Faculty of Civil Engineering Universi5 Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang WATER POLLUTION Introduc:on Water Pollutants & Their Sources Physical, Chemical & Biological Water Quality Parameters Effect of Water Pollu:on Water Quality Requirements EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] Able to explain the types, source of water supply and wastewater. Able to discuss the water quality parameter and standards. Able to discuss the impacts on human health and the environment. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] Faculty of Civil Engineering Universi5 Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] Lakes Fishing Rivers Quality of Water Swimming Ponds Requirement Boating Streams Potable Water Shipping Supplies High Quality FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] Human Activities Pollutants Degraded Water Quality Water Pollution Control Measures Protect water sources – water is not degraded to the pint that is no longer suitable for intended uses FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] etc FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.uitm.edu. Water Pollution How much can be tolerated by the water body Types of Pollutant Sources Factors affecting the water quality – natural factors. climate of region. geometry of terrain.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] . ) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] . APPLICATION QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Provides a basis for developing Evaluating the strength of management strategies to waste control pollution before it enters water body Estimating the max amount of pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality standards FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.edu.uitm. ) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] of Civil Engineering Universi5 Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.my . stores.my . channel. from factories. office buildings.edu.uitm. Treatment plant effluents schoold. Domestic Industrial Wastewater Wastewater Wastes from home.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. or any other confined and localised source. Treatment plant effluents. POINT SOURCES Point source pollutant – reaches water from pipe. edu. Storm water drainage pesticides and animal system in towns and wastes into streams. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. fertilizers.uitm.my . unconfined area from which pollutants enter a body of water Agricultural runoff Urban Runoff Carries silt. cities.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. NON-POINT SOURCES Non point pollutants – broad . ) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.my .uitm.edu. which can be collected and removed from the water. Non point source pollutants are more difficult to control than point source pollutants. crop residues) – contribute to the depletion of DO. OXYGEN DEMANDING MATERIAL Oxidised in the receiving water with the consumption of dissolved molecular oxygen.my .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected]. DO – Dissolved Oxygen – not enough oxygen may pose a threat to aquatic life Food processing & paper industries – produce oxygen-demanding wastes Organic matter (animal droppings. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.edu. Material – Biodegradable organic matter. my .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. NUTRIENTS Nitrogen & Phosphorus Nutrient becomes excessive and food web is grossly disturbed. EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. Higher temperatures – increase rate of oxygen FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG depletion. fertilizers & food processing wastes HEAT Electric power industry – disposing waste heat.uitm. Excessive nutrients lead to large growths of algae - becomes oxygen demanding material – die and settle to the bottom From phosphorus based detergent. can effect aquatic CEW543 life.edu. edu. protozoa. viruses.uitm. inorganic suspended solids – soil erosion FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS Bacteria. SUSPENDED SOLIDS Organic and inorganic particles – carried by wastewater into receiving water – suspended solids Turbidity (due to colloidal particles).unfit for drinking (nonpotable). When discharge into surface waters .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] . High concentration – water maybe unsafe for swimming and fishing. organic suspended solids –exert oxyegen demand. Fungicides – sulfur.my .edu. metolachlor. chloropyrifos. mancozeb FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. atrazine. eg. PESTICIDES Herbicides – kills weeds. eg.uitm. diazinon. alachlor. chlorothalonil. Insecticides – kills insect. SALTS Total dissolved solids (TDS) Salt concentration increases in fresh waters – natural population of plants and animals is threatened/ water no longer useful for public water supplies or irrigation. malathion.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. Presence of pharmaceuticals in raw and treated wastewater – less than 10 µg/L in effluent and 100 µg/L in raw wastewater – may contain carcinogenic compounds (hydroquinone.uitm. acrylamides and PAHs). ethylene dioxide. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. nitrosamine.my . PHARMACEUTICALS & PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (PPCPs) Disposal/Expired/Unwanted/Excess medication to the sewage system by individuals/pharmacies/physicians.edu.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. formaldehyde. Faculty of Civil Engineering Universi5 Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] .uitm.edu. uitm.edu.my .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS ALKALINITY PATHOGEN TURBIDITY HARDNESS PATHOGEN FLUORIDE INDICATORS COLOUR METALS TASTE & ODOUR ORGANICS TEMPERATURE NUTRIENTS FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. edu.my . to monitor several treatment processes. Industrial wastewater . bacteria) degraded biologically – results in Domestic wastewater – organics objectionable by-products. silt and biological agents. Provides adsorption sites for chemical Inorganic solids – clay.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. or of immiscible liquids.organic/inorganic Biologically active (live) suspended solids Immiscible liquids – oils & greases – disease causing organisms. and to measure the quality of the effluent. 1 SUSPENDED SOLIDS SOURCES IMPACTS Consist of inorganic or organic particles Aesthetically displeasing.uitm. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. Organic solids – plant fibers. EPA – 30 mg/L limit for most wastewater discharges. USE To measure the quality of wastewater influent. biological Suspended organic solids – can be solids (algal cell. suspended & dissolved. mg/L water. organic Wdf −Wd & inorganic. mg/L VS = TS − FS FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. V Wdf = weight of dish plus dry filtered solids. mg Unit: milligrams per liter (mg/L) Wd = weight of the clean crucible. 1 SUSPENDED SOLIDS MEASUREMENT Total solid test – quantifies all solids in Suspended solids. mg V = volume of sample Total solids. mg Wd = weight of the clean dish. mg V = volume of sample Volatile solids. mg/L Wds −Wd TS = W −Wd V FS = du x106 V Wds = weight of dish plus the dry solids after evaporation.edu.my . Residue on evaporation at SS = x106 103°C. mg Wdf = weight of dish plus unburned solids. mg/L Fixed Solids. mg Wd = weight of the clean crucible.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected]. 6432 g.1 SUSPENDED SOLIDS Example 1 Given following data: The weight of a dish = 48. volatile and fixed solids. or unburned solids – 48.edu.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. A 100-ml sample is placed in the dish and the water is evaporated.my . The weight of the cooled dish and residue. The dish is placed in a 600 C furnace for 24 hours and then cooled in a desiccator. Find the total.uitm. The weight of the dish and dry solids = 48.6300 g. Answers: Total solids = 220 mg/L Fixed solids = 88 mg/L Volatile solids = 132 mg/L FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.6212 g. 2 TURBIDITY SOURCES IMPACTS Erosion of colloidal material – clay. Brown colour.uitm.1 FTU FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. silt. detergents and emulsifying agents USE produce stable colloids. Indicator of clean water.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. Household & industrial wastewater – soaps. rock fragments and metal oxides from the Accumulation of turbidity-causing soil. Turbidimeter EPA –drinking water standards – 1 FTU Turbidity meter – JTU AWWA – 0. particles in streambeds – sedimentation Vegetable fibres and microorganisms. Natural waters – few FTUs to several MEASUREMENT hundred.my .edu. papermaking. Industrial wastes from textile.my . weeds or wood. public.uitm. pulp and beverage manufacturing. Iron oxides – reddish water Consumers – clear. 3 COLOUR SOURCES IMPACTS Organic debris such as leaves. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.as an indirect measurement of humic substances. dyeing. Manganese oxides – brown/blackish Highly coloured water – unsuitable for water laundering. non-coloured water. MEASUREMENT USE Colour-comparison tubes Potable water analysis – to measure true Unit: True Colour Unit (TCU) colour produced by organic acid from decaying vegetation in water. dairy slaughterhouse operations.edu. production. conifer Not aesthetically acceptable to general needles.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. Resulting value . w/o odour Consumer prefer – tasteless and Alkaline material – bitter taste. 2.produce taste & odour MEASUREMENT USE Taste and odour-causing organics Potable water – taste and dour Gas or liquid chromatography EPA – no max standard Quantitative tests Public Health Service – max of 3 Human senses of taste and smell Threshold odour number (TON) FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. Taste and odour associates with 1.Organic substances .uitm. Metallic salts – salty & bitter taste. 4 TASTE & ODOUR SOURCES IMPACTS Minerals.edu. metals and salts from soil. Inorganic substances .my .produce taste contamination. odourless water.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. the heated water may result in dramatic High order species – fish – affected by temperature changes.my . Warner waters – accelerated algae Use of water for dissipation of waste heat growth – cause algae mats 9 dead algae in industry and subsequent discharge of results in taste and odour problems). Important parameter in natural surface- water systems. ViscosityéêTemperature USE Max density of water 4°C. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. Unit: Celsius Effect on chemical reactions and solubilities of gases in water. MEASUREMENT Temperature governs – biological species Thermometer & rates of activity. than deeper bodies.edu. temperature & DO.uitm. 5 TEMPERATURE SOURCES IMPACTS Ambient temperature: Shallow bodies of Cooler waters – wider diversity of water – affected by ambient temperature biological species. H2BO3-. Unit: milligrams per liter of CaCO3. precipitate can foul pipes and other water Phosphates – detergent appurtenances. HS. Hydrogen sulfide & ammonia – products of microbial decomposition of organic USE material. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. OH-. MEASUREMENT Process control variable in water and Measurements – titrating the water with wastewater. HCO3-. 1 ALKALINITY SOURCES IMPACTS CO32-.uitm. Bitter taste to water. HPO42-. an acid and determining the hydrogen No max level set by EPA equivalent. Analysis of natural waters to determine their buffering capacity.my .edu. HSiO3-.& NH30 – dissolution Reactions that can occur between of mineral substances in the soil & alkalinity and certain cations in water – atmosphere.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. H2PO4-. metallic cation to form precipitate. hardness precipitate – fouling water Unit: mg/L heaters & hot-water pipes.300 mg/L as CaCO3 water. Magnesium hardness – laxative effect USE Soft <50 mg/L as CaCO3 For natural waters & potable drinking Moderately hard Hard 50 . dishes. Spectrophotometric techniques or May stain clothing.edu. 2 HARDNESS SOURCES IMPACTS Multivalent metallic ions – abundant in Sodium soaps react with multivalent natural waters: calcium & magnesium.my . Very hard >300mg/L as CaCO3 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. MEASUREMENT dishwashers.150 mg/L as CaCO3 150 . sinks.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected]. chemical titration to determine the Boiler scale – result of the carbonate quantity of calcium & magnesium. Precipitate formed by hardness and soap adheres to surfaces of tubs. iron. Sodium.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. barium. Toxic to human & animal in large copper and zinc. Hazardous to human – carcinogenic. Excessive concentration – bitter taste Excessive intakes – discolouration of Corrosive to metal surfaces.edu. Iron & Manganese Help prevent dental cavities. Sodium – very soluble in water. manganese. teeth. bone fluorosis. quantities.my . FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. 3 FLUORIDE 4 METALS Types of sedimentary or igneous rocks. Colour problems. mercury & silver.uitm. Small concentration can be beneficial. aluminium. cadmium. NONTOXIC METALS Normally in groundwater. lead. TOXIC METALS Arsenic. mg/L P P – decimal fraction of the sample in the 300-mL bottle FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. 300 mL BOD bottle – incubated at 20°C for 5 days. oxygen-saturated water is necessary to measure BOD values greater than just a few milligrams per liter. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) .my .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] of oxygen consumed during microbial utilization of organics. Because the saturation concentration for oxygen in water at 20°C is approximately 9 mg/l.uitm. BOD od diluted sample: DOI − DOF DOI – initial dissolved oxygen.edu. dilution of sample with BOD free. mg/L BOD = DOF – final dissolved oxygen. 5A BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS Organics utilized for food by microorganism within a reasonable length of time. The initial dissolved oxygen is determined and the bottles tightly stoppered and placed in the incubator at 20°C for 5 days.my .7 0.9 2. after which the dissolved oxygen is again determined: Wastewater DOI DOF O2 used P BOD (mL) mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L 5 9.4 0.3 0.067 110 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. Three dilutions are prepared to cover this range.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. oxygen-saturated water.033 142 20 8.1 4.edu.0167 138 10 9.2 6.9 1.uitm. The procedure is the same each case.4 4.5A BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS – EXAMPLE 1 The BOD of wastewater is suspected to range from 50 to 200 mg/L. First the sample is placed in the standard BOD bottle and is then diluted to 300-mL with organic-free.5 7. amount of oxygen used in consumption of organics Total BOD/BOD at any time period – can be determined provided additional information is known.uitm. ( BODt = Lo 1 − e − kt ) Lo – Ultimate BOD (mg/L) BODt – Amount of oxygen used in the consumption of the organics (mg/L) k – Reaction rate constant (d-1) t – Time (days) FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. 5A BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS BOD5 Represents the oxygen demand consumed in 5 days .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. Ultimate BOD – maximum oxygen concentration BOD rate equation.my .edu. 12 – 0.135 for temperature between 4 and 20°C and 1.23 temperatures between 20 and 30°C.uitm. d-1 Well-treated sewage 0.edu.12 – 0.056 for Polluted river water 0. 5A BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS BOD rate constant T − 20 k t = k20 (θ ) Typical values for the BOD rate constant T = temperature of interest. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. d-1 Raw sewage 0.23 θ = temperature coefficient. Value of 1. °C Sample k (20°C) (day-1) kT = BOD rate constant at the temperature of interest.70 k20 = BOD rate constant determined at 20°C.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] .35 – 0. uitm.115(1.345 d-1.edu.115 d-1? 10 − 20 k10°C = 0.345)*(3) ) L o = 116 mg/L BOD RATE – EXAMPLE 3 A waste is being discharged into a river that has a temperature of 10°C.12 ) FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.032d −1 Fraction of maximum oxygen consumption in 4 days.ULTIMATE BOD – EXAMPLE 2 If the BOD3 of waste is 75 mg/L and k = 0. BOD t Lo ( = 1− e −kt = 0.my .135 ) = 0. what is the ultimate BOD? ( BOD t = L o 1− e −kt ) ( 75 = L o 1− e −(0.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. What fraction of the maximum oxygen consumption has occurred in four days if the BOD rate constant determined in the laboratory under standard conditions is 0. uitm.my . - DO concentration dips as oxygen-demanding materials – oxidized and then rises again further downstream as the oxygen is replenished from the atmosphere. Major tools of water quality management in river – ability to access the capability of stream to absorb waste load. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. DO SAG CURVE: Profile of DO concentration downstream from waste discharge.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected]. 5A DISSOLVED OXYGEN SAG CURVE Concentration of DO in a river – indicator of the quality of water. uitm.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] .5A DISSOLVED OXYGEN SAG CURVE Biota of the stream are often a reflection of the dissolved oxygen conditions in the stream. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. Oxygen sag downstream of an biodegradable organic chemical source.edu. g/m3 Mass of DO after mixing = QwDOw + QrDOr 3 Concentration of DO and BOD after mixing are In similar fashion for ultimate BOD: the respective masses per unit time divided by the total flowrate: Mass of BOD after mixing = QwLw + QrLr Q wDO w + QrDOr Q w L w + Qr L r DO = La = Lw = ultimate BOD of the wastewater. mg/L La = initial ultimate BOD after mixing FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. 2 Mass of DO in river = QrDOr The mass of DO in the river after mixing Qw = volumetric flow rate of wastewater. 5A DO SAG CURVE – MASS BALANCE APPROACH Mass of DO in wastewater 1 The product of the water flow and DO concentration yields a mass of oxygen per unit time: Mass of DO in river Conservative mass balance diagram for Mass of DO in wastewater = QwDOw DO mixing. m3/s Qr = volumetric flow rate of river.edu.my . mg/L Q w + Qr Q w + Qr Lr = ultimate BOD of the river.uitm. g/m3 DOr = DO concentration in the river.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. m3/s equals sum of the mass flows: DOw = DO concentration in the wastewater. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Measurement of non biodegradable organics. Tannic. Some organics are non-biodegradable – toxic to organism. Measured using spectrophotometer.my .5B NONBIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS Some organics materials are resistant to biological degradation.uitm. cellulose and phenols found in natural water systems.edu. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. Identified and quantified using gas chromatography. lignic acids. uitm. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.my . 6A NUTRIENTS . including chemical fertilizers) and wastewater humans – can cause death. discharges.edu. MEASUREMENT USE Analysis for ammonia (both ammonia and Ammonium & organic nitrogen – ammonium). nitrate and organic nitrogen.NITROGEN SOURCES IMPACTS Animal waste. chemical particularly Poisoning in infant animals.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. wastewater or polluted waters Unit: mg/L Nitrate – clean water samples & treated Spectrophotometer wastewaters. animal waste.uitm. MEASUREMENT Phosphates: Colorimetrically Orthophosphates: can be measured directly Unit: mg/L of phosphates FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. agricultural areas.chemical Fertilizers. 6B NUTRIENTS .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] . condensed Indirect health threat to water quality.PHOSPHORUS SOURCES IMPACTS Phosphate – orthophosphate. phosphates & organically bound Phosphate can interfere with water phosphates. treatment processes .edu. runoff from coagulation of turbidity. municipal wastewater. my .6C NUTRIENTS – Water Pollution: Lake Productivity Measure of its ability to support food web. Lake classification based on productivity FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. More productive lake – have higher fish population.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected]. Algae – base of this food web – supplying food for higher organisms.uitm. my .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. Oligotrophic Lakes Low level productivity due to several limited supply nutrients to support algal growth. Water is clear enough that bottom can be seen.uitm. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.edu. edu. Algae cause water to be turbid.unpleasant taste and odors to the water. when algae die – settle to the lake bottom – decomposed by benthic organism.uitm.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.my . Eutrophic Lakes High productivity because of an abundant supply of algal nutrients. Have large mats of floating algae . my . Mesotrophic Lakes Intermediate between oligotrophic and eutrophic.uitm.edu. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang.• Natural process – lakes become shallower and more productive. • Cultural eutrophication – caused by human activity speed the processes naturally occurring by increasing the rate at which sediments and nutrients are added to the lake. eutrophic lakes are not nescessarily polluted – but pollution contributes to eutrophication. • Some lakes eutrophication is so slow that thousands of years may pass with little change in water quality.uitm.edu. • However.my . edu. 1A PATHOGEN BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM – PATHOGENS: Capable of infecting/transmitting diseases to humans. Entamoeba histolytica. BACTERIA VIRUSES Waterborne bacterial diseases Waterborne viral infections Cholera – Vibrio comma Poliomyelitis Typhoid – Salmonella typhosa Hepatitis PROTOZOA HELMINTHS Protozoa infections Parasitic worms – from human or animal Drinking water contaminated with wastes. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. Giardia lamblia – carried by wild animals living in or near natural water systems.uitm.my .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. ) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. 3. -ve +ve wells FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. Presence of coliform organism .my .edu.Most 4. fermentation test : Quanti-Tray not to be a pathogen itself. Lend itself to routine quantitative Proabable Number (MPN) of coliforms testing procedures. Always be present when pathogens the nature and extent of contaminants. Applicable to all types of water. INDICATOR ORGANISM IDEAL PATHOGEN INDICATOR The presence presumes that 1. Test for specific pathogens are usually made when there is a reason to suspect that organisms are present. 1B PATHOGEN INDICATORS Analysis of water of all known pathogens – very time consuming and expensive. For the safety of laboratory personnel. contamination has occurred ad suggest 2.uitm. Always be absent when pathogens ESCHERICHIA COLI (E-coli) are absent. using Standard multiple-tube 5. are present. uitm.my .Faculty of Civil Engineering Universi5 Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected]. 5 – 9. Parameter Recommended Raw Water Drinking Water Quality Quality Standards (mg/L) (mg/L) Total Coliform 5000 MPN / 100 ml 0 in 100 ml E.coli 5000 MPN / 100 m 0 in 100 m Turbidity 1000 NTU 5 NTU Colour 300 TCU 15 TCU pH 5.0 6.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] .0 Total Dissolved 1500 1000 Solids Chloride 250 250 Hardness 500 500 COD 10 - BOD 6 - FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.5 – 9.uitm. 003 Plumbum 0.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] 0.5 1.05 0.05 0.5 Nitrate 10 10 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.05 Zinc 3 3 Natrium 200 200 Cuprum 1 1 Ammonia 1.4 – 0.6 Mercury 0.05 Chromium 0.001 Cadmium 0.uitm. Parameter Recommended Raw Water Drinking Water Quality Quality Standards (mg/L) (mg/L) Fluoride 1.003 0.5 0.edu.my . edu.my .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. my .uitm.FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.edu.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. edu.FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.my .uitm.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING carolinemarajan@ppinang. ) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.my .edu. ) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.uitm.my .edu. my .edu.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected] of Civil Engineering Universi5 Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS. SEWAGE TREATMENT INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT CONTROL OF URBAN RUNOFF EROSION & SEDIMENTATION CONTROL FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.uitm.my .) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
[email protected].