სემიოტიკა 6.pdf

1

saqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoeba

semiotikis kvlevis centri

semiotika samecniero Jurnali

VI SEMIOTICS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tbilisi Tbilisi 2009

2 UDC 81´22

saredaqcio sabWo

Editorial Board

mTavari redaqtori cira barbaqaZe

Editor-in-Chief Tsira Barbakadze

guCa kvaracxelia zurab kiknaZe mixeil qurdiani merab RaRaniZe emzar jgerenaia nodar ladaria manana kvaWantiraZe zaza SaTiriSvili daviT andriaZe zaal kikviZe mamuka biWaSvili

Gucha Kvaratskhelia Zurab Kiknadze Mikheil Kurdiani Merab Ghaghanidze Emzar Jgerenaia Nodar Ladaria Manana Kvachantiradze Zaza Shatirishvili Davit Andriadze Zaal Kikvidze Mamuka Bichashvili

redaqtorebi

Editors

Tamar berekaSvili Tamar lomiZe izabela qobalava xaTuna maisaSvili

Tamar Berekashvili Tamar Lomidze Izabela Kobalava Khatuna Maisashvili

© semiotikis kvlevis centri 2009 ISSN 1512-2409

dagvikavSirdiT: E-mail: [email protected]

3

Sinaarsi

enisa da literaturis semiotika cira barbaqaZe mzis semiotika poeziaSi

7

konstantine bregaZe galaktioni da novalisi

26

irakli cxvediani jeimz joisis “ulise~: teqsti da struqtura

38

Tamar lomiZe meoreuli semantika poetur teqstSi

55

kulturis semiotika xaTuna maisaSvili samSoblo, eri-saxelmwifo da qarTuli elitebi

66

irakli mWedliSvili sivrcobrivi forma da ori mTavari metafora

80

izabela petriaSvili metafora da politikuri diskursis pragmatika

95

mamuka surmava arawminda gonebis kritikis bunebisTvis, m. fuko _ frankfurtis skola 105 arqiteqturis semiotika guram yifiani, nodar amaSukeli “mowesrigebuli qaosi~ qarTul arqiteqturaSi

120

semiotika da kritika daviT andriaZe xelaxali RENDEZ-VOUS (kultursemiologiuri kontaminaciebi)

140

4

dalila bedianiZe lia sturuas Semoqmedeba da folklori

150

mirian ebanoiZe teqsti da realoba (venis arSia)

157

giorgi kekeliZe ararsebuli sazRvrebis gamo

163

nona kupreiSvili enobrivi orientaciidan kulturis orientaciamde

186

cira kilanava “qalaqi, sadac ver ipoves adamiani”

195

malxaz xarbedia cinikuri sibrZne

205

nana trapaiZe teqstis gagebis Tanamedrove problemebi

209

reziumeebi inglisurad

214

5

CONTENTS Semiotics of Language and Literature Tsira Barbakadze The Sun Semiotics in Poetry

214

Konstantine Bregadze Galaktion and Novalis

215

Irakli Tskhvediani James Joyce’s Ulysses: Texture and Structure

216

Tamar Lomidze The Second Semantics in Poetic Text

217

Semiotics of Culture Khatuna Maisashvili The homeland, the nation-stste, and the Georgian elites

218

Irakli Mchedlishvili The spatial form and two main metaphors

219

Mamuka Surmava The Critique of Impure Reason: Foucault and Habermas

220

Izabella Petriashvili Metaphor and Pragmatics of Political Discourse

221

Mirian Ebanoidze Text and Reality (Contoure of ,,Wen’’)

222

Giorgi Kekelidze Because of the non-existent borders

223

6

7

e n i s a

d a l i t e r a t u r i s s e m i o t i k a c E ira barbaqaZe

mzis semiotika poeziaSi ori mze mikrokosmosi – makrokosmosi filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis fakultetis asocirebuli profesori. ZiriTadi naSromebi: monografiebi: poeziis semiotika(2009); qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis lingvopragmatika(2003); qarTuli sakanonmdeblo stili (1996); poeturi krebulebi: `dumilis a(m)bebi”(2008); `gamoaReT sarkmeli~ (2003); `leqsebi~ (1996) . interesTa sfero: semiotika, ritorika, stilistika, kritika.

`msuris qeba da dideba naTlisa warualisa, mzeTa-mzis vaxSi Tavs maZes, mmarTebs gardaxda valisa, Wirs sacnauris mzisaca swored gamarTva Tvalisa, aramc-Tu ucnaurisa cnoba gzisa da kvalisa~. daviT guramiSvili `jer saWiroa, movipovoT Wvretis organo, romelic msgavsi da analogiuria TviT Wvretis obieqtisa. Tvali verasdros dainaxavda mzes, jer TviTon rom ar mieRo mzis forma.~ plotini

War nicht das Auge sonnenhaft, Wie konnten wir das Licht erblicken? Áóäü íå ñîëíå÷åí íàø ãëàç, Êòî áû ñîëíöåì ëþáîâàëñÿ? Ãeòå

ori mze – sacnauri da ucnauri! – ase ganmartavs mas daviT guramiSvili. erTi mze – astronomiuli planeta da meore mze – uflis metafora. sacnauri mzisTvis Tvalis gasworebac ki Wirs, xolo ucnauri mzis (uflis) gza-kvalis cnoba kidev ufro rTulia: ò! RmerTis simdidreTa da sibrZnisa da Semecnebis siRrme! rogor Cauwvdomelni arian misni samarTalni da miukvlevelni misi gzebi!~(romaelTa,12, 33).

8

cira barbaqaZe

sainteresoa marina cvetaevas òri mzec~: erTi – caze romelic anTia da meore – mkerdSi... `Äâà ñîëíöà ñòûíóò – î Ãîñïîäè, ïîùàäè! – Îäíî – íà íåáå, äðóãîå – â ìîåé ãðóäè.” poeti TiTqos mikrokosmosia da samyaros analogia... poetisTvis garesamyaro da iq arsebuli movlenebi yovelTvis Sinagan gancdaTa metaforebia. m M z e – erT-erTi universaluri koncepti da saxe – simboloa, romelic uamrav konotaciur mniSvnelobas aCens. maT Soris aris: bibliuri, arqetipuli, miTosuri, astronomiuli, asociaciuri, poeturi da sxva mniSvnelobebi. m M ainc ras aRniSnavs mze? aM stronomiulad: mze irmis naxtomis galaqtikaSi, mzis sistemis centrSi, yviTeli varskvlavia, romlis garSemo, orbitaze, moZraoben sxva ciuri sxeulebi da, maT Soris, dedamiwac. is aris sinaTlisa da siTbos wyaro... mze gavlenas axdens adamiansa da bunebaze imiT, rom is gansxvavebuli siCqaris energiebs asxivebs... sinaTle da magnetizmi qmnis miwier formebs. mze umaRlesi kosmiuri Zalis simboloa, yvelganmWvreti RvTaebaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom samyaros uZvelesi suraTebi geocentrulia, mze aris simboluri centri, kosmosis guli, yofierebis centri; is aris agreTve simbolo intuiciuri codnisa, gonisa, gasxivosnebisa, didebisa da didebulebis, meufebis... mze samyaros `Tvalia”, RvTaebrivis xiluli xati, sinaTlis transcendentuli arqetipi; mze `samyaros karia~ – codnasa da ukvdavebaSi Sesasvleli. bevr tradiciaSi mze aris mamakacuri sawyisi, zog kulturaSi – qaluri. qarTuli folkloruli tardiciis mixedviT: `mze – dedaa Cemi, mTvare – mamaCemi, bRuja-bRuja varskvlavebi – da da Zmaa Cemi!~ mze – uZravad myofi caze – drois miRmaa. e E s aris mudmivi àxla~. alqimikosebisaTvis: mze gonebaa, Sol et Luna – oqro da vercxli, mefe da dedofali, suli da sxeuli... `mzis Tavgadasavali~ (rogorc Tavad avtori uwodebs mas) dawvrilebiT aqvs gamokvleuli viqtor nozaZes `vefxistyaosnis mzismetyvelebaSi~. Aam Tavgadasavlis gamokvleva mas sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom Tavisi adgili miuCinos am istoriaSi `vef-

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

9

xistyaosnis mzes~. Cven ki vixsenebT am Tavgadasavals imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT rogor anaTebs qarTuli `poeturi mze~, ras aRniSnavs, poetis romel gancdaTa simboloa, risi metaforaa, ras adareben mzes qarTveli poetebi da sxva. `vefxistyaosanSi~ mze aris personaJebis metafora, anu: mze– adamiania... es gamomdinareobs ufro didi metaforidan: mze uflis xiluli saxea; gavixsenoT avTandilis mimarTva mzisadmi: ìtyvis: he, mzeo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad, erT-arsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad~... adamiani Seqmnilia RmerTis saxed da xatad, amitom aris is `mzis wili~ anu: ùflis wili~; miT ufro, es iTqmis Seyvarebul adamianze (RmerTi siyvaruli ars). swored amitom: qajeTis cixeSi gamoketili nestani satrfos wers: `mze uSenod ver iqmnebis, radgan Sen xar misi wili~. aqac ori mze: mze – ufali da mze – adamiani.

`mze – Tvali~ – universaluri semantikuri formula qarTuli enis leqsikaSi «Èç îðãàíîâ áîãè ïðåæäå âñåãî óñòðîèëè ñâåòîíîñíûå ãëàçà, êîòîðûå ïðèëàäèëè ñ òàêèì íàìåðåíèåì: ïî èõ çàìûñëó äîëæíî áûëî âîçíèêíóòü òåëî, êîòîðîå íå èìåëî áû æãó÷èõ ñâîéñòâ îãíÿ, íî äîñòàâëÿëî êðîòêèé îãîíü, ñâîéñòâåííûé âñÿêîìó äíþ. È áîãè ñäåëàëè òàê, ÷òî ðîäñòâåííûé äíåâíîìó ñâåòó îãîíü, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ âíóòðè íàñ, âûòåêàåò î÷èùåííûì ÷åðåç ãëàçà, êîòîðûå áîãè ñãóñòèëè, îñîáåííî â ñåðåäèíå, òàê, ÷òîáû îíè çàäåðæèâàëè ãðóáåéøóþ ÷àñòü îãíÿ è ïðîïóñêàëè òîëüêî â ÷èñòîì âèäå. È âîò, êîãäà äíåâíîé ñâåò îêðóæàåò ïîòîê çðåíèÿ, òîãäà ïîäîáíîå, èñõîäÿ ê ïîäîáíîìó, ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ íèì è ïî ïðÿìîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ çðà÷êîâ îáðàçóåò â ñâÿçè ñ ðîäñòâåííûì îäíî òåëî - ãäå áû ïàäàþùåå èçíóòðè íè íàòîëêíóëîñü íà òî, ÷òî âñòðå÷àåò åãî èçâíå. È êàê ñêîðî âñå âìåñòå, ïî ïîäîáèþ, ïðèõîäèò â ñîñòîÿíèå ïîäîáíîå, òî ïðèêàñàåòñÿ ëè ê ÷åìó ñàìî èëè ÷òî äðóãîå ïðèêàñàåòñÿ ê íåìó, äåéñòâèå òåõ ïðåäìåòîâ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåò îíî ÷åðåç âñå òåëî, äî äóøè, è ïðîèçâîäèò òî ÷óâñòâî,êîòîðîå ìû íàçûâàåì çðåíèåì. À êîãäà ñðîäíûé îãîíü íà íî÷ü îòõîäèò - ýòîò (ò. å. îãîíü ãëàç) îáîñîáëÿåòñÿ, ïîòîìó ÷òî, èñõîäÿ ê íåïîäîáíîìó, îí è ñàì èçìåíÿåòñÿ è ãàñíåò, íå ñîåäèíÿÿñü áîëåå ñ áëèæíèì âîçäóõîì, òàê êàê â íåì íåò îãíÿ». Ïëàòîí «Òèìåé»

mzis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli metaforaa `mze – Tvali~. Aam wyvils Soris arsebuli semantikuri kanonis mixedviT, es mimarTeba aris mimarTeba: mikrokosmosi–makrokosmosi, anu adamianis grZnobis organoebs samyaroSi daeZebneba analogi. b B evr enasa da kulturaSi es mimarTeba aisaxeba ara mxolod leqsikaSi, aramed miTebSi, gamosaxulebebSi, poeziaSi... sainteresoa am mxriv qarTuli enis masala. m M ze–Tvalis metaforuli mimarTeba yvelaze kargad Cans sawyisSi `mzera~. qar-

10

cira barbaqaZe

Tvel enaTmecnierTa sarwmuno mtkicebiT: mzera–Si swored mz– Ziri (anu mze) dasturdeba. (mz-er-a; amave tipisaa warmoebis TvalsazrisiT Zg-er-a). maSasadame, Tvalis funqcia yureba, cqera aRiniSneba leqsemiT, romelic semantikurad mzes ukavSirdeba, rac Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenaa da rac adasturebs am universaluri mimarTebis (mze–Tvali) qarTul enaSi arsebobas. mzeras sulxan–saba ase ganmartavs: Wvreta. Mmzeraca esreT ganiyofebian: xedva ars ra TvaliT keTilad xedvides; Cena ars ra akldes da mcired xedvides; mzera ars ra SoriT xedvides; Wvreta ars ra xangrZliT dakvirvebiT umzerdes rasme; cqera ars garCeviT xilvisaTvis axlore dacqeriT Tvali daapyras; Wviroba ars ra sarkmliT gare gamoixedvides. mze arqetipi saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis donisTvis aRadgina giorgi klimovma. qarT: mze megr: mJa/bJa laz. mJa/bJa svan. miJ/mgJ mze, rogorc arqetipuli fuZe, saintereso sityvawarmoebas qmnis qarTulSi. iwarmoeba atributebi: mziuri, mzegrZeli, mzebneli, mzedakruli, mzedaleuli, mzedasanbelebeli, mzeTunaxavi, mzeCamqrali, mzisdari, enamze da sxva. sawyisi: mzeoba; zmna: amzianebs, mzeobs (`mze veRar mzeobs CvenTana, dari ar darobs darulad”(SoTa). adamianis saxelebi: mzia, mzisa, mzeqala, qalTamze, mzevinari, mzeWabuki; frinvelis saxeli: mzewvia; yvavili: pirimze, mzesumzira, mziura; sofeli: mzeTamzia; adgili: mzisyuri, samzeo; sagalobeli: mzeSina da sxva; `mz~ Ziria agreTve mziralSi, mzirSi, mzveravSi; mziri qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi ganmartebulia: Zv. damzveravi, moTvalTvale; mstovari, jaSuSi. (`mun axlos wyaro dioda, masTan tye iyo xSirado, iq mogveparnen, dagvisxdnen TxuTmeti kaci mzirado~(d.g)). mzirali – vinc an rac umzers, – macqerali, mayurebeli, mWvreteli;

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

11

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sityva zvari momdinareobs Zveli formidan: mzvare, mzvari, rac niSnavs mzian, uCrdilo adgils (pir-mziTebi anu mzvareebi, male Sreba, iq male iRebs Tovls (vaJa) (qegli, t. V); gamzirSi agreTve mzir – Ziria, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mz-idan iwarmoeba. sainteresoa agreTve mweveli forma, romelic momdinareobs mzevelidan, da romelSic `mz” Ziri dasturdeba. (aRniSnuli forma dasturdeba sulxan-sabasTan, mzeveli – mweveli, momwevi). Zvel qarTulSi mzis-Tuali mzes, mzis diskos aRniSnavda (`gananaTlos yoveli queyanai ufrois mzis-Tualisa~ – m. sw. 212, 13 – ilia abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni). aRniSnul leqsemaSi mze da Tvali erTad aris warmdgenili, rac Tvalisa da mzis universalur funqciur kavSirze miuTiTebs. mze qmnis qarTulSi idiomebsa da frazeologizmebs: mze amosdis, mze daubnelda, mzem Sexeda, mze miyurebs, mzem Tvali daxuWa, mzem Tvali gaaxila, mze gauqra, mzis sinaTleze gamoitana, mze moekida, mzis dakvra, mzis guli, mzeTa-mze... idiomebsa da frazeologizmebze dakvirveba aRmogvaCeninebs Tvali–mzis metaforul urTierTkavSirs, rodesac Tvalis funqcia gadatanilia mzeze da piriqiT, mzis funqcia Tvalze. MmagaliTad: Tvalebi gaubrwyinda, Tvalis sinaTle, Tvalebi gaunaTda, Tvalebis cecxli – yvelgan mzis funqcia – naTeba, brwyinva, wva – aris gadatanili. mze Sedis ficis formulebSic, magaliTad: Cemma mzem, Senma mzem, Cems mzes vficav... `Senman mzeman, uSenosa vervis mihxvdes mTvare Seni...~ (SoTa); da sxva. sepiris mixedviT: adamianebi cxovroben ara mxolod saganTa obieqtur da sazogadoebrivi Semoqmedebis samyaroSi, isini mniSvnelovanwilad imyofebian konkretuli enis gavlenaSi; im enisa, romelic mocemuli sazogadoebis urTierTobis saSualebaa. Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom Cven SegviZlia enis gareSe srulad gavacnobieroT realoba; ena aris damxmare saSualeba azrovnebisa da urTierTobis zogierTi problemis gadasawyvetad. `realuri samyaro~ mniSvnelovanwilad igeba mocemuli jgufis enobrivi normebis safuZvelze. Cven vxedavT, gvesmis da viRebT ama Tu im faqtsa da movlenas ase Tu ise imis SemweobiT, rom Cveni sazogadoebis enobrivi normebi gvTavazobs mocemul formebs (sepiri 1993:181).

12

cira barbaqaZe

qarTuli poeturi mze `vardTa da nexvTa vineTgan mze sworad moefinebis~ SoTa rusTaveli

mze – RvTaeba, ufali, uzenaesia da amitom poetisaTvis mze aris orientiri, marad Seucnobeli, mzisken svla – mTavari gza! `mzisken mimafrens faskunji, faskunjs ufskrulis aqvs kuWi, mena sagzali var misi, magram veyofi?!– ar vici!~; (muxran maWavariani) `Sen ki, samefo visac gepyra usazRvrod vrceli, Senc – ofli visac gaRvrevina monis uRelma, – aRar xar, – radgan mzis xelTaa sikvdilis celi! aRar xar, – radgan sulerTia mzisTvis suyvela!~; `fexze macvia irmis tyaviT Sekruli xamli, vaRmerTeb mzesa, vanTeb cecxlsa, da mzisken midis rZisferi kvamli... vaRmerTeb mzesa, vanTeb cecxlsa da vwirav msxverplsa...~; (ana kalandaZe) ès simReraa mzis sasalamo, martispiruli.....~; `Tavs movikazmav siraqlemas lamazi frTebiT da mzes vumRereb okeaniT mimavals mZimed~; `mze mTis wveridan amobrialda

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

13

da miriadi Caqra varskvlavi... swored masaviT daiwye brwyinva Cems karvis karTan... o, rogor hgavdi Sen im Zvel RmerTebs, rom dagyurebdnen mTebidan, cidan, Sen Zirs dauSvi grZneuli mSvildi, mzeT udideso! madli mivage didebul mzesa, rom dagnaToda yornisfer Tmebze~; àq daibada `suliko~, mzisken gafrinda `merani~... `miwas swydebian verxvebi maSin da goliaTur mxrebis SerxeviT mzisken midian zRapruli raSiT Cemi verxvebi...~; `ha, laJvardebi mcxunvare mziTa, kvlav Sens TaRebSi avardna minda, usazRvroebav!...~...

mze, rogorc ufali, yvelgan da yvelaferSia: ìqneb mze Camovarda babilonis godlidan, Camoimsxvra daxlebze da Rvinod gadmodinda? anda, devma sazamTro daagora zRapridan da kldis Ziras miafSvna mtkvris elvare napirTan? mziT daxoxbda tyeebi, zvrebic mziT moiCiTa, mze moJonavs leRvidan, mze mowveTavs fiWidan, mzes yidian doqebiT, woniTa da calobiT, yelamdea es miwa mzis madliT da wyalobiT. mzea xmaSi, sityvaSi, mzea gamoxedvaSi, mzea, Semodgomis mze da surneli zedaSis...~; (SoTa niSnianiZe) da roca mze Tavdeba sulSi, mTavrdeba yvelaferi... èxla Sens sulSi yvavilisTvis mze aRar aris, mze aRar aris da ar aris araraime!~ (galaktioni)

14

cira barbaqaZe

`mzis sadRegrZelos maradi WiqiT vsvam, mixaria cecxlis kdemani...~; `miuwvdomelo, Sen dageZeb xeliscecebiT, sxivi xar mzisa...~ (jansuR Carkviani) `Tu patroni mzes ugalobs, saqarTvelos ra moklavso!~; `mzisken mivdevdiT gafrenil mernebs!~; `mwvane foTlebi, tuCebrZiani, yviTldebian da mzisken midian...~ ìs aTamaSebs burTiviT miwas, ugzavnis wvimas, Takara sicxes, puriT da wyaliT Worflavs da winwklavs da caze xatavs droTa aRmricxvels. ex, Cveni brali, Sen rom ar gvyavde, ra gveSveleba, mzeo, maRalo, iganTiada, nuSi ayvavda, me kidev Senze fiqrma damRala~; `he, mzeo, mzeo, xelebgawvdili me vdgever Sen win...~; `me vgrZnob, Zvirfaso, mzisa misarqmels, rogor mivyavar sinaTlisaken...~; `sul mzisken hqondaT gaWrili kari...~; `mzeo, nurasdros nu waxval Cvengan. mze yvelas unda da yvelas uWirs misi gayofa da darigeba, radgan yvelafers advilad vitanT, roca sxeuli mziTaa savse~;

(oTar WilaZe)

15

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

mze–adamiani metaforuli kavSiri `mze–adamiani~ qarTul poeziaSi damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa, da raki mze sulieriviT, adamianiviT ganicdeba poetebis mier, amitom mzes axasiaTebs adamianis Tvisebebi: `mze icinis, vardfurclobis daria~; (ana kalandaZe) `mzis Rimili aRaCina caman~; `Sen mismen ise, viT mze usmens okeaneebs~; `mze iyo civi da mSvidi~. `dacemula riyis qvaze, mzeo, maxsovs Seni sisxli... Wrilobaze TuTuns gayri, perangs vxev da gixvev frTxilad, silaSi ki, rogorc balRi, aTinaTi amoTxvrila.~ (jansuR Carkviani) `Tumca gvelebma veli moSxames da mzis xelebi moigeries...~,

(lado asaTiani)

`mze monadire megona, saxudars mofarebuli~; `mze ki kuTxeSi mimjdara mileul dedaberiviT, abrunebs oqros TiTistars biisfrad gadaferili~; (SoTa niSnianiZe) mze – satrfo (mze–siyvaruli) `Sen Camoxvedi, etyoba, mzidan, rom wamsve cecxlis damwvdnen Rvarebi, gaqrnen qalebi – prospeqtze darCi, daginaxe da gtace Tvalebi...~; (murman lebaniZe) `vaJao, dilis mzis sxivo~;

(ana kalandaZe)

ìrgvliv mzis naTeli dasdgomia mTebsa, caSi gafrenilan nislisni mTebi,

16

cira barbaqaZe

mzei SeniT mzeobs, mzed enTebi, zeobr... Cemi gulis Zaxils, o, RaRadiss Cemsas, Sen arsaiT ismen?....~; `rac ufro Sors xar, miT ufro vtkbebi, me SenSi miyvars ocneba Cemi, xeluxlebeli, rogorc mzis sxivi...~;

(galaktioni )

`wavida, gaqra... ver SevekiTxe, risTvis gamSorda, risTvis wavida... gamiqra sulis ocneba wminda... iluleba mze,… iZarcveba tye…~; ùsiyvarulod mze ar sufevs cis kamaraze~; `dRes yvelgan mzea, exla am baRebs da myinvars, maral zraxvaTa mefes, maisi aliT aazambaxebs, viT Seyvarebuls da meocnebes.~; `rac ca umzeod – dedamiwac dRes igivea... gemic uSenod igivea, rac ca – umzeod~; `TiTqos Sens sxeulSi mzea momwyvdeuli...~; (SoTa niSnianiZe) `Sen amodixar zRvidan mzesaviT – Tavisufali da moTenTili~;

(oTar WilaZe)

`Seni xeliviT Tbili da mSvidi Cems sulSi wveba mzis anarekli~; `Soridan gimzer mzesaviT daRlils~;

(jansuR Carkviani)

mze – dro, adgili, individualoba mzis erT-erTi mTavari funqcia drois aRniSvnaa... metaforulad mze saaTia, amqveynad yvelaferi droSi da droiT cxov-

17

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

robs... yvelafers Tavisi dro aqvs... TiToeul adamians cxovrebis garkveuli, Tavisi wili, Tavisi saaTi, poetebi ki ityvian: rom Tavisi mze aqvs... is dro, romelic mziT aRiricxeba, aris sicocxle, amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi mze – droa da es udris sicocxles. swored es semantika Cans ficis formulebSi: Sens mzes vficav... rac niSnavs: Sens sicocxles vficav... ara marto adamians aqvs Tavisi dro, anu mze... aramed yvela dRes, Tves, faqtebsa da movlenebs, awmyos, warsulsa da momavals... yvelafers aqvs Tavisi mze (anu sicocxle), Tavisi `sakuTari” mze aqvs agreTve adgilsac... mze erTia, romelic dedamiwas anaTebs da aTbobs, magram igi sxvadasxva mxareSi sruliad gansxvavebulad ganicdeba da aRiqmeba, miTumetes, poetebis mier. Aamitom erTi mze SeiZleba bevric iyos, gaaCnia, ras gulisxmobs poeti. magaliTad, galaktioni wers: `magram Tvalma daTvala bevri mze da cxraTvala... oh, mziT gadanacxaro, cxra muxa da cxra wyaro!~ `ymawvilqalobam waiRo mzeebi, oqromfinarni, neta ki vinme momgondes, rom umisoba vinano~;

(ana kalandaZe)

`garindebulxar aprilis mzeze...~; òqtombris mzeSi aSoltili verxvebis rigis da RvTaebrivi askilis xati dgas gulsa Sigan...~; òh, rogor midis axalgazrdoba, daundobeli survili lomis da yovelive rogor nazdeba, roca axloa mze Semodgomis~; (gakaltioni) `magram Seni mze sibneles gaxevs da daadgeba Subls naTeliviT...~; `mzeo, TibaTvisa, mzeo, TibaTvisa, locvad muxlmoyrili graals Sevedrebi...~;

18

cira barbaqaZe

ò, yoveldRe mzeebi qimerebSi vardeba, qaravani dReebis mZimed miemarTeba”; `Tu gazafxulis mziTa var mTvrali~;

(oTar WilaZe)

ìcinis gogo da miabijebs sakuTar mzeSi, sakuTar mzeSi da puris mtverSi~; `Cemi wili mtkvari daSra, Cemi wili mze Cavida...~; `mamam cecxli damabara, var Cemi mzis anabara...~;

(jansuR Carkviani)

`Tqveni mzisa var, Tqveni tyisa var~; `Turme garbodnen lamazi wlebi, Cven rom gvegona gavrbodiT mzisken~; ùnda gavuZlo dRis garindebas, qarTlis cxeli mzis naamborebTa...~; `da xmaSi udgas Tbilisuri mze da yirmizi~; `Cven isev zeviT mivdivarT Seni mzis mosagoneblad...~; `mze aqauri miduRs me sisxlSi~; (muxran maWavariani) `ra Seedreba am Cvens mxaresa?! am Cvens mzesa da am Cvens mTvaresa?!~; `xval diliT sxva mze amova...~;

(lado asaTiani)

`Sen Cemi wigni saxsovrad gqondes, – me mzis qarTulis miTqvams sicxovle...~ mze – saqarTvelo `Sors ki, mTis Ziras, sadac mzea, sadac vazia......

(murman lebaniZe)

19

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

mcire defisad Casdgomia did evr-azias – erTi patara, pawawina saqarTveloa~; (murman lebaniZe) `saqarTvelo – es zRapruli mzea, ukeTesis bedisaa Rirsi!~;

(galaktioni)

`Sen, romelic marad mzeebr gvinaT, ara guSin gaCndi Tvalis Cinad, aramed mziT amoenTe brwyinvad – ocdaeqvsi saukunis winaT...~; `sxva mze ara mwams, Seni mze sxeulSi gavinawile...~;

(jansuR Carkviani)

`raic mTavaria, Cveni mze davicvaT, RmerTo, moumarTe xeli saqarTvelos~; mze – sasmeli `xonCiT mzis sxivi mogarTvi, mzis sxivis Camonawuri~;

(jansuR Carkviani)

`bevri mziT vavseb sulis fialas da vsvam brZolebis did sadRegrZelos”; `Tu gazafxulis mziTa var mTvrali...~

(oTar WilaZe)

mze – sicocxlis simbolo mzeo, daude sazRvari mwuxare fiqrTa qrolasa, – mzeo, amodi, amodi, nu efarebi gorasa! galaktioni

sainteresoa mzis metafora folklorul teqstebSi. kerZod, `xmiT natirlebSi~. motiralisaTvis saaqao da saiqio cxovreba moTqmis dros upirispideba erTmaneTs. Tu cocxalTaTvis saaqao cxovreba, es qveyana, erTaderTi realobaa, sikvdiliT gamowveuli mwuxareba adamians im cxovrebis – saiqios siaxlovesac ganacdevinebs. motiralis azrovneba ZiriTadad kontrastebze igeba da Sesabamisi enobrivi gamoxatulebiTac formde-

20

cira barbaqaZe

ba. saaqao–saiqios axali sinonimebi uCndeba `xmiT natirlebis~ teqstebSi. saaqaos, amqveynis sinonimebia: samzeo, mzis qveyana: `Tuki gvaCuqe e qalai, rad ar didi dRe dauwese, raad maswyvite samzeosa?! .................. `Zmao, mamgone geqneboda, mamgone, Zmao, samzeosa~; .................. `gamamacxade samzeosao, Sen amaZraxe samzeurTao~; ................ `Zmao, samzeos gaTaulo, Zmao, samzeos daleulo~. xolo saiqios, im qveynis sinonimebia suleTi da SaveTi: `suleTis RmerTo, madliano, mame nebai saubrisao~; ................... `SaveTis kari gamiRodi, ukven aravin damabrunos~; ................... `netavi gaumarjvos, RmerTsa, SaveTsac misca, SaveTs, kari~.... d D a sxva. motirali xSirad Sestiris mzes, rogorc sicocxles, misTvis xom es qveyana samzeoa, mzis qveyanaa: `mzes ver Savxeneb uSenodao, mzes, uSenobiT daCrdilulsao~; ..................... `mzeo, dadeg da Camoxeneo, mova ymawvili umzeurTao~; ..................... `cocxalT ra gviWirs, mzes vxedavT, daRamdeba da gaTendeba, bralia, visac dauRamda, visTvisac aRar gaTendeba!~ ..................

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

21

`dReo, raira gamzianebs, mzeo, raira gecineba?~ ................... `daica, mzeo, ar dabrZande, RamiT me versa gavarigeb~; da ase Semdeg... sikvdils sicocxle, mze upirispirdeba, SaveTs – samzeo, dRes – Rame... adamiani kvdeba, sicocxle grZeldeba: isev Tendeba da amodis mze, Tumca motirali ityvis: `mwuxarebis mze~ varo. leqsemebis: mzis da sikvdilis aqtualizeba `xmiT natirlebis~ teqstebSi albaT yvelaze ukeT xsnis motiralis kontrastebze agebul azrovnebas (barbaqaZe 2003:200). m M zis individualuri poetika mzis universaluri poetikis gamokvlevis Semdeg sainteresod gveCveneba mzis individualuri poetika erTi poetis poeziis mixedviT. Aam niSniT sainteresod gvesaxeba SoTa niSnianiZis poezia. `ficxobda, sxioda mzis cxeli daira, sicxe ZunZulebda mTlad daTvisnairad~; `klanWiani agvistos mze miminosebr cerze mizis~; `mze ki ZnasaviT CaSlili, mTel saqarTvelos Svenoda~; `mze ki kuTxeSi mimjdara mileul dedaberiviT~; `Saib, sayvarelo, mzis oqros maxvili, mec winapariviT qudze kacs gavyviri~; `mze sayeloSi xels Camavlebda da gamiyvanda gakveTilidan~; `mze mxarze gaido ToxiviT da mTvare namglad moRuna~; `gaiRviZa, gaizmora... daixura mzis CaCqani~; `da mze exveva zebrasaviT yviTel silaSi~;

22

cira barbaqaZe

`mze ki torebs scems arabuli bedauriviT~; `da mze hgavda cxenis floqviT axrColebul Radars~; `Cemi mzerisgan mzec yioda yalyze Semdgari~; monRolTa sisxlSi mze Wixvinebs udabnoebis~; `Semodgomis uRels mze xariviT ubia~; `Toxispirebze gamoukravs mze sagzaliviT da mindor–mindor saToxarSi midis aprili~; `sarze mamalma xma Caiwminda, mze gadaylapa Toxlo kvercxiviT~; ìqneba Rames es mze CaxCaxa, uCinmaCinis qudad exura?~ mze, mze, Camobardne, mzian butkoebad~; `mze aRdgomis kvercxs Sevadare...~; ès mze, es miTi damxureT qudad~; `mzis sviringebiT moxatulxar Wreli gveliviT~; `mze am gorakebs svaviviT kortnis, mziT CaJangula papis saZvale~; `da mzec meomar mamaliviT igrZelebs kisers~; `mze, rogorc didi, wiTeli buSti~; `sityva macvia jaWvis perangad, muxis foToli, mze da mtevani~; `mze gamaZRari glexkaciviT mTlad gazarmacda~; `jer ki adrea... mze venaxs wamlavs~;

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

23

`samxreTis tilo, mziT adRvebili, laJvardebiT da mziT ixateba~; mzis individualuri poetika SoTa niSnianiZesTan kargad xatavs im samyaros, romelSic poeti cxovrobs sulierad. Mmze SoTa niSnianiZisaTvis aris: daTvi, mimino, Zna, dedaberi, mamali, Toxi, qudi, zebra, bedauri, svavi, xari, sagzali, Toxlo kvercxi, aRdgomis kvercxi, wiTeli buSti, samosi, glexkaci, mevenaxe da sxva... aRniSnuli metaforebiT, SedarebebiT, hiperbolebiT da sxva mxatvruli xerxebiT kargad ixateba soflis garemo, romelic kvebavs poetis fantazias... mze poetisaTvis yvelagan da yvelaferSia... sulier da usulo sagnebSic.

d a s k v n i s T v i s: maSasadame, qarTuli poeturi mze aris: ufali, RvTaeba, sicocxle, adamiani, satrfo, saqarTvelo... is axdens adgilisa da drois metaforizebas; qarTul poeziaSi mze aris erTaderTi, rogorc ufali da amave dros, bevri, rogorc adamiani... yvelas da yvelafers aqvs Tavisi wili mze, anu sicocxle samzeoSi, anu dedamiwaze, mzis samyofelSi; mze yvelgan da yvelaferSia, rogorc RmerTi... mze, rogorc sicocxlis, sinaTlisa da siTbos wyaro, poeziaSi xdeba Semdeg gancdaTa da grZnobaTa aRmniSvneli: siyvaruli, sixaruli, bedniereba, imedi, nugeSi... Tumca, rodesac avtors naRvliani gancda gadaaqvs mzeze, maSin is SeiZleba iyos: `mkvdris mze~, `daRaluli mze~, `sapyari mze~ (`Rrubelo Savo, mzeo sapyaro~ (ana); mzis zemowarmodgenili metaforuli da simboluri mniSvnelobebi qarTul poeziaSi universaluri xasiaTisaa, magram am mniSvnelobebis garda TiToeuli poeti sakuTari `mzis poetikiT~ gamorCeva, rac poetis individualobis Sesaswavlad saintereso meTodia. sakvlev masalaze dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom qarTveli poetebi SegviZlia asec davaxasiaToT: mzis poeti, qaris poeti, nislis poeti, mTvaris poeti, sisxlis poeti, wvimis poeti, Tovlis poeti... zogjer ki ramdenime koncepti Tanabradaa erTi poetis SemoqmedebaSi.

24

cira barbaqaZe

Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi gamorCeulad mzis poetebi arian galaktioni da ana kalandaZe (Tumca anasTan varskvlavebi da qaric aqtualuria).

Lliteratura

aruTinova 1999: Àðóòþíîâà Í.Ä. ßçûê è ìèð ÷åëîâåêà. Ì.; barbaqaZe 2003: cira barbaqaZe, qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis pragmatika, Tbilisi. eko 2004: Óìáåðòî Ýêî, Îòêðûòîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå, Ñàíêò_Ïåòåðáóðã. iakobsoni 1975: Ð. ßêîáñîí, Ëèíãâèñòèêà è ïîýòèêà, Ìîñêâà. losevi 2008: À. Ô. Ëîñåâ, Âåùü è èìÿ, Ñàìîå ñàìî, Ñàíêò_Ïåòåðáóðã. postmodernizmi 2002: Ïîñòìîäåðíèçì: íîâàÿ ìàãè÷åñêàÿ ýïîõà, Õàðüêîâ. barti 1989 – Ðîëàí Áàðò, Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû, Ñåìèîòèêà, Ïîýòèêà, Ìîñêâà; pirsi 2000 – ×. Ñ. Ïèðñ, Èçáðàííûå ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, Ìîñêâà; morisi 2001 – ×. Ó. Ìîððèñ, Îñíîâàíèÿ òåîðèè çíàêîâ, â êí: Ñåìèîòèêà, àíòîëîãèÿ, Åêàòåðèíáóðã; uilraiti 1990: Ô. Óèëðàéò, Ìåòàôîðà è ðåàëíîñòü, Â êí: Òåîðèÿ ìåòàôîðû, Ìîñêâà; rifateri 1984: Michael Riffaterre. Semiotics of Poetry. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; lotmani 1972: Ëîòìàí Þ. Ì. Àíàëèç ïîýòè÷åñêîãî òåêñòà. Ë.; lotmani 1970: Ëîòìàí Þ.Ì. Ñòðóêòóðà õóäîæåñòâåííîãî òåêñòà. Ì.; kristeva 2004: Êðèñòåâà Þ. Èçáðàííûå òðóäû: Ðàçðóøåíèå ïîýòèêè. Ì.; ivanovi 1985: Èâàíîâ Âÿ÷.Âñ. Áåññîçíàòåëüíîå, ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ àñèììåòðèÿ, ÿçûê è òâîð÷åñòâî (Ê ïîñòàíîâêå âîïðîñà) // Áåññîçíàòåëüíîå: ïðèðîäà, ôóíêöèè, ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ. - Ò. IV. - Òáèëèñè, 1985. - Ñ. 254-259.

25

konstantine b B regaZe

galaktioni da novalisi

filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati; ivane javaxiSvlis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori; SoTa rusTavelis literaturis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli; ZiriTadi naSromebi: „novalisis saxismetyvelebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi”, „novalisis enis filosofia”, „literaturuli da enisfilosofiuri narkvevebi (novalisi, goeTe, v. f. humboldti...)”. interesTa sfero: germanuli romantizmi, hermenevtika, enis filosofia.

mxatvruli literaturis komparatiuli meTodiT kvlevisas, rodesac ori metnaklebad TanabarmniSvnelovani avtoris Semoqmedebis SedarebiT-istoriuli kvleva warmoebs, SesaZloa, rom erTi avtori meoris mimbaZvelad warmoCndes. amitom, amgvari kvlevisas imTaviTve unda iqnas daSvebuli winapiroba, rom WeSmarit SemoqmedTa SemoqmedebiT procesSi – gansxvavebiT saSualo SemoqmedTa SemoqmedebiTi procesisagan, sadac didia mimbaZvelobisa da gavlenis wili – a priori arsebobs SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia da ara gavlena da mimbaZveloba. es SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia erTgvari ucilobeli esTetikuri ontologiaa, rasac verc erTi didi Semoqmedi ver gaeqceva, ramdenadac avtori ar qmnis cariel adgilze, misi mxatvruli teqsti ar aris sagani TavisTavad, aramed konkretuli ontologiuri, ideologiuri da esTetikuri inspiraciis Sedegad warmoqmnili mocemulobaa (aq CemTvis amosavalia esTetikuri zednaSenis principi). Sesabamisad, aq raime gavlenebze saubari aramarTebulia. am TvalsazrisiT sakmarisia vaxsenoT, rom mTeli dasavleTevropuli mxatvruli literatura, da zogadad kultura, erTi mxriv bibliuri, xolo meore mxriv ZvelberZnuli da Zvelgermanuli miTologiuri arqe-

26

konstantine bregaZe

tipebiT sazrdoobs da maTgan iRebs SemoqmedebiT inspiracias. Sesabamisad, ama Tu im avtoris sidiade da originaloba aRniSnul arqetipTa individualur da unikalur esTetikur gadamuSavebaSi mdgomareobs, ris Sedegadac avtori qmnis sakuTar TviTmyofad, ganumeorebel poetur saxismetyvelebas (poeturi da tropuli metyvelebis sinTezi), rodesac avtori, fr. Slegelis sityviT rom vTqvaT, afuZnebs sakuTar progresul da universalur poezias (progressive Universalpoesie), xolo novalisis mixedviT – transcendentur poezias (transzendentale Poesie); anu, avtori qmnis mxatvrul teqsts, romelic arRvevs da afarToebs yofierebis sazRvrebs da gadadis droiT da sivrciT ganzomilebaTa miRma (rusTavelis enaze amas saRmrTo siaxle hqvia). rusTavelis, dantes, Seqspiris, goeTes mxatvruli teqstebi swored SemoqmedebiTi inspiraciis esTetikuri gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmnili teqstebia, romelTa esTetikuri individualoba, originaloba da ganumeorebloba maTs TviTmyofad saxismetyvelebaSia sagulvebeli, isini progresul-universaluri da transcendenturi poeziis nimuSebia. amdenad, mxatvruli teqstebis komparatiuli kvlevis dros a priori amosavali da gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos ama Tu im avtoris SemoqmedebiT procesSi imTaviTve impliciturad mocemuli SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia. Sesabamisad, kvleva upirveles yovlisa (xazs vusvam, upirveles yovlisa) mimarTuli unda iyos swored imis warmosaCenad, Tu ramdenad maRal xarisxSia ama Tu im avtoris SemoqmedebaSi esTetikuri inspiraciiT miRebuli STabeWdilebebis originalur-SemoqmedebiTi, TviTmyofadi aTviseba-recefcia da ara raRac gavlenebis Cxreka (ra Tqma unda, ama Tu im `meorad~ mweralTan arsebuli gavlenebis warmoCena da dadgenac komparatiuli litmcodneobis sferoa, ris masalasac uxvad iZleva epigonuri mwerloba, magram gavlenebis moZieba komparatiuli litmcodneobis meoradi amocanaa). Sesabamisad, komparatiuli litmcodneobis amosavali debuleba unda iyos inspiraciis wyaroTa dadgena da mikvleva da ara imTaviTve ararsebuli gavlenebis gamovlena, ramdenadac litmcodneobisaTvis Rirebulebas warmoadgens swored inspiraciaTa, da ara gavlenaTa, hermenevtika. aqedan gamomdinare, komparatiulma litmcodneobam ori metnaklebad TanabarmniSvnelovani avtoris, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva Tu erTi da imave literaturul mimdinareobaTa warmomadgenlebis Semoqmedeba, erTi mxriv, unda gamoikvlios tipolo-

galaktioni da novalisi

27

giuri TvalsazrisiT (mag. rusTaveli da volfram fon eSenbaxi, novalisi da baraTaSvili, galaktioni da georg Traqli da a. S.), xolo, meore mxriv, esTetikuri inspiraciis TvalsazrisiTac (mag. germaneli romantikosebi da frangi simbolistebi, frangi simbolistebi da galaktioni da a. S.), rac kvlevis Semdgom fazaze qmnis avtorTa originaluri da TviTmyofadi poeturi saxismetyvelebis interpretaciisa da recefciis winapirobas. rodesac kvleva warmoebs ama Tu im avtorTan ararsebuli gavlenebis moZiebis, da ara inspiraciebis marTebuli recefciis mimarTulebiT, ai, am `sacTuris~ winaSe dgas mkvlevari, rodesac saqme midgeba galaktionis poeturi teqstebis komparatiul kvlevaze. aq mkvlevari unda ecados, rom galaktioni, misdauneburad, ar warmoaCinos sxva avtorTa gavlenebis qveS myof epigon Semoqmedad. Sesabamisad, galaktionis poeturi teqstebis komparatiuli meTodiT interpretaciis procesSi mkvlevaris mizani upirveles yovlisa unda iyos galaktionis poeturi teqstebis inspiraciis wyaroTa dadgena da am esTetikur sawyisTa da galaktionis poetur teqstTa tipologiuri kvleva, maTi esTetikuri recefcia galaktionis mier da Semdgom, kvlevis bolo etapze Tavad galaktionis poetur teqstTa hermenevtika da amis safuZvelze maTi TviTmyofadobisa da ganumeoreblobis warmoCena. dRes galaktionologiaSi aRiarebuli faqtia Sarl bodleris pre-simbolisturi poeziisa da franguli simbolizmis, rogorc erT-erTi SemoqmedebiTi inspiratoris, roli galaktionis poeziaSi. magram naklebi yuradReba eTmoba germanuli romantizmis SemoqmedebiT inspiracias galaktionis poeziaSi. marTalia, am problemis erTi aspeqtis `gaxsnaa~ r. burWulaZis gamokvleva `vagneri da galaktioni~ (burWulaZe 1980: 63-94), magram, Cemi azriT, germanuli romantizmisa (da zogadad romantizmis) da galaktionis poeziis urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT kvleva unda gaRrmavdes da gaiSalos da mxolod vagneris musikiT ar unda Semoifarglos.1 rac Seexeba r. burWulaZis gamokvlevas, avtoris mier galaktionis poeturi teqstebi vagneris musikasTan kavSirSi isea gaanalizebuli, rom warmoCenilia ara am ori Semoqmedis ideuri da ____________________________ 1 sainteresoa, rom Tavis mxriv franguli simbolizmi SemoqmedebiT inspiracias iRebda germanuli romantizmisagan. kerZod, aq sakmarisia vaxsenoT Tundac igive rihard vagneri da misi musikis “gavlena” bodlersa da malarmeze, anda germanuli romantizmis usasrulo mogzaurobis motivis poeturi recefcia artur rembos mier (Sdr. misi leqsi “mTvrali xomaldi” da vagneris opera “mfrinavi holandieli”, anda iozef fon aihendorfis romantikuli poeziis usasrulo mogzaurobis motivi) (zafranski 2007: 214, 273-274).

28

konstantine bregaZe

konceptualuri erTianoba yofierebis esTetikuri Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT (tipologia), avtoris mier galaktionis leqsebi (àngelozs eWira grZeli pergamenti~, `mzeo TibaTvisa~, `gemi dalandi~, `dabruneba~ da sxv.) warmoCenilia ara rogorc TviTmyofadi poeturi teqstebi, aramed rogorc vagneris operebis (`loengrini~, `mfrinavi holandieli~) Taviseburi poeturi ilustraciebi, ris Sedegadac galaktioni warmoCenilia ara rogorc TviTmyofadi Semoqmedi, aramed rogorc rigiTi, saSualo epigoni poeti. aSkaraa, rom kvleva moikoWlebs meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, risi mizezicaa hermenevtikuli meTodis ugulebelyofa. amitomac, avtoris kvlevis sferoSi ar Semosula Tavad galaktionis leqsebis WeSmariti Sinagani logosis hermenevtika, anu, komparatiuli kvlevis saboloo da umaRlesi faza. Cemi azriT, Sarl bodleris pre-simbolisturi poeziisa da franguli simbolizmis garda, galaktionis poeziis erT-erTi STagonebis wyaroa germanuli romantizmic, kerZod, novalisis (fridrix fon hardenbergi, 1772-1801) romantikuli poezia, risi aSkara nimuSia galaktionis Tundac Semdegi cnobili leqsi àRar aris menestreli~ (ra Tqma unda, sxva leqsebic), sadac igi pirdapir axsenebs germanuli romantizmis erT-erTi fuZemdeblisa da udidesi romantikosi poetis novalisis romantikuli poeziis umTavres simbolos lurj yvavils (die blaue Blume). Cemi azriT, mocemul leqsSi novalisis yvavilis (anu lurji yvavilis) poeturi koncepti SemoqmedebiT procesSi warmoqmnili SemTxveviToba ki ar aris, aramed igi cnobierad Tu aracnobierad gamoxatavs novalisis poeziidan momdinare SemoqmedebiT inspiraciasa da impulsebs. faqtobrivad, es leqsi unda gaviazroT, erTi mxriv, rogorc Taviseburi poeturi miZRvna novalisisa da misi romantikuli poeziisadmi, xolo, meore mxriv, rogorc germanuli romantizmisa da galaktionis konceptualuresTetikuri Tanamoazreoba.2

____________________________ 2 sainteresoa, rom galaktioni Tavissave Jurnalis mowinaveSi (ix. galaktion tabiZis Jurnali # 2, 1922) axsenebs germanel romantikosebs vilhelm hainrix vakenrodersa da novaliss, romelTa poezias igi akavSirebs rogorc zogadad poeziis, ise sakuTari poeziis ontologiur arsTan, rac konceptualurad gulisxmobs poetur teqstebSi da poeturi teqstebiT transcendenturobisadmi swrafvasa da mis wvdomas, rasac upirispirdeba empiriuli sinamdvilis pragmatizmi, warmavloba da amaoeba: “me vicodi, rom adamianebs Soris aRar aris araviTari kavSiri, usulo da ugulo angariSebis garda, rom amaod wyurodaT am adamianebs ideali da harmonia, rom egoisturma angariSebma sruliad walekes ltolva araqveyniur ocnebisadmi, gahqra mwuxareba vakenroderis, gahqra zmanebebi novalisis” (tabiZe 1975: 20). aq impliciturad mocemulia galaktionisa da germanuli romantikuli poeziis konceptualur-esTetikuri siaxlove.

galaktioni da novalisi

29

Cemi statia aris galaktionis am leqsisa da misi sxva leqsebis safuZvelze galaktionis modernistuli poeziisa da novalisis romantikuli poeziis konceptualur-saxismetyvelebiTi siaxlovis Cvenebisa (tipologia) da germanuli romantizmis, rogorc galaktionis poeturi teqstebis erT-erTi mainspirebeli wyaros, warmoCenis cda. Tavdapirvelad aq mTlianad moviyvan galaktionis zemoT aRniSnul leqss àRar aris menestreli~: ès ocneba aris Wreli fiqri bneli Ramisa, aRar aris menestreli unazesi damisa. iyo irgvliv zianeba da yornebis Cxavili, Tovlma silas mianeba novalisis yvavili. magram gulSi dards nu isev, ocneba nu gSordeba, yovelive igi isev ise ganmeordeba~ (tabiZe 1973: 192). leqsSi ikveTeba Semdegi poetur saxeebi da konceptebi – Rame, ocneba, (novalisis) yvavili. marTalia, poeturi saxismetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT, aq gansakuTrebuli araferia, vinaidan nebismier epoqaSi nebismieri poetis `sayvareli~ poeturi saxeebi da konceptebia Rame, ocneba/sizmari, yvavili. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tavad leqsis mTel Sinaarsobriv-esTetikur konteqsts, leqsSi es poeturi saxeebi warmoCndeba rogorc konkretuli TviTmyofadi Sinaarsis (Sinagani logosis) Semcveli poeturi xatebi: kerZod, isini SemoqmedebiT-konceptualurad ukavSirdebian da mianiSneben novalisis romantikul poeziaze, ramdenadac leqsSi galaktioni erTi mxriv pirdapir axsenebs novalisis romantikuli poeziis centralur simbolos lurj yvavils (`novalisis yvavili~), xolo meore mxriv leqsSi aris aluziebi novalisis roman `hainrix fon ofterdingenzec~ (sadac swored lurji yvavilis simbolo gvxvdeba), razec mianiSneben yvavilisa da menestrelis poeturi saxeebi. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: novalisis romanis centraluri simboloa lurji yvavili, romelsac romanis

30

konstantine bregaZe

mTavari gmiri (hainrixi) sizmarSi ixilavs da Semdgom mTels romanSi gmiris personaJismieri ontologia am lurji yvaviliTaa determinebuli. xolo Tavad romanis mTavari gmiris, hainrixis, prototipia Suasaukuneebis minezengeri (menesterli), anu raindi-poeti hainrix fon ofterdingeni, volfram fon eSenbaxis Tanamedrove. Tumca novalisis romanis hainrixi da romanSi asaxuli Suasaukuneobrivi interieri pirobiTi, fiqciuri mocemulobania da isini eqvemdebareba novalisiseuli romantikuli poeziis poetikisa da saxismetyvelebis principebs. Sesabamisad, novalisis romanis hainrixi aris sakuTriv romanis teqstis hainrixi da ara konkretuli istoriuli piri. aqedan gamomdinare, galaktionis menestreli erTi mxriv aris swored novalisis romanis personaJze aluzia, xolo meore mxriv am poeturi konceptis qveS galaktioni gulisxmobs Tavad novalissac. amitomac, SemTxveviTi araa, rom galaktioni menestrelTan erTad iqve axsenebs novalisis yvavilsac, anu novalisis romanis mTavar simbolos, lurj yvavils, rac romanSi aris transcendenturobis, usasrulobis, saRvTo siyvarulis poeturi simbolo (bregaZe 2009: 28-69). aqedan gamomdianre, galaktionis leqsis teqstSi poeturi konceptebi menestreli da novalisis yvavili erT saxismetyvelebiT sibrtyes qmnis da saerTo poeturi koncefciis farglebSi jdeba: leqsSi novalisis yvavilis poetur koncepts igive mxatvruli funqcia akisria, rac novalisis romanSi, – kerZod, igi aris transcendenturi saRvTo realobis simbolo, romlis moxmobiTac galaktioni mianiSnebs im egzistencialur Cixze, rac gamowveulia RvTaebrivis, romlis simboloc novalisis yvavilia, yofierebasa da adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi reducirebiT – `Tovlma silas mianeba novalisis yvavili~. xolo am saxismetyvelebiTi konteqstidan gamomdinare, rogorc novalisis poetur teqstebSi, ise galaktionis aRniSnul leqsSi ocnebis poeturi koncepti warmoadgens dakargul RvTaebriv yofierebaze ocnebisa da mogonebis aluzias, xolo Ramis poeturi koncepti mianiSnebs swored im pirvelqmnil, metafizikur Rameze, romlis wiaRSic iSvis Semdgom RvTaebrivi naTeli. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT zemoTqmuls, absoluturad aramarTebuli da miuRebelia r. burWulaZis daskvna, TiTqos es leqsi `dawerilia al. blokis dramis, vardisa da jvaris STabeWdilebiT~, rom TiTqos novalisiseuli lurji yvavilis, da Sesabamisad, galaktioniseuli novalisis yvavilis poeturi simboloebi sikvdilis poeturi saxeebia (burWulaZe 1980: 117). rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, novalisTan yvavilis poeturi simbolo aris ara

galaktioni da novalisi

31

sikvdilis poturi saxe, aramed transcendenturobis, usasrulobis, sulieri srulyofilebisa da ukvdavebis poeturi simbolo. xolo yvavilis sikvdilis simbolod gageba ukavSirdeba germaneli simbolistis Stefan georges poezias, da misi poeziis saxismetyvelebis centralur simbolos Sav yvavils. savaraudoa, rom al. blokiseuli Savi vardic swored aqedan iRebs saTaves. novalisTan ki gvaqvs lurji yvavili, rasac r. burWulaZe aramarTebulad imave simbolur datvirTvas miawers, rasac blokiseul Sav vards (Sesabamisad, georgeseul Sav yvavils) (burWulaZe 1980: 117). axla mivubrundeT sakiTxs, Tu raSi mdgomareobs galaktionisa da novalisis poeturi teqstebis konceptualur-esTetikuri da saxismetyvelebiTi Tanamoazreoba da ra formiT vlindeba galaktionis poetur teqstebSi novalisis romantikuli poeziis SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia. kerZod: Cemi azriT, novalisisa da galaktionis poetur teqstebSi saerToa satrfos poeturi saxis rogorc transcendenturi saRvTo realobis simbolod gageba, rac saTaves savaraudod swored novalisis poeturi teqstebidan unda iRebdes (Sdr. galaktionis àRar aris menestreli~, `vin aris es qali?~ `qari qris, qari qris...~…, aseve meris ciklis leqsebi, xolo novalisis – `Ramis himnebis~ poeturi cikli). maT poetur teqstebSi aseve saerToa Ramis rogorc transcendenturobis poetur simbolod gageba, rac saTaves, Cemi azriT, aseve novalisis poeziidan unda iRebdes (Sdr. galaktionis `me da Rame~, `mTawmindis mTvare~, àRar aris menestreli~, `lilian frTebiT~; xolo novalisis `Ramis himnebi~). galaktionisa da novalisis poetur teqstebSi saerToa aseve RvTismSoblis, madonas kultis poeturi recefcia, sadac RvTismSoblis poeturi saxe gvevlineba saRvTo siyvarulisa da transcendenturobis simbolod. galaktionTan am aspeqtis esTetikuri inspiraciac savaraudod aseve novalisis poeziaSia sagulvebeli (Sdr. galaktionis `silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~, `xomalds mihyveba TeTri madona~, `saRamo~, `damSvidobeba~; xolo novalisis – `Ramis himnebisa~ da `sasuliero simRerebis~ poeturi ciklebi).3 ____________________________ 3 calke kvlevis Temaa lurji feris saxismetyveleba novalisTan da galaktionTan – erTi mxriv, lurji yvavilis simbolo novalisis roman “hainrix fon ofterdingenSi”, meore mxriv, lurji feris simbolikis vagneriseuli laitmotivi galaktionis poetur teqstebSi (“lurja cxenebi”, “gviani ocneba”, “sasaflaoni”, “lilian frTebiT”, “me araerTxel mqonia frTebi”, “dgeba TeTri dReebi...”, “saRamo”, “Tovli”, “i. a.” da sxva). magram amjerad es problema Cemi kvlevis sagans ar warmoadgens da mas statiaSi ar ganvixilav. Tumca am sakiTxis hermenevtikas momavalSi uTuod gadmovcem.

32

konstantine bregaZe

novalisTan satrfos poeturi saxis rogorc transcendenturobisa da saRvTo realobis simbolod gageba gvxvdeba mis poetur-mistikur ciklSi `Ramis himnebi~ (bregaZe 2009: 121-123), rac Semdeg varirebuli saxiT gadadis missave romanSi `hainrix fon ofterdingeni~ (bregaZe 2009: 53-62). novalisis poetur teqstebSi asaxuli siyvarulis istoria, satrfosadmi gmiris ltolva warmoadgens ara sayofacxovrebo, `biurgeruli~ siyvarulis ambavs, aramed aq simbolizebulia iniciaciis procesi, anu Semmecnebeli subieqtis swrafva sulieri srulyofis, usasrulobisa da transcendenturobisadmi (bregaZe 2009: 53-62). Sesabamisad, novalisTan satrfos poeturi saxe gvevlineba transcendenturobisa da samoTxiseuli egzistenciis simbolod: `nislSi STainTqa MmTa da vixile satrfos naTliTmosili nakvTebi. mis TvalebSi daevana maradisobas. xeli Sevavle sasurvels da cremlebi iqcnen mbrwyinav uwyvet mZivad. aTaswleulebi wariltvnen SoreTSi, viT avdris qarebi. mis yels davadine netarebis cremlebi axali cxovrebisaTvis. da es sizmari erTaderTia. mxolod mas Semdeg Camesaxa maradi, Seuryeveli rwmena Rameuli zecisa da misi naTlisadmi – satrfosadmi~ [Ramis himnebi, III] (novalisi 2007: 18).4 swored amgvari saxismetyvelebiTi funqcia aqvs galaktionis teqstebSi satrfos poetur saxes merisadmi miZRvnili leqsebis ciklSi. (`meri~, `Sen zRvis pirad midiodi, meri~..., `meris TvalebiT~..., ò, dRes Semodgomaa...~). am SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT galaktionis poeturi teqstebis specifikas, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom isini warmoadgenen transcendenturi poeziis nimuSebs, anu romelTa poetur-esTetikuri intenciac transcendenturobis `gaxsna~ da wvdomaa (am TvalsazrisiT mxolod `lurja cxenebis~ xsenebac kmara), maSin am WrilSi galaktionis poetur teqstebSi intencirebuli siyvarulis Temisa da satrfos (meris) poeturi saxis sayofacxovrebo siyvarulis ambavze reducireba imTaviTve gamoricxulia. aqedan gamomdinare, meris ciklis poetur teqstebSi satrfos poeturi saxe unda gaviazroT rogorc transcendenturobisa da dakarguli RvTaebrivi pirvelsawyisis simbolo. oRond, novalisisagan gansxvavebiT, galaktionTan, satrfos saxiT simbolizebu____________________________ 4 statiaSi novalisis citatebis Targmani statiis avtors ekuTvnis

galaktioni da novalisi

33

li RvTaebrivi yofiereba ukve warmoadgens miuwvdomelis sferos, rac ontologiurad galaktionis lirikuli gmirisaTvis (Sesabamisad galaktionisaTvis) warmoSobs egzistencialur Cixsa da SiSs: kerZod, masSi (zeciuri) satrfosadmi ltolva da misdami trfoba ukve aRar iwvevs da aRar niSnavs sulier srulyofasa da usasrulo transcendenturobaSi ukvdav egzistencias: mimafrenda napirebze lurja cxeni, gadviCexe, ukurneblad daWrili var... damexseni! …………………………………………………………….. Caxmaxis wuTi. bnel sivrceSi aSlili boli, Savi yvavilis samudamod mkvdari foToli. lÁuciferi: – vin aris es qali, vin aris es qali aseTi cisferi?~ [`vin aris es qali?~] (tabiZe 1973: 92). [...] da Srialebda toti verxvisa, raze – vin icis! vin icis, meri! bedi, romelic me ar meRirsa – qars mihyveboda, rogorc namqeri. sTqvi: uecari gasxivosneba rad Caqra ase? vis vevedrebi? rad aSrialda Cemi ocneba, rogorc gafrenil arwivis frTebi? ……………………………………………… qari da wvimis wveTebi xSiri wydebodnen, rogorc mwydeboda guli da me avtirdi – viT mefe liri, liri, yvelasgan mitovebuli~ [`meri~] (tabiZe 1973:63). … novalisTan da galaktionTan satrfos poetur saxes ukavSirdeba RvTismSoblis (madonas) poeturad gaazrebuli da recifirebuli saxe, romelic, iseve rogorc satrfos poeturi simbolo, ganasaxierebs saRvTo yofierebas. aqac, Tuki, novalisis poetur teqstebSi RvTismSoblisadmi (madonasadmi) lirikuli gmiris mistikuri swrafva simbolurad ganasaxierebs dakarguli saRvTo yofierebis kvlav mopovebas da amavdroulad impliciturad gulisxmobs am RvTaebrivi yofierebis mopovebis rwme-

34

konstantine bregaZe

nas lirikuli gmiris pirovnuli nebelobidan gamomdinare (fixteanuri nakadi), maSin galaktionis lirikuli me aRar avlens pirovnul nebelobas, igi usaxelo araras winaSe dgas da eqvemdebareba yofierebis mier SemoTavazebul empiriul Tu metafizikur saganTmimarTebebs – `rogor SeviZloT uRvTismSobloba? viT avitanoT umadonoba? gahqra zmaneba, gahqra feria...~ (tabiZe 1973: 274): novalisi: mariam gixile aTas xatebSi, vervin Segicnobs viT suli Cemi. me vuwyi mxolod, wuTisofeli mas mere sizmrad ganmiqardeba, da utkbilesi, uTqmeli zeca marad Cems sulSi Camesaxeba~ [`sasuliero simRerebi~ XV] (novalisi 1981: 198).…… N dedav RvTisao, satrfov! tanjuli kaci TqveniT aris ganaTlebuli. maradi wyaloba Tqvengan mogveca. oh, vici, matilde, Sen xar, Cemi ltolvis wminda mizani~ [`hainrix fon ofterdingeni~] (novalisi 1981: 372). galaktioni: `dedav RvTisao, mzeo mariam! rogorc nawvimar silaSi vardi, Cemi cxovrebis gza sizmaria da Soreuli cis silaJvarde. …………………………………………. sad aris CemTvis samagiero? sabedniero sad aris suli? viT samoTxidan aligieri, me jojoxeTiT var dafaruli! da roca bediT dawyevlil gzaze sikvdilis landi momeCveneba,

35

galaktioni da novalisi

gansasvenebel ziarebaze CemTan ar mova Seni xseneba! davikref xelebs da grigaliviT gamaqaneben swrafi cxenebi! RamenaTevi da namTvralevi Cems samareSi Cavesvenebi~ [`silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~] (tabiZe 1973: 141). rac Seexeba Ramis poetur simbolos, orive avtorTan Rame gvevlineba saRvTo misteriebisa da sulieri Semecnebis (iniciacia) sferod. amasTanave, rogorc novalisi, ise galaktioni Ramis poetur saxes ukavSireben sikvdilis, sizmrisa (ocnebis) da satrfos poetur konceptebsa da saxeebs: sikvdilisa da sizmris poeturi saxeebi rogorc novalisTan, ise galaktionTan aris iniciaciis Sualeduri, gardamavali safexuri axali saRvTo egzistenciisaken, romlis gavlis Semdgomac xorcieldeba lirikuli gmiris (iniciantis) sulieri srulqmna da RvTaebriv yofierebaSi damkvidreba. sainteresoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi, Ramis poeturi saxis gagebaSi galaktioni diametrulad upirispirdeba mag. Sarl bodlers, romelTanac Rame apokalifsuri daqcevisa da aRsasrulis simboloa da ara spiritualuri W Q vretis (iniciacia) sfero, axali saRvTo egzistenciis dasawyisis wiaRi, rogorc es galaktionTan da novalisTanaa (zafranski 2007: 121): bodleri: Ramea, wvims da Camqrala zeca, TiTqos daseres samrekloebma. qalaqis goTur siluets lewavs ruxi siSoris amaoeba. saxrCobelebiT savsea veli, gvamebs yvavebis niskarti kortnis, sanukvar sakvebs moelis mgeli, haerSi cekvavs gvamTa eskorti. ekal-bardebi, buCqebi, xeni foTolTa yviTel zmanebebs qmnian da monaxazis pirquSi fskeri mihyveba qaoss – avbediT niavs. [...] [`Ramis efeqti~, Targmna qeTevan mindaZem] (anTologia... 2004: 393).

36

konstantine bregaZe

novalisi: `da me veswrafvi iqiT SoreTSi wminda, uTqmel, idumal Rames. [...] keTilSobili balzami iRvreba Sens (Ramis – k. b.) yayaCoTa Taigulidan. damaSvral suls ezidebi zecad. eniTuTqmeli da miuwvdomelia kacTa gonebisaTvis sulis Cvenis aRtaceba. [...] da ha, lurji SoreTidan eSveba sanatreli mwuxris saburveli. salxenad Cemda gafanta naTeli dRisa – borkili sulisa. gaqra wuTisoflis didebuleba, naRveli Cemi ganaqarva axalma, eniTuTqmelma samyarom. Ramem da zecam momivlines maradi Zili. qveyana SenivTda da zecad afrinda Cemi axladSobili da gamoxsnili suli. [...] Cemi idumalTmetyveli guli Ramisa da misi asulis – satrfos erTgulia~ [Ramis himnebi I, III, IV] (novalisi 2007: 9-10, 18, 23). galaktioni: da mec movkvde simRerebSi tbis sevdian gedad, oRond vTqva, Tu Ramem sulSi rogor Caixeda, Tu sizmarma viT Seisxa cidan camde frTebi, da gaSala ocnebaTa lurji ialqnebi; Tu sikvdilis siaxlove rogor asxvaferebs momakvdavi gedis hangTa vardebs da CanCqerebs, Tu rogor vgrZnob, rom sulisTvis, am zRvam rom aRzarda, sikvdilis gza arra aris, vardisfer gzis garda; rom am gzaze zRaparia mgosanT siTamame, rom arasdros ar yofila ase Cumi Rame. rom, aCrdilno, me Tqvens axlo sikvdils vegebebi, rom mefe var da mgosani da simReriT vkvdebi, rom wayveba saukunes TqvenTan Cemi qnari... jer arasdros ar Sobila mTvare ase wynari~ [`mTawmindis mTvare~] (tabiZe 1973: 64). galaktionisa da novalisis zemoTmoxmobili poeturi teqstebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom galaktionis modernistul poeziaSi mocemulia novalisis romantikuli poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxismetyvelebisa da poeturi konceptebis axleburi poeturi gaazreba da recefcia, ris Sedegadac isini fuZndebian galaktionis unikalur poetur saxismetyvelebaSi da gadaiqcevian mis ganuyrel da organul Semadgenel elementebad (am SemTxvevaSi ki gvaqvs

37

galaktioni da novalisi

ara gavlenebi, aramed SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia). amitomac, mimaCnia, rom galaktionis poeziis SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia frangul simbolizmTan erTad Seicavs germanuli romantizmidan momdinare impulsebs.

literatura anTologia... 2004: frangul-qarTuli anTologia: Sarl bodleri, pol verleni, stefan malarme, artur rembo; Semdgeneli z. meZvelia, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi. bregaZe 2009: k. bregaZe, novalisis romani `hainrix fon ofterdingeni~ bibliuri arqetipebisa da esqatologiis TvalsazrisiT (gv. 28-75); wignSi: k. bregaZe, literaturuli da enisfilosofiuri narkvevebi, gamomc. `meridiani~, Tbilisi. bregaZe 2009: k. bregaZe, novalisis `Ramis himnebis~ saxismetyveleba (gv. 119-133); wignSi: k. bregaZe, literaturuli da enisfilosofiuri narkvevebi, gamomc. `meridiani~, Tbilisi. burWulaZe 1980: r. burWulaZe, vagneri da galaktioni (gv. 63-94); wignSi: r. burWulaZe, mxolod integralebi, gamomc. `merani~, Tbilisi. zafranski 2007: R. Safranski, Romantik. Eine deutsche Affäre, Hanser, München. novalisi 2007: novalisi, Ramis himnebi, germanulidan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo k. bregaZem, gamomc. meridiani~, Tbilisi. novalisi 1981: Novalis, Werke in einem Band, hrsg. von H.-J. Mähl, Carl Hanser Verlag, München. tabiZe 1973: g. tabiZe, rCeuli, Semdg. gr. abaSiZe da m. lebaniZe, gamomc. `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi. tabiZe 1975: g. tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. XII, gamomc. `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi.

38

irakli cxvediani

jeimz joisis ùlise`: teqsti da struqtura

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori, amave universitetis dasavleTevropuli da amerikuli literaturis departamentis koordinatori ZiriTadi Sromebi: ‘Myth in J. Joyce’s Ulysses and W. Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury (Comparative Study)’ (2002); ùlises~ miTopoetika~ (2006); `jeimz joisi da jon dos pasosi: transatlantikuri literturuli modernizmis poetika~ (2006); `wminda~ romani da èpikuri~ romani: modernistuli romanis ori SesaZlebloba~ (2006); `Dante, Eliot and Joyce: Creating Order out of Chaos~ (2008); `Spatial Form in James Joyce’s Ulysses: `Nausicaa~ Episode~ (2009)

jeimz joisis ùlises~ struqtura SeiZleba pirobiTad orad gaiyos: zedapirul, garegan konstruqciad da internalur struqturad. romanis zedapiruli konstruqciis asagebad joisi, erTi SexedviT, tradiciul xerxebs mimarTavs: ùliseSi~ moqmedeba xdeba erT dReSi da erT qalaqSi, ase rom, garegnulad mainc, daculia sivrcisa da drois erTianobis tradiciuli, klasikuri principi. garda amisa, romani Sedgeba sami nawilisagan, rac Seesatyviseba klasikuri ritorikis Sesavals, eqspoziciasa da daskvnas. k. sanduleskus azriT, ùlises~ formalur struqturas naTlad gamokveTili klasikuri implikacia gaaCnia – romani sam nawilad iyofa aristoteleseuli terminebis: dasawyisis, Sua nawilisa da dasasrulis mixedviT, rac aristoteles `poetikaSi~ xazs usvams mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebis mWidro erTobliobas (sandulesku 1979: 82). ùlises~ TiToeul nawilSi dominirebs romanis romelime mTavari personaJi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: stiveni, blumi, moli. samive nawili simbolurad iwyeba mTavar moqmed pirTa saxelebis inicialebiT: S – stiveni; M – moli; P – poldi (leo-

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

39

pold blumi). u. Tindalis interpretaciiT, `pirveli nawili, romelic stivens eZRvneba, iwyeba S-iT, rac mianiSnebs mis erTgulebas sakuTari Tavisadmi. meore nawili, romelic blums eZRvneba, iwyeba M-iT, rac aCvenebs mis erTgulebas molisadmi. mesame nawili, romelic eZRvneba molis, iwyeba P-iT, rac aCvenebs mis gatacebas poldiT, anu leopoldiT.~ amasTanave, S, M, P silogizmis nawilebis aRmniSvneli tradiciuli niSnebia, rac, u. Tindalis azriT, ùlises~ struqturis logikur `progresze~ miuTiTebs (tindali 1995: 126). mWidro urTierTkavSiri romanis formalur nawilebsa da personaJTa ganlagebas Soris mxolod am sam ZiriTad nawilTan mimarTebaSi rodi mJRavndeba. es nawilebi, Tavis mxriv, epizodebisagan Sedgeba. yoveli epizodi fokusirebulia an erT romelime personaJze, an ori personaJis urTierTobaze, an dublinze (X epizodi), romelic erTgvar meoTxe personaJs warmoadgens. ramdenadac am epizodebs Soris ar arsebobs Txrobis gabmuli Zafi, romanis konstruqcia epizoduria, igi warmoadgens erTi SexedviT daukavSirebel situaciaTa jams, amitomac gaumarTlebelia, rom zogierTi mkvlevari romanis epizodebs `Tavebs~ uwodebs. garda amisa, isini epizodebs warmoadgenen imdenad, ramdenadac TiToeul maTgans sakuTari struqturuli agebuleba da Txrobis teqnika gaaCnia. rogorc vladimir nabokovi aRniSnavda kornelis universitetSi ùlises~ Sesaxeb wakiTxul leqciaSi, `romanis yoveli Tavi gansxvavebuli stiliTaa dawerili, ufro sworad, yovel TavSi garkveuli stili mefobs.~ mwerali iqve dasZens, rom àr igrZnoba araviTari gansakuTrebuli mizezi imisa, rom erT TavSi Txroba martivad, yovelgvari oinebis gareSe, meoreSi moCuxCuxe cnobierebis nakadis meSveobiT, mesameSi ki parodirebis prizmis gavliT miedinebodes~ (16, 83), magram saqmec is aris, rom ùliseSi~ yvelafers `gansakuTrebuli mizezi~ gaaCnia: romanis epizodebis teqnika, maTi stili, uwinares yovlisa, `homerosul~ saTaurebs ukavSirdeba, rac naTlad Cans Tundac III epizodSi (`protevsi~). mesame zRvis mravalsaxovani RvTaebis, protevsis joisur saxes qmnis am epizodSi stivenis Sinagani monologis iseTi organuli elementi, rogoric aris gardasaxva, saxecvlileba stivenis cnobierebaSic da mis mier aRqmul garemoSic. stivenis fiqrTa dineba inglisuridan uceb berZnul, italiur Tu germanul enebze `xorcieldeba~ (25, 356-357). ùlises~ erT-erTi epizodis – `lestrigonebis~ saintereso interpretacias am kuTxiT Tavad mwerali gvTava-

40

irakli cxvediani

zobs: `lestrigonebSi~ stomaqi dominirebs da epizodis ritmic peristeruli moZraobis ritmia... sasauzmod rom mieSureba, Cemi gmiri, leopold blumi, fiqrobs mis colze da TavisTvis ambobs: `Molly~s legs are out of plumb.~ dRis sxva monakveTSi mas SeiZleboda, igive azri sakvebze yovelgvari miniSnebis gareSe gamoexata, magram me minda, rom mkiTxvelma yovelTvis miniSnebiT gaigos da ara pirdapiri gadmocemiT~ (65, 21). ase rom, marTebulia r. miler-budnickaias mosazreba, rom ùlises~ stiluri sistema iqmneba m M Teli rigi calkeuli stilisagan, romelTagan TiToeuls – m M Tlianad an nawilobriv – eTmoba esa Tu is epizodi, mocemuli epizodis ideur-filosofiuri Sinaarsisa da misi emociuri Seferilobis Sesatyvisad; zogjer erTsa da imave epizodSi ramdenime stili monacvleobs ZiriTad fonze~ (54, 166). Tavad mwerlis gancxadebiT, misi ganzraxva iyo ara marto `gardameqmna miTi sub specie tempus nostri, aramed TiToeuli TavgadasavlisaTvis mimeca saSualeba, Tavad ganepirobebina da Seeqmna kidec sakuTari teqnika~ (bajeni 1960: 271). rogorc vxedavT, TiToeuli epizodis Temas joisma iseTi teqnika miusadaga, romelic ise Seesatyviseboda mas rogorc, u. Tindalis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `glove to hand~ (tindali 1995: 132). amrigad, ùlises~ zedapiruli struqtura sakmaod martivia: moqmedebis dro mxolod erT dRes moicavs (1904 wlis 16 ivnisi), adgili mxolod erTi qalaqia (dublini), romanSi warmodgenilia erTaderTi moqmedeba – stiven dedalosisa da blumis Sexvedra, romlebic Tavidan simetriulad arian daSorebulni erTmaneTisagan da TandaTanobiT uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, moli blumi ki warmoadgens ambis ganviTarebis erT-erTi Zafis sawyissac da sasrulsac. ùlises~ zedapiruli struqturis simartive ganapirobebs romanis internaluri organizaciis sirTules, magram aqve ar unda daviviwyoT isic, rom amgvari danawevreba romanis struqturisa dasaSvebia mxolod pirobiTad, kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, vinaidan struqturis cneba gulisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa, sistemuri mTlianobis arsebobas. rogorc cnobilia, struqturas sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs. misi Semadgeneli elementebis Tanafardoba imgvaria, rom romelime maTganis cvlileba iwvevs danarCenis Secvlasac. ase rom, ar SeiZleba ùlises~ mravalSriani struqturis komponentebis sruli gamijvna da izolireba erTmaneTi-

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

41

sagan, vinaidan isini urTierTzemoqmedeben da garkveul urTierTmimarTebas amyareben, qmnian erT mTlian sistemas. marTlac, joisis mier ùlises~ zedapiruli konstruqciis romanis struqturis sxva Sreebisagan izolirebulad ganxilvisas iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom joisi droisa da sivrcis erTianobis klasikuri principis moTxovnebs icavs, magram, Tuki joisis romanis poetikis ZiriTad Taviseburebebs gaviTvaliswinebT (erTiani siuJeturi xazis, Txrobis gabmuli Zafis ararseboba, avtoris `gaqroba~ teqstidan, Txrobis rakursis ganuwyveteli monacvleoba, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel detalTa naturalisturi sizustiT gadmocema da sxva), naTlad davinaxavT, rom moqmedebis droisa da sivrcis `SekumSva~ joisTan sruliad axal funqciur datvirTvas iZens1 da, amdenad, mxolod garegnulad ukavSirdeba berZnuli tragediisa Tu klasicisturi dramis (romelTa struqturac sruliad gansxvavebul konstruqciul principebs efuZneba) `sami erTianobis~ kanons da misgan uaRresad gansxvavebuli mxatvruli daniSnulebis Sesrulebas emsaxureba. amrigad, ùlises~ struqturis analizisas mkvlevaris umTavresi amocana misi Semadgeneli elementebis funqciuri urTierTmimarTebis dadgenaa, rac, bunebrivia, mxolod joisis mxatvruli meTodis specifikis (`cnobierebis nakadis~teqnikis Taviseburebani, literaturul-miTologiuri aluzia-reminiscenciebi, asociaciuri xatovaneba, èpifaniis~ teqnika da sxva), romanis mxatvrul qsovilSi realizebuli mxatvruli xerxebis kompleqsuri sistemis gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli. aqedan naTlad ikveTeba romanis struqturis analizTan dakavSirebuli meore mniSvnelovani amocanac: teqstisa da struqturis urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvra, struqturuli (sistemuri) da arasistemuri elementebis urTierTgamijvna, vinaidan, iuri lotmanis TvalsazrisiT, marTalia, struqtura teqstisgan meti sistemurobiT, `sisworiT~, abstraqtulobis siWarbiT gansxvavdeba, magram umarTebulo iqneboda maTi imgvari dapirispireba, rom teqsts realurobis Tviseba mivaweroT, struqtura ki ganvixiloT rogorc raRac gonebaWvretiTi mocemuloba, romlis arseboba gacilebiT ufro problemuria... struqtura arsebobs teqstis empiriul realobaSi, teqsti da struqtura urTierTs ganapirobebs da mxolod am urTierTTanafardobis meSveobiT iZens realurobas. TviT teqsti, i. lotmanis mixedviT, struqturasTan mimarTebaSi gvevlineba, rogorc gansazRvrul doneze misi realizacia da interpretacia. maSasadame, teqsti ierarqiulia. es ierarqiulobac Sinagani organizaciis, struqturulobis arsebiTi niSania da igi

42

irakli cxvediani

organizebulia abstraqtulobis gaZlierebis niSnis mixedviT (lotmani 1988: 171). teqstisa da struqturis urTierTmimarTebis es zogadi modeli zedmiwevniT Seesabameba ùlises~ mxatvrul qsovils. ùlises~ struqturis analizisas aucilebelia, erTi mxriv, teqstis èmpiriuli qaosis~ organizebisaTvis gamoyenebuli ierarqiuli Sreebis gansazRvra da, meore mxriv, am Sreebis urTierTganpirobebulobis, maTi mWidro kavSiris warmoCena, rac saSualebas iZleva, romanis konstruqcia gaviazroT rogorc sxvadasxva ierarqiuli Srisagan Semdgari kompleqsuri, mTliani mxatvruli sistema. saamisod saWiroa joisis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswineba, vinaidan misi TiToeuli komponenti teqstis èmpiriuli qaosis~ mowesrigebis funqcias asrulebs garkveul doneze da, Sesabamisad, abstraqtulobis gaZlierebis niSnis mixedviT organizebuli struqturis sxva doneebze `moqmed~ konstruqciul principebsa Tu xerxebs ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba. rogorc cnobilia, ùliseSi~ joisi uars ambobs romanis formis organizebis klasikuri principebis gamoyenebaze – romanSi ar gvxvdeba e.w. socialuri `tipebi~, empiriul doneze erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli siuJeturi movlenebi, rac qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom romanis garegnuli moqmedeba mxatvrulad aramotivirebuli SemTxveviTobebisagan Sedgeba da qaoturia, magram am qaoturobis daZleva empiriul doneze, nawilobriv mainc, romanis ZiriTadi personaJebis `cnobierebis nakadis~ saSualebiT xdeba – `cnobierebis nakadi~ mWidrod ukavSirdeba romanSi gamosaxul empiriul realobas urTierTarekvlis xerxiT: garegnuli faqtebi xSirad warmoadgens biZgs garkveuli asociaciebisaTvis, romlebic imavdroulad Sinagan logikas eqvemdebarebian, xanac ki, piriqiT, Sinagani monologi empiriuli faqtebis `nakadis~ interpretacias iZleva. ase magaliTad, `kalifsos~ epizodSi daglaCis maRaziidan blumis ukan dabrunebisas Rrubeli mzes faravs. am dros blumi Tvals mohkravs welSi moxril moxucs, es yovelive ki mas misi eris amJamindel savalalo mdgomareobasa da bedkrul istorias agonebs: À cloud began to cover the sun slowly, wholly. Grey. Far. No, not like that. A barren land, bare waste. Volcanic lake, the dead sea, no fish,

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

43

wheedles, sunk deep in the earth. No wind could lift those waves, grey metal, poisonous foggy waters. Brimstone they called it raining down: the cities of the plain: Sodom, Gomorrah, Edom. All dead names. A dead sea in a dead land, grey and old. Old now. It bore the oldest, the first race. A bent hag crossed from Cassidy~s clutching, a nagging bottle by the neck. The oldest people. Wandered away over all the earth, captivity, multiplying, dying, being born everywhere. It lay there now. Now it could bear no more Dead: an old woman~s: the grey sunken cunt of the world. Desolation~ (joisi 1986: 50). amave dros, personaJis asociaciebis aseTi mdinareba garkveul Sinagan logikas eqvemdebareba: mTeli dilis ganmavlobaSi blumi fiqrobs aRmosavleTis fantastikur plantaciebze, Semdeg ki – misi Tanamemamuleebis – citronisa da mastianskis bedze, maTTan erTad gatarebul dReebze, bolos misi asociaciuri azrovneba citronisa da mastianskidan mTeli eris beds gadaswvdeba. ocneba aRmosavleTze, àRTqmul miwaze~ (The Promised Land) mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi Tan sdevs blums, romelic dublinSi Tavs gariyulad, martosulad grZnobs. amdenad, bunebrivia, rom aRmosavleTTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri detali masSi aRmosavleTis asociacias iwvevs. `lotofagebis~ epizodSi misi asociaciebisaTvis amgvari biZgis mimcemad aRmosavluri Cais kompaniis vitrinaze amokiTxuli reklama gvevlineba: Ìn Westland row he halted before the window of the Belfast and Oriental Tea~s Company and read the legends of leadpapered packets: choice blend, finest quality, family tea. Rather warm... The far east. Lovely spot it must be: the garden of the world, big lazy leaves to float about on, cactuses, flowery meads, snaky lianas they call them. Wonder is it like that. Those Chinghalese lobbing about in the sun... not doing a hand~s turn all day. Sleep six months out of the climate. Lethargy. Flowers of idleness. The air feeds most. Azotes Hothouse in Botanic gardens. Sensitive plants. Waterlilies. Petals too tired to. Sleeping sickness in the air~ (joisi 1986: 59). ase rom, `cnobierebis nakadis~ doneze asociaciaTa erTi SexedviT qaoturi `dinebis~ kompoziciuri kavSiris xarisxi mkveTrad izrdeba. swored Sinagani monologi warmoadgens `Txrobis~ umniSvnelovanes mamoZravebels. romanis teqstis `sintagmaturi~ gaSlis kvaldakval xdeba calkeuli fragmentuli, empiriuli faqtebis `CamontaJeba~ saerTo suraTSi da maTi konceptu-

44

irakli cxvediani

aluri naTelyofa. amrigad, romanSi `Txrobis~ ori plani – realuri (skrupulozuri, naturalisturi xasiaTisa) da warmosaxviTi (personaJTa subieqturi asociaciebi, refleqsiebi da sxva), romlebic `kontrapunqtulad~ viTardeba, organulad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rac personaJTa asociaciebis iracionaluri dinebis mowesrigebisa da empiriuli faqtebis qaosis mxatvrul mTlianobad Sekvris amocanas emsaxureba, magram ùliseSi~ uamravi iseTi naturalisturi detalia, romelic TiTqosda aferxebs àmbis~ ganviTarebas da mkiTxvelisaTvis arTulebs rogorc personaJTa cnobierebaSi mimdinare procesebis, aseve avtoris saTqmelis gagebas, Tumca es mxolod erTi SexedviTaa ase – am detalebis mxatvruli daniSnulebis garkveva mxolod mwerlis ideur-esTetikuri koncefciisa (pirvel rigSi – èpifaniis Teoriis~) da misi mxatvruli meTodis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT xerxdeba. amgvari daintereseba yofiTi wvrilmanebiT, SemTxveviTi JestebiT, ganuzraxveli impulsuri saqcieliT, erTi sityviT, garegnulad umniSvnelosaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba niSandoblivia ara marto joisisaTvis, aramed sazogadod, misi epoqis mecnieruli Tu mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis, vinaidan swored es impulsuri qmedebani da Jestebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, SeumCneveli rCeba, warmoaCens adamianis WeSmarit bunebas, maT `represirebul~ namdvil `me~-s, radganac isini ar arian marTulni cnobierebis `cenzuris~ mier. yuradRebis gamaxvileba garegnulad umniSvnelo wvrilmanebze Tanabrad axasiaTebT joissa da, vTqvaT, zigmund froids, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom joisi froidis uSualo gavlenas ganicdis da misi fsiqoanalitikuri koncefciebis mxatvrul ilustrirebas axdens. ufro safiqrebelia, rom, rogorc klaus raiherti aRniSnavs, ùwvrilmanesi detalebis fokusSi moqceva ` haerSi trialebda~ sxvadasxva sferoSi saukunis dasawyisSi~ (`...an approach valorizing a focus on the minutest details was ìn the air~ in various fields at the turn of the century.~) (raiherti 1997: 60)). swored trivialuri sagnebis zedapiruli, garegnuli mxaris miRma dafaruli arsis Ziebas efuZneba joisis èpifaniis~ Teoria, romelsac mwerali jer kidev Tavisi Semoqmedebis adreul etapze ayalibebs romanSi `xelovanis portreti axalgazrdobisas~. am Teoriis mixedviT, saTanado analizis Sedegad miiRweva `gasxivosneba~– sagnisa Tu movlenis WeSmariti, siRrmiseuli arsis wvdoma.

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

45

amrigad, joisi, erTi mxriv, uaRresad did yuradRebas iCenda eqsternaluri detalebis mimarT, meore mxriv ki, iyenebda maT raRac Sinaganisa da zogadis warmosaCenad da am gziT simbolur datvirTvas aniWebda maT. joisis mxatvruli meTodis es Tavisebureba davis sagnad aris qceuli ùlises~ kritikosebs Soris: maTi nawili ùlises~ naturalistur nawarmoebad miiCnevs, sxvani ki fiqroben, rom igi `simbolisturi~ romania. ase magaliTad, rezo yaralaSvili joisis teqnikas naturalizmis gagrZelebas, ufro metic, èqstremul naturalizms~ uwodebs, eqstremuls imitom, rom `mwerali kidev ufro aRrmavebs da adamianis Sinasulier procesebzec avrcelebs naturalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel skrupulozulad zusti aRweris tendencias~ (yaralaSvili 1984: 74). sruliad sapirispiro poziciaze dgas deklan kiberdi, romelic miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove mwerlebis gatacebas primitiuli, naivuri xelovnebiT Tan axlda XIX s-is realizmis uaryofa da sinamdvilis asaxvaze uaris Tqma, vinaidan modernistebs ar hqondaT imedi, rom SesZlebdnen, gasjibrebodnen fotoaparats an xmis Camwers am TvalsazrisiT. aqedan – wers d. kiberdi, – maTi aRtaceba Zveli, primitiuli xelovnebiT, romelic realuri samyaros zedapirul, garegnul mxares ki ar asaxavda, aramed sakuTar samyaros qmnida. mkvlevari imowmebs goeTes aforizms – Àrt was art because it was not nature~ – da askvnis: `Farewell Zola, goodbye Flaubert~ (kiberdi 1992: 31). Sualeduri pozicia uWiravs uiliam Tindals, romelic, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs, rom joisi naturalistiviT akvirdeboda Tavis qalaqs (`Joyce observed his city as naturalist would~), meore mxriv ki, miiCnevs, rom misi meTodi, arsebiTad, naturalisturi ki ara, simbolisturia, magram deklan kiberdisagan gansxvavebiT, mas swored floberisa da bodleris weris maneras unaTesavebs (tindali 1995: 127). msgavs Tavlsazriss gamoTqvams sidni botic, romelic realizmisa da simbolizmis Serwymas miiCnevs joisis SemoqmedebiTi niWis gansakuTrebul niSnad (bolti 1992: 133). r. miler-budnickaiac fiqrobs, rom romanis enciklopediur mravalferovnebaSi gamoikveTeba ori ZiriTadi urTierTgamsWvalavi stiluri xazi – joisis Semoqmedebis Suasaukuneobriv-sqolastikuri nakadiT ganpirobebuli simbolika da froidistuli msoflaRqmiT gamsWvaluli naturalizmi. ùlises~ simboluri plani, miiCnevs mkvlevari, dafarulia naturalisturi saxeebis

46

irakli cxvediani

feniT, romelic joisis eposis ZiriTad fons qmnis. amgvari naturalizmis genetikur Zirebs igi garkveulwilad XIX saukunis frangul naturalistur romanSi xedavs, romlisganac joisma imemkvidra miswrafeba sityvis sizustisa da socialur urTierTobaTa biologizebisaken. joisiseuli naturalizmis genetikuri kavSiri am tipis romanTan uSualod ki ar mJRavndeba, aramed dekadentobis (hiuismansi, mirbo) saSualebiT. XIX saukunis miwurulis frangul dekadentobasTan joiss anaTesavebs midrekileba paTologiis, simaxinjis, Rrma pesimizmisa da sicocxlisadmi siZulvilisagan gamomdinare tanjvis gamosaxvisaken, kavSiri mistikasTan, neokaTolicizmTan, aseve mibruneba cnobierebis Suasaukunoebrivi formebisaken, im epoqis xelovnebisa da filosofiisaken (miler-budnickaia 1934: 166-167, 171). rogorc vxedavT, miler-budnickaia ùliseSi~ or, marTalia, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul, magram mainc damoukidebel stilur nakads – Sua saukuneebis cnobierebis sqolastikuri, feodalursaeklesio formisagan namemkvidrev simbolikasa da froidistul msoflaRqmasTan dakavSirebul naturalizms – gamohyofs, magram joisis mxatvruli meTodis amgvari danawevreba gaumarTlebeli unda iyos, vinaidan igi mwerlis erTiani ideur-esTetikuri koncefciis gamoxatulebaa da ara misi msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtebis gansxeuleba. am TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad sainteresoa emil zolasa da rihard vagneris Semoqmedebis Tomas maniseuli Sedareba: miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli uzarmazari sxvaobisa, miiCnevs mwerali, am SemoqmedTa qmnilebebi saerTo epoqaluri niSniTaa aRbeWdili. adarebs ra erTmaneTs `rugon-makarebsa~ da `nibelungebis beWeds~, igi aRniSnavs, rom maT akavSirebs ara marto miswrafeba uzarmazari masStabebisaken, SemoqmedebiTi ltolva grandiozulisa da masiurisaken da ara marto (teqnikis TvalsazrisiT) epikuri laitmotivebi. mTavari, rac maT anaTesavebs, naturalizmia, romelic simbolomde maRldeba da miTSi gadaizrdeba: `vis SeuZlia, uaryos zolas epikaSi simbolizmi da miswrafeba miTiurobisaken, mis mier Seqmnil saxeebs sinamdvileze rom aRamaRleben? gana meore imperiis astarta, igi rom nanas uwodebs, simbolo, miTi ar aris? saidanaa aRebuli misi saxeli?.. nana babiloneli iSTaris zedsaxelTagania. icoda Tu ara zolam amis Sesaxeb? Tu ara, es Tanxvedra kidev ufro gansacvifrebelia da mravlismTqmeli~ (mani 1974: 104).

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

47

zolas Semoqmedebis T. maniseuli daxasiaTeba, garkveuli modifikaciiT, SeiZleba, joisis romansac mivusadagoT: ùlises~ simbolizmi da naturalizmi or calkeul stilur nakadad ki ar gvevlineba, aramed naturalizmi `maRldeba simbolomde~ da miTSi gadaizrdeba. cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom joisis mxatvruli meTodi zolasas enaTesaveba, vinaidan `simbolizmi da miTiurobisaken miswrafeba~ am ukanasknelis epikaSi, rogorc Cans, gaucnobierebeli rCeba, maSin, rodesac joisis `miTologizmi~ mwerlis mier gamoyenebuli savsebiT gacnobierebuli xerxia. es bunebrivicaa: zolas romanebi tradiciuli, klasikuri kompoziciuri principebis mixedviTaa agebuli, joisis qmnileba ki yvela klasikur normas arRvevs da mwerals `miTosuri meTodi~ maT sakompensaciod – romanis struqturis organizebisaTvis sWirdeba. aseTi funqciuri midgomisas arsebiTi mniSvneloba arca aqvs imas, icoda Tu ara zolam, rom nana babiloneli iSTaris saxelTagania, vinaidan joisis ùlisesagan~ gansxvavebiT, mis nawarmoebSi miTologiur Tu sxva saxis simbolikas (gacnobierebuls Tu gaucnobierebels) kompoziciuri funqciebi ar daekisreboda. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom terminSi `simbolizmi~ vgulisxmob ara konkretul literaturul mimdinareobas bodleridan aleqsandr blokamde, aramed simbolizms rogorc azrovnebis, logikuri operirebis meTods, romelic Tavisi bunebiT ar warmoadgens Semoqmedebas. marTalia, isini erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian, magram literaturuli `simbolizmi~ logistikas SemoqmedebiTad gadaamuSavebs, mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi igi centriskenulia, modernizmSi ki kultivirebulia sakuTriv simboluri azrovneba, is centridanuli Zala, romelsac modernistebTan swrafad `gavyavarT~ periferiaSi, Semdeg ki – Semoqmedebis farglebs gareTac. ùlisesadmi~ amgvari midgomisas umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, rogor axerxebs mwerali `naturalizmis simbolomde amaRlebas~, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ra xerxebs mimarTavs igi imisaTvis, rom umniSvnelo, trivialur detals simboluri datvirTva, epifaniuri `gasxivosneba~ SesZinos da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWos mas mkiTxvelis TvalSi, Tanac es ise moaxerxos, rom empiriuli masalis qaosis mowesrigebas, swored, simbolikis saSualebiT miaRwios? joisi saamisod or erTmaneT-

48

irakli cxvediani

Tan mWidrod dakavSirebul xerxs mimarTavs: asociaciuri paralelis gavlebas TxrobiT detalsa da romelime movlenasa Tu obieqts Soris (e. w. coincidental detail – Tanmxvedri detali, sidni boltis terminia (bolti 1992: 113)) da laitmotivis teqnikas. pirveli xerxis mkafio nimuSs warmoadgens xomaldi, romelsac ùlises~ erT-erTi mTavari personaJi, stiven dedalosi xedavs `protevsis~ epizodSi: `Moving through the air high spars of a threemaster, her sails brailed up on the crosstrees, homing, upstream, silently moving, a silent ship~ (joisi 1986: 42). Sinisaken dinebis sawinaaRmdegod mcuravi xomaldi, rasakvirvelia, ulises Sin dabrunebaze mianiSnebs, magram joisis xerxis specifika, uwinares yovlisa, mJRavndeba sityvaSi `crosstrees~. am sityvam mkiTxvels jvarcmis asociacia unda aRuZras, vinaidan, wesiT da rigiT, `jvaredini salingebis~ aRsaniSnad joiss unda gamoeyenebina sazRvao termini `yards~; mis nacvlad sityvis `crosstrees~ gamoyenebiT ki mwerali mkiTxvels mianiSnebs, rom igi am detals gansakuTrebul datvirTvas aniWebs. jvarcmasTan asociacias unda ganamtkicebdes ricxvi `samic~~ – xomaldi samanZiania (`threemaster~). miuxedavad amisa, imdenad didia gansxvaveba TxrobiT detalsa da masTan Sedarebul obieqts Soris, rom mkiTxvelma, SeiZleba, mainc ver aRiqvas analogia. garda amisa, gaurkveveli rCeba, es asociacia personaJis cnobierebis mimarT internaluria Tu eqsternaluri, magram es sityva meordeba `biblioTekis~ epizodSi, sadac stiveni RmerTs moixseniebs rogorc `starved to crosstrees~. aqedan naTeli xdeba, xomaldis asocireba jvarcmasTan stivenis cnobierebaSi xdeba da amave dros mkiTxvelsac uadvildeba am asociaciis aRqma. amasTan, calkeuli asociaciuri detalebis amgvari ganmeorebiT mwerali maT erTgvar `niSansvetebad~, personaJis asociaciaTa `dinebis qaosis~ momwesrigeblad aqcevs. meore mxriv, es xerxi mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi auqmebs romanis Sinagan mxatvrul dros da uzrunvelyofs mis simultanur, meyvseul aRqmas. swored amas gulisxmobs jozef frenki, roca wers: `joisis wakiTxva SeuZlebelia – misi mxolod xelmeored wakiTxvaa SesaZlebeli~ (frenki 1988: 90). aviRoT kidev erTi magaliTi, oRond amjerad saxe-simbolo

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

49

romanSi Tavidan eqsternaluria personaJis cnobierebis mimarT da mxolod Semdeg iqceva misi Sinagani monologis organul nawilad. es aris stivenis ifnis joxi (ashplant). joisi misTvis simboluri datvirTvis misaniWeblad aqac imave xerxebs mimarTavs: nacvlad imisa, rom daewera ubralod àsh stick~, igi iyenebs sityvas àshplant~( ifnis mcenare), riTac migvaniSnebs, rom es Cveulebrivi ki ara, simboluri joxia. igi mravalgzis gvxvdeba lamis mTeli romanis manZilze da uamrav metamorfozas ganicdis: `protevsis~ epizodSi igi stivenis cnobierebaSi xan ìfnis xmlad~ (àsh sword~) iqceva, xanac avgurebisa Tu piligrimis kverTxad. `biblioTekis~ epizodSi stiveni mas moixseniebs, rogorc mis muzaradsa da maxvils ( `My casque and my sword~), da bolos, `saroskipos~ epizodSi SeZaxiliT `Nothung!~ igi am joxiT amsxvrevs Sandals (joisi 1986: 475). rogorc vxedavT, stivenis àshplant~ sxvadasxvagvar asociaciebs iwvevs: ifani skandinaviuri miTologiidan cnobilia, rogorc sicocxlis xe, simbolo samyaros erTianobisa, romelic, Tavisi mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, ganuyofelia da mTliani. amave dros, ùfrosi edas~ mixedviT, swored ifnis xis – igdrasilis – fesvebidan moedineba msoflio sibrZnis wyaro urdi. am xis totebze CamoixrCo Tavi da cxra dRe da Rame iyo Camokidebuli odini – Crdilouri warmarTuli panTeonis umaRlesi RvTaeba, – raTa Caswvdomoda runebis saidumloebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom `saroskipos~ epizodSi stiveni Tavadve xsnis am saxesimbolos: saroskipoSi ayalmayalSi gareuli stivenis dayoliebasa da Sin wayvanas cdilobs leopold blumi da eubneba mas: `Bloom: (Runs to Stephen): Come along with me now before worse happens. Here’s your stick. Stephen: Stick, no. This feast of pure reason~ (joisi 1986: 490). am pasaJze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba, vivaraudoT, rom stivenis ifnis joxiT `wminda gonebacaa~ (pure reason) simbolizebuli. amave dros stiveni Sandlis damsxvrevisas mas `noTungTan~ – zigfridis maxvilTan aigivebs. am moqmedebis joisiseuli komentaria: `ruin of all space~ (joisi 1986: 475), mTeli es pasaJi ki vagneriseuli zigfridis mizandasaxulobis parodiuli reinterpretaciis efeqts qmnis. garda amisa, ùlise~ aq `Ria~ teqstad, erTgvar

50

irakli cxvediani

ìnterteqstadac~ gvevlineba da am pasaJis asociaciur-azrobrivi simdidre kidev ufro Rrmavdeba, Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom `xelovanis portretSi axalgazrdobisas~ joisi stivens nawilobriv zigfridTan aigivebs. marTalia, mas zigfridiviT axali xmali – Nothung – ar gamouWedavs, magram, samagierod, miznad isaxavs `to forge in the smithy of his soul the uncreated conscience of his race~ (joisi 1996: 288), anu, faqtobrivad, imasve, risi miRwevac surda zigfrids sakuTari xmliT vagneris musikalur dramaSi. `portretSi~ zigfridisa da stivenis erTmaneTTan parodiuli asocirebis mizniT joisi erT detals iyenebs: stivens esmis `The bird call from Siegfried whistled softly~ (joisi 1996: 270), rac masSi garkveuli fiqrebis aRmZvrel impulsad gvevlineba: `How could he hit their conscience (i.e. of Irish patricians) or how cast his shadow over the imaginations of their daughters, before their squires begot upon them, that they might breed a race less ignoble than their own?~ (joisi 1996: 271). ùlises~ zemoTganxilul pasaJSi ki stivenis joxsa da zigfridis maxvils Soris paralelis gavlebiT joisi parodiul planSi gvixatavs rogorc zigfridis, aseve stivenis ganzraxvebsac. amrigad, ama Tu im sagnisa Tu detalisaTvis simboluri datvirTvis miniWebas joisi ori xerxis – asociaciuri paralelisa da ama Tu im detalis garkveuli sixSiriT ganmeorebis – laitmotivis teqnikis – kombinirebis saSualebiT aRwevs. Tanac, es ori xerxi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli: joisi ama Tu im TxrobiT detalsa da romelime eqstrateqstur obieqts Soris asociaciuri kavSiris damyarebisas sruliad ugulebelyofs im garemoebas, Tu ramdenad iZleva amgvari kavSiris damyarebis safuZvels Tavad Sesadarebeli obieqtebi – ra SeiZleba saerTo hqondes, magaliTad, xomaldsa da jvarcmas? mwerlis meTodis am Taviseburebas e. paundi joisis `mediavelizms~ uwodebs. `laitmotivis~ teqnika joiss swored naturalistur faqtebsa da maT uaRresad `TviTnebur~ simbolur Tu fsiqologiur mniSvnelobas Soris kavSiris dasamyareblad sWirdeba: calkeuli frazis, sityvisa Tu detalis ganmeorebiT an varirebiT sxvadasxva konteqstSi mwerali misi simboluri mniSvnelobis `vizualizebas~ axdens. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom enigmaTa umravlesoba

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

51

ùliseSi~ teqstSivea dekodirebuli swored laitmotivis teqnikis saSualebiT. meore mxriv, laitmotivebi gvevlineba kompoziciur meqanizmad, romelic erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel faqtebsa Tu SemTxveviT asociaciebs erT mTelad hkravs da maT konceptualizacias axdens. amrigad, laitmotivebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben cxovrebiseuli masalis fragmentulobis, qaoturobis daZlevaSi. isini erTgvar `gamWol Temebad~ gvevlineba. sayuradReboa isic, rom joisi musikaluri teqnikis sxva principebsac iyenebs romanSi (mag., mwerlis mcdeloba sityvieri xerxebiT musikaluri formis imitirebisa ùlises~ erT-erT epizodSi (barSi simReris scena), misi miswrafeba kontrapunqtis teqnikis gamoyenebisaken romanis kompoziciaSi). musikis aseTi kulti romantikosebisa da Sopenhauerisagan, uwinares yovlisa ki vagnerisagan – literaturisa da musikis sinTezirebis miseuli mcdelobisagan momdinareobs. wminda teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, swored vagneris musikaluri drama axdens yvelaze did gavlenas joisis mxatvrul meTodze: vagneri calkeul musikalur erTeulebs – melodia iqneboda es, akordi, ritmi Tu instrumentebi – Tavisi operis ama Tu im Temasa da personaJebs ukavSirebda ise, rom msmeneli garkveuli sayviris signalis gagonebisas xvdeboda, romeli personaJi unda Semosuliyo scenaze. swored amas uwodebda vagneri `laitmotivs~. es SedarebiT martivi xerxi mas uaRresad rTuli, amouwuravi kombinaciebis Seqmnis saSualebas aZlevda. am gziT mas SeeZlo, Temebisa da personaJebis ganviTarebis rTuli safexurebi gamoexata. ase magaliTad, roca personaJi mReris erT romelime simReras, orkestris ama Tu im akords, melodias, ritms SeuZlia acnobos msmenels, rom am dros personaJi sul sxva rameze fiqrobs, an raRac iseTi ikveTeba, yalibdeba mis aracnobierSi, ris Sesaxebac man jer kidev araferi icis, an raRac Tu viRac iseTi arsebobs misi `me~-s romelime SreSi, romelic man manamde gandevna Tavisi cnobierebidan. am gziT vagners eZleva saSualeba, simultanurad warmoadginos misi personaJebis cnobierebis mravalSriani `totaloba~ (froidis terminebiT, maTi aracnobieri, cnobieri da super ego) nebismier mocemul momentSi, Tanac personaJis sulis moZraobis swrafi Tu TandaTanobiTi gradaciebic aRnusxos orkestrirebaSi, tonSi, dinamikaSi niuansuri cvlilebebis SetaniT. misi mizani iyo Seeqmna erTgvari Gesamtkunstwerk – À Total Artwork~, vinaidan misi per-

52

irakli cxvediani

sonaJebis Sinagani samyaros amgvari Rrma wvdoma SeuZlebeli iqneboda enis, kognituri qmedebis gareSe, mxolod abstraqtuli musikis saSualebiT. swored erTgvari Gesamtkunstwerk-is Seqmna hqonda ganzraxuli joissac. ùliseSi~ is mimarTavs ara marto yvela literaturul Janrs – prozasa Tu dramas, satirasa Tu parodias, Txrobis sxvadasxva stils, aramed ise iyenebs enas, rom udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mis JReradobas, ritms, erTi sityviT, musikalur aspeqts. amasTanave, mas surda moecva grZnobadi aRqmis totaloba, Tanac ise, rom ama Tu im grZnobadi aRqmis procesi deskripciuli terminebiT ki ar gadmoeca, aramed moexdina misi sruli transponireba enis iseT niSnebSi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, sintaqsuri procedurebi. swored amitomaa, rom sara daniusma ùlises~ uwoda `Tvalisa da yuris modernistuli monumenti~ (À modernist monument to the eye and the ear~ (71, 250). Tavad joisic Tavis romans frenk bajenTan saubarSi àdamianis sxeulis eposs~ uwodebs (`the cycle of human body~) (65, 21). daaxloebiT imave terminebiT axasiaTebs igi ùlises~ karlo linatisadmi miweril werilSi: àdamianis sxeulis cikli~ (`the epos of the human body~) (102, 146). rogorc cnobilia, joisma Tavisi romanis TiToeul epizods sxeulis romelime organo Seusabama, tviniT dawyebuli, sqesobrivi organoebis, Tvalisa da yuris CaTvliT. erTad aRebulni, epizodebi qmnian adamianis sxeulis ènciklopedias~. Tanac, am SemTxvevaSi joiss marto SesabamisobaTa formaluri sqema ar hqonia mxedvelobaSi. rogorc Tavad ganumarta frenk bajens, mis wignSi sxeuli cocxlobs da moZraobs sivrceSi da adamianis mTliani pirovnebis saxlia, xolo sityvebs ise iyenebs, rom maT gamoxaton sxeulis funqciebi (bajeni 1960: 21). amave dros, vagneris darad, joissac surda, Caswvdomoda misi personaJebis koleqtiur aracnobiers – blumi, misi CanafiqriT, èvrimeni~ unda yofiliyo, moli ki – `sayovelTaod qaluris~ (àll women~) gansaxiereba. yvelaze didi gavlena joisze mainc vagneris teqnikam iqonia. rogorc klaus raiherti aRniSnavs, laitmotivis teqnika mwerals saSualebas aZlevda, teqstSi Seetana enis SedarebiT mcire erTeulebi da maTi ganvrcobiT Seeqmna mimarTebebisa da gadakveTebis mzardi sistema (raiherti 1997: 77). swored vagneris teqnikisagan iswavla joisma, Tu rogor warmoedgina personaJis cnobierebis sxvadasxva Sre simultanurad

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

53

– rogor moexdina fokusireba erTdroulad `cnobieris~, àracnobierisa~ da `qvecnobieris~ Sreebze. amgvari laitmotivis nimuSad gvevlineba fraza `jaunty jingle~, romelic mravalgzis meordeba romanSi: `kalifsos~ epizodSi molis sawolis spilenZis rgolebi Wrialeben: `He heard then a warm heavy sigh, softer, as she turned over and the loose brass quoits of the bedstead jingled. Must get those settled really~ (joisi 1986: 46). `sirinozebis~ epizodSi amgvarsave xmas gamoscems molis sayvarlis – bleizes boilanis – etli: `He (Bloom-i.c.) eyed and saw afar on Essey bridge a gay hat riding on a jaunting car... Jingling on supple rubbers it jaunted from the bridge to Ormond quay... Jingle jaunted by the curb and stopped~ (joisi 1986: 217). blumis cnobierebaSi es xma adiulteris asociacias iwvevs: `By Bachelor~s walk jog jaunty jingled Blazes Boylan, bachelor, in sun in heat, mare~s glossy rump a trot... Horn. Have you the? Horn. Have you the? Haw horn~ (joisi 1986: 222). igive xma – `jaunty jingle~ – ismis bleizes boilanis gamgzavrebisas, romelic molisTan Sesaxvedrad mieSureba. es fraza mravalgzis amotivtivdeba blumis cnobierebaSi, riTac mwerali migvaniSnebs, rom mas ar Sordeba colis Ralatis mtanjveli eWvi: `Piano again. Cowley it is. Way he sits into it like one together, mutual understandings. Her high, long snore. Night we were in the box. Trombone, under blowing like a grampus, between. He acts, other brass chap unscrewing, emptying spittle. Conductor~s legs too, bagstrouses, jiggedy jiggedy. Do right to hide them. Jiggedly jingle jaunty jaunty~ (joisi 1986: 223). igive fraza gaielvebs blumis cnobierebaSi musikis mosmenisas: `Which air is that? asked Leopold Bloom.

54

irakli cxvediani

– All is lost now. Bloom bent leopold ear, turning a furnin of doyley down under the vase order... In sleep she went to him. Innocence in the moon. Don~t know their danger. Still hold her back. Call name. Touch water. Jingle jaunty. Too late. She longed to go... Yes: all is lost~ (joisi 1986: 224). amrigad, ama Tu im frazisa Tu detalis ganmeoreba personaJTa fsiqikis sxvadasxva SreSi mimdinare procesebis simultanurad gadmocemas emsaxureba. amave dros vagneris musikalur dramebSi, iseve, rogorc joisis ùliseSi~, laitmotivebi ubralod ideis ilustracia ki ar aris, aramed ideis melodiuri Wvreta, cxadia, im esTetikuri da funqciuri aspeqtiT, romliTac `melosi~ literaturuli Semoqmedebis nawilad SeiZleba iqces. am TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad sainteresoa z. qarumiZis Sexeduleba melosis – `musikis sulis~, romlis obieqtivizacia ritualSi xdeba – ritmul-procesualur bunebaze da mis msgavsebaze epifaniis bunebasTan: `melosis ritmul-procesualuri buneba enaTesaveba ritualis meore mniSvnelovani sawyisis – epifaniis – bunebas, romelic iseve, rogorc melosi, ukavSirdeba dafarulis daufaraobis gancdas, magram, moklebulia vrceulobas da warmoadgens wamier afeTqebas, `gansxivosnebas~. epifaniisagan gansxvavebiT, melosi, musika ara marto Tan axlavs rituals, aramed (haidegeris terminologiiT) `sruldeba~, `mimdinareobs~ ritualSi dafarulis daufaraobis gancdis ritmulobisa da procesualobis saxiT~ (qarumiZe 1986: 191). es ori sawyisi – `melosi~ da èpifania~ ukve romanis mxatvrul qsovilSi realizebuli konkretuli xerxiT – `laitmotivebis~ teqnikis saSualebiT – uaRresad mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs da romanis teqstis organizebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. miuxedavad amisa, musikaluri struqtura ar aris literaturisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki romanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSani. rogorc marTebulad miuTiTebs e. meletinski, `musikaluri saSualebebiT SeuZlebelia danakargebis sruli kompensireba romanis masalis Sinagani organizaciis sferoSi~ (meletinski 1976: 307). meore mxriv, `Sinaarsis~ organizebis Tavisufali musikaluri principebis mibaZva gzas uxsnis miTis simboluri enis gamoyenebas, magram es ukve calke kvlevis Temaa.

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

55

literatura bajeni 1960: Budgen F., James Joyce and Making of Ulysses. Bloomington, 1960. bolti 1992: Bolt S., A Preface to James Joyce, NY: Logman, 1992. daniusi 1997: Danius S., The Senses of Modernism: Technology, Perception and Modernist Aesthetics. Durcham: Duke University Press, 1997. elmani 1975: Ellman R. (ed.), Selected Letters of Joyce. London: Faber and Faber, 1975 kiberdi 1992: Kiberd D., Introduction. In: James Joyce, Ulysses. London: Penguin Books, 1992. lotmani 1988: lotmani i., poeturi teqstis struqturuli analizis amocanebi da meTodebi. rusulidan Targmna T. lomiZem, àxali paradigmebi”, 1988, #1 mani 1974: Ìàíí Ò., Ñòðàäàíèå è âåëè÷èå Ðèõàðäà Âàãíåðà. Â êí.: Ìàíí Òîìàñ. Ñîáðàíèå ñî÷èíåíèé â 10-òè òîìàõ. Ì., «Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà». 1974, ò. 10. meletinski 1976: Ïîýòèêà ìèôà. Ì., «Íàóêà», 1976. miler-budnickaia 1934: Ìèëëåð-Áóäíèöêàÿ Ð., Îá «Óëèññå» Äæåìñà Äæîéñà. «Ëèòåðàòóðíûé êðèòèê», 1934, ¹1. nabokovi 1999: nabokovi v., fragmenti leqciidan ùlises” Sesaxeb. kornelis universitetSi wakiTxuli kursi (1948-1958 ww), `mnaTobi”, 1999, ##11-12. raiherti 1997: Reichert K., The European Background of Joyces~s Writing. In: Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Ed. By Derek Attridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997. sandulesku 1979: Sandulescu C., The Joycean Monologue, Colchester: University of Essex, 1979 tindali 1995: Tindall W., A Reader~s Guide to James Joyce, Syracuse University Press 1995 frenki 1988: Frank J., Spatial Form of Modern Literature. In: Essentials of the Theory of Fiction. Ed: by Michael Hoffman and Patrick Murphy. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1988. qarumiZe 1986: Êàðóìèäçå Ç., Ìèôîïîýçèÿ è ìóçûêàëüíîå ôîðìîòâîð÷åñòâî. `Ëèòåðàòóðíàÿ Ãðóçèÿ~, 1986, ¹6. yaralaSvili 1984: yaralaSvili r., drois gauqmeba. j. joisisa da h. heses TxrobaSi. j. joisi 100 (saiubileo krebuli), n. yaisaSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gam., 1984.

56

irakli cxvediani

yiasaSvili 1983: yiasaSvili n., komentarebi. j. joisi ùlise”, t. I Targmani n. yiasaSvilisa. Tbilisi: `merani”, 1983 joisi 1986: Joyce J., Ulysses. Ed by W. W. Gabler, London: Penguin Books, 1986 joisi 1996: Joyce J., A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, London: Penguin Books, 1996.

57

Tamar lomiZe

meoreuli semantika poetur teqstSi

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis fakultetis asocirebuli profesori; ZiriTadi naSromebi: `qarTuli riTmis istoriidan~, `feris mxatvruli gaazrebis Taviseburebebi n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi~, `Teoriuli dafuZnebis problema poetikaSi, `me~-s koncefcia qarTvel romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi~. interesTa sfero: semiotika, leqsmcodneoba, literaturis istoria da Teoria, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis fsiqologia.

qarTul mwerlobaSi riTmis saxesxvaobebis (zusti, arazusti) gamoyenebis mixedviT erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba winareromantikuli da romantikuli poezia. kerZod, Tu pirvel maTganSi arazusti riTma mxolod sporadulad gvxvdeba, romantikul poeziaSi misi gamoyeneba sistemur xasiaTs iRebs da ganpirobebulia romantikosTa mier Cveuli, “avtomatizebuli~ fonikuri asociaciebisa da sariTmo sityvaTa paradigmatuli kavSirebis ugulebelyofiT. arazusti riTma ganapirobebs sityvaTa TavisTavadi mniSvnelobebis xazgasmas, TiToeuli sariTmo sityvis semantikur damoukideblobas (zust riTmaSi ki sityvaTa bgeriTi Tanxvedra maTi sinonimiis iluzias warmoqmnis). amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvel romantikosTa poeziaSi aqcentirebulia sariTmo sityvaTa semantikuri aspeqti, da ara maTi keTilxmovaneba. amgvari sariTmo sityvebis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens, ZiriTadad, gansxvavebul da ara msgavs (rogorc es zusti riTmis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs) elementTa sintagmatur kavSirs. amasTan, qarTvel romantikosTa, da, gansakuTrebiT, nikoloz baraTaSvilis poetur teqstebSi vlindeba is fenomeni, romelsac, Cveni azriT, uSualo kavSiri aqvs arazust riTmasTan da ganpirobebu-

58

Tamar lomiZe

lia imave faqtorebiT, romlebmac gansazRvres tradiciuli zusti riTmis Canacvleba arazusti riTmiT. esaa e. w. paronimuli atraqcia. qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi paronimuli atraqciis problema saerTod ar aris Seswavlili, arc Teoriulad da arc konkretuli mxatvruli teqstebis magaliTze. paronimuli atraqcia specifikuri enobrivi movlenaa. erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben paronimebsa da paronimias, anu paronimul atraqcias. Tu paronimebad miiCneva, zogadad, msgavsi KJReradobis, magram gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebi (e.w. omofonebi), paronimuli atraqcia warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac bgeriTi Tanxvedra akavSirebs sityvaTa Semadgeneli morfemebis nawilebs da ara am morfemebs mTlianad.1 paronimebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs paradigmatuli mimarTebebi, anu isini mocemulia enaSi, xolo paronimuli atraqcia axasiaTebs sityvaTa sintagmatur mimarTebebs, warmoiSoba metyvelebiT jaWvSi da aucileblad anawevrebs paronimuli urTierTmimarTebiT SekavSirebul sityvebs. am dros xorcieldeba sityvaTa erTgvari semantikuri deformacia, razec qvemoT visaubrebT. amgvarad, paronimuli atraqcia gulisxmobs sityvaTa garkveuli elementebis fonetikur msgavsebas, im pirobiT, rom es elementebi aucileblad warmoadgens sityvaTa Semadgeneli ama Tu im morfemis nawils, an, sxvagvarad, esaa sityvaTa (ZiriTadad, ori sityvis) konsonanturi Semadgenlebis omofonuri urTierTmimarTeba. paronimuli atraqciis Sedegad sityvebSi gamoiyofa ara is morfemebi, romlebic konvenciurad ukavSirdeba am sityvebis mniSvnelobebs, aramed – e.w. kvazimorfemebi (kvazifuZeebi). paronimuli atraqcia akavSirebs erTsa da imave, da, aseve, sxvadasxva gramatikuli kategoriebisadmi mikuTvnebul sityvebs. davakvirdeT Sesabamis nimuSebs nikoloz baraTaSvilis lirikul nawarmoebebSi: arsebiTi saxeli – arsebiTi saxeli: velsa – yvavilni (vl –

______________________________

1 `Tu ori fonetikuri sityvis Tanxvedra imgvaria, rom Tanmxvedri nawilebis zRvari emTxveva winsarTis, Ziris, sufiqsis zRvars, maSin – amis wyalobiT – gamoiyofa maTi saerTo winsarTi, Ziri, sufiqsi, magram aq paronimia jer ar arsebobs... magram Tu Tanmxvedri nawilebis zRvari gadis winsarTis, Ziris, sufiqsis, daboloebis SigniT, kveTs Tundac erT-erTs sityvis am elementTagan, maSin warmoiqmneba pirobebi paronimiisaTvis~ [stepanovi 1975 : 35].

meoreuli semantika poetur teqstSi

59

vl); gulisTqma – sadgurs (Tq – dg); mTovares – varskvlavi (vrs – vrs); mWmunvareba – mwuxri (mW – mw); aremare – kamaras (mr – mr) (“SemoRameba mTawmindazed~); naTeli – Tvalsa (Tl – Tvl) (“Rame yabaxzed~); gvamSi – gvirgvinsa (gv – gv) (“napoleon~); sasufevlis – sofeli (fvl – fl) (“Cvili~); sadguri – myudroebisa (dg – yd); navsa – vnebisa (nv – vn) (“Cemi locva~); sulis – wadilsac (sl – ls); usxiv – ucecxlod (sx – cx) (“***ar ukiJino, satrfoo~); sevda – wyvdiadi (vd – vd) (“***vhpove taZari~); wyali – kldeni – Rreni (yl – kl – Rr); mdeloTa – mindvris (md – mnd); moZmesa – siZnele (Zm – Zn) (“***mirbis, mimafrens...~); aCrdilsa – qarTlsa (rdl – rTl) (“saflavi mefis iraklisa~); vardT – velad (vr – vl); sikvdilSi – ukvdavebas (kvd – kvd) (“***miyvars Tvalebi..~); soflad – Tavisuflebas (fl – fl); jojoxeTs – samoTxeda (xT – Tx) (“***sulo boroto~); SrialiTa – Cinarsa (Sr – Cnr) (“Cinari~); arsebiTi saxeli – zmna: xelmwifebam – SemiZina (mw – mZ) (“napoleon~); naberwkalni – momayare (kl – yr) (“Cems varskvlavs~); gulisa – ganigrilebdes (gl – gr) (“sayure~); RimiliT – suldgmulobs (Rml – gml) (“CCvili~); sakravisa – ganaxarebs (kr – xr); mkerdzed – emuqmkebodnen (mk – mk) (“..na fortopianozed momRerali~); Rrubels – vumRerde (Rr – Rr) (“***aRmohxda mnaTi~); niavmanc – moCnda (“mnc – mCn~) (“Rame yabaxzed~); vardica – gardaiSalos (rd – rd) (“ar ukiJino, satrfoo~); netareba – asadarebs (tr – dr); ukvdavebiT – agvirgvinebs (kv – gv) ) (“***rad hyvedri kacsa~). zmna – arsebiTi saxeli: movSorde – mSobelTa (mvS – mS) (“***mirbis. mimafrens...~); wagarTo – Semogareni (gr – gr);(`Zia g...s~); amxanagad – myavs (mx – my) (“***madli Sens gamCens~); gardmoavlo – Tvali (vl – vl); ixila – msxverpli (xl – xv) (“napoleon~); miyvars – yrmis (yvr – yrm); ganicdis – sawuTros (cd – wT); xar – yrmao (xr – yr); xar – momRerali (xr – Rr) (“CCvili~); ganmasvene – vnebaTagan (vn – vn) (“Cemi locva~); ganacocxlo – sicxiTa (cx – cx) (“*** ar ukiJino, satrfoo~); ikroda – qnari (kr – qnr) (“vhpove taZari~); Sevswiravdi – siyvaruls (rv – vr) (“vhpove taZari~); ikrZalvis – grZnoba (krZ – grZ) (“suli oboli~); gakurcxle – sicxesa (cx – cx); damitiros – satrfom (tr – tr) (“***mirbis, mimafrens...~); damqrola qarman (qr – qr) (“***damqrola qarman sastikman~); gafrindi – merano (rn – rn) (“***mir-

60

Tamar lomiZe

bis, mimafrens~); aRsrulda – azri (sr – zr) (“saflavi mefis iraklisa~); daitanjebis – mijnuri (nj – jn) (“Cinari~); movediT – sevdiT (vd – vd); giqarvoT – gulisa (qr – gl) (“***vlocav dRes Cemis gaCenis~); zmna – zmna: gaTendeba – gananaTlebs (Tn – nT) (“SemoRameba mTawmidazed~); modi – gamomedare (md – md) (“Cems varskvlavs~); daawyluleb – esalbunebi (lb – lb) (“Tavadis W....Zis asuls, ek...nas~); Searxevs – oxravs (rx – xr) (“Cinari~); vWvretdi – Sevetrfodi (vrt – vtr) (“...na fortopianozed momRerali~); hyvedri – emduri (dr – dr) (“***rad hyvedri kacsa...~). arsebiTi saxeli – zmnizeda: fiqrT – gasarTvelad (rT – rT) (“fiqrni mtkvris piras~); idayv-dayrdnobil (dyv – dyr); mcenareT – ganmacxovleblad (mc – mc); soflisa – gansaTaveblad (fl – bl) siyvaruli – sxvaTaebr (syv – sxv) (“***ar ukiJino, satrfoo~). zedsarTavi (mimReoba) – zedsarTavi (mimReoba): damafiqrvelni – veranani (rvln – vrn); guldaxurulTa – Rrubliano (xr – Rr); mcinaro – cremliano (cnr – crml) (“SemoRameba mTawmindazed~); sanatri – damdnari (ntr – dnr) (“***cisa fers~); mdgari – uqrobeli (gr – qr) (“*** vhpove taZari...~); SenamsWvalebi – cvalebadia –warmavali (vl – cvl – wrmvl ) (“***rad hyvedri kacsa~); macTuro – boroto (Tr – rt) (“***sulo boroto~); warmwymedi – macxonebeli (wy – cx) (“***SeviSrob cremlsa~); mraval-Stovani – haerovani (rv – rv) (“Cinari~); sworTa – TanzrdilTa (wr – zr) (“xma idumali~). zmnizeda – arsebiTi saxeli: krZalviT – qurciki (krZ – qrc) (“Rame yabaxzed~); zvirTebSi – laJvardi (zv – Jv) (“fiqrni mtkvris piras~); SerxeviT – sicxes (Srx – scx) (“sayure~); pirvelad – fers (pr – fr) (“*** cisa fers~); upatronod – mteri (tr – tr) (“***mirbis, mimafrens...~). zedsarTavi (mimReoba) – arsebiTi saxeli: macxovlebeli – sicocxlis (cx – cx) (“***damqrola qarman sastikman~); wrfelni – zraxvani (wr – zr) (“sulo boroto~); cremlsa – ciurs (cr – cr) (“***cisa fers~); sakvirveli – naRveli (kvr – Rvl) (“xma idumali~); tkbilis – bulbuls (bl – bl) (“Tavadis W..Zis asuls,

meoreuli semantika poetur teqstSi

61

...ek…nas~); mSvenierisa – cvari (Sv – cv); uxrwneli – grZnobaT (xrw – grZ) (“***ar ukiJino, satrfoo~); warsrulTa – droTa (rlT – rT) (“Congurs~); cremli – ucnauri (cr – cnr) (“***satrfov, maxsovs~); ciurTa – cvarTagan (cr – cvr) (“***damqrola qarman sastikman...~); mwiri – wrfeliTa (wr – wr) (“***vhpove taZari~); xelT – mosalxino (xl – lx) (“***vlocav dRes Cemis gaCenis..~); qveyniers – siyrmiTgan (ynr – yrm) (“***cisa fers~); Sav-Tvalebiano – mTovarev (Tvl – Tvr) (“***madli Sens gamCens~). zedsarTavi (mimReoba) – zmna: uZlevelni – aRiZvrian (Zlv – Zvr) (“fiqrni mtkvris piras~); haerovano – aronineb (rvn – rn) (“Tavadis W..Zis asuls, ek...nas~); wrfeli – rbioda (rf – rb) (“suli oboli~); mSvenieris – amiSlis (mSv – mSn) (“..na fortepianozed momRerali~); miyruebulni – ganmiaxlo (yr – xl) (“***aRmohxda mnaTi~). zmna – zedsarTavi: meCveno – mSvenieris (Cvn – Svn) (“Cems varskvlavs~). nacvalsaxeli – zedsarTavi: Senni – mSvenierni (Sn – Svn) (“***satrfov, maxsovs~). mimReoba – arsebiTi saxeli: axrils – sayure (xr – yr) (“sayure~); moklulis – gulis (kl – gl) (“Congurs~); arsebiTi saxeli – mimReoba: Rawvni – damwvelni (wvn – wvln) (“..na fortopianozed momRerali~); gulsa – moklulsa (gl – kl) (“***vhpove taZari~). zmnizeda – zmna: mecnierad – xelmwifebdes (mc – mw) (“napoleon~); vardebr – mohberven (br – br) (“..na fortopianozed momRerali~); Seupovrad – mWvretelobs (rd – rt) (“CCvili~); gulamoskvniT – vigoneb (kvn – vgn) (“***satrfov, maxsovs~). zmna – zmnizeda: Sevmose – saSvenad (Sv – Sv) (“napoleon~). zmna – mimReoba: arxevs – axrils (rx – xr) (“sayure~); dakargos – moklebuli (kr – kl) (“suli oboli~); gaciebuli – vficav (cb – fc) (“***cisa fers ~).

62

Tamar lomiZe

mimReoba – arsebiTi saxeli: mWvreti – satrfo (rt – tr) (“***ros bednier var..~). zmna – nacvalsaxeli: moeRos – viRam (mR – Rm) (“fiqrni mtkvris piras~); aRmiCndi – Cemis (mC – Cm) (“***aRmohxda mnaTi~). zedsarTavi (Sedgenili Semasmenlis wevrad) – zmna: sasaciloa – ymawvilobdes (cl – wvl); sabraloa – berikacobdes (br – br) (“CemT megobarT~). zedsarTavi – zmnizeda: boroto – aRmaSfoTrad (brt – fTr) (“sulo boroto~). zmnizeda – zedsarTavi: esreT – sazari (sr – zr) (“***aRmohxda mnaTi~). sawyisi – zmna: lodiniT – vsuldgmulvar (ld – ld) (“madli Sens gamCens~). RrialiT – momayris (Rr – yr) (“merani~); siSuriT – Semusravs (sSr – Smsr) (“Cinari~). nacvalsaxeli – zmnizeda: bevri – uebrod (bvr – br) (“napoleon~). nawilaki – arsebiTi saxeli: nacvlad – cvars (cvl– cvr) (“***cisa fers~). zedsarTavi – kavSiri: morbedi – rom (mr – rm) (“***ar ukiJino, satrfoo~). zmna – kavSiri: mrwams – rome (mr – rm) (~napoleon~). zmnizeda – arsebiTi saxeli: gare – fiqriT (gr – qr) (“Rame yabaxzed~). sawyisi – zedsarTavi: daqanculobiT – Tavganwirulsa (qncl – gnwr) (“***mirbis, mimafrens~). sawyisi – arsebiTi saxeli: Relva – gulsa (Rl – gl) (“napoleon~).

meoreuli semantika poetur teqstSi

63

mimReoba – sawyisi: damaSvrali – RelviT (vrl – lv) (“***vhpove taZari~). kanonzomierebebi, romlebic SeimCneva paronimuli atraqciis zemomoyvanil nimuSebSi, SeiZleba, ase davaxasiaToT: 1. Tu ori kvazifuZidan erT-erTi wyvilTanxmovniania (CC), maSin, rogorc wesi, meore maTgani CVC tipisaa (magaliTad, mw – miZ, xr – yur, lod–ld da sxv.), iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda. 2. erTi kvazifuZis mJRer Tanxmovnebs Seesabameba meore kvazifuZis yru Tanxmovnebi (magaliTad, krZ - qrc, fl – bl, qncl – gnwr, xr – Rr, Tq – dg da sxv.), anda mkveTr yru Tanxmovnebs Seesabameba fSvinvieri yru Tanxmovnebi (mc – mw, kr – qnr, cd – wT da sxv.). 3. xSirad gvxvdeba TanxmovanTa gadaadgilebebi kvazifuZeebSi: sl – ls, xT – Tx, vrt – vtr da a.S. vfiqrobT, yovelive es mowmobs, rom paronimuli atraqciis mravalricxovani nimuSebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi sityvaTa SemTxveviT bgeriT Tanxvdenad ar unda miviCnioT. ra kavSiri SeiZleba arsebobdes paronimuli atraqciis sistemur gamoyenebasa da arazusti riTmis aseve sistemur gamoyenebas Soris nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi? rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arazust riTmaSi sariTmo sityvebis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens gansxvavebul (da ara msgavs) elementTa sintagmatur kavSirs. analogiurad, paronimuli atraqciis gavleniT erTsa da imave sityvaSi erTmaneTTan sintagmatur mimarTebas amyarebs ori gansxvavebuli morfema – erTi maTgani aris sityvis fuZe, romelTanac tradiciis ZaliT dakavSirebulia sityvis uzualuri mniSvneloba, meore ki gamoiyofa am sityvis garkveuli elementebis sxva sityvis elementebTan sintagmaturi urTierTmoqmedebis wyalobiT. amgvari sityva semantikurad TviTkmaricaa (radgan is arsebobs calke aRebul sityvaSi) da, imavdroulad, Tavisi sxvadyofnis saxiTac gvevlineba (sintagmaturi mimarTebebis garkveuli saxeobis, anu paronimuli atraqciis zegavleniT). aSkaraa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneba sityvisTvis ormagi semantikis miniWebis tendencia, romelic misi orgvari wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, konkretul teqstSic, sadac gvxvdeba paronimuli atraqcia, warmoiqmneba am teqstis orgvari wakiTxvis SesaZlebloba, anu teqstis konkretuli mniSvneloba TviTkmari aRaraa da amitom daumTavreblo-

64

Tamar lomiZe

bis, semantikuri bundovanebis, erTgvari orazrovnebis STabeWdilebas warmoqmnis. SesaZlebelia, es meore “teqsti~ davaxasiaToT, rogorc interteqstualobis Taviseburi gamovlineba. i.kristevas mixedviT, “nebismieri teqsti aigeba, rogorc citaciaTa mozaika, nebismieri teqsti – esaa romeliRac sxva teqstis SeTviseba da transformacia. amis meSveobiT intersubieqturobis cnebis adgils ikavebs interteqstualobis cneba da SesaZlebeli xdeba poeturi teqstis, minimum, ormagi wakiTxva~ [kristeva 2004: 167]. magram rogoria es meore teqsti, romelic Tavs iCens nikoloz baraTaSvilis lirikul nawarmoebebSi? Seesabameba Tu ara is interteqstualobis kristevaseul koncefcias? aSkaraa, rom es teqsti ar warmoadgens citaciis nimuSs, am terminis zusti gagebiT, vinaidan is araa sxva konkretuli teqstis (an teqstebis) fragmentTa mozaikuri erToblioba. is arc mkafiod gamoxatuli semantikiT xasiaTdeba. am SemTxvevaSi ucxo, meoreuli teqsti, romelic warmoiSoba paronimuli atraqciis Sedegad, Sedgeba “sityvebisgan~ (kvazifuZeebisgan), romelTac SeiZleba hqondes nebismieri semantika, ise, rogorc es xorcieldeboda enis ganviTarebis sawyis etapebze, rodesac nebismieri mniSvneloba SeiZleboda dakavSireboda nebismier bgeriT kompleqss. amgvarad, am “sxva~ teqstSi Tavs iCens aracnobieris SreebSi Caleqili “winare~ metyvelebis niSan-Tvisebebi. misi yoveli sityva, romelic monawileobs paronimul atraqciaSi, “TavisTavSi inaxavs winamorbedi elementis nakvalevs da saSualebas aZlevs momaval elementTan Tavisi mimarTebis nakvalevs, rom am ukanasknelma Ziri gamouTxaros mas~ [derida 1967: 42] cxadia, enobrivi niSnebis konvenciur mniSvnelobaTa destruqcia baraTaSvilis poetur teqstebSi xorcieldeba sagangebo daniSnulebiT. misi Sedegia teqstis semantikis gaoreba, “dialoguroba~, rac uSualo kavSirSia baraTaSvilis poeziis iseT TaviseburebebTan, rogorebicaa lirikuli gmiris “me~-s gaorebuli struqtura, erTsa da imave movlenis ori urTierTsapirispiro daxasiaTeba da gansxvavebul TvalsazrisTa Tanabaruflebianoba erTsa da imave teqstSi. amitom paronimuli atraqciis gamoyeneba baraTaSvilis poetur teqstebSi misi SemoqmedebiTi maneris organul nawilad unda miviCnioT. TviT is faqti, rom teqstis bgeriTi organizaciis am xerxs esoden mniSvnelovani roli ganekuTvneba baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, adasturebs poetis sagangebo yuradRebas enobrivi saSualebebis mi-

meoreuli semantika poetur teqstSi

65

marT. iseT mxatvrul fenomens, rogoricaa nikoloz baraTaSvilis poezia, zustad axasiaTebs m. m. baxtinis sityvebi: “mxolod poeziaSi aaSkaravebs ena mTel Tavis SesaZleblobebs, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mas maqsimaluri moTxovnebi waeyeneba,...da ena aq Tavis SesaZleblobebs aWarbebs~ [baxtini 1986 : 65].

literatura baxtini 1986: Áàõòèí Ì.Ì. Ëèòåðàòóðíî-êðèòè÷åñêèå ñòàòüè. Ì., `Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà~. derida 1968: Derrida, J. Théorie d’ensemble. P., Seuile. kristeva 2004: Êðèñòåâà, Þ. Ñëîâî, äèàëîã è ðîìàí: Èçáðàííûå òðóäû, Ì., ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ. stepanovi 1975: Ñòåïàíîâ Þ.Ñ. Îñíîâû îáùåãî ÿçûêîçíàíèÿ. Ì.,Ïðîñâåùåíèå.

66

k u l t u r i s

s e m i o t i k a

xaTuna maisaSvili

samSoblo, eri-saxelmwifo da qarTuli elitebi

ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti, gazeT „axali 7 dRisa“ da Jurnal „sityvis“ damfuZnebeli da Tanaredaqtori. ZiriTadi Sromebi: „erovnuli identobisa da erovnuli ideologiis reprezentacia qarTul beWdur mediaSi. 1990–1991 wlebi“ (“The Representation of National Identity and National Ideology in the Georgian Printed Press. 19901991”). narkvevebi qarTuli mediis uaxlesi istoriis Sesaxeb; „sad midian „propis adamianebi“?, anu erTi meToduri eqsperimentis Sesaxeb“; saxelmZRvanelos proeqti „Sesavali komunikaciaTmcodneobaSi“. interesTa sfero: mediuri kvlevebi, sainformacio struqturebi, komunikaciuri procesis modelebi

erovnuli identobis reprezentacia 1990-1991 wlebis qarTul presaSi

Sesavali am statiis mizania mTavlitis cenzurisagan gaTavisuflebuli qarTuli beWduri mediis rolis Cveneba erovnuli identobis SeqmnaSi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopovebis pirvel wlebSi. kvleva Seexeba: a) mediuri reprezentaciis mniSvnelobas gaziarebuli koleqtiuri identobis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi saerTo teritoriis gaziarebuli gancdis safuZvelze, da b) wyaros tipis mniSvnelobasa da gavlenas mediaSi erovnuli identobis damamkvidrebeli enis, diskursis SeqmnaSi. kvlevis mignebebs warmoadgens: a) saxelisuflebo elita da inteligencia iyvnen is ZiriTadi aqtantebi, romlebic qmnidnen erovnuli identobis gamamyarebel enas mediaSi; b) rom Jurnalistebi mxolod ukan an paralelurad mihyvebodnen maT am enisa da diskursis SeqmnaSi. statiis idea eyrdnoba 1990-iani wlebSi Sobil, ernest renanis, benediqt andersonis, maikl biligis da sxvaTa mier gamoTqmul konceptualur mosazrebebs mediis

samSoblo, eri-saxelmwifo da qarTuli elitebi

67

rolis Sesaxeb erovnuli identobis reproducirebasa da evolucionirebaSi. ernest renanma „eris arsebobas“ „yoveldRiuri plebisciti“1 uwoda. renaniseul „plebiscitis“ metaforaSi mocemulia kavSiri erad yofnis fsiqologiur ganzomilebasa (erad yofnis neba da survili) da mis yoveldRiur mediur manifestacias Soris. renanis gacnobierebuli nebis fsiqologia warmosaxvis fsiqologiis ZaliT benediqt andersonma (1991) gaamyara. andersoni Tavis yvelaze gavlenian naSromSi „warmosaxviTi erToba“ gansakuTrebulad warmoaCenda mediis dominantur rols eris, rogorc warmosaxviTi erTobis, SeqmnaSi. medias erovnuli identobis yvelaze gavleniani „Semxseneblis“ funqcia maikl biligma ganusazRvra 1995 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi “Banal Nationalism”2 . SekiTxvas: ratom ar iviwyeben adamianebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi TavianT erovnul identobas, britanelma mecnierma ase upasuxa: imitom, rom maT hyavT Semxsenebeli - media, Tavisi rutinuli simboloebiTa da enobrivi CvevebiT.

ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlilebis Sesaxeb gulubryviloba iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom axali qarTuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisTanave Seiqmna axali qarTuli media. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mimdinare formaciuli cvlilebebis fonze iqmneboda molodini, rom qarTul mediaSi, rogorc Ria sistemaSi, mzaddeboda niadagi axali mediis socialuri, kulturuli, normatiuli, operaciuli safuZvlebisTvis. Zalian mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom im periodis qarTuli media arsebobda post-glasnosturi sabWoTa mediis paralelurad, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda mTlianad post-sabWoTa sivrceSi da romelic uzrunvelyofda anti-sabWoTa (anti-stalinistur) diskurss. am kvlevaSi aRvniSnav mxolod damdgar da ara mosalodnel cvlilebebs, romlebic jer kidev glasnostis periodidan iReben saTaves da grZeldebian post-glasnostur periodSic. upirvelesad Seicvala sivrce. igi daviwrovda - sabWoTa samSoblos masStabebidan - axal ersaxelmwifomde, saqarTvelomde. sivrce „sabWoTa samSoblo“ sxvadasxva komponentad daiSala qarTul sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi da identobiT binarulobaSi aisaxa: „aq“ da „iq“, „Cveni“ ____________________________ 1 Renan, E. (1990) ‘What is a nation?’ in H.K. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration. London: Routledge 2 Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism. Thousand Oaks, London: SAGE Publications

68

xaTuna maisaSvili

da „maTi“... media iqca ideologiuri Sromis im nairsaxeobad, romelsac Tavisi mkiTxvelebisaTvis unda Seeqmna erisa da erovnulobis, nacionalizmis, rogorc ideologiisa da rogorc identobiTi fenomenis, gansazRvreba; unda uzrunveleyo nacionalisturi diskursis ritorikuli sivrce da erovnulobis damkvidreba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikaSi. cxadia, amgvari ideologiuri Sroma mimarTuli iyo àxali” mkiTxvelisadmi. 1990-iani wlebis media mkiTxvels mimarTavda, rogorc eris wevrs. socialur-politikurma konteqstma radikalurad Secvala mediaSi is predikati, romlis mimarTac identobis gaziarebuli gancdis Seqmna socialurad moTxovnadi iqneboda. mediaSi asaxul koleqtiur identobaSi aqcentma klasobrivi (mSromelTa) solidarobidan erovnul solidarobaze gadainacvla. e. w. eqskoloniuri qveynebisTvis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopovebis pirvel wlebSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens oficialuri da araoficialuri istoriebis urTierTCanacvlebis procesis asaxva mediaSi. istoriis sabWoTa versiebi adgils uTmoben alternatiul istorias, warsuli movlenebisa da procesebis sabWoTa versiisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli rakursiT asaxvas.

Teoriuli argumentebi sakvlevi sakiTxis Camosayalibeblad erT-erTi yvelaze cxadi cvlileba mediaSi komunikatorebis, adresantebis, wyaroebis struqturaze aisaxa. is garemoeba, rom partiuli (komunisturi) nomenklatura aRar qmnida mediur Sinaarss, ar niSnavda qarTuli mediis ideologiuri dominaciisagan gaTavisuflebas. 1990-iani wlebis qarTuli media namdvilad iyo komunisturi ideologiisgan Tavisufali, magram masSi axali, nacionalisturi ideologia mkvidrdeboda, da am ideologias Tavisi damamkvidrebeli da gamxmovanebeli Zalebi hyavda. 2008 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi Cems mier Catarebuli saeqsperto gamokiTxvis dros, 1990-1991 wlebSi qarTul beWdur mediaSi moRvawe sxvadasxva Tanamdebobrivi cenzis mqone pirovnebebs mivmarTeT SekiTxviT: wyaros romeli tipi migaCndaT upiratesad erovnul-identobiTi enis SeqmnaSi 1990-1991 wlebis qarTul beWdur mediaSi? gamokiTxvaSi monawileobda 18 respondenti. p P asuxebi amgvarad ganawilda:

69

samSoblo, eri-saxelmwifo da qarTuli elitebi

cxrili 1. ZiriTadi wyaroebi erovnul-identobiTi diskursis SeqmnaSi mediaSi saqarTvelos prezidenti inteligencia saxelisuflebo oficialuri pirebi Jurnalistebi sazogadoebrivi azri sazogadoebriv/politikuri gaerTianebebi

procentebSi 22,2% 33,3% 5,6% 16,7% 16,7% 5,6%

zemoT Tqmulze dayrdnobiT, marTebulia sakvlevi sakiTxis Semdegnairad Camoyalibeba kontent-analizis meTodiT gasaanalizebeli empiriuli masalisTvis (1736 erTeulisTvis): 1990-1991 wlebis qarTul beWdur mediaSi warmodgenili romeli tipis wyaro iyo dominanturi komunikatori erovnuli identobis gamamyarebeli diskursis SeqmnaSi?

meTodi Kkonstruqtis “erovnuli identobis diskursis” sifarTovis gamo me virCev mis specifikur versias – `diskursi, romelic warmoaCens mediaSi samSoblosa da er-saxelmwifos”. 1990-1991 wlebis qarTuli beWduri media, rogorc cneba, amgvarad SeiZleba iyos operaciulad gansazRvrebuli: 1990-1991 wlebSi gamomavali beWduri gamocemebis simravle, romelic aerTianebs: a) sxvadasxva komunikaciuri funqciebisa da miznebis gamocemebs; b) romlebsac axasiaTebT damoukideblobis sxvadasxva xarisxi; g) gaaCniaT sxvadasxva socialuri damokidebulebebis struqtura. sakvlev populaciad SeirCa Semdegi gamocemebi: “komunisti”, “saqarTvelos respublika”, “mamuli”, “7 dRe”, “droni”. TiToeuli maTganis sruli kompleqtis mkvlevarebisTvis xelmisawvdomobam ganapiroba empiriuli masalis Seswavlis uwyvetoba. mTlianad gaanalizda 1736 sazrisiseuli erTeuli: 142 – “komunistidan”, 998 – “saqarTvelos respublikidan”, 231 – “7 dRidan”, 194 – “dronidan”, 171 – “mamulidan”. kontent-analizis sazrisiseul erTeulad aRebul iqna Setyobinebis wyaros tipi, vinaidan Cems sakvlev interess warmoadgenda prioritetulobisa da gansxvavebulobis identificireba wyaros tipebs Soris, raTa gamomecada maTi Setyobinebebis erovnul-identobiTi ena da valentobebi. gamoiyo yvelaze ti-

70

xaTuna maisaSvili

puri da validuri wyaroebis 5 kategoria: a – saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare/saqarTvelos prezidenti; b – saxelisuflebo elita, romelic moicavs: premierministrs, ministrTa kabinetis wevrebs, saministroebis umaRlesi rangis moxeleebs, uzenaesi sabWos wevrebs, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis moxeleebs; c – arasaxelisuflebo elita, romelic moicavs: inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs; erovnuli kongresis wevrebs; d – Jurnalistebi, TiToeuli relevanturi mediuri ambis avtorebi, mikuTvnebul iqnen erovnul-identobiTi diskursis matareblebs; e - moqalaqeebi: wyaroebis kategoria, romelic ar akmayofilebs zemoT CamoTvlil arcerT kategorias da moiazrebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, romlebic Cndebian an koleqtiur werilebSi, an axali ambebis gaSuqebisas. wyaroebis gancxadebebi da komentarebi kodirebul iqna maTSi erovnul-identobiTi diskursis Semcvelobis niSniT saqarTvelos teritoriis mediuri reprezentaciisas. Aatribucia “samSoblos miwa-wyali da saxelmwifos teritoria”: am cvladisTvis kodi “1” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa SetyobinebebSi saqarTvelos teritoria warmoCenili iyo rogorc eTnikur qarTvelTa samSoblo; kodi “2” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa gancxadebebiTac saqarTvelo warmoCenili iyo rogorc saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqis saxli. am jgufisTvis kodirebul iqna 565 sazrisiseuli erTeuli. aA tribucia “saqarTvelos teritoriu;li mTlianoba”: am cvladisTvis kodi “1” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa gancxadebebsa da komentarebSi saqarTvelos teritoria warmoCenilia rogorc erTiani da ganuyofeli; kodi “2” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa gancxadebebSi saqarTvelos miwa warmoCenil iyo rogorc danawevrebuli an mosalodnelad danawevrebuli - arsebuli, an mosalodneli eTno-politikuri konfliqtebis Sedegad. Aam jgufSi mTlianad kodirebul iqna 621 sazrisiseuli erTeuli. aA tribucia “ras ambobs msoflio Cvens Sesaxeb”: am cvladis mixedviT, kodi “1” mieniWa wyaroebs, romlebic TavianT gancxadebebsa da komentarebSi saqarTvelos warmoaCenen rogorc Seqebis Rirss Tavisi istoriuli daniSnulebis Sesrulebis gamo. kodi “2” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa g G ancxadebebsa da komentarebSi saqarTvelo warmoCenilia, rogorc ugulebelyofisa da gakicxvis Rirsi, Tavisi misiis Seusruleblobis gamo. am mimarTebis mxriv kodirebul iqna 550 erTeuli. k K odirebis proceduris dasrulebis Semdeg wyaroebis tipebi

71

samSoblo, eri-saxelmwifo da qarTuli elitebi

gaanalizda faqtoruli analizis meTodiT, raTa gamokveTiliyo TiToeuli faqtoris mniSvneloba da misi gavlena sxva faqtorebze. Sedegebi. wyaroebis tipebi da Sinaarsobrivi kategoriebi. raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi analizi raodenobrivi analizi warmodgenilia or etapad. P p irvel etapze kontent-analizis teqnikiT gamoicdeba erovnul-identobiTi diskursis yalibebi SerCeuli wyaros tipebis mixedviT. Mmeore etapze ki moxdeba maTi mniSvnelobisa da gavlenis gansazRvra faqtoruli analizis teqnikiT. sakvlevi sakiTxis testirebis pirvel moqmedebad mivmarTavT kros-tabis proceduras wyaros tipebsa da maT SetyobinebebSi erovnul-identobiT valentobebs Soris. cxrili 2. wyaroebi mediaSinaarsSi. erovnuli identobis diskursis valentoba # samSoblo Tu saxelmwifo? 1.eTnikuri qarTvelebis samSoblo 2.saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqis saxelmwifo mTlianad Aatribucia saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi 1.erTiani 2. danawevrebuli mTlianad aA tribucia “ras ambobs msoflio Cvenze” 1.gvafasebs/gvaqebs 2.gvarcxvens/gulgrilia mTlianad

saqarTvelos prezidenti (%)

saxelisuflebo elita (%)

Aarasaxelisuflebo elita (%)

Jurnalistebi (%)

moqalaqeebi (%)

48

41

46

34

58

52

59

54

66

42

N=98 45

N=64 58

N=158 37

N=188 39

N=57 34

42

63

61

66

N=109

N=167

N=199

N=139

N=7

36 64

48 52

39 61

46 54

0 0

N=313

N=24

N=196

N=17

N=0

55

x2, df, p

x2=20.3; df=4; P

Comments

Description