 2007-11-14. Comic Yuri Hime S (4). "During the anime the characters Tsukasa and Subaru fall in love. " [101] Friedman. com/ search/ label/ Cutey Honey). AfterEllen. 8. Erica. net/ 182. [108] Friedman. . Volume 1" (http:/ / okazu. "Yuri Manga: Bakaretsu Tenshi. org/ viewreview. [85] Welker. php?ID=29311). T. html). [93] Friedman. RPGnet. . com/ anime/ review_85. Don. blogspot. [86] Friedman. com/ news/ 2008-08-07/ maria-holic-manga-confirmed-to-get-tv-anime). htmlp). [110] "Doki Doki School Hours" (http:/ / www. . com/ title/ tt0406463/ plotsummary). Retrieved 2009-10-25. #3 Review" (http:/ / www. Erica. Erika. [92] Friedman. "It's a military show that's not a military show (. . "Some scenes of girls in bathing suits and lingerie. . "Top Ten Yuri Anime of 2009" (http:/ / okazu. Retrieved 2008-04-23. Animefringe. html). com/ 2007/ 04/ yuri-anime-best-student-council-volume. . Retrieved 2008-11-25. James.) with an aliens invasion storyline that's tied to lesbianism and consuming mass quantities of food. Lesbian themes. "Anime Review of Tactical Roar" (http:/ / www. Erica (2008-11-10). "Strike Witches Anime" (http:/ / okazu. com/ search/ label/ Loveless). ISBN 978-0-8166-5266-2. . "Seraphim Call Review" (http:/ / www. "As with other genre picks.com. com/ 2008/ 03/ yuri-anime-mnemosyne-ova-2. "Jenny.Yuri 179 [84] Friedman. animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2009-07-28. Australian National University. . Volume 2" (http:/ / okazu. Retrieved 2010-05-13. com/ review/ najica-blitz-tactics/ dvd-1). Okazu. Retrieved 2009-02-16. html). html). this show is full of panty shots.E. "Nanoha" (http:/ / okazu. Retrieved 2008-05-19. Casey (2009-01-02). Retrieved 2008-04-23. com/ 2009/ 02/ strike-witches-anime. Retrieved 2008-04-23." [88] Brown. html). In Lunning. "Yes. Volume 1" (http:/ / okazu. html). "Cosplay Complex Review" (http:/ / www. html). . au/ archive/ apq3/ James_Welker. html?PHPSESSID=6a24d8a9808cc0aebe33596b01c6310a). Rebecca (2005). [95] Houston.H. com/ product/ 1157/ ConfidentialConfessions/ 4. Chris. . html). blogspot. blogspot. com/ magazine/ 2004/ 07/ review/ 02. tokyopop. blogspot. AnimeOnDVD. html). Retrieved 2008-02-04. [102] "Maze TV" (http:/ / www. "Revolutionary Romance: The Rose of Versailles and the Transformation of Shōjo Manga" (http:/ / www. com/ 2005/ 05/ yuri-manga-bakaretsu-tenshi-volume-2. com/ Arts_and_Culture/ Anime-Review-of-Tactical-Roar). otakureview. . blogspot. "Yuri Anime: Best Student Council. . Okazu. with the lesbian bent of Akane from KOR.M. html)." [99] "Maria Holic Manga Confirmed to Get TV Anime" (http:/ / www. "Madlax: Complete Collection Review" (http:/ / www. "Yuri Manga: Bakuretsu Tenshi. . 2. "Loveless" (http:/ / okazu. edu. Volume 2" (http:/ / okazu. "Solude is exactly like Fuuko-chan from Flame of Recca (or heck. [90] Frost. . com/ 2008/ 02/ yuri-manga-kyoshiro-to-towa-no-sora. Anime News Network. animenewsnetwork. a rabid Italian lesbian with cat fangs who loves Athena. Networks of Desire. p. blogspot. [87] Brienza. there were some hinted at lesbian overtures but nothing as overt as expected. upskirt camera angles and a slight lesbian overtone. com/ reviews2/ disc_reviews/ 3369. Volume 2" (http:/ / okazu. Retrieved 2008-04-23. . Retrieved 2008-04-23. animeondvd. com/ 2004/ 03/ yuri-manga-sukeban-deka. . . groundreport. . "Yuri Manga: Kyoshiro to Towa no Sora. 2009)." [91] Friedman. blogspot. html). "Yuri Anime: Bubblegum Crisis/Bugglegum Crash" (http:/ / okazu. com/ review/ sasami/ magical-girls-club/ dvd-season-one). pp. [98] "Steel Angel Kurumi Vol. blogspot.Angel On My Shoulder Review" (http:/ / web. Retrieved 2009-07-26.10–11. Erica.com. com/ reviews/ read. DVD Talk. 1 . Retrieved 2011-03-17. [89] "Lady Snowblood Review" (http:/ / www. Okazu. dvdtalk. [106] Crocker. html) on 2007-05-15. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2010-12-27. [94] Friedman. animefringe. "Stratos 4 Vol. Okazu. blogspot. 2004). weaponry-wise). com/ search/ label/ Nanoha). themanime. afterellen. blogspot. archive. html). phtml). Okazu. net/ reviews/ archive/ 12/ 12135. [105] Friedman. com/ 2008/ 11/ yuri-manga-choir-volume-1. blogspot. [97] Friedman. com/ 2005/ 02/ bubblegum-crisisbugglegum-crash." [96] Friedman. Retrieved 2008-03-18. "From The Cherry Orchard to Sakura no Sono: Translating Sexual Identities" (http:/ / apq. blogspot. Erica. [104] Friedman. "Yuri Anime: Koihime Musou" (http:/ / okhttp:/ / okazu. html). Erica (February 12. Retrieved 2008-04-23." [107] Friedman. Deborah (2007). php?id=193). Erica. html). org/ web/ 20070515001158/ www. Retrieved 2007-11-15. animenewsnetwork. html). com/ 2005/ 10/ yuri-manga-bakuretsu-tenshi-vol-3. "Sasami: Magical Girls Club Review" (http:/ / www. com/ archive/ ellen/ Print/ 2005/ 8/ yuri3. Retrieved 2008-01-13. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 12/ top-ten-yuri-anime-of-2009. Erica. Volume 1" (http:/ / okazu.. imdb. GroundReport. Tokyopop. "Yuri Manga: Sukeban Deka" (http:/ / okazu. blogspot. php). Okazu. Retrieved 2008-04-23. ." [103] "Confidential Confessions Volume 4" (http:/ / www.." [112] Shamoon. Erica. 2004-10-08. upress. Erika. . Mechademia. Okazu. . edu/ Books/ L/ lunning_mechademia2. Asagiri Priss. Erica. blogspot. net/ 182. [100] Beveridge. University of Minnesota Press. "Najica Blitz Tactics DVD 1 Review" (http:/ / www. Can. . umn. Retrieved 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2007-11-28. com/ 2008/ 09/ yuri-anime-koihime-musou. Janet. com/ 2005/ 04/ bakuretsu-tenshi-volume-1. Asian-Stuff. rpg. Retrieved 2008-04-23. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. . . "An Introduction to Yuri Manga and Anime (page 3)" (http:/ / www. Erica (March 3. . Retrieved 2009-07-23. Frenchy. Retrieved 2007-11-15. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2007-11-20. asian-stuff. . Retrieved 2007-11-30. "Cutey Honey" (http:/ / okazu. otakureview. "Yuri Manga: Bakaretsu Tenshi. . . IMDb. . Otaku Review. . . Marc. Retrieved 2007-12-01. [111] Divers. "Yuri Manga: Choir!. . html). 2008-08-07. "Probably the most annoying recurring interaction is An-An's puppy love infatuation with Tsukasa. "and the rival maid who is a lesbian. Allen. [109] Tran. php). anu. Okazu. Okazu. Anime Reviews. "Yuri Anime: Mnemosyne 2" (http:/ / okazu. [132] Friedman. Erica. blogspot. . com/ 2008/ 02/ he-is-my-master-manga-volume-1. the first two seasons of Pretty Cure illustrated co-star Nagisa's crush on her classmate Shōjo Fujimura. org/ web/ 20071107174426/ http:/ / www. org/ viewreview. com/ 2008/ 02/ another-anime-with-yuri-in-it-touka. Okazu. Retrieved 2007-11-21.com. com/ dvd-of-the-week/ 2003/ 07-31-2003. php?module=prodreviews& func=showcontent& id=659) on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2007-11-28. com/ index. Volume 1 (English)" (http:/ / okazu.com. . (1998). Volume 8 (English)" (http:/ / okazu. Susan J. [120] Ross. com/ 2007/ 07/ yuri-anime-ninja-nonsense-volume-4. Retrieved 2008-04-23. "Further examples come later when Kirie runs into Kosame in episode 4. and thus we get another character insight when we learn that Kosame is a lesbian and fancies Kirie. "Ultimate Girls Review" (http:/ / www. DVD Vision Japan. #5 Review" (http:/ / www. blogspot. html). "Furthermore. Anime Jump. themanime. [133] Friedman." [123] Anderson. . Volume 1" (http:/ / okazu. php?contentid=57458). . Volume 1 (English)" (http:/ / okazu. html). [114] Friedman. Cambridge University Press. [117] Ellinwood. [118] Friedman. 2007). . Retrieved 2008-04-23. Martin. . "Project Ako Review" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-04-23. Erica." [124] Napier. Retrieved 2007-12-04. "DVD of the Week (07-31-03): Excel Saga" (http:/ / www. htm)." [131] Erica Friedman (2006-12-06). Retrieved 2008-04-23. "He is My Master Manga. blogspot. Yegulalp. "Negima" (http:/ / okazu. animenewsnetwork. "Yuri Anime: Queen's Blade Anime. php?id=390). 1-3 Review" (http:/ / web. . Retrieved 2007-11-29. pp. com/ html/ content/ view/ 2497/ 57/ ). DVD Times. Chris. 2008). themanime. and all of the people on the ship were women. Matthew. Bko is a lesbian. Retrieved 2007-11-15. blogspot. "Vampires. . [129] Friedman. 97 and p. Retrieved 2008-04-22. dvdtimes. [116] Friedman. . Erica. [115] Crandol. "Puni Puni Poemy Review" (http:/ / www. php). blogspot. . org/ viewreview. Retrieved 2007-12-03. php?id=149). com/ search/ label/ Negima). Retrieved 2007-12-04. com/ 2010/ 12/ queens-blade-anime-volume-1-english. dvdvisionjapan. Okazu. Mike. Flying Women and Sailor Scouts". thegline. com/ index. TheGline. AnimeOnDVD. . "Excel Saga DVD 4 Review" (http:/ / www. [122] "Is Pretty Cure the Next Sailor Moon?" (http:/ / www. THEM Anime. Retrieved 2008-03-18. [121] Friedman. "Godannar Vol. html). com/ 2006/ 12/ yuri-manga-rakka-ryuusui. Kevin. ." [128] Beveridge. "Yuri Manga: Rakka Ryuusui" (http:/ / okazu. co. Lesley. a security maid with dark skin. Seven Seas Entertainment. . php?contentid=59200). ISBN 0521631289. . Carlos. "The maids are rounded out by Yashima. com/ news/ features_vvv_01. [125] Gilvear. Serdar. dvdtimes. blogspot. . com/ 2004/ 12/ yuri-anime-uta-kata-revisited. Mike. animenation.. html). htm). Retrieved 2007-11-21. . a speech impediment. uk/ content. html). Psychic Girls. Erica (February 12. Retrieved 2008-04-22. . php). Shifting Boundaries and Global Culture. Anime News Network. The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender. In Martinez. blogspot. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. . "Yuri Manga: High School Girls. "Iczer-One Review" (http:/ / www. com/ reviews/ display. Retrieved 2007-11-21. AnimeNation.com.Yuri 180 [113] Thom. Okazu. Okazu. animeondvd. Erica. Retrieved 2008-04-23. php?module=prodreviews& func=showcontent& id=659). . . Erica. html). Retrieved 2007-11-28." [126] Smith. animeondvd. "Yuri Anime: Uta-Kata Revisited" (http:/ / okazu. Active Anime. animejump. com/ reviews2/ disc_reviews/ 5223. Erica. animejump. "Family Complex Review" (http:/ / www. Dolores P. "There is no explicit yuri content in the manga. Volume 4 (English)" (http:/ / okazu. "Girls Bravo Volume 1 Review" (http:/ / www. "Yuri Manga: Red Garden. co. blogspot. . Retrieved 2007-11-15. com/ 2007/ 04/ yuri-manga-red-garden-volume-1. Retrieved 2007-12-08. blogspot. "Another Anime With Yuri In It: Touka Gettan" (http:/ / okazu. com/ 2007/ 06/ yuri-manga-high-school-girls-volume-8. . Holly. [127] "Venus Versus Virus Ultimate Guide" (http:/ / gomanga. [134] Friedman. . AnimeOnDVD. html). php). Okazu. and frequently hinted at a developing lesbian affection between the two female stars. THEM Anime Reviews. php?id=797). [119] Jones. html). Retrieved 2007-11-30.107. archive. and a lesbian crush on Konoe. "Yuri Anime: Ninja Nonsense. but the pages are full of subtext. com/ reviews2/ disc_reviews/ 6391. uk/ content. in love with Cko. Tim. Erica (April 19. "El-Hazard OVA Vol. [130] Toole. #3 Review" (http:/ / www. "Yes. DVD Times. net/ blog/ 2007/ 05/ 23/ ask-john-is-pretty-cure-the-next-sailor-moon/ ). "Hanaukyo Maid Team: La Verite vols. Retrieved 2011-02-07. activeanime. com/ ako. org/) • Small Call (http://smallcall.Yuri 181 External links • Shōjo-ai Archive (http://www. (Japanese) .net/yuri/) List of all the yuri-related dōjinshi circles present in Comiket since 2001.com/) • Yuricon (http://www.net/) Group of one-hundred yuri dōjinshi circles that will be present in Comitia 84. (Japanese) • Yuribu (http://yuribu.shoujoai.yuricon. 1945 Wajima. Japan Residence Japan Nationality Japanese Occupation Manga artist Known for Harenchi Gakuen Mazinger Z Cutie Honey Devilman Violence Jack UFO Robot Grendizer Awards 4th Kodansha Manga Award Susano Oh Website [1] (Japanese) Dynamic Productions . France (2008-07-04). 182 Selected biographies Go Nagai Go Nagai (永井豪) Go Nagai at Japan Expo 2008. Ishikawa. Born Kiyoshi Nagai (永井潔) September 6. Paris. horror and erotica.[7] [8] [9] After he graduated from the Metropolitan Itabashi High School of Tokyo. Devilman.[4] [12] [13] However. and soon healed. he went to the hospital. his work was noticed by Shōnen Sunday. he was influenced by the work of Gustave Doré (specifically. Since 2009.[7] The trial manga was about a science fiction ninja. which contacted Shotaro Ishinomori.[12] . it started at 15 or 16 pages and ended up being 88 pages long after a year. Kuro no Shishi. 1987. Aware of his own mortality. but commented that the design was too chunky and should improve it a little. he became a Character Design professor at the Osaka University of Arts. While he was still in his early childhood. a Japanese edition of the Divine Comedy) and Osamu Tezuka (his brother Yasutaka gave him a copy of Lost World). Life Go Nagai in his studio. photo by Sally Larsen Early life Go Nagai was born on September 6. in the magazine Comic Ran TWINS Sengoku Busho Retsuden (コミック乱 TWINS 戦国武将列伝) by LEED. is a Japanese manga artist and a prolific author of science fiction. fantasy. He was determined to create one work of manga in what he thought were his last months. where he was diagnosed with catarrh of the colon. but is best known for creating Cutie Honey.[10] Convinced that he would continue working on manga.[10] With the help of his brother Yasutaka. In 2005.[5] and the fourth of five brothers. Nagai was 19 years old when he made this work. he suffered a severe case of diarrhea for 3 weeks. he wanted to leave some evidence that he had lived. he created his first manga works. Nagai was invited to become an assistant with Ishinomori and this work was forgotten until 2007.[9] Ishinomori saw this work and praised Nagai for it.[4] As a child. he is a member of Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize's nominating committee.[7] [11] Aiming to be a manga artist. 1945 [3] —in the Ishikawa Prefecture city of Wajima. and Mazinger Z in the 1970s. his mother secretly convinced publishers to reject them. he along with his mother and his four brothers moved to Tokyo after the premature passing of his father. despite the opposition of his mother.[2] He made his professional debut in 1967 with Meakashi Polikichi. he submitted his works for publication finding many rejected.[6] His family had just returned from Shangai. despite the fact that his mother opposed his manga career. While passing his ronin year in a prep school in order to aim at the Waseda University. under the name Satsujinsha (殺刃者(さつじんしゃ)). Tokyo.[14] His professional career began in 1967.[11] Thanks to some trial manga he created with the help of his brother Yasutaka. and was untitled at that time. when it was published for the first time.[6] he entered the world of manga. born September 6. 1945 in Wajima. better known by the penname Go Nagai (永井 豪 Nagai Gō). by doing something that he liked as a child: working on manga.[4] He is the son of Yoshio and Fujiko Nagai (永井芳雄・冨士子). Ishikawa). But this was the turning point in his life. he stopped attending school after three months and started living as a ronin. he was finally accepted in the studio of Ishinomori in 1965.[10] It is said that when the young Nagai submitted his tables to publishers.[9] and was a prototype for a different story.Go Nagai 183 Kiyoshi Nagai (永井潔 Nagai Kiyoshi.[10] As Nagai prepared for the task. Two or three days later. This would change with Harenchi Gakuen. Many parents. [20] The manga became so popular that several live-action films and TV series based on the manga were developed. he never drew sex scenes. while not entirely false. being the first for Nagai [19] and making Shōnen Jump sell more than one million copies. [20] His fans supported him throughout the PTA protests. leading the newly born Shōnen Jump magazine to sell millions of copies per week. [18] As a result of the protests. also published in 1967 in the same magazine. however. [26] At first. Nagai was invited to be one of the first manga artists publishing in the new magazine. [18] In 1968. Nagai didn't think that the opposition was against him. Nagai changed the theme in Harenchi Gakuen into a more mature and serious matter. At that time. [2] [19] [20] [21] [22] opened the door to a new era in Manga [21] and also became the symbol of an entire generation. From nonsense gags with sexy touchs. [15] This work has influenced Japanese society radically. he met with a big success. Nagai was bombarded with interview requests from newspapers. magazines and TV. He. but also against the TV series. in order to compete with other magazines from rival companies (like Shōnen Magazine from Kodansha and Shōnen Sunday from Shogakukan). it is a very innocent series by today's standards. completely changing the common perceptions of manga. but things soon changed. Harenchi Gakuen is considered as probably the work that has had the most influence in the world of manga at the end of the 1960s. TV cameras were waiting for him. Japanese manga had been relatively tame affairs. avoided pictures of genitals and made nudes cute rather than sexy. since he had to design a long running series instead of the autoconclusive short stories that he had been developing until that point. Nagai was the first to introduce eroticism in modern manga and became the creator of modern erotic manga. After being an unknown manga artist. symbol of freedom and of rejection of the . since he always knew when to draw the line and was aware of the standards that applied with movies and similar things for an audience below 18 years old. when the series was about to be cancelled because of the PTA. he became a protagonist of televised debates and journalistic investigations. His first works consisted entirely of short gag comedy manga. [24] A scandalous manga in its time. women's associations. which would not be actually published until 1978. and PTAs protested. Little Monster Yadamon).[5] [15] a very short gag comedy oneshot. [20] The protests were not only against the manga. it met with severe criticism by some parts of the Japanese society. Male students and teachers were depicted as being preoccupied with catching glimpses of girls' panties or naked bodies. while Shueisha was getting prepared to launch its first manga publication. He contemplated this. published in November 1967 in the magazine Bokura by Kodansha. what Nagai really made two years earlier than Meakashi Polikichi. Shōnen Jump. the PTA protests over Harenchi Gakuen were notorious. [24] But at the time of his original publication. Harenchi Gakuen was criticized as vulgar because it introduced overt eroticism to children. [23] Until Harenchi Gakuen. Whenever he flew outside of Tokyo. this was followed by the manga adaptation of Tomio Sagisu's TV anime Chibikko Kaiju Yadamon (ちびっこ怪獣ヤダモン. First success and controversies In less than a year after debuting. This led to the famous ending of Harenchi Gakuen.[4] He accepted and the series became a big success. [15] With Harenchi Gakuen.[17] A common misconception is that Kuro No Shishi (Black Lion) was his first manga work.[16] Almost at the same time. had a clear sense of what things he could or could not do with the manga. They sent him letters where they expressed how they were aware that the adults cracking down on them were reading raunchier stuff than what Nagai was producing.Go Nagai 184 First works After working as assistant of Shotaro Ishinomori. to a full scale war where murder was depicted in the bloody way for which many know him. The PTA even managed to prevent the distribution of the magazine in some parts of Japan. was only a draft for what would later be Kuro no Shishi. He was branded a "nuisance" and even an "enemy of society". [25] In particular. his very first professional manga work was Meakashi Polikichi (目明しポリ吉 also 目明かしポリ吉). A little before that. varying only in the thematic. ダイナミックプロ). and also his second manga.[4] It would start as a yugen kaisha (limited company) and would change to a kabushiki kaisha (stock company) in 1970. 1968–1972. Nagai would be given the chance to write a full serial of an occult horror story called Mao Dante. was founded by Go Nagai with his brothers in April. where he received almost no royalties derived from the TV series. where all students & teachers. which would in turn mark the beginning of his most famous horror work.Go Nagai 185 hypocrisy. in the series called Gensou Kyofu e Hanashi (幻想恐怖絵噺). Abashiri Ikka became a big success. films and gadgets related. which comprehends Africa no Chi (an original story of Yasutaka Tsutsui). Ken Ishikawa participated as assistant in Harenchi Gakuen. He temporary quit Dynamic Productions in 1970. Dynamic Productions (ダイナミックプロダクション.Abashiri Ikka (あばしり一家) was created. in 1971 came the horror oneshot Susumu-chan Dai Shock about a violent collapse of the parent-child relationships.[2] His use of violence and gross humour was widely loathed in many corners of Japan's society and became a concern for many PTAs at the time. This was the ironic answer that Nagai gave to the PTA. This type of content would be a trend in most of Nagai's later work and in . Devilman. graphic violence in kid's manga for the first time in Japan. With the success of Harenchi Gakuen and Abashiri Ikka. In parallel with those activities as assistant. [28] 1969. Gakuen Bangaichi (1969-09-08 ~ 1970-09-22). The series temporary ended dramatically when all the characters died during a massacre. Meant to be a group to help him with his works. also known as Dynamic Production or Dynamic Pro. but this time war between youths and adults was the main theme. Nagai remained writing mostly gag comedies. with the oneshot Oni -2889 Nen no Hanran-. most editors expected this kind of story from Nagai. Abashiri Ikka and Gakuen Taikutsu Otoko. which tells a science fiction story set in the year 2889 about a war between the race of Onis (who in this story are treated as a lower class) and the human beings. Change in genres Even with the changes in Harenchi Gakuen and other series. Ken Ishikawa joined the company. also known as Guerrilla High. Sasurai Gakuto (1970-01 ~ 1970-05). particularly in the last one.[5] He would become one of Nagai's regular partners and his best friend. This would start to change in 1970. [18] It was also around this time that he created Gakuen Taikutsu Otoko (ガクエン退屈男). who had been working with Nagai since the beginnings of Harenchi Gakuen.[5] The same year of the foundation of Dynamic Pro. After this. It wasn't the true ending of Harenchi Gakuen. another school-themed manga. the most popular series of Nagai's juvenile period. Dynamic became one of the first companies to require publishers the edition of contracts (even today many manga are designed and published only on the basis of verbal agreements). Both titles are a direct result of the PTA protests. he co-produces with Go Nagai what would be in fact his professional debut in manga. Style and works Further information: Bibliography of Go Nagai In his series Harenchi Gakuen (ハレンチ学園. being both a form of parody of what happened. and along with Harenchi Gakuen. Shameless School. A series of horror oneshots would follow. Schalken Gahaku (based in the famous story Strange Event in the Life of Schalken the Painter by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu) and Kuzureru. as a consequence of what happened with Harenchi Gakuen. as it would return to be published for several years. This prompted Nagai to end Gakuen Taikutsu Otoko and the story of this series would be left inconclusive. thus breaking taboos and becoming quite controversial. while defending their freedom of expression. Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine) Nagai used eroticism and extreme. in 1969. [27] Dynamic Productions Thanks to the success of Harenchi Gakuen. Dynamic Productions became a company established to manage Nagai's relations and contractual rights of his work. He would become Nagai's second assistant after Mitsuru Hiruta. A little before that. are killed by the PTA and other parental forces. Devil Lady in the US). This series is called Devilman Lady (デビルマンレディー. In 1980. or "Modern-Day Shameless School") in the mid-1990s. Devilman). He is currently being more prolific in manga production than ever. Abashiri Family). Much of Nagai's work has been adapted into anime and tokusatsu. Dynamic Productions' first titles were Getter Robo and Abashiri Ikka (あばしり一家.many years later . Success abroad In Italy. Manga artist Kentarou Miura claims that he likes Go Nagai's dynamic style and that Nagai had a big influence on him in an interview which was included as an extra in the fourth volume of the North American DVD release by Media Blasters in 2002. thus creating one of the biggest staples of the industry. Dynamic Productions. and the Middle East. . although the accompanying anime was popular on TV in some European countries. as being his life's work due to their massive popularity all over the world. Koshiro Kisaragi. including The Toxic Avenger Part II. Years later Nagai revamped this popular series by introducing the main character as a female and altering the storyline. Nagai also turned Devilman into a series which was less violent and gritty than the manga. One of Nagai's most popular works outside of his fanbase has been Cutey Honey. Nagai had less success a few years later with Majokko Tickle. Go Nagai started a company. Mazinger was the first manga where a giant robot was piloted by the hero. considered to be one of the first "magical girl" comics and a major influence on future series in the genre (in particular Sailor Moon). and has spanned numerous imitations.[29] Another long-running series. Grendizer was very popular when they aired. as well as several other live-action movies and an OVA version (Heisei Harenchi Gakuen. Violence Jack (ヴァイオレンス ジャック) spanned multiple volumes and dealt with a giant brute of a man fighting evil warlords in a post-apocalyptic setting where Japan has been devastated by a massive earthquake and isolated from the rest of the world. Debiruman (デビルマン. Nagai has made cameo appearances in some of his live-action adaptations of his work. Go Nagai considers the Devilman series. and in a special DVD-only episode of Cutie Honey: The Live as Dr. In 1970. a Mazinger Z statue has been erected in Tarragona. France. Influences Anime Director Hideaki Anno (Evangelion)cited Devilman as a source of inspiration for Evangelion during a conversation between him and Go Nagai published in Devilman Tabulae Anatomicae. he received the 4th Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen for Susano OH. Mazinger is considered the first successful "Super Robot" anime show. Simultaneously to Mazinger.Go Nagai 186 those of other directors such as Yoshiyuki Tomino.[30] Nagai has worked with Shotaro Ishinomori and Ken Ishikawa. to fund his manga and anime ventures. drawing and writing. It was first released as a manga and then later as an anime. and . later expanded into Great Mazinger. A Harenchi Gakuen live-action TV series followed in the early 1970s. In 1972. the Cutie Honey 2004 live action film. a more traditional magical-girl series for younger children. Grendizer. he created one of his most popular manga. where he developed the concept of giant mecha. After Harenchi Gakuen Nagai created the Mazinger Z (マジンガーZ) series.Mazinkaiser. They are still fondly remembered to this day. as well as the Mazinger series. It still stands even today. about a demonic hero fighting against hordes of demons. Nagai managed to have 5 weekly manga publications at the same time. This hasn't been achieved by other manga artists with the exception of Shinji Mizushima and George Akiyama. Movie Director Yoshihiro Nishimura (Tokyo Gore Police) claimed that he's a fan of Go Nagai's works in an interview with Sancho Asia and said that he wants to adapt Devilman into a live action movie since he didn't like the 2004 live action Devilman adaptation. In Spain. Shuten Douji)(OVA. Great Mazinger: Kessen! Daikaijuu (グレンダイザー・ゲッターロボG・グレートマジンガー 決戦!大海獣)(Movie. Getter Robot G. 1976-07-18) • Majokko Tickle (魔女っ子チックル)(TV series. 1992-08) • Hanappe Bazooka (花平バズーカ)(OVA. 1973-10-13) • Getter Robot (ゲッターロボ)(TV series. 1975-05-15) • Great Mazinger tai Getter Robot G: Kuuchuu Daigekitotsu (グレートマジンガー対ゲッターロボG 空中大激突. Beast-God Riger)(TV series. 1990-11-09) • Getter Robot Go (ゲッターロボ號)(TV series. Gloizer X)(TV series. 1983-07-06) • God Mazinger (ゴッドマジンガー)(TV series. 1973-10-04) • Cutie Honey (キューティーハニー. 1992-07) • Oira Sukeban (おいら女蛮(スケバン). Delinquent in Drag)(OVA. 1987-11-01) • Violence Jack: Evil Town (バイオレンスジャック 地獄街. Violence Jack: Slumking)(OVA. 1984-04-15) • Chounouryoku Shōjo Barabanba (超能力少女バラバンバ)(OVA. 1991-05-21) • Kekko Kamen (けっこう仮面)(OVA. 1974-09-08) • Great Mazinger tai Getter Robot (グレートマジンガー対ゲッターロボ)(Movie. Italy.Go Nagai 187 Anime titles created or based in the works of Go Nagai • Devilman (デビルマン)(TV series. 1975-07-26) • Koutetsu Jeeg (鋼鉄ジーグ)(TV series. Violence Jack: Hell's Wind)(OVA. Nagai himself confirmed that he was the creator of the robot in the Comicon 2007 of Naples. 1973-07-18) • Dororon Enma-kun (ドロロンえん魔くん)(TV series. 1991-02-21) • Abashiri Family (あばしり一家. Great Mazinger tai Getter Robo G: The Great Space Encounter)(Movie. 1975-10-05) • UFO Robot Grendizer tai Great Mazinger (UFOロボ グレンダイザー対グレートマジンガー)(Movie. 1975-07-26) • Uchuu Enban Daisensou (宇宙円盤大戦争. Sukeban Boy. 1974-04-04) • Mazinger Z tai Ankoku Daishougun (マジンガーZ対暗黒大将軍)(Movie. Violence Jack: Jigokugai)(OVA.[31] Eventually Nagai sued Toei and stopped further collaborations for some time. 1986-06) • Devilman: Tanjo Hen (デビルマン 誕生編. 1972-07-08) • Mazinger Z (マジンガーZ)(TV series. Dream Dimension Hunter Fandora)(OVA. Tetsu no Shōjo JUN)(OVA. 1988-12-21) • Juushin Liger (獣神ライガー. 1975-03-21) • Getter Robot G (ゲッターロボ G)(TV series. 1991-02-11) • CB Chara Nagai Go World (CBキャラ永井豪ワールド)(OVA. 1975-10-05) • UFO Robot Grendizer (UFOロボ グレンダイザー)(TV series. Cutey Honey)(TV series. 1972-12-03) • Mazinger Z tai Devilman (マジンガーZ対デビルマン)(Movie. 1976-04) Nagai had some problems with Toei and was left out of the credits. 1985-06-21) • Mujigen Hunter Fandora (夢次元ハンター ファンドラ. 1991-08-01) • Kyukioku no Sex Adventure Kamasutra (究極のSEXアドベンチャー カーマスートラ)(1992-04-24) • Iron Virgin Jun (鉄の処女JUN. 1974-07-25) • Great Mazinger (グレートマジンガー)(TV series. 1992-09) . 1976-03-20) • Daikyu Maryu Gaiking (大空魔竜ガイキング)(TV series. 1989-12) • Devilman: Yocho Sirène Hen (デビルマン 妖鳥シレーヌ編.[32] • Groizer X (グロイザーX. Devilman: The Birth)(OVA. 1985-09-21) • Violence Jack: Harem Bomber (バイオレンスジャック ハーレムボンバー. 1976-07-01) • Grendizer. 1990-02-25) • Violence Jack: Hell's Wind Hen (バイオレンスジャック ヘルスウインド編. Devilman: The Demon Bird)(OVA. 1978-03-06) • Psycho Armor Govarian (サイコアーマーゴーバリアン)(TV series. Abashiri Ikka)(OVA. 1989-03-11) • Shutendoji (手天童子. The Great Battle of the Flying Saucers)(Movie. 1990-10-25) • Kekko Kamen (けっこう仮面)(Movie. Getter Robo: Armageddon))(OVA. 1970-08-01) • Harenchi Gakuen: Tackle Kiss no Maki (ハレンチ学園 タックル・キッスの巻)(Movie. 1994-04) • Heisei Harenchi Gakuen (平成ハレンチ学園)(OVA.. 1976-10-04) • Pro-Wres no Hoshi Aztecaser (プロレスの星 アステカイザー)(TV series. 2011-04-07) This list is incomplete. 1998-08) • Devilman Lady (デビルマンレディー)(TV series. 1970-09-12) • Harenchi Gakuen (ハレンチ学園)(TV series. 1976-10-07) • X Bomber (Xボンバー. 1989-08-25) • Nagai Go no Kowai Zone 2: Senki (永井豪のこわいゾーン2 戦鬼)(Movie.. 2007-04) • Shin Mazinger Shougeki! Z Hen (真マジンガー 衝撃! Z編 )(TV series. 1997-07) • Shin Getter Robo: Sekai Saigo no Hi (真ゲッターロボ｢世界最後の日｣. 2000–12) • Mazinkaiser (マジンカイザー)(OVA. Kuso Kagaku Ninkyoden: Gokudo Ninja Dosuryu)(Movie. Tokusatsu/Live action created or based in the works of Go Nagai • Harenchi Gakuen (ハレンチ学園)(Movie. 1993-04-23) . 1992-08-28) • Kekko Kamen 3 (けっこう仮面3)(Movie. 1997-02) • Cutey Honey F (キューティーハニーF(ﾌﾗｯｼｭ))(Movie. 1991-03-22) • Bishōjo Tantei Maboroshi Panty (美少女探偵 まぼろしパンティ)(Movie. 1992-11) • New Cutey Honey (新・キューティーハニー. Mazinkaiser: Shitou! Ankoku Daishogun)(OVA. Shin Cutey Honey)(OVA. Shin Getter Robo)(OVA. 1991-11-25) • Kekko Kamen 2: We'll be back. 1971-01-03) • Battle Hawk (バトルホーク)(TV series. 1992-07-24) • Nagai Go no Horror Gekijo: Kirikagami (永井豪のホラー劇場 霧加神)(Movie.The Robonimation (パンダーゼット THE ROBONIMATION)(TV series. 1970-05-02) • Harenchi Gakuen: Shintai Kensa no Maki (ハレンチ学園 身体検査の巻)(Movie. Star Fleet)[TV series. 超宇宙マシーンエックスボンバー. Kuro no Shishi)(OVA. 1992-04-24) • Oira Sukeban: Kessen! Pansuto (おいら女蛮 決戦!パンス党)(Movie. 1998-10) • Amon: The Apocalypse of Devilman (デビルマン黙示録)(OVA. 2009-04) • Mazinkaizer SKL (マジンカイザーSKL)(OVA. 2003–07) • New Getter Robo (新ゲッターロボ. Super Space Machine X Bomber. 1996-03) • Harenchi Koumon Manyuuki (ハレンチ紅門マン遊記)(OVA. Mao Dante)(TV series. 2001–09) • Demon Lord Dante (魔王ダンテ. Kikoushi Enma)(OVA. 2004-04) • Panda-Z . 2000–05) • Shin Getter Robot tai Neo Getter Robot (真ゲッターロボ対ネオゲッターロボ)(OVA. 2010–11) • Dororon Enma-kun Meeramera (Dororonえん魔くん メ~ラめら)(TV series. 1980-10-04) • Nagai Go no Kowai Zone: Kaiki (永井豪のこわいゾーン 怪鬼)(Movie. 1992-03-27) • Nagai Go no Horror Gekijo: Mannequin (永井豪のホラー劇場 マネキン)(Movie. 2002–08) • Mazinkaiser: Death! The Great General of Darkness (マジンカイザー 死闘!暗黒大将軍. 1990-08-24) • The Ninja Dragon (空想科学任侠伝 極道忍者ドス竜. 2005–11) • Demon Prince Enma (鬼公子炎魔. けっこう仮面2 We’ll be back・・・)(Movie. 2004–07) • Gaiking Legend of Daiku-Maryu (ガイキング)(TV series. 2004-04) • Re: Cutie Honey (Re:キューティーハニー)(OVA. 1970-10-01) • Shin Harenchi Gakuen (新ハレンチ学園)(Movie.Go Nagai 188 • Black Lion (黒の獅士. Steel God Jeeg)(TV series. (けっこう仮面2. 1996-05) • Cutey Honey F (キューティーハニーF(ﾌﾗｯｼｭ))(TV series. 2006–08) • Koutetsushin Jeeg (鋼鉄神ジーグ. Go Nagai 189 • Jushin Thunder Liger: Fist of Thunder (獣神サンダーライガー 怒りの雷鳴 FIST OF THUNDER)(Movie. 2004-10-09) • Kekko Kamen Returns (けっこう仮面 RETURNS)(Movie. 2007-10-02) • Abashiri Ikka: The movie (あばしり一家 THE MOVIE)(Movie. Kekko Kamen: The MGF Strikes Back!)(Movie. 2006-02-04) • Kekko Kamen Royale (けっこう仮面 ロワイヤル)(Movie. 1997-04-21) • Lovely Angel: Homon Soap Degozaimasu (ラブリー・エンジェル 訪問ソープでございます)(Movie. 2004-10-31) • Kekko Kamen Surprise!! (けっこう仮面 SURPRISE)(Movie. 2009-11-21) Additionally.. 2004-02-06) • Nagai Go World: Maboroshi Panty VS Henchin Pokoider (永井豪ワールド まぼろしパンティVSへんちんポコイダー)(Movie. 2004–07-23) • Devilman (デビルマン)(Movie. 2007-06-22) • Kekko Kamen Forever (けっこう仮面 フォーエバー)(Movie. . 2007-07-27) • Cutie Honey The Live (キューティーハニー THE LIVE)(TV series. 1996-02-02) • Kyuketsu Onsen e Yokoso (吸血温泉にようこそ)(Movie. 2005-07-16) • Oira Sukeban (おいら女蛮)(Movie. (1992) • Nagai Go no Horror Gekijo: Mannequin (1992) • Oira Sukeban: Kessen! Pansuto (1992) • Mirai no Omoide: Last Christmas (1992) • Metropolis (anime) (2001) Guest voice • Kekko Kamen (2004) • Nagai Go World: Maboroshi Panty VS Henchin Pokoider (2004) • Cutie Honey (2004) • Devilman (2004) • Cutie Honey The Live (2007) episode 26 (DVD-only episode) This list is incomplete. Nagai appears as an actor in the following productions: • The Toxic Avenger Part II (1989) • Nijisseiki Shōnen Dokuhon (1989) • Kekko Kamen 2: We'll be back. 1997-09-26) • Lovely Angel 2: Taiketsu! Homon Soap Jo vs Shuccho SM Jo!! (ラブリー・エンジェル2 対決!訪問ソープ嬢vs出張SM嬢!!)(Movie. 2004-05-10) • Cutie Honey (キューティーハニー)(Movie. 2004-10-31) • Kabuto-O Beetle (兜王ビートル)(Movie.. 2004-05-29) • Kekko Kamen: Mangriffon no Gyakushu (けっこう仮面 マングリフォンの逆襲. Mask of Kekkou)(Movie. 1995-02-21) • Heisei Harenchi Gakuen (平成ハレンチ学園)(Movie. 1997-11-28) • Kekko Kamen (けっこう仮面. 2007-05-25) • Kekko Kamen Premium (けっこう仮面 プレミアム)(Movie. co.Nagai Go. Retrieved 2008-03-29. .L'autore" (http:/ / www. html) (in Japanese). Retrieved 2008-01-25.Go Nagai 190 References [1] http:/ / www. The World of Go Nagai. . . "La Sirena a strisce. sfwj. mainichi. jp/ goldrake/ autore. org/ web/ 20080606023954/ http:/ / www. . Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan. Federico (1996).Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. Retrieved 2008-09-21. Il potere e la gloria. it/ dettagliospeciale/ 45961) (in Italian)." (http:/ / cartoonmag. . d/visual. festival internazionale del fumetto e dell'animazione" (http:/ / lnx. html). nikkeibp. html) (in Italian). [25] Ito. . php?action=harenchi) on 2007-10-31. php?ind=reviews& op=entry_view& iden=162) (in Spanish). html). Retrieved 2008-04-02.Nikkei Business Publications. . co. Cutie Honey Nado Kyosho . The Journal of Popular Culture (Blackwell Publishing) 38 (3): 456. html) on 2007-12-29. . Whipart Onlus. [4] "L'AUTORE / CHI E' GO NAGAI" (http:/ / web.0022-3840. jp/ manga/ sakuhin/ m074/ m074_01. Retrieved 2008-04-12. org/ web/ 20071031161023/ http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-03-29. doi:10. . Divertimento. com/ my_weblog/ 2007/ 06/ enemies_of_soci.it . mazingerz. Kinko (2005-02). blackwell-synergy. mazingerz. [7] "Go Nagai . Gonagainet. [12] Crispino. org/ web/ 20080317060218/ http:/ / mdn. Retrieved 2008-04-12. The World of Go Nagai. [13] Di Pino. jp/ esb/ docs/ special/ 200711_bible/ index2. Stone Bridge Press. [20] Connel. ilpotereelagloria. Retrieved 2008-03-29. com/ DYNAMIC/ WEDDING. Retrieved 2008-01-25. archive. [18] Colpi. D/visual. php?action=harenchi) (in Italian). [9] "Manga Kakumei 40 Nen Nagai Go Tokushu" (http:/ / www. it/ artivisive/ 3328/ comicon-festival-fumetto-animazione-napoli. com/ GAG/ YADAMON. Retrieved 2008-04-15. . . Mainichi Newspapers Co. "Go Monkey . 40 nen Bun no Sakuhingunga Ichido Ni" (http:/ / trendy. . d-world. Seven and Y Corp. htm). goldrake. org/ web/ 20071229194605/ http:/ / www. mainichi. The World of Go Nagai. html) (in Italian).NEXTA Media Srl. or. CartoonMag. Retrieved 2008-04-12. Mision Tokyo. 2007-08-24. jp/ member/ NAGAI-GO. . x?cookieSet=1). org/ web/ 20071229194605/ http:/ / www. Retrieved 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-05-15. Ryan (2007-03-30). org/ index. jp/ article/ pickup/ 20071226/ 1005726/ ?ST=ent& P=4) (in Japanese). Il mondo di Go Nagai.. divertimento. archive. "Hypersexual Psychoviolence! The Dynamic World of Go Nagai" (http:/ / books. "Go Nagai. "40-year veteran of ecchi manga Go Nagai says brains more fun than boobs" (http:/ / web. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Giovanni (2002-03-11). [21] "Tezuka Osamu @ World . Retrieved 2008-04-02. Fred (2004). com/ doi/ full/ 10. . Susanna (2007-05-26). jp/ [2] Lambiek Comiclopedia. d-world.2005. html) (in Japanese). . co. Il Comicon. Retrieved 2008-03-29. d-world. mazingerz. jp/ culture/ waiwai/ archive/ news/ 2007/ 03/ 20070330p2g00m0dm024000c.x. ISBN 978-1-880656-92-1. The Song for Apollo. [8] Rafaelli. com/ special/ nagai/ 2007/ top-nagai. . html) (in Japanese). 2005. nikkansports. [15] "L'AUTORE / CHI E' GO NAGAI" (http:/ / web. . [5] "GO HISTORY" (http:/ / www. php?ppid=275850) (in Italian). Lambiek.. html) (in italian). Retrieved 2008-03-29. The World of Go Nagai. 00123. "SERIE TV . 194. jp/ dv/ gonagai. google. html) (in Italian). [10] "7 & Y .. Reading Manga. info/ serietv/ nagai-go. . Retrieved 2008-03-29. [22] "Harenchi Gakuen : Il manga" (http:/ / gonagainet. . "La parola al papá di Goldrake . . com/ biografie/ Go-Nagai) (in Italian). . Retrieved 2008-01-25. repubblica. Retrieved 2008-03-13. com/ 2007/ 08/ harenchi-gakuen-il-manga. tezuka. altervista. 2007-03-03. jp/ goldrake/ autore. "Comic Creator: Gô Nagai" (http:/ / lambiek. . jp/ culture/ waiwai/ archive/ news/ 2007/ 03/ 20070330p2g00m0dm024000c. html) (in Japanese). [24] "HARENCHI GAKUEN / SCUOLA SENZA PUDORE" (http:/ / web. [6] "Happywedding Go & Sumiko" (http:/ / www. SF.Il potere e la gloria" (http:/ / web. 2007-03-30. com/ biografie/ Go-Nagai) on 2008-06-06. com/ magazine/ kodanshaBOKU. html) (in Italian). typepad. com/ index. . [26] Alt.Colloquio con Go Nagai" (http:/ / xl. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=275& Itemid=102) (in Italian). whipart. Dynamic Italia Srl.net . [16] "Kodansha magazine" (http:/ / www. "A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society" (http:/ / www. ilpotereelagloria. [3] Patten. Retrieved 2008-03-29. [17] "Yadamon" (http:/ / www. Luca. "Il grande Go Nagai" (http:/ / www. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. d-world.Mazinger Z. html) on 2008-03-17. Nikkan Sports News. [19] "Harenchi Gakuen" (http:/ / www. 7andy. jp/ goldrake/ autore. e. it/ articoli/ 2002/ 03/ 11/ 275833. Retrieved 2008-04-12. Trendy.intervista integrale. jp/ goldrake/ autore. La Repubblica . [11] Scalambra.00123. html) (in Japanese). . dynamicproduction. com/ books?id=u3K0z7s0Z7cC& lpg=PA194& pg=PA194). [14] "Hikken . archive. html) (in Japanese).1111/j. Angelo (2007-05-22).Manga works" (http:/ / en. serious. Archived from the original (http:/ / mdn. misiontokyo. Gag. html). D/visual. [23] "Nagai Go (Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan)" (http:/ / www. . Watching Anime.. 1111/ j. com/ MrGO/ MrGO. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.Nagai Go Debut 40 Shunen Kinen Kikaku Nagai Go Senshu" (http:/ / www. . blogspot. Fantasy Nadode Fan Miryo. html). d-world. mazingerz. 2007-12-26. archive. d-world. Retrieved 2008-09-21. Devilman. Tezuka Productions. jp/ dv/ gonagai. html) on 2007-12-29. Matt (2007-06-16).a short excerpt of the Monkey Punch interview by Go Nagai" (http:/ / altjapan. p. Retrieved 2008-04-11. net/ artists/ n/ nagai_go. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. archive. 0022-3840. com/encyclopedia/people.org/revelations.html). Enciclo'Robopedia. shtml).org/~bchow/gonagai/) • Go Nagai (http://www. Retrieved 2008-03-06. [30] Joel Hahn. hahnlibrary.Dynamic Italie (http://www. with lists and pictures of various Nagai and Nagai-related works.or. hahnlibrary. as well as other works based on his original ideas. 2007. co. php?action=aba) (in Italian). .aspx?tabid=610).com/GO. An Essay on Devilman by Go Nagai (http://www. html) (in Japanese).animenewsnetwork. • (Italian) Enciclo'Robopedia .jp/goldrake/autore. archive. [28] "Dynamic Pro Company Overview" (http:/ / www.eu/Default.jp/member/NAGAI-GO.sfwj. Retrieved 2007-08-21. asp) (in Italian). jp/ d-pro_gaiyo.sfwj. detailed production information . Archived from the original (http:/ / www.terrediconfine. AnimeClick. archive. jp/ dv/ gonagai. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. • The World of Before the Apocalypse Fan Page: Go Nagai (http://www. a website with a biography of Go Nagai and a list of almost all of his manga and anime work from 1967 to 2004. it/ notizia. Dynamic Production. net/ comics/ awards/ kodansha. [32] "Go Nagai al Comicon: annunci dalla giornata di sabato" (http:/ / animeclick.html) (Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan) • (Japanese) 永井 豪（ながい ごう） (http://www. .Go Nagai 191 [27] "Abashiri ikka" (http:/ / web.html) • (Japanese) The World of Go Nagai (http://www. • (Italian) Shuten Doji (Anime Mundi) (http://www. . ComiPress. .jp/member/NAGAI-GO.asp). "Kodansha Manga Awards" (http:/ / web. [29] Mandana Tsushin Blog.cjas.html). com/ article/ 2008/ 02/ 11/ 3257). php?action=aba) on 2008-06-06. [31] "Biografia Go Nagai" (http:/ / www.or. d/visual. net/ comics/ awards/ kodansha.com/5nagai/nagai_main. encirobot. Retrieved 2008-03-25.encirobot. com/ 5nagai/ n_bio.e.devilworld. dynamicproduction. Retrieved 2008-04-15. . d-world. the official biography of Go Nagai by D/visual. Retrieved 2008-05-15.d-world. org/ web/ 20080606030656/ http:/ / www. org/ web/ 20070816031310/ http:/ / www. External links • Go Nagai (http://www.mazingerz. . and many notes on them. Comic Book Awards Almanac.html) (日本SF作家クラブ) — a Japanese version of the page. php?id=7616) (in Italian). shtml) on 2007-08-16. d-world. Retrieved 2008-03-25. lycos.it. "The Busiest Mangaka Ever: Go Nagai" (http:/ / comipress. • (Italian) L'AUTORE / CHI E' GO NAGAI .Sezione di Go Nagai (http://www. jp/ dv/ gonagai.php?id=3140) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Revelation. an animation studio and production company. born January 5. The success of Miyazaki's films has invited comparisons with American animator Walt Disney. 1941) is a Japanese manga artist and prominent film director and animator of many popular anime feature films. From there. and he has been named one of the most influential people by Time magazine. British animator Nick Park and Robert Zemeckis. Tokyo. Miyazaki has attained international acclaim as a maker of animated feature films and. Japan Occupation Anime Director Animator Screenwriter Manga Artist Storyboard Artist Years active 1963–present Known for Nausicaä Castle in the Sky My Neighbor Totoro Kiki's Delivery Service Porco Rosso Princess Mononoke Spirited Away Howl's Moving Castle Ponyo Spouse Akemi Ōta Hayao Miyazaki (宮崎 駿 Miyazaki Hayao. He continued to work in various roles in the animation industry over the decade until he was able to direct his first feature film Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro which was released in 1979. Tokyo. Miyazaki worked as an in-between artist for Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon where he pitched his own ideas that eventually became the movie's ending. he co-founded Studio Ghibli where he .Hayao Miyazaki 192 Hayao Miyazaki Hayao Miyazaki Born January 5.[1] [2] Born in Bunkyō. After the success of his next film. co-founded Studio Ghibli. Miyazaki began his animation career in 1961 when he joined Toei Animation. along with Isao Takahata. 1941 Bunkyō. Through a career that has spanned nearly fifty years. Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. a penchant that later manifested as a recurring theme in his films. Miyazaki's films often incorporate recurrent themes like humanity's relationship to nature and technology. in order to become an animator. While Miyazaki's films have long enjoyed both commercial and critical success in Japan.[4] Miyazaki's mother was a voracious reader who often questioned socially accepted norms. the protagonists of his films are often strong. the second of four sons.[4] During his childhood. he had to learn to draw the human figure. In order to distance himself from the criticism he expected from following Tezuka's form. Miyazaki returned to animation with Spirited Away. independent girls or young women. Princess Mononoke was the highest-grossing film in Japan—until it was eclipsed by another 1997 film. He was a member of the "Children's Literature research club. which made rudders for A6M Zero fighter planes. his talents were limited to things like planes. During World War II. tanks and battleships. Miyazaki drew airplanes and developed a lifelong fascination with aviation. Miyazaki "fell in love" with the movie's heroine and it left a strong impression on him. when he was three. At age nine his family returned home. Miyazaki's father. He began school as an evacuee in 1947. Early life and education Miyazaki. Katsuji. During this time. was director of Miyazaki Airplane. Miyazaki's family was forced to evacuate Bunkyō. Miyazaki is a vocal critic of capitalism and globalization. Famous manga artists like Osamu Tezuka. he consciously developed his own style. However. he had an especially hard time drawing people. Miyazaki decided he wanted to become a manga artist during high school. She spent the first few years mostly in the hospital.[5] . Titanic—and the first animated film to win Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards. but the following year he switched to another American-influenced elementary school. Reflecting Miyazaki's feminism."[5] After high school. Miyazaki was forced to switch schools several times. his other films like Nausicaä or Princess Mononoke present morally ambiguous antagonists with redeeming qualities. was born in the town of Akebono-cho. Miyazaki attended Gakushuin University.Hayao Miyazaki 193 continued to produce many feature films until his temporary retirement in 1997 following Princess Mononoke. The film topped Titanic's sales at the Japanese box office.[3] While two of his films. but was unable to fully shake Tezuka's influence off until he began studying animation."[5] Manga and anime interest Like many children in postwar Japan. The Castle of Cagliostro and Castle in the Sky. from which he would graduate in 1963 with degrees in political science and economics. also won Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards and was the first anime film to win an American Academy Award. and the difficulty of maintaining a pacifist ethic. These would all impact elements of his films. In his third year there. From 1947 until 1955 his mother underwent treatment for Pott disease.[7] However. involve traditional villains. Tetsuji Fukushima and Sanpei Shirato influenced his early works. owned by his brother (Hayao Miyazaki's uncle). part of Tokyo's Bunkyō.[4] Miyazaki attended Toyotama High School. which has been described as "the first-ever Japanese feature length color anime. but was eventually able to be nursed from home." the "closest thing to a comics club in those days. It was after this Miyazaki decided to stop his pursuit of being a manga artist and pursue animation.[6] His interest in animation began during high school after watching Japan's first full-length feature animation The Tale of the White Serpent by Taiji Yabushita. since his prior work had been limited to airplanes and battleships. First. he saw the film Hakujaden (The Tale of the White Serpent). he remained largely unknown to the West until Miramax Films released Princess Mononoke. storyboards and story ideas for key scenes in the film. especially among villains. they were denied permission to complete the project.[8] Instead of Pippi Longstocking. He also helped in the storyboarding and key animating of pivotal scenes in both films. where he co-directed six episodes of the first Lupin III series with Isao Takahata. adapted from a novel by Eiko Kadono. 1988) tells of the adventure of two girls and their interaction with forest spirits. Miyazaki proposed scenes in the screenplay for Flying Phantom Ship. but which remained incomplete until after the film's release. a Lupin III adventure film. after traveling to Sweden to conduct research for the film and meet the original author. which he began writing and illustrating two years earlier. concept artist. including an anti-military streak. including the climactic chase scene. Works for other studios Miyazaki left Toei in 1971 for A Pro. Gorō and Keisuke. he married fellow animator Akemi Ota.Hayao Miyazaki 194 Animation career Toei Animation In April 1963. Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986) recounts the adventure of two orphans seeking a magical castle-island that floats in the sky. Hayao Miyazaki. and it was canceled. Miyazaki then left Nippon Animation in 1979 in the middle of the production of Anne of Green Gables to direct his first feature anime The Castle of Cagliostro (1979). and morally ambiguous characterizations. In October 1965. with whom he continued to collaborate for the next three decades.[8] He first gained recognition while working as an in-between artist on the Toei production Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon (Garibā no Uchuu Ryokō) in 1965. However. pacifism. Toshio Suzuki and Isao Takahata established a new Studio Ghibli in Koganei. In 1971. 1984). Miyazaki conceived. characters and designs for Animal Treasure Island and Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves. a fascination with aircraft and flight. and was hired to storyboard and animate those scenes. He found the original ending to the script unsatisfactory and pitched his own idea.[9] [10] Works Following the success of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. In Kimio Yabuki's Puss in Boots (1969). Miyazaki got a job at Toei Animation. feminism. In 2005. designed and animated two Panda! Go. as a subsidiary of Tokuma Shoten. He was a leader in a labor dispute soon after his arrival. becoming chief secretary of Toei's labor union in 1964. working as an in-between artist on the anime Watchdog Bow Wow (Wanwan Chushingura). In 1968 Miyazaki played an important role as chief animator. Shortly thereafter. and Kiki's Delivery Service (1989). a landmark animated film directed by Isao Takahata. Japan and acquired all the copyrights of Miyazaki's works and business rights from Tokuma Shoten. and has produced nearly all of his subsequent work through it. was an adventure film that introduced many of the themes which recur in later films: a concern with ecology and the human impact on the environment. My Neighbor Totoro (Tonari no Totoro. Miyazaki again provided key animation as well as designs. tells the story of a small-town girl who leaves home to begin life as a . Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (Kaze no Tani no Naushika. Miyazaki played a decisive role in developing structure. and scene designer on Hols: Prince of the Sun. wrote. This was the first film both written and directed by Miyazaki. who later left work to raise their two sons. which became the ending used in the final film. Miyazaki's next film. Miyazaki continued to gain recognition with his next three films. He and Takahata then began pre-production on a Pippi Longstocking series and drew extensive story boards for it. Panda! shorts which were directed by Takahata. He adapted it from his manga series of the same title. Astrid Lindgren. Miyazaki co-founded the animation production company Studio Ghibli with Takahata in 1985. Studio Ghibli Studio Ghibli was originally established in 1985. in which military tanks would roll into downtown Tokyo and cause mass hysteria. Miyazaki completed production on Howl's Moving Castle. Miyazaki came out of retirement following the sudden departure of original director Mamoru Hosoda. but we were given the impression.4 billion in its first two days. Ursula K. 1997's Princess Mononoke (Mononoke-Hime) returns to the ecological and political themes of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind.4 billion (approximately $300 million) in total gross earnings from more than 23 million viewings. Le Guin. It has received many awards. The film was a huge commercial success in Japan. it is richly allusive and generates a lot of its humour and charm out of its references to American film of the 1930s and 1940s. owes much to the various screen personae of Humphrey Bogart. because he had lost the desire to do so. this film was mostly disappointing. he refused. Mr Toshio Suzuki of Studio Ghibli came with Mr Hayao Miyazaki to talk with me and my son (who controls the trust which owns the Earthsea copyrights). Miyazaki's son Gorō Miyazaki completed his first film. the film broke attendance and box office records with ¥30. Golden Bear (First Prize) at the 2002 Berlin Film Festival. Chinese media reported that Miyazaki's final film project would be I Lost My Little Boy. Howl's Moving Castle opened to general audiences in Japan where it earned ¥1. However. who works in a bathhouse for spirits after her parents are turned into pigs by the sorceress who owns it. and that the family and the studio wanted Mr Hayao's son Goro. Instead. to the Totoro and the Cat Bus soaring through the air. remembers this differently: "In August 2005. (The Journey of Shuna) as substitutes (some of the ideas from Shuna no tabi were diverted to this movie).[12] This later proved to be faked news. . and also anxious. he had been refused every time. Le Guin. Released in Japan in July 2001. in that the main character was an adult male. We had a pleasant visit in my house. its subtext can be read as a fictionalized autobiography. to make this one. and portray the military in a negative light. Spirited Away is the story of a girl.[11] The film premiered at the 2004 Venice International Film Festival and won the Golden Osella award for animation technology. The film is set in 1920s Italy and the title character is a bounty hunter who fights air pirates and an American soldier of fortune. and the 2002 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Miyazaki's fascination with flight is evident throughout these films. Later that year. for instance. Le Guin. 2004. Like many of his movies. The Author. On November 20. An English language version was later released in the US by Walt Disney. we made the agreement. In July 2004. Both movies implicitly criticize the adverse impact of humans on nature. Miyazaki produced Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and Shuna no tabi." Among fans of the nearly forty year old books. who had never made a film at all. In 2005. that the project would be always subject to Mr Hayao's approval. Miyazaki spent time with the daughters of a friend. Ursula K. During this period of semi-retirement. based on several stories by Ursula K. The film explores the tension between selfishness and duty. When Le Guin finally requested that Miyazaki produce an anime adaptation of her work. It was explained to us that Mr Hayao wished to retire from film making. until the later success of Titanic. We were very disappointed. and Kiki flying her broom. Princess Mononoke is also noted as one of his most violent pictures. 2001).Hayao Miyazaki 195 witch in a big city. The plot centers on the struggle between the animal spirits who inhabit the forest and the humans who exploit the forest for industry. With this understanding. Tales from Earthsea. ranging from the ornithopters flown by pirates in Castle in the Sky. including Best Picture at the 2001 Japanese Academy Awards. an anti-fascist aviator transformed into an anthropomorphic pig. Miyazaki received a lifetime achievement award at the Venice Film Festival. one of whom became his inspiration for Spirited Away (Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi. indeed assured. a film adaptation of Diana Wynne Jones' fantasy novel. forced to survive in a bizarre spirit world. and it ultimately won Best Picture at the Japanese Academy Awards.[13] In 2006. Hayao Miyazaki had long aspired to make an anime of this work and had repeatedly asked for permission from the author. where it became the highest grossing film of all time. Porco Rosso. based on a Chinese children's book. Miyazaki went into what would prove to be temporary retirement after directing Princess Mononoke. Porco Rosso (1992) was a notable departure for Miyazaki. The film can also be viewed as an abstract self-portrait of the director. and is an early example of characterizations which recur throughout Miyazaki's later work: a girl who is in touch with nature. the name of a Vickers Wellington Bomber featured in the story. Among areas Miyazaki's team visited during pre-production were an old café run by an elderly couple. which was the basis of his film Porco Rosso. the film's title was publicly announced as Gake no ue no Ponyo. Ghibli decided to make Gorō. In 2007. and his son Gorō. Miyazaki based it on the young adult short stories of Robert Westall. whose nickname comes from the character J. Other works include Sabaku no Tami (砂漠の民 People of the Desert). The series also featured imaginative aircraft designs. titled Kokurikozaka kara (From up on Poppy Hill).net reported Hayao Miyazaki's plans to direct another film. and the Princess goldfish. beginning in 1969 with Puss in Boots (Nagagutsu wo Haita Neko). a warrior woman who appears menacing but is not an antagonist. In October 2006. but he declined as he was already in the middle of producing Howl's Moving Castle (film). literally "Ponyo on a Cliff. with release slated for Summer 2008. an adaptation of the children's novel The Incredible Tide by Alexander Key. who had yet to head any animated films. Shuna no Tabi (シュナの旅 The Journey of Shuna). the producer instead.Hayao Miyazaki 196 Throughout the film's production. Manga Miyazaki has illustrated several manga." The film does not contain any computer generated imagery (CGI) in contrast to Miyazaki's other recent work. first published in a collection called Break of Dark. The most famous story. is titled Blackham's Wimpy. Nausicaa. he was co-director (with Takahata) of the second half of the first television series."[15] The story revolves around a five-year old boy. who grew up in World War II England. In the 1970s he worked as an animator on the World Masterpiece Theater television animation series under Isao Takahata. an Italian-Japanese co-production which retold Sherlock Holmes tales using anthropomorphic animals. Ponyo." Studio Ghibli said the production time would be about 20 months. The film is a collaboration between Hayao Miyazaki. then in North America and the UK in 2009 and 2010. and a boy who seems destined for the girl. Ponyo was released in July 2008 in Japan. a high school student who is forced to fend for herself when her sailor father goes missing from the seaside town. respectively. The Notebook of Various Images (雑想ノート Zassō Nōto). A Trip to Tynemouth was published in Japan. Sousuke. and director of two episodes of the second series. His major work in this format is the seven-volume manga version of his tale Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. Hayao Miyazaki recently worked on a new film. Miyazaki also directed six episodes of Sherlock Hound. who wants to become human. Television Miyazaki's work in television is less known than his films. The exact location of these places was censored from Studio Ghibli's production diaries. who directed the film. Wellington Wimpy from the Popeye comics and cartoons (the Wellington was . The studio also announced that Miyazaki had begun creating storyboards for the film and that they were being produced in watercolor because the film would have an "unusual visual style. rumored to be set in Kobe. which he created from 1982 to 1994 and which has sold millions of copies worldwide. The film is based on the 1980 two-volume manga of the same name written by Tetsurō Sayama and drawn by Chizuru Takahashi. Studio Ghibli President Toshio Suzuki noted that "70 to 80% of the film takes place at sea. Miyazaki's most famous television work was his direction of Future Boy Conan (1978). The main antagonist is the leader of the city-state of Industria who attempts to revive lost technology.[14] This movie was originally to be produced by Hayao Miyazaki. In 2006. The series also elaborates on the characters and events in the book. His first directorial credit is for the television version of Lupin III in 1971. and the view of a city from high in the mountains. Gorō and his father were not speaking to each other. These episodes were first broadcast in 1984–85. It will be a director's challenge on how they will express the sea and its waves with freehand drawing. The story takes place in Yokohama and revolves around Umi Komatsuzaki. due to a dispute over whether or not Gorō was ready to direct. who wrote the screenplay. "at this age. Miyazaki went back to traditional hand-drawn animation for everything.[19] [20] Miyazaki has used traditional animation throughout the animation process."[30] Miyazaki is critical of capitalism. In addition.[31] Commenting on the 1954 Animal Farm animated film. when Spirited Away won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. published on February 25 and March 25.[33] . In contrast to American animation. much of the art is done using water colors. in his 2008 film Ponyo. Miyazaki returned with a new manga called Kaze Tachinu (風立ちぬ The Wind Rises). though computer-generated imagery was employed starting with Princess Mononoke to give "a little boost of elegance". In early 2009. there are still a number of movies I'd like to make. He personally reviewed every frame used in his early films.[29] Growing up in the Shōwa period was an unhappy time for him because "nature — the mountains and rivers — was being destroyed in the name of economic progress. The manga was published in two issues of the Model Graphix magazine. Miyazaki said "it's very important for me to retain the right ratio between working by hand and computer.[28] In an interview with The New Yorker. telling the story of Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter designer Jiro Horikoshi.Hayao Miyazaki 197 named for Arthur Wellesley.[25] His films are also frequently concerned with childhood transition and a marked preoccupation with flight. In Spirited Away."[23] Studio Ghibli's computer animation department was dissolved before production on Ponyo was started."[21] Digital paint was also used for the first time in parts of Princess Mononoke in order to meet release deadlines. If my staff can relieve me and I can concentrate on directing. and "not entirely jokingly" looked forward to an apocalyptic age in which "wild green grasses" take over."[32] Nonetheless. how to use both and still be able to call my films 2D. though due to health concerns over the high workload he now delegates some of the workload to other Ghibli members."[26] Even though Miyazaki sometimes feels pessimistic about the world. Princess Mononoke and Howl's Moving Castle feature anti-war themes. Miyazaki said. 1st Duke of Wellington. victor over Napoleon). pacifism.. saying "hand drawing on paper is the fundamental of animation. 2009. such as environmentalism. and Miyazaki has decided to keep to hand drawn animation. [.. and the absence of villains.[22] It was used as standard for subsequent films.[17] In a 1999 interview. I believe a company is common property of the people that work there.] She manages not because she has destroyed the 'evil'. He later explained that it was because he "didn’t want to visit a country that was bombing Iraq". Miyazaki states "the heroine [is] thrown into a place where the good and bad dwell together. I cannot do the work I used to.[24] Themes and devices Miyazaki's works are characterised by the recurrence of progressive themes. I have learnt that balance now. But that is a socialistic idea. frequently serving as both writer and director. and rejects simplistic stereotypes of good and evil [27] Miyazaki's films often emphasize environmentalism and the Earth's fragility. However. he suggests that adults should not "impose their vision of the world on children. globalization and their impacts on modern life. he has said that "exploitation is not only found in communism. In 2003. and animation begins before the story is finished and storyboards are developing. feminism. capitalism is a system just like that.[16] Creation process and animation style Miyazaki takes a leading role when creating his films. Miyazaki's narratives are notable for not pitting a hero against an unsympathetic antagonist."[19] Nausicaä."[18] Miyazaki uses very human-like movements in his animation. Miyazaki claimed that much of modern culture is "thin and shallow and fake". Miyazaki did not attend the awards show personally.[17] In an interview with the Financial Times. he prefers to show children a positive world view instead. the script and storyboards are created together. but because she has acquired the ability to survive. Both artists attended the opening of the exhibition.[27] [37] Moebius named his daughter Nausicaa after Miyazaki's heroine. He illustrated the Japanese covers of Saint-Exupéry's Night Flight (Vol de nuit) and Wind. The creator of Square's Final Fantasy series. these authors create self-contained worlds in which allegory is often used. Lewis Carroll. David Sproxton and Peter Lord.[38] Miyazaki has been deeply influenced by another French writer."[40] Norshteyn's Hedgehog in the Fog is cited as one of Miyazaki's favourite animated films. where they also met Miyazaki. and wrote an afterword for Wind. and Crystalis in turn influenced Square's Secret of Mana. Princess Mononoke.[45] . and often ambiguous. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The Rescuers Down Under. considered the first modern anime.Hayao Miyazaki 198 Miyazaki has been called a feminist by Studio Ghibli President Toshio Suzuki. as well as a co-creator of other Pixar works.[39] Yuriy Norshteyn. Miyazaki has said he was inspired to become an animator by The Tale of the White Serpent. and Tangled. In May 2006. Miyazaki confided to Le Guin that Earthsea had been a great influence on all his works. a Soviet animated film. the image in Porco Rosso of a cloud of dead pilots was inspired by Dahl's They Shall Not Grow Old. Sand and Stars. the animator for successful Disney films such as The Little Mermaid.[44] The post-apocalyptic setting of SNK's Crystalis was inspired by Miyazaki's Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind. including Ursula K. The filmmaker has also publicly expressed fondness for Roald Dahl's stories about pilots and airplanes. Beauty and the Beast.[43] Miyazaki has also been cited as an influence on various role-playing video games.[35] Influences A number of Western authors have influenced Miyazaki's work. and that he kept her books at his bedside. Aladdin.[41] Pete Docter. He has also said that The Snow Queen. was one of his earliest inspirations. Rosemary Sutcliff. motivations. In an interview broadcast on BBC Choice on 2002-06-10. visited the Ghibli Museum exhibit dedicated to their works. Other Miyazaki works.[34] This is evident in the all-female factories of Porco Rosso and Princess Mononoke. director of the popular films Up and Monsters Inc. founders of Aardman Studios. and characters have complex. Miyazaki cited the British authors Eleanor Farjeon. and Spirited Away. Monnaie de Paris held an exhibition of their work titled Miyazaki et Moebius: Deux Artistes Dont Les Dessins Prennent Vie (Two Artists’s Drawings Taking on a Life of Their Own) from December 2004 to April 2005. in reference to his attitude to female workers.[42] Glen Keane. incorporate elements of Japanese history and mythology. and that it motivated him to stay in animation production.[36] Miyazaki and French writer and illustrator Jean Giraud (aka Moebius) have influenced each other and have become friends as a result of their mutual admiration. and Diana Wynne Jones. cited Miyazaki as inspiration for elements such as the airships and chocobos featured in the series. Sand and Stars (Terre des Hommes). in 1958. is Miyazaki's friend and praised by him as "a great artist. Many of Miyazaki's films are populated by strong female protagonists that go against gender roles common in Japanese animation and fiction. as well as the matriachal bath-house of Spirited Away. and Philippa Pearce as influences.[39] Miyazaki has long been a fan of the Aardman Studios animation. has praised Miyazaki and described him as an influence. As in Miyazaki's films. Hironobu Sakaguchi. has also credited Miyazaki as a "huge influence" on his work and on Disney in general during the past two decades. a Russian animator. such as My Neighbor Totoro. Le Guin. 2006 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum) • "The Day I Harvested A Planet". Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. 1980 anime series (2 episodes in season 4 under the pseudonym Tsutomu Teruki) • Sherlock Hound.Hayao Miyazaki 199 Family life Miyazaki's dedication to his work has often been reported to have impacted negatively on his relationship with his son Gorō. 1988 film • Kiki's Delivery Service. 1992 film • Princess Mononoke. 1978 anime series • The Castle of Cagliostro. 1979 film • Lupin III Part II. 1984 anime series Films in the Studio Ghibli canon • Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. 1997 film Miyazaki at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con • Spirited Away. 2001 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum) • "Mei and the Kittenbus". 2006 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum) • "Film Guruguru". screenplay and storyboards • Lupin III Part I. 2002 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum as a part of the exhibited material) • "Monmon the Water Spider". 1995 music video for Chage and Aska • "The Whale Hunt". 1971–72 anime series (with Isao Takahata) • Yuki's Sun. 2001 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum) • "Koro's Big Day Out". Academy Award for Best International Animated Feature. 1972 (Pilot film for a never-realized anime series) • Future Boy Conan. 2002 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum as a part of the exhibited material) • "Ornithopter Story: Fly! Hiyodori Tengu Go!".2002 Film(release in Japan). 1984 film • Castle in the Sky. Dough and the Egg Princess". 2003 Film (Release in United States) • Howl's Moving Castle. 2001 film (winner.[24] Filmography Director. 2010 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum) .[46] He has expressed he does not wish to create a dynasty of animators and his son has to create a name for himself. 1986 film • My Neighbor Totoro. 2004 film (nominee. 2006 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum) • "House-hunting". 2005) • Ponyo. (2001–8 — short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum as a part of the exhibited material)[47] [48] • "Mr. 2002) • The Cat Returns. 2008 film Shorts • "On Your Mark". 2002 (short film exclusive to the Ghibli Museum) • "Imaginary Flying Machines". 1989 film • Porco Rosso. key animation. [16] "Miyazaki Starts New Manga. . 30th of November. com/ Article_im7/ Class1/ animdhpl/ 200504/ 7814. html). 1972 short film: Concept. com/ news-792-Miyazaki-Starts-New-Manga-Kaze-Tachinu. [13] "宫崎骏相中"中国小男孩"?可疑!" (http:/ / web. " Japan's greatest film director? (http:/ / search. 2006-07-03. japantoday. html) (in Chinese). html) (in Chinese). "Hayao Miyazaki: In an era of high-tech wizardry. 1971 film: Organizer. Retrieved 2007-03-19. html) on 2011-06-23. Retrieved 2009-02-12. com/ news. sequence director • The Cat Returns. layout • 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother. design • Flying Phantom Ship. Retrieved 2007-02-19. United States: Stone Bridge Press. design • Animal Treasure Island (どうぶつ宝島 Dōbutsu Takarajima). "Hayao Miyazaki Biography" (http:/ / www. com/ time/ asia/ 2006/ heroes/ at_miyazaki. [15] "Ghibli World" (http:/ / www. ISBN 1-880656-41-8. 28–29. as shown on the R2 English language Spirited Away DVD. "Japanese anime wrestles with use of computer graphics" (http:/ / www. pp. [14] "Coranto Archive: July 3. 1976 anime series: Scene design. Retrieved 2007-02-19. Kaze Tachinu" (http:/ / www. . Panda!. 26. archive. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation. storyboards • Panda! Go. Jeannette. ghibliworld. Nausicaa. layout • Pom Poko. jp/ entertainment/ ghibli/ cnt_eventnews_20050215a. html). 2007-03-19. 1969 film: Key animation. . scene design. org/ web/ 20081202202105/ http:/ / www. Steven (1994-06-24). 1995 film: Screenwriter.Hayao Miyazaki 200 Other work • Hols: Prince of the Sun. ghibliworld. storyboards. 2011 film: Planning. com/ Article_im7/ Class1/ animdhpl/ 200504/ 7814. screenplay. . Stan (2005-04-18). . 1974 anime series: Scene design. 1979 anime series: Scene design. yomiuri. storyboards. com/ time/ asia/ 2006/ heroes/ at_miyazaki. html) on 2008-12-02. key animation • Panda! Go. [2] Lee. scene design. Retrieved 2007-02-19. html). art design. zhongman. pp. com. key animation. [11] He is a director of Superflat Monogram which is the anime film for the shop promotion of Louis Vuitton. . Time Asia. com/ time/ subscriber/ 2005/ time100/ artists/ 100miyazaki. layout • Anne of Green Gables. co. Executive Producer. html#3103_02). . 2006 Hayao Miyazaki's Surprise Visit" (http:/ / nausicaa. Girl of the Alps. org/ web/ 20110623060452/ http:/ / www. cn/ m/ f/ 2005-04-08/ 1150697174. Panda! and the Rainy-Day Circus (パンダコパンダ 雨降りサーカスの巻 Panda Kopanda: Amefuri Sākasu no Maki). screenwriter References [1] Morrison. and "The Girl Who Leapt Through Time". animation planning supervisor [49] • From up on Poppy Hill. 2010 film: Executive Producer. [8] McCarthy. [5] Feldman. 30 September 2008. 1969 film: Key animation. Retrieved 2008-08-03. scene design • Puss 'n Boots. [17] Ng.net. Japan Times. Helen. [9] ジブリ、徳間書店から独立 (http:/ / www. United States: Stone Bridge Press. htm) [10] Matsutani. [7] McCarthy. . txt) (plain text). The Time 100 (Time). Helen (1999-09-01). [18] The Making of Spirited Away. the anime auteur makes magic the old way" (http:/ / web. storyboards. p. Nausicaa. "Hayao Miyazaki" (http:/ / www. Helen. Helen (1999-09-01). Retrieved 2007-06-06. html). 1973 short film: Screenplay. net/ miyazaki/ newspro/ latestnews_headlines-archive-7-2006. Story concept • Whisper of the Heart. co. Retrieved 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-03. executive producer. . time. 27–28. Japan Today. storyboards. time. html)". time. nausicaa. japantimes. storyboards. 1968 film: Key animation. Episodes 1-15. Minoru. archive. storyboards. Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation. [3] A Neppu interview with Miyazaki Hayao (http:/ / www. 2002 film: Executive Producer. ISBN 1-880656-41-8. sina. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Tim (2006-11-13). [6] McCarthy. scene design • Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (アリババと40匹の盗賊 Aribaba to Yonjūbiki no Tozuku). [12] "宫崎骏将改拍《我丢失了我的小男孩》" (http:/ / ent. Animekon. . key animation • Heidi. 1971: Story consultant.net. storyboards. zhongman. com/ jp/ feature/ 363). com/ news. animekon. Nippon TV Special. screenwriter. jp/ cgi-bin/ nn20080930i1. [4] McCarthy. net/ miyazaki/ miyazaki/ miyazaki_biography. html#1903). Project Concept Designer • The Secret World of Arrietty. html). [34] Birth of Studio Ghibli (from Nausicaä DVD). org/ news/ 2009/ may/ 29/ interview-director-peter-docter/ )." (http:/ / latimesblogs. Retrieved 2008-01-29. html#3103_02). Retrieved 2007-10-23. [31] (http:/ / www. archive. html). ed. ghibliworld. [39] Dibrov. com/ cg/ avg.S. "Japan's visionary of innocence and apocalypse" (http:/ / www. Los Angeles Times. The Age. com/ news. . Tim (March 27.com .NEWS & UPDATES (http:/ / www. com/ interviews/ tangled_glen_keane. not entirely jokingly. [40] Spirited Away (http:/ / www. net/ miyazaki/ newspro/ latestnews_headlines-archive-10-2006. com. [24] Press conference with John Lasseter and Hayao Miyazaki at the Four Seasons Hotel 2009-09-28 (http:/ / www. Paris. pp. ed (2002). 30th of November. The Japan Times. ghibli-freak. com/ online/ content/ ?050117on_onlineonly01) on 2006-05-24. Nausicaa. kpbs. Russia: ProSvet. Nausicäa. Pham (2009-07-24). htm)]"].The Ultimate Ghibli Collection Site . All characters working the bellows in the iron works are women. Retrieved 2007-06-08. . 89. introduction by Hayao Miyazaki. html) (in Japanese). com/ herocomplex/ 2009/ 07/ comiccon-miyazaki-breaks-his-boycott-of-us-. . . 2006). Lee (October 24. [48] "フィルムぐるぐる" (http:/ / www. [20] "Drawn to oddness" (http:/ / www. html). 15. html). 1up. Princess Mononoke: Making of a Masterpiece (Documentary). Yomiuri Shimbun. com/ ) (in French). Tokuma Memorial Cultural Foundation for Animation. 2003. p. Japan: Buena Vista Home Entertainment. [32] "Hayao Miyazaki interview on the 1954 Animal Farm animated film" (in Japanese). ghibliworld. ft.com (http:/ / www. The Art Of Miyazaki's Spirited Away. when the human population plummets and there are no more high-rises. html). .( Summary at GhibliWorld. shtml). Alvin. Retrieved 2007-06-06. com/ news. KPBS. Guide." [30] Schilling. com/ news. Retrieved 2007-06-07. 2005-12-26. japantimes. Retrieved February 22. biz/ features/ defense-final-fantasy-xii)". June 7. 2011. [46] Gorō Miyazaki. jp/ entertainment/ ghibli/ cnt_interview_20051226_02. Retrieved 2009-07-24. Susan J. Nigel (2005-09-20). [47] Coranto Archive (http:/ / www. jp/ diary/ 004624. ghibli-museum. [26] Lu. AN EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH GLEN KEANE (http:/ / movies. [23] "New Ponyo details at tenth radio Ghibli" (http:/ / www. He has this conviction that to be successful. ghibliworld. . . Midnight Eye. jp/ cgi-bin/ ff20081204r2. ISBN 1-56931-777-1. [45] "Console vs Handheld : Crystalis" (http:/ / www. 2010). 2002-08-01. nausicaa. [21] Andrews. November 2008. youtube.com. " In Defense of Final Fantasy XII (http:/ / www. . ISBN 978-0312238636. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Retrieved 2007-02-19. Studio Ghibli. post 39" (http:/ / www. [49] GhibliWorld. 79. companies have to make it possible for their female employees to succeed too. Margaret (2005-01-10). com/ Deadmoon/ spiritedaway2. Viz Communications. Porco's plane is rebuilt entirely by women. newyorker. net/ miyazaki/ earthsea/ blog/ blog39. Financial Times. [42] Interview with Up Director Peter Docter (http:/ / www.net. . Retrieved 2008-12-04. "The Animated Life" (http:/ / web. [36] (Japanese) "世界一早い｢ゲド戦記｣インタビュー 鈴木敏夫プロデューサーに聞く[[Category:Articles containing Japanese language text (http:/ / www. com/ videoplay?docid=-6754083829948706013). [43] Michael J. "Comic-Con: Miyazaki breaks his silent protest of America's actions in Iraq with visit to the U. Published May 29. com/ news. (Toshio Suzuki)" [35] Napier. RadioFree. co.Hayao Miyazaki 201 [19] "Midnight Eye interview: Hayao Miyazaki" (http:/ / www. html). (2001). com/ online/ content/ ?050117on_onlineonly01) (via the Internet Archive). . com/ interviews/ hayao_miyazaki. html). yomiuri. Then there's Porco Rosso. Retrieved 2008-05-18. [41] "宮崎駿Xピーター・ロードXデイビッド・スプロスクトンat三鷹の森ジブリ美術館" (in Japanese). Neppu (Studio Ghibli’s monthly report magazine). Hayao Miyazaki: master of Japanese animation: films. au/ articles/ 2003/ 06/ 05/ 1054700334418. radiofree. Retrieved 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2008-06-24. ISBN 1-880656-41-8. Stone Bridge Press. .AllRovi (http:/ / www. 1up. latimes. html#1612) . By Beth Accomando. allmovie. A NEPPU INTERVIEW WITH MIYAZAKI HAYAO. theage.Movie Search. Dmitry. 2006-10.com [44] Rogers. org/ web/ 20060524092154/ http:/ / www. Mark (2008-12-04). 2009. that he looks forward to the time when Tokyo is submerged by the ocean and the NTV tower becomes an island. (October 22. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. nausicaa. "Translation of Gorō Miyazaki's Blog. themes. and Reviews . midnighteye. [37] "Miyazaki Moebius — 2 Artistes Dont Les Dessins Prennent Vie" (http:/ / miyazaki-moebius. newyorker. [27] Yves Montmayeur (2005). August 2006. 2005) (TV show). html). Recommendations. [38] (in Japanese) Ghibli Museum diary (http:/ / www. [22] Toshio Uratani (2004). Retrieved 2007-06-06. Next Generation. You can see this attitude in Princess Mononoke. Ghibliworld. com/ watch?v=rDc0oML8jXk) [25] McCarthy. Japan's animation king" (http:/ / search. USA: The Black Moon. Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation. html) (première press Q&A). Ghibli The Miyazaki Temple (Documentary film). net/ ghibli_museum/ filmguruguru. . artistry. com/ cms/ s/ 698539fe-2974-11da-8a5e-00000e2511c8. next-gen. com/ do/ feature?cId=3133565). . co. [28] Movies and Films Database . theblackmoon. google. ghibliworld. actually. The New Yorker. "An audience with Miyazaki. shtml). "He's said. Animage 338: 13.net. "Miyazaki is a feminist. A remote conversation between Yuriy Norshteyn and Hayao Miyazaki (http:/ / video. dll?p=avg& sql=2:167694~T1) [29] Talbot. html#3103_02)) [33] Alex. Helen (1999). Tokyo: Studio Ghibli. • Miyazaki.co. Foreword by John Lasseter.animenewsnetwork. Harpenden.com/~tallman/miya_e. ISBN 9781842432792.imdb. • Schodt. OCLC 299246656.com/name/nm0594503/) at the Internet Movie Database • Links from Miyazaki’s Laputa to the works of Jules Verne. html) -(Nikkei Entertainment) • Hayao Miyazaki (http://www.00.6737. Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. • Odell. ISBN 978-4198605414. Inc.jp/) • Miyazaki Information at Nausicaa. Michelle (2009). • Miyazaki. Hertfordshire. (1996) Dreamland Japan External links • The Official Studio Ghibli Site (Japanese) (http://www.shtml) • Interview in The Guardian (http://film.net (http://www.nausicaa. Hayao (2009). The Animé Art of Hayao Miyazaki (http://books.html) • August 1997 interview (http://web. & Le Blanc.php?id=51) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Hayao Miyazaki (http://www. OCLC 37636025. Colin. England: Kamera.net/miyazaki/miyazaki/) • Profile at Japan Zone (http://www. NC: McFarland & Company.uk/interview/interviewpages/0.org/web/20010211030138/www. Beth Cary and Frederik L.guardian. Frederik L.1569689. Schodt./Hatsubai Tokuma Shoten. OCLC 290477195.acsys.com/encyclopedia/people.archive. Starting Point: 1979–1996. ISBN 9781421505947.com/modern/miyazaki_hayao. Dani (2006). Inc. (http://www. OCLC 62430842.Hayao Miyazaki 202 Further reading • Cavallaro.com/?p=french-connection) .japan-zone. Hayao (1996). ISBN 978-0786423699.com/ books?id=N3e00UlzHjgC). 1979–1996 (出発点—1979~1996).google. Shuppatsuten. trans.mangauk. Jefferson. Original Japanese edition.ghibli. San Francisco: VIZ Media. he earned money by contributing illustrations and articles to the Shanhai nichinichi shinbun (上海日日新聞?.[1] [2] Matsumoto's 16-page The Mysterious Clover (1934) is recognized as a pioneering work in the field of manga. Hyōgo Prefecture. "Shanghai Daily Newspaper") . and again from 1949 to 1954.[12] (Matsumoto's younger sister. small children. comics creator. designer Notable works Kurukuru Kurumi-chan The Mysterious Clover Katsuji Matsumoto (松本かつぢ. 1904–1986) was a Japanese illustrator and shōjo manga artist.[7] [8] The Gallery Katsuji Matsumoto in Tokyo is managed by his surviving children. 1986 (aged 81) Izu. and girls.[5] [6] His illustrations were popular from the 1930s through the 1950s.[10] During this time he contributed drawings to such magazines as Shōjo sekai (少女世界?. "Kawabata Art School") .[11] Through the introduction of a teacher at Rikkyō. including Yasunari Kawabata and Nobuko Yoshiya.[10] At the age of 13.[9] Early life and professional debut Matsumoto was born in Kobe.[7] [8] He was also a prolific illustrator of children's books and created merchandise for babies. Paul's) Middle School.[10] Matsumoto withdrew from Rikkyō at the age of 18 and began attending the Kawabata ga gakkō (川端画学校?. the son of Toraji (寅治) and Ishi (いし) Matsumoto. including its publishing industry. and managed to obtain free passage to Shanghai. but moved with his family to Tokyo at the age of eight.[10] . "New Youth") at the age of 17.Katsuji Matsumoto 203 Katsuji Matsumoto Katsuji Matsumoto Katsuji Matsumoto in an undated photograph Born July 25. "Boys' World") . would eventually marry Fukiya. He was rejected for military service because he was flat footed. but when he turned twenty years of age. Matsumoto decided to try his fortunes overseas. Japan Nationality Japanese Area(s) illustrator. In Shanghai. he began attending what was then called Rikkyō (St. 1904 Kobe. and he contributed illustrations to numerous popular girls' novels by some of the period's most famous authors.[10] His hope was to eventually make his way to Paris. "Girls' World") and Shōnen sekai (少年世界?. Ryōko (龍子). Japan Died May 13. Matsumoto began drawing illustrations for the magazine Shinseinen (新青年?. Shizuoka.[13] ) Following the devastation of Tokyo. he was forced to return to Japan to report for the draft. serialized from 1938 to 1940.[10] It was during this period that Matsumoto was inspired by illustrator Kōji Fukiya to become an illustrator in the field of girls' media.[3] [4] but he is best known for his shōjo manga Kurukuru Kurumi-chan. in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. This work is remarkable for its use of varying angles. or humorous work. almost abstract. Over the years. While he illustrated numerous dramatic girls' novels. Matsumoto began to work for the magazine that would become his primary forum. until by the 1950s she had become an extremely stylized character no more than two heads high. usually running 4 pages and 22 panels.[18] [10] which was serialized in Shōjo no tomo from January 1938 until December 1940. therefore. Ki Nimori (二森騏. playful. They went on to have seven children (four boys. and included as a premium in the April issue of Shōjo no tomo. his style was better suited to sunny. On official records. from the realistic to the near-abstract. at the age of 28. and was characterized by a gradually building absurdity that rarely descended to simple slapstick. Kurumi's proportions changed.[4] Sakō Shishido (宍戸左行). who then wrote about it on his blog and in a newspaper column. Kurumi-chan is roughly four heads tall.[14] Matsumoto could draw in a wide range of styles. meaning "walnut"). including bird's-eye views. almost geometrical lines and a strictly Modern sensibility. was the ideal magazine for Matsumoto. creating a series of illustrated narratives featuring a lively Chinese girl named Poku-chan. with its modern. Matsumoto drew his first full-fledged manga. The strip rarely ventured far from everyday reality.[3] Kurukuru Kurumi-chan Matsumoto's most famous work is his manga Kurukuru Kurumi-chan (くるくるクルミちゃん). The protagonist of The Mysterious Clover is a young girl who protects the poor peasants from the cruel and greedy nobles. Printed as an over-sized pamphlet with a sturdy cardboard cover.[15] In 1932. Featuring the daily antics of a little girl named Kurumi (クルミ. had used similar techniques in his 1930 Supiido Tarō (スピード太郎?. which was irregularly published between November 1930 and March 1934. each episode was a self-contained story. though. and therefore the brother-in-law of Matsumoto. In 1935. born 1933) is listed as the younger brother of Ayako. to which he contributed from 1928 to 1938. stylish image. and of unknown age. Because Ayako was an only child. The Mysterious Clover was a variation on The Scarlet Pimpernel and Zorro. but in a far cruder drawing style than Matsumoto's. but all of his work was distinguished by clean. where it caught the eye of Fusanosuke Natsume. influenced by American newspaper strips. Shōjo no tomo.[5] [6] In the earliest episodes. and would seem to be roughly nine or ten years old.[5] [6] The strip was revived after the war in the magazine Shōjo ("Girl") under the title Kurumi-chan and ran from November 1949 to February 1954. Matsumoto was wed to Ayako Nimori (二森あや子).[10] The Poku-chan strips were drawn in a stylized. three girls) together.Katsuji Matsumoto 204 Early career and marriage Matsumoto's first forum for steady work was the magazine Shōjo Gahō (少女画報?. "Girls' Illustrated") .[17] The Mysterious Clover had been neglected for decades by manga scholars until it was displayed at a 2006 exhibition at the Yayoi Art Museum. and variation in the size of panels.[10] Matsumoto first ventured into manga in Shōjo Gahō. Art Deco manner. "Girls' Friend") . a 16-page story titled Nazo no kurōbaa (？（なぞ）のクローバー?. the decision was made to have the firstborn male child legally adopted by her parents in order to carry on the Nimori name. "The Mysterious Clover") . "Speed Tarō") .[19] . Shōjo no tomo (少女の友?.[16] [9] Major works The Mysterious Clover In 1934. now in his late 60s." were perhaps the mostly widely consumed and recognized. where he turned his creative talents from the modern and cosmopolitan to the traditional and provincial. which specialized in illustrations for infants and toddlers and designing various infant merchandise. [Matsumoto's baby] goods were all the rage.[20] [21] He worked with such prominent Japanese authors and poets as Nobuko Yoshiya and Yaso Saijō. and also to illustrate girls' fiction and poetry. Amateur manga scholar and blogger "lacopen" commented that "When I was a child. Matsumoto was one of the most popular and influential illustrators working in girls' media. but humor was not his forte.[9] [31] [32] .[26] In 1960. and unpretentious. Western or Eastern. translated by Yasunari Kawabata). no one was more popular than Hiroshi Katsuyama (勝山ひろし).Katsuji Matsumoto 205 Book illustrations While working on Kurukuru Kurumi-chan. the common thread that runs through Matsumoto's aesthetic sense. His target audience accordingly shifted from preteen and low-teen girls to toddlers and young mothers. which comes from the English "combination" and is used in Japanese to mean "duo") in response to the popularity of the infant duo. Andrew Lang's Blue Fairy Book (1959. and various other collections of classic Japanese and European fairy tales. and of cheerful optimism that is never saccharine. elegant. "Chijunbō" (稚筍房?.[15] Other popular illustrators of the day were better suited to the niches in which Matsumoto was not in his element. he in fact had Bamboo figurines designed by Matsumoto at his always had an eye for the traditional. and was particularly fond of rural atelier. "Haamu" (ハーム) and "Monii" (モニー). Although he continued to do illustration work in a variety of styles. including Katherine Mansfield's short story The Doll's House. there was plenty of work to go around.[24] But in an age when print media of all kinds were becoming increasingly visual. he designed a variety of toys and objects that could easily be reproduced by the local farmers to sell as souvenirs. Matsumoto was given a commendation by the Shizuoka Prefectural government. and it has been suggested that the company changed its name to Combi[28] (コンビ.[25] Children's books and infant merchandise In 1955. according to Akiko Horiguchi. His characters have an air of intelligence without melancholy. and his work. and adapted many works by non-Japanese author's.[23] In the genre of sentimental melodrama. simple. to the short-lived genre of emonogatari (絵物語?. and he continued to be a popular illustrator through the early 1950s. Matsumoto built an atelier. This merchandise was spectacularly popular. For this work. Modern or traditional. In addition to illustrating new and original children's books. "Young Bamboo Shoot Studio") in Kamishiraiwa (上白岩on the Izu Peninsula. Matsumoto abandoned manga altogether. is an appreciation of that which is refined. created by Matsumoto and featured on a wide array of the company's products. including Little Red Riding Hood (1955)."[27] His designs for the infant merchandise company known originally as "Sanshin. The multi-talented and enormously popular Jun'ichi Nakahara (中原淳一) drew girls who were intelligent and stylish.[22] Although Matsumoto drew in a wide range of styles. Chijunbō collecting carefully selected Japanese and Korean pottery and furniture. Inc. so much so that it is no exaggeration to say they were everywhere. Matsumoto illustrated numerous classics.[30] Although these works seem strikingly at odds with Matsumoto's cosmopolitan image. wryly adorable character epitomized by the later Kurumi-chan. his focus shifted to the kind of hyper-stylized. "picture stories") .[29] Retirement and death In 1971. Matsumoto founded Katsu Productions (克プロダクション). Matsumoto continued to do freestanding illustrations. in both color and black and white. certain features remain consistent. Using the bamboo that was so plentiful in the area. presented at Le manga. Japan. would straighten the hairs of his mustache with his fingers as he had habitually done for years. born 1945). (2006) Matsumoto Katsuji--Shōwa no kawaii! o tsukutta irasutoreetaa (松本かつぢ----昭和の可愛い!をつくったイラストレーター?. (Accessed September 2. currently living in the U. born 1935. ISBN 9784336022783. manages the Gallery Katsuji Matsumoto (ギャラリーまつもとかつぢ). com/ katsudiinfo1. com/ shoujo_manga/ colloque/ index. "A Schoolgirl's Handbook: A Maiden's Life in the Taisho and Showa Periods") . Furthermore. Meiko Matsumoto (松本明子. com/ shoujo_manga/ prewar_shoujo/ index. Utsuhara. publication history of Kurukuru Kurumi-chan. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha . She can be reached by e-mail at info@katsudi. It should be noted that in the prewar period. pronounced the same. 158-0094. (http:/ / www. Tokyo. Ken Matsumoto (松本賢. [4] Thorn. 60 ans après. Michie. Matt (2006) "Pre-World War II Shōjo Manga and Illustrations. was written in kanji. his legal given name. 23. Kawade Shobō Shinsha. php). The gallery is located at 4-14-18 Tamagawa. [5] Matsumoto. ISBN 9784336022776. in addition to Ki Nimori. ISBN 4-309-72751-4 [2] The Matsumoto Katsuji 松本勝治 of this article should not be confused with animation director Matsumoto Katsuji 松本 勝次 who has worked on the Sailor Moon anime (note difference in the fourth kanji). and Michie Utsuhara (宇津原充地栄. March 15.A. dated July 22. Matsumoto's youngest child. born 1941. although doctors said he had lost his sight. 2008). Shizue (内田静枝). and 28. children. mcjp. Matsumoto suffered the last of a series of strokes. Motoi Matsumoto (松本基. "Katsuji Matsumoto: The Illustrator Who Created the Showa Era's 'Cute!'") . where Matsumoto lay unconscious and barely responsive.[9] Estate Matsumoto's children. "Kurumi-chan Diary") ]. (Accessed September 2. May 30. Two of the first successful female shōjo manga artists of the postwar period. were his apprentices. soon to be renamed the Katsuji Matsumoto Archives (松本かつぢ資料館). 121. fr/ pjanv2008/ conferences/ manga/ index. along with several of her siblings and Matsumoto's grandchildren.Katsuji Matsumoto 206 In 1986.). [8] Thorn. the official Katsuji Matsumoto website [34] and its on-line shop [35]. and personality and habits were provided to Matt Thorn in three personal e-mails from Matsumoto's daughter Michie Utsuhara (宇津原充地栄). html). at the foot of Mount Fuji. Rumi O'Brien (オブライエン瑠美. Paul's) Junior & Senior High School in Ikebukuro. Katsuji (1987) Kurukuru Kurumi-chan (くるくるクルミちゃん) Vol. 94. The stylish Matsumoto had been famously fastidious throughout his life. and his daughter. and also writes "Kurumi-chan nikki (クルミちゃん日記[[Help:Installing Japanese character sets|? [36]]. exact date of birth and date of death.). Katsuji (1987) Kurukuru Kurumi-chan (くるくるクルミちゃん) Vol. he had been using his remaining good hand to remove the pills that had formed on the old hospital blanket. 121."Uchida. never to fully regain consciousness again.A. Setagaya-ku. education. and. Kawade Shobō Shinsha. the official web site maintained by the Matsumoto estate: http:/ / katsudi. Toshiko Ueda and Setsuko Tamura. who is President of Mastumoto Katsuji Art Promotion. and was hospitalized. 2008). These facts can be verified by Ms. Paris. atelier activities. [7] "Katsuji Matsumoto's World" (Matsumoto Katsuji no Sekai 松本かつぢの世界). p. Inc. 158-0094. has written that she was startled to notice that on his hospital bed. "middle school") referred to what would today be considered an academically elite high school or "prep school. Fusanosuke (夏目房之介) (2006) Hayakatta Matsumoto Katsuji no katsugeki hyōgen (早かった松本かつぢの活劇表現?." http:/ / matt-thorn. the Yayoi Museum (弥生美術館) (2005) Jogakusei techō: Taishō/Shōwa otome raifu (女學生手帳〜大正・昭和 乙女らいふ?. "Katsuji Matsumoto's Cutting-Edge Expression of Dramatic Action") Mainichi Shimbun. "Katsuji Matsumoto: The Illustrator Who Created the Showa Era's 'Cute!'") ..S. Matt (2008) "The Multi-Faceted Universe of Shōjo Manga" (http:/ / matt-thorn. html. [3] Natsume. His cremated remains are interred in the Fuji Cemetery in Gotemba. 2. Shizue (内田静枝). born 1939). (2006) Matsumoto Katsuji--Shōwa no kawaii! o tsukutta irasutoreetaa (松本かつぢ----昭和の可愛い!をつくったイラストレーター?. are. 1. Shizuoka. and the address is 4-14-18 Tamagawa.Uchida. deceased). as if looking in a mirror. Tokyo. 2008. pp. pp.[33] Matsumoto died at the age of 81. ISBN 4-309-72751-4 [11] The school is today known as Rikkyō (St. The telephone/fax number is +81-3-3707-3503.com [10] Uchida.[9] Footnotes [1] Although he generally wrote his given name in hiragana. [9] Details regarding Matsumoto's parents.S. ed. Matsumoto would open his eyes. 18-19. born 1937. Tokyo: Kokusho Kankoukai (国書刊行会).. html. asso. chūgakkō (中学校?. かつぢ. ed. Setagaya-ku. born 1943). 勝治. Meiko. [6] Matsumoto. Shizue (内田静枝). in order of birth: Ikki Matsumoto (松本一騎. also living in the U. Tokyo: Kokusho Kankoukai (国書刊行会). "Katsuji Matsumoto: The Illustrator Who Created the Showa Era's 'Cute!'") . com/ blog-entry-32. "Katsuji Matsumoto: The Illustrator Who Created the Showa Era's 'Cute!'") . com/ . ed. Kawade Shobō Shinsha. (2006) Matsumoto Katsuji--Shōwa no kawaii! o tsukutta irasutoreetaa (松本かつぢ----昭和の可愛い!をつくったイラストレーター?. (1985. "Katsuji Matsumoto: The Illustrator Who Created the Showa Era's 'Cute!'") . co. 2008 [29] Uchida. 55-59 Tokyo:Honnoizumisha (本の泉社) ISBN 978-4880238210 [16] Under the Japanese ie family system that was the law of the land prior to the end of World War II. [17] Shishido. combi. Bessatsu Taiyō (別冊太陽) series. "Picture Books II") . Kawade Shobō Shinsha. "Shōjo no tomo and Era: An Editor's Courage Motoi Uchiyama") pp. ISBN 4-309-72732-8 [25] Yonezawa. this was not an option. 34-48. Tokyo: Sanrio. html)]. jp/ en/ company/ history_e. edu/ comics/ 2006/ ). ufl. Tokyo: Sanrio ISBN 4-387-86065-0.37 nen (子供の昭和史──少女マンガの世界 I 昭和20年〜37年?. 36. supervising editor (1986) Yomigaere! Jojōga--bishōjo no densetsu: jojōga no rūtsu kara shinkankakuha no tanjō made (よみがえれ！抒情画 美少女の伝説〜抒情画のルーツから新感覚派の誕生まで?.Katsuji Matsumoto 207 (河出書房新社) ISBN 4-309-72742-5. "Revive! Lyrical Illustration--Legend of the beautiful girl: From the Roots of Lyrical Illustration to the Birth of Neo Sensualism") . Bessatsu Taiyō (別冊太陽) series. cocolog-nifty. ISBN 978-4380885495 [18] "Kurukuru"--くるくる--means "spinning" or "winding". [23] Yanase. p. ocnk. Since Katsuji was himself the eldest son of and successor to the Matsumoto family. english. 1945-1962") . "Katsuji Matsumoto: The Illustrator Who Created the Showa Era's 'Cute!'") . ed. revised 1996) Shōjo no akarui yume o tsuikyū--Matsumoto Katsuji no sekai (少女の明るい夢を追求ーー松本かつぢの世界?. Gainesville. Tokyo: Heibonsha (平凡社) ISBN 978-4582920470. [19] Uchida. "A Maiden's Romance Handbook") . p. Shizue (内田静枝). p. net/ [36] http:/ / kurumifriend. (1991) Kodomo no Shōwa-shi: Shōjo manga no sekai I. (1985. html)]. html) [28] Combi Corporation (2004) Corporate History (http:/ / www. "A Collection of Memorable Scenes from Boys' and Girls' Magazines of the Taisho and Showa Periods") . Tokyo: Gakken (学研). p. [22] Hiramatsu.] [34] http:/ / katsudi. ed. "A Children's History of Showa-Era Japan: The World of Shōjo Manga I. Akiko (堀内あき子). [21] Takahashi. ed. 122. [12] Hiramatsu. blog122. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha (河出書房新社). Takashi (やなせたかし). (2006) Matsumoto Katsuji--Shōwa no kawaii! o tsukutta irasutoreetaa (松本かつぢ----昭和の可愛い!をつくったイラストレーター?. com/ katsudiinfo1. ISBN 4-309-72751-4 [30] Uchida. Yoshiyuki (平松義行). p. com/ blog/ 2006/ 05/ post_bdd0. Tokyo: San'ichi shobō (三一書房). "Commercialization & the Loss of Innocence: Children’s Manga from the 1920s to the Present". fc2. pp. Tokyo: Sanrio. Kawade Shobō Shinsha. [27] lacopen blog βversion (http:/ / lacopen. revised 1996) Shōjo no akarui yume o tsuikyū--Matsumoto Katsuji no sekai (少女の明るい夢を追求ーー松本かつぢの世界?. Tokyo: Sanrio. "Katsuji Matsumoto: The Illustrator Who Created the Showa Era's 'Cute!'") . p. [24] Horiuchi. (2006) Matsumoto Katsuji--Shōwa no kawaii! o tsukutta irasutoreetaa (松本かつぢ----昭和の可愛い!をつくったイラストレーター?. Shizue (内田静枝). blog122. Sakoh (宍戸左行) (1988) Supiido Tarō (スピード太郎?. Meiko (松本明子) (2008) Kurumi-chan nikki: Chichi no shi (クルミちゃん日記〜父の死[[Help:Installing Japanese character sets|? (http:/ / kurumifriend. p. 36. ?. Yoshiyuki (平松義行). Shizue (内田静枝). ISBN 4-309-72751-4 [31] Uchida. University of Florida. [26] Hiramatsu. 81−89. ISBN 4-309-72751-4 [20] Kondoh. pp. ed. 120. pp. Hiroko (遠藤寛子) (2004) "Shōjo no tomo" to sono jidai: henshūsha no yūki Uchiyama Motoi (『少女の友』とその時代ーー編集者の勇気 内山基. [13] Uchida. Shizue (内田静枝). supervising editor (1992) Taishō•Shōwa shōnen shōjo zasshi meibamen shuu (大正・昭和少年少女雑誌名場面集?. ed. Matt (2006-02-24). 54. "In Pursuit of the Cheerful Dreams of Girls: The World of Katsuji Matsumoto") . "Speed Tarō") . Yoshiyuki (平松義行). pp. "Kurumi-chan Diary: Father's Death") June 16. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha. Shōwa 20 nen . Yohji (高橋洋二). Shizue (内田静枝). p. ed. Yoshihiro (米澤嘉博). html [35] http:/ / kurumifriend. "-chan"--ちゃん--is a diminutive honorific that can be translated as "little" or "dear". ed. fc2. 74-75. 47. Tomie (近藤富枝). htm) Retrieved on August 26. p. ed. (1985. Comics and Childhood: The Fourth Annual Conference on Comics (http:/ / www. [15] Endoh. revised 1996) Shōjo no akarui yume o tsuikyū--Matsumoto Katsuji no sekai (少女の明るい夢を追求ーー松本かつぢの世界?. 36. ed. com/ katsudiinfo3. 68-69. 19. ISBN 4-309-72751-4 [14] Thorn. it was common in cases where there was no male heir for a groom to be legally adopted by his bride's parents and become the successor to her family name. (2006) Matsumoto Katsuji--Shōwa no kawaii! o tsukutta irasutoreetaa (松本かつぢ----昭和の可愛い!をつくったイラストレーター?. (2003) Otome no romansu techō (乙女のロマンス手帳?. (1984) Ehon II (絵本Ⅱ?. Tokyo: Heibonsha (平凡社) ISBN 978-4582942392. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha. 92. The Objects Katsuji Loved) ] [33] Matsumoto. ISBN 4-309-72751-4 [32] Katsuji no ai shita monotachi (かつぢの愛したものたち[[Help:Installing Japanese character sets|? (http:/ / katsudi. ed. "In Pursuit of the Cheerful Dreams of Girls: The World of Katsuji Matsumoto") . (2006) Matsumoto Katsuji--Shōwa no kawaii! o tsukutta irasutoreetaa (松本かつぢ----昭和の可愛い!をつくったイラストレーター?. "In Pursuit of the Cheerful Dreams of Girls: The World of Katsuji Matsumoto") . com . "Complete Collection of Memorable Book Illustrations. External links • Matsumoto Katsuji no Sekai (松本かつぢの世界. (1979) Meisaku sashie zenshū dai yon kan: Shōwa senzen shōnen shōjo hen (名作挿絵全集第四巻〜昭和戦前少年少女篇?.com/shoujo_manga/ prewar_shoujo/index. "Katsuji Matsumoto's World"--Official web site maintained by the Matsumoto estate) (http://katsudi.Katsuji Matsumoto 208 References Further reading • Shimonaka. ed.html)" matt-thorn. Kunihiko (下中邦彦). Tokyo: Heibonsha (平凡社).com/katsudiinfo1. Volume 4: Prewar Showa Period Boys' and Girls' Works") .html) • Thorn. Matt (2006) " Pre-World War II Shōjo Manga and Illustrations (http://matt-thorn. this was a rather disappointing experience. as well as . he applied for a position of Hiroshi Sasagawa's assistant director in Tatsunoko Production.[2] as well as noted crew members such as character designer Minako Shiba. Mashimo presented his studio-as-hospital concept to Mitsuhisa Ishikawa. Japan and from his early years showed interest in photography. . and on November 6. During his stay in an intensive care unit. Mashimo is known for frequently hiring Yuki Kajiura to compose for his projects. 1952) is a well-known Japanese anime director and the founder of the animation studio Bee Train.G and became independent. Some time after that.G. he participated in the making of several television commercials. Their first project being Eat-Man.hack//SIGN. as a member of art or sound department. The first anime series he worked on was Time Bokan (1975–76).hack//Sign. Approach and style Mashimo generally storyboards all the anime he directs. Since the creation of the studio. more directors have been able to handle episode direction under Mashimo's supervision. and Tsubasa Chronicle.G Known for Bee Train animation studio Kōichi Mashimo (真下 耕一 Mashimo Kōichi. Blade of the Immortal. 1952 Tokyo. In the mid-1980s. The anime OVA Murder Princess was the first Bee Train production since 1999 which he had not directed. Mashimo directed or otherwise participated in (nearly) all its works.hack//Liminality). sometimes credited as Kouchi Mashimo or Kouichi Mashimo) (born June 21. then going onto Noir. Satoshi Oshawa. Sanae Kobayashi (Madlax. Japan Nationality Japanese Alma mater Sophia University Occupation Anime director and screenwriter Employer Tatsunoko Production Bee Train Victor Entertainment Production I. an animation studio whose primary goal would be fostering and self-actualization of talented artists rather than commercial success and money. and . he founded a small freelance studio called Mashimo Jimusho that was mainly producing in-between animation for larger companies. he came up with an idea of a "hospital for animators". However. 1975.hack//Roots. while still working for Tatsunoko.[1] Besides Kajiura. Tsubasa Chronicle). the president of Production I.Kōichi Mashimo 209 Kōichi Mashimo Kōichi Mashimo (真下耕一) Born June 21. such as Tsubasa Chronicle. who was so impressed with it that he immediately agreed to sponsor Mashimo. Biography Kōichi Mashimo was born in Tokyo. admittedly under the influence of his father. for example. Some noted cast members include: Maaya Sakamoto (. As one of the leading and only regular on-staff directors at Bee Train. most series are fully directed by him. Liminality. In 1997. . As Bee Train has expanded. many Mashimo and Bee Train's projects bring back seiyūs and crew members. Mashimo studied jurisprudence at Sophia University and during his fourth university year. Mashimo survived a severe alpine skiing accident. it ended its relationship with I. The new subsidiary has become known as Bee Train and in February 2006. Kōichi Mashimo 210 artist and director Koji Sawai, as well as writers such as Hiroyuki Kawasaki. Mashimo's approach to music is to have the music play a key role in the series. He feels music and animation should work and push each other to new heights all the time, and it should be seen as more than simple background.[3] Some of Mashimo's major projects have featured strong female protagonists. The famous "girls with guns" trilogy (Noir, Madlax, El Cazador de la Bruja) have all featured female characters in lead roles. One of his earlier films, The Weathering Continent, also featured a young woman who takes matters into her own hands to save her people. Some have also been known to contain subtle hints at lesbian relations, most notably in Madlax.[4] [5] Mashimo once remarked that he would like to have personally met the photographers Richard Avedon, Jeanloup Sieff, and Helmut Newton and film directors John Ford and Alfred Hitchcock. However, by the time the interview has been published, four of these were already dead and Avedon died later that year. Mashimo is particularly fond of the French movie Les Aventuriers (1967, IMDB [6]) and has even named a character in Madlax after the protagonist of that film.[7] Filmography Year Anime Job 1970s 1975 Time Bokan assistant director 1978 Kagaku Ninja-Tai Gatchaman II director 1979 Kagaku Ninja-Tai Gatchaman F director 1980s 1981 Golden Warrior Gold Lightan Chief Director, episode director, storyboards 1982 Golden Warrior Gold Lightan Chief director 1985 Night on the Galactic Railroad script 1986 Ai City director 1987 Dirty Pair: Project Eden director, general superintendent 1988 F director, script Dominion: Tank Police director, script 1989 Dragon Warrior script 1990s 1990 Robin Hood no Daiboken director 1992 The Weathering Continent director, script 1993 The Irresponsible Captain Tylor director, script, supervisor, storyboard 1996 Sorcerer Hunters director 1997 Eat-Man director 1998 Xenogears animation movie producer 1999 PoPoLoCrois director, script Wild Arms: Twilight Venom director, planning Kōichi Mashimo 211 2000s 2001 Noir director, storyboard, sound director, music director 2002 .hack//Sign director, script, sound director, soundtrack supervisor .hack OVAs: .hack//Intermezzo, .hack//Unison, director .hack//Gift .hack//Liminality director, soundtrack supervision, animation director .hack//Infection staff member: Bee Train .hack//Mutation staff member: Bee Train .hack//Outbreak staff member: Bee Train 2003 Avenger director .hack//Legend of the Twilight director, general superintendent .hack//Quarantine staff member: Bee Train Immortal Grand Prix director, script 2004 Madlax director, script, storyboards Ginyuu Mokushiroku Meine Liebe director, script 2005 Tsubasa Chronicle (first season) director, storyboards 2006 Ginyuu Mokushiroku Meine Liebe wieder planner .hack//Roots director, supervision, soundtrack supervision, consulting producer .hack//G.U. vol. 1//Rebirth staff member: Bee Train (G.U. grand design) .hack//G.U. vol. 2//Reminisce staff member: Bee Train (G.U. grand design) Spider Riders director, storyboards Tsubasa Chronicle (second season) director (co-director: Hiroshi Morioka) 2007 .hack//G.U. vol. 3//Redemption staff member: Bee Train (G.U. grand design) El Cazador de la Bruja director Spider Riders: Yomigaeru Taiyou director Murder Princess planner 2008 .hack//G.U. Returner director Blade of the Immortal director, storyboard artist Batman Gotham Knight: Field Test segment producer 2009 Phantom ~Requiem for the Phantom~ director, storyboards (ending animation #2) 2010 Halo Legends segment executive producer and director: "Homecoming" (co-director Koji [8] Sawai) 2011 Hyouge Mono director, storyboard, episode director Kōichi Mashimo 212 References Specific [1] "Kôichi Mashimo" (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0556325/ ). Internet Movie Database. . Retrieved 2008-05-29. [2] Kôichi Mashimo (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ WorkedWith?name=Mashimo,+ Kôichi& as=e& with=b) [3] Wong, Amos ( March 2005 (http:/ / www. newtype-usa. com/ issues/ index. php?itemid=71)). "Inside Bee Train". Newtype USA: 8–15. [4] "Shoujo-Ai Archive: Madlax Fanfiction" (http:/ / www. shoujoai. com/ fanfics/ ?series=madlax). ShoujoAi.com. . Retrieved 2007-06-14. [5] Friedman, Erica (2004-06-29). "Okazu: Madlax" (http:/ / okazu. blogspot. com/ search/ label/ Madlax). . Retrieved 2007-06-14. [6] http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0061376/ [7] Kōichi Mashimo (2004) [DVD 2005] (insert leaflet Staff Talk #1 (Shigeru Kitayama)). Madlax Volume 1: Connections (http:/ / www. advfilms. com/ CatalogFilms_Detail. asp?ID=4177) (Liner notes). Houston, Texas: ADV Films. DMAD/001. [8] "Halo Legends" (http:/ / halo. xbox. com/ en-us/ halolegends#video_1). . Retrieved 2009-10-26. General • Katoh, Hidekazu et al. "Tsubasa - Reservoir Chronicle". (May 2007) Newtype USA. pp. 26–33. • Yuki, Masahiro. "The Official Art of .hack//Roots". (May 2007) Newtype USA. pp. 101–107. External links • Kōichi Mashimo (http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=372) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Kōichi Mashimo (http://www.beetrainfan.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mashimo_Kōichi) at the Bee Train Fan Wiki • Kōichi Mashimo (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0556325/) at the Internet Movie Database • Koichi Mashimo (http://www.anime-wiki.org/index.php/Koichi_Mashimo) at Anime-Wiki Leiji Matsumoto 213 Leiji Matsumoto Leiji Matsumoto Leiji Matsumoto in 2008 Birth name Akira Matsumoto (松本 晟 Matsumoto Akira) Born January 25, 1938 Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan Nationality Japanese Field character design, illustration Works Space Battleship Yamato, Captain Harlock, Galaxy Express 999 Awards Order of the Rising Sun#4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette Leiji Matsumoto (松本 零士 Matsumoto Reiji, born Akira Matsumoto January 25, 1938 in Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan) is a well-known creator of several anime and manga series. His wife Miyako Maki (牧 美也子 Maki Miyako) is also known as a manga artist.[1] Space opera Matsumoto is famous for his space operas such as Space Battleship Yamato. His style is characterized by tragic heroes; tall, slender, fragile-looking heroines with strong wills and in some cases, god-like powers; and a love of analog gauges and dials in his spacecraft. Career Matsumoto made his debut under his real name, Akira Matsumoto, in 1953. His wife is shōjo manga artist Miyako Maki (better known as the creator of the doll, Licca-chan, the Japanese equivalent of Barbie). Matsumoto had his big break with Otoko Oidon, a series that chronicled the life of a rōnin (a young man who was preparing himself for entrance examinations to universities and colleges), in 1971. Around the same time he started a series of unconnected short stories set during World War II, Senjo Manga Series, which would eventually become popular under the title The Cockpit. He was involved in Space Battleship Yamato (1974) and the debut of the highly popular series Captain Harlock and Galaxy Express 999 (both 1977). In 1978, he was awarded the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen for Galaxy Express 999 and Senjo Manga Series.[2] Animated versions of Captain Harlock and Galaxy Express 999 are set in the same universe, which spanned several spin offs and related series, most notably Queen Emeraldas and Queen Millennia. Matsumoto supervised the creation of several music videos for the French house group Daft Punk, set to tracks from their album Discovery. These videos were issued end-to-end (making a full-length animated movie) on a DVD Leiji Matsumoto 214 release titled Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem. About two dozen bronze statues — each perhaps four feet tall — of characters and scenes from Space Battleship Yamato and Galaxy Express 999 were erected in the downtown area of Tsuruga in 1999.[3] Each statue includes a plaque at its base explaining the character, and featuring Matsumoto's signature. Matsumoto worked with Yoshinobu Nishizaki on Space Battleship Yamato (known outside Japan under various names but most commonly as Star Blazers).[4] [5] Matsumoto created a manga loosely based on the series, and the Yamato makes cameo appearances (sans crew) in several of his works including the Galaxy Express 999 manga. A recent work by Matsumoto called Great Yamato featuring an updated Yamato had to be renamed Great Galaxy due to legal issues with Nishizaki.[6] [7] [8] [9] As of 2009, Matsumoto and Nishizaki were working on Himiko, a water bus of Tokyo Cruise Ship designed by Leiji independent anime projects featuring the acclaimed Matsumoto Space Battleship Yamato, with the conditions that Matsumoto cannot use the name Yamato or the plot or characters from the original, and Nishizaki cannot use the conceptual art, character or ship designs of the original.[10] Since Nishizaki's death in 2010, it is uncertain whether these restrictions will continue to apply. List of works • Arei no Kagami (1985) • Fairy Hotaruna • Space Battleship Yamato (1974) • Planet Robot Danguard Ace (part of the U.S. Force Five anthology series, as Dangard Ace; 1977–1978) • Galaxy Express 999 (1977–1981) • Captain Harlock (1977–1979) • Starzinger (part of the Force Five anthology series, as Spaceketeers) (1978-1979) • Queen Millennia (aka Queen of 1000 Years) • Arcadia of My Youth • Arcadia of My Youth: Endless Orbit SSX • The Cockpit • Maeterlinck's Blue Bird: Tyltyl and Mytyl's Adventurous Journey • Queen Emeraldas • Tiger-Striped Mii • The Ultimate Time Sweeper Mahoroba (manga) • Fire Force DNAsights 999.9 • Harlock Saga Der Ring des Nibelungen • Maetel Legend • Cosmo Warrior Zero • Gun Frontier (1972–1975) • Great Galaxy (formerly Great Yamato) • Space Pirate Captain Herlock: The Endless Odyssey • Pu Pu (1974) • Submarine Super 99 Leiji Matsumoto 215 • Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem (2003) (In cooperation with Daft Punk) • The Galaxy Railways • Great Yamato #0 • Space Symphony Maetel • Submarine Super 99 (1964) • Kousoku Esper (1968–1970) • Sexaroid (1968–1970) • Machinner series (1969–1970) • Mystery Eve (1970–1971) • Dai-yojo-han series (1970–1974) • Otoko Oidon (1971–73) • Senjo Manga series (1973–1978) • Insect (1975) • Saint Elmo - Hikari no Raihousha References [1] allcinema 牧美也子 まき・みやこ (http:/ / www. allcinema. net/ prog/ show_p. php?num_p=117225) [2] "小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者[[Category:Articles containing Japanese language text (http:/ / comics. shogakukan. co. jp/ mangasho/ rist. html)]"] (in Japanese). Shogakukan. . Retrieved 2007-08-19. [3] http:/ / www. starblazers. com/ html. php?page_id=371 Yamatour 2009: Matsumoto Symbol Road [4] "Leiji Matsumoto 1978 Interview" (http:/ / www. starblazers. com/ html. php?page_id=305). StarBlazers.com. . Retrieved 2009-09-01. [5] "Leiji Matsumoto 1976 Interview" (http:/ / www. starblazers. com/ html. php?page_id=303). StarBlazers.com. . Retrieved 2009-09-01. [6] "宇宙戦艦ヤマト事件判決" (http:/ / www. law. co. jp/ cases/ yamato. htm). law.co.jp. . Retrieved 2008-07-20.(Japanese) [7] "Yamato dispute arises again" (http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork. com/ news/ 2003-08-08/ yamato-dispute-arises-again). Anime News Network. 2008-07-10. . Retrieved 2009-09-01. [8] "Cosmoship Yamato Part 1: The Leiji Matsumoto Manga" (http:/ / www. starblazers. com/ html. php?page_id=171). StarBlazers.com. . Retrieved 2008-10-02. [9] "Cosmoship Yamato Part 2: The Leiji Matsumoto Manga" (http:/ / www. starblazers. com/ html. php?page_id=173). StarBlazers.com. . Retrieved 2008-10-02. [10] "Leiji Matsumoto: A Tribute" (http:/ / www. starblazers. com/ html. php?page_id=301). StarBlazers.com. . Retrieved 2009-09-01. External links • (Japanese) Leiji Matsumoto Official Home Page (http://www.leiji-matsumoto.ne.jp/) • Leiji Matsumoto (http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=3138) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Leiji Matsumoto (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0559535/) at the Internet Movie Database and innovative redefinitions of genres earned him such titles as "the father of manga".[3] His grave is located in Tokyo's Souzen-ji Temple Cemetery. 1989 (aged 60) Tokyo Nationality Japanese Area(s) Writer. he is best known as the creator of Astro Boy. including his costuming designs. in Toyonaka City.Osamu Tezuka 216 Osamu Tezuka In this Japanese name. Born in Osaka Prefecture. and is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt Disney. pioneering techniques. The Takarazuka Revue that performed at the theatre is made up in its entirety of women. He has said that he has a profound "spirit of nostalgia" for Takarazuka. producer. a craze comparable to American comic books at the time. animator. His mother often comforted him by telling him to look to the blue skies. 1989) was a Japanese cartoonist. .[4] [5] His nickname was gashagasha-atama (gashagasha is slang for messy. on November 3. Animator. manga artist. The Takarazuka Revue is known for its romantic musicals usually aimed at a female audience. Penciller. Around his fifth year he found a bug named "Osamushi". which began the golden age of manga. After World War II.[8] Japanese manga artists call him "Manga-no-kami sama" [the god of manga]. Tezuka grew up in Takarazuka City. although he never practiced medicine.[7] He started to draw comics around his second year of elementary school. Inker. Producer. pianist Notable works Astro Boy Kimba the White Lion Phoenix Black Jack Spouse Etsuko Okada Osamu Tezuka (手塚 治虫. thus having a large impact on the later works of Tezuka. Osaka Died February 9. November 3. who served as a major inspiration during his formative years. 1928 Toyonaka. born 手塚 治 Tezuka Osamu. 1928 – February 9. he created his first piece of work (at age 17). actor. and so male characters are also played by women. He came to the realization that he could use manga as a means of helping to convince people to care for the world. 1928. Kimba the White Lion and Black Jack. giving him confidence. Early life Osamu was born. Osamu Tezuka Born Tezuka Osamu (手塚 治) November 3. as the eldest son of three children of Tezuka family. the family name is "Tezuka". It so resembled his name that he adopted osamushi as his pen name. He is often credited as the "Godfather of Anime". activist and medical doctor. Diary of Ma-chan and then Shin Takarajima (New Treasure Island). Osaka.[1] His prolific output. His mother's stories inspired his creativity as well. Manga Artist. atama means head). "the god of comics"[2] and "kamisama of manga". Hyōgo and his mother often took him to the Takarazuka Theatre.[6] His animation production company was named Mushi (insect) Production. Medical Doctor. at the age of 60. Hyōgo. English meaning: bug. Adolf and Buddha. it is said that his last words were. let me work!" The city of Takarazuka. but he would later use his medical and scientific knowledge to enrich his sci-fi manga. the Complete Manga Works of Tezuka Osamu (手塚治虫漫画全集. the Phoenix.[7] The name of the studio derives from one of the kanji (虫 . such as Black Jack. Also." Tezuka decided to devote himself to manga creation on a full-time basis. His "life's work" was Phoenix — a story of life and death that he began in the 1950s and continued until his death. As an indication of his productivity.[11] [12] His creations include Astro Boy (Tetsuwan Atomu in Japan. and Kazuki Takahashi (Yu-Gi-Oh!) have cited Tezuka an inspiration for their works. Tezuka died of stomach cancer on February 9.[10] [11] However. and continuing popularity for fans throughout Japan are annual Tezuka calendars with some of Tezuka's most famous artwork. drawing his first professional work while at school. and Abiko Motou and Hiroshi Fujimoto (who worked together under the pen name Fujiko Fujio). and would play its soundtrack at maximum volume in his studio to keep him awake during the long nights of work. Though he could not work on it. Many young manga artists once lived in the apartment where Tezuka lived. including Princess Knight. In an afterword written by Takayuki Matsutani. opened a museum in his memory. He graduated from Osaka University and obtained his medical degree. 1989. Unico. being a manga author was not a particularly rewarding job. "I'm begging you. . where Tezuka grew up.[9] drawing inspirations on cartoons of the time such as Betty Boop and Walt Disney's Bambi and Mickey Mouse. When he was younger. A separate Astro Boy series of figurines has also been issued. who had watched Astro Boy and wanted to invite Tezuka to be the art director of his next movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. over 80. The answer his mother gave was: "You should work doing the thing you like most of all. He was treated and cured by a doctor which made him want to be a doctor. inexpensive apartment.000 pages. it is not comprehensive. Ambassador Magma and many others. Princess Knight. Fujio Akatsuka. he asked his mother whether he should look into doing manga full time or whether he should become a doctor. the Shōwa Emperor of Japan. Tezuka could not afford to leave his studio for an entire year to live in England. he began his career as a manga artist while a university student. Akira Toriyama (Dragon Ball). Black Jack. His legacy has continued to be honored among Manga artists and animators and many artists including Hayao Miyazaki (Spirited Away).[13] In January 1965. president of Mushi Productions. Tokiwa-so. literally translated to "Iron-armed Atom"). Kimba the White Lion. At the time. he loved the movie. However. His complete oeuvre includes over 700 manga with more than 150. Marvelous Melmo.insect) used to write his name.[14] [15] Tezuka headed the animation production studio Mushi Production ("Bug Production"). (As the suffix -so indicates. Phoenix (Hi no Tori in Japan). that was published in Viz Media's English language release of the Hi no Tori manga. which pioneered TV animation in Japan.000 pages.Osamu Tezuka 217 Works The distinctive "large eyes" style of Japanese animation was invented by Tezuka.Japanese reading: mushi.) The residents included Shotaro Ishinomori. beginning in 2003 the Japanese toy company Kaiyodo began manufacturing a series of figurines of Tezuka's creations. published in Japan) comprises some 400 volumes. At a crossing point. Tezuka received a letter from Stanley Kubrick.[5] Stamps were issued in his honor in 1997. To date three series of the figurines have been released. Tezuka's arms swelled up and he became ill. so he refused the invitation. even so. Dororo. the vast majority of his work has never been translated from the original Japanese and is thus inaccessible to people who do not read Japanese. this was probably a small.[16] [17] He was a personal friend (and apparent artistic influence) of Brazilian comic book artist Mauricio de Sousa.[2] His death came about one month after the death of Hirohito. In 1965. Eventually. It would be made into a 2001 animated film.S. renamed Astro Boy in the U. However. This sequel was dubbed into English in 1984 under the title Leo the Lion. A full-length animated film based on the last half of Tezuka's original manga was released theatrically in 1997 under the title Jungle Emperor Leo. produced by Mushi Productions alone. 1952–68. as king of the jungle.[7] This was followed immediately by a 26-episode sequel. Tezuka's early works included manga versions of Disney movies such as Bambi. 1950–54. Astro Boy would become Tezuka's most famous creation. The 30-minute weekly program (of which 193 episodes were produced) led to the first craze for anime in Japan. He loved reading novels and watching films that came from the West. Better known by these other names in the English speaking world as Kimba the White Lion. a gender switching robot. about a private detective. • Jungle Taitei (Jungle Emperor). who tries to take care of Mitchy. Higeoyaji. The 2001 film was heavily influenced by the Fritz Lang film Metropolis. He created the nuclear-powered.S. was sometimes gritty and violent. 2009. Awards • 1958 Shogakukan Manga Award for Manga Seminar on Biology and Biiko-chan[19] • 1975 Bungeishunjū manga Award • 1975 Japan Mangaka Association Award — Special Award • 1977 Kodansha Manga Award for Black Jack and The Three-Eyed One[20] • 1983 Shogakukan Manga Award for Hidamari no Ki[19] • 1984 Animafest Zagreb Grand Prize for Jumping • 1985 Hiroshima International Animation Festival for Onboro-Film • 1986 Kodansha Manga Award for Adolf[20] • 1989 Nihon SF Taisho Award . with Atom (Atomu in Japanese. as well as Tezuka's manga. • Metropolis. One of Tezuka's early science fiction works.[22] In America. It is said that Tezuka never even saw the 1927 film but was inspired by the poster of the film. Astro Boy made its debut as the first domestically produced animated program on Japanese television. 1949. Tezuka's Mushi Productions. although the U. producers downplayed and disguised the show's Japanese origins.S. Jungle Taitei follows the adventures of Leo the white lion as he seeks to succeed his father. His first full-scale long serial. A New 30 minute short was shown on Fuji TV on September 5.Special Award • 1989 Zuihōsho 3rd class • 2004 Eisner Award for Buddha (vols.[25] [26] Several other Astro Boy series have . like that of other manga creators. yet peace-loving. television. 3–4) • 2009 Eisner Award for Dororo Selected manga and anime For a more complete list. produced a 52-episode anime series loosely based on the manga.Osamu Tezuka 218 Style Tezuka is known for his imaginative stories and stylized Japanese adaptations of western literature. financed by NBC Enterprises. he stayed away from graphic violence in some titles such as Astro Boy. It was directed by Goro Taniguchi creator of Code Geass and Planetes. 1–2) • 2005 Eisner Award for Buddha (vols. this manga established one of Tezuka's most iconic creations.[18] His work.[23] [24] becoming the first Japanese animation to be shown on U. A sequel to Captain ATOM (1951). the TV series (which consisted of 104 episodes licensed from the Japanese run) was also a hit. see List of Osamu Tezuka manga and List of Osamu Tezuka anime The years cited beside each title refer to the period of manga serialization. killed by a hunter. after its creator is killed. • Tetsuwan ATOM (Astro Boy).)[21] as its main character.[21] In 1963. boy robot first after being punched in the face by a drunken GI. releasing another movie afterward. In keeping with the theme of the original series. 1973–83. The series was the first anime produced in color. in Germany as Choppy und die Prinzessin.. An excerpt from the manga will be published in the June 19. In September 2008. ranging from the distant past to the far future. and it is considered to be highly unlikely that it would have received an X rating if it had been submitted. has two human hearts. Prince Daisy and Princess Violetta. In fall 2004. 1970. titled Black Jack 21. in Portugal and Brazil as Princesa e o Cavaleiro. a TV anime was aired in Japan with 61 episodes. a girl who must pretend to be a boy—and whose body. One critic described it as "kid stuff with naked breasts. • Ribon no Kishi (Princess Knight). a talented surgeon who operates illegally. .Osamu Tezuka 219 been made since. In actuality. The main characters in Twin Knight are the twin children of Sapphire and Frantz. Twin Knight was a sequel to Princess Knight. as well as a 2009 CGI-animated feature film Astro Boy. in France as "Prince Saphir" and in Poland under no less than five different titles. [1] Tezuka Osamu Monogatari. the title was changed in 1960 when the series was collected into a single volume. either granted by the Phoenix or taken from the Phoenix by drinking a small amount of its blood. Although Twin Knight was originally published under the same Ribon no Kishi title during its short run." It was made into an anime TV series in 1967. Ribon no Kishi itself established many of the themes and styles of later shōjo manga (girls' manga). Phoenix has been filmed several times. The central character is the Phoenix. 1992. and takes place several years after the end of the original series. including Czopi i Księżniczka. The work remained unfinished at the time of Tezuka's death in 1989. all the while trying to discover the whereabouts of her brother. The manga was inspired by the themes and styles of musicals by the all-girl Takarazuka Revue. even today. In spite of the series' obscurity in the United States due to legal and distribution problems. who carries within itself the power of immortality. A gender-bending adventure drama about Princess Sapphire. 2006. 1953–56. dealing with man's quest for immortality. It's known in Spanish-speaking countries as La princesa caballero. The movie told the story of Cleopatra and her numerous romantic encounters with Julius Caesar and the other men in her life. in fact. • Black Jack. 1956–89. • Kureopatora (Cleopatra: Queen of Sex). Princess Violetta must pretend to be both of them."[28] The film was not a success in Japan (partly due to financial troubles Tezuka's film company was having at the time). The entire manga had previously been released in bilingual (English/Japanese) volumes from Kodansha Bilingual Comics. As of 2011. the first volume of the manga had been published in English by Vertical Publishing and more volumes are being published to this day. • Twin Knight. and the anime has been dubbed into English and sporadically broadcast on TV in the United States and other English-speaking countries. Vertical acquired the rights to Princess Knight for the North American market. a boy's and a girl's. 1958. When the film was released in the United States. also known in English as Choppy and the Princess. and the quality of the show's art is still impressive. and is sometimes referred to as "the Mother of all shōjo manga. No television version has ever been produced. Three Black Jack TV movies were released between 2000-01. 2007 issue of Shojo Beat from VIZ. in Italy as La Principessa Zaffiro. following Prince Daisy's kidnapping. The story of Black Jack. A new series. Black Jack received the Japan Cartoonists' Association Special Award in 1975 and the Koudansha Manga Award in 1977. Other characters appear and reappear throughout the series. the physical manifestation of the cosmos. which Tezuka had watched in his youth. and is rarely seen today. the film had not been submitted to the MPAA. Ever since then it has been regarded as a separate series. started broadcasting on April 10. usually due to their reincarnation. Tezuka's most profound and ambitious work. the series has turned out to be one of Tezuka's most popular creations practically everywhere else. American distributors released it under the title Cleopatra: Queen of Sex with an X rating in an attempt to cash in on the success of Fritz the Cat. most notably as Phoenix 2772 (1980). using radical and supernatural techniques to combat rare afflictions. A new musical version of Princess Knight was performed in August 2006 starring the members of the all-female pop group Morning Musume. In Twin Knight Princess Sapphire is now Queen Sapphire and is married to Frantz. published by Tezuka Productions. her love interest in the original series. such as its affinity for androgynous heroes.[27] • Hi no Tori (Phoenix). uk/ tol/ arts_and_entertainment/ film/ article4723984. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. htm). awn. ufl." Astro Boy Volume 1 (Comic by Osamu Tezuka). . Condé Nast Publications. the entry hall. "Kodansha Manga Awards" (http:/ / web. . p. html). Fred (2009). [20] Hahn. Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics. Patrick W. Fred (2004). Dai Nippon Printing. Comic Book Awards Almanac. Yomiuri Shimbun. TezukaOsamu@World. Ardith. "Museum Show Spotlights Artistry of Manga God Osamu Tezuka" (http:/ / www. jp. html). htm). ISBN 978-4770031013. net/ comics/ awards/ kodansha. The Times (London). Astro Boy and anime come to the Americas: an insider's view of the birth of a pop culture phenomenon. [26] Ladd. [3] 関厚夫 (2009-11-03). p. Watching Anime. 5/ articles/ deneroffladd1. Retrieved 2007-07-18. The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider's Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan. Projectfile/ Jpt/ Mickey. [9] Patten. is a permanent exhibition of manga and a room for the display of anime. Retrieved 2007-01-15. tezuka. Watching Anime. jp/ mangasho/ rist. Watching Anime. . ISBN 1880656922. hahnlibrary. p. com/ mag/ issue1. Fred (2009). animenewsnetwork. shtml) on 2007-08-16. McFarland & Company. ohio-state. Kodansha International. Retrieved 2007-07-18. html). Incorporated Publishers. ece).Osamu Tezuka 220 [2] Patten. ISBN 1880656922. Retrieved 2009-11-03. [16] Tchiei. Watching Anime. p. [14] "Osamu Star Annals: 1960s at TezukaOsamu@World" (http:/ / en. 6. htm) Bluefat. p. 1963 (http:/ / tezukaosamu. 199. archive. 220–221. Stone Bridge Press. In the basement there is an "Animation Workshop" in which visitors can make their own animations. Hanabatake. ISBN 9780786438662. . are imitations of the hands and feet of several characters from Tezuka (as in a true walk of fame) and on the inside. [4] Patten. shogakukan. japan-zone. Retrieved 2010-05-20. htm#_ednref11). archive. Funnyworld Nos. com/ 0910/ Mighty_Tezuka. pp. Frederik L. ufl. Harper Design. Stone Bridge Press. co. [19] "小学館漫画賞: 歴代受賞者" (http:/ / comics. p. Stone Bridge Press. [10] Katayama. Shogakukan. 77. [15] "Tezuka Osamu" (http:/ / www. [13] Patten. hahnlibrary. [27] (http:/ / www. Fred (2004). clas. Retrieved 2007-08-11. edu/ users/ jmurphy/ JPT3500file/ JPT. On the ground floor on the way before the building's entrance. 234. . html) [23] (http:/ / www. com/ culture/ academic/ 091103/ acd0911030313001-n1. html) on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2008-02-08. hanabatake. p. shtml). msn. lib. . . Michael (1972/73). [11] "The Story of Tezuka. "Tezuka Osamu and the Expressive Techniques of Contemporary Manga" (http:/ / www. "The Filming of Fritz the Cat" (http:/ / www. co. the author. ISBN 1880656922. ISBN 1-56971-676-5. Fred (2004). TezukaOsamu@World. com/ news/ 2011-01-27/ vertical-adds-princess-knight-drops-of-god-manga) [28] Barrier. Incorporated Publishers. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. p. jp/ museum/ nmp/ nmp_i/ articles/ manga/ manga3-2. Japan Zone. edu/ users/ jmurphy/ JPT3500file/ JPT. and a mockup of the city of Takarazuka and a replica of the table where Osamu Tezuka worked. clas. . 5. 14 and 15. [18] Patten. org/ web/ 20070816031310/ http:/ / www. michaelbarrier. com/ culture/ culturereviews/ news/ 2007/ 05/ astroboy). [7] Foster. Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. (2009). dnp. Melanie. Retrieved 2007-08-21. co. "Osamu Tezuka the master of mighty manga" (http:/ / entertainment.com. co. Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. 144. sankeishimbun. 198. hanabatake. Dark Horse Comics and Studio Proteus. On the same floor. Retrieved 2007-08-19. [17] Gerow. 21. com/ Funnyworld/ FritzPartOne/ FritzOne. . Aaron (1996-03-28). ISBN 1-85669-391-0. Lisa (2007-05-31). . Dominic (2008-09-13). Stone Bridge Press. Fred (2004). Go (1998). Osamu" (http:/ / en-f. "【次代への名言】手塚治虫編(1)" (http:/ / sankei. Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. [21] "Mighty Tezuka!" (http:/ / www. Fred (2004). html). McFarland & Company. net/ comics/ awards/ kodansha. com/ research/ tezuka. ISBN 9780786438662. co. Page 3 of 3 (The introduction section has 3 pages). com/ research/ tezuka. Tezuka Productions. [8] Wells. Animation Pioneer" (http:/ / web. "Tezuka: God of Comics" (http:/ / web. timesonline. archive. "Drawn to a Legend" (http:/ / pears2. 145. Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Retrieved 2007-08-11. tezuka. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Takarazuka's Tezuka Osamu Memorial Hall) was inaugurated on April 25 of 1994 and has three floors (15069. . . org/ web/ 20070716014936/ http:/ / www. The exhibition is divided into two parts: Osamu Tezuka and the city of Takarazuka and Osamu Tezuka. [5] Galbraith.47 ft²). html) [24] Ladd. Wired. htm#_ednref11) on 2007-07-16. Joel. Retrieved 2007-07-18. . jp/ osamu/ story/ index. [6] Gravett. [25] Schodt. Stone Bridge Press. Retrieved 2007-07-18. Astro Boy and anime come to the Americas: an insider's view of the birth of a pop culture phenomenon. "Introduction. ISBN 1880656922. org/ web/ 20071024152609/ http:/ / www. ISBN 1880656922. . Paul (2004). shtml). wired. html). Watching Anime. html) (in Japanese). Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. bluefat. a replica of Princess Knight's furniture. January 2001 [22] Company Profile. [12] Santiago. Museum The Osamu Tezuka Manga Museum (宝塚市立手塚治虫記念館. jp/ osamu/ annals/ 1960. com/ modern/ tezuka_osamu. Projectfile/ Jpt/ Mickey. Retrieved 2007-07-18. net/ en/ productions/ trans. "Osamu Tezuka. edu/ Markus/ Review/ Films96/ Tokiwa. Personal life Tezuka was a fan of Superman and was made honorable chairman of the Superman Fan Club in Japan. net/ en/ museum/ permanent_1. baseball.org/web/20050220082952/home. html) External links • TezukaOsamu.uvlist. There is also a center of glass that represents the planet Earth and is based on a book written by him in his childhood called "Our Earth of Glass".org • Osamu Tezuka.net/en/museum/index. who wanted to hire Tezuka. wordpress. entomology.html) at web.net • The Osamu Tezuka Manga Museum (http://www. Accessed 2011-09-22 (http:/ / jhockey. [2] Biography for Osamu Tezuka (http:/ / www. etc. "The Four Lions of Asia".com/name/nm0856804/) at the Internet Movie Database • Osamu Tezuka (http://www. a famous ninja and samurai who faithfully served Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Sengoku period in Japan. html). [2] [3] Tezuka met Walt Disney in person. with five hundred works of Tezuka (some foreign editions are also present).html) Information page at TezukaOsamu. characters.htm) Information page on city of Takarazuka municipal site (Japanese) • Based on Osamu Tezuka movies or mangas [sic] (http://www.archive.yementimes.com/cgi-bin/fg. net/ en/ about/ 1980. net/~hasshin/tezukaint.archive.takarazuka. Tezuka enjoyed bug collecting. com/ 2008/ 10/ 18/ the-four-lions-asia-series/ ) [4] Tezuka Osamu Permanent Exhibition.. Baseball.imdb.hyogo.findagrave.Osamu Tezuka 221 On the first floor are held several exhibitions and are available a Manga Library. Walt Disney.com/defaultdet.net/groups/info/osamutezuka) at Universal Videogame List (Video games based on Osamu Tezuka works) • Interview: Osamu Tezuka speaks at Hartford (http://web.net (http://tezukaosamu. Birth.jp/tezuka/index.anime. and licensed the "grown up" version of his character Kimba the White Lion as the logo for the Seibu Lions of the Nippon Professional Baseball League. imdb. would later become a film and anime director.animenewsnetwork.com/) (works. Tezuka is a descendent of Hattori Hanzo[4] . com/ name/ nm856804/ bio) at the Internet Movie Database [3] Japan.com/encyclopedia/people.city. aspx?SUB_ID=34059) . Accessed 2011-10-18 (http:/ / tezukaosamu. bibliography. [2] He gave guidance to many known cartoonists such as Shotaro Ishinomori and Go Nagai.php?id=883) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Osamu Tezuka (http://www. .com • Tezuka Osamu Manga Museum (http://tezukaosamu.com/Osamu_Tezuka/) at Anime. A Japanese Godfather of Modern Day Manga (http://www. Hockey.net/) Official site in Japanese and English • Tezuka in English (http://tezukainenglish. a video library and a lounge with a decor inspired by Kimba the White Lion.[1] His son Makoto Tezuka.comcast. and fan index) • Osamu Tezuka (http://www. References [1] "About Osamu Tezuka" (http:/ / www.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7738125) at Find a Grave • Osamu Tezuka (http://www. tezukaosamu. and Taiwan. He was the first professional cartoonist in Japan. It was translated into English and Chinese and sold in not only Japan but also in the Korean peninsula. where he remained until his retirement in 1932. and started drawing cartoons under Frank Arthur Nankivell. In 1905. during which he published a magazine of his own called Rakuten Puck). From January 1902. Rakuten moved to Jiji Shimpo. He studied western-style painting under Ōno Yukihiko and Nihonga under Inoue Shunzui. In 1899.[1] Biography Rakuten was born in 1876 in the Kita Adachi district of Ōmiya in Saitama Prefecture. he was the chairman of the Nihon Manga Hōkō Kai. Mainland China. and then returned to Jiji Shimpo. Yellow Kid. He is considered by many historians to be the founding father of modern manga because his work was an inspiration to many younger manga artists and animators. He drew many editorial cartoons and comic strips during the years from the late Meiji era through the early Showa era. was a Japanese manga artist and nihonga artist. During World War II. named after the American magazine. a cartoonists society organized by the government to support the war effort. he contributed to Jiji Manga. Rakuten held a private exhibition in Paris on the recommendation of the French ambassador. and was awarded the Legion d'honneur. and the work of Frederick Burr Opper. a comics page that appeared in the Sunday edition. better known by the pen name Rakuten Kitazawa (北澤 楽天 Kitazawa Rakuten).Rakuten Kitazawa 222 Rakuten Kitazawa Yasuji Kitazawa (北澤 保次 20 July 1876 – 25 August 1955). In 1929. a daily newspaper founded by Yukichi Fukuzawa. He worked for this magazine until 1915 (with the exception of a short period around 1912. Rakuten started a full-color satirical magazine called Tokyo Puck. He joined the English-language magazine Box of Curios in 1895. an Australian artist who later emigrated to America and became a popular cartoonist for Puck magazine. . His comics for this page were inspired by American comic strips such as Katzenjammer Kids. and the first to use the term "manga" in its modern sense. Stories about two mischievous boys. whose name can be read "Mr. Haneko was the first girl protagonist in manga and influenced early shōjo manga like Machiko Hasegawa's Nakayoshi Techō. • Many of Rakuten's most popular comic strips were published in Jiji Manga. The story of a tomboyish girl. The characters Chame and Dekobo appeared as dolls and on playing cards in one of the first examples of character merchandising in Japan. • Teino Nukesaku (丁野抜作. by separately eating lumps of sugar for coffee). He was a popular character during the Taishō era in Japan.Rakuten Kitazawa 223 Influence Both before and after his retirement. he was one of the favorite cartoonists of the young Osamu Tezuka. "The Failures of Kidoro Haikara") .started 1928. "Nukesaku Teino") . • Haikara Kidorō no Sippai (灰殻木戸郎の失敗.. "Tagosaku and Mokube's Sightseeing in Tokyo") . Tagosaku to Mokubē no Tōkyō-Kenbutsu (1902) counterparts of the Katzenjammer Kids in Japan.. The story of a young man who boasts of his imperfect knowledge of the West but ends up embarrassing himself.started 1915.. but after the High Treason Incident it became more conservative. The story of a wooden-head man. Haneko Tonda. His name can be read "Mr. His early style was critical of the government. "Miss Haneko Tonda") ..started 1902. • Chame to Dekobō (茶目と凸坊. whose name can be read "Hopping-jumping girl". ..[2] Notable works • Rakuten drew many political cartoons for Jiji Shimpō and Tokyo Puck. including Hekoten Shimokawa. Along with Ippei Okamoto. creator of Japan's first cartoon animation. The story of two country bumpkins on a sightseeing trip in Tokyo. Rakuten trained many young manga artists and animators. • Tonda Haneko Jō (とんだはね子嬢. Foolish Wooden-head". • Tagosaku to Mokubē no Tōkyō-Kenbutsu (田吾作と杢兵衛の東京見物. Knowing nothing about modern culture. "Chame and Dekobo") . they behave foolishly (for example.started 1902. European style affected man". Nukesaku Teino. net/artists/k/kitazawa_rakuten. The Japan Newspaper Museum. pp. jp/ newspark/ data/ pdf_siryou/ c_15. ISBN 4-642-05475-8 • Isao Shimizu. in 1892. ISBN 4-309-72611-9 External links • Rakuten Kitazawa in Lambiek Comiclopedia (http://lambiek. ISBN 4-06-175991-4 References • Isao Shimizu.htm) .Rakuten Kitazawa 224 Notes [1] The first cartoonist to use the term "manga" in the narrower sense of "caricature" was probably Ippyō Imaizumi. pdf) (Newspaper Manga (1). in Japanese). Tezuka Osamu Manga no Ougi (Secrets of Osamu Tezuka manga). Rakuten's predecessor as political cartoonist at the Jiji Shimpo. See Shinbun Manga (1) (http:/ / newspark. 16-27. Retrieved on 03 January 2009. [2] Osamu Tezuka. Zusetsu Manga no Rekishi (Illustrated history of manga). Manga Tanjō (Birth of manga). which was produced for the American publication Nintendo Power. Ishinomori's art is quite reminiscent of that of his mentor. He even created popular children's shows such as Hoshi no Ko Chobin (Chobin. and the Kamen Rider Series. Manga Shōnen. including Android Kikaider. produced by Toei Company Ltd. along with Ishinomori's earliest work on the "Electro" story arc. 1998 (aged 60) Occupation Manga artist Language Japanese Period 1954-1998 Genres Science fiction Notable work(s) Super Sentai Cyborg 009 Kamen Rider Ganbare!! Robocon Shotaro Ishinomori (石ノ森 章太郎 Ishinomori Shōtarō. The success of the tokusatsu superhero TV series Kamen Rider. The comic was republished as a graphic novel collection in 1993. and Ganbare!! Robokon. Ishinomori also illustrated a comic adaptation of the Super NES video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. He was twice awarded by the Shogakukan Manga Award. Around 1955. 8 Man (which predated Ishinomori's Kikaider by nine years). which were once again all produced by Toei or in Sarutobi Ecchan's case Toei Animation.Shotaro Ishinomori 225 Shotaro Ishinomori Shotaro Ishinomori Born January 25. this story can be seen in Volume 15. 1938 – January 28. Ishinomori then created many similar superhero dramas. The comic consisted of 12 chapters. Osamu Tezuka. and resulted in many sequel shows to this day. featuring nine cybernetic warriors. Sarutobi Ecchan. became the first superpowered hero team created in Japan. the Toei Fushigi Comedy Series and countless others. Ishinomori submitted work to a contest seeking new talent in the magazine. and tokusatsu. when he changed his family name to Ishinomori with "ノ". Tezuka was impressed by his drawings and asked Ishinomori to help him with Astro Boy. Inazuman. Body of work Cyborg 009. led to the birth of the "Transforming" (henshin) superhero (human-sized superheroes who transform by doing a pose. a co-production with Studio Zero which was a major success on Italian television). created in 1963. Robotto Keiji. 1938 Tome. Himitsu Sentai Gorenger (the first Super Sentai series). That same year. 1974. Kaiketsu Zubat. anime. The true story of his first meeting with Tezuka was illustrated in a short four-page tale drawn up as supplementary material for the 1970s Astro Boy manga reprints.[1] He was born and named Shotaro Onodera (小野寺 章太郎 Onodera Shōtarō) in Tome. which were serialized from January 1992 (Volume 32) to December 1992 (Volume 43). and use martial arts to fight henchmen and the weekly monster). In the American release. creating several immensely popular long-running series such as Cyborg 009 and Himitsu Sentai Goranger. Miyagi Prefecture. 1998) was a Japanese manga artist who became an influential figure in manga. what would go on to become part of the Super Sentai series. in 1971. Japan Died January 28. and was also known as Shotaro Ishimori (石森 章太郎 Ishimori Shōtarō) before 1986. Child of the Stars. Henshin Ninja Arashi. . Kazumasa Hirai and Jiro Kuwata created Japan's first android superhero. January 25. in 1968 for Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae and in 1988 for Hotel and Manga Nihon Keizai Nyumon. Miyagi. Akumaizer 3. It was also recently adapted into an anime in 2007. blogspot.Official website (Japanese) • Ishimori Production Inc. Skull Man (the manga that became the basis for Kamen Rider). html) (in Japanese).[3] decorated with images of the eponymous character of Ganbare!! Robocon References [1] "小学館漫画賞: 歴代受賞者" (http:/ / comics. (http://en. Two years later. Retrieved 2008-01-28. as only one of many whom Ishinomori had inspired. shogakukan.miyagi.php) .Official website • Ishimori Production Inc. co.Official website (Japanese) . a young and up and coming manga artists was contacted by an increasingly ill Shotaro Ishinomori and asked if he would do a continuation (though more along the lines of a remake) of his 100-page. televised a year later.com/index2. [3] "A Rinkya Blog: Japanese Manga Writer Wins Guinness World Record" (http:/ / rinkya. the Mangattan Museum Shimamoto had already been involved in the revival of one of Ishinomori's other earlier works (including Kamen Rider) but little did he dream that.Official website (French) • Mangattan Museum website (http://www.tome.ishinomori. . 1998 just 3 days after his 60th birthday.ishimoripro.com/index2.Shotaro Ishinomori 226 Later life At the end of 1997. Retrieved 2009-08-29. [2] "Sightseeing in Ishinomaki" (http:/ / www.php) . html).com/index2. ishinomaki. lg.city. com/ 2008/ 01/ japanese-manga-artist-wins-guinness. Miyagi in 2001. Shogakukan. who had been one of Shimamoto's boyhood heroes.ishimoripro. one-shot manga from 1970. His work posthumously awarded him the Guinness World Record for One of the Mangattan Liners on the Senseki Line most comics published by one author. he would be chosen for the final collaboration and resurrection of Skull Man. (http://fr.man-bow.ishimoripro. External links • Ishimori Production Inc. Shimamoto was astounded that he had A bronze statue of Ishinomori's hand outside of been chosen to work on his idol's final.com/manga/) (Japanese) • Shotaro Ishinomori Complete Comic Works (http://www. Voicelugger. . Death Ishinomori died of heart failure on January 28. city. . jsp). Kazuhiko Shimamoto.000 pages.[2] Special trains in the Senseki Line were commissioned featuring his artwork generally leading to the museum. totaling over 128.htm) .com/top. Retrieved 2007-08-19. faxed him copies of the proposed story and plot notes. His final work was the tokusatsu superhero TV series. jp/ EN/ sightseeing. All of the series made in the Heisei period credit Ishinomori as the creator.html) (Japanese) • Shotaro Ishinomori Memorial Museum (http://www.jp/kinenkan/index1. great work. the Kamen Rider Series would be revived with Kamen Rider Kuuga.php) . jp/ mangasho/ rist. (http://www. Ishinomori. The Ishinomori Manga Museum named in his honor opened in Ishinomaki. Toshio Suzuki 227 Toshio Suzuki Toshio Suzuki Born August 19, 1948 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Occupation Producer Studio Executive Spouse Yes Children Mamiko (daughter) Toshio Suzuki (鈴木 敏夫 Suzuki Toshio, born August 19, 1948) is a film producer of anime and a long-time colleague of Hayao Miyazaki, as well as the current CEO of Studio Ghibli. Suzuki is renowned as one of Japan's most successful producers after the enormous box office success (in Japan) of many Ghibli films. According to Miyazaki, "If it were not for Mr. Suzuki, there wouldn't have been Studio Ghibli."[1] Suzuki started out at Tokuma Shoten joining the company shortly after graduating. He worked on Asahi Geino magazine before becoming editor of Animage in 1978, where he met Hayao Miyazaki who had created the Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind manga. He convinced Miyazaki to turn Nausicaä into a film, he later helped establish Studio Ghibli after the film. He served on production committees on My Neighbor Totoro and Grave of the Fireflies before officially joining the studio in 1991 as a producer. He graduated from Keio University with a degree in literature. Filmography Producer • Angel's Egg, 1985, Tokuma Shoten • Digital Devil Monogatari Megami Tensei, 1987, Tokuma Shoten • The Heroic Legend of Arslan, 1991, Kadokawa Shoten • Porco Rosso - (紅の豚 Kurenai no Buta), 1992 • Pom Poko - (平成狸合戦ぽんぽこ Heisei Tanuki Gassen Ponpoko), 1994 • Whisper of the Heart - (耳をすませば Mimi wo Sumaseba), 1995 • On Your Mark - (オン・ユア・マーク On Yua Māku) • Princess Mononoke - (もののけ姫 Mononoke Hime), 1997 • My Neighbors the Yamadas - (ホーホケキョとなりの山田くん Hōhokekyo Tonari no Yamada-kun), 1999 • Shiki-Jitsu, 2000, Studio Kajino • Ghiblies, 2000, (TV short film) • Spirited Away - (千と千尋の神隠し Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi), 2001 • The Cat Returns - (猫の恩返し Neko no Ongaeshi) 2002 • Ghiblies Episode 2, 2002, (shown in theaters with The Cat Returns) • Howl's Moving Castle - (ハウルの動く城 Hauru no Ugoku Shiro), 2004 • Innocence: Ghost in the Shell, 2004, Production I.G • Doredore no Uta, 2005 • Tales from Earthsea - (ゲド戦記 Gedo Senki), 2006 • Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea - (崖の上のポニョ Gake no Ue no Ponyo), 2008 • The Secret World of Arrietty - (借りぐらしのアリエッティ Kari-gurashi no Arietti), 2010 • From up on Poppy Hill - (コクリコ坂から Kokuriko-zaka kara), 2011 Toshio Suzuki 228 Associate Producer • Kiki's Delivery Service - (魔女の宅急便 Majo no Takkyuubin), 1989 Production Committee • Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind - (風の谷のナウシカ, Kaze no Tani no Naushika), 1984, Topcraft • Castle in the Sky - Laputa: The Castle in the Sky (天空の城ラピュタ, Tenkuu no Shiro Rapyuta), 1986 • Grave of the Fireflies -(火垂るの墓, Hotaru no Haka), 1988 • My Neighbor Totoro - (となりのトトロ, Tonari no Totoro), 1987 Appearance • Whisper of the Heart (1995) - as a friend of Shirou Nishi • Princess Mononoke (1997) • Killers: .50 Woman (2003) - as Wicked producer • Tachiguishi-Retsuden (2006) - as Hiyashi Tanuki no Masa (Cold Badger Masa) References [1] http:/ / www. nausicaa. net/ miyazaki/ whoswho/ #suzuki External links • Miyazaki Quote (http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/whoswho/#suzuki) from Nausicaa.net (an extensive English language source on Ghibli's films and other related anime works.) • The Birth of Studio Ghibli (Documentary), Studio Ghibli Collection (http://www.studioghiblidvd.co.uk/ about_studio_ghibli.html): Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (UK DVD Release), Optimum Releasing Asia, 2005 • Toshio Suzuki (producer) (http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=1186) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia 229 Year 24 Group Year 24 Group Year 24 Group (24年組 Nijūyo-nen Gumi) refers to one of two female manga artist groups which are considered to have revolutionized shōjo manga (girls' comics).[1] Their works often examine "radical and philosophical issues", including sexuality and gender issues,[2] and many of their works are now considered "classics" of shōjo manga.[3] Many of those in the first group, Year 24 Flower Group (花の24年組 Hana no Nijūyo-nen Gumi), also known as the Forty-Niners, were born in Shōwa 24 (1949).[4] The exact membership is not precisely defined, but includes Yasuko Aoike, Moto Hagio, Riyoko Ikeda, Yumiko Ōshima, Keiko Takemiya, Toshie Kihara, Ryoko Yamagishi, Minori Kimura, Nanae Sasaya, and Mineko Yamada.[4] [5] A second group, known as Post Year 24 Group (ポスト24年組 Posuto Nijūyo-nen Gumi), includes Wakako Mizuki, Michi Tarasawa, Aiko Itō, Yasuko Sakata, Shio Satō, and Yukiko Kai. The Year 24 Group significantly contributed to the development of subgenres in shōjo manga,[6] and marked the first major entry of women artists into manga.[7] [8] Thereafter, shōjo manga would be drawn primarily by women artists for an audience of girls and young women.[4] [8] [9] The Year 24 Group used bildungsroman genre conventions in their works.[10] Stylistically, the Year 24 Group created new conventions in panel layout by departing from rows of rectangles that were the standard of the time and using panel shape and configuration to convey emotion, and softening or removing panel borders.[11] At around the same time as the year 24 group were creating manga, shōjo manga magazines began serialising on a weekly basis.[12] Moto Hagio and Keiko Takemiya lived in the same apartment in Ōizumi in Nerima, Tokyo from 1970 to 1973, in a situation similar to Osamu Tezuka's Tokiwa-so. Takemiya's friend Norie Masayama lived nearby and was described by Moto Hagio as Takemiya's "brain staff". Masayama was not a manga artist herself, but she introduced Takemiya to male homosexuality for women via Barazoku and Les amitiés particulières, which inspired Takemiya and Hagio to create shōnen-ai works.[13] Until that time, shōjo manga was written mainly by male manga artists, such as Osamu Tezuka with his Princess Knight, and their attempts by female manga artists to write manga for girls were relatively new. Fortunately their manga were welcomed by girls, women, and men. Their actions and success paved the way for the appearances of many female manga artists like Rumiko Takahashi. Comiket, the world's largest comic convention, was started by the dojinshi circle Meikyu (迷宮), which began as a group for studying the works of Moto Hagio. Works by Hagio and Satō were included in the shōjo manga anthology Four Shōjo Stories, published in North America by Viz Communications in 1996.[14] Year 24 Group 230 References [1] Thorn, Matt (February 1996). "Introduction". Four Shôjo Stories. Viz Communications. ISBN 1-56931-055-6. "These women revolutionized the genre." [2] Kan, Satoko (10 March 2007). ""Kawaii" ― The Keyword of Japanese Girls’ Culture" (http:/ / teapot. lib. ocha. ac. jp/ ocha/ handle/ 10083/ 3451) (in Japanese). ｢対話と深化｣の次世代女性リーダーの育成 : ｢魅力ある大学院教育｣イニシアティブ (お茶の水女子大学｢魅力ある大学院教育｣イニシアティブ人社系事務局) 平成18年度活動報告書 : 海外研修事業編: 200–202. NCID BA79052646. . [3] Suzuki, Kazuko. 1999. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". In Sherrie Inness, ed., Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. London: Rowman & Littlefield, p.247 ISBN 0847691365, ISBN 0847691373. [4] Thorn, Matt (2001). "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http:/ / www. matt-thorn. com/ shoujo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. html). The Japan Quarterly 48 (3). . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [5] Thorn, Matt (2005). "A History of Manga" (http:/ / www. matt-thorn. com/ mangagaku/ history. html). Animerica: Anime & Manga Monthly 4 (2,4, & 6). . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [6] http:/ / www. csuchico. edu/ %7Emtoku/ vc/ Articles/ toku/ Power_Girls_Comics. html [7] Gravett, Paul (2004) Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics. NY: Harper Design. ISBN 1-85669-391-0. p. 8. [8] Schodt, Frederik L. 1986. Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-0870117527. [9] Toku, Masami, editor. 2005. "Shojo Manga: Girl Power!" Chico, CA: Flume Press/California State University Press. ISBN 1-886226-10-5. See also http:/ / www. csuchico. edu/ pub/ cs/ spring_06/ feature_03. html. Accessed 2007-09-22. [10] Matsui, Midori. (1993) "Little girls were little boys: Displaced Femininity in the representation of homosexuality in Japanese girls' comics," in Gunew, S. and Yeatman, A. (eds.) Feminism and The Politics of Difference, pp. 177–196. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing. [11] Gravett, Paul (2004) Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics (Harper Design, ISBN 1-85669-391-0) page 79 [12] Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy: Overviews, Robin Anne Reid (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=jKr0jWY8FLkC& pg=PA129& dq=Riyoko+ Ikeda& hl=en& ei=lMzwTNDLDIvcvQObmbTxDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=10& ved=0CE4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage& q=Riyoko Ikeda& f=false) [13] http:/ / matt-thorn. com/ shoujo_manga/ hagio_interview. php [14] Nishi, Keiko; Moto Hagio; and Shio Sato (February 1996). Four Shōjo Stories. Viz Communications. ISBN 1-56931-055-6. Keiko Takemiya Keiko Takemiya (竹宮 惠子 Takemiya Keiko, born February 13, 1950 in Tokushima, Tokushima Prefecture) is a Japanese manga artist. She is included in the Year 24 Group. She resides in Kamukura, Kanagawa Prefecture.[1] Takemiya was one of the female authors who in the early 1970s pioneered a genre of girls' comics about love between young men; in December 1970 she published a short story, "In the Sunroom", in Bessatsu Shōjo Komikku, which is possibly the first shōnen-ai manga published and contains the earliest known male-male kiss in shōjo manga.[2] Among her most noted works are the manga Toward the Terra and Kaze to Ki no Uta, which are noted for being pioneering series of the 1970s and 1980s. She received the 1979 Shogakukan Manga Award for shōjo manga and shōnen manga respectively for Kaze to Ki no Uta and Terra e...,[3] and the prestigious Seiun Award for science fiction manga in 1978 for Terra e....[4] She is regarded as "one of the first successful crossover women artists" to create both shōjo and shōnen manga.[5] Many of her series have been adapted into anime, including Terra e... in 1980 and 2007, Natsu e no Tobira in 1981, and Kaze to Ki no Uta in 1987. In 1983, she served as special designer to the Sunrise theatrical film Crusher Joe: The Movie, alongside other noted manga artists Yumiko Igarashi, Fujihiko Hosono, Rumiko Takahashi, Hideo Azuma, Hisaichi Ishii, Katsuhiro Otomo, Miki Tori, Shinji Wada and Akira Toriyama.[6] Since 2000, Takemiya has taught at Kyoto Seika University's Faculty of Manga and is its current dean.[7] [8] [9] In 2009, she was a member of the selection committee for the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize.[10] Keiko Takemiya 231 Selected bibliography • Ringo no Tsumi (りんごの罪 Ringo no tsumi, 1968) • In the Sunroom (サンルームにて, 1970) • Natsu e no Tobira (夏への扉 Natsu e no tobira, 1975) • Kaze to Ki no Uta (風と木の詩 Kaze to ki no uta, 1976–1984) • To Terra... (地球へ… Terra e..., 1977–1980) (published in English by Vertical) • Andromeda Stories (アンドロメダ・ストーリーズ Andromeda stories, 1980-1982) (published in English by Vertical, Story by Sci Fi author Ryu Mitsuse) • Tenma no Ketsuzoku (天馬の血族 Tenma no ketsuzoku, 1992–2000) References [1] "MAJORING IN MANGA: University Teaches Students How to Produce Comics" (http:/ / web-japan. org/ trends01/ article/ 020619sci. html). Japan Information Network. 2002-08-14. . Retrieved 2009-03-29. [2] Deppey, Dirk (March 27, 2007). "Mar. 27, 2007: The first draft of history (some revisions may be necessary)" (http:/ / archives. tcj. com/ journalista/ ?p=321). Journalista. The Comics Journal. . Retrieved September 11, 2009. [3] "小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者" (http:/ / comics. shogakukan. co. jp/ mangasho/ rist. html) (in Japanese). Shogakukan. . Retrieved 2007-08-19. [4] "日本SFファングループ連合会議：星雲賞リスト" (http:/ / www. sf-fan. gr. jp/ awards/ list. html) (in Japanese). . Retrieved 2008-12-31. [5] http:/ / www. suvudu. com/ 2009/ 09/ 365-days-of-manga-day-2-andromeda-stories. html [6] "Crusher Joe - Anime Liner Notes - AnimEigo (Japanese Animation)" (http:/ / www. animeigo. com/ Liner/ CRUSHERJOE. t). AnimEigo. . Retrieved 2009-03-28. [7] " A Faculty of Manga (http:/ / www. nhk. or. jp/ cooljapan/ previous/ index. html)". Cool Japan. NHK World, BS1, NHK BS-Hi Vision. 2009-02-04. [8] Takemiya the teacher (http:/ / thestar. com. my/ lifestyle/ story. asp?file=/ 2008/ 2/ 24/ lifebookshelf/ 20355872& sec=lifebookshelf) [9] A Lifetime of Shojo Manga (http:/ / www. shojobeat. com/ interviews/ 10/ 239. php) [10] "13th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Nominees Announced" (http:/ / www. animenewsnetwork. com/ news/ 2009-03-05/ 13th-tezuka-osamu-cultural-prize-nominees-announced). Anime News Network. 2009-03-05. . Retrieved 2009-03-29. External links • tra-pro.com (http://www.tra-pro.com/index/) - Keiko Takemiya's personal website (Japanese) • Interview: Keiko Takemiya (http://manga.about.com/od/mangaartistswriters/a/KeikoTakemiya.htm) Minori Kimura 232 Minori Kimura Minori Kimura Birth name 樹村 みのり Born 11 November 1949 Saitama Prefecture, Japan Nationality Japanese Field Shōjo manga Minori Kimura (樹村 みのり Kimura Minori) is a female Japanese manga artist, born 11 November 1949 in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.[1] She is often counted among the Year 24 Group, a nebulous group of female manga artists considered to have revolutionized shōjo manga.[2] She made her professional debut in 1964 at the age of 14 with her story Picnic,[1] [3] [4] serialized in the Spring Special issue of Ribon, published by Shueisha. From that point, she continued writing stories during her school breaks which were published in magazines such as COM and Ribon Comic. During the 1960s and early 1970s, the settings for her stories were varied, including places like Auschwitz, Vietnam, and the slums of Rio de Janeiro, and they covered topics interesting to young girls, elaborately drawing out the feelings and motivations of her characters. After graduating from college, she took a short break from publishing before returning with Gift (贈り物 Okurimono), published by Shogakukan in Bessatsu Shōjo Comic in 1974. The story discussed the struggles of elementary school life. She then published This Side of the Rape Blossom Field (菜の花畑のこちら側 Nanohana Hatake no Kochiragawa), the story of four young college girls living together. This story caused her to gain popularity, and from that point she generally published in shōjo, seinen, and ladies manga magazines from Akita Shoten and Kodansha. In recent years, she has published fewer works, with most of her releases being reprints of older works. She has also create several health-related manga. One of her works finished its run in 2008 in Mugenkan, a magazine published by Asahi Shimbun Shuppan. Reception Kimura has been called "one of the most brilliant and largely forgotten members of the Fabulous Fortyniners" by Matt Thorn,[5] an anthropologist noted for his work on shōjo manga. Works • Picnic (1964, Ribon, Shueisha) • Rain (雨 Ame) (December 1966, Ribon, Shueisha) • Little Brother (おとうと Otōto) (September 1969, COM, Mushi Pro) • The First Day of Liberation (解放の最初の日 Kaihō no Saishō no Hi) (May–June 1970, COM, Mushi Pro) • To the Sea (海へ Umi e) (September 1970, Ribon Comic, Shueisha) • Carnival (カルナバル Karunabaru) (October 1970, Ribon Comic, Shueisha) • Winter Fireworks (冬の花火 Fuyu no Hanabi) (February 1971, Ribon Comic, Shueisha) • The Flying Box Which Couldn't Fly (跳べないとび箱 Tobenai Tobihako) (May 1971, Ribon, Shueisha, collected in Seasons in My Pocket (ポケットの中の季節 Poketto no Naka no Kisetsu)) • Big Sister's Wedding (おねえさんの結婚 Oneesan no Kekkon) (September 1971, COM, Mushi Pro) • Happy Talk (こうふくな話 Kōfuku na Hanashi) (December 1971, COM, Mushi Pro) Minori Kimura 233 • Letter from Uruguay (ウルグアイからの手紙 Uruguai kara no Tegami) (May 1973, Monthly Funny, Mushi Pro, collected in Seasons in My Pocket 2 (ポケットの中の季節2 Poketto no Naka no Kisetsu Tsū)) • Gift (October 1974, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan • Unseen Autumn (見えない秋 Mienai Aki) (November 1974, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • Rape Blossoms (菜の花 Nanohana) (January 1975, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • Wingless Bird (翼のない鳥 Tsubasa no Nai Tori) (April–May 1975, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • Sick Day (病気の日 Byōki no Hi) (August 1975, Ribon Comic, Shueisha) • Our Beginning (わたしたちの始まり Watashi-tachi no Hajimari) (September 1975, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • This Side of the Rape Blossom Field (November 1975-January 1976, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • Early Spring (早春 Sōshun) (Spring 1976, Ribon Deluxe, Shueisha) • The People Living in the Stars (星に住む人びと Hoshi ni Sumu Hitobito) (November 1976, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • That and This Side of the Rape Blossom Field (菜の花畑のむこうとこちら Nanohana Hatake no Mukō to Kochira) (March 1977, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • My Alien (わたしの宇宙人 Watashi no Uchūjin) (1 May 1977, Big Comic Original, Shogakukan) • If the Rape Blossom Field Is also Clinging to the Night (菜の花畑は夜もすがら Nanohana Hatake wa Yoru mo Sugara) (October 1977, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • Suitable Maidens (カッコーの娘たち Kakkō no Musume-tachi) (April, June 1978, Mimi, Kodansha) • Dog Dog Dog Tales (犬・けん・ケン物語 Ken Ken Ken Monogatari) (May–June, September 1978, Princess, Akita Shoten) • Many Thanks for Supporting "Nanohara Hatake" (菜の花畑は満員御礼 Nanohara Hatake wa Man'in Onrei) (December 1978, Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, Shogakukan) • Flight (April 1979, Seventeen, Shueisha) • Marta and Leeza (マルタとリーザ Maruta to Rīza) (December 1979 - February 1980, Manga Shōnen, Asahi Sonorama) • Kain of the Beach (海辺のカイン Umibe no Kain) (June, August, November 1980 and January, March 1981, Mimi, Kodansha) • Bad Girl (悪い子 Warui Ko) (August 1980, Petit Comic, Shogakukan) • John B's Summer (ジョーン・Ｂの夏) (Summer 1980, Petit Flower, Shogakukan) • a revised version of this story was published in the 1 July 1981 issue of The Boys and Girls SF Manga Complete Collection (少年少女ＳＦマンガ大全集 Shōnen Shōjo Esuefu Manga Daizenshū) • Pyūgurumun (ピューグルムン) (January - March 1981, Petit Comic, Shogakukan) • Azami's Flower (あざみの花 Azami no Hana) (August, December 1981, February 1982, Comic Tom, Ushio Publishing) • Warped Mirror (歪んだ鏡 Yuganda Kagami) (Early Spring Special 1982, Bonita, Akita Shoten) • Mother's Daughters (母親の娘たち) (January - June 1984, Bonita Eve, Akita Shoten) • Takako Doi Graffiti (土井たかこグラフティ Doi Takako Gurafuti) (December 1989, Scola Magazine, ) • An Outside View series (シリーズ・横からの構図 Shirīzu: Yokokara no Kōzu) (October 1990 - August 1992, Human Sexuality) • Their Crimes (彼らの犯罪 Karera no Hanzai) (December 1992, Rosa) • Parents Kill (親が・殺す Oya ga Korosu) (March 1993, Rosa) • The Entrance to Dreams (夢の入り口 Yume no Iriguchi) (September 1993, Bell Rosa) • Toward a World Without Sexual Harrassment (セクシュアル・ハラスメントのない世界へ Sekushuaru Harasumento no Nai Sekai e) (May 2000, Tokyo Women's Foundation) • After Seeing You Off (見送りの後で Miokuri no Ato de) (2006, Mugenkan, Asahi Shimbun Shuppan) • The People Living in the Stars (2007, Mugenkan, Asahi Shimbun Shuppan, remake of her 1976 series) php/ features/ manga-recon-roundtable-personality-quiz/ ). com/ sintaro-puropera/ mk002. . Matt (July–September 2001). Retrieved 2009-03-31. 2008-12-27. Kudan Shobō. Retrieved 2009-03-31. com/ sintaro-puropera/ mk001. popcultureshock. Retrieved 2009-04-01. nifty. "Manga Recon Roundtable: Personality Quiz" (http:/ / www. 2005. PopCultureShock (http:/ / www. com/ ).Minori Kimura 234 [6] Sources: References [1] "樹村みのりプロフィール" (http:/ / homepage3. 樹村みのりデータベース. jp/ nikki/ nikki0812. . 漫画V. [2] Thorn. com/ shoujo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. php). htm) (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-04-01. com/ manga/ index. Matt (2008-12-22). [3] "Minori Kimura Profile (樹村みのりプロフィール Kimura Minori Purofīru (http:/ / www. . mangav. . matt-thorn. com/ ki/ kimuraminori. The Japan Quarterly. . [6] "○樹村みのり作品リスト○" (http:/ / homepage3. . [5] Thorn. html)])"] (in Japanese). html)])"] (in Japanese). popcultureshock. Retrieved 2009-03-31. kudan. . [4] This site shows a scan of the first page of the story as well as the cover of the magazine. 樹村みのりデータベース. htm) (in Japanese). "Jinbō-chō Uradōri Nikki (神保町裏通り日記 (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2009-03-31. "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http:/ / www. nifty. Japan. 1949 in Ōmuta.Moto Hagio 235 Moto Hagio Moto Hagio 萩尾 望都 Moto Hagio circa 2008. Joshibi University of Art and Design appointed Hagio as a guest professor.[7] Later. Fukuoka. 2009. 1949 Ōmuta. especially shōnen-ai. depth and personal vision found only in the finest of creative artists". She was awarded the Shogakukan Manga Award in 1976 for her science fiction classic Juichinin Iru! (They Were Eleven) and her epic tale Poe no Ichizoku (The Poe Family). Hagio wrote her first long work . and rival publisher Shogakukan sought her out.[4] Nakayoshi's publisher Kodansha wanted "bright and lively" works. When she began drawing manga. Approximately 200 people attended. "celebrating her 40th year as a professional manga artist". Notable works ' They Were Eleven Poe no Ichizoku Moto Hagio (萩尾 望都 Hagio Moto) is a manga artist born on May 12. In 1974. a genre of girls' comics about love between young men.[3] Publishing career Moto Hagio made her professional debut in 1969 at the age of 20 with her short story "Lulu to Mimi" in Nakayoshi. who accepted all of Hagio's works that Kodansha had rejected. though she currently lives in Saitama Prefecture. Hagio had not set her works in contemporary Japan.[1] She has been described as "the most beloved shōjo manga artist of all time. for Shogakukan Publishing. She is also a member of the Year 24 Group."[2] In addition to being an "industry pioneer". a short story that dealt openly with love between two boys at a boarding school.[11] Moto Hagio had a role in the 2008 film Domomata no Shi (Death of Domomata). she cut large sheets of "manga paper" to B4 size. Manga Artist. The story was part of a larger movement by female manga artists at the time that pioneered shōnen-ai.[14] . She is considered a "founding mother" of modern shōjo manga. Born May 12. Two years after her debut.[9] [10] Prior to writing Iguana Girl in 1991. Hagio developed this story into the longer Thomas no Shinzō (The Heart of Thomas). she used India ink and a brush. Junya Yamamoto.[12] On June 11. but now uses Copic markers. and she still uses a G-Pen and a Maru-Pen.Marginal. Fukuoka Prefecture.[8] In the mid 1980s.[13] In 2011. a party was held in Moto Hagio's honor. her body of work "shows a maturity.[6] When Hagio began drawing manga. she published Juichigatsu no Gimunajiumu 11月のギムナジウム (The November Gymnasium). Japan Nationality Japanese Area(s) Writer.[5] Keiko Takemiya introduced Hagio to Takemiya's editor. she produced a series of short stories for various magazines. A Prime). 1992–1994 • Zankokuna Kami ga Shihai suru. 1972–1976 • Tottemo Shiwase Moto-chan. and both They Were Eleven and X+Y include transgender elements. 1975 • Hyaku Oku no Hiru to Sen oku no Yoru. there are various minor changes and omissions.[5] and she has adapted Ray Bradbury's short story "R is for Rocket" into manga format. 1972–1976 • Thomas no Shinzou. A'. collects the following stories:[16] • “Bianca” (1970) • “Girl on Porch with Puppy” (1971) • “Autumn Journey” (1971) • “Marié. 1969 • Seireigari. 1971 • Poe no Ichizoku. which is currently out of print and includes three stories titled A.Moto Hagio 236 Personal life Hagio is a science fiction fan. A' (A. Arthur C. • They Were Eleven (original date of publication 1975). A 2010 anthology. 1990 • Abunai Oke no Ie. in both dubbed and subtitled formats. Ten Years Later” (1977) . 1989 • Umi no Aria. 1977–1978 • Star Red. 1985–1987 • Flower Festival. a short story. which was part of the 1996 anthology Four Shōjo Stories. 4/4 (Quatre-Quarts).[15] Works • Ruru to Mimi. 1971–1974 • 11-gatsu no Gymnasium. 1975–1976 • Alois. A Drunken Dream and Other Stories. 2002–2005 Works in English Few of her works appear in English. A' and They Were Eleven have science fiction settings. 1980 • A-A'. and considers Isaac Asimov. 1988–1989 • Aoi Tori. 1980–1984 • Houmonsha. 1993–2001 • Barbara Ikai. Clarke. and Robert Heinlein to have influenced her. 1978–1979 • Mesh. 1981 • Hanshin. 1984 • Marginal. The science fiction aspects in particular have led to Hagio's work appealing to manga readers who do not generally like shōjo manga. but here are some that do: • A. A. and X+Y parts one and two (all originally published in 1981). 1973–1975 • They were Eleven. 1989–1991 • Roma e no Michi. They Were Eleven is available on DVD as an anime. Like most anime based on manga. • Hanshin (original date of publication 1984). which was published in issue 269 of The Comics Journal alongside an interview with Moto Hagio conducted by Matt Thorn. [10] Ebihara. Matt. Retrieved 2007-08-19. Anime News Network. html). Retrieved 2010-08-05. co. Retrieved 2008-01-02. uk/ interview/ 2010-08-04/ a-conversation-with-moto-hagio). pdf) (PDF). jpf. Retrieved 2010-08-05. Animerica: Anime & Manga Monthly 4 (2. Matt-thorn. tcj. Matt (2005). Anime News Network. Matt (2009-06-20). Retrieved 2010-08-05. .Moto Hagio 237 • “A Drunken Dream” (1980) • “Hanshin” (1984) • “Angel Mimic” (1984) • “Iguana Girl” (1991) • “The Child Who Comes Home” (1998) • “The Willow Tree” (2007) These were selected by translator Matt Thorn to be a representative sample of her whole career. jp/ JF_Contents/ GetImage/ img_pdf/ jbn63. Retrieved 2010-08-05. com/ index. . . jp/ mangasho/ rist. org/ g36/ g36_ebihara. Viz Communications. [6] http:/ / manga. Matt-thorn. com/ 269/ e_own2. genders. Akiko (2002). html). . Japan's Feminist Fabulation Reading Marginal with Unisex Reproduction as a Key Concept (http:/ / www. com/ od/ mangaartistinterviews/ a/ Interview-Moto-Hagio_5. Carlos. "The Hagio Moto Interview by Matt Thorn" (http:/ / matt-thorn. [4] Randall. tcj. . Anime News Network. html) (in Japanese). & 6). "A Conversation With Moto Hagio" (http:/ / www. "The Comics Journal #269: Editor's Notes" (http:/ / archives. animenewsnetwork. animenewsnetwork. htm [7] Santos. . .San Diego Comic-Con 2010" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2010-08-05. com/ shoujo_manga/ hagio_interview. 63. com/ mangagaku/ history. Bill (2003-05-15). Four Shōjo Stories. [3] Deppey. [13] Thorn.[7] [18] Video game works Moto Hagio did the character designs for Quintet's video game Illusion of Gaia. ISBN 1-56931-055-6. Handley update" (http:/ / matt-thorn. 2010-08-01. Dirk. Awards • 1976: 21st Shogakukan Manga Award for Poe no Ichizoku and They Were Eleven[8] • 1980: 11th Seiun Award for Star Red[19] • 1983: 14th Seiun Award for Gin no Sankaku[19] (Silver Triangle) • 1985: 16th Seiun Award for X+Y[19] • 1997: 1st Osamu Tezuka Cultural Prize (Award for Excellence) for Zankoku na kami ga shihai suru[20] (A Cruel God Reigns) • 2006: 27th Nihon SF Taisho Award for Barbara Ikai[21] (Otherworld Barbara) • 2010: Comic-Con's Inkpot Award[22] • 2011: 40th Japan Cartoonists Association Awards: The Minister of Education. Anime News Network. go. com/ 269/ e_own2. [9] Thorn.4. Science and Technology Award[23] References [1] Thorn. Japanese Book News Vol. "Matt Thorn's Blog · Moto Hagio Party. com/ news/ 2008-06-24/ manga-artist-moto-hagio-makes-film-acting-debut).com. [11] Kawakatsu Miki. [14] "Manga Creator Moto Hagio to Teach at Joshibi U. . Retrieved 2010-08-05. .[17] with the input of a mixi fan club for Hagio. Genders. Three by Moto Hagio (http:/ / archives. [8] "小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者" (http:/ / comics. [5] "Moto Hagio Focus Panel ." (http:/ / www. "Introduction". . animenewsnetwork. html) on 2010-08-05. .com. [12] "Manga Creator Moto Hagio Makes Film Acting Debut" (http:/ / www. The Comics Journal. .org. matt-thorn. Retrieved 2009-07-21. shogakukan. 36. htm). animenewsnetwork. . about. Shogakukan. "Iguana Girl Turns Manga Legend" (http:/ / www. 2010-08-01. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=283& Itemid=48). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Matt (February 1996). com/ wordpress/ ?p=375). The Comics Journal 269. uk/ news/ 2011-06-06/ manga-creator-moto-hagio-to-teach-at-joshibi-u). "A History of Manga" (http:/ / www. tcj. [2] Thorn. co. pdf?ContentNo=9& SubsystemNo=1& FileName=img_pdf/ jbn63. com/ convention/ 2010/ moto-hagio-focus-panel). html). co. Sports. Culture. Retrieved 2010-06-03. . 2010.com. sfwj. . Anime News Network. External links • Moto Hagio Titles (http://www. html). jp/ tomm/ contents/ project_ex/ no12/ cat03. Matt-thorn. 2010. Anime News Network. [22] "Moto Hagio Receives Inkpot Award from Comic-Con Int'l" (http:/ / www. .Moto Hagio 238 [15] Thorn. jp/ awards/ list. animenewsnetwork. Matt (2010-03-09). animenewsnetwork.list of works • Moto Hagio (http://www. .com/lothagio. tezuka. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan. Retrieved 27 July 2010. jp/ list.com/encyclopedia/people. [23] "40th Japan Cartoonist Awards Honor Moto Hagio" (http:/ / www. com/ wordpress/ ?p=415). July 23. [17] Garrity. . com/ news/ 2010-07-23/ moto-hagio-receives-inkpot-award-from-comic-con-intl). tcj. gr. sf-fan.net/hagio/) .callenreese. . [16] Thorn. or. [20] Manga Award for Excellence: Hagio Moto "Zankoku na kami ga shihai suru" Exhibition (http:/ / en. Retrieved 2010-08-05. html) [21] "Nihon SF Taisho Award Winners List" (http:/ / www. uk/ news/ 2011-05-10/ 40th-japan-cartoonist-awards-honors-moto-hagio). co.cafebleu.html) . co. .php?id=3479) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Cafe Bleu (http://www. com/ manga/ an-interview-with-moto-hagio/ ). "An Interview with Moto Hagio" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2007-12-31. "Matt Thorn's Blog · Moto Hagio collection.com. Takako Shimura’s “Wandering Son”" (http:/ / matt-thorn. Retrieved 2010-08-05. com/ wordpress/ ?p=459). [18] http:/ / matt-thorn. The Comics Journal. com/ wordpress/ ?p=415 [19] "日本SFファングループ連合会議：星雲賞リスト" (http:/ / www. "Matt Thorn's Blog · Comic-Con 2010 Report" (http:/ / matt-thorn. html) (in Japanese).animenewsnetwork. Matt-thorn. Retrieved July 23. Retrieved 2010-08-05. Shaenon (27 July 2010). Matt (2010-07-30). [1] She was one of the most popular Japanese comic artists in the 1970s. born December 18.[2] Her most famous manga is The Rose of Versailles also known as Lady Oscar in Europe. Penciller. loosely based on the French Revolution. Ikeda wrote articles for Asahi Shimbun. Her recent manga includes Der Ring des Nibelungen. After Rose of Versailles concluded.[3] . This manga. Japan) is a Japanese manga artist and singer. has been made into several Takarazuka musicals and into an anime series and a live-action film.Riyoko Ikeda 239 Riyoko Ikeda Riyoko Ikeda 池田 理代子 Riyoko Ikeda at 2008 Taipei International Book Exhibition Born Riyoko Ikeda December 18. 1947 Osaka. In 2008 she received France's Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur for her contribution to Japan's cultural awareness of France.[3] She made a comeback to the comic industry as a scenarist in 1999. Her use of foreign settings and androgynous themes made The Rose of Versailles and Orpheus no Mado "enormous successes". being best known for The Rose of Versailles. Inker Notable works The Rose of Versailles Oniisama e Riyoko Ikeda (池田 理代子 Ikeda Riyoko. such as the French Revolution or the Russian Revolution. It is a manga version of the opera written by Richard Wagner.[4] and she will be a guest of the 2011 Angoulême International Comics Festival. many of which are based on historical events. 1947 in Osaka. In the 2000s Ikeda studied at a music school and became a singer. Japan Nationality Japanese Area(s) Writer. Biography Ikeda has written and illustrated many shōjo manga. Her voice is in the soprano range. She is included in the Year 24 Group. animeland. Matt (2005).4. "Foreign myths and sagas in Japan: the academics and the cartoonists" in Beyond Boundaries: Understanding. [2] Halldór Stefánsson (1994). html). matt-thorn.Riyoko Ikeda 240 Works • Bara Yashiki no Shōjo • Soyo Kaze no Mary • The Rose of Versailles • Shōko no Etude • Claudine • Oniisama e • Orpheus no Mado • Jotei Ecatherina • Eikou no Napoleon – Eroica • Der Ring des Nibelungen • Spring Snow (Haru no Yuki) • Ten no Hate Made . 2010. 88. ISBN 1-85973-021-3 [3] Fallaix. . p. Berg Publishers.Poland Hishi • Ayako • Epitaram: A Wedding Song • Taiyou Shijinki References [1] Thorn. animenewsnetwork. Translation and Anthropological Discourse. .com/) . "Riyoko Ikeda au festival d'Angoulême" (http:/ / www.ikeda-riyoko-pro. Anime News Network. Animeland. 2009-03-12. & 6). External links • Riyoko Ikeda's Official Site (http://www. Animerica: Anime & Manga Monthly 4 (2. Retrieved 2008-01-02. com/ mangagaku/ history. edited by Gísli Pálsson. 2010). [4] "Rose of Versailles’ Ikeda Receives France's Top Honor" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2009-07-11. . "A History of Manga" (http:/ / www. Olivier (November 17. com/ news/ 2009-03-12/ rose-of-versailles-ikeda-receives-france-top-honor). com/ news/ voir/ 2135/ Riyoko-Ikeda-au-festival-d-Angouleme) (in French). Retrieved November 22. which plays a part in many of her works. html . Retrieved 2009-07-03. Yamagishi's style is influenced by Art Nouveau. net/ comics/ awards/ kodansha. com/ mangagaku/ history. net/ comics/ awards/ kodansha. "A History of Manga" (http:/ / www. [5] http:/ / www. although her most popular are Arabesque. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. html). archive.[5] According to Yoshihiro Yonezawa. Although her parents did not agree with this. In 1983. In 1968. html). [4] "11th Annual Tezuka Cultural Prize Winners Announced" (http:/ / www. The Japan Quarterly 48 (3). She is considered to be one of the Year 24 Group. Terpsichore)[4] Her works normally have occult themes.[6] Bibliography • Arabesque (アラベスク) • Ten-nin Kara Kusa (天人唐草) • Yo-u-sei-Ou (妖精王) "The Faerie King" • Banshee (バンシー泣き女) • Sphinx (スピンクス) • Hi Izuru Tokorono Tenshi (日出処の天子) • Kyoufu no amaimono ikka (恐怖の甘い物一家) • Ki Rai Gou (鬼来迎) • Yasha Gozen (夜叉御前) • Happyaku Bikuni (八百比丘尼) • Tokijiku no Kaku no Konomi (時じくの香(かく)の木の実) • Konohana Sakuya Hime (木花佐久毘売) • Tut-ankh-amen (ツタンカーメン) • Isis (イシス) • Haku Gan Shi (白眼子) • Τερψιχόρα (テレプシコーラ) • Shiroi Heya no Futari (白い部屋のふたり) • Phaethon or Faeton (1988). . hahnlibrary. born 1947 in Hokkaidō) is a female Japanese manga artist. about Russian ballet. she decided to pursue becoming a manga artist. Matt (2001).4. org/ web/ 20070816031310/ http:/ / www. "Kodansha Manga Awards" (http:/ / web. "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http:/ / www. matt-thorn. and Hi Izuru Tokorono Tenshi. Animerica: Anime & Manga Monthly 4 (2. com/ news/ 2007-05-10/ 11th-annual-tezuka-cultural-prize-winners-announced).[3] In 2007 she won the Grand Prize for the 11th Annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize for Maihime Τερψιχόρα (The Dancing Girl. google. Retrieved 2007-08-21. she moved to Tokyo and applied for Shuiesha. feliseed. she made her debut with "left< And >right " レフトアンドライト. animenewsnetwork. Retrieved 2007-12-16. & 6). She applied to Kodansha and sent some short stories to COM. Retrieved 2007-12-16.Ryoko Yamagishi 241 Ryoko Yamagishi Ryoko Yamagishi (山岸 凉子 Yamagishi Ryōko. com/ shoujo_manga/ girls_stuff/ gs93-11-10. [2] Thorn. a short story which ran in Ribon. matt-thorn. Comic Book Awards Almanac. The next year. freely available at [7] References [1] Thorn. com/ books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC& pg=PA126& dq=Ryoko+ Yamagishi& lr=& ei=GwvQSor4NpWGlATPsfGUDg& client=safari#v=onepage& q=Ryoko%20Yamagishi& f=false [7] http:/ / usio.[1] [2] She studied ballet as a child. matt-thorn. shtml). html [6] http:/ / books. after completing her art studies in Hokkaido. . Matt (2005). [3] Joel Hahn. hahnlibrary. net/ paetone/ _SWF_Window. in 1966 she entered a competition in Shōjo Friend and was a semi-finalist. When she read the manga of Machiko Satonaka in 1964. she won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōjo manga for Hi Izuru Tokorono Tenshi. . com/ shoujo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. . shtml) on 2007-08-16. a group of female manga artists considered influential in the development of shōjo manga. Shogakukan)[16] [17] • Dakagura (打天楽?) (1987. External links • Ryoko Yamagishi (http://www. bunkaban reprint. ISBN 3822825913. Her definitive works include Yumemiru Wakusei (The Dreaming Planet) and One Zero.be/mangaguide/au2079. Julius Wiedemann (2004). Shinshokan)[11] inspired by Ship of Fools by Sebastian Brant • Tatsu no Yume.php?id=45609) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Profile at The Ultimate Manga Guide (http://users. serialized in Petit Flower. aged 57. She also wrote under the pen name Sugar Salt (砂糖 塩 Satō Shio). was serialised in Animerica. Kisōtengaisha) (1992.[2] Her short story. Sono Hoka no Yume (竜の夢 その他の夢?) (1984.[1] Her stories were usually serious science fiction drawn in a "subdued" style. Shogakukan)[7] [8] (1996. Shinshokan)[12] • Kono Mazushiki Chijō ni (この貧しき地上に?) (1985. Taschen. She made her professional debut in 1977 with the publication of Koi wa Ajinomono!? in Bessatsu Shōjo Comic. Shogakukan)[18] • Kichijō Kajin (吉祥花人?) (1987. Manga Design.[3] Satō died from brain cancer on April 4. Shogakukan)[14] [15] (1996. in addition to being published in the English-language anthology Four Shōjo Stories.Ryoko Yamagishi 242 Further reading • Amano. 2010. Shinshokan) • Ahōsen (阿呆船?) (1984. Shinchosha)[5] • Haru wo Yumemishi (春を夢見し?) (1980.[4] Works • Kinseiki (金星樹?) (1979. Shinshokan)[6] • Yumemiru Wakusei (夢みる惑星?) (1982–1984.skynet.com/encyclopedia/people. reprint plus one new story. 2010) was a Japanese manga artist. 1952 — died April 4. bunkoban reprint. Shogakukan)[9] [10] • Shiniseru Ōjo no Tame no Pavane (死せる王女のための孔雀舞?) (1983.animenewsnetwork.html) Shio Satō Chiyoko "Shio" Satō (佐藤 史生 Satō Shio) (born December 6. Hakusensha)[19] . The Changeling. Shinshokan)[13] • One Zero (ワン・ゼロ?) (1985–1986. Satō was a member of the Post Year 24 Group. Masanao. Jason. Satō Shio died]" (http:/ / www. . [13] "この貧しき地上に (Paper moon comics)" (http:/ / www. Retrieved April 6. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091911137) (in Japanese). jp/ dp/ 4091783619/ ) (in Japanese). [10] "夢みる惑星 3" (http:/ / www. Amazon. Retrieved April 8. co. . Shogakukan. 2010. . [8] "夢みる惑星 (4) (PFビッグコミックス) (単行本)" (http:/ / www. Manga: The Complete Guide. Matt (April 8. Sanrio)[27] • Alice Book I (アリス・ブックI?) (1991. 2010. co. co. Shogakukan)[26] Anthologies These are anthology works in which one or more stories by Satō appeared: • New Fantasy Comic World (ニュー・ファンタジー・コミックの世界?) (1982. . Shinchosha)[29] • Four Shōjo Stories (1996. jp/ dp/ 4106030322/ ) (in Japanese). [12] "竜の夢その他の夢―夢みる惑星ノート (ペーパームーンコミックス) (単行本)" (http:/ / www. [4] "｢ワン・ゼロ｣漫画家・佐藤史生さん死去 [Manga artist of "One Zero". [7] "夢みる惑星 1 (プチフラワーコミックス) (単行本)" (http:/ / www. Rakuten. Viz Media)[30] References [1] Matt Thorn. ed (1996). [9] "夢みる惑星 1" (http:/ / www. . [3] Garrity. amazon. Shogakukan)[24] • Shinzō no Nai Kyojin (心臓のない巨人?) (1999. 2010. [11] "阿呆船" (http:/ / books. 2010. co. Retrieved April 8. [6] "春を夢見し" (http:/ / books. ISBN 1-56931-055-6. 110. April 6. rakuten. . ed. Shinchosha)[28] • Alice Book II (アリス・ブックII?) (1991. ""Changeling" Creator Shio Satoh Passes Away" (http:/ / matt-thorn. [2] Thorn. Shogakukan)[25] • Majutsushi Sagashi (魔術師さがし) (2000. . Hakusensha)[20] • Changeling (チェンジリング?) (1989. Retrieved April 8. Amazon. Retrieved April 8. . com/ wordpress/ ?p=438). Four Shōjo Stories. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091911110) (in Japanese). co. Retrieved April 9. Retrieved April 8. htm) (in Japanese). amazon. Retrieved April 8. 2010). 2010. 2010. 2010. jp/ rb/ item/ 140036/ ) (in Japanese). . Shogakukan)[23] • Oni ou mono (鬼追うもの?) (1995. Amazon. Retrieved April 8. Shogakukan. Retrieved April 8. ISBN 978-0345485908. yomiuri. jp/ dp/ 4403610676/ ) (in Japanese).Shio Satō 243 • Raryō-Ō (羅陵王?) (1988. 2010. 2010. . jp/ rb/ item/ 76077/ ) (in Japanese). Shinshokan)[22] • Shōryō-Ō (精霊王?) (1989. Retrieved April 8. co. jp/ entertainment/ news/ 20100406-OYT1T00706. 2010. 2010. co. p. . pp. Viz Communications. amazon. Del Rey. co. rakuten. amazon. co. Shaenon (2007). . co. 2010. serialized in Petit Flower. Thompson. jp/ dp/ 4403610579/ ) (in Japanese). shogakukan. Amazon. jp/ dp/ 4091783643/ ) (in Japanese). shogakukan. [5] "金星樹―SF短篇集 (新潮コミック―Alice’s book) (単行本)" (http:/ / www. Rakuten. Amazon. Yomiuri Shinbun. Introduction. amazon. Shogakukan)[21] • Yadoriki (やどり木?) (1988. [29] "アリス・ブック 2 新作集 (新潮コミック) (単行本)" (http:/ / www. 2010. [19] "吉祥花人 (ジェッツコミックス) (コミック)" (http:/ / www. [18] "打天楽 (PFビッグコミックス 691) (新書)" (http:/ / www. Amazon. 2010. . Retrieved April 8. . . 2010. shogakukan. . [16] "ワン・ゼロ 1" (http:/ / www. jp/ dp/ 4403611494/ ) (in Japanese). co. shogakukan. Shogakukan. jp/ dp/ 4091786928/ ) (in Japanese).html) (Japanese) . Shogakukan. 2010. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_409172213X) (in Japanese). jp/ dp/ 4106030268/ ) (in Japanese). 2010. Shogakukan. amazon. shogakukan. [17] "ワン・ゼロ 3" (http:/ / www. co. Amazon. Amazon. shogakukan. . jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091722121) (in Japanese). co. . 2010. Shogakukan. 2010. Retrieved April 10. Retrieved April 10. jp/ dp/ B000J7DKMY/ )"] (in Japanese). 2010. Retrieved April 10. co. Shogakukan. shogakukan. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091722113) (in Japanese). . Retrieved April 8. shogakukan. Shogakukan. . [22] "やどり木 (ペーパームーンコミックス) (単行本)" (http:/ / www. com/ dp/ 1569310556/ ). [28] "アリス・ブック 1 新作集 (新潮コミック) (単行本)" (http:/ / www. co. [24] "鬼追うもの 1" (http:/ / www. [26] "魔術師さがし" (http:/ / www. [27] "ニュー・ファンタジー・コミックの世界 (1982年) [古書 (http:/ / www. Retrieved April 10. amazon. shogakukan. 2010. 2010. . . Retrieved April 8. co. . amazon. amazon. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091785441) (in Japanese). Retrieved April 8. 2010. Retrieved April 10. . External links • 佐藤史生データベース (http://ww1.jp/~quelmal/shio_sato. [30] "Four Shojo Stories (Paperback)" (http:/ / www. Retrieved April 8. co. amazon. jp/ dp/ 4106030276/ ) (in Japanese). Retrieved April 8. Retrieved April 8. Amazon. Retrieved April 8. 2010. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091911161) (in Japanese). Amazon. . amazon.ne. Retrieved April 10. 2010. co. amazon. Amazon. [25] "心臓のない巨人 1" (http:/ / www. Retrieved April 10. co. jp/ dp/ 4091786936/ ) (in Japanese). Retrieved April 10. . 2010. co. amazon. co. amazon. . Shogakukan. [20] "羅陵王 (ジェッツコミックス 120) (新書)" (http:/ / www. Retrieved April 10.tiki. co. Amazon. co. jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091785417) (in Japanese). Amazon. co. Amazon. jp/ dp/ 4592131126/ ) (in Japanese). jp/ comics/ detail/ _isbn_4091911145) (in Japanese). [21] "チェンジリング―SPACE OPERA (プチフラワーコミックス) (新書)" (http:/ / www. jp/ dp/ 4592131207/ ) (in Japanese). 2010. [15] "ワン・ゼロ〔PF〕 4" (http:/ / www. co. 2010. . amazon. . jp/ dp/ 409178691X/ ) (in Japanese). [23] "精霊王 (PFコミックス) (新書)" (http:/ / www. Amazon. co.Shio Satō 244 [14] "ワン・ゼロ〔PF〕 1" (http:/ / www. 2010. [2] In 1998. Kihara won the Shimada Prize for Yubi no tankyu: Kano Tan'yu ron. Japan) is a Japanese shōjo manga artist and member of the Year 24 Group.[3] In 1999. • Ten made Agare! (天まであがれ!) • Suishō to Velvet (水晶と天鵞絨) • Iwa wo Makura ni Hoshi wo Daki (岩を枕に星を抱き) • Junkin no Dōwa (純金の童話) • Tsue to Tsubasa (杖と翼) • Ginshōsui (銀晶水) • Gin'iro no Romance (銀色のロマンス) • Itoshiki Gen Tsukushiteyo (愛しき言つくしてよ) • Diamond Gozzilaan (ダイヤモンド・ゴジラーン) • 47 Moji (47 Characters) (四十七文字) • Ōji-sama ga Īno! (王子さまがいいの!) • Emerald no Kaizoku (エメラルドの海賊) • Kihara Toshie Zenshū (Complete Works of Toshie Kihara) (木原敏江全集) • Furufuru (ふるふる) • Mugonka (無言歌) • Kadentha (花伝ツァ) • Shiroi Mori (White Forest) (白い森) • Hinata e Hikage eno Romance (日なたへ日かげへのロマンス) • Odeai Asobase (お出合いあそばせ) • Mugen Kaden (夢幻花伝) • Hana no Na no Himegimi (花の名の姫君) • Sieglinde no Komoriuta (Sieglinde's Lullaby) (ジークリンデの子守歌) • Dōshitano Daisy? (どうしたのデイジー？) • Last Tango (ラストタンゴ) • Āra Waga Tono! (あ-らわが殿!) • Ginga Sou Nano! (銀河荘なの!) • Bernstain (ベルンシュタイン) • Torikaebaya Ibun (とりかえばや異聞) • Nue (鵺) . and has since written mainly historical manga. She received the 1985 Shogakukan Manga Award for shōjo for Yume no Ishibumi. Her manga was then adapted as a Takarazuka Revue musical. She is best known for her series Mari to Shingo (published in Hana to Yume from 1979–1984) about a romance between two young men in the early Shōwa era.[1] She made her professional debut in 1969 with Kotchi muite Mama! in Bessatsu Margaret. born 1948-02-14 in Tokyo. into a manga volume called Torikaebaya Ibun. a Heian-era tale. a multi-volume collection of short stories with shōnen-ai themes. Kihara adapted Torikaebaya monogatari.[4] Manga • Yume no Ishibumi (夢の碑) • Angelique (アンジェリク) • An adaptation of Anne Golon's Angelique.Toshie Kihara 245 Toshie Kihara Toshie Kihara (木原敏江 Kihara Toshie. Retrieved 18 February 2009. shogakukan. net/ program/ 07/ 11_manga. html External links • Profile (http://users. The Japan Quarterly 48 (3). [2] "小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者" (http:/ / comics. jp/ cgi-bin/ fa20021120a1. html) (in Japanese). adventure.[3] Her short works appeared in Shoujo Friend and other Kodansha publications through the mid-1970s. matt-thorn.Taka) • Ivy Navy (IVY NAVY) • Trafalgar (トラファルガー Torafarugā) . predominantly focused on romance. 1948 in Shimonoseki. .[2] She made her professional debut in the Ribon magazine 1963 Winter Special Edition with the short story Sayonara Nanette. She is included in Year 24 group. which has been serialized by Akita Shoten since 1976 and has produced several spinoff series.be/mangaguide/au819.html) at The Ultimate Manga Guide • Toshie Kihara Database (http://homepage2.Toshie Kihara 246 • Classic na Safari (クラシックなサファリ) • Chitose no Saikai (千歳の再会) • Ugetsu Monogatari (雨月物語) • Ōeyama Kaden (大江山花伝) • Taishō Roman Tanteitan (大正浪漫探偵譚) • Tasogare no Cinderella (黄昏のシンデレラ) • Fuchi to Narinu (渕となりぬ) • Fūrenki (風恋記) • Mari to Shingo (Mari and Shingo) (摩利と新吾) References [1] Thorn.fan site Yasuko Aoike Yasuko Aoike (青池 保子 Aoike Yasuko) is a Japanese manga artist. and many of them contain elements of shōnen-ai. html). Matt (2001).[1] Most of her works are shōjo manga. starting with Miriam Blue's Lake in the January 1975 issue of Princess. Seven Skies (七つの海七つの空 Nanatsu no Umo Nanatsu no Sora) • El Alcon (エル・アルコン . com/ shoujo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. . It is licensed in English by CMX. born on July 24. and light comedy. Yamaguchi.鷹 . which began publishing them in 2004.com/dozi2/) (Japanese) . Retrieved 2007-08-19. . Shogakukan. Seven Skies) and Hakusensha's Lala magazine in the 1980s (Z). Retrieved 2007-12-16. jp/ mangasho/ rist. html) (in Japanese). japantimes. skystage. co. She began writing serial works primarily for Akita Shoten.skynet.[4] Her work has also appeared in Shueisha's Monthly Seventeen Magazine in the late 1970s (most notably El Alcon and Seven Seas. [4] http:/ / search. Selected works Yasuko Aoike has worked on various stand-alone manga and short stories that are included in other volumes:[6] • Greenhill Story (story by Keiko Nagita) • Miriam Blue's Lake (story by Keiko Nagita) • From Eroica with Love (エロイカより愛をこめて Eroika yori Ai wo Komete) • Sons of Eve (イブの息子たち Ibu no Musuko-tachi) • Seven Seas. [3] "漫画原作特集｜宝塚歌劇 衛星放送チャンネル｜タカラヅカ・スカイ・ステージ" (http:/ / www.nifty. "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http:/ / www. co.[5] She is best known for From Eroica with Love.Eru Arukon . the Lion-Hearted • Brother Falco (修道士ファルコ Shūdōshi Faruko) • The Temptation of Scarlet (緋色の誘惑 Hiiro no Yūwaku) • The Carthaginian Fantasy • The Melancholy of Her Majesty • The Knight of Drachen (ドラッヘンの騎士 Dorahhen no Kishi) • Plus Ultra (collection of pictures) • Aoike Yasuko Official Character Guide Book References [1] Yasuko Aoike (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2010-05-09. [3] "Aoike Yasuko Official Website" (http:/ / www. "A History of Manga" (http:/ / www. php?id=26978) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia [2] Thorn. . eroicafans. [5] "Aoike Yasuko Official Website" (http:/ / www. and a brief synopsis.org/) . . animenewsnetwork. . Matt (2005). ISBN.ツェット . aoikeyasuko. Retrieved 2010-05-09. html). Animerica: Anime & Manga Monthly 4 (2. Retrieved 2006-03-21.eroicafans. com/ list/ 60. 4. is available at "From Eroica With Love" (http:/ / www.Arukasaru-Ōjō-) • The Tale of a Priest and a Doctor • The Day of Saladin (サラディンの日 Saradin no Hi) • Richard.Tsetto -) • Der Freischütz (魔弾の射手 Madan no Shashu) • Alcasar (アルカサル-王城. External links • Official website (http://aoikeyasuko.com/) (Japanese) • From Eroica With Love (http://www. com/ list/ 70. html). aoikeyasuko. com/ encyclopedia/ people. html). .Yasuko Aoike 247 • Z (Z . aoikeyasuko. [6] Further details. com/ mangagaku/ history. Retrieved 2 January 2008. format. Retrieved 2010-05-09. matt-thorn. publisher. com/ list/ 80. [4] "Aoike Yasuko Official Website" (http:/ / www. including publication dates. html). & 6). org/ ). .Tsetto .fan page . Basil Shi no Yuuga na Seikatsu (The Elegant Life of Mr Basil).ne..biglobe. google. [3] http:/ / www. html [4] Kotani Mari. pp." External links • SAKATA Box . science fiction. the female manga artists Sakata Yasuko and Hatsu Akiko coined this word to describe the male-male sex manga they were publishing in the magazine Rappori.[3] [4] Her best known works are Jikan wo Warerani.[1] She was born on the 25th of February. foreword to Saitō Tamaki (2007) "Otaku Sexuality" in Christopher Bolton. Most of her work is short stories . com/ shoujo_manga/ hagio_interview.[2] In the late 1970s and early 1980s. mysteries. 242–245.Official website (http://www2u.[2] Works • 再婚狂騒曲 Saikon Kyousou Kyoku • 闇月王 Yami Gatsuoo • バジル氏の優雅な生活 Basil Shi no Yuuga na Seikatsu (The Elegant Life of Mr Basil) • マーガレットとご主人の底抜け珍道中 maagaretto togo shujin no sokonuke chindouchuu • チューくんとハイちゃん chuu-kun to hai chan References [1] http:/ / www. Japan Nationality Japanese Field Manga Movement Yaoi Awards Agency for Cultural Affairs Media Arts Festival Grand Prize (Manga Division. She is marked for her talent at "casually portraying" everyday life. One of Sakata's doujinshi.. matt-thorn. Japan. . having co-coined the term "yaoi" with Akiko Hatsu. php#footnote34 [2] Masanao Amano. She won the Agency for Cultural Affairs Media Arts Festival Grand Prize in the Manga Division in 1997. about a 19th century British aristocrat. and Western and Chinese stories. csuchico. and Yamiyo no Hon.M1). 1997) Yasuko Sakata 坂田 靖子 is a manga artist who belongs to the Post Year 24 Group. Julius Wiedemann (2004). published in Hana to Yume in 1975. was amongst the very first to be described as "yaoi". page 223 Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978-0-8166-4974-7 "Around 1980. ISBN 9783822825914. The type of stories she tells include traditional Japanese ghost stories. she was involved in the yaoi doujinshi movement. one catalogue listed over 40 of her stories. Her official debut was with the work Saikon Kyousou Kyoku 再婚狂騒曲. Taschen. 1953 in Osaka.as of 2003. and Takayuki Tatsumi ed. Loveri. com/ books?id=XiZ-SXfp50cC& pg=RA4-PT50& lpg=RA4-PT50& dq=Yasuko+ Sakata& source=web& ots=mEyOEHuzET& sig=Fv6jf3jScs1N8BsMUv0JaYrwc5M& hl=en& ei=2ribSZG9HoHasAOv17ivAg& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=1& ct=result#PRA4-PT48. Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr. Manga Design (http:/ / books.jp/~ysakata/) (Japanese) . edu/ ~mtoku/ vc/ Articles/ toku/ Wil_Toku_BoysLove.Yasuko Sakata 248 Yasuko Sakata Yasuko Sakata 坂田 靖子 Born 25 February 1953 Osaka Prefecture. who thinks she is a little girl • Akasuika Kisuika (赤すいか黄すいか).[1] [2] She made her debut in 1968 with Paula's Tears in Weekly Margaret. 1947) is a female Japanese manga artist and a member of Year 24 group. "Strawberry Story"). mon petit ami. 1977–1978 .[6] Selected works • Paula no Namida (ポーラの涙. "Paula's Tears").A story about a sensitive young woman.. 1979 • Kinpatsu no Sōgen (金髪の草原). 1970–1971 • Sakura Jikan (桜時間. 1973 • Joka e ("To Joker") (1973) .A story about a kitten.Yumiko Ōshima 249 Yumiko Ōshima Yumiko Ōshima Born August 31. Ira Miura. 1990 • Christmas no Kiseki (クリスマスの奇跡). 1968 • Tanjō (誕生). 1975 • Freud-shiki Ranmaru (F式蘭丸). 1976 • Banana Bread no Pudding (バナナブレッドのプディング). 1996–ongoing . 1972 • Mimoza-yakata de Tsukamaete (ミモザ館でつかまえて).mon petit chat. 1983 • Mainichi ga Natsuyasumi (毎日が夏休み).[4] and the 2008 Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Short Story Award for "Cher Gou-Gou. born August 31. 1974 • Ichigo Monogatari (いちご物語. Chibi-neko. "Cherry Blossom Time").[5] She is credited with popularizing the kemonomimi (catgirl) character type through her creation of Chibi-neko from The Star of Cottonland. who wishes to have a gay boyfriend • The Star of Cottonland (綿の国星 Wata no Kuni Hoshi)." a short story in the ongoing series Gū-gū datte Neko de aru. 1947 Nationality Japanese Occupation Manga artist Yumiko Ōshima (大島弓子 Ōshima Yumiko. 1995 • Gū-gū datte Neko de aru (グーグーだって猫である). She received the 1978 Kodansha Manga Award for shōjo for The Star of Cottonland.[3] She received the 1973 Japan Cartoonists Association Award for excellence for Mimoza Yashiki de Tsukamaete. 1989 • Koi wa Newton no Ringo (恋はニュートンのリンゴ). 1978–1987 ..An allegorical love triangle involving a boy who is accidentally transformed into a girl • Nazuna yo Nazuna (なずなよなずな). 1975 • Shichigatsu Nanoka ni (七月七日に). Retrieved 2008-08-21. hahnlibrary. Retrieved 2008-01-02. Phänomen Manga : Comic-Kulture in Japan.Yumiko Ōshima 250 References [1] Thorn. Taschen. Matt (2001). hahnlibrary. [2] Thorn. Retrieved 2008-01-02. Julius Wiedemann (2004).callenreese. Berlin: Edition q.animenewsnetwork. 1979–1982.com/lotooshima. . .html) at The Ultimate Manga Guide • List of works (http://www. Manga Design (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=XiZ-SXfp50cC& pg=RA2-PA1979& dq=Yumiko+ Oshima). & 6). [3] Masanao Amano. . The Japan Quarterly 48 (3).php?id=7038) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia • Profile (http://users. [6] Jaqueline Berndt (1995) (in German). net/ comics/ awards/ kodansha. ISBN 3-86124-289-3. p. "A History of Manga" (http:/ / www. 111. archive. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2007-08-21. shtml). net/ comics/ awards/ kodansha. shtml) on 2007-08-16. org/ web/ 20070816031310/ http:/ / www. html). ISBN 9783822825914. com/ shoujo_manga/ japan_quarterly/ index. [4] Joel Hahn. html).be/mangaguide/au1477. animenewsnetwork. [5] "12th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Winners Announced" (http:/ / www. com/ news/ 2008-05-11/ 12th-tezuka-osamu-cultural-prize-winners-announced).com/encyclopedia/people.4. matt-thorn. Anime News Network. 2008-05-11. "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" (http:/ / www. Animerica: Anime & Manga Monthly 4 (2. Matt (2005). com/ mangagaku/ history. .skynet. matt-thorn.html) at Mangayomi . Comic Book Awards Almanac. "Kodansha Manga Awards" (http:/ / web. External links • Yumiko Ōshima (http://www. pp. . implying that a person is somewhat socially inept. or video games. the term started to be used by anime and manga fans themselves in a positive way. the first milestone for anime in the U. the term otaku is mildly offensive.[6] Before anime began to be licensed in the U. fans who wanted to get a hold of anime would leak copies of anime movies and subtitle them.S.[7] According to Mike Tatsugawa. and had begun being translated into English and shown on television. the fandom began as an offshoot of science fiction fandom. the manga market in Japan is beginning to decline. the fans banded together to get it back on the air.S. anime had become more common in the U.[2] However. such as Susan Napier. and today it is often used by those outside of the fandom to refer to fans of anime or manga. Gilles Poitras identifies "generations" or "waves" of anime fans in his Anime Essentials book. stated that "Manga is a problem because we are in a culture that is not a reading culture" and that "Manga is dying in Japan. By 1994. Otaku can be seen as being similar to the English terms geek or nerd. typically the newier fanbase.[9] However.[8] Some experts. In its original context.S. those more experienced know its original negative connotations and would not usually use it to refer to themselves. Although those new to the fandom may use it in this sense also. have used the term to describe themselves with pride. thus marking the start of fansubs."[4] Liza Coppola. vice president of Viz Media. said that the widespread availability of cell phones and ability to view anime and manga on cell phones is likely the cause of decline in demand for anime and manga.. 251 Fandom Anime and manga fandom Anime and manga fandom is a worldwide community of fans of anime and manga. In 2007. History of the fandom Although there have always been those with an interest in anime. manga. Japanese and American researchers have proposed that this may be due to the decrease in the young population in Japan and a lack of interest in reading. manga. The manga critic and translator Matt Thorn stated that there was a growing dissatisfaction with the lack of originality found in many manga. fans were able to more easily communicate with each other and thus better able to exchange fan-subtitled tapes and higher quality versions of anime. video games. was in the 1980s with the advent of the Internet..[1] In Japan. say that Akira marked the first milestone. a Professor of Japanese Language and Literature. CEO of 4Kids Entertainment. with fans bringing imported copies of Japanese manga to conventions. One early instance of fans uniting themselves as a fandom came with the anime Space Battleship Yamato. its fifth consecutive year of decline. the fandom as a community started in the 1970s. and other related merchandise are different types of media focused around the same content. the founder and CEO of the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation. the manga industry showed a 4% decrease in sales from the previous year.[5] In the United States In the United States. most commonly shōnen series such as Pokemon and Astro Boy. when it stopped airing on Japanese television. most experts agree that the next milestone was in 1992 when . Other fans. With the Internet. However. Otaku Otaku is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests. including anime. anime and manga are referred to collectively as the content industry: anime.[3] Al Kahn. . the success of Gunbuster triggered a flurry of releases.S. some believe that the prevalence of fan service indicates a lack of maturity within the fandom. the anime boom in the U. some anime seem to feature little else other than fan service as their selling point.Anime and manga fandom 252 U. a pastoral utopia" for many Europeans. which contained fan service.[8] Due to the localization process. which served as proof to U. broadcasters and distributors that Japanese media could succeed in the U. some fans claim that its visual quality is superior to that found in most cartoons made in the United States[8] and many ignore all non-Japanese animation. television companies began broadcasting Sailor Moon and Dragonball Z in 1995 and 1996 respectively. market. an 1876 painting by Claude Monet entitled La Japonaise depicts Monet's wife wearing a kimono.S."[11] Larry Green of Nausicaa. After the success of Power Rangers (which first aired in 1993). strengths and flaws that enhanced their characters. stated that anime fans "find refuge in a culture that diverges from the typical American way of life...[13] . U. However. entitled Gunbuster.S. a Professor of Japanese Language and Literature.[12] Susan J. an editor of Del Rey Manga joked that manga Negima!. the original work is often edited to remove some of the fan service to make it more appropriate for U. Napier. audiences. It was only after Pokémon and Power Rangers left the mainstream that U.S. a film importer. Renditions.[2] Appeal of anime and manga One major appeal of anime is its artwork.net agreed and added that anime discusses subjects for both adults and children whereas in the United States animation is traditionally for children. One fan described enjoying anime because "there is no dividing line between special effects and what is real. They were more like real people. their own feelings and motivations for their actions. released the first English-subtitled anime videotape that year.S. Holly Kolodziejczak.[7] [8] In fact. companies. described being amazed by anime's depth that was unlike the cartoons she had seen before: "the characters had real personalities. with Japanese hand fans shown in the background.S. audiences became aware of anime's Japanese origins.[13] it also refers more generally to events of little plot value designed to excite viewers or simply make them take notice.[15] However. such as big explosions and battle scenes." Another fan has also said that "only Japan can write a good story.S. should be rated as "for immature readers 16+" rather than for "mature readers 16+"." She pointed out that fascination with Japanese culture is not a new concept and has existed since the mid-19th century.S. Napier described this interest in Japan as an "escape from the Industrial Revolution ."[10] The content editor of Anime Fringe. many people who grew up watching anime did so not realizing that it originated in Japan. Mike Tatsugawa explained this change as a result of a difference between cultural values of Japan and the U.[2] However. For example. began with the airing of the anime series Pokémon[2] in syndication in 1998..[14] When anime and manga are translated into English by U.S. and thus people could much more readily identify with them. due to the relative failure of the latter two (both shows brought success when aired at a later time on Cartoon Network).[9] Fan service Although fan service usually refers to sexually provocative scenes. According to Tatsugawa. anime did not seem like it would become mainstream.it's just the way somebody imagined it. He also stated that any viewer would be able to find something to their liking due to anime's large scale of production. [2] Some fans even decide to translate professionally. Del Rey Manga's editor finds much of their talent through conventions.[2] VirtualDub. Fans often learn about Japanese honorifics from anime and manga. some fans believe that the localization process degrades the quality of anime and thus look to fansubs for the purer form of Japanese culture. the Japanese Language Proficiency Test was first held in 1984 in response to growing demand for standardized Japanese language certification. feeling that something is lost in translation.[2] As a result. as the syntax of the latter group tends to be stiff.[17] Yuki Sasaki.[16] In fact. Naoka Takaya's Saskatoon Japanese Language School was founded with a student body consisting of primarily Japanese-Canadians interested in polishing their language skills for their return to Japan. a newcomer expressed confusion at some of the announcements because she was unable to understand the Japanese words used.[16] However.[20] The desire to simulate all forms of media that anime and manga comes in has caused PyTom to create Ren'Py. most students were interested in Japanese for internal business majors. popularity for the language began to rise."[18] Echoing this sentiment. students are more interested in "translating Japanese pop-song lyrics and talk excitedly about the Japanese cartoon character Card Captor Sakura. Companies such as Del Rey Manga and GoComi add explanatory notes describing honorifics and other words and concepts that do not translate well between languages. an open-source software engine that allows for the creation of visual novels without the need for a programming background. some critique the different translations of a single series by different fansub groups. one of the . however. a video capture and processing utility. fans have made some of the most sophisticated advances in peer-to-peer software in order to make searching for and downloading anime online faster.[2] As fans become more proficient at Japanese.[2] Roughly 68% of fans obtain anime through downloading from the Internet or through their friends. due to either time constraints or rumours about the difficulty involved in learning Japanese. In the 1970s.[2] Most hardcore fans are motivated by the desire not to miss the jokes and puns present in Japanese anime and manga. a much larger proportion than in any other medium. fluent English speakers who know sufficient Japanese are often preferred for translating over fluent Japanese speakers who know sufficient English. and the anime fan community in fact encourages people to do so.Anime and manga fandom 253 Learning about Japan Language Anime and manga have stimulated many young people to learn the Japanese language. many fansubbed versions of anime are produced because of the stiff localization process in official translations.[13] Technology and the Internet Developments on the Internet have had profound effects on the anime fan community and the way in which anime is consumed. who works for the Japanese language program at the University of Georgia. In fact. noted that when she first started in the program in 1994.[2] Japanese terms are so well integrated into the anime and manga fan culture that during a Fanime convention. most people interested in anime express at least a passing desire to learn Japanese. Fandom has also resulted in the creation of anime and manga fan communities on sites where people can share fan art. fan interest in anime has inspired many developments in technology. was first created for use on an anime film adaptation of Sailor Moon.[19] Culture Anime and manga have also inspired many young people to learn about Japanese culture.[2] According to one survey only 9% of fans prefer dubbing over subs. Takaya also stated that about 60% of her students are studying Japanese because of anime. Sites that offer file sharing services are popular and influential where people can gain easy access to anime and manga. but usually choose not to. they often also become more critical toward the quality of various translations.[16] Despite some fansubbers declaring (due to fansubbing's illegality) that they will stop distribution once a series is licensed. in 2004. Additionally.[21] Several online communities have been formed where fans can come together to share and interact. 2009. Larry (March 2006). icv2. animefringe. pdf) (PDF). 2007). East Asian Studies Center.[23] A large number of well-known travel agencies from Japan have begun offering anime tours. japaninc. [9] Rogers. it is a major shopping area where people can buy manga. Retrieved April 29. University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 1880656531. Anime News Network. fans enjoy visiting real-life locations that serve as settings for some anime. "A Preliminary History of American Anime Fandom" (http:/ / a-kon. "Professor of Japanese speaks about anime fandom" (http:/ / www. USC. among other activities. Additionally. Retrieved May 4. sequentialtart. and public recordings of radio programs. com/ professor-of-japanese-speaks-about-anime-fandom-1. . "Discovering Japan: Anime and Learning Japanese Culture. 2009. Known as the Electric Town. htm). chanpon. 2009. com/ article. "Sparks Fly at ICv2 Anime/Manga Conference" (http:/ / www. [8] Gardiner. such as the display of new anime films. . games. . [3] "Quantcast Manga Sales in Japan Decline for Fifth Consecutive Year" (http:/ / www. [5] "Interview with Liza Coppola. ICv2. icv2.Anime and manga fandom 254 most common ways for fans to express their love of anime. Sequential Tart. such as the Suginami Animation Museum in Tokyo and the Tezuka Osamu Manga Museum in the Hyogo Prefecture. Other popular locations include places where people can enjoy anime-related activities. [6] Bennett. com/ news/ 2007-10-20/ manga-sales-in-japan-decline-for-fifth-consecutive-year). Retrieved April 27. 2006. php?articleID=972).[24] In 2003. Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know." (http:/ / www. net/ ~lgreenf/ anime. animenewsnetwork. 2009. Like most forums on the internet.[26] For example. they discuss topics that they are interested in and want to know more about. [13] O'Connell. December 7. characters. com/ feature/ 2005-01-26/ 4). shtml). J@pan Inc Magazine (Japan Inc Communications). com/ articles/ home/ 11741. this is Point B? . Retrieved May 1. CBC News. pdf) (PDF). the company Pop Japan Travel was founded to help customers experience Japan's content industry (including anime. talk shows featuring voice actors. com/ bm/ bm~doc/ prelim_history.[27] A popular location for anime fans to visit is Akihabara. 2009. 2009. Part 3" (http:/ / www. and styles of anime and manga.net.Looking Back. Retrieved April 28. [2] Manion. Retrieved May 10. php?page_id=260& PHPSESSID=53ad571dd98998f6e351cf607ccd182b). com/ magazine/ 2005/ 12/ special/ 04. ca/ canada/ saskatchewan/ story/ 2006/ 02/ 15/ anime-saskatoon060215. Retrieved April 28. Annie (2005). . .. Retrieved May 1. . 2009. [7] Poitras. Al (December 7. . and other assorted otaku merchandise.[21] These communities tend to do more than just share files.[26] References [1] "An Overview of Yamato Fan History. . 2009. the popularity of Lucky Star brought many of its fans to the real-life settings of the anime. 2000). Voyager Entertainment. Bad Subjects. The Anime Critic. cbc. 2009. "San Diego Comic Con: The Manga Tsunami Multiplies" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2009-05-15. php). anime. and fashion) by allowing them to visit studios and meet artists. Retrieved 2009-05-16. "JAPANESE ANIMATION PAGE (THEATRICAL & TV)" (http:/ / www. . Jason H. Retrieved May 1. located in Tokyo. Holly (December 2005). . nausicaa. tuftsdaily. 2007. . "So. related exhibitions. 2003). 2005). . "Anime Glossary" (http:/ / www. Margaret. html). "2004 Year in Review" (http:/ / www. animecritic. and locations where live-action movies were filmed. 2009. 2009. html). Retrieved April 28. eserver. org/ archive/ manionthesis. Retrieved May 10. These anime forums are becoming places for people to discuss the plot. "Anime in America" (http:/ / www. [15] Santos. [10] "Anime Otaku: Japanese Animation Fans Outside Japan" (http:/ / bad.[28] The Tokyo Anime Center is one of the most popular spots in Akihabara. html). Nausicaa.[22] Sightseeing in Japan Many anime fans dream of one day visiting Japan. Going Forward" (http:/ / www. 2009. beginning in April 2007. . Pete (May 23. [4] Kahn. The Tufts Daily. October 20. Gilles (December 1. where a diverse set of events take place. com/ resources/ glossary. [11] Kolodziejczak. Retrieved 2009-05-21. com/ archive/ oct04/ art_1004_3. Carter (February 23. Carlo (January 26. food. Stone Bridge Press. [16] "Anime-loving youngsters learning Japanese" (http:/ / www. 1568757). html). [14] Harcoff. Debbi (January 2003). February 15. html). com/ articles/ home/ 11741. ICv2. [12] Green. . April 1994. 2009).[25] Many different museums dedicated to the industry exist throughout Japan. such as shopping for related merchandise or singing anime theme songs. com/ html. . Retrieved April 27. Part 1" (http:/ / starblazers. . org/ issues/ 1994/ 13/ newitz. animenewsnetwork. Anime News Network. 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-16. com/ article/ SB109165598536883167. Retrieved April 29. [26] "Visit Anime Spots" (http:/ / www. virtualdub. com/ Destinations/ Tokyo/ See-and-Do/ Shopping/ Stores/ Shopping-Areas/ Akihabara-p1742898). 2007. [25] "About: Pop Japan Travel" (http:/ / www. and Mahjong. The locals: It's a problem of security. reading manga. Once About Resumes. Although the core of anime club attendees are in their twenties. 2007. com/ ?page=article& id=12122). Retrieved April 28.[1] Anime clubs are increasingly found at universities and high schools. to include playing of table top games such as Shogi. and promote anime in a local community setting and can also focus on broadening Japanese cultural understanding. Maria (December 2005). "Learning Japanese. Go. professionaltravelguide. animefringe.dmoz." (http:/ / www34. Dow Jones & Company. 2009. an example forum that does more than share files. com/ tokyo-info/ info-attractions-tours. Retrieved April 28. Is Now About Cool" (http:/ / online. Archived from the original (http:/ / headlines. [18] Parker. html). Retrieved April 28. html). [27] "Lucky Star otaku invade the oldest shrine in Kantō. . 2009. Anime Fringe. karaoke and cosplaying. External links • Open Directory Project (http://www. comicbookresources. jp/ madmax_2007/ archive/ 20070729/ c5c6b2d8eb73851a038a664774b5af84) (in Japanese). there are generally no age requirements. php). 2009. [22] Aboxcafe: Your Entertainment Forum (http:/ / www. Outside activities include Saké tasting and visits to cultural events such as National Cherry Blossom Festival or a Kendo demonstration.[3] Many anime club attendees identify themselves as otaku. . In addition to viewing anime.Anime and manga fandom 255 [17] "Introduction" (http:/ / www. jlpt. [24] "Tours in Japan" (http:/ / www. [28] "Tokyo See & Do Guide: Akihabara" (http:/ / www. 2004). .org/Arts/Animation/Anime/Fandom/) • Aboxcafe (http://www. att-japan. . . [23] Luscik. com/ magazine/ 2005/ 12/ special/ 05. . Retrieved April 28.aboxcafe. "Translation Roundtable at New York Anime Festival" (http:/ / www. digi-escape. Retrieved July 31. show. net/ modules/ tinyd1/ rewrite/ tc_84. php).[5] Many clubs host online forums to further foster community interaction. and feature a library to lend books and manga to members. July 25. atwiki. "Returning the Love: Three Fans Taking the Next Step" (http:/ / www. jp/ hl?a=20070725-00000925-san-soci) on 2007-07-28. Digital Manga. 2009. com/ magazine/ 2005/ 07/ special/ 03.com) Anime club An anime club is an organization that meets to discuss. Retrieved May 1. Comic Book Resources. March 2009. Retrieved April 27. com/ aboutus/ ). popjapantravel. . Retrieved 2009-05-16. [21] Lin. Sankei Shimbun. aboxcafe. jp/ e/ about/ index. "Joey Goes Tokyo: Week 1" (http:/ / www. . [20] "VirtualDub history" (http:/ / www. . Anime Fringe. org/ virtualdub_history.JAPAN (45): 9. com). 2009. digi-promotion. . Shaun. Organizers may also utilize public meeting spaces such as a library[2] or a government center. animefringe. html). Professional Travel Guide. . html). Retrieved April 28. co. Ginny (August 5. Participants of an anime club often are also involved in volunteering and organization of local anime conventions. clubs engage in other activities such as viewing anime music videos. Josephy (July 2005). activities can also have a broader range. 2009. Adults in their fifties and sixties and teenagers also attend. Att.[6] [7] Dependent on the scope of the club. [19] Manning. . wsj. 2009. html?mod=googlewsj). The Japan Foundation. 2009. [4] Activities Anime club meetings can occur on a weekly or monthly basis. yahoo. "An Cartoons Aren't Just For Kids.[8] [9] In 2006. easterneronline. Sophie (2005-10-25). Retrieved 2007-12-10. Sara (2007-08-30). Just. Due to the long running and episodic nature of some anime." (http:/ / media. com/ articles. org/ web/ 20070528205554/ http:/ / www. This is known as Public Performance Rights or exhibition rights.. [6] Cuneo. Meredith (2004-12-01).Anime club 256 Anime Showings Typically anime clubs exhibit shows in their original Japanese language track with English subtitles. written permission from the domestic rights holder is required. a club may be perpetually showing episodes. The fansub room can also be known as the 'divx' room. "Members of MIT club share an anime attraction" (http:/ / www.000 ($400 a screening) in fees by New Yorker Films for failure to get permission to screen films. archive. restontimes. Public Exhibition When gathering in a public place to show licensed media. mit. Arent. nique. operationanime. net/ issues/ 2005-04-01/ entertainment/ 1). php?id=2479& art_title=Anime_Fannatiku_is_a_Big_Hit). the Illinois State University Cinema Society was assessed $8. Often. Larger clubs can have multiple viewing rooms. [5] Mackert. life/1 "Anime-O-Tekku feeds Anime lovers" (http:/ / www. com/ nyf/ non-theatrical/ PPR_Sheet. effectively depriving another show of that spot. Joshua (2005-04-01). com/ news/ 2006/ aug/ 24/ h3centeran-animated-culture-centerh3/ ). [3] Frank. Retrieved 2008-04-07. edu/ anime/ www/ starting-a-club. Anthony (2000-11-03). . The Boston Globe. newyorkerfilms. For example. Cindy Lee (2006-03-01). [2] Freedman.. net/ issues/ 2005-04-01/ entertainment/ 1) on 2007-05-28. There are also informal policies in some club circles regarding the total length of a viewed show. . Hurricane Valley Journal. nique. wickedlocal. exhibition is scheduled in blocks with breaks. Retrieved 2008-04-07. anime fansubs or localized dubs can be shown. Retrieved 2007-11-30. At this length. North American anime licensors. such as Funimation and Bandai Entertainment have established programs to help facilitate public screenings of their licensed content at anime clubs. gaming convention" (http:/ / web. shtml). [8] How to start an anime club (http:/ / web. a twenty six episode series will be screened over the period of several months. Kids-2369630. . For. www. com) [11] Bandai announces anime club support program (http:/ / www. hvjournal. [4] Goldstein. Retrieved 2007-10-10. "Anime Fannatiku is a Big Hit" (http:/ / www. com/ news/ 2002-12-02/ bandai-announces-anime-club-support-progam) . com/ marlborough/ homepage/ x1846589282). nique. pdf) [10] Funimation Operation Anime (http:/ / www. boston. Bleach and InuYasha run for nearly two-hundred episodes each. com/ media/ storage/ paper916/ news/ 2005/ 10/ 25/ EagleLife/ Cartoons. Additionally. com/ ae/ movies/ articles/ 2004/ 12/ 01/ members_of_mit_club_share_an_anime_attraction). named after the popular video codec. Usually one room features localized anime and the other fansubs. The Technique. html) [9] New Yorker Films Public Performance Rights (http:/ / www. net/ issues/ 2000-11-03/ campus). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. . "An animated culture" (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2007-12-02. animenewsnetwork.[10] [11] References [1] Swecker. Retrieved 2007-03-01. "Teens animated over anime" (http:/ / www. . . Evan (2006-08-24). "Tech hosts anime. [7] Ritz. it may be difficult for new members of the club to follow or become interested in a storyline that has already progressed far. Dependent upon policy of the club. life/1. The Comiket of today see several hundred thousand people. started in 1975 with around 700 people in Tokyo. Special industry announcements and premiers are now taking place at anime conventions outside of Japan. such as Europe and Australia began to take off in the mid 1990s as well. . such as Kawaii Kon in Hawaii and Aurora-Con in Alaska. often referred to as directors. anime conventions are multi-day events hosted at convention centers. manga and Japanese culture. History Anime conventions have a long and varied worldwide history. such as use of a large hotel with a meeting space. reflecting an acknowledgment of fandom from other locales. for new releases. invited industry guests. Though many popular shows from Japan had been broadcast by that time. either as individuals. in which studios. such as Jump Festa. Anime conventions are also used as a vehicle for industry. meaning a group of self appointed fans manage the affairs necessary to run the event. These growth trends follow the popularity and availability of anime to other countries outside of Japan. Many early conventions were run out-of-pocket at the expense of these organizers. such as Project A-Kon. mostly based on fan published manga called dōjinshi. most did not run more than 2 years annually. However as a result of many factors. a non-profit group. showing the lasting popularity of the medium in its home country. hotels or college campuses. They feature a wide variety of activities and panels. Most western anime conventions are fan operated. Anime conventions of the west mostly spawned from similar science fiction and multigenre conventions of the 1980s which featured anime content by tandem. dealers selling various goods. In recent years. or an LLC. spanning 2 days or more of a weekend. and publishers represent their anime related releases. the direct to video market had yet to reach any significant penetration in North America or Europe until the late 1980s. which continue to run today and number attendance in the several thousands. Anime Expo. The original Comiket. Other Japanese anime conventions are arms of or heavily sponsored by certain studios or publishing companies and are used as platforms Outside the convention hall at Anime Expo 2004. and AnimeFest. Anime conventions of the west take many cues from those conventions.[1] The early 1990s saw what would later be the long standing annual conventions. costume dressup.Anime convention 257 Anime convention An anime convention is an event or gathering with a primary focus on anime. and many other similarities. Anime conventions in other locales. new anime conventions continue to spring up in places where coverage from other conventions doesn't reach. Commonly. distributors. and many more. Publishing companies. Anime convention events A typical western anime convention will feature several events. . and contests for the attendees. and other are fan-subtitled with no domestic publisher. art books. art works (drawn. performer. details about a particular anime show. video games. Panels Anime conventions often have panels. and many other activities. favorite voice-actors. which are open ended discussions involving some pre-determined topic. action figures. Longer-running conventions with higher attendance often have the biggest variety and highest number of events. Because of this. Pirated items are often addressed as well. toys. Contests Most conventions include contests.). As such. card games. specialty foods. In some cases. decorations. fanfiction. anime-related music videos. Some western conventions have several video screening rooms. but is in no way meant to be considered as exhaustive or complete. dice games.Anime convention 258 Guests Anime conventions typically feature a guest (or "guest of honor") list as part of their makeup. tangible prizes have been offered as winnings in these contests. apparel or pre-made costumes. Video screenings Most anime conventions hold screenings of actual anime shows or movies because the circulation of the material and theatrical releases continues to trail Japan in other locales. a workshop is more like guided instruction through a major or specific task. a talent (like drawing artist. running a varied schedule of shows. make computer animation. sculpted. An anime convention represents an opportunity to interact with such individuals that may not be possible outside the event. This list features common events. screenings and video rooms are less common in Japanese conventions. software. or even industry related topics such as production or licensing. casting calls. The instructor could either demonstrate or instruct people on how to accomplish tasks such as how to draw manga. panels. etc. such as concerts. anime media. series. typically instructed by an individual (often a convention guest). Panels may also be about more general topics such as cosplay. video games. and other proprietors often arrive to exhibit and/or sell their newest products to fans. Wares can include graphic novels manga. Topics can include manga. painted). Workshops Slightly different than a Panel. Dealers' room An Exhibit Hall or Dealers' Room is also popular at most conventions. or how to become a voice actor. or movie. Guests may be featured or responsible for specialty events at the convention. though the only criteria for someone to be a guest is for the convention to state they are one. or special announcements/news releases. usually related in at least some way to anime. unless promoting a specific studio. Contests can also focus around costumes (or cosplay). distributors. workshops. or even a fandom community figure. music CDs. some of which are available in the US. a guest can be an industry figure. such as dances. but are rather amateur fan compositions which synchronize edited AMV theatre sign outside a room dedicated to showing video clips with an audio track. the term usually refers to fan-made unofficial videos. non-animated fan-made videos using footage from movies. A newer format of AMVs including or comprising solely of non-anime or gaming footage called animashing has also started to gain popularity. com/ events/ calendar. References [1] "Anime Conventions: 1980 through 1990" (http:/ / www. pop. animecons.com. Artwork of all kind is put on display for inspection. Parallels can be drawn between AMVs and songvids. External links • AnimeCons.neoengel. using such genres as J-Pop. Entry is usually only restricted by space available & registration with the convention. . which evolved convergently and has a distinct history and fan culture. AMVs should also not be confused with fan-made "general animation" videos using non-Japanese animated video sources like western cartoons. dinners. or take commission in a variation of the art show known as the Artists' Alley.com/) • A list of convention rules / guidelines (http://www. professionally made animation (such numerous music videos for songs by Iron Maiden). AnimeCons. by the viewer. video game cut-scene footage is also a popular option. AMVs are most commonly posted AMVs at Tekkoshocon VIII (2010) and distributed informally over the Internet. hip hop. Artists may also include crafts. AMVs are not official music videos released by the musicians. discuss. country.html) • Lionel Lum News Network (http://www. R&B. . and many others. and more. While AMVs traditionally use footage taken from anime. Anime conventions frequently run AMV contests or AMV exhibitions. and in some cases for purchase/auction bidding.usagichan.[1] Music used in AMVs is extremely diverse.Anime convention 259 Art show Typical art shows are similar to those at a traditional museum or gallery. self published books or video.com/con_rules. An AMV can also be a set of video game footage put together with music which is known as a GMV. fanzines. Social activities Most conventions (or their visitors) also hold purely social gatherings. Retrieved 2010-04-21.com (http://animecons. The artist can choose to be present to display. AMVs should not be confused with music videos that employ original. or with the practice of vidding in Western media fandom. room parties. "Anime music videos" are a sub-genre of the more general "animated music videos". rock. drawn art.com) Anime music video An anime music video (AMV) is a music video consisting of clips from one or more animations set to an audio track (often songs or movie/show trailer audio). or with such short music video films (such as Japanese duo Chage and Aska's song "On Your Mark" that was produced by the film company Studio Ghibli). shtml/ 0008090). and more. c. keyframe manipulation or dissolves: These are techniques in which the editor makes points in a video source on the timeline of the non-linear editing program that they can drag to different positions which makes the video either fade in or fade out. Often both the events in the video and the transitions between the clips are synchronized with events in the music. These songs usually come from musicals. Lip-syncing is also commonly used in parody AMVs. Such additions are often used for visual effect or to convey a story that is otherwise incommunicable using only the original video source. Internal synch involves synching the audio with actual events taking place in the scene. the original language of most anime. it is one of the most popular anime music videos ever made.[2] Kaposztas hooked up two VCRs to each other and edited the most violent scenes from Star Blazers to “All You Need Is Love” by The Beatles to produce a humorous effect.Anime music video 260 television series. most commonly solid black or solid white. Several techniques are available to achieve this: • Editing: Using different clips from the video source and changing between them at specific times is the most important tool the AMV creator has. or other sources. External synch is instances of edited in cuts made in time with the audio. and as a result "the visuals make a greater impact" on the senses. AMV creation The creation of an AMV centers on using various video editing techniques to create a feeling of synchronization and unity. to make it appear as if the character were singing the song. both two-dimensional and three-dimensional. • Lip-sync: the synchronization of the lip movements of a character in the original video source to the lyrics of the audio. or to the latest on the pop charts. or possibly create a unique visual style for the video. English-speaking fans tend to utilize and reconstruct existing anime to create AMVs whereas Japanese fans "are more intuitively inclined" to create or expand on existing manga and anime. using clips from the 1960s anime Speed Racer. such as gunshots and slamming doors.A. "Naruto Ball Z" (Dragon Ball Z/Naruto set to Bomb a Head! Returns! by m.T Feat! Da Pump!) and the Caramelldansen meme spawned by Popotan set to Caramell's Caramelldansen. . which was first shown on English television back in 1968. One of the first anime music videos that achieved popularity came from the 1996 song "Daytona 500". The first anime music video was created in 1982 by 21-year-old Jim Kaposztas. Popularity John Oppliger of AnimeNation stated that fan-produced AMVs are largely popular with Western fans however not with Japanese fans. Some effects are designed to be imperceptible (such as modifying a scene to stop a character's mouth from moving) whereas others are intended to increase synchronism with the audio. This can be to another video clip. One reason he cited was that Western fans experience a "more purely" visual experience as most Western fans cannot understand the Japanese language.[3] The second reason he cited was that because Westerners are "encouraged by social pressure to grow out of cartoons and comics during the onset of adolescence" whereas Japanese natives grow up with animation "as a constant companion". often the purpose is comedic. In fact. or to a different color. • Rubber-bands. and the Speed Racer clips used on that video made it his official music video. • Digital effects: Using video editing software (commonly a non-linear editing system) the video source can be modified in various ways. It was also the first AMV to be shown on a TV channel. from rapper Ghostface Killah. • Some editors use original and manipulated animation. This synchronization is divided into two general types: internal and external.[4] Famous amvs that have gone on to become Internet memes or semi-memes include "Crimson Destiny" a FullMetal Alchemist video set to "Dream On" by Aerosmith. in AMV works. primarily on the part of the record industry. Works such as dōjinshi. . Tokyopop hosted the I-Manga Music Video Mash Up Contest. The other way that this competition is held. editing videos on the fly in a real-time contest in the style of Iron Chef. While on other websites the videos compete against other videos of the same or different categories and are judged on which is a better AMV overall. loaded with Tokyopop music and Tokyopop I-Manga webisodes. In both cases there are designated judges who compare the videos. In conventions AMVs are usually judged by the category they are competing in. Clamp). are actually encouraged by many anime makers. it needs to come down. "The basic thinking going into fan videos is thus: if it whets the audience's appetite. Most anime makers encourage this practice. AKROSS Rating [8]. the timing or overall production quality of the videos made during the competition. is through an Internet website. evaluations. as well as its for-profit status. The question has been raised of how such works can continue to exist. The contest called for fans to create a music video. In both cases the winners are decided by the viewers and sometimes the editors themselves are allowed to vote. In an interview with site AnimeNewsNetwork. by the category they are in. But if it sates the audience's appetite. Some see it as a tribute while others see it from a business viewpoint that it draws in more support for the anime than it would have had otherwise. or such organizations to flourish. As well as featured placement on Tokyopop's YouTube channel. • In March 2008. A-M-V. in which there is only one part to the competition and most commonly only two editors. "Break Ya Self" by Far East Movement).org has the largest known annual AMV contest. for the removal of AMVs from sites like YouTube. with particular regard to YouTube due to its relative popularity compared to other AMV sources. Does that make sense?" he says. or the AnimeMusicVideos. allowing the characters to continue on after. It seems that American anime distributors hold a similar sort of view in regards to AMVs. before.org Viewers Choice Awards. • AMV Viewer Choice: The editors submit videos to competitions that are held either at anime conventions or on Internet websites.[10] These dōjinshi take an original copyrighted work and expand upon the story. FUNimation Entertainment copyright specialist Evan Flournay said they generally see AMVs as a sort of free advertising. such as Maki Murakami's "circle" Crocodile Ave (Gravitation). Judges will declare a winner and most commonly this winner goes on to compete against other editors who have won previous parts of the competition. at an anime convention. AMVNews Overall Ratings [9] AMV and copyright infringement The Japanese culture is generally permissive with regard to the appropriation of ideas. Viewers watch the videos and they submit votes at the end of the viewing portion of the competition.org StarScale [6] (only for registered users). I-Manga Music Video Mash Up Contest required participants to animate and manipulate still images with the use of motion graphics. unauthorized comics continuing the story of an official comic series. as it expands their series. Google Video. either by the theme. As opposed to most anime music videos. or over the Internet. the AnimeMusicVideos. we'll leave it alone. The answer is that many of the Japanese authors encourage it—several of these authors began their careers with the same kinds of projects they witness anime fans working on today (ex.[5] • There are several public rankings of AMVs available: A-M-V. The winner of the contest was awarded an iPod Video. for example an action video would compete with other action videos. Some manga artists create their own dōjinshi. Most commonly these bouts go for the length of one or two hours and they are held either in person. when they do so with questionable legality. The other alternative is an individual Iron Editor competitions.Anime music video 261 AMV competitions. or during the original story. not solely on the theme of the video. only one of whom wins. Some websites have a similar way of judging the AMVs.org Opinions Top10% [7] (only for registered users). using Tokyopop manga and music.org aggregation site. and rankings • Iron Editor: Two or more editors compete directly with one another. The site AnimeMusicVideos.[11] [12] In recent years there has been an increased demand. The contest featured art from Bizenghast and Riding Shotgun with music ("Feel the Disease" by Kissing Violet. 000 Japanese come together twice a year. [5] TOKYOPOP :: Leading the Manga Revolution for 10 Years and Beyond! :: (http:/ / www. A number of AMV editors report to having had positive contact with various artists. "This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. AnimeNation. Public discussions and perspectives give varying accounts of exactly how widespread these actions have become. the creation of AMVs generally involves the infringement of one or more copyrights. animemusicvideos. php [7] http:/ / www. net/ blog/ 2003/ 09/ 08/ ask-john-why-are-anime-music-videos-so-popular/ ). Interview with FUNimation Entertainment copyright specialist Evan Flournay.org forum. com/ Robofish/ contest/ 1282896. the video elements of an AMV can be argued as being a transformative use. More than 33. "Chapter One: Creators" (http:/ / www. html). The creation of doujinshi is governed by a creators' ethic stating that a work is not doujinshi if it is just a copy. animenation. "Ask John: Why Are Anime Music Videos so Popular?" (http:/ / www. com/ chicks-on-anime/ 2009-05-05). Lawrence (March 25. 2009. org/ phpBB/ viewtopic. despite the competition and despite the law. php?t=60255). [3] Oppliger. org/ forum/ viewtopic. tokyopop. animenewsnetwork.[16] A second competition took place later that year in November using the song "Shut Up And Explode" and the anime Xam'd: Lost Memories. org/ members/ top10percent. Patrick (2007-11-15). infringement alone can be justified under the auspices of fair use if the use is transformative in nature. html)]]. However.[18] Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig specifically mentions AMVs as an example when dealing with the legality and creative nature of digital remix culture. ru/ index. [4] Oppliger. "Ask John: Why Hasn’t Doujinshi Caught on Outside of Japan?" (http:/ / www. John (2003-09-08). [[Free Culture (book)|Free Culture (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2009-09-08..org statistics as of February 2007 [2] Macias. Retrieved 2009-09-08. posted on AnimeNewsNetwork May 5. the copyright holder being able to assert that the creator is in effect redistributing an unauthorized copy of the copyright holder's work. 2009. [12] "AMVs and Funimation's Copyright enforcment comments" (http:/ / www. John (2005-06-23). This market exists in parallel to the mainstream commercial manga market.org forum. The winner's video would be featured during one of the pair's tours. Authorama. authorama. the administrator of AnimeMusicVideos. thread created November 15. animemusicvideos. japantimes. The first of this competition took place in January 2008 using the song "Easy Action" and the anime movie Vexille. Discussion on the AnimeMusicVideos. though it is primarily the latter who take such action. In November 2005. Evanescence. . html) [6] http:/ / www. References [1] Such video game clips feature in over 10% of current AMVs according to AnimeMusicVideos.. "Remix this: anime gets hijacked" (http:/ / search. while the audio elements (in the case of whole songs) might not be.0 and a subsequent talk in Google's AtGoogleTalks Author's Series. authorama.[13] Songs on AMVs uploaded on YouTube are sometimes removed due to copyright infringement of either TV Tokyo or the Warner Music Group. thread created May 5. to exchange and sell them. animemusicvideos. It flourishes. 2005. ru/ index.[17] From a purely legal perspective. . in the largest public gathering in the country. but they are a kind of copycat comic. In some ways."" [11] "Chicks On Anime: Copyright Enforcement Interview" (http:/ / www. In his book Code: Version 2.org was contacted by Wind-up Records. Seether and Creed videos no longer available" (http:/ / www. php [8] http:/ / akross.sec=top. and Seether.Anime music video 262 Musical performers and their representative record labels have been requesting the removal of some music videos from websites where they are made available for download. co. Discussion on the AnimeMusicVideos. animemusicvideos. but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial manga market to shut the doujinshi market down. 2004). More than 450. requesting the removal of content featuring the work of the bands Creed. jp/ cgi-bin/ fo20071115pm.000 "circles" of creators from across Japan produce doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics. com/ free-culture-4. . the artist must make a contribution to the art he copies by transforming it either subtly or significantly. While music labels and corporations generally see AMVs in negative light. php?f=2& t=94221& hilit=musical+ artists+ amvs). . . These copycat comics exhibit significant market penetration as well.com. php?go=Ratings& file=byrating& lang=en [10] Lessig. cgi?act=ratings. [13] "Evanescence. AnimeNation. going so far as to provide the source material for editors to use. often the actual musical artists in question do not hold the same views. Retrieved 2009-10-20. net/ blog/ 2005/ 06/ 23/ ask-john-why-hasnt-doujinshi-caught-on-outside-of-japan/ ). Retrieved 2009-09-08.[14] Japanese electronic duo Boom Boom Satellites even teamed with site AMVJ Remix Sessions [15] to sanction an AMV competition to help promote one of their singles. In many cases. Japan Times. com/ book/ free-culture. it obviously competes with that market. animenation. including Trey Gunn and Mae. org/ lists/ stars. html).l=e [9] http:/ / amvnews. thread created March 11. animemusicvideos.[1] is a type of performance art in which participants don costumes and accessories to represent a specific character or idea. full results of the major international AMV contests and more.org/) • AMV Dream.com/cms/s/d55dfe52-77d2-11da-9670-0000779e2340.com/) Website for Anime Music Videos • KetsuRyu.com/) • Creatives face a closed Net (http://news. regardless of the cultural context. with women playing male roles and vice versa.org. Lawrence Lessig. php?f=2& t=93284& hilit=musical+ artists+ amvs).org forum. 2009. A broader use of the term cosplay applies to any costumed role play in venues apart from the stage. org/ forum/ viewtopic.com/en) Website with huge database of available AMVs (streaming & download). hentai and fantasy movies. which became a genre unto itself.com/chicks-on-anime/ 2009-05-05). but recent trends have included American cartoons and science fiction. author of "Free Culture. php?f=5& t=85847& hilit=boom+ boom+ satellites).animenewsnetwork. discusses policy anent AMVs • MangaTubeUSA (http://mangatubeusa." visits Google's New York office as part of the Authors@Google series. Cosplay Cosplay (コスプレ kosupure). External links • AnimeMusicVideos. youtube. tokusatsu. [17] "BoomBoomSatellites x Xam'd Promotion Contest" (http:/ / www. com/ watch?v=9xbRE_H5hoU). com/ [16] "BoomBoomSatellites x Vexille Promotion Contest" (http:/ / www. amvj-sessions. an AMV community site (http://www. Cosplayers often interact to create a subculture centred around role play. php?f=5& t=91685& hilit=boom+ boom+ satellites). There is also a subset of cosplay culture centered around sex appeal. 2008. 2008.com. Favorite sources include manga.com/) AMV Hell. Streaming AMV's (http://amvdream. [18] "Authors@Google: Lawrence Lessig" (http:/ / www. Discussion on the AnimeMusicVideos. • AMV Hell (http://www.animemusicvideos.amvhell. with cosplayers specifically choosing characters that are known for their attractiveness and/or revealing (even explicit) costumes. video games. org/ forum/ viewtopic.Anime music video 263 [14] "Musical artists who like AMVs" (http:/ / www. 17 January • "Anime music videos" (http://networkedpublics. thread created January 16. Inanimate objects are given anthropomorphic forms and it is not unusual to see genders switched. [15] http:/ / www. graphic novels. animemusicvideos. This event took place on October 3. Discussion on the AnimeMusicVideos.org/conference/anime_music_videos) at the Annenberg Center for Communication • ANN interview with Funimation copyright enforcer (http://www. anime. Vocaloid Cosplay .org forum. thread created November 20. short for "costume play". Any entity from the real or virtual world that lends itself to dramatic interpretation may be taken up as a subject.com (http://www. 2006. comic books.ft.html) FT.zazzletube. Discussion on the AnimeMusicVideos. animemusicvideos. Characters are often[2] drawn from popular fiction in Japan. org/ forum/ viewtopic.org forum.ketsuryu. Artists like Kelly Freas. and fans by the hundreds dress regularly in costume. rather than to reflect the culture and symbolism of a holiday event. History of Cosplay From Costume Fandom: All Dressed Up with Some Place to Go! By Dr. Costuming. such as the U. The term was coined by Nobuyuki Takahashi of the Japanese studio Studio Hard while attending the 1984 Los Angeles Science Fiction Worldcon.[3] He was impressed by the hall and the costumed fans and reported on both in Japanese science fiction magazines.Visual-Kei rock bands.[4] Practice of Cosplay Costumes Cosplay costumes vary greatly and can range from simple outfits to highly detailed "mecha" suits. authors like Julian May and L. costume fandom has come to represent a large segment of the hardcore genre audience. three-dimensional art form. thus the skill of a cosplayer may be measured by how difficult the details of the outfit is and how well they have been replicated. and play becomes pure (プレ). Most cosplayers create their own outfits. Now. tv series. Anime or Manga. In the creation of the outfits. imaginary quality into the convention's overly serious nature. and the masquerade has become the central event of most large conventions. Wendy Pini and Tim Hildebrandt.‘s Knights of St. cosplayers will often seek to adopt the affect. Groups. in his book The Way The Future Was. "Out Of Character" breaks). book. The future editor of Famous Monsters of Filmland was dressed as a rugged looking star pilot. The characters chosen to be cosplayed may be sourced from any movie. comic book. conduct business and ceremony in costume. the Society for Creative Anachronism and the International Costumers' Guild. described the couple as "stylishly dressed in the fashions of the 25th century" but feared that they had started an ominous precedent. about a dozen fans turned out in their own "scientifiction" apparel. however the practice of character cosplay is most often associated with replicating anime and manga characters. The coinage reflects a common Japanese method of abbreviation in which the first two moras of a pair of words are used to form an independent compound. As such. John L. Sprague de Camp. Costume becomes kosu (コス). artists and the media. videogame An Australian Cosplayer cosplaying a Manga . Jones appeared in the first SF costumes among the 185 attendees. artists and fen (plural of fan). a 22-year-old Forrest J Ackerman and his friend Myrtle R. From the first Worldcon in 1939 to last year's Worldcon in Philadelphia. Both of them created quite a stir among the somber gathering of writers.K. Cosplay is generally considered different from Halloween and Mardi Gras costume wear as the intention is to accurately replicate a specific character. At the First World Science Fiction Convention in New York in 1939. as an innovative. mannerisms and body language of the characters they portray (with OoC or. referencing images of the characters in the process.Cosplay 264 Terminology The term cosplay is a portmanteau of the English words costume and play. costume fandom has emerged as a robust and dynamic force within science-fiction fandom. when in costume. costume fandom has had a consistent and widespread following with costumers markedly influencing science fiction writers. and his female companion was adorned in a gown recreated from the classic 1933 film Things to Come. Many cosplayers therefore consider cosplay to be a . Fantomy. much time is given to detail and quality. He was right! So successful were their costumes that the following year. has probed and broken all limits of imagination in SF and fantasy. and injected a fanciful. Frederik Pohl. over a half century later. Flynn "For almost 50 years. water features and abandoned/run-down sites. as well as science fiction and fantasy. on blogs or artist websites. more complicated and better quality outfits with access to more materials. or in feeling similar to a character in personality. some photographers may choose to work exclusively as a cosplay photographer. Within the cultures of anime and manga specifically. More simple outfits may be compensated for their lack of complexity by paying attention to material choice. Such people are more likely to have a greater budget dedicated to the project. forests. making it a very personal journey and achievement for many. such as DeviantArt. The first is to express adoration for a character. fibreglasswork. and overall excellent quality. Cosplays may also be bought at either conventions. Because of the rising popularity of cosplay photography. face paint. Some cosplayers may choose to custom make outfits by commission and thereby form an income from cosplay. and often expensive process is known to unite cosplayers and is considered a part of the culture of cosplay. They are also more likely to engage with professional photographers and cosplay photographers to take high quality images of the cosplayer in their garment posing as the character. . Because of the difficulty of some details and materials to replicate. This is most likely to take place in a setting relevant to the character's origin. seeking to become that character. fashion design. there is a certain level of notoriety that is attached to cosplayers. They are also noted by participation in cosplay competitions. and the sense of personal achievement upon completion. stores or more commonly. Presentation Cosplay may be presented in a number of ways and places. parks. Other characteristics may be an enthusiastic manner and less attention to detail and quality. Photography As mentioned above. Such cosplayers are likely to exhibit their work online. from online speciality stores or eBay. The third is those who enjoy the creative process. This type of cosplayer may be associated with being a Fan (person) and is often labelled as an Otaku. They may also choose to sell such images. cosplayers often educate themselves in crafting specialities such as Textiles.com. This is especially necessary for anime and manga characters who often have unnaturally coloured and uniquely styled hair. Most cosplayers draw characteristics of all three categories. The second is those people who enjoy the attention that cosplaying a certain character brings. some cosplayers choose to have a photographer take high quality images of the cosplayer in their garment posing as the character. or print the images as postcards and give them as gifts. However people who have bought their outfits may be subject to criticise by those who have made their outfits. This taxing. The process of creation may then be very long and time-consuming. or a mix. sculpture. Woodworking and other such materials in the effort to render the look and texture of a costume accurately.Cosplay 265 form of Art and so consider themselves Artists. Purpose The cosplayer's purpose may generally be sorted into one of three categories.[5] Almost all cosplayers wear wigs in conjuction to their outfit in order to further improve the resemblance to the character. Such cosplayers are usually characterised by attention to detail in their garments and their choice of popular characters. such as churches. some in the more specific subcatagory of Artisan Crafts. Such cosplayers are also most likely to adopt the character's personality and are known to criticise other cosplayers for not having a full knowledge of their character. or not also adopting character mannerisms. Harajuku In Japan teenagers gather with like-minded friends in places like Tokyo's Harajuku district to engage in cosplay. Often contestants are briefly interviewed on stage by an MC. Master Weapon-Maker. The single largest event featuring cosplay is the semi-annual doujinshi market. catering to devoted anime and cosplay fans. Since 1998 Tokyo's Akihabara district has contained a large number of cosplay cafés.Cosplay 266 Conventions The most popular form of presenting a cosplay is by wearing it to a convention. etc. at any It is a famous gathering place for cosplayers. Miscellaneous Events "tite" passes over Yamanote Line south of Harajuku Station. and these awards may vary greatly. . many conventions have come to feature a contest surrounding cosplay that may be the main feature of the convention. The contestants may choose to perform a skit. video games. attracts hundreds of thousands of manga fans. with runner-up prizes as well. at the Meiji Shrine gate. The US alone features nearly a hundred conventions across the country each year. Award are presented. Other contestants may simply choose to pose as their characters. Thousands of cosplayers congregate on the roof of the exhibition center. manga. They may join to have an excuse to cosplay. TV shows. including café's. and a number of cosplay skill subcategories. and often to be judged for an award. Master Armourer. which may consist of a short performed script or dance with optional accompanying audio. such as Master Sewist. Tokyo. Contestants present their cosplay. maid costumes are particularly popular. comics. Groups of cosplayers may choose to hold small gatherings. share tips or any other person reason. Awards may also go to the best skit. nightclubs and amusement parks. The waitresses at such cafés dress as game or anime characters. to compare work. and Best Group award. The audience is given a chance to take photos of the cosplayer(s) Cosplayers may compete solo or in a group. This event. Conventions dedicated to anime. The largest event for cosplayers outside Asia is the annual San Diego Comic-Con. the cosplay must be self-made. science fiction and fantasy may be found all around the world. held in Japan during summer and winter. The biggest event in the UK is the London MCM Expo at ExCeL London. number of venues. parks. video and/or images shown on a screen overhead. Competitions As the popularity of cosplay has grown. Generally there will be a Best Cosplayer award. Comiket. are an Asian version of the elf in boy archetype represented in Western tradition by figures such as Peter Pan and Ariel.[7] Cosplay nevertheless gets a mixed reception in Japan even today. though Japanese in origin. short for "Camera Kozō" or "Camera Boy". It is more common for Western cosplayers to recreate characters from live-action series such as Star Trek. The Lord of the Rings. especially male characters that lend themselves to the treatment. Female dollers are also found who represent male characters. Such characters. Those who photograph players are called cameko. Taiwan. Western cosplay's origins are based primarily on science fiction and historical fantasy as opposed to animation. represent a niche group in the realm of cosplay. such as the oversized eyes and tiny mouths so often encountered in manga. Events in districts such as Akihabara draw many cosplayers. For almost fifty years. described a phenomenon which was witnessed in the United States. Doctor Who. .Cosplay 267 Gender roles Portraying a character of the opposite sex is "crossplay. Western costumers also Canadian cosplayer Liana K as Power Girl.[6] The animegao. Originally the cameko give prints of their photos to players as gifts. Star Wars. such as robots. Their costumes display all the abstractions ("doller") in Taipei." The practicality of crossplay and crossdress stems in part from the abundance in manga of male characters with delicate and somewhat androgynous features. The term "cosplay". pronounced "layer".[8] Cosplay in Western Culture The popularity of cosplay in Japan encourages the misconception that cosplay is specifically a Japanese or Asian hobby. Cosplay at fan events likely originated in Japan in 1978. Dollers are often male cosplayers representing female characters. and stylizations characteristic of the cartoon art. "mascot"-style role players. Dollers wear bodysuits and masks that completely hide their real features so that the original appearance of their characters may be An animegao or kigurumi cosplayer reproduced as literally as possible. Their approach makes them a subgroup of what is called in Japan kigurumi--that is. Cosplay in Japan Cosplayers in Japan refer to themselves as reiyā (レイヤー). and has more recently spread throughout South America and Australia. costuming has had a widespread following and continues to experience growing popularity in North America and Europe. or "dollers". space aliens and animals. Photography takes place within a designated area removed from the exhibit hall. yet there is no shortage of people in Japan who regard cosplay as a frivolous endeavor. animated series may be the origin for many recreations. "pretty boy"). Similarly. Increased interest in cosplay events both on the part of photographers and cosplayers willing to model for them have led to formalisation of procedures at events such as Comiket. known as bishōnen (lit. and Harry Potter than it is for Japanese cosplayers. Some costumes that are worn without hesitation by Japanese cosplayers tend to be avoided by Western cosplayers. and Halo. Star Wars and Lord of the Rings and their associated books. take photos. cosplayers. Cosplay in Taiwanese Culture • Beginning–1990 Taiwan's first cosplays with the form similar to present day was started in 1990. though professionals still lacked in this field. There were almost several hundred cosplayers in Taiwan. Final Fantasy and other characters like the Heartless from the game series Kingdom Hearts (キングダム ハーツ Kingudamu Hātsu?). In 1997. The rules allow the symbiotic relationship between photographers and cosplayers to continue with the least inconvenience to each. or as famous characters from movies like Star Wars. the biennial doujin event started. This reflects the international success of films such as The Dark Knight. but it allowed them to make costumes by themselves. but only temporarily and without specialization. such as outfits that evoke Nazi-era uniforms. follow them out of the area or take photos of exhibits in the hall itself without permission. like their Japanese Comic and anime conventions are a popular place counterparts. and historical conferences in attendance.Cosplay 268 include subcultures of hobbyists who participate in Renaissance faires or the Society for Creative Anachronism. The Matrix. Anime conventions attendees are mostly seen is from Animecon 2009 in Helsinki. Cosplayers pose for photographers in designated areas removed from the exhibit hall. including accessories. Rules of etiquette were developed to minimize awkward situations involving boundaries. At these gatherings. It is quite common to see many dress up as Disney. and Pirates of the Caribbean. but many others dress up as famous Western comic book characters. comic. In 1994 to 1997. Mario Brothers. and historical re-enactments such as Civil War battles. dressed up as Japanese animated characters. Anime conventions have become more numerous in the West in the last decade. Not many details were recorded due to the small number of participants.[9] Cosplayers also dress as popular characters from other games such as The Legend of Zelda. As this became apparent in the late 1980s a new variant of cosplay developed in which cosplayers attended events mainly for the purpose of modeling their characters for still photography rather than engaging in continuous role play. Differences in taste still exist across cultures. The increasing popularity of Japanese animation outside of Asia during the late 1990s led to an increase in American and other Western cosplayers who portray Japanese characters. meet to show off their work.[7] Recent cosplay events in Asia show an increase in the popularity of non-Asian fantasy and science fiction characters. and compete in for cosplay also in the Western world. Photographers do not press them for personal contact information or private sessions. the environment of cosplay began to grow. During 1992–1993. Trends The appearance of cosplayers at manga events makes such events a popular draw for photographers. the time was harsh. • 1991–1997 Most cosplayers started to make their costumes themselves. They now compete with science fiction. • 1998–2005 . and cosplay grew in popularity. Predator. This image costume contests. The number of people taking part in cosplay has also increased sharply. and threatens the harmonious and rational environment of Chinese-citizen-mainly side cosplay sphere in Hong Kong. Since 1997. the standard and behaviour of the new-coming cosplayers with less experiences or morals are unacceptable. • 2006–present A magazine introducing cosplay COSmania was first published in 2006 February. more and more local events are held. Comics. even unilaterally fabricating themselves-centred inflexible so-called definitions of cosplay to force all the people to obey it without condition. The Yam blog and Wretch blog for assembling people with the same interest rise abruptly. even creating violent rebellions or triad-society-like behaviors to approach their external political purposes. someone created several biased words to describe for those who cosplay with the discrepancy between the appearance of the cosplayer and the character. Games) festival in Taiwan nation. such as Comic World HK. Most of the universities in Hong Kong also launched their own cosplay events. Some of the Hong-Kong-resided cosplayers even change to participate the cosplay events in other cities.Since 2002. Such the conditions have been criticized by other cosplayers. the multimedia started to keep an eye on cosplays. Some of those conservatives began to do attack in speech. Cosplayers' community rises sharply. Hong Kong The cosplay sphere in Hong Kong are separated as two sides. and consider those are interfering the conservatives' public image. as the Japanese and the Western countries. and for those who cosplay without able to understand the character that he/she is impersonating. cosplay first showed up in a form similar to that of the present in Hong Kong in 1993. • 2000–present After the 1990s. cosplay has been being far more popular and familiar. This makes the conflict among some cosplayers. Not only many young Taiwanese cosplayers. but many Japanese cosplayers join the biggest ACG(Animation. other than public events. and the most popular one is the Cosplay Party by Hong Kong University. netizens and some citizens. • 1990s For local Chinese citizens. However. such as in Macau and Guangzhou. Moreover. Cosplay becomes much more popular. The ambiance between two sides are different at all. with one mainly including Chinese citizens (sometimes Japanese also included) and one mainly including non-Chinese citizens (such as Europeans and Americans). when a group of people rented a kiosk and one of them wore a costume on some animations to attract people passing by.Cosplay 269 Cosplay becomes more popular and well-known. With an aid of easy accessibility of multimedia and the Internet. At the same time there is the launch of the discussion on the differences between several splendid attire culture such as cosplay dressing and various styles of lolita fashion. Chinese have started to become involved in cosplay. Cosplay in Chinese culture As anime is becoming more popular in China. Most of them start to go private to photo takings. . Fancy Frontier(FF) and Petit Fancy(PF) start to be held in National Taiwan University and Kaohsiung. Nowadays there are almost 20 events held with cosplay sessions every year in Hong Kong. some of the conservative cosplayers think that. since the status of Chinese-citizen-mainly side has been turning. Forums allow them to share stories. there are some public cosplay events held every year in Guangzhou. It host the World Cosplay Singapore. The first EOY event was held at Suntec City in December 2001. In year 2009. the YACA animation organization was founded. Singapore • Commercial events • Cosfest The biggest cosplay convention in Singapore. JAM Project. at the 2nd China International Copyright Expo. . Alodia Gosiengfiao. with Ichirou Mizuki and May'n as the invited guests. and held in their lecture halls. This is particularly the case in Asia where cosplay influences Japanese street fashion and popular culture. The exponential growth in the number of people picking up cosplay as a hobby since 1990 has made the phenomenon influential in popular culture. Prior to this. Much cosplaying actually takes place outside the event venue. It is held in Downtown East NTUC Club Resort • EOY (End-of-Year) This event has been running officially since 2001. used to hold informal cosplaying get-togethers at their home Community Club. the initial organizer. In 2010 the event moves to Republic Polytechnic. In 2009. Businesses increasingly seek to cater to cosplayers' interest in apparel. and the Asia Cosplay Meet. Subsequent locations changed to the Singapore Expo when it was co organized by the Miyuki Animation Club and Singapore Cosplay Club. • Anime Festival Asia The first AFA was held at Suntec City in 2008. Sometimes other exotic issues are also included. and collectibles. Cosplayers in Beijing In 2010. Related phenomena The Internet has enabled many cosplayers to create "social networks" and web sites centred around cosplay activities. 2010. The event was take over by Shiro Tsubasa Animation Club later. This event has grown to include Danny Choo. In 2002. accessories. photographs. There were initial internet video trials. a few cosplay shows organized by internet media had been held in Beijing and two more in October.Cosplay 270 Mainland China The topics of cosplay in mainland China are mainly from Chinese classical issues and modern Japanese anime issues. Black Alice took over the event and it moves to the National Library at Victoria Street. a China Cosplay Competition was held in Beijing. Scandal and AKB48 as performing guests. After on. • Singapore Toy Game and Comic Convention • The Games Xpo • Events held in schools • SOY (Start-of-Year) This event is organized by the Ngee Ann Polytechnic's Japanese Tsubasa Club. and began a stage for cosplay. news and tips. the Miyuki Animation Club. then the finals were held at the expo. on the empty space on level 3. [10] Another magazine growing in popularity that is aimed at a broader. sew their own clothing. the fashion industry has taken inspiration from the world of cosplay in popularising looks such as the Gothic Lolita. These costumes are often sold online. creating custom costumes. An English digital version of Cosmode has been created. shoes.[13] The film explores the anime subculture in North America with footage from anime conventions and interviews with fans. Contact lenses that match the color of their character's eyes are a common form of this. props or wigs designed and fitted to the individual.[17] Other cosplayers.Cosplay 271 Magazines Japan is home to two especially popular cosplay magazines. voice actors and artists. There are also a number of individuals who work on commission. Cosplay![15] The documentary titled My Other Me: A Film About Cosplayers [16] chronicles a year in the life of three different cosplayers: a veteran cosplayer whom launched a career from cosplay. Most cosplayers engage in some combination of methods to obtain all the items necessary for their costume.com. Cosmode has the largest share in the market. and a transgender whom found himself through cosplay.[12] A film titled "Cosplayers: The Movie" was released in 2009 by Martell Brothers Studios. As of Jan 2010. for example they may commission a prop weapon. Permanent and temporary hair dye. still provide a market for individual elements. their journey through the convention circuit. In addition to making items specifically for use by cosplayers. . accessories. some social networking sites for cosplay have classified ad sections where such services are advertised. body paint and in rare cases having a permanent tattoo done are all methods used by cosplayers to achieve the desired look. cloth and sewing notions.[14] According to cosplayfilm. such as unstyled wigs or extensions. face paint. and specialized extreme styling products are all utilized by some cosplayers whose natural hair can achieve the desired hairstyle. focusing on fandom and cosplay. The documentary will cover everything from each different cosplayers home life. Manufacturers produce and sell packaged outfits for use in cosplay. and buy a pair of off-the-rack shoes and modify them to match the desired look. Cosmode (コスモード) and Dengeki Layers (電撃Layers). who prefer to create their own costumes. Another form of body modification cosplayers engage in is to copy any tattoo or special marking that their character might have. hair dye. buy character jewelry from a cosplay accessory manufacturer. "My Other Me" is expected to be released in 2012. in a variety of qualities. a young fourteen year old first timer. a new feature length documentary film will be released in late 2010 and will focus on the personal lives of a small band of cosplayers. In order to look more like the character they are portraying many cosplayers also engage in various forms of body modification. spray-in colouring. based on clothing worn by popular period characters. permanent marker. costume jewellery and prop weapons. The filmed is tentatively titled: Cosplay. Apparel Cosplayers obtain their apparel through many different methods. and the profound effect cosplay is making on each of their lives as it grows with them. but also can be purchased from dealers at conventions. the film is casting in the Chicago area. and various raw materials. Henna tattoos. to their costume process. word-wide audience is CosplayGen:[11] Film and television MTV has produced an episode of the documentary series True Life. liquid latex body paint. especially in the case of characters with particularly unique eyes as part of their trademark look. According to the creator's website the film is available for free viewing on both Youtube and Crunchyroll. Yuichiro Nagashima makes all his entrances and publicity appearances for K-1 dressed as different female anime characters. • Daisuke Enomoto. The phenomenon is most apparent in Japan but exists to some degree in other countries as well. "Super-Gaijin '76: Now Let Us Praise Famous Cosplayers" (http:/ / supergaijin76. manga. .blogspot. [9] "Kingdom Hearts . blogspot. com/ Cosplay_Costumes). fanhistory. Canadian co-hosts the talk show Ed's Night Party.. . she is often a special guest at fan conventions across North America. com/ 2006/ 12/ now-let-us-praise-famous-cosplayers. Matthew (2004) Girls And Women Getting Out Of Hand: The Pleasure And Politics Of Japan's Amateur Comics Community (http:/ / matt-thorn. as does the ability of cosplayers to appeal to an already existing market.[19] • Yuichiro "Jienotsu" Nagashima. State University of New York Press [8] Joel Bryan (2006-12-04). org/ history. P. accompanied by cosplaying girls. washingtonpost. Sarah. • Liana Kerzner. . Good cosplayers are increasingly viewed as fictional characters in the flesh.org. Japan's burgeoning anime industry has been home to the professional cosplayers since the rise of Comiket. Costumes. Japanese kickboxer and martial artist. ed. 2008-07-03. 2010-09-17. lovetoknow. [2] Oxford Dictionaries (http:/ / oxforddictionaries. He intended to dress for the ride wearing the Gundam costume of Char Aznable. and other such powerhouse conventions. Notable cosplayers • Francesca Dani. 44-49. the first popularly elected president of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Ornament.[18] • Alodia Gosiengfiao. . Yeinjee. Retrieved October 12. 31(1). She ranked no. One of Japans top ranked Kickboxers. Print media increasingly retain cosplayers as models. Retrieved 2008-01-03.com.Cosplay 272 Models Cosplay has influenced the Japanese advertising industry more than it has the commodity market.[20] References [1] Stuever. Famous for her sexy character-based costumes. . Hank (2000-02-14). . She was Animax's first Levi's Kawaii girl winner in the last episode of Mad Mad Fun. html). an Italian cosplayer. dressed up as the fictional character Edajima Heihachi of the anime series Sakigake!! Otokojuku.Fan History Wiki: The Fandom History Resource" (http:/ / www.com. cosplay photography studios. "What Would Godzilla Say?" (http:/ / www. com/ shoujo_manga/ outofhand/ ) in Fanning the Flames: Fans and Consumer Culture in Contemporary Japan William W. . Fanhistory. Supergaijin76.com. [5] White. 87 in FHM Philippines 2009 poll of the Sexiest Women in the World and was named as one of Philippine's most influential women by UNO Magazine. also known as a Cosplay Idol. from Academic Search Complete database. htm). October). ADV Films has retained cosplayers for event work previously assigned to agency models. The Washington Post. • Lee Teng-hui. net idol and model. "Cosplay Costumes at LoveToKnow Costumes" (http:/ / costumes. Retrieved 2011-10-03. E3 was occupied by a mix of both agency girls and cosplayers. A cosplay model. a Japanese entrepreneur. Retrieved 2011-10-03. [6] Benesh-Liu. or video game companies. (2007. The ability of cosplayers to re-create their chosen characters with accuracy and vitality plays a part in this trend. Retrieved 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-10-03. Costuming. Kelly. Tokyo Game Show. Retrieved 2011-10-03. ANIME COSPLAY IN AMERICA. A successful cosplay model can become the brand ambassador for companies like Cospa. com/ definition/ cosplay) Retrieved 2011-01-03 [3] "Nobuyuki (Nov) Takahashi « YeinJee's Asian Blog: The Origin of the word cosplay" (http:/ / yeinjee. com/ wp-srv/ style/ feed/ a49427-2000feb14. He failed to pass physical examinations. was scheduled to be the fourth private citizen to be taken into space by Space Adventures in October 2006.com. costuming.org" (http:/ / www. is a promotional model who models cosplay costumes for anime. Cosplayers have modeled for print magazines like Cosmode. [4] "Costuming. Filipina cosplayer and model.lovetoknow. [7] Thorn. 2008. in much the same way that film actors come to be identified in the public mind with specific roles. html). com/ wiki/ Kingdom_Hearts). com/ tag/ nobuyuki-nov-takahashi/ ). html). html?id=d80a5430-a0f8-4f02-b7e1-31681a43b426). COSMODE Online. Peter Carey interviews the novelist. 2004-11-17.[1] [2] It appears to have been coined by the humorist and essayist Akio Nakamori in his 1983 series An Investigation of "Otaku" (『おたく』の研究 "Otaku" no Kenkyū). .dmoz. mangauk. "MSNBC" (http:/ / msnbc. Retrieved 2011-10-03. which is distinguished from the older usage by being written only in hiragana (おたく) or katakana (オタク or. the term for otaku was used by Lynn Minmay as an honorific term.canada. otaku).Top 10 ways to perfect cosplay without ending up on a snark site. Retrieved 2011-10-03. . cosplay. com/ press-release/ 2008-11-18/ anime-expo-and-mtv-cast-for-true-life). Animators like Haruhiko Mikimoto and Shōji Kawamori used the term among themselves as an honorific second-person pronoun since the late 1970s.org/Arts/Animation/Anime/Fandom/Cosplay/) at the Open Directory Project • Cosplay in South East Asia (http://sgcafe. cosplaygen. [13] http:/ / www. com/ marketplace/ index. canada. Retrieved 2011-10-03. (http://www. particularly anime.About COSMODE" (http:/ / www.Cosplay 273 [10] "A Costume & Style Magazine for the Eccentric . [20] "Excite. Retrieved 2011-10-03. php). . excite. com/ id/ 9924251). . com/ calgaryherald/ news/ entertainment/ story. first aired in 1982.com's Marketplace" (http:/ / www. a popular gathering site 1980s. She reveals that Arai used the word in her novels as a second-person pronoun. animenewsnetwork. artist and Gundam chronicler Yuka Minakawa. jp/ News/ world/ 20041117120736/ 00011100660887-20. com/ id2.co. myotherme. imdb. ヲタク). Retrieved 2011-10-03. MSNBC. php) [15] http:/ / www. co. martellbrothers. External links • The Largest Organised Cosplay Gallery (http://cosplay4. In his book Wrong about Japan. printed in the lolicon magazine Manga Burikko. cosmodeonline. Anime News Network. Cosplay. Retrieved 2011-10-03. . com/ title/ tt1568810/ [14] (http:/ / www.mangauk.com) • Brief history of Cosplay in the UK (http://www. ca/ [17] "Cosplay.jp. Bjorn (2005-11-04). com [16] http:/ / www.com Japan" (http:/ / www. Etymology Otaku is derived from a Japanese term for another's house or family (お宅. which is also used as an honorific second-person pronoun. [12] "Anime Expo® and MTV Cast for True Life" (http:/ / www. manga or video games.com/?p=a-brief-history-of-uk-cosplay) • Cosplay (http://www. and the readers adopted the term for themselves. .com/?p=how-to-cosplay) Otaku Otaku (おたく / オタク) is a Japanese term used to refer to people with obsessive interests.com) • Sexy Cosplay (http://sexy-cosplay. msn. Cosplay Gen. [11] "Cosplay Gen" (http:/ / www. In the anime Macross. . cosplayfilm. appeared in the The Akihabara neighborhood of Tokyo.[2] Another source for the term comes from the works of science fiction author Motoko Arai. less frequently. Retrieved 2011-10-03. com/ blog/ about/ ). . The modern slang form. .com. [18] Carey. [19] "Geek girls gone wild" (http:/ / www2. com/ ).net/) • HOW TO COSPLAY .com. or rarely in rōmaji. Excite. [6] When otaku are studied. leaving the pronunciation unchanged. computers.). the spelling wotaku (ヲタク) is sometimes used. and some anime fans express concern about the effect these more extreme fans can have on the reputation of their hobby (not unlike sentiments in the comic book and science fiction fandoms). it is usually used to refer to an obsessive fan of anime/manga and/or Japanese culture generally. seems a natural crossover figure in today's interface of British and Japanese cultures.[3] However. however. depending on the mood and personal style of the poster. hobby or any form of entertainment. topic. To indicate that one is talking about the Japanese definition rather than the English loanword. etc.Otaku 274 In Japan In modern Japanese slang. Both of these English-language terms have more emphatically negative connotations of poor social skills and obsessive interest in a topic that seems strange. whether we want to be or not. While otaku in English-speaking contexts is generally understood to mean geek or even fan. leaving ota (オタ) and then replacing o (オ) with the identically sounding character wo (ヲ). “ The otaku.[7] Reki-jo are female otaku interested in Japanese history. particularly those who are aware of the negative connotations the term has in Japan. more concerned with the accumulation of data than of objects. and to a lesser extent Japanese video games. extra-geographic. The term serves as a label similar to Trekkie or fanboy. it can relate to a fan of any particular theme. niche or boring to others. In English. Self-identification as an otaku may seem strange to them. We are all curators. virgin girl. On Japanese forums such as 2channel. which has several references to otaku. Otaku's usually tries to avoid contact with any female.[5] On the matter. and they may be offended if a non-Japanese speaker calls them an otaku. this usage is not widely known in Japan and hence casual use of the term may confuse native Japanese speakers. the passionate obsessive. is one of the keys to understanding the culture of the web. in the post-modern world. in recent years "idol otaku" are naming themselves simply as Wota (ヲタ) as a way to differentiate from traditional otaku. female otaku are largely ignored. There is something profoundly post-national about it. because of their low self-esteem and a possibility of embarrassing themselves if they tried. It is not applied to a socially awkward intelligent person who appears fairly "normal. the information age's embodiment of the connoisseur. Unpleasant stereotypes about otaku prevail in worldwide fan communities. [9] ” — Modern boys and mobile girls.[8] The term otaku is close in connotation to the English nerd. comic books. April 2001 edition of The Observer . Understanding otaku -hood. use of the label can be a source of contention among some anime fans." and merely has an interest in certain typically 'geekish' pursuits (video games. However. the term otaku is most often equivalent to "geek". using this subculture to promote Japan in foreign affairs. In English The term is a loanword from the Japanese language. The term was popularized by William Gibson's 1996 novel Idoru. and in the eyes of the Japanese collectors: a perfectly calm train-spotter frenzy. Thus the word otaku can also be an insult meaning virgin boy.[4] The former Prime Minister of Japan Taro Aso also claimed himself to be an otaku. or rarely. murderous and sublime. The word was derived by dropping the last mora. and is instead more concentrated on collecting figurines of female anime character then to actually go out and interact with one. but the closest English-language analogue to otaku is probably the British English term anorak. I think. I see it in the eyes of the Portobello dealers. otaku (オタク) and wotaku (ヲタク) are used interchangeably. London: The Observer. East Asian culture. . co. [9] Gibson. Fujoshi. jp/ member/ member.6903. 野村總合研究所(Nomura Research Institude). Out on the town with grown men who adore girl idols (http:/ / search. jp/ cgi-bin/ fd20050206t3. "Eureka Discovers Culture Girls. anu. and by calls from persons in local governments for stricter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in materials which cater to some otaku (e. wenweipo. the degree of social hostility against otaku seemed to increase for a while. Otakorp Inc. co.g. Kaoru Kobayashi kidnapped. The second largest convention of this type in the US and the largest on the east coast.Otaku 275 Negativity In Japan there has been some negativity towards otaku and otaku culture. NGO-AMI. as suggested by increased targeting of otaku by law enforcement as possible suspects for sex crimes.00.[12] "Otacon" is the codename of character Hal Emmerich. [10] "公開質問状" (http:/ / picnic. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific 20. Currently. au/ issue20/ aoyama. a scientist and self-professed otaku. . chemistrydaily. and BL: Essay Review of Three Issues of the Japanese Literary magazine. The Japan Times. and its fandom. 2004-12-09. co. co. Retrieved 2008-03-04. Japanese journalist Akihiro Ōtani suspected that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the figure moe zoku even before his arrest. it began in State College. the largest convention of its kind is Anime Expo which takes place in Los Angeles annually. April 2011 [5] Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs (http:/ / paper. in 1994 and has been held in Baltimore. The Guardian. [8] Eric Prideaux. Yuriika (Eureka)" (http:/ / intersections. htm) [6] Eric Prideaux.[11] Nobuto Hosaka criticised a lot of the hype.466391. html). htm) (in Japanese). japantimes. japantimes. [11] "Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount" (http:/ / search. html). Wota lota love.[10] Although Kobayashi was not an otaku. 16 January 2005. Inc. In 2004. Tomoko (April 2009). ISBN 978-986-124-768-7 [3] Glocom Platform magazine. . gave permission to Konami to use the name "Otacon" in any of their Metal Gear video game series. [12] Chemistry Encyclopedia entry for Otakon (http:/ / www. Pennsylvania. and murdered a seven-year-old first-grade student. erotic manga and erotic videogames). edu. 2005-02-06. com/ chemistry/ Otakorp) . "Modern boys and mobile girls" (http:/ / observer. guardian. Retrieved 2008-01-06. manga. Tsutomu Miyazaki became known as "The Otaku Murderer" in 1989. uk/ world/ 2008/ jun/ 01/ japan). Otakon is focused on anime. htm). William (2001-04-01). htm). The Japan Times. April 2011 [4] Japan Focus. . Maryland since 1999. His bizarre murders fueled a moral panic against otaku. a non-profit organization. com/ 2008/ 09/ 23/ GJ0809230014. [7] Aoyama. html?fl20050116x1. 1 June 2008. guardian. sexually assaulted. uk/ life/ story/ 0. References [1] May 2006 issue of EX Taishuu magazine [2] オタク市場の研究(Otaku Shijou no Kenkyuu). Girl geeks find manga haven (http:/ / www. to/ ~ami/ ool.[11] Otakon "Otakon" (short for "otaku convention") is a convention organized by Otakorp. such as attending conventions.[4] In one study on visual kei. forging a link between slash fiction fandom and yaoi fandom.1/lamarre1. • Meet the Geek Elite (http://www. but in 2008. despite increased knowledge of the genre among the general public. Wired Magazine.htm) – an early article about Japanese otaku. gay. English-language fan [1] members are female.[8] Recent online surveys of English-speaking readers of yaoi indicate that 50-60% of female readers self-identify as heterosexual. Most fans are teenage girls or young women.[9] [11] bisexual[9] [12] and straight males[1] [13] [14] also form part of the readership. readership remains limited.uk/4042/entertext4. BL).org/~leng/otaku-p.[9] [10] Lunsing suggests that younger .[6] and the membership of Yaoi-Con.[9] [10] It has been suggested that Western fans may be more diverse in their sexual orientation than Japanese fans and that Western fans are "more likely to link" BL ("Boy's Love") to supporting gay rights.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-e.wired. The female readership in Thailand is estimated at 80%. December 1990 • The Politics of Otaku (http://www. a pun which denotes their way of seeing homosexual Sora. estimates of the size of the Japanese yaoi fandom were at 100. 37% of Japanese fan respondents reported having "yaoi or sexual fantasies" about the visual kei stars. at Yaoi-Con 2008. In Japan. but not lonely" (http://www.htm) (German) • Kitabayashi.de/ts313/ts313.transcript-verlag. yaoi fans. maintaining or posting to fansites. is 85% female. but in Japan there is a presence of lesbian manga authors[7] and lesbian.[5] Demographics Most yaoi fans are either teenage girls or young women. 85% of Yaoi-Con relationships in media as being "rotten".ac.pdf) (academic paper in English). and more specifically those who participate in communal activities organized around yaoi.html?pg=5). Yaoi fans have been characters in manga aimed at both female otaku[2] and larger audiences (such as the seinen manga Fujoshi Rumi).jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.co. September 2001 • An Introduction to the Otaku Movement (http://www. etc.brunel. creating fanfiction or fanart. In the mid-1990s.cjas. a genre of male-male romance narratives aimed at a female audience. about one quarter of respondents were male.07/posts.htm) – a general commentary on the usage and meanings of "otaku" in Japan and internationally. In one library-based survey of U.nri.[1] It is usually assumed that all female fans are heterosexual.[15] online surveys of Anglophone readers place this percentage at about 10%. bisexual or questioning female readers. July 2006 • Michael Manfé – Otakismus (http://www.000 people. translations of From Eroica with Love circulated through the slash fiction community in the 1980s.Otaku 276 External links • "I'm alone.S. and in a TV series. a yaoi convention in San Francisco. Ken (2004) The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Customers (http://www. female fans are called Two cosplayers strike a pose as the Kingdom Hearts characters (from left to right) Roxas and fujoshi.pdf) Nomura Research Institute Yaoi fandom Yaoi fandom refers to readers of yaoi (also called Boys' Love.[3] At least one butler cafe has opened with a schoolboy theme in order to appeal to the Boy's Love aesthetic.[10] Although the genre is marketed at women and girls.000-500.com/wired/archive/14. they "revolved around the most famous series".000 yaoi websites.[33] In 2004. estimates of the size of the Japanese yaoi fandom were at 100. suggesting that fans of BL probably enjoyed both homosexual and heterosexual tales.[22] As of April 2005.[10] In 2003.[26] and Suzuki noted a preference for BL over other forms of pornography.[29] Kazuma Kodaka.000 English.[16] That is not to say that the majority of homosexual men are fans of the genre. 11. which she attributes to the codified nature of the genre.[21] On 16 November 2003 there were 770.[25] Fan preferences Thorn noted that fans tend to prefer BL to non-BL shōjo manga.[30] Dru Pagliassotti's survey indicates that loyalty to an author is a common factor in readers' purchase decisions.900 Chinese sites. manga written by and for homosexual men.900 Italian and 6. 49.[37] Robin Brenner and Snow Wildsmith noted in their survey of American fans that gay and bisexual male fans of yaoi preferred more realistic tales than female fans did. there were roughly equal proportions of sites dedicated to yaoi as there were sites by and for gay men about homosexuality. shōjo manga and ladies' comics are quite permeable".her younger readers prefer seeing explicit material.[7] at around that time. the numbers of readers remains limited. and her older readers prefer seeing romance. and an absence of a Western-style gay identity.[27] Jessica Bawens-Sugimoto feels that in general.[34] Andrea Wood suggests that due to restrictions placed on the sale of yaoi. a search for non-Japanese sites resulted in 785.000. said in a 2008 interview that although Boys Love is more well known to the general public. are also present in gei comi.[10] Yōka Nitta has noted a split in what her readers want . "slash and yaoi fans are dismissive of mainstream hetero-sexual romance".[17] Lunsing notes that some of the narrative annoyances that homosexual men express about yaoi manga. twice the circulation of the "best-selling" gay lifestyle magazine Badi.[32] but that this poses problems for retailers. the long-running yaoi anthology June had a circulation of between 80.[18] Numbers In the mid-1990s.000 people. there were approximately five million hits for 'yaoi'.000-500. misogyny. As of 1995. English-speaking websites mentioning yaoi "reached the hundreds".[38] . many Western teenage fans seek more explicit titles via scanlations. such as rape.[7] Authors of BL present themselves as "fellow fans" by using dust jacket notes and postscripts to chat to the readers "as if they were her girlfriends" and talk about the creative process in making the manga. which was typically used by male otaku about young female characters prior to this.[23] In January 2007.[24] Hisako Miyoshi.000 Spanish. using their successes in yaoi to then go on to publish gei comi. there were at least five BL scanlation groups. which she links to half of her respondents reporting that they get most of their BL from scanlations.400 Korean.[31] There is a perception that the English-speaking yaoi fandom is demanding increasingly explicit content. such as "the notorious pulp Harlequin romances".[20] As of 2003. and by the late 1990s. on Japanese-language internet sites.[35] Dru Pagliassotti notes that the majority of respondents to her survey say that they first encountered BL online. ICv2 noted that fans seemed to prefer buying yaoi online. as some are put off by the feminine art style or unrealistic depictions of homosexual life and instead seek "Gei comi" (Gay comics).[36] Japanese fan practices in the mid to late 2000s included the concept of the feeling of moe. and what she discovered she liked about the story she wrote. for example heterosexual love stories in ladies' comics. such as Ai no Kusabi and Zetsuai 1989.000 and 100. the Vice Editor-in-Chief for Libre Publishing's manga division.[19] Most Western yaoi fansites "appeared some years later than pages and lists devoted to mainstream anime and manga".Yaoi fandom 277 Japanese gay men who are offended by gay men's magazines' "pornographic" content may prefer to read yaoi instead. in an interview with Giant Robot suggested that the Japanese yaoi fandom includes married women who had been her fans since they were in college. 22.[7] Some male manga artists have produced yaoi works.[7] as gei comi is perceived to be more realistic.[28] Deborah Shamoon said that "the borders between yaoi. "Fujoshi" carries a connotation of being a "fallen woman". both towards BL/yaoi as a whole. The term "fujoshi" is a homophonous pun on fujoshi (婦女子). a term for respectable women. which sounds similar to a phrase meaning "Madame Butterfly". Fujoshi enjoy imagining what it would be like if male characters from manga and anime. which perceives homosexual relationships between male characters in stories that do not include homosexual themes.[42] As fujoshi is the best-known term. anime. as being "rotten". possibly taken from a character nicknamed Ochōfujin (お蝶夫人) in the 1972 manga series Ace o Nerae! by Sumika Yamamoto. Her study shows that fans believe that in order to be a "serious" fan. Japanese yaoi also encompasses fan-made doujinshi. Mark McLelland describes this aesthetic as having become problematic in recent Western society.[41] These labels were coined in the same self-deprecating spirit as fujoshi. "noble rotten woman"). lit. The name was coined by mass media. including himself.[18] Fans self-deprecatingly refer to their way of thinking. meaning fermented or rotten.[18] Fujoshi Fujoshi (腐女子.[44] [45] creating a "tenuous link" between slash and yaoi.[23] Yaoi fans tend to be younger than slash fans. a large percentage of the doujinshi offered at Comiket are yaoi stories based on popular anime and manga series. such as a "feisty bottom (yancha uke)" character type. regardless of whether they are fans of BL. "rotten man") or fukei (腐兄. According to a 2005 issue of Eureka. in recent times fujoshi can refer to female otaku in general.Yaoi fandom 278 Shihomi Sakakibara (1998) argued that yaoi fans. and so are less . and towards particular patterns within the genre. and if a male himself claims to be a fudanshi or fukei. as there are some more casual readers. both of which are puns of similar construction to fujoshi. fanart. often highlighting their youth.[47] slash fiction has portrayed adult males. a pun on a homophonous word meaning "fine lady". one should know their own preferences. and "consider themselves a sort of sexual minority". but was reclaimed by yaoi fans. and occasionally real-life male performers as well. Although shōjo manga stories featuring romances between boys or young men were commercially published in Japan from the mid-1970s. and ochōfujin (汚超腐人). The label encompasses fans of the boys love genre itself. Yaoi and slash Besides commercially-published original material. "rotten older brother").[40] Older fujoshi use various terms to refer to themselves. computer games.[44] This may be seen as a parallel development to slash fiction in the West. the spread of yaoi though the Western fan community is generally linked to the pre-existing Western slash fiction community. although it cautions that not all yaoi fans are otaku.[41] Men who.[39] Akiko Mizoguchi believes there is a "shikou" (translated as taste or orientation). as well as the related manga. and video game properties that have appeared as the market for such works has developed. enjoy imagining relationships between characters in fictional works when that relationship is not part of the author's intent may be called fudanshi (腐男子. created by replacing the character 婦 (pronounced fu). with the character 腐 (also pronounced fu). In the mid-1980s. etc. although the terms are most often used in that sense. "rotten girl") is a pejorative Japanese term for female fans of manga and novels that feature romantic relationships between men. whereas yaoi follows the aesthetic of the beautiful boy. and soon became a genre in their own right.[43] Be warned that fudanshi and fukei are not necessarily fans of BL.. fan translations of the shōjo manga series From Eroica with Love began to circulate through the slash community via amateur press associations. She argues that the exchange of sexual fantasies between the predominantly female yaoi fandom can be interpreted that although the participants may be heterosexual in real life. meaning married woman or lady.[46] Although the English-speaking online yaoi fandom is observed to increasingly overlap with online slash fandom. were homosexually oriented female-to-male transsexuals. they can also and compatibly be considered "virtual lesbians". it's almost certainly the case. This usage may be considered offensive by female otaku who are not fans of BL. loved each other. including as kifujin (貴腐人. it is often used by the Japanese media and by people outside of the otaku subculture to refer to female otaku as a group. like fujoshi. " Yaoi. The World of Yaoi: The Internet. Yaoi Ronsō: Discussing Depictions of Male Homosexuality in Japanese Girls' Comics. arts. Comics Worlds and the World of Comics: Towards Scholarship on a Global Scale. "Local meanings in global space: a case study of women's 'Boy love' web sites in Japanese and English" (http:/ / motspluriels. [23] McLelland. htm) [13] Boon. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0WDP/ is_2001_Sept_3/ ai_78783534/ ?tag=content. no. "Anime North's bent offerings" (http:/ / www. Kyoto. au/ resources/ events/ 2007/ aior-oct-2007.1086/498987 [9] Antonia. google. . mon amour: forget Pokémon—Japanese animation explodes with gay. In Berndt. 147–174. "North American reactions to Yaoi". Gay Comics and Gay Pornography (http:/ / intersections. edu/ ~mtoku/ vc/ Articles/ toku/ Wil_Toku_BoysLove. 137. potential for subversiveness or even the potential for enjoyment. com/ Anime. pdf) Intercultural Communication Studies XVI: 1 2007 pp. History and Culture in the Asian Context Issue 12. ISBN 0-8223-3087-3. note 18.87–99 [6] Keenapan. London: Duke University Press. North Carolina. Wim (2001). 52-53. Routledge. Kazumi (April 2009). [4] "Tokyo cafe taps into women's Prince Charming fantasies" (http:/ / afp. Mark. Masami. Akiko (September 2010). [8] Welker.[28] References [1] Solomon. pp. ISBN 978-4-905187-01-1. cgi?article=1152& context=artspapers) Australian Feminist Law Journal. and Audrey Yue (editors) (2003). . unimelb. edu. . Beyond Common Sense: Sexuality and Gender in Contemporary Japan. 2006/2007 [12] Yoo.+ mon+ amour:+ forget+ Pokemon--Japanese+ animation+ explodes+ with. ISBN 0-7103-0593-1. uow. Charles (14 October 2003). Dru (November 2008) 'Reading Boys' Love in the West' (http:/ / www. ca/ public/ viewstory. " Japanese Queerscapes: Global/Local Intersections on the Internet (http:/ / books. Xtra!.Yaoi fandom 279 shocked about depictions of underage sexuality.73 [21] McLelland. Retrieved 29 October 2010.10. google. The Guide. Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia. Mark (November 2003). . (2007). [15] Brenner. AFP (via Google News). Retrieved 2009-09-08. 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-10. Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia. Brent. lesbian.[19] Jessica Bauwens-Sugimoto detects a tendency in both yaoi and slash fandoms to disparage the others' heteronormativity. htm) Particip@tions Volume 5. com/ books?hl=en& lr=& id=bkbkMXkX8J0C& oi=fnd& pg=PA52)" in Berry. James. pp. . Borrowed. anu. Veruska "Guided Fan Fiction: Western "Readings" of Japanese Homosexual-Themed Texts" in Berry. "Boys' Love. Chris. February 19. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific (20). au/ refractory/ 2006/ 12/ 04/ why-are-japanese-girls’-comics-full-of-boys-bonking1-mark-mclelland) Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media Vol. Understanding Manga and Anime. and Bent: "Boys' Love" as Girls' Love in Shôjo Manga Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society vol. Japan: International Manga Research Center. 3 doi:10. "Yaoi: Redrawing Male Love" (http:/ / www. [2] "Sales Campaign for Female Otaku-Themed Books Starts" (http:/ / www. ISBN 0810851210. [14] McLelland. edu. . . participations. p. Libraries Unlimited. au/ cgi/ viewcontent. Nattha Japanese "boy-love" comics a hit among Thais (http:/ / findarticles. -a0110809191). Mark (October 2001). January 2006 Accessed 12 August 2008. edu/ iaics/ content/ 2007v16n1/ 10 Miyuki Hashimoto. thefreelibrary. Fran Martin. sexual violence. London: Duke University Press. [10] Pagliassotti. "Theorizing comics/manga genre as a productive forum: yaoi and beyond" (http:/ / imrc. Issue 2 Special Edition [11] McLelland. Why are Japanese Girls' Comics full of Boys Bonking? (http:/ / blogs. uwa. Mark. htm). chapter 3 p. [3] Nagaike. edu. Mark. edu. Durham. The Advocate. ISBN 978-1591583325. csuchico. and Audrey Yue (editors) (2003). and trans themes" (http:/ / www. Censorship and the Global “Boys’ Love” Fandom (http:/ / ro. Jaqueline. Durham. html). arts. [20] Sabucco. guidemag. 249. uri. "Elegant Caucasians. [5] Hashimoto. 2008. pdf). Mark (2000). . Kyoto Seika University. aspx?AFF_TYPE=3& STORY_ID=3062& PUB_TEMPLATE_ID=2). "Anime. [19] McLelland. . html).col1) Japan Today 2001 [7] Lunsing. ISBN 070071300X. and Art Education: Issues of Power and Pedagogy (http:/ / www. [22] McHarry. capstrans. Chris. Male homosexuality in modern Japan. Miyuki Visual Kei Otaku Identity—An Intercultural Analysis (http:/ / www. Toku. and Invisible Others: Signs and Images of Foreigners in Japanese BL Manga" (http:/ / intersections. Wim. . . London and New York: Kegan Paul International. 145–170. Mark. [24] "Roundtable: The Internet and Women’s Transnational "Boys’ Love" Fandom" (http:/ / www. html) 2003 [18] Mizoguchi. jp/ 2010/ 09/ 26/ 20100924Comics Worlds and the World of Comics. Miriam (24 May 2007). com/ article/ ALeqM5hhBQ7ji0pVP194qcI36ojROut10Q). p. anu. edu. 31. au/ issue12/ lunsing. p. Amorous Arabs. au/ issue20/ nagaike. Levi (2008). 2007-04-23. and female fantasy (http:/ / apha. confex. com/ apha/ 130am/ techprogram/ paper_42542. ISBN 0-8223-3087-3. The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture. North Carolina. Anime News Network. pdf) (PDF). xtra. edu. com/ temp/ yaoi/ a/ mcharry_yaoi. html) Intersections: Gender. Seunghyun (2002) Online discussions on Yaoi: Gay relationships. Rowman & Littlefield. In West. (2006) Beautiful. Robin E. au/ MP1901mcl. animenewsnetwork. Fran Martin. com/ news/ 2007-04-23/ female-otaku-themed-books). org/ Volume 5/ Issue 2/ 5_02_pagliassotti. [17] Wilson. [16] Lunsing. pp. . McHarry. Duke University Press p. 2007). Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre. Ed (30 October 2007) Yaoi-Con and BL. In Fanning the Flames: Fans and Consumer Culture in Contemporary Japan. html) University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978-0-8166-4974-7 [41] bangin (July 25. [45] Lee. Kazuko. ed. Bisexual. .. p. publishersweekly. [26] Thorn. Robin. Retrieved 12 August 2008. Image & Narrative 12 (1). Rowman & Littlefield. Transgender. 14. mtv. ISBN 4-931391-42-7. Mark. html). and reproductive technology in SEX PISTOLS" (http:/ / www. matt-thorn. Andrea. 2004. Antonia. .Dozens of Titles Announced at Yaoi-Con (http:/ / www. Tokyo: Natsume Shobo. page 224 Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams (http:/ / www. Retrieved 2009-08-06. "Boys. 169-186. Giant Robot (42): 60–63. Allen. org. (2004) “Girls And Women Getting Out Of Hand: The Pleasure And Politics Of Japan's Amateur Comics Community. p. ed (2008). Homosexualité et manga : le yaoi. [36] Donovan. p. [42] Aoyama. Cathy (2006). Cornog. umn. Lesbian. Wildsmith. [29] Shamoon. com/ shoujo_manga/ whatisandisnt. "Entretien avec Hisako Miyoshi" (in French).. No Longer “Niche” (http:/ / www. Electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies. Japanese words of anime fans.. John E. Jessica (2011). WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly. "Girls' Stuff. 17–19. com/ articles/ home/ 9523. Shihomi (1998) Yaoi genron: yaoi kara mieta mono (An Elusive Theory of Yaoi: The view from Yaoi). May (?) '94" (http:/ / www.M. 1999. ed. pp. Tammy (May 2001) Tantalizing Translations . "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". . and Other Sexualities Readers". Manga: 10000 images. Kelly. com/ articles/ home/ 5972. Santa Barbara. ISBN 978-2-9531781-0-4. by anime fans. japanesestudies. Hervé. com/ news/ articles/ 1525830/ 20060310/ index. . pp. Reading Japan Cool: Patterns of Manga Literacy and Discourse. Boys: Kazuma Kodaka Interview". Hope (2010). Sandra Girls who like Boys who like Boys . for anime fans. 394-414. html). "The classification for 腐女子[[fujoshi (http:/ / bangin. State University of New York Press. "Gift Versus Capitalist Economies". In Perper. Calif. "Moe: Exploring Virtual Potential in Post-Millennial Japan" (http:/ / www. Timothy. php) [27] Suzuki. ISBN 0847691373. au/ issue20/ aoyama.A Quick Guide for the Confused (http:/ / www. (10 March 2006) Japanese Comics With Gay Themes Attracting Young Female Readers (http:/ / www. Queer Texts: Boy-Love Manga and the Rise of a Global Counterpublic. pdf) Honours Thesis for Bachelor of Arts. edu. Fujoshi. Matt What Shôjo Manga Are and Are Not . html). [31] Totilo. In Sherrie Inness. William W. "Straight" Women.Ethnography of Online Slash/Yaoi Fans (http:/ / yuuyami. Matt. sequentialtart. Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. php/ imagenarrative/ article/ viewFile/ 123/ 94). .245 ISBN 0847691365.From Amazon" (http:/ / www.: Libraries Unlimited. upress. Stephen. [35] Wood. 34 (1/2). com/ 2007/ 07/ 25/ the-classification-for-è å¥³åfujoshi/ )]"]. [28] Bauwens-Sugimoto.. Retrieved 2011-03-22. Patrick W. and Takayuki Tatsumi ed. ISBN 0739127535. ISBN 9781591589082.” (http:/ / matt-thorn. edu/ Books/ B/ bolton_robot. "Subverting masculinity. com/ shoujo_manga/ girls_stuff/ gs94-03-08. Mangatopia : essays on manga and anime in the modern world.Yaoi fandom 280 [25] Brient. . London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. ISBN 9780786441952 [37] Galbraith. (Spring 2006). . jhtml) MTV. McFarland & Company. Johnson (http:/ / www.J. Yuriika (Eureka)" (http:/ / intersections. Matthew. Boys. com/ archive/ may02/ johnson. misogyny. (2009). [47] Youssef. "Eureka Discovers Culture Girls. com/ shoujo_manga/ outofhand/ ) pp. "Love through a Different Lens: Japanese Homoerotic Manga through the Eyes of American Gay. icv2. Tomoko (April 2009). com/ article/ CA6495479. com/ luce/ thesis. Kate (2009). Porn Studies. and BL: Essay Review of Three Issues of the Japanese Literary magazine. In Levi. Snow (2011). Mount Holyoke College. ISBN 0791460320. 86 [30] Camper.com [32] Chavez. foreword to Saitō Tamaki (2007) "Otaku Sexuality" in Christopher Bolton. be/ index. wordpress. 106. uk/ articles/ 2009/ Galbraith. [40] Kotani Mari. html?nid=2789) Publishers Weekly [33] ICv2 (2006) A Yaoi Explosion . matt-thorn. imageandnarrative. shtml) Sequential Tart [46] Thorn. [39] Sakakibara. Deborah (July 2004) “Office Sluts and Rebel Flowers: The Pleasures of Japanese Pornographic Comics for Women” in Linda Williams ed. Dru. [44] Thorn. Martha. 57. htm). Pagliassotti.. Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr. html) [34] "Yaoi Titles Strong in Online Sales . icv2. [38] Brenner. [43] Ingulsrud. Editions H. ISSN 1534-9845. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific 20. anu. . doi:10.Special. • Galbraith. Continuum 23 (3): 279–294. • Simona's BL for Dummies Crash Course (http://www. (2009). interesting Boys Love authors by a manga expert.akibanana.riverfronttimes. Signs 37 (1): 211–232.metropolis.com/?q=node/1497) . Poplife. (2011).com (http://www.co.Yaoi fandom 281 Further reading • fujyoshi. A. Matt (June 4. Patrick. Metropolis.akibanana.Includes a glossary of fujoshi-specific terminology.asp). • Simona's BL Lab @ Akibanana.jp (http://fujyoshi. "Fujoshi: Fantasy Play and Transgressive Intimacy among “Rotten Girls” in Contemporary Japan". Néojaponisme. Retrieved 2009-06-11. "'Boys love' in anime and manga: Japanese subcultural production and its end users". Patrick W. • Treyvaud.com/?q=node/1303) • Simona's BL for Dummies Crash Course .com/?q=node/1433) • Galbraith.1080/10304310902822886.akibanana.com/2009-12-09/news/ girls-who-love-boys-who-love-boys-inside-midwest-first-celebration-yaoi-screaming-never-stops/1). Aimee (8 December 2009). doi:10.Intermediate Level (http://www. Riverfront Times. "Girls Who Love Boys Who Love Boys: Inside the Midwest's first celebration of all things yaoi — where the screaming never stops" (http://www. 2009). Retrieved 18 January 2010. unique.jp/) . Retrieved 2009-06-11.com/2009/06/04/ everybodys-fujoshi-girlfriend/).1086/660182.jp/ tokyo/777/pop. • Zanghellini. "Fujoshi: The "rotten girls" of Ikebukuro take center stage" (http://archive. • Levitt. "Everybody's Fujoshi Girlfriend" (http://neojaponisme. there are a great many Japanese words and phrases that fans and the curious will come across in relation to anime and manga. Edward Elric from Fullmetal Alchemist (although he is one of the exceptions). 282 General Glossary of anime and manga Anime and manga fans outside of Japan have adopted many Japanese words and phrases. Tomoe Yoh from Starry Sky and the Italy brothers. Megumi Momono from Mahoraba. However. Hentai—"H"—Ecchi). It literally means "stupid hair" and indicates that the character is usually stupid in some way. Shorthand for Japanese animation. In some cases English and Japanese have contributed in complex ways to the formation of new words in either or both languages (e. and a few other characters from Hetalia: Axis Powers and Shun Kazami from Bakugan. Konata Izumi from Lucky Star. Some of these words have been misinterpreted. In addition. Other subcultures have also adopted Japanese loan-words through contact with fans of such media as anime and manga. so it is not a rule.[1] Aniparo (アニパロ) Literally. reinterpreted or undergone significant change in meaning. in which there are two or more locks of hair sticking up as opposed to one.anime characters being used by fans in a parodic way. Characters that have an ahoge include Himeko Katagiri from Pani Poni. a variety of terms relating to anime and manga and the associated fandom have arisen. Anime music video Often abbreviated AMV. Kenji Harima from School Rumble. Anime (アニメ) Any animation produced in or originating from Japan. A Ahoge (アホ毛) A single strand of hair that sticks out of a character's head. "anime parody" . In addition.[2] . there are exceptions to this. either by translation/transliteration from Japanese or as part of the shared slang or jargon of the subculture.g. video clips from at least one anime series arranged to fit a musical piece playing in the background. It differs from antenna hair. "Bara" refers to a masculine gay men's culture and in manga circles a genre of manga about beefcakey gay men usually by gay men. such as an exaggerated fur-standing-on-end when startled. and occasionally show fangs. Often used to describe any young attractive woman. but also used to imply sexual availability (as in "bishōjo games"). "pretty girl". Compare with the female-created Boys' Love. current. Emotional expressions are also feline in nature. Comiket (コミケット Comiketto) Comics Market (コミックマーケット Komikku Māketto)—World's largest comic convention held semi-annually in Tokyo.[5] Bara (薔薇) Literally. Bishōnen (美少年) "Beautiful boy"—Japanese aesthetic concept of the ideally beautiful young man. Bishōjo (美少女) Literally. generally used in Japan to cover yaoi and shōnen-ai. Kyo Sohma of Fruits Basket.ちび) Japanese word meaning "shorty" or "little one".Glossary of anime and manga 283 B Bakunyū (爆乳) is a genre of pornographic media focusing on the depiction of women with large breasts. C Catgirl (猫娘 Nekomusume) Character with cat ears and a cat tail. Due to Sailor Moon and mistranslation.[3] The word can be literally translated to "bursting breasts". "rose". Androgynous. Chibi (チビ. claw-like nails. These characteristics are also sometimes used on guys as well as in the case of the characters of Loveless. effeminate or gender ambiguous. These characters often have feline habits. Bishie Bishōnen Boys' Love (ボーイズラブ Bōizu Rabu) male homosexual content aimed at women. but in the west has become a generic term for attractively androgynous males of all ages. . in America it is sometimes used to mean super deformed.[4] Bakunyū is a sub-genre within the genre of hentai anime. In Japan it refers to youth with such characteristics. but an otherwise human body. and Ikuto Tsukiyomi of Shugo Chara!. Japan for producers and fans of Dōjinshi (see the franchise Comic Party). Glossary of anime and manga 284 D Dandere (ダンデルェ?) When a character who is usually asocial (see also Antisocial, Asocial), that eventually changes to display their sweet and loving side. (see also Tsundere, Yandere and Kūdere)) Dere Dere (デレデレ?) Meaning to become 'lovey dovey' (see also Tsundere and Yandere) Dōjinshi (同人誌) Any amateurly produced work. A common misconception is that dōjinshi are fanmade (i.e. parody) and manga - this is not necessarily the case. Dōseiaisha (同性愛者) Same-sex-loving person (Terminology). Dub (吹き替え fukikae) When the voices in an anime are changed into another language from its native language. E Ecchi (エッチ etchi) The Japanese Pronunciation of the letter "H". It represents the first letter in the word "Hentai" and can refer to anything ranging between mildly erotic manga and anime to unwarranted sexual behavior. Enjo kōsai (援助交際) "Compensated dating" which may at times border on quasi-legal prostitution. High school girls are paid by older men to take them out for a night on the town, possibly with sex included. Eyecatch (アイキャッチ aikyatchi) A scene or illustration used to begin and end a commercial break in a Japanese TV program, similar to how "bumpers" into/out of commercial breaks are used in the United States. Eroge (エロゲー) An eroge (エロゲー erogē), a portmanteau of erotic game (エロチックゲーム erochikku gēmu), is a Japanese video or computer game that features erotic content, usually in the form of anime-style artwork. Not to be confused with Galge. Eroge were originated from Galge that added with Adult content that rated 18+. F Fan fiction (ファン フィクション fan fikushon) A general story written by fans of media, including anime. Story or piece of fiction written by fans of a production. Fan service (ファンサービス Fan Sābisu) Elements specifically included to amuse (such as in-jokes, visual puns) or titillate the audience that are unnecessary to plot development.[6] Fansub Short for fan-subtitled—A film or video in which fans have translated and subtitled the dialogue into another language.[1] Fujoshi (腐女子) A female yaoi (やおい) fan; "rotten woman".[7] Glossary of anime and manga 285 Futanari (ふたなり) Characters that appear to be women (face, breasts, hips, narrow waist), but have both female and male genitalia. G Gakuran (学ラン) Uniform for middle school and high school boys in Japan. The gakuran is derived from Prussian army uniforms. Galge (ギャルゲ) Girl games. This is "a type of Japanese video game centered around interactions with attractive anime-style girls". These games are a sub-genre of dating sims targeted towards a male audience. Ganguro (顔黒, ガングロ) Literally "black face". A fashion trend among Japanese girls. The look consists of bleached hair, a deep tan, both black and white eyeliners, false eyelashes, platform shoes, and brightly colored outfits. Gei (ゲイ) Transliteration of gay. Etymology. Gei comi (ゲイコミ geikomi) manga with male homosexual themes, by men for men. Compare with yaoi, shōnen-ai, June and BL. Girls with guns The term "girls-with-guns" is also used in reference to anime series and works inspired or influenced by it. Gothicana A serenade, with Gothic traits, such as black rose petals/ all attending wearing predominately black. Gothloli (ゴスロリ Gosurori) Gothic Lolita—A fashion trend where girls and young women dress in the style of elaborate porcelain dolls. H Hentai (変態, ヘンタイ) "Abnormal" or "perverted". Used by Western Audiences to refer to sexually explicit or pornographic anime and manga.[1] However, in Japan the term used to refer to the same material is typically Poruno or Ero. Hikikomori (引き籠もり, ひきこもり, 引きこもり) A hikikomori is someone who secludes themselves within their home, sometimes refusing to leave their home at all in an effort to isolate themselves from society. It can be viewed as a social phobia similar to agoraphobia. Hikikomori are often associated with otaku but the terms are distinct. Glossary of anime and manga 286 I Iinchō (委員長) Short for gakkyū iinchō (学級委員長), the class representative in a Japanese school. Imōto (妹) younger sister. J Josei (女性) Lit. "Woman"; Anime and Manga intended for the adult female demographic.[1] Juné, also written as June a manga or text story with male homosexual themes for women written in an aesthetic (耽美 tanbi) style, named for the Juné magazine. K Kemono (獣, けもの, ケモノ) "Beast"—A genre of Japanese art and character design that prominently features animal-like fictional characters in human-like settings (Anthropomorphism) and situations. (see The Cat Returns, c.f. Furry fandom) Kemonomimi (獣耳, けものミミ, ケモノミミ) Characters with animal features such as ears and a tail, but a human body. Catgirl also falls under this concept. Examples include many of the characters of Loveless, Boris Airay, Peter White, Elliot March, and Pierce Villers of Alice in the Country of Hearts, Ikuto Tsukiyomi and Yoru of Shugo Chara!, and most of the characters of Dog Days. Kodomo or Kodomomuke (子供向け) Anime and manga for children of both genders.[1] Kogal (コギャル kogyaru) A subculture of girls and young women, the kogal "look" roughly approximates a sun-tanned California Valley girl. Komiketto (コミケット) Genericised form of Comiket (Comics Market). Kūdere (クーデレ) A character type, mostly of a female character, who is normally cold and unassuming but later reveals a softer and kinder side. See Tsundere. Glossary of anime and manga 287 L Lemon (レモン Remon) derived from the hentai anthology series Cream Lemon (くりいむレモン Kurīmu Remon). Material with explicit sexual content (not to be confused with the slang term for Lesbian in some English speaking cultures). Lolicon (ロリコン rorikon) A genre of manga and anime wherein childlike female characters are depicted in an erotic manner.[1] In Japan it is also a slang term for "pedophile". Loli-Goth Gothloli (ゴスロリ Gosurori)—Gothic Lolita (ゴシック・ロリータ Goshikku Rorīta). M MAD Movie (MAD動画 maddo dōga) A Japanese fan-made video, much like an anime music video (AMV), that generally originate from the Japanese website Nico Nico Douga. MAD can also describe the Japanese AMV community, although they can be anything from audio clips, edited pictures, to wholly original creations. MADs do not necessarily even need to be related to anime, though the more popular ones typically are. Majokko (魔女っ子) literally "witch girl"; this term does not generally apply to modern magical-girl anime. Manga (漫画, マンガ) Japanese comics.[1] Or conforming to "manga style", usually marked by features such as large eyes, long limbs, speed lines and exclamatory typography. Mangaka (漫画家, マンガ家) Creator of the manga. The mangaka is often the writer and the illustrator of the work. Manga music video Often abbreviated as MMV, similar to an anime music video (AMV), although instead of clips from anime, panels or pages from at least one manga series are arranged to fit a musical piece playing in the background. Mecha (メカ meka) A genre of anime and manga focusing on mecha, or piloted combat robots. Divided into two sub-genres, super robots (The mecha have unrealistic powers, and the focus is more on the fighting and robots themselves), and real robots (More realistic, with more drama and focus on the humans). Meganekko (眼鏡っ娘) A female character who wears glasses. Moe (萌え) Difficult to define. A character said to be moe causes a protective instinct or feelings of affection. Moe can also refer to said feelings. It can be used to refer to a love of a specific trait, such as meganekko-moe, "glasses-girl moe, a love of girls wearing glasses Meido (メイド) Maid; A servant dressed in western attire. Glossary of anime and manga 288 N Nanshoku (男色) Male love. A deprecated, archaic term for male homosexuality. Etymology Neko Girl/Boy (猫娘 / 猫男 Neko Musume/Neko Otoko) See Catgirl. Nekogirl/boy is a less common term but is common among new anime fans because neko (cat) is a word that is quickly picked up. Neko (猫) Japanese word for cat, or feline, often used when referring to a character with cat ears and/or tail. It can also refer to the uke (bottom) in yaoi manga, or the femme in a yuri manga. Netorare (寝取られ) Cuckold. A common theme/genre in more mature and explicit manga, as well as visual novels. The term literally means "taken away by sleeping with". Often abbreviated as "NTR" amongst internet circles. O Otenba (おてんば, お転婆)(kko) tomboy Okama (オカマ) (Pejorative) male homosexual (literally cooking pot). Etymology Omake (おまけ, オマケ) Some kind of add-on bonus on an anime DVD, like a regular "extra" on western DVDs. May also be a bonus strip at the end of a manga chapter or volume. Onee-chan (お姉ちゃん) Older sister, with "onee" meaning older sister and "-chan" being an affectionate suffix. The beginning "o" is a respectful honorific. Onee-sama (お姉さま) Older sister, with "onee" meaning older sister and "-sama" being a respectful suffix. The beginning "o" is another respectful honorific. Onii-chan (お兄ちゃん) Older brother, with "onii" meaning older brother and "-chan" being an affectionate suffix. The beginning "o" is a respectful honorific. Onii-sama (お兄さま) Older brother, with "onii" meaning older brother and "-sama" being a respectful suffix. The beginning "o" is another respectful honorific. Osananajimi (幼馴染み) Childhood friend. Otaku (おたく, オタク, ヲタク) Anime newcomers like to consider themselves "otaku" when they start liking anime; their definition of otaku is anime fan. Long-time anime fans, however, tend to not call themselves otaku because of its negative Japanese connotation. The literal translation of the word is your house, but in Japanese slang the word is used to describe somebody who has an obsessive hobby. Otome gēmu (乙女ゲーム) Glossary of anime and manga 289 Lit. "maiden games". This is a video game that is targeted towards a female market, where one of the main goals, besides the plot goal, is to develop a romantic relationship between the player character (a female) and one of several male characters. OVA Original Video Animation, or OVA is a type of anime, which is intended to be distributed on VHS tapes or DVDs, and not to show in movies, or television. It can also less frequently be referred to as OAV, or Original Animated Video.[1] Owari (おわり, オワリ, 終わり, 終) "End" in Japanese, used by some fanfiction authors at the end of their works. Also used at the end of many anime series. Oyaji (親父, おやじ, オヤジ) "Daddy"—Older male such as a teacher or other role model. Often slightly perverted, but usually portrayed affectionately. Can also be used as "pops" or "old man" (as in father). R Raw Anime episode or manga scans in its original language without editing or subtitles. S Scanlation (also "scanslation") the scanning, translation and editing of comics from one language into another. Seinen (青年) Anime and manga intended for the adult male demographic.[1] Seiyū (声優) Japanese voice actor. As well as voicing characters in anime, seiyū do the voicing for video games, radio shows, drama CDs, etc. Seme (攻め) "Aggressive" partner in Boys Love. Shōjo (少女) Lit. "Young woman". Anime and manga intended for the adolescent to teenage female demographic.[1] Shōjo-ai (少女愛) coined following the form of shōnen-ai, denoting lesbian content, typically for material without explicit sex. In Japan, the term shōjo-ai is not used with this meaning, and instead tends to denote ephebophilia. Shōnen (少年) Lit. "Young man". Anime and manga intended for the adolescent to teenage male demographic.[1] Shōnen-ai (少年愛) A term denoting male homosexual content in women's media, although this usage is obsolete in Japan. English-speakers frequently use it for material without explicit sex, in anime, manga, and related fan fiction. In Japan, it denotes ephebophilia. Shotacon (ショタコン shotakon) A genre of manga and anime wherein childlike male characters are depicted in an erotic manner. Glossary of anime and manga 290 Shudō (衆道) Abbreviation for "wakashudo". being humble and skilled in domestic matters. or to appear "Kawaii" (Cute). A servant dressed in western attire. The usage of the character type has led to criticism over the amount of violence in works such as School Days. Yangire (ヤンギレ) . Super deformed (スーパーデフォルメ sūpā deforume) Also known as the acronym "SD". when an anime is kept in its original language. Originated from the anime series Azumanga Daioh. Sōsaku June (創作JUNE) dōjinshi with male homosexual themes for women that are original stories and non-parodic of existing series. U Uke (受け) "Passive" partner in Boys Love. often through violence. but has subtitles. The Way of Young Men age structured male homosexuality in samurai society. Y Yamato Nadeshiko (大和撫子) The Japanese ideal for a woman. Although the character type has been used in anime and manga since Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam in 1985. W Waifu A female character that one considers to be their "2D wife". often using extreme violence as an outlet for their emotions. Sub (字幕 jimaku) Origination from subtitle. The term is derived from the words yanderu (病んでる) meaning a mental or emotional illness and deredere (でれでれ) meaning to show affection. Characters are often drawn this way for comedic effect. Yandere (ヤンデレ) a Japanese term for a person who is initially very loving and gentle to someone before their devotion becomes destructive in nature. Super deformed characters are ones drawn in a simple style with limbs that are extremely short and an overlarge head. Yandere characters are mentally unstable. Occasionally used at the end of a chapter of manga or an episode of anime when a continuation is to follow. T Tsuzuku (つづく) Literally "to be continued". Shitsuji (執事) Butler. conscious use of the term only began to be around the turn of the millennium. Tsundere (ツンデレ) The progression of a character personality from cold and hostile to eventually displaying their warm and loving side. Chichiri from the anime Fushigi Yuugi is often found to be in a super deformed shape. C. 2008). The official dictionary of unofficial English: a crunk omnibus for thrillionaires and bampots for the Ecozoic Age. [4] "Word Display" (http:/ / www. The 'ideal' skirt:thigh:sock above knee ratio is 4:2. . Mark. edu. csse. 112. 257.) Z Zettai Ryōiki (絶対領域) Meaning "Absolute Territory" (a term from the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion). Open Court Publishing. Sometimes typically used to denote only the most sexually explicit end of the spectrum in media outside of Japan. OCLC 62172930. Boys' love manga : essays on the sexual ambiguity and cross-cultural fandom of the genre. [2] Levi. Yaoi (やおい) Japanese acronym for "yama nashi. ISBN 0345485904. no point. Manga: the complete guide. McHarry. (Used like the term "Yaoi" for men. Anime and Philosphy: Wide Eyed Wonder. Grant (2006). [6] Barrett. Retrieved June 15.5:1 Zettai Ryōiki are often referred to by letter grades. studlife. [7] http:/ / www. Josef. Lucy (August 29. ISBN 978-0-07-145804-7. Antonia. the term denotes a broader spectrum of attraction between women. p. com/ scene/ 2008/ 08/ 29/ internet-of-hentai/ ). Pagliassotti. monash. uk/ articles/ 2009/ Galbraith. 2009. "fan service" (http:/ / books.Glossary of anime and manga 291 originated in Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Strikers and is used to describe a character who is mentally ill and snaps instantly without showing affection for the victim of their outbursts.com—a large list of English and Japanese terms used in anime and manga lingo • Glossary:Japanese film credit terms—Wiktionary . Also known as Boys love. com/ books?id=Fn-Sh1nv7pQC& pg=PA112). html External links • Anime Terminology Lexicon (http://www.animeph.[1] Yuri (百合) Jargon term for lesbian content or girl love. References [1] Steiff. N. Tristan D. . pp. WWWJDIC. Student Life. 313–317. ed (2010). imi nashi" (no climax. [3] Moore. (2010). au/ ~jwb/ cgi-bin/ wwwjdic.. this phrase refers to the area of exposed thigh when a girl is wearing a short skirt and thigh high socks. where Grade A is the ideal and grade F is ankle socks. cgi?1MUJ爆乳). no meaning). ochi nashi. Retrieved 10 February 2010. Dru. japanesestudies.com/anime-terminology-vocabulary-term) at Animeph. google. ISBN 9780786441952. Ballantine Books/Del Rey. [5] Thompson. "Glossary".[1] Inside Japan. ISBN 978-0-8126-9670-7. org. . p. Tamplin. "Internet of hentai" (http:/ / www.: McFarland & Co. Jason (2007). Retrieved 10 November 2010. New York City: McGraw-Hill. Sometimes Male-on-male sexual content usually created by women for women. Jefferson. For live action programs. although it generally only applies to features included with anime. One example. au/ books?hl=en& lr=& id=M_aTqHdkt4UC& oi=fnd& pg=PA121& dq=omake+ anime& ots=jan7hFYHr1& sig=sabCjjEZx_PsU5YHWwmFPC3RK1s#v=onepage& q=omake& f=false . The password needed to reveal the button combination for the Blackjack minigame is E-OMAKE. and occasionally manga. The secret "Blackjack" minigame after completion of the game is accessed by means of a button combination. and so forth. the expressions and sound effects used for comedic purposes can often be inspired by the omake found in the animated mediums. usually written おまけ) means extra in Japanese. Omake often include comedy sketches where the characters behave out of character. "the making of" documentary clips. of course. The Final Fantasy "Playonline" site has a secrets section for Final Fantasy IX. found by placing the disc into a computer. amusing bloopers. omake of small character figurines and toys have been giveaways that come with soft drinks and candy and often the omake is more desired than the product being sold. although not animated. Another example of an omake in popular culture is related to Square's Final Fantasy IX. In English. interviews with the actors. in the same way manga omake often is. like many loan words from Japanese. The minigame itself is. It is used as an anime and manga fandom term to mean "extra or bonus". the characters' answers to the questions are often something they would never say in the anime or the manga. break the fourth wall. and often comedic crossover clips that sometimes occur at the end of episodes of two shows airing concurrently from the same studio. However. com. after a couple of episodes one of the characters named Haru Miura has an interview called "Haru-Haru's dangerous interview corner" with each of the characters of the anime in chibi forms. References [1] http:/ / books. included on the Video Girl Ai DVD. tokusatsu. containing exclusive wallpapers and conception art. these are often presented in super deformed style. For at least the past 50 years in Japan. or talking about their relationships with each other in a way they do not in the series itself. or in the popular anime series Reborn!. Omake occasionally appears in fanfiction about anime or manga. Gunbuster features super deformed characters trying to explain what the writers know to be mostly pseudo-science. after the story itself. this use of the term actually predates the DVD medium by several years. such as recent Kamen Rider and Super Sentai programs. the Sega game Shenmue II for the Dreamcast had a hidden folder on the game disc labelled "Omake".Omake 292 Omake Omake (御負け. google. which requires passwords given in the official Piggyback guide to enter. the term is often used with this meaning. Omake can also consist of non-canonical. or subtly address opinions of the fandom known to the writers. outtakes. It is thus generally limited to use amongst fans of Japanese pop culture (sometimes called otaku). Sometimes scenes from the TV show or OVA are humorously re-dubbed. Its primary meaning is general and widespread. replays scenes from the OVA series with new voice-acting in a rural accent. the same actors voice a new script that is more sexually suggestive. the term is most often used in a narrow sense by anime fans to describe special features on DVD releases: deleted scenes. an omake. For example. usually as a humorous "alternative ending". For anime. often ludicrously so. The term Omake has use also in video games. Other times. omake is both the singular and plural form.[1] In USA. J. Caspian blue. HoundsOfSpring. AxelBoldt. KeNsHiN. Otaku-Sempai. Goodraise. Lysdexia. Courcelles. Exploding Boy. Euryalus. Aubrey4650.. Hoodboy Shadzar. Minghong. Amazonfire. Fennec. GunnarRene. Mentifisto. Benjwong. MastaFighta. Longhair. Cattus. Rockonppl. Ryulong. ShelfSkewed. Enigmaman. Toma merta bonado. Tikki hit. Paul Soth. Delirium. Discospinster. JudeOedipus. Rjwilmsi. Ashwai95. Chedderchelsea. LetterLate. Khtexg98537. AndrewTJ31.137. WolvenOne. Jaybob1222. Havoc8844. Greyweather. EEMIV. Squilibob. Notinasnaid. Ckorff. DustFormsWords. Clevomon. Ronbo76. Hoary. Snowolf. Fangfufu. Nufy8. Masamage. Gaara kun Naruto. Wikitumnus. Bobblehead. MegX. KyuuA4. Melesse. Ahoerstemeier. Moocowsrule. Oatmeal batman. Gilliam. Nawulf. Unyoyega. Pi nerd.X. Jup184. Darkstar949. Aiko Loveli. Kunzite. WereSpielChequers. Elijya. Jrp. Jeffq. Wakuran. Writtenright. Xnuala. TangentCube. DerHexer. Suva. Grapeofdeath. Diotti. Malkinann. Superjustinbros. Zereshk. Manop. JuJube. Evil saltine. J. Shnorb. VQuakr. Jacker 22. Mdgeist747. Hoshi. OJSlaughter. MattTM. 53 anonymous edits List of manga series by volume count  Source: http://en. Deadcandy. Wereon. Caim. Nihonjoe. Vsmith. Link008628. Theresa knott. Vindicata. DanB DanD. RoseParks. . 4hodmt. Hut 8. Natkeeran. WikHead. Wwiifanatic. Tothetruth. Iron Ghost. Hmccasla. Xiong. Michael Devore. Paracel63. Geekdiva. Σ. Darth Shogun XX.Article Sources and Contributors 293 Article Sources and Contributors Dōjinshi  Source: http://en. Dalgspleh. Harryboyles. Brianga. Bbenzon. Fsamkieth. Jangsta Mmkay. Sytrus. Difu Wu. Jazzy252. Hayabusa future. Georgiacatcrimson. Esn. Bugo30. Mranostay. Curly Turkey. Andycjp. Cyktsui. Baloonkaz4life!. Danger. TheFarix. Dogcow. Evice. Reach Out to the Truth. Cybercobra. Haseywho. Pm215. Sferrier. AnmaFinotera. Ned Scott. Werdan7. Teemeah. Tohru Honda13. Aitias. Dark Shikari. Ace2209. Yug. Mandarax.php?oldid=460855695  Contributors: AnmaFinotera. Drkirby. Finite. RexNL. Noveltyghost. AirBa. RodC. Sagaciousuk.82. Gune. Smack1011. Haitike. Skyefoxfire. CR85747.arts. Power Slave. BCKILLa. Bibliomaniac15. Can't sleep. Oneiros.S. Headbomb. PieMasterU. MarkGallagher. Cirt. JQF. Escape Orbit. Easternknight. Stephen B Streater. Pourboy. DVD R W. Horsee. Folken de Fanel. Maugreas. Hatenar. Timothy Perper. Nihiltres. Gurch. 17tracks. Maestro25. Rgoodermote. Cattus. ABF.on. Claytonian. CesarB. Nuttycoconut. Enochlau. Leandrod. Shibboleth. Dandy Sephy. Mushroom. Pinethicket. Stormwatch. Reverend Loki. JustAGal. Dromioofephesus. Bte99. Fritz Saalfeld. Mako098765. Erikku. Ddog892. Catsownface. Nanshu. Robert Skyhawk. Davidfstr. Jc37. John. Kiba. 216 anonymous edits History of manga  Source: http://en. Colonies Chris. Wakuran. Snarfies. Macheychoul. Collectorjake12. Tempodivalse. Mpdimitroff. Khym Chanur. InShaneee. WinterRose. Ipleadthe5th. WikiPediaAid. Chihuong bk. Nccarter.. Radiomaru. Mailer diablo. Pepsisux. Glane23. Oda Mari. Jackaranga. Headbomb. Sintonak. CapitainMoose. Kwamikagami. Michaelmas1957. Mangartist. Wknight94. Bryan Derksen. Lenny-au. Rich Farmbrough. Valereee. DHN. Piano Bench Boy. Fyrael. AstroNerdBoy. Daveryan. Cenarium. SchuminWeb. Iwishiwashere. Wldms. Jerzy. Killer of whites. Ulric1313. Whitepaw. Gwern. Leszek Jańczuk. Ypacaraí. Madler. Anaxial. Sconway596. KirbyMeister. WHeimbigner. FisherQueen. Hamuhamu. AlexChurchill. DaL33T. Iritscen. HexaChord. Jump Guru. Aresmo. KyuuA4. Taichi. WikHead. Dtortot. Akira-otomo. TheFarix. LeaveSleaves. Moonriddengirl. Dinoguy1000. Aldnonymous. ColourBurst. Eean. Alansohn.C. Reinis. Endroit. Robby. Bestlyriccollection.wikipedia. IanOsgood. Lightning jim. Redeagle688. 1843 anonymous edits Manga outside Japan  Source: http://en. Skeetch. Catpad. Deadkid dk. Xedaf. Mythologia. Eternal Pink. Lordshmeckie. Londonfi. Matt Thorn. HoundsOfSpring. Izalithium. Lawsonstu. TheFarix. Richard Barrett. Tongpoo. PleaseStand. Rjwilmsi. Remurmur. GaryNigel. Allen4names. Wayne Slam. Srikeit. Malkinann. Kukini. Tvfan01nine. That Guy. D6. N5iln. Shiromatt666. Qtoktok. Gaiash.252. BrianGo28. Sparkit. Kungfuadam. Oscarthecat. Anna Lincoln. DVdm. Herostratus. Auric. Oxymoron83. RedWordSmith. Chazchaz101. DabMachine. Some jerk on the Internet. LittleOldMe. DarkTripe. Stylecrime. FurubaGoddess. From-cary. Kostmo. Uchihasharingan. Highwind888. Pasuke. MaybeJJonzalso. Bobbinally.php?oldid=463587328  Contributors: AKismet. Awigo50.wikipedia. Tbhotch. Ergzay. Lucid. Fritz Saalfeld. Ehccheehcche. Jpark3909. Kingpin13. WVRMad. Bact. Mx3. Haukurth. Iceberg3k.xxx. Trusilver. Vibiesh. Mintguy. Gerbrant. L Kensington. Bgwhite. SchfiftyThree. OOODDD. Google908.B. Mrh30. Bdesham. Paris By Night. Markkawika. Siawase.is. Kwamikagami. Fantasy. Platypusdara. Squilibob. Avoided. KinHikari.E. HonestTom. Akuneko. Rjwilmsi. Dey Out In Da Cuh. Donald Albury. Dr31. Infosocialist. Chuunen Baka. Jim Douglas. Jump Guru. Shikeishu. Emperor. Gene. Sephiroth BCR. Naraht.wikipedia. Gwalla. Porty. 12ab3. Fg2. GoingBatty. Ulquiorra. RTY1998. Sango123. CutieNakky. Black Falcon. Pilotguy. Kasuga. Zephipps. Erachima. Bluehog. Marcus2. Lovemyshoes. Jpark3909. RedWolf. Totoro35. Denelson83. SteinbDJ. Thue. Fire Kamer.org/w/index. Snoyes. Headbomb. Nv8200p. ManiF. ILIKECEREALX. Bensin. Bibleprophecytruth. Melodia. DragonZero. Wilker. Some jerk on the Internet. Luna Santin. Nohansen. K. NarSakSasLee. LaggedOnUser. Flatterworld. Murlock. Catesys. Grendelkhan. Xinchu. Lcarsdata. ReyBrujo. Ale jrb. Amoi. Dreamafter. Khirysly. Tentacle Monster. Ikiroid. Coasterlover1994. EvanProdromou. Jehoshaphat. Tintor2. Herbythyme. Mako098765. From That Show!. DocWatson42. Shay Guy. JustAGal. NuclearWarfare. Samtheboy. Ctjf83. Rtty. Caspian blue. Ufinne. Xiglofre. La goutte de pluie. Sharonlees. Quantpole. Furrykef. Shadow1. Mel Etitis.php?oldid=461549176  Contributors: 000peter. ColourBurst. Alexthe5th. Impala2009. Scarian. Youssefsan. Mackeriv. Meeve. Suruena. Deerstop. Fredrik. Red Alien. LilHelpa. KathrynLybarger. Ashmoo. Deerstop. Emin3md0gg. ARUNKUMAR P. The Minister of War. Welsh. Marcika. PeaceNT. SJP. Arthur96green. DopefishJustin. Cluth. Yelyos. Kasaalan. KazDeathberry. Nihonjoe. Petman3000. Maproom. Emperorbma. WhisperToMe. Rondart. Tide rolls. Kewp. Swind. ClaudiaM. Tide rolls. Ixfd64. Tomchiukc. Movementarian. Serein (renamed because of SUL). Geminye. Pmsyyz. Stupid2. Tommy2010. Kuwabaratheman. Yoji Hajime. Peregrine Fisher. HMP22. Instantnood. Dannebrog Spy. Lowellian. NeoChaosX. Canis Lupus. FF2010. NotAnonymous0. Tang. Holothurion. Jackrs. Writtenright. Inka 888. Razorflame. Joanofark7. Lightmouse. Hertz1888. NeoChaosX. Martarius. Kemiv. Mizushimo. Jaeger5432. Seaphoto. GregorB. Calaschysm. Slp1.wikipedia. Akuyume. Ahoerstemeier. Evil Monkey. Dannebrog Spy. Applejaxs. Phoenix7777. Frap.vdm. Kazu-kun. Paracel63. Corvus cornix. Borisbaran.php?oldid=459153080  Contributors: 145j. Boi217. CutieNakky. Ask123. Peanut4. Rst20xx. Egan Loo. Evilembz. Spacecat2. R. The Thing That Should Not Be. Calton. Jockesama.org/w/index. Hmains. Loginnow. Andycjp. Running. HedgeHog. Imnowei. GiantSloth. XinJeisan. Nacho beast. JTN. Azukimonaka. Corington. Hinoku. Jasonbrice. Howcheng. Deepred6502. Cattus. Wikiloop. Marek69. Kotjze. Hadal. Vapour. WhiteArcticWolf. Alpha Quadrant. Canadian-Bacon.org/w/index. Ziiv. Norm mit. Pygenot. Haseo9999. Ajl772. Da Joe. HellecticMojo. Jinnai. Cattus. Ragesoss. Kalango. clown will eat me. JohJak2. Ezhiki. SidP. Gamaliel. Guillep2k. Raghu2345. Hamstermage.8. Echoray. Nick Number. Batz-Maru. Dycedarg. Moroboshi. Jeff G. Wikieditor06. Materialscientist. Wakuran. Ronhjones. Stephenb. Jniemenmaa. Emo tears. Phorque. Shishishin. WhisperToMe. RedWordSmith. LilHelpa. Luvcraft. VityUvieu. Jorge Stolfi. THF. Ans. Gogo Dodo. Catgut. Phoenixrod. Shalom Yechiel. Antaeus Feldspar. Llamangry. Tiptoety. LibLord. Gwalla. 63. RadicalBender.. The MoUsY spell-checker. TheOtherJesse. Madrat. Weregerbil. Gaius Cornelius. Francois Trazzi. Cyrus XIII. AngelFire3423. PAntoni. Awh. Juhachi. Ha ha ha whitey. EpicLuffyX55. Beyond silence.arboit. Fnfd. NeilN. Thor 7. Rhobite. Marasmusine. Roo72. Lgallindo. Canderson7. LilHelpa. Sloties888. Stuartajt1234. R'n'B. Marek69. R. Phthoggos. Ppk01. Jpatokal. Darkwind.org/w/index. Gtrmp. Vaarsuvius. StarfirePhantom. Fujitofu. RandomP. Gideon2. Jackmacmillan. Dawnseeker2000. OChiBiAyAo. Xino. Gross. Ltiler. Uncle Scrooge. IRP. Modulatum. Tokyo pocky. Michael Hardy. Cetacean21. KrebMarkt. Harryboyles. Lightsage.wikipedia. Bobblehead. Where next Columbus?. Deerstop. Graham87.5. RICARDOX. Toussaint. Gwernol. Conversion script. Vdog14. Carlosguitar. Versus22. Omokage. Cbm. Mitsukai. Melkiades. Lightmouse. Dante Alighieri. Dabomb87. S. Xaliqen. Shinlin3000. Mgcsinc. Turtleheart. Pfahlstrom. Svanslyck. McGeddon. Poohea. Hydrogen Iodide. Robocoder. Rémih. SKopp. Bobrayner. Sue. SoWhy. Fram. Jmlk17. Richard cocks. Raven23. 24. CanadianLinuxUser. Leuko.org/w/index.org/w/index. DannyWilde. Matteh. Deflective. Hersfold. Everyking. JeffyHOT. 142 anonymous edits Manga  Source: http://en. TenPoundHammer. The Light6. NarSakSasLee. EoGuy. Wiki alf. AnOddName. Gail. Lysdexia. Nightscream. Sesshomaru. Kintetsubuffalo. Kawaii Bishi. Halfasgood. Fullstop. Palica. LilHelpa. Ken Arromdee. Bikasuishin. Y0u43v3a. Pyrop. Elliechong. Yamamoto Ichiro. Ct lance. Spencer. Deadcandy. Iuggernaut. Wayland. Timothy Perper. Repku. Qwertyuiop908. DarkAdonis255. Evoludo. Wingchi. Erisie. Isadoraam. Psycho Kirby. Timo Honkasalo. Inter. Therealpw2. Aitias. Carefulcollie. Adashiel. I dream of horses.xxx. 2Receive. Tylerob7. Dinobrava. Sietse Snel. NoSeptember. Boogieboy. Bendono. Kuchiguchi. Arman Cagle. Feinoha. Pisomojado. Symane.wikipedia. ElegantSuccubus. Sketch-The-Fox. Barkeep. Axl. Haruko. Dijxtra. Hyju. John Ryan. KnowledgeOfSelf. Woseph. Drdisque. Nnoitra. Chris Kern. Bongwarrior. Mitsukai. Lord Air. Wikipeditor. Nikisiou. Miaow Miaow. Tabletop. Deerstop. Ryoho. Maple Leaf. Aimabe. Danielrocks15. Carey Evans. Neilworms. Freak. Exeunt. Shaina lee. Llywrch. Buster7. Ssipseki2. Design. Ian Pitchford. Bobabobabo. Akanemoto. Timothy Perper. Boffy b. Squilibob. DenisMoskowitz. Pepso2. Awien. 72 anonymous edits Scanlation  Source: http://en. D Marcescu. Malkinann. Kaiwanxiao. Kagechikara. Darth Panda. Cxz111. Vishahu. Branddobbe. Mariko. Tlotoxl. MER-C. Captain Disdain. Kneegrowlong. Revolutionary. Splashkid2. Bobo192. Rippakrator0. Anna Lincoln. Beckmcq. Heroeswithmetaphors. Starwind Amada. Frank101. Julian Grybowski. Tony1. Rjwilmsi. Rdislandred. DocWatson42. Gerbrant. Susvolans. InverseHypercube. Samuelsen. Crazycomputers. Paul o'grady. Alai. Atlantima. Beyond silence. LonerXL. Szczerbiec01. 100110100.php?oldid=462751576  Contributors: ACSE. Ck lostsword. Caffeinepuppy. Alackobama. Octane. GunnarRene. Wintran. Reinosuke. Lošmi. Minghong. Huddley. Droid b33. Addshore. LordAmeth. Nideovinja. Fubar Obfusco. ADS190. Quasirandom. Mike Klaassen. Danceswithzerglings. Egan Loo. Revth. Canonmaster24. Poochy. DerekKearney. Jabelicious. Maugreas. PhotoBox. Ninja neko. Malkinann. Mitsukai. Rivemont. Think outside the box. AnimeJanai. Elvenscout742. KyuuA4. WhisperToMe. Rawling. Bobdoe. Andy Marchbanks. Mathsgeek. Leuqarte. Dr. Atlant. Tregoweth. Nn123645. Nihonjoe. Emc2. Pb30. Altiego. Zooweee. Ekotkie. NellieBly. Cattus. Jojit fb. MayaParty. LeLoupeNoir. Looxix. Luvabook. Fireflow77.R. Orchis29. Crossedwires. Cyde. Ray Radlein. LordHoborgXVII. Anger22. Marginoferror. CommonsDelinker. Leucius. Billdorr. James. DocWatson42. Nihonjoe. CIreland. Greencell. Remember the dot. Audiosmurf. Closedmouth. HalJor. Thomasyen. Maestro25. Rdsmith4. Allstarecho. Picapica. OsacA-Kanzai. Angelzfromhell0364. Astral. Edward. Geekdiva. Peruvianllama. Cerevox. Neurolysis. Volpeculus sagacis. Imontopoftheworld. Kusunose.xxx. ChuChu. Active Banana. Bhadani. Hiding. Cartoonmaster. Superbeecat. Macy. Iron Ghost. Ccady.delanoy. Yellowpika. BiT. Kariteh. Debresser. Zzuuzz. ZAPEROR. Ohnoitsjamie. WoodElf. Chensiyuan. 65. Beta m. Lyhana8. Igoldste. Vincivinci. Jj137. Margin1522. Worromp Warg. Dinobobicus. WhisperToMe. Ebricca. Deepbluevibes. Yuanchosaan. DarkAdonis255. Gigemag76. Kitty1983. Aponar Kestrel. Akibaangels.7. Splash. Stealthound. Trainra. Diderot. Remurmur. DCAnderson. Calaschysm. Andycjp. Zack Holly Venturi. Animechristian. Poetic Decay. Ms2ger. Inkington. Io Katai. BakaElf. Msleeman. Emperor. Jay32183. Mimi Sky. Tassadaru. GoingBatty. Perfectblue97. Kasuga. Pschemp. Korath. Masssiveego. Ryulong. JForget. Summoning. NAHID. Wilhelm lagercrantz. Work permit. Koolabsol. DopefishJustin. Hottentot. Yipdw. Faradayplank. DionysosProteus.160. Utcursch.php?oldid=462476273  Contributors: ACSE. Opelio.192. Shogo Kawada. Tdo1992. Ventusa. Folken de Fanel. Dekimasu. Nizarck. Z E U S. Samuraizero. Goldom. Wirbelwind. CJLL Wright. Master of the Oríchalcos. Graham87. TheFarix. ElmerHomero. Ike9898. SuperHamster. Spacecat2. Dinoguy1000. Jackaranga. Aknorals. Kazu-kun. Vapour. Ulric1313. Mboverload. Soraking. CyberSkull. Jtpackersrule. Mathrick. Writer on wiki. MangaCreator. Mellery. Alex Law. Turnip. Dippee. Black779. AlainV. Wikiklrsc. Willofwii.K. Armortec 900. Anime2828. Cybercobra. InnocuousPseudonym. Anonymous Dissident. Shii. Kainightroad. Versageek. Vbs. Djbryce3. Steel. VityUvieu. Burzmali. Mistyhut. Nihonjoe. LapoLuchini. J. MegX. Binary TSO. 07michaelg. AnmaFinotera. SEWilco. Internetinternet. EamonnPKeane. Kusunose. Yueti. Jjjjjjjjjj-10. Beeblebrox. Nirakka. Mursaatmesmer. Chris83. DeadEyeArrow. MBisanz. Pepso. Scohoust. Alton. Morganfitzp. Raven23. AngelSanguinius.sasori. Booshakla. Shibboleth. Epbr123. KnighTeen87. MrWashaboo. Taw. Cast.delanoy. Ben-Zin. Nimur. CyberSkull. Kilo-Lima. AlexTiefling. Bishonen. InnocuousPseudonym. Chmod007. Fadeblue.delanoy. Bishonen. Wareware. Juhachi. Stizzard. Malkinann. Rich Farmbrough. Aznhobo11. Kimberry352. Mejoseph01. THEN WHO WAS PHONE?. Bubwater. MarsRover. Hibana. Discospinster. TheFarix. とある白い猫. Александър. Harry. Yechan. Yueni. Shoshonna. Maximus Rex. Cyrus Sixguns. Konstable. ViperSnake151. Sparky the Seventh Chaos. Nezu manga. Rich257. Quest for Truth. Toiims. Ohhellomai. Bpnpx. Pnyxtr. TEB728.org/w/index.wikipedia. Fuyuchi. Rror. Banjogirl424. RadicalBender.delanoy. Maltmomma. Aaron Brenneman. Cardsharp21. Squilibob. Haemo. Prime Blue. Tokyo Manga909. Dancter. Piecemealcranky. Bleubeatle. Mangafreak93. Johnpacklambert. Malintex Terek. Cla68. Charklecharkle. Jrp. Sesshomaru. Mirmo!. Euchiasmus. Antandrus. Shortride. JayKeaton. Animegirl265. Mark Lungo. Area88. BorgHunter. Rich Farmbrough. Academic Challenger. Tentacle Monster. Michael Friedrich. WhisperToMe. Cyrus XIII. Martarius. ColourBurst.org/w/index. Unknownwarrior33. Chaser. Coolarooni. ChuChu. Ichiban asakura. Eclectic and Eccentric.. Ohhellomai. SF. Conan-san. JuJube. Ask123. Alansohn. Belscb.php?oldid=462516174  Contributors: A-giau. Lunar samurai. Sh. Amcaja. RainbowOfLight. XScar. Kunzite. Geopgeop. AnmaFinotera. Andryono. Yezhanquan. Sesshomaru. Abtract. CR85747. Chase me ladies. Transity. Saopaulo1. Sjones23. LongLiveRomania. Dabomb87. Sesshomaru. Ashley Pomeroy. BloodyGir. Ryanasaurus007. Nihonjoe. Geg. Fourohfour. Miwasatoshi. Gerbrant. TheFarix. Joseph Solis in Australia. Daekharel. Angie Y. Arsenal666. ESkog.wikipedia. DMacks. Kenrick95. Chenoan. KSweeley. WhisperToMe. Guido MTY. FreshCorp619. AllyUnion. Poochy. Damse. Eclectic and Eccentric. AnOddName. Nataly8. Escape Orbit. Hermógenes Teixeira Pinto Filho. Tabletop. Superzerocool. AlexChurchill. Thiseye. Brittany Ka. Ranma9617. Amibite. BishojoMeister. Apostrophe. Aeconley.xx. ArgentiumOutlaw. WhisperToMe. Emperorbma. Ynhockey. Doctorm21. Makomk. CBDunkerson. DBailey635. Discospinster. Shiroi Hane. Plasticup. Dcljr.wikipedia. WATP. Villia. Nihonjoe.123.xxx. Alexie. T. Beyond silence. Zntrip. LetterLate. Zlhappyone. Ke5crz. Tabletop. Tokek. Juhachi. Mako098765. TangentCube. 041744. Hikui87. Mitartep. Hailey C. KyuuA4.wikipedia. Dposse. Voldiemoldie. Citicat. Bull-Doser. Dalziel 86. Shawnc. Squilibob. Mild Bill Hiccup. Tip-Dizzle. SaraPulis. Uncle Milty. Geg. Helpspoke. Rjwilmsi. Joshrawr. Deerstop. Emperorbma. Bukubku. Nihonjoe. Thepennyjukeboxblogspotcom. Banazir. Firsfron. Dave-ros. Shii. Uncle Milty. Akanegaoka. Andres. Marcg106. Darth Goku. Extremepro. Aertis. SlickDizzy. Bobdoe. Billdorr. Martarius. Bkkbrad. Armuk. Deusanautica. Poltergeist. 9muses. Miwasatoshi. Cokesmoke. Fg2. Juan Sanchez. Lord Jim. Ravenscroft32.org/w/index. TOKYOPOP2008. Biggs the monkey. Elvenscout742. Christina Silverman. Calliopejen1. Ans. AirKingdom102. Erianna. Yunaliza. Grubber. DannyWilde. Versus22. JRBrown. Pjär80.php?oldid=463941945  Contributors: -OOPSIE-. Angie Y. DocWatson42. CyberSkull. Bubbachuck. After Midnight. Jan304. Monty845. KimChee. CALR. Power level (Dragon Ball). Jmlk17. DarklyCute. Deerstop. Gaius Cornelius. Death blaze. Article editor. Eratticus. Sh. Ryomaandres. Anime Addict AA. Alison. Ltiler. Carsonauto. Kaelishida1. Lombroso. Morio. Lijakaca. Deskana. RedWolf. Tony Myers. Zijian. 73 anonymous edits Tokyopop  Source: http://en. DarKnEs5 WaRrí0r. Amire80. CambridgeBayWeather. Abdullais4u. Uncleronnie1234. Grm wnr. Kiba. Yottamol. Brona. Ben-Zin. Rsm77. DAJF. Fafhrdrn1154. LeoTravis80. Syncopatedid. Mr Vinx. Martinjoses. Martarius. Shannon. Geekdiva. Niteshift36. Gwalla. Dtobias. TakuyaMurata. 17tracks. Asrghasrhiojadrhr. Angusmclellan. Chris 73. JYolkowski. DRaGZ. Purple Rose. Archer7. Jobe6. Fourohfour.php?oldid=462293480  Contributors: ACSE. Sonjaaa. Allen4names.::Arbitrary::. Akamad. Adambiswanger1. The Light6.php?oldid=463413310  Contributors: .php?oldid=458984148  Contributors: 1029man. JQF. T. Mad Munky838. Ryulong. Uhai. Seigi Choujin. Acidburn24m. Tv's emory. Rjwilmsi. Benten. Neilc. 1qaz-pl. Lombroso. Mitsukai. Eruhildo. Appraiser. Wikipelli. Seann. Nemalki. Ben Yam. Andy5. Elagatis. Hugosworld92. Fourthords. Mitsukai. Korath. Zeta26. Ryu Ematsu. Squilibob. Oatmeal batman. Megan1967. Rivemont. Hmains. Belphegor. Benjaminx. Axley. Shadoman. Benjwong. Greyweather. TAnthony. Bubba hotep. Juhachi. Khaotika. I'm the Cavalry. Rich Farmbrough. Borisbaran. Ianblair23. Brittany Ka. Your Lord and Master. Chmod007. 203. Squilibob. Folajimi. Schissel. Ckiddicus.org/w/index. Bartash. Sauzer. ShakingSpirit. Deathno. Boleslav Bobcik. Mboverload. Wakuran.12. ChuChu. C777. Ariolander. CommonsDelinker. Pipatron.xxx. Rich Farmbrough. Amulet Heart. Shougo. KAB-J. TcDohl. Chasewang. Nihonjoe. Daniel. Nihonjoe. Lightdarkness. Open2universe. Unlocked Heart. Azusa Awjj-2uC. Wikignome0529. Piefan2233. Geoffman13. Mistamagic28. TheStripèdOne. Christopher Parham. Emperor. Ominae. KSweeley. Alison Rowe. Fourohfour. QRX. CelticJobber. Assmafia.. Martarius. BigElvis. Bantosh. Snoopy007. clown will eat me. Misterpooo. Ragnaroknike. Bryan Derksen. Antaeus Feldspar. WhisperToMe. TheFarix. Nihonjoe. Bobblewik. JamesAlan1986. BrokenSphere. Crooshi. FTMc. 34 anonymous edits Kodansha  Source: http://en. Ost316. Conversion script. Feureau. Cyanoa Crylate. Staka. Kelakagandy. Odie5533. Doinkies. MuzikJunky. BlueMario1016. 10987. Habj. Irina Gelbukh. KConWiki. CoolKid1993. Weaseloid. Apocalyptic Destroyer. Pfahlstrom. Denelson83. Aldy. TigressofIndia. Firsfron. Remurmur. ReyBrujo. Jump Guru. Jump Guru. Bobblehead. Sjones23. Jonny2x4. Weird0. Kamasutra. Miley-Sesshomaru. Animetreehouse. Mimi Sky. J. Me2NiK. Azaghal. Hydao. Tedius Zanarukando. Maestro25. Daravon. Matty-chan. Rudykog. Kamikakushi. Dark Shikari. AngelFire3423. Moocowsrule.org/w/index. Stefan2. Coffee4binky. WhisperToMe.xxx. Zeta Nova.179. Blean. Bongwarrior. Hall Monitor. Brian Kendig. Crazyfangirl. Nick Number. Firedemon727. KSweeley. Batz-Maru. Tregoweth. Blitzzone. Pitke. Minnaert. Kalsermar.wikipedia. DRAGONPARTY555. Tregoweth. Ninja neko. Mysteryman19. NYArtsnWords. Unimath. Caerwine. Hamuhamu. Vaarsuvius. Deerstop. BigHouse08. Crazycomputers. Elmosera. Xfansd. Ranma9617. WhiteArcticWolf. Xbndgk.wikipedia. Rich Farmbrough. Armando12. Lascoden. Crystaldolphinz. WhiteArcticWolf. Angelofdeath275. A Softer Answer.xx. Andren. TheFarix. Chihuong bk. Angelofdeath275. Ganryuu. FMAFan1990. BiggKwell. HappyLogolover2011. Marudubshinki. LilHelpa. Jennet Uraida. Cheessey. Cmdrjameson. Squilibob. TheFarix. Malkinann. AnmaFinotera. Andycjp. CJGB. Oncedead. Babur. Erisie. Fafhrdrn1154. Ertezoute. Foggi. Andrewlp1991. David Gerard. Capt Jim. Blackmamba000. Bigblah.xxx. Arthena. Crazycomputers. Snow steed. MegaHL90. Cattus. Aldnonymous. TedHebert. Applecore91. Maverick Leonhart. Power level (Dragon Ball).A Shirakawa. DocWatson42. Juhachi. John. Adam Bishop.stohr. Julianortega. Squilibob. Aknorals. WhisperToMe. Dantes Servant. Dekimasu. Wilybadger. Sungetsu15. Tentacle Monster. Runewiki777. Azumanga1. Bradeos Graphon. Russian Rocky. Martarius. Muchi. DocWatson42. WhisperToMe. MayumiTsuji. Causa sui. Bull-Doser. Weird0. Chris Roy. Jinnai. Greyweather. GunnarRene. Cantras. 387 anonymous edits Hakusensha  Source: http://en. Ken Arromdee. Jovianeye. Axlq. Ary29. Andycjp. Grenavitar. Deerstop. Jump Guru. Audiosmurf. Minghong. St Fan. DBZGirl. Fadeblue. Silver Edge. Angelofdeath275. Ohhellomai. Aaron Einstein. Calicore. Starcity ai. Ancientruinsss. Chappy-Kun. Babajobu. Zippedmartin. Aecis. Drantin. Kounoichi. BiggKwell. CLW. Bunny-chan. Mitsukai. Animelover12. Ryoske. ACSE. Leivick. Aznguypimp. Mitsukai. Villia. WVhybrid. HertzaHaeon. Can't sleep. Applejaxs. Goodraise. Deadcandy. Roisterer. Byron D. Danorux. Bignose. King Shadeed. Andrensath. Bobblehead. Aknorals. LetterLate. Deadworm222. Destron Commander. Greensleeves. Ceyockey. Jlaking. Augustus Sabius. CWH. 2Receive. Ordaiken. CJLL Wright. Ayrton-Didier Brincat. Tokyojupiter. Subtlecoolness. Marudubshinki. Crann777. Al-malik-myth. From That Show!. Mirmo!. Aiuhtiauhret. DDRAddict. Deerstop. TheFarix. Animedow. Dzag. Rich Farmbrough. SupahTurtle. Woohookitty. JRBrown. Curly Turkey. Jump Guru. R'n'B. Hyju. Aresmo. Cpl Syx. Aninonymous. RadicalBender. KSweeley. Mirmo!. Nightscream. Centrx. AnmaFinotera. Imladros. Hamuhamu. DoubleLn2. Crazyeddie. Jump Guru. Dooly00000. Bakuyaku. Anaraug. 000peter. Jack Cox. Ltiler. 159 anonymous edits Chuang Yi  Source: http://en.wikipedia. Dangerous-Boy. Staka. S. Akata. Ltiler. Countdown to Extinction. Canadian-Bacon. Coredesat. Voj 2005. Nihonjoe. RiseAbove.A Shirakawa. Annihalith. Digitaldude555. Debresser. Akemi2. Thepennyjukebox1. Onefivesix. Vegaswikian. Angr. ESkog. Chocolateboy. NarSakSasLee. Mitsukai.178. Rexmorgan. ChuChu. Somnambule. BiggKwell. Superastig. Ayyu. DMG413. R. Gogo Dodo. Curly Turkey. Litefantastic. Sora Takeuchi. Phthoggos. Fg2. GarStu12345. Dawg80.xx. Adashiel. TJ Spyke. Ashmoo. Shalom Yechiel. Amaya Sakura. NeoChaosX. StrangerAtaru. Fyyer. AngelSanguinius. Delia19. SystemOfADown47. Nihonjoe. Jibbley.org/w/index. HPSCHD. Curps. JSH-alive. AndrewTJ31. Majinbuu00. Hibana.145.org/w/index. Aranel. DarshaAssant. DrGeoduck. Faster2010. IanC. Csba22. KrebMarkt. Chal7ds. HellCat86. Yezhanquan. DougsTech. Aknorals. BesigedB. GunnarRene. Funkyfreshpinoy. Covington. Bestlyriccollection. Son Goku22. 44 anonymous edits Shogakukan  Source: http://en. Epbr123. Vibratingcat. Anetode. LetterLate. Rich Farmbrough. Bunny-chan. DomKruse. Lampbane. Chairlunchdinner. DanielCD. T. . Hibana. User9001275. Dogcow.. Mitsukai. Carolfrog. Siyanal. Deerstop. Ashton1983. Simony99. Flauto Dolce. DannyWilde. Luigi6138. DocWatson42. NeoChaosX. Xxdanxxnyxx. Tokyogirl79. AtaruMoroboshi. Angelofdeath275. Kevin. Piecemealcranky. Insanity Incarnate. Abyss of enchantment. WhisperToMe. Cmprince. Ike-bana. Jason One. Spyderchan. Deanblackburn.. Remurmur. GarStu12345. Skydog175. KaleidoMagic. Daderot. Juhachi. Babur. Daimond. C12H22O11. SkyWalker.. Caldorwards4. Albert79. Deadkid dk.. Azumanga1. Kaelishida. 98E. Lightindragon920. Acewolf359. Pisomojado. Beska. Mitsukai. Caerwine. Warhead293. Rich Farmbrough. Unyoyega. Kyaa the Catlord. Wang. Brain40. Bfbbrown. Sundevilesq. Pulpculture. Bobbo. Kamasutra. Tenmei. Pronti Via. Ninly. Fastilysock. Piecemealcranky. PeaceNT. Alexkohen. Conan-san. Piecemealcranky. Ryanasaurus0077. Ayls. RogueJedi86. Barneobanjo. JRBrown. 275 anonymous edits Viz Media  Source: http://en.org/w/index. Ahoerstemeier. Kazekun123. 293. Bitonchen. WhisperToMe. AnmaFinotera. Bxj. Bjdehut. Elocina. Mochi. Creol.org/w/index. Boneheadmx. Punkwitch44. CJMiller. Tssha. Bevo. Ixfd64. TheFarix. Sjones23. HN45.G. Exeunt. Trivialist. Turtlewind. FinnWittman2. Buspar. Xedaf. Marcg106. Nihonjoe. Korath. Babak 91. Sjones23. Falcon Kirtaran. B&W Anime Fan. Bishonen. That Guy. Superzerocool.Article Sources and Contributors 294 Mickey0007. Cyrus XIII. ABCD. Daniel J. Pfahlstrom. Dream Focus. Maestro25. Ben D. Quasirandom. Malkinann. Cattus. Totoloji. Alpalfour. DabMachine. Ungvichian. Korath. Manop. Kevinalewis. Quasirandom. Fukumoto. Dwanyewest. Zeta26. Alexander. Daftpunkboy93. Ak13docu. Anders Torlind. Vsion. Geoffman13. Quylob. Mrholybrain. Jaybob1222. Phorque. Darkstar949. Neilworms.php?oldid=462115372  Contributors: 293. SQGibbon. Aeusoes1. SimHuman. DocWatson42. Stormrose. Haeleth. Xuanwu. Doinkies. DranzerX13. NoseNuggets. Leuko. VendavalEste. Mistermanguy. CyberSkull. Andy M. Mhking. Darth Knight. RedEyesMetal. Vocaloid. WinterRose. Extremepro. CorvusCorax. Collectorjake12.php?oldid=463817856  Contributors: Agsiar. Bumblezellio. Brion VIBBER. Mirmo!. Can't sleep. SchuminWeb. Miwasatoshi. Akradecki. Mikeblas. Animevandal. Tobias Bergemann. Dispenser. Azumanga1. Batz-Maru. Crazlunatic. Count3D. A-giau. Darkeffekt. Chugger1992. Pipian. August 27. Caim. Phthoggos. PigInTheMud. GeneralDuke. Animez3. Fourohfour. SadaraX. JLaTondre.wikipedia. DHN. Kashimir.wikipedia. Silthehed. DocWatson42. Wonchop. PMDrive1061. Nono64. Butch-cassidy. SGilsdorf. Elocina. The Fifth Horseman. Cyrus XIII. Theprophet6993. AndrewHows. C777. Iriliane. Staka. TomEatsCake. GreatWhiteNortherner. Davepealing. Oliphaunt. Zsinj. Layamin. Rror. Furuba9. 404notfound. AlistairMcMillan. Andrewjackson09. Brtkrbzhnv. LetterLate. John254. Kenrick95. B&W Anime Fan. Phthoggos. Janggeom. Akira-otomo. Kenrick95. Lord pat24. Azumanga1. Scott Nash. Ke5crz. Silentaria. AtaruMoroboshi. Scoot. Mypicasso. TakuyaMurata. Thiseye. Shikeishu. Bobo192. Neilworms. Babur. Martarius. 213. FurubaGoddess. Areaseven. Dreadstar. Dannychoo. Hux. Antandrus. Zeta26. Melesse. Bobet. Erachima. Ricky K 777. HoundsOfSpring. Iron2000. Erianna. KSweeley. Zippedmartin. ACSE. Dfresonke. KnightRider. 165. Rjwilmsi. Jutari. Animehater1. Dali. Anonymous editor. Kaguya-chan. WolfMark6. ShortShadow. Josh Parris. Clarp. SQGibbon. GunnarRene. 111 anonymous edits Shueisha  Source: http://en. Falcon8765. Simon Brady. D-Rock. Biolizard. Keahapana. Defender of the Law. Gaius Cornelius. Etherjammer. Dbfirs. Shiroi Hane. B7T. Specs112. Cynix. Extremepro. Coldest mail.php?oldid=461834188  Contributors: Alansohn. CyberSkull. Rich Farmbrough. Crimsonseiko. Brianabxy. Andre Engels. Lalagirl995. Arb976. KingTT. Antiyonder. Wernher. Radioactive afikomen. CharlotteWebb. Chrism. Wikid77. Ben-Bopper.60. Kintetsubuffalo. Chico rico. BenAveling. Mirmo!. AnmaFinotera.UK. The Prince of Darkness. USA92. Andypandy. Tchalvak.xxx. Alexstraz. Atlantima. Parrothead1983. Shiro0922. Mgstec. Zeta26.PaYS. Hitsujikai. Ben Tibbetts. Teknomage. Damocles 123. Caltas. Closedmouth.0. AndrewHowse. DeadlyAssassin. Optimist on the run. Neko Tsukimi. 2008. Asrghasrhiojadrhr. Starwind Amada. Deathawk. Evice. Andrew Filipe. BiT. Kotengu. Premeditated Chaos.xx. Knowledgekid87. Ozaru. Lycao. Andonic. Dirty Johnson. Charlieage. Blackkid1. Korath. TheFarix. KimChee. Julian Grybowski. Freakofnurture. Bearcat.php?oldid=464143085  Contributors: Adv193. Tintor2. 106 anonymous edits Funimation Entertainment  Source: http://en. Deltaneos. 375 anonymous edits Anime  Source: http://en. Duane543. Yamishadowx. Genesis. Arjun01. Cryptic. Cyrus XIII. Closedmouth.A Shirakawa. Chowbok. Nhlarry. Dcoetzee. Xfansd. Coro95. clown will eat me. TMC1982. DKqwerty. Rtkat3. Frecklegirl. Douche41. Mitsuki89. Weisskreuzgluhenx. Fourohfour. Kwasiamoako. Pixelperf. Haseo9999. Keeper76. HMP22. Jbetteridge. Fox. Ladysybilla. InfallibleRoxi. VegaDark. Retardsrox. Facts707. KagamiNoMiko. Szczerbiec. Pitman6787. WOSlinker. Linsauke. Papacha. Pavel Vozenilek. Tooclose. Hut 8. Doc Strange. Jdstroy. Quadell. Srpnor. Princess Moonray. DrKiernan. Future Perfect at Sunrise. MER-C. Park-j. Vindictive Warrior. Piotrus. Wiooiw. LaMenta3. Norm. Paul Christian B. Cooksey. SlackerMom. Serenaxiyade. Dmlandfair. Malkinann. NawlinWiki. Kelly Martin. Mikespedia. RattleMan. Servant Saber. Lithoderm. Ned Scotland. Mayooranathan. Gentgeen. Fryed-peach. Tentacle Monster. LittleOldMe. Fireaza. Edgar181. Oneiros. JQF. Xuanwu. Curb Chain. Zzuuzz. Luka1184. TheFarix. Omnicog. FisherQueen. Boneheadmx. Yueni. DropDeadGorgias. . Chris the speller. Mentis. Cyde. Suede. Immunize. Arya-hime. Flockmeal. Ereza.. Unimath. SpookyMulder. Koolabsol. Nikdog. Geg. EnthusiastFR. NSLE. Lazybook. Dustice. Some guy. Faerychild. Kweh!. Entangle. Rvalles. Koukag. SailorAlphaCentauri. Hadal. GuyZani. John. Kukini. Th1rt3en. RaGnaRoK SepHír0tH. Soosed. Piotr Wozniak. Jaydubayubee. ScifiterX. Adacore. Oliver Pereira. Kaare. SaiyanEmperor2008. Limesuit. Iceberg3k.. Ladyofspain. Zscout370. Romanm. Deville. KenoSarawa. Xeonxl. Matsurika. Twitchamoo. Michael Devore. MightyOtaKing. Can't sleep. Leisuresuit. Giancarloguerrero. Tubular. Xxpor. Paranoid. Isida1028. Shibboleth. Wmorrow. Borgx. Tenmei. Mitsukai. Hiberniantears. Honey88foru. Spacecat2. MindStorM. Nono64. Pheonix1974. Cattus. Doberman Pharaoh. Lord Voldemort. Erachima. Kkailas. SterlingNorth. Sbluen. Steel. Scm83x. Jibbley. Tikki hit. Synchrite. Foant. Sverdrup. M4bark. MartinDK. Modemac. Masaruemoto. Destroy-all-nerds. Kitten-Kati. GBYork. Gogo Dodo. KathrynLybarger. Eean. Node ue. Harrybean96. Radiomovie. Dreadstar. GarryKosmos. Anna Lincoln. InsaneDango. Stereotek. Inwake. Geekyloveread. Mikieminnow. Kitty1983. SKaze. Jjjsixsix. Taw. Personman. Kim Bruning. Robofish. Afabbro. RJN. Fpmfpm. Yuckfoo. Sonjaaa. Radioactive afikomen. Derobert. Orz. Fckjapanophiles. Jumbuck. Pipian. Snarfies. RP9. TheGWO. Pyromania153. Sesshomaru. Chase me ladies. Homerjay. JSH-alive. Victor falk. Wareware. Tyrane. BirgitteSB. Squilibob. Misortie. Pxma. None Error. Kchishol1970. Headbomb. Bewareircd. Samurai Drifter. Kzaral. Jdude222. TangentCube. Bruce89. 394 anonymous edits History of anime  Source: http://en. G. Maugreas. Amibite. Xxlalavialxx. RayneVanDunem. Warmaster. QRX. MuZemike. Sonicsuns. Slowking Man. Jackhopalong. Furrykef. Georgette2. Ymirfrostgiant. Ixfd64. T-borg. Pokelad. Ugur Basak. Wavelength. Yellow1996. Gooderham1. EvilCouch. Sukmydik. Dieboybun. ShortShadow. Flearosca. KEJ. Gune. Pagrashtak. Wintersrose. Folken de Fanel. Hezery99. Kappa. Axlq. Punarbhava. ExTincTioNz. Dambrosio. Favonian. Marceki111. NeilN. LiquidSpork. KingConvoy. Balderdash707. Silver Edge. JRA WestyQld2. DocWatson42. Zikar. Joe blo76. Tony1. Haukurth. Shinjiman. JuJube. Fastily. Mirv. Exert. Fafas. 51 anonymous edits Fansub  Source: http://en. Kintetsubuffalo. Dwoodwoo. Sankalpdravid. Calamity-Ace. CyberBatou. RainbowOfLight. Mailer diablo. Robertvan1. Premeditated Chaos. Poetic Decay. Spacecat2. Gdo01. HoundsOfSpring. Skierpage. Silentl337. WRK. Montrealais. Ost316. Edward Z. Uberdiot713. Woohookitty. Stifle. Mad Hatter. Gwonam the Wizard. Davidhorman. Healthwise. NeoDeGenero. Math321. Skier Dude. Gunmetal Angel. Camw. Joachim Michaelis. Snowmanradio. Gerbrant. Flyer22. Reinis. Araynon. Mikademus. Pikawil. Shaina lee. Teflon Don. Wiki Wikardo. Khukri. LittleChib. Tesi1700.org/w/index. Otto heinemann vundafarks. Tzustrategy. Lord Of Demise. Vivvo. Rory096. Pegasus1138. Gamerzlimited. For3v3rzero. MMAACKS. Koenige. Skyraider. Closedmouth. Vknightbd. Vampirekisses13. Cattus. Bobblehead. Mamolu. Tablizer. BrightBlackHeaven. Scineram. ILovePlankton. Benjwong. Neverquick. KnowledgeOfSelf. Kwamikagami. Jusdinos. Ecemaml. Monobi. Shiroi Hane. Josephthomasanyon. Disko. Neojessica. Delphii. Xyzyxx. Leeyc0. Toya. Killt. Yamamoto Ichiro. Jlaking. Senti mental. Fubar Obfusco. Raiyuu.org/w/index. Mimiko desu. DroEsperanto. Jpgordon. Fennec. Signalhead. Patstuart. Kess. ShinyaKyoto. AngelFirex14x. Folken de Fanel. Wildstar2501. Mdgeist747. Optimistic Dude. Kitt2006. Shinorei1. Volvaiga. BenRG. Metal man69. Cybercobra. Gregseko. Teiler Köregäten. Xjaymanx. DKqwerty. Rofl. Kopf1988. RexNL. The misha. Billdorr. Tyciol. Malomeat. BurnDownBabylon. John Vandenberg. SummerWithMorons. Neilworms. Shizni. Gaius Cornelius. Kihunter. WhisperToMe. Graham87. Ketiltrout. Blanchardb. Relly Komaruzaman. Mandragorae. Kainraziel. KurtKotzur. Sobolewski. Keeper Garrett. Waffenbaum. Sam. Lysdexia. Lee Daniel Crocker. TomStar81.cmn. Jeffrey O. Xiahou. Icedog. KODAMAYSHR. Rasmuffin. Quasirandom. Jobsearch. Winsia. Etaph. Tangotango. MrNexx. Ipatrol. Ganryuu. Yancyfry jr. Enigmaman. Kieff. Kasaalan. Yuuki Mayuki. Samurai 004. 4hodmt. Shiori Aburame. TheStripèdOne. Verdamondo. OwenX. TheAmericanizator. Mpontes. Oxymoron83. Daftpunkboy93. Shadovar. Doczilla. ShakataGaNai. Mahdimus. Ikarus14. Savius. Lskkat. Goldom. Mav. Katana4455. R'n'B. Haha169. Gwernol. Tzaquiel. Sp. Xaosflux. Suhhee. Emin3md0gg. Elvis. DarKnEs5 WaRrí0r. The great orochi. Tintero. Mlk. Druff. AnddoGX. Mjordan. KPH2293. Ninja Delia. Filby. Mcmillin24. Luxor. ZeWrestler. Ratteler50. Susvolans. Xaliqen. McAusten. Nivix. Aresef. Mitsukai. MisoAnimeClub. 2031 anonymous edits Fandub  Source: http://en. Xezbeth. Malo. MatLu. Danthemankhan. Mvent2. Shadow Angle. Vik-Thor. Yans1230. Pedant17. KyuuA4. Ottava Rima. Netsnipe. DocWatson42. Lindosland. Ephert. Ryanasaurus007. Tony Fox. Ospalh. Optichan. Gwern. Ministry of truth 02. Trivialist. Thiseye. Kyaa the Catlord. Maxinuss. CFLeon. GreyCat. Feitclub. Wakuran. DiamondDragon. Sbluen. Xander89. Masamage. Janechra. DocWatson42. Saderlius. GunnarRene. Dreamyshade. Erachima. Hai There. Gtrmp. Atlantima. Stealthound. Kjoonlee.A. Saikano II. Martin Osterman. Jayblivion. Lulzed. Tregoweth. Rjwilmsi.wikipedia. Sensei chan. Cmdrjameson. Xiong Chiamiov. Pigman. Xym. Slp1. Amatulic. Mithrilmoon. ShelfSkewed. Nick. Ergzay. Qtktbug. Doodie Nugget. DtEW. Mastereditoratlarge. User13752. Rzrscm. Power level (Dragon Ball). Titi. PlueXD. Ugen64. BD2412. Lurkingfate. DragonflySixtyseven. WurdBendur. Nakon. Goncalopp. Pyrop. Mjpieters. ShakingSpirit. Shrine Maiden. Halofan101. Guppy. Jacoplane. Lectonar. Maverick Leonhart. MagicJuggler. C777. Ss112. NinyaEvu. I didn't push her. LordFate. Plasticup. Nneonneo. Patrick. Zereshk. Zuanzuanfuwa. Smash. J. InShaneee. Goatbear. AlexAlex. Feezo. Wetman. CyberSkull. Kitteh2007. Benlisquare. Zazou. Mentisock. Myscrnnm. Tpbradbury. JetLover. Elysdir. Favonian. Melsaran. CyberSkull. Viperpray. Meelar. Rizzleboffin. Polluxg. Masem. Belovedfreak. Onmyounomichi. Numbo3. Harryboyles. Panchitaville. Rjanag. Lightmouse. Shiroi Hane. K. Teh Ch8t. Dhp1080. Nerd65536. In Defense of the Artist. Nmohan 101. Yang.David. Woohookitty. Wereon. Lolurface. Δ. TheBlueFox. Darklilac. Rm dash r. Familyman69. Desulover. Seibzehn. Prosperosity. Woodsstock. Dfrg. Mightywayne. Dozols. JHunterJ. GTBacchus. Razimantv. Fiction Alchemist. Remurmur. Antaeus Feldspar. Oliver202. Jsmith. Grunt. Kenneth Vergil. Beetstra. Ranma9617. Efreeti. Egrim. SquishyBuddy123. Whitepaw. Mild Bill Hiccup. DerHexer. Mdgeist747.Article Sources and Contributors 295 DenisMoskowitz. N-Denizen. Matthew0028. Hikoto. Bishonen. Yiplop stick stop. Boss1000. Ryo. Worldatlas1989. Slady. Sectorzz9pluralzalpha. Flintmecha. Master Deusoma. Scott Paeth. Dark Shikari. GamesSmash. E Wing. Nikk0. Malkinann.. Sarke. Trafford09. Ginsengbomb. AdultSwim. Supertigerman. Frungi. Kingghost. RainbowCrane. Kilhan. Fuzheado. Monocrat. Dforest. JYOuyang. Ziiv. Sharnak. Kunzite. Izukio. MacGyver07. Eva 01. Starwind Amada. Thisisnotthejew. Jinnai. Modeha. Kyorosuke. Guanaco. Krnboy1009.W. The Light6. Shii. Tsange. ACSE. Shokatsu-sensei. Kuzain. Gmcfoley. Koolabsol. DiamondDragon. Itachi guy. Ubardak. Galenus. Lightazurik. Allkaiser. Neofcon. Quintote. KramarDanIkabu. Naddy. Num1dgen. Joel7687. Repku. Xyzyxx. Foggymindedhero. Qirien. DeluxNate. Rydar. Qwe. QubitOtaku. Harryboyles. Tenka Muteki. Ffaker. Kusunose. Cruccone. John254. Zero1328. RockMFR. P4k. Taras.5. Obdo. Rowaasr13. Power2All. Halfasgood. RossPatterson. NarSakSasLee. Michig. ZhangKhaiEn. Bitplane. Laudaka. Mackeriv. Halogod666. Mib. DopefishJustin. Jorge Stolfi. Telescope.. Jsteph. Spazz Star. JimmyBlackwing. Mild Bill Hiccup. New Age Retro Hippie. XBloodyXNobodyX. J-DOGG 94. Ihavenolife. Drpickem. Lumines. Ed Poor. Roastytoast. Nightmarelh. Someguy1221. NachoCheese. GorillaWarfare. Philosophistry. Yang-ed. Tobias Wolter. Anthrcer. NatsukiGirl. Yami Takashi. Trainra. Farken. Ktsquare. StuffOfInterest. Nikki chan. Joanjoc. MZMcBride. Elvenscout742. Djfinn. SkyWalker. PYBS. Jaadowgg. I'm the Cavalry. Makomk. Merope. Kyokujitsu no Tenshi. Tainted Angel. Gustafson. Zakosai. Irishguy. Starwind Amada. Xino. SERSeanCrane. Satanael. Time for action. Raul654. Zaqxsw76063.arboit. Sarpicaste. MichaelQSchmidt. Szczerbiec01. Flyingsquirrel. RedWolf. EarthboundOnett. Dinoguy1000. Rjwilmsi. JuJube. Ranma9617. ZeroKami86. MoogleFan. Siddharth Mehrotra. King Arthur6687. Tamariki. Edward Z. Prede. Docu. Ryulong. The house that jack built. Davandron. Wik. Theresa knott. Hutch517. Iceberg3k. FrankCostanza. Yippiekiyeh. Wikipedia Team. Sanatherandom. Eltargrim. Trunksoul. Editor at Large. Krellis. Thumperward. MoonShadow. Renegadeviking. Gmaxwell. Mingan. Timotab. Supers. Kazu-kun. Yintan. JasonAQuest. Johnbrownsbody. GreyCat. Holizz. Mrgarrisson13. Wimt. DeadEyeArrow. Kelly Martin. Subtlecoolness. Masssiveego. Geoffman13. Jeffthejiff. Himalstorch. Soraciel.M. James26. Tondog. Red Director. Jagged 85. Hall Monitor. Jj98. NeoChaosX. Thue. GroovySandwich. Xyzzyplugh. Echidnaboy. Jinnai. Tomcat16789. WikHead. Aknorals. Minghong. Buspar. Michael Hardy. Piotrus. Vodak. Paurullan. Drumnbass. Naniwako. Lucien the Librarian. Srikali. Xenofan 29A. Nickzakharyan. Too Cool. Discospinster. Samuel Blanning. Edisonwhite. Shieber. Shobu244. Ryan Postlethwaite. Poooooooooooooooooop. Metalhead0505. Lupinoid. Tothwolf. Martijn Hoekstra. Sct72. TrivialWriter. PigInTheMud. Kungfuadam. Miwasatoshi. Fvw. PGSONIC. Bkell. TheKoG. RedRollerskate. Luna Santin. Enviroboy. SusanLarson. Ned Scott. TakuyaMurata. Metamagician3000. Voltzz. Yellowshat. Sesshomaru. Orangemike. Holonboy. Drake Clawfang. Hanchi. RadicalBender. Juhachi. Exeunt. OChiBiAyAo. Mary Read. Tobias Wolter. John. Neutral Milk Hotel. Oni Lukos. Thisismypage. Woohookitty. 333cool. Senkei242. Laibcoms. Zundark. System Sniper. Nateji77. Oatmeal batman. Urutapu. LeoNomis. Jzcool. Selmo. Mulukhiyya. TigressofIndia. Andycjp. Poszest16. Ericloca. Mazca. Glenn Magus Harvey. Sephiroth kills. McGeddon. Lao commando. Typhlosion. SailorAlphaCentauri. Rje. ESkog. Buspar. Gerbrant. Wilson(cc). Linkdude20002001. Bloodshedder. Filthybutter. Tacubus. Silentblue. Portalian. Silver Edge. JohnWittle. Ugur Basak. Hitsuji Kinno. Ttc345. Shawnc. Vmk. TuxedoInferno. Mr. Cattus. Animeking1074. Egan Loo. MayumiTsuji. Tktktk. Koyaanis Qatsi. Walter Nwaokolo. Palmiped. IcemanGrrrr. Hidanime. Dina. Yang. Prosfilaes. Michitaro. DerHexer.delanoy. Kufei-san. Zippedmartin. Otaku1994. Mitsukai. Panicpack121. Jojit fb. Tedius Zanarukando. Mushroom. Tegrofi. Jossi. Pixel8. Khym Chanur. Norborb. Ian Pitchford. Ivvan Cain. Jordanhass. Ligulem. Misterx2000. SangeYasha. Yelyos. Mütze. Samir. Kumioko. Abby724. Little Mountain 5. Saosei. Fschoenm. Gwern. Drcwright. Seryass. Icestryke. Sazabirules. HeartOfGold. Email lazaro. Kirby of Doom. CarrerCrytharis. Maln1995. Ronin Aquila. Cyrus XIII. Jube. Zsinj. Link25.msc. SODA JUNKY. Dana boomer. Youllknow. Soul Slayer. Jonih. WhisperToMe. Supersaiyanplough. Bluemoose. Kibiusa. Excirial. Fadeblue. TAS. Eluchil. Plau. Nick90210. Soccer boi87. Ninjawolf. Wayward. Quuxplusone. Fang Aili. Ravila. Teo64x. Un1234l. Dimpleswho. Remurmur. Leiko. Gundamforce. AlexChurchill. R'n'B. Gilgamesh. Mike18xx. Richard W. JohnnyMrNinja. Piefan2233. HedgeHog. Thewikipedian. Felve. Moojibaba. Sonic Mew. Radical Dreamer. Rzrscm. KinHikari. Sango123. Jump Guru. Warreed. Forgotten gentleman. Iuggernaut. Ainlina. Saturnfan32x. Leafnin789. Ppk01. Dwanyewest. Ugh12345. PseudoSudo. Wcd. Ungvichian. Antaeus Feldspar. clown will eat me. Luk. ATOZ. Pax:Vobiscum. Kuru. Cmdrjameson. Winampman. Surindrag. Muchi. Morris7. Anclation. Evice. Versageek. Hvn0413. Matteh. EEMIV. Finite. Serinde. Chaos4ever. S0uperness. VeryVerily. Hateless. WOSlinker. Mr. Royalguard11. Webdinger. Wmahan. Emperorbma. Dream Focus. Tartarus. Wapcaplet. GunnarRene. Lysis rationale. Folken de Fanel. Shinguji Himura. Wolfs2122. RevolverOcelotX. Ynhockey. Hucz. TheRealFennShysa. Dispenser. Flatscan. SSDPenguin. Unibini. AnOddName. Tobin. Rmhermen. Andrés D. Owl320. SEWilco. Marixist101. TheFarix. Calanos. Discordance. Shanes.wikipedia. Wonkothesane42. Urutapu. Jdcooper. Edward321. Tom X. Ryuuseipro. W. Netkinetic. Gurubrahma. Sypherin. Swatjester. RattleMan. Willkommen Benutzer. Phil Boswell. Feinoha. KnighTeen87. Warreneaston123. Tjbk tjb. Foobaz. DarklyCute. Jerlbaum. Koavf. JoshG. Superrodent. Conan-san. Hanasato. Kernow. Psi edit. Everyking. Username314. WarChild. The Haunted Angel. Plonk420. Feldmarschall. Youspasm69. Greyweather. Solitude. Mahanga. Mocchi. Ironfrost. Martarius. Pokemononfyarr. Ms2ger. Demi. Clownboat. Username84. Master Thief Garrett. Shinhan. Gamaliel. PP Jewel. Jayden54. Hansag. Firsfron. Cantthinkofausername. Nate Speed. Kesac. Tony Myers. Snarfies. Rcwjenks. Philip Trueman. Shatner. Vitz-RS. FurubaGoddess. CyborgZeta. C777. KeNsHiN. Onesimos. Shoessss. Phorque. Dippee. GeoGreg. Nihonjoe. Hikui87. Homomofo. Robneild. Jpatokal. Seishirou Sakurazuka. Runtime. Numbo3. KawaiiDragoness. Niks1024. Torx. Revth. Holizz. Malber. Marudubshinki. KyuuA4. Keero. Mamolu. Armageddon1994. AbyssmalDarc. Dark Shikari. Aadieu. Gilliam. AMHR285. MayaParty. Doc Sleeve. Gene. Biokinetica. Susan Davis. Kanon6996. Blue eyes gold dragon. Teh. Inter. Mattbr. Ryan. AnmaFinotera. Paul the greatest. Turtleheart. Phorque. DMacks. Ipridian. Random (usurped). Llort. RedWordSmith. Master of the Oríchalcos. Hayabusa future. Fnfd. Ken Arromdee. Xanzzibar. Litefantastic. NatalieS. HeckXX. Twipie. Unyoyega. Majorly.php?oldid=457941902  Contributors: AnmaFinotera. Trisar. Richardi. Quiddity99. Icedog. Neuromancien. Omegatron. Thepulse2007. Nyletak. SiobhanHansa. Henrygb. LQ.php?oldid=463556298  Contributors: 16@r. Drdisque. Sobreira. Dposse. SparrowsWing. Hallpriest9.org/w/index. Bdonlan. Glen. SpectrumDT. Starks. Mike Rosoft. Idyls. Savidan. Shimei. Riana. CalPaterson. Galactor213. Godfoster. Nick L. Gandalf88. Catalexis. Kimberry352. Jv821. RedCoat10. Popious. Vonn. Squilibob. Jones. Tim Ivorson. Karn. Da Vynci.php?oldid=461084353  Contributors: 9mystere9. Hwalee76. VioAdmin. Nohups. JulianDalloway. Srnec. IsaacAA. Tommy2010. Sketchee. Laacaa. BlckKnght. Londonexpo. Fantasy. Paulnwatts.wikipedia. Flyguy649. Jagged 85. Prof Wrong. Big iron. Reinis. LOTRrules. Pshent.Majikjr. R. Juliegilbert. LrdAzrael. Wiki alf.G. Pitman6787. Godsmack7991. Piano non troppo. Neilworms. Tyfer409. Quangbao. GunnarRene. Yas. Ginsengbomb. Denelson83.php?oldid=460902685  Contributors: ADS190. No29. Mps. Jpatokal. Kunzite. Zoz. Remurmur. Hikari Tajiri. Phuzion. ReyBrujo. Jump Guru. Koavf. Mooncrest. KazeTsukaiX. Jeremysoto. Nihonjoe. Abacovt. BluE86. Nihonjoe. JewishJake. Breed Zona.arboit.ow. Deerstop. MayumiTsuji. Hikui87. HalfShadow. Andycjp. Eden2004. Jeffq. Blackroo1967. Paulnwatts. Antaeus Feldspar. Doinkies. AgentPeppermint. Gamerzlimited. JHunterJ. Helopticor. Sjones23. 218 anonymous edits Shōnen manga  Source: http://en. SuperSaiyanCrash. RadicalBender. EVula. Stratadrake. Pyrop. YoyoYoshi. Ike-bana. Filter. Hoo man. Jack Merridew. Cyrus XIII. Lijakaca. Vivio Testarossa.php?oldid=464136165  Contributors: Abdurahman49. SyL64. AlexChurchill. Webdinger. WEKS. GlowBee. KnightLago. Gwalla. Wakuran. Aponar Kestrel. Lomedae. ShakataGaNai. Elmer92413. Juhachi. TexasAndroid. Yoasif. Nono64. Panmiaoyu. Tatty Bonga. Furrykef. Juhachi. Piccolo Modificatore Laborioso. Jasmineology. Kintetsubuffalo. TheRedPenOfDoom. Jpatokal. LeafGreen Ranger. IngerAlHaosului. Emperorbma. Jagged 85. Gika. I love Yuki. Noctibus. Brittany Ka. SKopp. Repku. Artegis. Morven. A KNACKERS SOB CUBIC. Krisgrotius. Derobert.php?oldid=458484530  Contributors: 54ggg. Kchishol1970. SAMAS. KnowledgeOfSelf. Monoky123. UberVash. TheFarix. Wingsandsword. Filby. Asciic. Paul Soth. WhisperToMe. Romeu. Jauerback. Dirron99. Piecemealcranky. 413 anonymous edits List of anime companies  Source: http://en. Valce. TheFarix. Gurch. Juhachi. UtherSRG. Heru00. Haziq67. Gunslinger47. Egan Loo. Mkill. Michael Angelkovich. VeryVerily. Internetisscary. Dismas. Amuletangel16. Hephaestos. CyberSkull. Shimawa zen. Rickinasia. ChuChu. Paul Richter. Surge79uwf. Juanmanuelarcia. Shay Guy. Nadavspi. Lindum. Eyeresist. Ken Arromdee. Conversion script. PhilKnight. Excirial. Tentacle Monster. Armando12. Mattsoubala. Tobycat. Kunzite. Neilworms. Jared Preston. IronGargoyle. CyberSkull. Osh41. BillC. Jj98. Animeronin. Doceirias. TheMindsEye. Turgan. ShakingSpirit. Faster2010. Shimeru. Sertrel. DARTH SIDIOUS 2. Mattymatt. Execvator. TheGrimReaper NS. Msikma. Confusionball. OlEnglish. DopefishJustin. Gwern. Ltiler. UltraBibendum. Eternalschala. Aeonoris. AzureShadow. Clark Thomas. O'erTheRampardos. Galaxiaad. Sherick. Postdlf. Tokek. Kronnang Dunn. Erachima. Fang Aili. Karam. Esn. Kakurady. Jinnai. Sobolewski. Eyeresist. Chiikaboom. Eruhildo. Emperorbma. JeroenHoek. Inkling. NocturneNoir. Frankie0607. Aphaia. Calathan. Rickinasia. Sfan00 IMG. Iron Ghost. Lysdexia. Turnip. Gdo01. Tassadaru. Deadkid dk. Shadowjams.org/w/index. Revth. とある白い猫. Arthur Rubin. LuigiFan11. Cybercobra. Darklilac. Flamarande. KinHikari. Zanders5k. Jdavidb. Broleta. Aknorals. Chameleon. Joe Wreschnig. Weedefinition. David0811. Rich Farmbrough. David A. Gene. Neilworms. Zippedmartin. Ellery. Raamin. Appraiser. DarkShadowluver. Deerstop. Fruufoo. Ironfrost. Naval Scene. TheFarix. Lunamaria. Bryan Derksen. HoundsOfSpring. Fratrep. DragonZero. Writtenright. Rjwilmsi. Mdknyc. Freakytiki34. Melodia. Nlf7. Kewp. Simon Brady. Nyletak. Lov0li. Haaninjo. InShaneee. Khym Chanur. Wung97. Musicalmelodygirl. BD2412. Piotrus. Squilibob. Sakurabunny35. Justinhj. Gerbrant. G. Emperorbma. Csernica. Cobaltbluetony. ColourBurst. Gökhan.org/w/index. Miles Blues. Andycjp. Clarke. Josh Martin. Luxdormiens. Dan. Pseudomonas. AQplayer. DuoDeathscyther 02. Dark Master Schmidt. Dyl. Spydrfish. Marudubshinki. Cattus. Hazel2Eyes. Elocina. Aknorals. Obertor. Remurmur. Cmdrjameson. ChuChu. Jmundo. Zippedmartin. TangentCube. Mboverload. Shadowchild55. Andre Engels. Ltiler. Kaleissin. Theredstarswl. Smash. 309 anonymous edits Shōjo manga  Source: http://en. Georgia guy. Emmcheer27. DD-Dogg. Chauzu. Penpaperpencil. Machina in the Deep-Blue Sea. Kzaral. WikiLaurent. Kyorosuke. RocketMaster. Tenro1. NAveryW. JSH-alive. Purple Rose. Woohookitty. Bobo192. Himawarichan. Xaliqen. AlLoCuRa. E Wing. Wiki Raja. Powerfulpikachu. Rayndaniel. Malkinann. Da Vynci. Willirennen. Minghong. Eldin. Gwern. Lampbane. AssassinRanger. Feitclub. The hobbiest. AlucardNoir. IceAgeHeatWave. ChuChu. 360 anonymous edits Josei manga  Source: http://en. Vary. Mamolu. Clsmith684. Octane. Ninja neko. L'Aquatique. Chocfrog75. 481 anonymous edits Magical girl  Source: http://en. Time for action. Dr evo. GracieLizzie. Squilibob. KyuuA4. Sus scrofa. MikeVitale. DopefishJustin. ZedDOB. Squilibob. Dorftrottel. The Metro. Alexjohnc3. Bobblehead. Gaius Cornelius. Yas. CyberSkull. Ask123. Ryoske. Altenmann. SMcCandlish. TheFarix. Raging goddess. Nbarth. ChibiViqor. Modeha. Chianna. Black Falcon. Washburnmav. Juuitchan. Gregmce. Ray Radlein.delanoy. Z. GorgeCustersSabre. Gonzalez. Trainra. The Anome. Kudoshinchi. Kasuga. Pearly Ri Ne. Nicolas Barbier. Yoninah. Ospalh. 115 anonymous edits Kodomo anime and manga  Source: http://en. RexNL. Tano-kun. Sailor Titan. JohnnyMrNinja. Virenity. Soulweaver. Monjiji. Wero. WhisperToMe. Tsuchiya Hikaru. Demnevanni. Kazu-kun. DaLaw. Z-ro. Ganryuu.wikipedia. Nckchilders. Naejin. Mandarax. Ltiler. Omimon. Ihcoyc. Mitsukai.A. Josi. Together764. Seth moore. CyberSkull. Hibana. Mkill. Chromaticity. Biblbroks. Jossi. Jack Cain. Nohansen. Friday13. Ganryuu. Shikeishu. Caspian blue. JNW. Tyciol. Ezhiki. Ryuukuro. H-ko. Ufinne. Ns8730. InsanityTeam. Frjwoolley. Tathanhthientu. Hibana. Icemasta. Lumina. Unyoyega. Freddylovejoy. Woohookitty. The Hybrid. Smaines. Pandacomics. Azure. Cherryblossom1982. Rukario639. Aninonymous. Invisible Noise. Pmsyyz. The MoUsY spell-checker. DocWatson42. Ltiler. Ppk01. Eean. Darkness2005. PJDEP. InsanityTeam. Ebdeguzman. Nyletak. Atlantima. Animeronin. Edo999. Aknorals.. Wikidmage. Shougo. Deadkid dk. Breed Zona. Djlarz. LilHelpa. Phh776. Ninja neko.org/w/index. Tentacle Monster. Rich Farmbrough.. Alphax. Amcaja. Pipedreamergrey. 471 anonymous edits Harem  Source: http://en. NarSakSasLee. Phorque. Gleamdiscoversdarkside. Alai. Secfan. Juuitchan. Amaya Sakura. Ned Scott. Jenrya. Ninja shinigami. AkussaAnatis. HighwayCello. Ganryuu. St Fan. Black Falcon. Ned Scotland. Agglutinare. KnightRider. Yang. Remurmur. Doceirias. Dohulia. JRBrown. ZS. Puckly. Sygtalia. Chris the speller. Starlightprince. Anti Cristo. RedWolf. TangentCube. Shikeishu. Cantthinkofausername. JPG-GR. Masamage. Nihonjoe. Azukimonaka. SniperInTheDarkness. Foltor. Addps4cat. Quasirandom. Ramnamsatyahai. Weaselo. Amcaja. Afkatk. Phorque. Mimi Sky. Remurmur. Penpaperpencil. The Thing That Should Not Be. DesireCampbell. Erica D. Prodego. OverlordQ. Finalnight. Edward Z. Ibimus. Yamfun. Conversion script. Dreamvenoms. Avicennasis. Gerbrant. Yas. EVula. Chameleon. Timothy Perper. Modemac. Redlioness. Michael15286. Ninja neko. HN45. Mario Kinnikuman. Hime Mitsukuni. Capt. Graham87. TheFarix. Irrelevant. Joecool6792. Mitsukai. Karlo918. Jump Guru. Zanimum. Pmsyyz. Mikaey. Alexf. Helgo. Jzcool. Snek01. RTG. Vanished user 39948282. Tomgally. Astronaut. Chameleon. Joel7687. Wakback. Will Beback Auto. ACSE. DragonZero. Quasirandom. MisteryX. Andrensath. Blackhawk charlie2003. Materialscientist. Dinoguy1000. Kjoonlee. Loren36. Nekura. Dyna Dude. Coralmizu. TUF-KAT. Ideyal. RedWordSmith. Malkinann. Tintor2. Stephan Leeds. Bento00. Pinkkeith. Angr.wikipedia. Guyinblack25. Nbarth. Jean-Frédéric. Jasonred79. Malkinann. Toytoy. Shii. Graham87. Nbarth. Ynhockey. Fg2. GTBacchus. Oiuyt54321.wikipedia. 88 anonymous edits Seinen manga  Source: http://en. Texture. Hattakiri. Khym Chanur. Matt Thorn. PhilKnight. N5iln. Clicketyclack. NuclearWarfare. Vbs. UberMan5000. Erachima. Serein (renamed because of SUL). Kintetsubuffalo.org/w/index. Gaius Cornelius. DannyWilde. Mitsukai. Mkill. DragonLord1975. Kowloonese.org/w/index. LukaMillfy. Rjwilmsi. Ryulong. Jjjjjj3866. Ganryuu. Minghong. Luvabook.php?oldid=462025678  Contributors: A. RedWordSmith. Keith111. RenatoUzumaki123. Rennie. Matt Thorn. Kiloalpha. Gz33. K00bine. Aponar Kestrel. Nihonjoe. Zomic13. Glen. Pryoidain. Piotrus. Cnilep. Zippedmartin. Cattus. NetSerfer.wikipedia. MitchellTF. Robofish. Conanfan1412. Just zis Guy. Fuad Ramses. Zephyr2k. Emperorbma. Turtleheart. AaronAgassi. TheFarix. Jajasoon. BboyDubC. Dismas. Deerstop.org/w/index. MrJoedf. Emperorbma. Pinoyartist99. Chainclaw. Interrobamf. Setuzoku. WhisperToMe. Martarius.php?oldid=463039810  Contributors: 33Arsenic. TheFarix. Gerbrant. MkDoyle. Jowitz. Animeresearcher. Clement Cherlin. Plasticup. Tenka Muteki. Sam Hocevar. Masamage. USalt. Elvenscout742. Naddy. Kaguya-chan. Dandy Sephy. Greyweather. Malkinann. Vampyreknight. Elocina. Crackerbelly. Yuuki Mayuki. Spinoff. Hexagrammaton. Mathemagician57721. Pepso2. Iceberg3k. Romulan Ale. Misterx2000. Kintetsubuffalo. Ask123. Pan Sola. Martarius. Mholzem. Insanity Incarnate. Kasuga. Hymnia. Geoffman13. Halcionne. Time for action. Sakurabunny35. Juliancolton. NyanCatRainbowPower. Jab843. Da Vynci. Arnon Chaffin. Repku. Sam Hocevar. JoshG. Varlaam. Iron Ghost. Pyrop. Jpatokal. VX. Robin0001. John. Gemtiger. Gwalla. Scottandrew869. Aeon17x. Nihonjoe. Jaz0ver. NickMartin. Mitsukai. Monjiji. Raamin. Vaarsuvius. Fafhrdrn1154. NarSakSasLee. Nohansen. Felcis. Kittany. WhisperToMe.org/w/index. Mkill. Beanygirl80. Giant89. Spidervenom123. Taker128. Chaotic meatwad. Silver Edge. Spyderchan. Nihonjoe. B4hand. Anthony Appleyard. Gene Nygaard. Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici. Mitsukai. Gdr. John of Reading. Crockster. ReyBrujo. CoolPikachu!. HoundsOfSpring. Sesshomaru. Lovenoble. Zhane Masaki. Leandrod. Harryanime. Varlaam. Fnar. Zenimus. Rukario639. ACSE. Neoyamaneko. Koveras. Cyrus XIII. Vbs. Wanwan66. Bradv. Juan M. Pikawil. Sesshomaru. Signalhead. GrimoireMyst. Hilal Yüksel. Mendinso. Zippedmartin. Woohookitty. Shii. Amibite. Cyrus XIII. Benlisquare.S. GroovySandwich. Bobs bubbles. Tatsujinx. Malber. Kimberry352. Ganryuu. Mitsukai. Ppntori.jake. Halcionne. Nahum Reduta. TakuyaMurata. Ke5crz. ThePointman. Xaliber. Malkinann. Noodlehead. Tyciol. Klanderud. Neier. Chrbubb. Yaten Lover.org/w/index. CeeGee. AkankshaG. Elric of Grans. Psi edit. FlavoredWaxedFloss. Desuta. Ltiler. Wakuran. Chuunen Baka. Freshgavin. Soraking. Sotidw. R. Starmz123. you know?. Fephisto. Juhachi. Yamavu.Anthony. Arthena. Tydus Arandor. Abdurahman49. Juhachi. Dinoguy1000. Bitbit. Montrealais. Librophilia. Gerbrant. DocWatson42. Yorozu. Ask123. Alvis. RadicalBender. Zeno McDohl. Rinu84. Katarighe. Soapergem. Ian sheets. Surly_Bob. Loona. Ross Burgess. Yamabushi334. Clark Thomas. Stryik. Johhny-turbo. J. KnightRider. Antaeus Feldspar. Olivegroves40. Sergeant. Samuel Blanning. Soul Slayer. Rjwilmsi. Papstbenedykt. Fraslet. Erpert. AnimeJanai. Deus-Helios. Kintetsubuffalo.wikipedia. Goldfritha. RC8 ball. Seibun. Iridescent. Gene Nygaard. Guess Who. MrMohar. Jump Guru. Michitaro. KyuuA4. Mailer diablo. Frungi. Mosesroth. Fikrat. Kazu-kun. Apostrophe. Shibboleth. Mythologia. DocWatson42. Freakmighty. Ttjohntang. Bikasuishin. Freshgavin. Revth. Salleman. Flaskis. Interrobamf. Zaku Two. Bobabobabo. AmyRose's. Mackeriv. Lysdexia. AjaaniSherisu. Narchy. TheFarix. Red dwarf.wikipedia. LostPhrack. Ghewgill. Nicke Lilltroll. Utawoutau. Jdavidb. JayeArr.delanoy. TheFarix. Piotrus. Laughing Man. Dwanyewest. EVula. Boredgame. Charmian33. Kirsion. Tabletop. RunOrDie. Hart. Topbanana. RashBold. Silvonen. Kenshinflyer. PsychoGoatee. Aldis90. Healthinspector. Kotengu. People Powered. Samuel Blanning. TUF-KAT. Cuchullain. Shibboleth. Firsfron. Deerstop. Nekololi. Ratchetcomand. Bikes302. Rapido. Nihonjoe. Kralizec!. Hyju. Jagged 85. Dee man 45. DocWatson42. Sesshomaru. Nekkochan2010. Keilana. Kwamikagami. Marcg106. Jinnai. 71 anonymous edits List of anime series by episode count  Source: http://en. BrianRedick1. Katieh5584. Brittany Ka. Crashmasterd. J. Sakurabunny35. Jagged 85. Adhikari upasana. Usni. Mitsukai. Aponar Kestrel. Time for action. Geg. Nshady16. Karasuhebi. Deerstop. Psychogoatee. Fox. Epbr123. Black Falcon. WhisperToMe.K. Yuy Ren. Kazu-kun. Wowbobwow12. White Devil. Atario. Squilibob. Koveras. JPG-GR. Akira625.php?oldid=460190519  Contributors: Andycjp.wikipedia. Auntof6. La goutte de pluie. Furrykef. Jdstroy. Zandperl. Wirbelwind. Master shepherd. Bteng. Glane23. Robofish. Skyangelko.. Ryanasaurus007. Mecha-Pope. Time for action. CyberSkull. Cattus. Rigadoun. Kyonkichi. Grillo. Babbage. Storkk. SiegeSapper. . Nihonjoe.php?oldid=461934529  Contributors: 1nakata. Rjwilmsi. Partygirl5432112345. Creidieki. Mackeriv. Animeronin. RainbowOfLight. STFX1046190. Remurmur. Gethomas3. Jzcool. Da Joe. Writtenright. Alex E. ChuChu. Oceanstarlet. RK81.wikipedia. Zippedmartin. Lowellian. ChuChu. Time for action. QFREDp. Calliopejen1. Radak. Breed Zona. Sverdrup. Squilibob. LOL. Bikasuishin. Ian Morris. Geht. Radon210. Geniac. Mayukhers112. Ninja neko. Superjustinbros. Mudokon100. Lawtonaaj. Sphinxer. Malkinann. Saberclaw.php?oldid=457129976  Contributors: ACSE. Khym Chanur. Cattus. Aerii-chan. Iron Ghost. Nixón. WhisperToMe. Lectonar.wikipedia. Juhachi. Stefanomione. Malcolm Farmer. BillFlis. Batz-Maru. Gits (Neo). Quasirandom. Ephert. ERAGON. Marcus2. Tmpst. Tide rolls. Jamesontai. Leandrod. Gigs. Killer Hobbits. Eean. Pyrop.php?oldid=464133789  Contributors: ACSE. Gambler. Dysprosia. Julian Grybowski. WakiMiko. RadicalBender. JPG-GR. Cattus. Sabbut. HiEv. JeffW. CarosLaw. Shiroi Hane. Flidget Jerome. Nihonjoe. Nk18. Laurinavicius. Paul A. KSweeley.G.cross. Boredgame. Alvinsigns. P4lm0r3. Subtlecoolness. Phorque. Dwanyewest. LilHelpa. Shiek927. Knowledgekid87. Cybercobra. Ppk01.Article Sources and Contributors 296 Dycedarg. Solarius. Juhachi. GoodDamon. Kjoonlee. CountZer0. STFX1046190. Axley. Varlaam. Gleamdiscoversdarkside. Igoldste. Jay32183. TexasAndroid. Vitz-RS. Ian911299. Remurmur. AnOddName. Jpatokal. Sabbut. Kamasutra. Staffwaterboy. Coma28. Monedula. Calaschysm. Amake. Olivier. Aldnonymous.M. DutchDevil. Shadow1. Kevin. Loggie. Cattus.org/w/index. Pfahlstrom. The Emo Gothic Hippie. Turtleheart. FiercedeitylinkX. Thiseye. Nyletak. LainEverliving. MatthewKarlsen. Sotidw. SoroSuub1. Iron Condor. Lightlowemon. RTucker. Satoshi Sagara. Puramyun31. Fubar Obfusco. Mitsukai. 110 anonymous edits Mecha anime  Source: http://en. Casey14. Yuricon. NobutaChan. Resident Mario. Koavf. Insert2. BMSSA. VityUvieu. Mboverload. O. Ryuuseipro. Aldnonymous. Kate. Lawllawllawllawl. SonOfNothing. BrokenSphere. Dasani. Falcon8765. Yas.Xanadu. Rock Lees Lotus. Coemgenus5833. Enlil Ninlil. Sana Jisushi. Spacini. Shinigami Shimai. MER-C. Rzrscm. ACSE. Grant65. Erik9. Copana2002. Andantom Jenkins. Mr. TheFarix. Rainbowpandachan. Keimist. Drowninglondon. Versus22. Andrekrit. Lsrichar. Fukumoto. 4meter4. The Anome. Cattus.192. DabMachine. Ed Poor. Juhachi. Gyunyu55. Jay32183. Ro0oney303. Andycjp. Ground Zero. Mkenshin10. Wakuran.org/w/index. Bucketsofg. Jonica c. Icarus of old. Montrealais. Mathwizard44. Masamage. Wikignome0529. JuJube. Svennex. Oyoso3.wikipedia. Juliancolton. Chelsea Cantone. HarleyAcres. Attitudemaniac. Totoro-chan. DJ Clayworth. DarkNick. Gerbrant. Jazzilawoman. Banaticus. Fæ. PS4FA.wikipedia. Enviroboy. Vivio Testarossa. YodaSan2. ShaunMacPherson. SajiNoKami. Billyrocksosama. Bianchisgang. Ninja neko. Arya-hime. AnmaFinotera. Fastilysock. Rjwilmsi. Freaky Face Films. BrownHairedGirl. Blackguystolemybike.wikipedia. Lithiumflower. Kenshinta. is hot. Deglr6328. Gobonobo. Fromgermany. Beland. Yas. Darkerthannoir. Bagatelle. Shenme. Tedius Zanarukando. Brutaldeluxe. MattieTK. SalfEnergy. Animeotaku666666.valhalla. Kukini. WikHead. Nacerak. Jack5296. CupcakexLoli. DocWatson42. SwirlBoy39. Harmil. 4444hhhh.org/w/index. Auntof6. Downwithyaoi1. Sanatherandom. Snarharhar. Deniseibase. XXFangirlLovexX. Durnurd. Juhachi. Satanael. Fox.O. Ateater. Darklock. Hiei knight007. Mjpieters. FlareNUKE. Siyanal. Bathrobe. Dabomb87. Ejosse1. PhoenixTorte. 0037. Acttoo. Piolinfax. Namaps. PHDrillSergeant. Seoi. Gilliam. Khym Chanur. Nihonjoe. Amy Razeghi. Keystone32. Iridescent. RosaAtrata. Malkinann. Altenmann. Discospinster. Magicknight94. Reywas92. Bart133. Favonian. Cenarium.wikipedia. Outerlimits. Deerstop. FallenAngelII. PC78. Airplaneman. Courcelles. Thegline.wikipedia. Night Gyr. IrisWings. Icyoskar39. Bongwarrior. Ginjinkun. MayumiTsuji. Downyourvoice. Joanjoc. Thumperward. Egon Eagle. THEN WHO WAS PHONE?. Jenijellybean. Binadot. H. KingConvoy. Kyaa the Catlord. Cronotriggr. SkyWalker. Hyju. Fibonacci. Everyking. Matt Thorn. StrangerAtaru.. 263 anonymous edits Magical girlfriend  Source: http://en. Kwamikagami. Brutannica.John89765. Rich Farmbrough.. Tachi. JLaTondre. Chris 73. PhilHibbs. Brion VIBBER. Starnook. Gynocrat. AnnaSartin. Az Paz. Diagraph01. Tony619. Cobi. Osh41. Jonny-mt. Ex-Nintendo Employee. Closedmouth. Rjwilmsi. Pearle. RyanCross. Rayndaniel. John Pannozzi. Andrusi. 56435798656q. Roxya. LeaveSleaves. MarkPritchard. Chris k. Micpp. Fibonacci. Aknorals. Beland. Tohru Honda13. White. Bustter. Kusunose. Rickyrab. Allen4names. Xyzyxx. Karasuhebi. AxelBoldt. Zandperl. Yami Takashi. Renikkaku. Anonymous from the 21st century. IsaacSapphire. TexasAndroid. Raven Mage Jagonshi. Asparagus. Andy Dingley. Cleduc. Axlq.php?oldid=463943630  Contributors: Alexcalamaro.Article Sources and Contributors 297 Winhunter. Kat0211. Rinu84. Katarighe. Bth. KrebMarkt. ZeroRequiem. SimonP. Wandering leaf.A. Yume no Kishi. Carrottop797. Reinyday. Lysdexia. Mikespedia. Wknight94. Antonrojo.php?oldid=463931198  Contributors: 28421u2232nfenfcenc. Jon513. DARTH SIDIOUS 2. NawlinWiki. G. Tbhotch. Tamfang. RxS. Mike Rosoft. KolorFulPanda. Wulvie. ShortShadow. CesarB. AceMyth. Uncle Dick. Crumbsucker. Firenationprincess. Skarebo. Shii. AndrewTJ31. Decora. Kungming2. Gurch. Ffaker. Rhine Elmao. Boing! said Zebedee. Euchiasmus. Iamwisesun. Okki. Claude. Cerejota. Jimi-chan. ESkog. Alsandro. Miwasatoshi. Iamwisesun. Nihonjoe. Coolgirllulu. Anonymi. Zoicon5. Bigpeteb. Exairetos. Backslash Forwardslash. Doulos Christos. BloodRed. DrGaellon. Mitsukai. QueenCake. AcroX. Remurmur. Georgehh. Yaoi Kat na-no-da. FredMSloniker. Kakashi-sensei.191. Vbs. AndreNatas. Kuru. Rdnetto. Martarius. Steelerfan-94.188. Ilikenwf.org/w/index. 21 anonymous edits Yaoi  Source: http://en. Ipwnedyouallwithamelon. Emperorbma. Debresser. Skomorokh. Alex Mnemonic. Shimeru. DocWatson42. Bckat. Derekwfranklin.org/w/index. Auchenae. NHRHS2010. Erik Sandberg. Athenae. SittingonmydrumLOLcatz. Maxis ftw. Yuri21. Markovy. Gzkn. CenozoicEra. Zolo1243. The misha. Rjd0060. HellsingARMS. TigressofIndia. Shiroi Hane. That Guy. CStyle. Syxed. Bearcat. BCJKIDD. Jenparker. Elly2140. Headband of the North. MuZemike. Tacubus. Spacecat2. RadioActive. Schwarzes Nacht. Nightclubninja101. ShakataGaNai. Sushikat13. Wafulz. FrenchIsAwesome. Thiseye. Smyth. Omegakent. JimVC3. Sammuel458. Kouban. Sheikhhardy. MeowKuroNeko. Green meklar. Gaius Cornelius. Hulamoth. 1194 anonymous edits Yuri  Source: http://en. Discospinster. Herpderp64. WurmWoode. Animeresearcher. Alexlayer. Godgundam10. SapphoChan. Angelofdeath275. D6. WikipedianMarlith. Idaltu. Andycjp. Blue520. Kpjas. Viridae. Jordanmarks. Stephen. RoyBoy. Deadcandy. TotoYamamoto. Elainasaunt. ShakataGaNai. Baltakatei. RebelzGang. BiggKwell. CarmelitaCharm. Yuraenia. BlubbernuggetX. Chowbok. Can't sleep. Marudubshinki. Edward321. JamesBWatson. Ganryuu. Topbanana. DrunkenSmurf. Caspian blue. Android79. Animedude360. Ferdinand Pienaar. Luxdormiens. Becky Sayles. Brittany Ka. ReyBrujo. 5102 Back. Pathbinder. Esn. Enviroboy. LonerXL. CyberSkull. Equator. DBaba. WikiDanial.org/w/index. Ghakko. Uncle Milty. Scepia. Ned Scott. Flewis. MightyAtom. NoSleepBeauty. Muscle otoko yaoi. Midnightsjinx. Hipposama. Invalidname.php?oldid=463801102  Contributors: . Sunao-kun. Lord Sturm. Saranghae honey. JONJONAUG. Gaius Cornelius. Gwern. Radiotsixty. Hqeroas. Daekharel. Stormwatch. Dfsghjkgfhdg. Pugidsound. Erolos. Squids and Chips. Igasagu. Doceirias. Ana-03. Joel7687. Ray Radlein. Cattus. Snarfies. Dark Tea. LilHelpa. Cla68. Nyletak. Jimi-chan. Useight. Hhhhhhhhhhh. Ost316. Abby724. Dysprosia.xxx. Qxz. Calliopejen1. MaboroShi.S. Babylon pride. Gundamforce. Stryik. Editor 'n schwat. Pollinator. Gatotsu911. Cattus. TheFarix. SteinbDJ. Didieriche. LolwutLolwut. Haruka 3. Flyer22. Kubanczyk. Toytoy. Popculture cuisinart. Kungfuadam. Horkana.php?oldid=458768582  Contributors: AnOddName.php?oldid=463785436  Contributors: 9182736404a. Remurmur. Funkah. Yas. J. Melicans. D6. Hasek is the best. Random Ranaun. Eigenbanana. Mimiko desu. Simon Brady. Analoguedragon. Antaeus Feldspar. Adashiel. Garion96. La goutte de pluie. Koveras. Michael Slone. Blah-Blah. Cosmetor. Jossi. Dyingontheinside-x. SimonP. Deerstop. Sharaiha. Litefantastic. Cosmic Latte. Hoary. L Kensington. AmethystLexi. Dngnta. Funnybunny. Veikia. Narukyou. Cfailde. SteelPatrick. Jay-Sebastos. Kronnang Dunn. AnmaFinotera. Asiangayfilms. BillyBucket. JFreeman. HoichitheEarless. Japanman932. Seraph 31. Blacklightninja. Ipatrol.C. Tsemii.xxx. DavidConrad. The sunder king. Shmuel. DocWatson42. ACSE. Sabbut. Bhumiya. Some jerk on the Internet. Discordance. Snowolf. AngelOfSadness. Zpb52. Animum. Rafael Villodas. BillMcGonigle. Extremepro. Gokanryu. Charles Matthews. Snowolfd4. Wisq. Kungming2. Sophus Bie. Feinoha. SchfiftyThree. Mm40. XCourcheneX. Meelar. Hamichan. Extremepro. Nohansen. Dysprosia. Sade. AJAngelique. King of Hearts. 713 anonymous edits Go Nagai  Source: http://en. TheFarix. SimHuman. Hahnchen. EarthPerson. GoldPseudo. LessHeard vanU. ConMan. Hanaichi. Antonio Lopez. Siawase. GreatWhiteNortherner. Rmky87. ShakingSpirit. Tehspammer. Clrbear430. Repku. GTBacchus. Nubiatech. Netalarm. Wowzerz batman. Halibut Thyme.Unknown. Nique1287. Fantasy. Res2216firestar. DalSegno. Rjwilmsi. Mr pand. El C. Rpapo. Ivysaur. Isam. Cometstyles. Nahum Reduta. Ryulong. Evan1975. Jaydubayubee. DerHexer. Himasaram. Dogcow. JoannaSerah. David Gerard. Hosson.. Ruebrylla. Vitz-RS. Silver Edge. RUBBERSOUL. Animum. Mdem. Phantom-cat098. Writerserenyty. Ranma9617. Remurmur. Changgok. Alus. Infrogmation. DBailey635. Green day alchemist. TheFilth. R'n'B. Chrbubb. Kesac. St Fan. Ace Class Shadow. SKopp. Fourisplenty. Paul McMahon. Anthony Appleyard. Logan. Capricorn42. Quasirandom. Khym Chanur. BD2412. Tyciol. NosebleedXD. Antaeus Feldspar. Sesshomaru. Paul Soth. Conversion script. J Greb. Cat's Tuxedo. Fuzzbox. Hede2000. Metrax. NawlinWiki. Khym Chanur. Ryulong. Phillzilla. CommonsDelinker. The Thing That Should Not Be. DanB DanD. HakiTakihaki. Hypnos Oneiros. AstroNomer. Sushiya.wikipedia. Tobias Bergemann. Pboyd04. ZooFari. Wii7036. Evil Monkey. Dilane. AniMate. Xuanwu. Ipstenu. Antiuser. Ligulem. Joshua Issac. Cosprings. J . Sekiria. Casull. Executor Tassadar. Axlq. Nezie marie. Azkurz. Rjwilmsi. Amcaja. Turtleheart. Andre Engels. GlassCobra. Piecemealcranky. Brian Kendig. Shirik. Komurofan87. Vortacist. Monster Master. Stemonitis. Cat's Tuxedo. Lurkindarkness. H2g2bob. G. Mgz. AMAZING Random Guy. Changeup. Ganryuu. RalfX. Baharagu. KingJimmyBob. Angrysockhop. Extremepro. Pyrop. Siroxo. Dei512. KittyVampire. Tanya had. WhisperToMe. Feisty. 2tum. II MusLiM HyBRiD II. Fendercall. SetsofWaves. Icarus. Ubiquity. Silver Edge. Caitlz. Jagged 85. JayKeaton.L. Galena11. AdultSwim. Elektrik Shoos. Ayumi123456. DragonZero. BorgQueen. Kbdank71. Ato. Iridescent. 63.php?oldid=441782739  Contributors: 100110100. Henry Flower. Baa. MikroBadass. Andycjp. Graham87.Tesson. Emperorbma. Tregoweth. Feitclub. Evilasiangenius. Extremepro. Coasterlover1994. Oysterguitarist. Shrine Maiden. Bensin. WhisperToMe. DNewhall. Docether. Grenavitar. Bloody0angel147. Contributor777. Frog hat. Tokek. Rawr itsnik. JQF. Purplepeas. Sharonlees. Malkinann. NickBush24. Caltas. Sophie. JesusMod. Dbenbenn. Harryboyles. Finite. Stefanomione. CalmCalamity. Repku. Michael A. Rich Farmbrough. Gamerzlimited. Brona. Mononokeone. CordeliaNaismith. Juhachi. Coralmizu. Cattus. IKR1. Kronnang Dunn. Cyrus XIII. Giovannaxcor3. Mephistophelian. Draconiator. Gaius Cornelius. Madison. Don4of4. Bobdoe. B alasdair. Yurizuki. Zeke pbuh. Jpoplive. Rich Farmbrough. Oscurotrophic. Erianna. JRBrown. Inwake. Arya-hime. Andycjp. Deadcandy. UrbanIndianSF. Mitsukai. Cassius335. ChuChu. C. Kyorosuke. Sesshomaru. EWS23. AntiVan. Dwanyewest. TenTonParasol. StefKelsey. Chianna.delanoy. Pascal. Hamiltondaniel.wikipedia. PhiloVivero. DruP. Nihonjoe. Ish ishwar. Cogswobble. Tamariki. Blegend. Time for action. Ember of Light. Good Olfactory.org/w/index. DocWatson42. RyokoUri. Alistairead. Terelildevil. Cryptic. TheFarix. Qz. Nihonjoe. Deadharbor. Ideyal. Fratrep. SDC. Azure. Felcis. Xuanwu. Sabbut.org/w/index. Delirium. CommonsDelinker. Wakuran. Acjelen. Thanos6. Revth. Narutard4evar. Animeotaku666666. Davekeeling. KelvSYC. Chameleon. Kayau. Fsecret. Applejaxs. Interrobamf. Zaorish. Mboverload. Dreadstar. HollyAm. Magister Mathematicae. Papo1975. Fantastic fred. SykoSilver. Jeffq.A. Yoavd. Peedl. The Um Swordthing. Ashmodai. Plasticup. MayumiTsuji. Marek69. Lego3400. Aar.137. Aponar Kestrel. Clark Thomas. Shii. Iceberg3k. LindsayH. DerBorg. Ryulong. XLerate. Jonica c. Kusunose. Seansoo. Portalian. DanielCD. John254. Drewerd. Wolf ODonnell. Jack Merridew. Superdeoxys. Sakurabunny35. BokicaK. Asenine. Whitepaw. BigNate37. ElSaxo. EivindJ. Jfgslo. Kazu-kun. Quasirandom. Asa.gibbon. Bob rulz. Mihotohya. Wheely Guy. Montrealais. Aiko Sakuragi. TigressofIndia. Wilderns. Telbanage. Tellyaddict. S&T Kawaii Love. Aleksa Lukic. Andycjp. RJFJR. Elvenscout742. Kyaa the Catlord. Goldfritha. Greeni78. Runewiki777. Repku. Lupin. Kxings. Darthman. Dinorawr321. Metanaito. GregorB. Danger. Tropsy. Fallout boy. Versageek. IMFromKathlene. Mitsukai. Bacteria. William Surya Permana. Cusnick04. LilHelpa. Yobmod. HJ Mitchell. Time for action.ye. East718. Neptunekh2. AdamWill. Leilaht. GAYS ARE DISGUSTING. HertzaHaeon. Eatmycamo. Wonchop. L-Zwei. Tommy2010. EvilCouch. Philwelch. From That Show!. Tabletop. DMacks. 158 anonymous edits Hayao Miyazaki  Source: http://en. Kiratakenouchi. C2equalA2plusB2. Aparna rajesh.S. Davidkazuhiro. Jpatokal. Jj137. Moeron. Nv8200p. Digisouth14. Mitzrael. Eliz81. MightyAtom. Alexshmalex. WinterRose. Scottandrewhutchins. Astronautics. Emperor Jachra. Yukio Hashiyama. Sakura rin24. DanielCD. JamesBWatson. Jordanblue. Nlu. TNA RAGE 5150. JRBrown. WhisperToMe. EVula. Eaglesiegle. ShynX.. Mr. Ike-bana. Cyan. HarryBentley. Foxxygirltamara. clown will eat me. Unsesquipedalian. Osamabienloco. AngusWOOF. Scorpion451. WriggleNightmarebug. Andycjp. DBailey635. LikaLaruku. Sigmasonic X. Blizzard youkai. Sesshomaru. Arch dude. Cebra. Candyrock95. DocWatson42. Epbr123.php?oldid=462133592  Contributors: ADHD420. Derek Ross. CheesyBiscuit. A-giau. 77hg66. Michirukaioh14. Time for action. Davnor. Lijakaca. Fsecret. FACT50. Tai Tai Chan. ForemanDomai. NarukoStrawberry. MER-C. Giles Martin. DarkApollo. Gwaur. Hall Monitor. Edward321. Gabbyg77. Teftin. Breed Zona. CyberSkull. Kyorosuke. SpectrumDT. Harryboyles. PeaceNT. FuegoFish. Fikrat. Bsmith. SeventhHaido. Nopersonal. Leaving. Furrykef. Mushroom. 7 anonymous edits Sentai  Source: http://en. CYD. Leilah. Ophyukus. 200. Digifiend. Yohannes. Romansanders. Lord Air. Kazu-kun. Pearle. Ekamaloff. All Hallow's Wraith. Djk3. Trugster. FF2010. Konamaiki. ForestAngel. Sbrools. Ghost2011. BoLingua. Kintetsubuffalo. Insert2. Vitz-RS. UchihaTobi. Will Beback. Kunzite. FonFon Alseif. Furrykef. Godfrey Daniel. SupaKawaiiKitty-chan. BoomerAB. Kittykatwolfpup. Seikensha. Astral. Thehelpfulone. Wylfing. Conti. Goodvac. Isanion. Orinthe. Icarus3. Wikignome0529. Excirial. PlasticD. KyuuA4. Kevin Steinhardt. Marcg106. Carlsotr. Voretus. Mel Etitis. Twerbrou. SasukeReplica. Nohansen. Synthe. Hyrenking. Curious Violet. Belovedfreak. Twinsday. JesseW. Euchiasmus. Hotdoglives. UrzaPlaneswalker. Erachima. Papacha. Hiryu84. Kaguya-chan. Debresser. Yobmod. RyanGerbil10. Hetar. Altenmann. Cybercobra. Gwernol. Elockid. Demiurge1000. Sbluen. Cyrius. Shandris. Dgmailloux. SuzannaQ. Extremepro. Feminist1813. YugiohxZeldaPrincess91. Malkinann. Iuy789. Aldnonymous. Fireplace. EVula. EricSpokane. SykoSilver. Digzzz23.A. SoheiMajin Gotenks. Iamcuriousblue. Annariette. TutterMouse. Exeunt. Sarujo. Da Joe. Comme le Lapin. Snarfies. Gerbrant. Bobo192. Avery-kun. Charles Hussong. Paulnwatts. Irish Pearl. Tydus Arandor. Jeibel. Fram. Yrtgm. D6. KrebMarkt. Jonny2x4. Matt Thorn. Jeandré du Toit. Wwoods. Bueller 007. Gvd12. Quasirandom. GreenReaper. Cagesen. Ziga. Warmaster. NawlinWiki. Benjwong. Ninja neko. Tigers boy. Macduff. Rich Lem. Hersfold. NapoleonicStudent. Fratrep. Elias Enoc. Yamsil. Fg2. Kitch. Sylocat. Search4Lancer. Snnkksg. Deerstop. Kraftlos. Bryan Derksen. Dwanyewest. Mongreilf. Minghong.org/w/index. Cavie78. Sh. Koavf. Swatjester. TheFarix. Ost316. Riddle. BiggKwell. Nihonjoe. Miyazakifan999. Slowtiger. Gurch.wikipedia. Quatonik. Mythologia. A-giau. Pflastertreter. Nihonjoe. TheFarix. Squilibob. SwisterTwister. Tomos. Elvenscout742. Maebmij. Rjwilmsi. Pasky. Rickyrab. Kowloonese. Tad Lincoln. JRBrown.S. Cy21.wikipedia. Yas. Extremepro. Feitclub. B&W Anime Fan. Utility Monster. 84user. Markallangibson. Jpdnnet. Nihonjoe. Mandarax. Neilworms. Snarfies. Douglasr007. D6.org/w/index. 2 anonymous edits . 6 anonymous edits Keiko Takemiya  Source: http://en. Ladislav Skala. Svartalf. Jakers69. Conversion script. Remurmur. Joecab. Shdwfeather. Ned Scott. Bobblehead. Shiro0922 Yasuko Aoike  Source: http://en. Nohansen. Themightyquill. Yas.Isaac. Centrx.S. MajorB. John. Zzyzx11. Rms125a@hotmail. Geniac. Hoof Hearted. The Squicks. Raistuumum. Kowloonese. Neburzaragoza. Silverdaemonskye. 4 anonymous edits Moto Hagio  Source: http://en. Chipuni.php?oldid=459283773  Contributors: Azukimonaka. Flora fon Esth. Mythologia. Prhartcom. LordAmeth. Shikai shaw. Morio. Mitsukai. Bobblehead. Jhinman. Malkinann. TheFarix. Sugarcaddy. Nouvellefemme. CommonsDelinker. D6. Synthetik. XiaoGuang. R'n'B. Kanjilearner55. Krellion. Movingimage. VArakawa.php?oldid=460435656  Contributors: Actionist. Leandrod. Nihonjoe. Wildhartlivie. Pegasos2. Quasirandom. 458 anonymous edits Rakuten Kitazawa  Source: http://en. Ryulong. All Hallow's Wraith. Lavenderx. Shikeishu. Mercurywoodrose. Time for action. 7 anonymous edits Yasuko Sakata  Source: http://en. Argento Surfer. Kintetsubuffalo. ShortShadow. Time for action. Macca7174. Beyond silence. Crashoffer12345. P4k. Kazu-kun. Rjwilmsi. RexNL. Shaka. Remurmur. Silverwood.Nut. Wilderns. N-k. Materialscientist. Quasirandom. LelouchZero11. Nihonjoe. Snarfies. Saluyot. Time for action. Lupinoid. Mitsukai. Mickeymousechen. Ndubin. OlEnglish.php?oldid=460420830  Contributors: 790. From That Show!. Kitty1983. StrangerAtaru. SECProto. L Kensington. 67 anonymous edits Year 24 Group  Source: http://en. Jerzy. Fruufoo. RazorICE. Stepusual. Azukimonaka. Closedmouth. Jfingers88. Epolk. Nohansen. Snow cat. Yottamol.A. Koyaanis Qatsi. Michaeljamespinto. Mynameisnotpj. Tenmei.Article Sources and Contributors 298 intela. Noveltyghost. NickBush24. ZeroJanvier. Koavf. Quasirandom. CP\M. Wizardman. Ka Faraq Gatri. TenTonParasol. RedWordSmith. NoelCT. Scorchiolio. Quasirandom. Nixeagle.wikipedia. TenPoundHammer. Garion96. Malkinann. TheFarix. Quasirandom. Gwern. Cattus.wikipedia. Ngorongoro. Eleland. OtakuMan. Lady of Versailles. Manop. Wizardman Yumiko Ōshima  Source: http://en. Martarius. Jonsinger. The Giant Puffin. D6. Grumpyyoungman01. Varlaam. Modeha. I'm the Cavalry. Bender21435. Mythologia. Malkinann. Ranma9617. Ryulong. CF90. Woohookitty. Hob. Matt Thorn.php?oldid=453384384  Contributors: Algebraist. Rtkat3. Malkinann. IanOsgood. Jagged 85. Kumioko. Xymmax. Kraftlos. BenRG. Malkinann. Camembert. Qwyrxian. Barley55. Spyderchan. RaSyka.php?oldid=451264602  Contributors: Epbr123. Crystallina. Mitsuki152. Sonicsuns. D6. Mendaliv. Dwanyewest. Olego. Jyril. Tegrenath. Revolutionary. Fg2. KrebMarkt. Tokufan. Lochaber. Noveltyghost. 34 anonymous edits Ryoko Yamagishi  Source: http://en. Ling. MChew. Squilibob. Jeopardy67. Kitty53. Robthebob. 9 anonymous edits Minori Kimura  Source: http://en. Nihonjoe. Xxnutritionfactsxx.arboit. Martarius. Obakeneko. TheFarix. KrebMarkt. Brain. Chris 73. Lobelife. St. Bender235. Gyozilla. Alus. Ganryuu. Pygenot. Taran311. Zoey90. Quasirandom. Quasirandom. Kipholbeck. Wehpudicabok. Welsh. Sonic5629. Somewildthingsgo. Shalom Yechiel. J Greb. Asagiri.php?oldid=458775563  Contributors: DragonZero. Julianortega. Hayabusa future. 903 anonymous edits Katsuji Matsumoto  Source: http://en. Favonian. Wicked247. Shaka. Discordance. Asapilu.php?oldid=449383656  Contributors: Adamrice. Hersfold. Tsujigiri. Cartoon-Fan. Kraftlos.T. Ste5000. Maplecrisp.php?oldid=459514052  Contributors: All Hallow's Wraith. Shenme. Pittsburgh Poet. DopefishJustin. Stradivarius. Asparagus. Fallen Wings. EvanProdromou. Victuallers. Bukubku. Bendono. Paul A. Menchi. Kollision. Paladin R. TheFarix. Lowellian. Tittergrrl. 107 anonymous edits Toshio Suzuki  Source: http://en. Synthetik. Emperorbma. Deerstop. WhisperToMe. Wareware. Vantey. Jekyll283. Closedmouth. Kyorosuke. Sideburnstate. MykReeve. Basquetteur. Karenjc. Mr. Dandy Sephy. Nihonjoe. Historian. Seitaro. Tlotoxl. Queenmomcat. Nihonjoe. Mezzaluna. VMS Mosaic. Ranma9617. Korath. Krystyn Dominik. Gyopi. Rettetast. Kchishol1970. ZeroJanvier. Dog on the bog. Nateji77. Deadkid dk. Scytheandsickle. Charles Nguyen. Rinx2. UberMan5000. Geekdiva. Sdbinwiiexe. Pedro. Korath. JRBrown.wikipedia.org/w/index. Brain. Fafner. Bender235. Deerstop. Ranma9617. 2 anonymous edits Toshie Kihara  Source: http://en. Yelyos. Kaiserm. Omoo. Talskiddy. From That Show!. The Transhumanist.org/w/index. NocturneNoir. Armando12. Seigi Choujin. Maccy69. TheFarix. Slgrandson. Tiphareth. Onorem. Elvenscout742. Jack Cox. TheFarix. Kareeser. Eyadnalsamman. Dinoguy1000. TheFarix.wikipedia. ZX81. Qszet. Kimbawlion. Luminifer. Brian Kendig. Kess. Ryulong.org/w/index. Luis Dantas. Emuzesto. Katalaveno. Lifebreak. K6547635. Sjones23. TAOW. Sushiya.org/w/index. Knowledgekid87. Malcohol. Doberman Pharaoh. Soul Slayer. Kaizoku3. EVula. Lucia Black. Tartan. Oatmeal batman. Ranma9617. 79 anonymous edits Osamu Tezuka  Source: http://en. Stefan2. Corrosivevinyl. TheFarix. Rich Farmbrough. MithrandirAgain.org/w/index. Kintetsubuffalo. Extremepro. WOSlinker. Nareek. Shikeishu. Staka. DAJF. Kick1. Azukimonaka. Timtrent. Neilc. Lypheklub. Rezashah4. PJ Pete. Nihonjoe. Tabletop. Gwern. Rich Farmbrough. Martarius. Sin-man. Zug Zwang. John Pannozzi. Nukeage. Ffx. Harrison Fnord. Great Deku Tree. Leeborkman.org/w/index. Neier. H2g2bob. Oxana879. Malkinann. Tokiokinder. KErosEnE. Wareware. Buddho. Neier. Shikeishu. Brittany Ka. Godaiger. Mkill. Shayonsaleh. Fleebo. 8 anonymous edits Shotaro Ishinomori  Source: http://en. Rich Farmbrough. Squilibob. Kbdank71.wikipedia. Melesse. MayumiTsuji. HarleyAcres. Cartoon-Fan. Sinekonata. The Thing That Should Not Be. Tempest115. Yas. Azukimonaka. Neier. Koavf. Quasirandom. Kazu-kun. Dekimasu. Deerstop.php?oldid=430380035  Contributors: AkankshaG. Mythologia. Noveltyghost. Zoicon5. Crystallina. Mwaespy. Andycjp. Koavf. Starstream. Stormwatch. Jahangard. Jhsounds. Dinoguy1000. Kbdank71. Allen4names. Kintetsubuffalo. Bbatsell. Manuel Anastácio. Aphaia.A. JALockhart. Linkdude20002001. Malkinann. Lacrimosus. Nihonjoe. Martarius. Kbdank71. Thedeffox. Cattus. Junesix. Imperialpalace. Rich Farmbrough. Bobbo. Cbustapeck. MegX. Mushroom. Sesshomaru. Okki.daniel. Azukimonaka. Anonymous from the 21st century. Sobolewski. Teimu. Extremepro. Tsuchiya Hikaru. Mayumashu. Phil Bridger. Deerstop. Ranma9617. Jinnai. Chris 73.org/w/index. ATOZ. Rcsprinter123. Poco a poco. WhisperToMe. Jeff3000. Koavf. Jagged 85. Tozanka.wikipedia.org/w/index. Wakuran. August Ragone. JonathanDP81. Arsonal. Malkinann. G. Thepindrop. Unidyne.php?oldid=434921819  Contributors: Bender235. KNHaw. Olduch. John. John Pannozzi. Jutari. RB972. That Guy. KAtremer. Siyavash. Gaius Cornelius. Seibun. Cattus. Joie de Vivre. Bckat. Shikeishu. Blitz Lutte. Yas. Gearry. MER-C. Hill of Beans. TexasAndroid. Nihonjoe. Synthe. Woodsyblue. Michael Snow. G. Boredgame. Bambi & Thumper. Dogcow. Ryoho. Radical Mallard. Jaydec. New Age Retro Hippie.php?oldid=434932231  Contributors: Angel. Iridescent.php?oldid=458103386  Contributors: Bender235. J Greb. Ahoerstemeier. Martarius. Nanshu.php?oldid=447133071  Contributors: Bendono. Kelly Martin. Confuzion. Popefelix. Utcursch. Tkdhrison. Kyoww. Pyrop. WhisperToMe. Efficient vegetariannnwf607. Mythologia. CommanderCool1654.wikipedia. Tide rolls. Tone. Naive cynic. Mav. Koveras. Tigers boy. Ryuuseipro. Madhero88. Yinyi3917. Quasirandom. SuperTiencha. SMasters. Malkinann. Chowbok. Wikiplayerenglish. Rizzleboffin. Mackan. Flearosca. Decken. Revth. Howa0082. WOSlinker Kōichi Mashimo  Source: http://en. Tokidoki27. WOSlinker. True Pagan Warrior. Lerdsuwa.org/w/index. Jor. Mercurywoodrose. Nightscream. Mythologia. Thebogusman. MChew. Sugar Bear.org/w/index. Conscious. TenMinJoe. Erianna. Aponar Kestrel. Nehrams2020.org/w/index. Mycomp. MermaidLizzie. Nihonjoe. Erianna. Weird0. Icarus3. Michaeljamespinto. Wakuran. Jimi-chan. Franzeska. Ekrub-ntyh. Azukimonaka. Bukubku. Royalguard11. Kenny Kambo. Kintetsubuffalo. User99671. Kronnang Dunn. Pygenot. LBRH. Margin1522. Saranghae honey. Squilibob.wikipedia. Sesshomaru. Neier.wikipedia. Malkinann. Percy Snoodle. BokicaK. Saiyaman7777. Doinkies. Lacrymocéphale. Rettetast. TheFarix. Evan1975. Noveltyghost. Tree Cannon. Manderiko. Rx4evr. Calliopejen1. Yeegh.php?oldid=458428826  Contributors: Aponar Kestrel. Emperorbma. Nihonjoe. Timothy Perper. The Excel. D6.php?oldid=458746219  Contributors: ACSE. Jsymmetry. WhisperToMe. Tabletop. Wyllium. Ed Poor. XenonEngine. JQF. Yamavu. Wizardman. Extremepro. Lotrfanaat. TheFarix.php?oldid=447212664  Contributors: Azukimonaka. Kollision. Gaius Cornelius. Misortie. Timbouctou. Allen4names. Joku877.wikipedia. Darkhunger.php?oldid=447219009  Contributors: JRBrown. Rettetast. John Johndyce. Daikenkai. Ranma9617. Ipstenu. Cattus. Nihonjoe. JRBrown. Revth. Chris the speller. Georgehh. Efghij. Black Condor. Morio. Movingimage. Sir Edgar. LainEverliving. MarkSweep. Noq. BorgQueen. Pm215. Pandacomics. Michitaro. Jpk. Lightmouse. Rjwilmsi. MayumiTsuji.. Nevare.org/w/index. Mellery. Paulo Oliveira. Bukubku. Yas. Goodnightmush. Shaolin128. Salamander03. Qxz. Shadow demon. Kzaral. Pyrop. RexNL. TheFarix. Onikiri. NeoSuperBlissey. Kintetsubuffalo. Colt9033. Mr. Ejrrjs. WhisperToMe.php?oldid=406220969  Contributors: Azukimonaka. Boso. Pitan. Naniwako. Ifny. TheFarix. DivineLady. KJacket09. Docu. Jason Palpatine. Harriv. UkPaolo. Laogeodritt. Bradtcordeiro. Leonard G.wikipedia. Quasirandom. Malkinann. ObfuscatePenguin. Furrykef. Neith. Garion96. Jinnai. Uli. Jason Palpatine. Sjones23. Tjcraig. Quasirandom. Punchy. Olivier. Futuresgard. CapitalR. R. Netts. Pyrop. J JMesserly. Sesu Prime.org/w/index. Snarfies. Hhannahhjp. Tarikes. WOSlinker.G. Amidamaru89.wikipedia. GT5162. Bobo192. Jejohnson. Wareware. KaleidoMagic. Ninja neko. Purple Rose. Minghong. Onikiri. TenTonParasol. Kasuga. Servant Saber. RyanGerbil10. Apostrophe. Chase me ladies. Mike Rosoft. Tony Myers. Philtrauferson. AnmaFinotera. Rizzleboffin. KissFromAVampyre.wikipedia.org/w/index. Staticshakedown. Twipley. Rtkat3. Uberhill. Sfan00 IMG. That Guy.org/w/index. Wizardman. Martarius. Marcus Brute. Liquidmetalrob. Varano. CouldOughta. TheFarix. Darthman. 5 anonymous edits Shio Satō  Source: http://en. Pcordes. Frechette17. Rebochan. WhisperToMe. Jonathan Levy. Cnilep. Gerent.wikipedia. Matty j.wikipedia. Furrykef.org/w/index. Nihonjoe. Tappel. Dooly00000. Nixón. Robomaster. Muyemork. LittleTree. Pmsyyz. Princess Moonray.. SevereTireDamage. Mkill. Lupinoid. BokuAlec. Wakuran. Mythologia. Moroboshi.com. Gadfium. Kewp. Ryulong. Mátyás. Nilli. Azukimonaka. M-le-mot-dit. 11 anonymous edits Leiji Matsumoto  Source: http://en. Eruhildo.wikipedia.. Kakofonous. RadicalBender. Gaius Cornelius. Kim-Zhang-Hong. Cyster. Phorque. Woland1234. Historian. Kjoonlee. SnakeChess5. Ideyal. OtakuMan. Time for action.tm. Nihonjoe. ESkog. Pharaoh of the Wizards. Tarnas. Gene. Ahkond. Polotet. Martarius. Matt Thorn. BrockF5. Azukimonaka. Neier. 29 anonymous edits Riyoko Ikeda  Source: http://en. Tinton5. Malkinann. Koavf. Roma emu. Adamburton. Theelf29. Bornhj. Ipatrol. Nikitamanda. AxelBoldt. KaguyaSasaki. Kayobee. Ugur Basak. Tmguchi. Shiroi Hane. Cherryblossom1982. J. とある白い猫. Max Schwarz. Stardust8212. GoingBatty. Lexi Marie. Wargren. Oneiros. BoBisChriS. Nifboy. Admrboltz. Skullfission. Dismas. Jianlilike. Kopf1988. ShakingSpirit. Waikikiwiki. Chowbok. Drb13 agito. TheFarix. Axeman89. Mumble45.wikipedia. Wiki Wikardo. Pikawil. AnonMoos. Ralf Loire. Blacknose. TheFarix. Xzqx.thomson. Hkcbgcs. June8670. Piotrus. Paranoid. Mikefrias. Deflun. BakaElf. Mufugiwoodgie. Dinoguy1000. Bacchus87. Retromatic. Vrenator. Ari Rockefeller. SuperSoulFly4. Archangeli. Kopf1988. ForgottenMem. Jeff G. Azumi chan. Swa81115. Katalaveno. AngelFire3423. Cawmaster. Goodraise. Ppk01. Navstar. Beckmcq. Yuuki Mayuki. Pengo. Animeronin. Mx3. BiT. Jhsounds. Brian0918. Lukas Mach. Mynameisnotpj. Questão. Malmalwalmalt. Smiloid. Eyeresist. Hmains. Anime dragon67. Che fox. Trainra. Robert Southworth. Dcflyer. Reinyday.wikipedia. Sabbut. Cpl Syx. Sparky147. Taelus. TangentCube. Mkill. AlistairMcMillan. Onetoughcookie9876. Xwingfighter2002. Bobbyi. Thespeakingcat. SaltyWound. Astronaut. Melethiel. Evaders99. Gveret Tered.wikipedia. Epbr123. Dark Shikari. Snowdrizzle. Muchness. Devoslack. Closedmouth. Yas. Fuddle. Xanxz. Kensuke Aida. Dannychoo. Candyfloss. Closedmouth. Charlycrash. TheMadBaron. Exarion. Jordanhass. ArC man. Snigbrook. CKarnstein. Kholint. Signalhead. TMC1982. Ctrlalteredmind. Mackan. Anime Adoru. Kamuixtv. Tgarran. DocWatson42. Francescadani. ZPM. Bernd in Japan. Jetpackgod. DBurr. Magicalthirty. Sljfaq2. Sikon. Montrealais. Ugur Basak. Fenbaud. Loyalist Cannons. Ppk01. Hibana. 893 anonymous edits Otaku  Source: http://en. Uriry. Can't sleep. ColinMcMillen. Bobo192. Wordplay123.bunny. Caltas. Mikeydelamonde. Da Vynci. Jeshii. Joel7687. Welsh. Krellion.92. NotAGuydyke. DSIan. Christian Günther.org/w/index. TheFarix. Hargle. Calvin 1998. Cplbeaudoin. Brighterorange. Jpdnnet. AxelBoldt. El C. Ffbear. ArCgon. Kzaral. CHRISLEGEND4. Hibernian. Jwilso72. Jet082. Dramirth. Seraphim. Parvid. Leivick. Optigan13. Kiddoh. Male1979. JapKnowledge. Bz2. PWilkinson. Ekkyekkyekkyparkyptang. WhisperToMe. Smaug123. B. Shisock. Technofreak90. StaticGull.vdM. GreenReaper. Lolichan. Autoerrant. Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici. Cmilan2009. Vercalos. Chowbok. Tatsumi inui. Ocyl. Immblueversion. Joanjoc. KrytenKoro. Thisisborin9. RepublicanJacobite. Doberman Pharaoh. Mikeabundo. Hiroe. Kooo. Lee M. Cham Zord. WilyD. CommonsDelinker. Pwnation. Nintentoys. João Neves. Martin H. Io veru. Tassedethe. 23 anonymous edits Anime club  Source: http://en. GoingBatty. MarcoAurelio. Quetzalcoatl45. Axlq. Trillianfor. Yukikanou. Getlow. Iokerapid. Meco. Purple Rose. AliceCat. ITshnik. Haruka neko. The Rogue Penguin. John Stephen Dwyer. Misortie. SykoSilver. Tktktk. DocWatson42. Dshallard. MoriyaMug. Charles Matthews. Roxas1364. Favonian. Thiseye. Necropedal. Manishearth. Thelvyn123. C. CharleneWills. SamSeabreeze. Smurdah. Azure. Mislang222. Tobias Hoevekamp. Taw. Shaka. NatalieS. Sakurabunny35. Animedude360. Weregerbil. Enshi. Torrance2607. Jdufresne. Jesspanda. ZStoler. Tabletop. In Defense of the Artist. VengeancePrime. Angelofdeath275.r. Mechapinoyboy. Alexie.Nut. Pandacomics. Jonathan Hall. Nucleusboy. Batz-Maru. Niksati. Redeagle688. Unsung Comrade. Hojou. Daniel Lawrence. KrebMarkt. Agent Curry-chan. Matrix2362. Itai. Grutness. Arsonal. Oliver202. Hezery99. Kashmir426. Falcon8765. Rorybob. Galadrien. Antelan. Catgaard. Starface01. Ian. SimonP. Bettingonalice12. Gurchzilla. Thinking of England. Saitory. Weaselboy246. Beretta vexee. George2088. Zippy. Bookkish. Risk one. Curdo.. Leirith. Pinethicket. Seakittym. Check two you. TheFarix. Knowledgekid87. Spartan-James. Fsecret. In Defense of the Artist. Sdhonda. Antaeus Feldspar. Master Deusoma. Rich Farmbrough. Rampant unicorn. Lowellian. Taiki. Apeabody. Drb13 agito. PTJoshua. QuizzicalBee. Spencer. The Anome. Kubaru. CutieNakky. Parasite. Scitzo. Hipocrite. Sassafrasbeep. ABF.ken. PJonDevelopment. RedMegaXIII. Liverpool Scouse. Jecowa. Ordeith. Zxt2000.delanoy. ShikiH. Dogcow. Mathomework. Mitsukai. WhisperToMe. Ld100. Jzcool. CIreland.Fred. Kross. Ntsimp. DaCoolGohan. Qmwne235. IstvanWolf. Weedwhacker128. BrookieDragon. LoCInuyasha. 7sisters. Monedula. Spyrral. Itachi0pein. Santaduck. Scienda. Pyrop.php?oldid=463298193  Contributors: 11. Moocowsrule. Merceris. Monkeyman935. Fanboy397540. Kusunose. Heroeswithmetaphors. Jenaisis. Michael Hopcroft. WJBscribe. Ckatz. Extremepro.snuggles. Oysterguitarist. Sanatherandom. Shin anike. DopefishJustin. Appraiser. Vendettax. Mrkrazysaneguy. Dkhk. EEMIV. Cool Matty. Rjwilmsi. Latka. Jiang. BHenry1969. Wajatimur. Goodraise. HalfShadow. Tekana. Gabbyyellow.xx. SuperSaiyaMan. VengeancePrime. Fatin08. Ixfalia. Sunray. Mjk2357. Shibboleth. Philip Trueman. Robofish. Worrydream. Blotwell. Nownownow. Rjwilmsi. Revolving Bugbear. Dandy Sephy. Outis. Remurmur. Rdunn. Cyrus XIII. Shinhan. Time for action. Fieldday-sunday. SixONine. Jeffreyrolek. Frongle. RightCowLeftCoast. Rlquall. Nikai. Fred J. WikipedianMarlith. GenkiNeko. Francis Ocoma. Iapetus. TomorrowTime. Earthlyreason. MBisanz. KyuuA4. Kundor. Arthuribeiro. Artemis-Arethusa.php?oldid=458397945  Contributors: Arjayay. Leo McAllister. OwenBlacker. BrokenSphere. Devahn58. Kimon. Avatar. Todpad. Search4Lancer. PGRfilms. Bogosort. Cosfant. Imveryhungry. J04n. Basara-kun. 天然ガス. Karada. Minghong. Lawrencex01. Malkinann. Nathaniel Tcakz. Jebus989. Ian Fressange. Torontojack. Fuhghettaboutit. Iceberg3k. Kazuhite. Jeandré du Toit.wikipedia. Ajfweb. Starks. RedneckOtaku. Alexrawlins. Remurmur. Bull-Doser. Kikiluvscheese. 293. Ironholds. B. A man alone. Vegaswikian. Mmxx. D3athstardisco. Lotrgal55. ReyBrujo. Asianfilmguy. GregorB. PJ Pete. Marlon unknown. Tcncv. Jack Cox. Bacteria. R'n'B. Litefantastic. Deerstop. Theaveng. Dr. Mjk2357. RamenPrince. Ttchiem. E2eamon. Sierraoffline444. PrePressChris. BerserkerBen. Juicy leamouth. Rjwilmsi. DemonThing.wikipedia. Dellchat. WngLdr34. SMcCandlish. Jcroasdaile. Pearle. Louisebaker15. Ganryuu. DAJF. DHN. Zscout370.. A. Pb30. MBisanz. SchuminWeb. Ynhockey. Troy-one. Thnidu. Joreth. とある白い猫. AndieRoche.Z. Gothichamlet. Ligart. SimonP. Kyorosuke. Kvjordi. Ligulem. Pakaran. DocWatson42. Omicronpersei8. MindWraith.delanoy. Extransit. AAS71. JoshuaCrow. Thingg. Kaizokuo. Jab843. Madhero88. Asakahime. DARTH SIDIOUS 2. DocWatson42. Spock of Vulcan. GoingBatty. Ap2000. MER-C. Myscrnnm.org/w/index. Otaku ichise. War3rd. Shinhan. Jmaynard. Zoe. Vendettax. Zanimum. Cbpm. CartoonJessie. Hanani45. Mild Bill Hiccup. Katsuhagi. Dumaka. Mdgeist747. Jiltix. Rich Farmbrough. Cyclopia. Nemeses9. DannyWilde. Itai. Tony Myers. Histrion. Bjdehut. Siawase. MeteorHawk. Feitclub. Kilo39. AndrewTJ31. Redenan4. Ling. SweetonGeeks. Windharp. Chris the speller. Woohookitty. Mackan. Dispenser. CatMarieS. AtaruMoroboshi. Tomgally. Yohan euan o4. Alexjohnc3.wikipedia. Arkabar.Nole. Fadeblue. TheListUpdater. Jay Turner. DopefishJustin. Utopianfiat. Luna Santin. Octocamo Hal. Davidsharpee. Sesshomaru. Bryan Derksen. Woodchuck. Hydrogen Iodide. Circeus. Delirium.. AngoraFish. Cntras. Eva guy01. Infrogmation. Piecemealcranky. Yipdw. Mesoderm. Hailey C. FEARON56. Paul Soth. Elatb. The Thing That Should Not Be. JIP. Ninly. Tpbradbury. Quijote3000. EvilCouch. Hitmanx2. 大和屋敷. Lordsathien. Zillahdryke. AerobicFox. Netsnipe. Transitiveaxis. Glane23. Pinoyartist99. Secfan. MarcoAurelio.K. Sopoforic. Steven J. Stwalkerster. Whywhenwhohow. Rakukojin. Loona. SamanthaPr. Animeresearcher. Yipdw. JQF. Hairy Dude. NeilN. Billybishopgoestowar. Moscowconnection. Dwainmartin. Intelligentsium. Anderson. ZellDenver. StealthMantis.php?oldid=440130465  Contributors: $yD!. JaGa. Eight Trees. Pasquale. SoHome. Brain. KFP. Magnius. The undertow. Mike18xx. Ronin. Tokyogirl79. Raigarokka. Ashmoo. IceUnshattered. Sanatherandom. Andycjp. A. Judgefloyd. Nightscream. Nikai. Janarius. Mitsukai. R. Dwanyewest. Vicfung3. EvaLilith.muller. OlEnglish. Dark Shikari. Rgoodermote. Blueaster. Niksati. 42 anonymous edits . Wisq. Karasuhebi. LeaveSleaves. HighKing. Luna Santin. XinJeisan. DougsTech.K. Mitsukai. Gwalla. Haymaker. Epbr123. Pulsefox360. Strycer. Andrewpmk. NoseNuggets.xxx. Jpatokal. Drmies. Cliché Online. Conversion script. Shandris. Runningfridgesrule. JAF1970. Janmurphy. YanLan. Wwwwolf. Malyctenar. Kazu-kun. Familyman69. Necati. Theda. Erachima. Jacob Poon. Gaius Cornelius. Trippcook. Drahgo. Patriarch. Mirshariff. Cosplay1. Blanchardb. Andre O. Themfromspace. KyuuA4. Malnova. RandomP. Rjwilmsi. Skomorokh. Courcelles.wilton. Ixfd64. 78 anonymous edits Anime music video  Source: http://en. The velociraptor. Time for action. Pontificalibus. Sesse. Shinobistalker11. Disavian. Loren. Juhachi. Niteowlneils. AtaruMoroboshi.php?oldid=425235902  Contributors: AndrewHowse. Kejood. Interiot. Junkcops. Yaksha. Synthe. JNW. BBnet3000. Erachima. Inkington. Angelofdeath275. Emperorbma. Cattus. Siroxo. J. Romulus Ramennoodlehead. Vetes. Noooby. Jbigman. Hermeneus. Warll. Toussaint. MER-C. KeNsHiN. Tktktk. Canuck90. Toytoy. ルナ・ウェイ.org/w/index. Stvfetterly. Malkinann. BlueZenith. Asciic. DocWatson42. A. Tlesher. Mysexycookie. Koyaanis Qatsi. SilkTork. Zeta26. GunnarRene. Jusdafax. RCHM. Marudubshinki. Stevegallery. Gaia Octavia Agrippa. Lasiorhinus. Frecklefoot.shinta. Refuterisu. XryProductions. Useight. Magicalthirty. Ex nihil. Miwashi. ZimZalaBim. Samurai Drifter. Midgrid. TheFarix. Antaeus Feldspar. Miyukii. JonathanDP81. Erube. Daemonward. Apple8800. Groink. KirbyMeister. Exeunt. DrSlump. Mythsearcher. Tabletop. Pinballism. Gurch. KatieGeorge. Iaxzo. Xophist. Churuyasan. Jusdafax. Beetstra. Tigerghost. BorgQueen. Echuck215. Dandy Sephy. SteinbDJ. Kurama1818. Masterdlx. Gmcfoley. Delphii. Wdyoung. Ned Scott. Kate. Ecpcorran. Scepia. Joel7687. TheFarix. GunnarRene. Mfko. Shashwat986. Michael Snow. Tigers boy. X2RADialbomber. El C. Netalarm. 55delmonte. Elassint. Mhking. Centrx. Rhobite. Angelicpretty. TheFarix. Insert2. Equendil. Foodimentary. Redeagle688. Aldis90. Blacklist. Isidore.org/w/index. Toussaint. ShakataGaNai. Holizz.arts. Eric Burns. Kowloonese. Pixiekitty015. Issobellgowdie. Magpiecomics. AngelFire3423.org/w/index. Kapmoo. Shenme. Xsnapex. Jenshibuya. Lisatwo. Politepunk.wikipedia. Cimon Avaro. Anon117. Ngorongoro. Gongshow. Player017. AlexR. Theo10011. Heroeswithmetaphors. The Thing That Should Not Be. Dr Vivien Astor. Koolabsol. Antaeus Feldspar. Ronin. Specs112. Fleung. Monocrat. Geeoharee. Numbo3. Kanamari. Irishboy0100. Rain74. SamanthaPr. Norm mit. Alton. Noosphere. Cagesen. Shii. MONGO. Yurizuki. WikHead. Tide rolls. Outriggr. 909 anonymous edits Yaoi fandom  Source: http://en. Trollespiere. Kevin B12. Slightsmile. Orangemike. Esobocinski. Qxz.php?oldid=460740007  Contributors: AThing. Finalnight. Postdlf.topyildiz. Nanominori. Angelkitkat.shinta. PDelahanty. Postoak. Writtenright. Automail. Sannse. GoingBatty. Alksub. Ost316. BakaElf. CambridgeBayWeather. Graham87. Coffee2theorems. Arthena. Naruedyoh. Karol Langner. BovineBeast. Scarian. Philwelch. Vcelloho. PyroGamer. BlueAzure. Kahad. Delirium. ModernDaySamurai. GafferFish.php?oldid=463912872  Contributors: 1000ml. Doctor Moley. David Eppstein. Alex. 354 anonymous edits Cosplay  Source: http://en. AllyUnion. Malkinann. Mdchachi. Amatulic. Kintetsubuffalo. Snowdog. Isnow. OwenX. Shannon. Ecurran. Pewwer42. Pjcblue. Cattus. Gz33. Red dwarf. Kusma. Prince Rei. Cosplaybj. Neilworms. Kangaroopower. Infinity Project. HongQiGong. Liftarn. DixieFlatline. Lysdexia. Ptewee. Omicronpersei8. Richwales. Julian Grybowski. Enzo Aquarius. Adamrice. Nimbex. Toussaint. Sonia. 12 anonymous edits Anime convention  Source: http://en. RipYour HeartOut AndEat It. Dancter. Gwern. TheEditrix. Pibwl. Hopport. Deerstop. Meiran. Neenish Tart. DropDeadGorgias. Roux-HG. 1523. Mysid. Mothicus. Sunnan. Integracer. RJFJR. Akako. Concept13. Pilatus. Digipatd. Kay Dekker. SniperTheBox. Leszek Jańczuk. Big Bird. DTRY. Cosaddict. Flockmeal. Pentasyllabic. AgentPeppermint. Ask123. Nihonjoe. Husond. RightCowLeftCoast. Tmmm. Endroit. Voodoopoodle. clown will eat me. Queen of r. Stifle. Hydraton31. BabbaQ. Thnidu. Skomorokh. Woohookitty. Nbarth. Animecoreone. Extremepro. Remurmur. MarkGallagher. CanadianCaesar. Slon02. Iridescent. Boing! said Zebedee. Staka. Cattus. Gogo Dodo. Eliburn. Strom. Tcb247. Max Rebo Band. Fang Aili. DBailey635. Chebyshev. Eric Shalov. Merosonox. Plasmapitch. Derobert. Shii. Yamamoto Ichiro. Purple. Brianenyartjr. Ushikat. Phoenixrod. FiziKx. Hooo33ter. Coredesat. Freedman. Heroeswithmetaphors. Zzuuzz. Urocyon. Attackoftheclones. YuusukeLoveless. WAREL. Ukexpat. Piotrus. Abdull. NawlinWiki. Bboyle28222. Torontojack. Aponar Kestrel. Desibites. Kirujoy. Edward321. Nayborish. John Sturges Jr. Juliet Linus. Lysis rationale. InvisibleK. Laineylains.Article Sources and Contributors 299 Anime and manga fandom  Source: http://en. Wtmitchell. JHunterJ. The Rogue Penguin. Audrey. TedE. Joi. Maplecrisp. Shiva Indis. UsagiM. Malkinann. StarGeek. Megaspam. Jtrainor. Celestianpower. Eaterjolly. Eik Corell. VeryVerily. Teisei666. Malkinann.org/w/index. Shii. Boborok. JDX. Mythsearcher. Bobo192. Elatb. Kintetsubuffalo. Emarsee. Kabutroid. Leandrod. Download. XBloodShotOcelotx. Basara-kun. AlexR. Dejhuey. Nihonjoe. Ucla90024. Rinu84. ChrisMaldon. Ryulong. NickelShoe. Ephert. Parvid. Landagan. Grahamec. Redvers. EragJD. Kotoba Mamoru. Gaff. LilHelpa. Yamaguchi先生. Viperevak. Dixon. Daniel J. Laibcoms.org/w/index. JeanetteDi. Hoary. Glennh70. Dakinijones. Andres Velasco y Coll.. Jsnx. Crabbe. DaedalEVE. Imaginationac. Nikki chan. Tsujigiri. Shadowraven2004. Mdziesinski. JRBrown. Pomte. Tabercil. Nakjisanjeok. Adashiel. Spidergrim. Miltopia.php?oldid=449197713  Contributors: Animepod. Danrimage. Oerjan.xx. Alai. Sukolsak. Kareld2000. NickFoo. II MusLiM HyBRiD II. Ninja neko. Bart133. LeaveSleaves. Maximus Rex. Antonio Lopez. Mitsukai. Dracil. Cmdrjameson. Gundamforce. Ziaix. Knile. Revth. Hatto. Marcsin. Egofreaky. Pcap.org/w/index. Xyzzyplugh. Wellidontknowwhattoput!. Prime Blue. Reach Out to the Truth. RHaworth. Shiroi Hane. Wiki alf. Alan Liefting. Dominic. Aldnonymous. Joel7687. Diogeneselcinico42. Malkinann. マストロヤンニ. RichardF. AtaruMoroboshi. Tregoweth. Louisng114. Ppk01. Extremepro. Ospalh. Doczilla. Spencer. RG2. AlexChurchill. Aki Kaminari. Aponar Kestrel. Veikia. Zzzdude.wikipedia. Levin.php?oldid=464133598  Contributors: 1wngdngl. Leucius. Vandread68. Mrfunnyd. Ganryuu. Pethr. Sephalon1. Kenilworth Terrace. Scarlet Jones. Bittersweet-nostalgia. Thejadefalcon. Extremepro. Shunskitten. PrimeHunter. Radnom2. Unnecessary stuff. Thekatgrl. Taro T. Cabutchikas. ExocetCom. Vishnava.vdm. Gamerora. Sobolewski. BiT. Bender235. IpiRayan. Atlantima. Guillory1234567. Moogy. Salvidrim.Article Sources and Contributors 300 Glossary of anime and manga  Source: http://en. Dreadstar. Circeus. DocWatson42. Icaterus. DragonZero. Joeinwap. JohnnyMrNinja. Immblueversion. Hillsey8. Ryulong. Ospalh. 41 anonymous edits . The Nut. Sjones23. SykoSilver. TheFarix. Einstein runner. Squirthose. Quintessence5. AtaruMoroboshi. Commander Nemet. Rouge2. KyuuA4. Sanatherandom. Aster Selene.Grave. Rev-san. 88wolfmaster. Decltype. Angusmclellan. Instinct. HanzoHattori. Pygenot. NHRHS2010. MacBishop. JRBrown. Cyrus XIII. Kintetsubuffalo. JuJube. Ike9898. TenPoundHammer. Graham87. Icystars. Chaotic Doire. Nikthestoned. Remurmur. Alex Law. AnOddName. Iridescent.wikipedia. CyberSkull. Heroeswithmetaphors. Mnealon. Kazu-kun. Piecemealcranky. SimHuman. Abion47. Radulfr. GregorB. JohnnyMrNinja. Endroit. Yui Tokito. Velella. ACSE. RadioActive. Andycjp. Mr. CuSilva. Vashti. Adannedhel. Screen111. Ppk01. Tentacle Monster. Robofish.php?oldid=441216390  Contributors: Alan rickman freak.org/w/index. Chininazu12. DRAGONTALEGEO. Squilibob. RIPLIUKANG. CrazyDreamer. Oda Mari. Tassadaru. Minimiscience. Animeronin. Ltiler. Mitsukai. 306 anonymous edits Omake  Source: http://en. Mastertek. Sobreira. Dinoguy1000. A man alone. Sabbut. Lottiotta. Dorftrottel. Soms. Nihonjoe. Pluma. Malkinann. Benlisquare. Emperorbma. Sir Hat. Harley Quinn hyenaholic. Hikari No Hime. Marudubshinki. KnightRider. Thrindel. Theredcomet2000. Piranha. Timothy Perper. Husond. Jinx9900. Juhachi. Synthiac. Raserei Hojo. Dandy Sephy. Beyond silence.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.org/w/index.jpg  Source: http://en.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.Hagedorn.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.2.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kodansha_(head_office).jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.jpg  Source: http://en.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.org/w/index. BrokenSphere.php?title=File:Momotaro's_Divine_Sea_Warriors-screeny.org/w/index.wikipedia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie File:Hagio Moto in 2008.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aimaimyi.jpg  Source: http://en. Okki.wikipedia. Man vyi.php?title=File:Luki_Cosplay.wikipedia.org/w/index.jpg  Source: http://en..jpg  Source: http://en.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.JPG  License: Trademarked  Contributors: Rsa File:Flag of Japan.php?title=File:Shogakukan01(tokyo).jpg  Source: http://en.org/w/index.wikipedia.php?title=File:Shueisha.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast.org/w/index.wikipedia.org/w/index.wikipedia.php?title=File:JackXArik.0 Unported  Contributors: Lombroso File:Shogakukan01(tokyo).org/w/index.wikipedia.2.jpg  Source: http://en. Fryed-peach.1  Contributors: 663highland.org/w/index.svg  Source: http://en.JPG  Source: http://en.org/w/index.png  Source: http://en.0  Contributors: Natasha Baucas at http://www.0  Contributors: Actionist (talk) File:2008TIBE Hall2 ComicPavilion Opening RiyokoIkeda.wikipedia.org/w/index.org/w/index.5.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: TheOtherJesse File:Manga reading direction.05).org/w/index.wikipedia.wikipedia.jpg  Source: http://en.0  Contributors: agius .jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3. 1 anonymous edits File:Kuha2053108.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Nickdrj File:Yaoicon cosplayers.wikipedia.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: ja:利用者:Hadge File:Tagosaku to Mokube no Tokyo Kenbutsu.php?title=File:Yaoicon_cosplayers. LERK.php?title=File:Young_boy_reading_manga.com/photos/sdnatasha/ File:Katsuji Matsumoto bamboo figurines.0.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hakusensha_(2006. Denniss. KErosEnE.JPG  Source: http://en.org/w/index.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Shochiku / directed by Mitsuyo Seo File:Wikipe-tan fansub.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Rico Shen Image:AnimeExpo2004 Roof Shot.jpg  Source: http://en.org/w/index.php?title=File:HayaoMiyazakiCCJuly09.jpg  Source: http://en.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia. WhisperToMe Image:Shueisha.wikipedia.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lombroso Image:Kodansha (head office). Nihonjoe File:Go Nagai 20080704 Japan Expo 05.org/w/index.wikipedia.wikipedia.jpg  Source: http://en.jpg  Source: http://en.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.wikipedia.php?title=File:Hagio_Moto_in_2008. Aimaimyi.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: w:Rakuten KitazawaRakuten Kitazawa(1876-1955) File:IshinomoriShotaro hand.svg  Source: http://en. Commonurbock23.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 1029man.php?title=File:IshinomoriShotaro_hand. Morio. Licenses and Contributors Image:Hokusai-MangaBathingPeople.JPG  Source: http://en.05.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Picture taken and uploaded to en wikipedia by w:User:darcoRobert Quattlebaum.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Matt Thorn.wikipedia.jpg  Source: http://en.1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.wikipedia.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Kazu-kun.php?title=File:Harajuku_bridge_02.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.wikipedia.wikipedia. Mobius.org/w/index.org/w/index.0  Contributors: User:Angelkitkat.0  Contributors: BrokenSphere File:Speaker Icon.wikipedia.jpg  Source: http://en.flickr.wikipedia.org/w/index.wikipedia.php?title=File:Hakujaden_poster. G. Vantey File:Tokyo_Cruise_Ship_Himiko. Ltd (東映アニメーション株式会社. 2 anonymous edits File:Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors-screeny.jpg  Source: http://en. LERK.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: rzrscm (talk) File:Hakujaden poster.php?title=File:Shoujo_November_1910.php?title=File:Wikipe-tan_fansub. J o.JPG  Source: http://en.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dyy047.php?title=File:Manga_reading_direction.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cosplaybj File:Akihabara picture.wikipedia.org/w/index.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: myself (User:Piotrus) File:Vocaloid Cosplay.wikipedia.wikipedia.wikipedia.0  Contributors: JIP File:Dyy047.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FUNimation Entertainment File:Hakusensha (2006. USA File:Disney princesses cosplay at Animecon 2009.org/w/index.0  Contributors: original image: miyagawa derivative work: deerstop.org/w/index. FlickreviewR. File:Yuri Shimai Autumn 2004 cover.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2. Skier Dude.org/w/index. Sven Manguard File:Leiji Matsumoto2 cropped. Tōei Animēshon Kabushiki-gaisha?). 2 anonymous edits Image:Japan-woodblock.wikipedia.0.wikipedia.php?title=File:Go_Nagai_Tokyo_1987.php?title=File:Disney_princesses_cosplay_at_Animecon_2009. Hiji and Ryo at Animexx File:Lesson 1 Private Tutor.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Toei Animation Co.php?title=File:Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anime Addict AA.php?title=File:Fansubvhs.jpg  Source: http://en.php?title=File:Lesson_1_Private_Tutor.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.php?title=File:Katsuji_Matsumoto_bamboo_figurines.org/w/index.jpg  Source: http://en.org/w/index. Nevit.0  Contributors: User:Ushikat File:Luki Cosplay.png  Source: http://en.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:Chris 73 File:Animegao. Lennert B.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.php?title=File:Tokyo_Cruise_Ship_Himiko.org/w/index.wikipedia.jpg  Source: http://en.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cmapm.altonthompson. 竹麦魚(Searobin). Deerstop.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.jpg  Source: http://en.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shuueisha01(tokyo).wikipedia.jpg  Source: http://en.jpg  Source: http://en.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.php?title=File:VarietyBuilding.05.0  Contributors: TheOtherJesse File:Young boy reading manga.php?title=File:AnimeExpo2004_Roof_Shot.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.wikipedia.wikipedia.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3. J o.jpg  Source: http://en.svg  Source: http://en. Wst.0  Contributors: Brandon.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yuri_Shimai_Autumn_2004_cover.php?title=File:Vocaloid_Cosplay.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Zscout370 at en.jpg  Source: http://en.JPG  Source: http://en.php?title=File:AN_Liana_K_1.0  Contributors: Ed Gottschalk File:Yaoi Books by miyagawa.org/w/index.wikipedia.php?title=File:Yaoi_Books_by_miyagawa.altonthompson.php?title=File:Viz_Media_HQ.org/w/index. © 1958 File:Shoujo November 1910.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.org/w/index.jpg  Source: http://en. Licenses and Contributors 301 Image Sources.0  Contributors: Thomas Schulz detengase @ Flickr File:HayaoMiyazakiCCJuly09.org/w/index.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Alan from Chicago.org/w/index.php?title=File:Japan-woodblock.Image Sources.php?title=File:FunimationLogo. File:Tekkoshocon 2010 areas 007. Picapica File:JackXArik.wikipedia. Mads Ren`ai.php?title=File:Animegao.JPG  Source: http://en.0  Contributors: Sen Cross.jpg  Source: http://en.org/w/index.wikipedia File:Fansubvhs.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors: Ragesoss File:FunimationLogo. Los688.org/w/index.29a File:Harajuku bridge 02.JPG  Source: http://en.php?title=File:2008TIBE_Hall2_ComicPavilion_Opening_RiyokoIkeda.wikipedia.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Kingturtle File:Viz Media HQ.php?title=File:Manga_in_Jp.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Georges Seguin (Okki) File:Go Nagai Tokyo 1987.org/w/index.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: deerstop Image:Shuueisha01(tokyo).wikipedia.org/w/index.wikipedia.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.php?title=File:Go_Nagai_20080704_Japan_Expo_05.php?title=File:Hokusai-MangaBathingPeople.jpg  Source: http://en.org/w/index.JPG  Source: http://en.php?title=File:Kuha2053108.jpg  Source: http://en.php?title=File:Tekkoshocon_2010_areas_007.wikipedia.0  Contributors: User:UrbanIndianSF File:Hayao Miyazaki.wikipedia. Matt Thorn.php?title=File:Hayao_Miyazaki.wikipedia.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3. Los688.org/w/index.org/w/index.wikipedia.png  Source: http://en.php?title=File:Akihabara_picture.org/w/index.org/w/index. 2 anonymous edits File:Manga in Jp.jpg  Source: http://en.org/w/index. J o.05).wikipedia. WhisperToMe File:VarietyBuilding.org/w/index.0  Contributors: Alton File:AN Liana K 1.php?title=File:Leiji_Matsumoto2_cropped.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Kazu-kun. 0/ .License 302 License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.